Wikipǣdia angwiki https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heafodtramet MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Syndrig Mōtung Brūcend Brūcendmōtung Wikipǣdia Wikipǣdiamōtung Ymele Ymelmōtung MediaWiki MediaWikimōtung Bysen Bysenmōtung Help Helpmōtung Flocc Floccmōtung TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6995 232864 232749 2026-11-11T01:16:37Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 232864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox land | ænglisc fullnama = Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Norþīralandes | nama = Ġeānod Cynedōm | agenspræce fullnama = United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | biliþ = | biliþ gewrit = | fana = Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg | fana gewrit = Fana | scild = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, both variants).svg | scild gewrit = Wǣpnscild | cwide = | ænglisc cwide = | anstefn = God Save the King<ref name="r1">"National Anthem", The Royal Family. https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem</ref> | ænglisc anstefn = [[God Save the King]] | landscite = Europe-UK (orthographic projection).svg | landscite gewrit = | leodweard = Þinglic cynedōm on ǣ | ambihtlicu spræc = Englisc | folces gereord = | elles gereordas = Scottisc<br />Ūlstres Scottisc<br />Wēalisc<br />Cornisc<br />Scottisc Gaelisc<br />Īrisc<br />Brittisc Tācnspræc<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r3">"Welsh language on GOV.UK – Content design: planning, writing and managing content – Guidance", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk "Welsh language scheme", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme "Welsh language scheme", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme</ref> | steall = | heafodstol = [[Lunden]] | mæste burg = | breges titul = Cyning | brego = [[Carl III Bretta Cyning|Carl III]] | ealdormannes titul = Formaþeġn | ealdorman = Andy Burnham | leodweardes heafod = | wyrþingdæg = | bradnes = 244,376 km²<ref name="r9" /> | menniscu = 66,912,637 (2021)<ref name="r4" /> | þiccnes = 273.8/km² | geleafan = 46.6% Crīstendōm; 37.6% nān ġeleafa; 6.0% Īslam; 1.6% Hindūdōm; 2.2% ōþre; 5.9% nān ġecȳþed (2021)<ref name="r5">"Table 07: UK07 - Religion by sex by age, United Kingdom", Census-based statistics UK: 2021, Office for National Statistics, 27 June 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/censusbasedstatisticsuk2021</ref> | GDP getæl = 4.268 bīlion USD (2026)<ref name="r10" /> | GDP ælcum heafde = 61,108 USD<ref name="r10" /> | landesforþbæro = | feoh = Sterlinges pund (£) | tidgyrdel = UTC+0 | tidgyrdel 2 = UTC+1 | sundorricehad = | webbnamena tægl = .uk | feorspræcan forerim = +44 | wægnplatung = }} Þæt '''Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Norþīralandes''' ('''Ġeānod Cynedōm''', ēac '''Bryten''') is land on norþwestan Eurōpe, ūt of þǣre fæstlandes mearce. Man nemneþ "Bryten" on mislicum wīsum: ''The Guardian'' and ''The Telegraph'' healdaþ hit for ān word mid þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme; gov.uk bōc lǣtt "UK" and "Ġeānod Cynedōm", ac "Brittisc ǣrendraca".<ref name="r14">"Guardian style guide: U", The Guardian, 23 April 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-style-guide-u</ref><ref name="r15">"Places", The Telegraph, 25 July 2025. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/places/</ref><ref name="r16">"Style guide - A to Z - Guidance - GOV.UK", www.gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z#great-britain</ref> Hit hæfþ on him Englaland, Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland (Mann, Garnesīġ and Gerseġ sind cyninges lēodland, nā dǣl þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes); þǣr wunodon ofer 69 mīliona manna on ġēare 2025. Hit hæfþ on him Mǣre Bryten, þone norþēastan dǣl Īralandes and māniġe lǣsse ēalond; his brǣdu is 244,376 km². Hit hæfþ landġemǣre wiþ Īraland and is ymbfangen mid Ātlantiscum Sǣ, Norþsǣ, Englisce Sǣ, Celtiscum Sǣ and Īriscum Sǣ; hit āgnaþ ēac þā lēodland and þā Brittiscan ofersǣwisċan lēodland. Lunden is hēafodburg and mǣste burg Englalandes and þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes; Eadenburg, Cardiff and Belfeast sind hēafodburga Scotlandes, Wēala and Norþīralandes. Þā Brittiscan Īgland wæron āhwǣr wunode of þǣre niwan stānealdre tīde. Rōmāne ongunnon þæt land oferwinnan on ġēare 43 æfter Crīste; hīe gewiton on ġēarum 383–410; Engle and Seaxe ongunnon hēr eardian ymbe 450; Normanne gewunnon Englaland on ġēare 1066. Þæs cyninges anweald wearð lǣsse on þǣm seofontēoðan hundġēare, ǣrest þurh þā Englisce burhwar. Englaland and Scotland wurdon ġeānode be þǣre Ġeānunge on ġēare 1707, and wæs Cynedōm Mǣran Bryten. Þā Ġeānunge Ǣ on ġēare 1800 ġeīcton þæt Cynedōm Īralandes tō, and ġewrohton þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm Mǣran Bryten and Īralandes on ġēare 1801. Mǣst eall Īraland ġewāt on ġēare 1922 and wæs Īrisc Frēoland; sēo ǣ ymbe cyninglicne and þinglicne naman on ġēare 1927 ġewrōhte þone nū ġīet Ġeānodan Cynedōm. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt ǣreste land þe cræftas bræc and þære worulde mǣste miht on mǣstum dǣle þæs nigonteoðan and þæs ǣrestan tīman þæs twēntigoðan hundġēares, ǣrest on þǣre ''Pax Britannica'' tīde (1815–1914). Þæt Brittisce Rīċe lǣdde þone nigonteoðan hundġēares welan þurh landbūnes bliss, cēapes ġemiht, cræftes miht, cræft and Lundenes ūpstīġ tō ealles ānes fēohgemōtes. On þǣm twēntigum ġēarum hit ymbfēng ymbe fēorðan dǣl þære worulde landes and folces, þæt mǣste rīċe on stǣre. Þā twā woruldġewinn dǣrdon Brytene and þā ūtlendiscan ġewītton ealle wīdgielle. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is cynedōm on ǣ and folcrīċe mid unġewriten ġesetnesse (Þinges ǣ, dōmas, þēawas)<ref name="r17">"What is the UK Constitution?", The Constitution Unit of UCL, 9 August 2018. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/what-uk-constitution/what-uk-constitution</ref> and þrim dōmstōwum: Englaland and Wēalas, Scotland, Norþīraland. Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland hæbbaþ āgen rīċu and þing mid ġedǣlede mihte. Hit is āþenod land mid snotorum welan, an þǣra mǣstena on feohġemēte and frēom ūtfēringe. Swā āgen cernelwǣpna land mid ān þǣra hēāhstena wīgfēoh hit hæfþ ān þǣra strangestena here on Eurōpe. Brittisc þēaw is wīde mǣre, ǣrest on Angelcynnes folce and on Ġemǣnum Welan, and his ǣ and rīċe ġeformodon māniġe fyrnra landa. Hit is mǣre miht and ġeferræden manigra ūtlendiscra ġesamnunga. == Naman == Þā Ġeānunge Ǣ 1707 ġeānodon Englaland and Scotland "tō ānum rīċe on naman Mǣre Bryten" (þā Ǣ on 1800 sprǣcon "Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Īralandes").<ref name="r18">"The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706", Scots History Online. http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |date=2019-05-27 }} Barnett, Hilaire; Jago, Robert, "Constitutional & Administrative Law", Routledge, 2011. https://books.google.com/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165</ref> "Ġeānod Cynedōm" wæs hwīlum ġenotod for Cynedōme Mǣran Bryten, þæs ambihtlic nama 1707–1800 wæs "Mǣre Bryten".<ref name="r19">"After the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became 'Great Britain'", ''The American Pageant, Volume 1'', Cengage Learning (2012); "From 1707 until 1801 ''Great Britain'' was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland". ''The Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library, Volume 3'', Harold Melvin Stanford (1921); "In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". ''United States Congressional serial set, Issue 10; Issue 3265'' (1895); Gascoigne, Bamber, "History of Great Britain (from 1707)", History World. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07</ref> Æfter Īralandes tōdǣle and Īriscum Frēolandes frēodōme on 1922 wæs sē nama on 1927 ġeændrod tō "Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Norþīralandes".<ref name="r20">Cottrell, P., "The Irish Civil War 1922–23", Bloomsbury USA, 2008. https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott_573</ref> Þēah þe hīe frēo sind, þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes fēower dǣlas man wīde hǣt landu;<ref name="r21">S. Dunn; H. Dawson, "An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict", Edwin Mellen Press, 2000 "Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements", ISO 3166-2, International Organization for Standardization, 15 December 2011. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf</ref> þæs ealdormannes webbstede sprǣc "landu on lande".<ref name="r22">"Countries within a country", Prime Minister's Office, 10 January 2003. http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |date=2008-09-09 }}</ref> NUTS 1 rīmcræft hǣt Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland "scīra";<ref name="r23">"Statistical bulletin: Regional Labour Market Statistics". http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224045523/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml |date=2014-12-24 }} "13.4% Fall In Earnings Value During Recession". http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103194604/http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession |date=2014-01-03 }}</ref> Norþīraland is ēac ġecīged "mearc".<ref name="r24">Dunn, Seamus; Dawson, Helen, "An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict", Edwin Mellen Press, 2000 Murphy, Dervla, "A Place Apart", Penguin, 1979</ref> Þæt word þe man for Norþīraland ċīest "mæg beon ġewinnful".<ref name="r25">Whyte, John; FitzGerald, "Interpreting Northern Ireland", Clarendon Press, 1991</ref> "Mǣre Bryten" tācnaþ þæt ēalond, oþþe ġeþēodlīċe Englaland, Scotland and Wēalas tōgædere;<ref name="r26">"Guardian Unlimited Style Guide", Guardian News and Media Limited, 19 December 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/page/0,,184840,00.html "BBC style guide (Great Britain)", BBC News, 19 August 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/radio_newsroom/1099593.stm#g "Key facts about the United Kingdom", Government, citizens and rights, HM Government. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |date=2012-10-15 }}</ref> hit is hwīlum frēolīċ ġelīċnes tō þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r27">New Oxford American Dictionary: "Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom."</ref> "Englaland" is hwīlum on woh ġenotod for þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme, mǣst fram ūtanlendiscum.<ref name="r28">"When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles — but never England." — George Mikes, "How To Be An Alien", Penguin, 1946 "England OR United Kingdom (UK)? | Vocabulary | EnglishClub", englishclub.com. https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm</ref> "Bryten" is ān word mid Mǣre Bryten,<ref name="r29">"Britain Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary", dictionary.cambridge.org. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/britain "Definition of Britain in English by Oxford Dictionaries", Oxford Dictionaries – English. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/britain {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926204707/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/britain |date=2016-09-26 }}</ref><ref name="r30">"Britain definition and meaning", collinsdictionary.com, Collins English Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britain</ref> hwīlum mid þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r31">"Britain – Definition for English-Language Learners", learnersdictionary.com, Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary. http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/Britain</ref> Þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ealdormannes bōc ċīest "Ġeānod Cynedōm" būtan ǣrendracum (ġeændrodum fram "Ġeānod Cynedōm" tō "Brittisc" on 1961),<ref name="r32">"'Cold U.K.' Becomes British", The Times, 21 October 1961</ref><ref name="r33">"Style guide: A to Z", UK Government, 21 November 2024. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z</ref> ac ōþre ealdormannes gewritu underfōþ bēgen naman.<ref name="r34">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, "Toponymic guidelines for the United Kingdom", gov.uk, UK Government, 17 May 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines</ref> Þæt Ġeānode Cynedōmes Ēacan Nama-Gesamnung underfēhþ "Ġeānod Cynedōm" and "Mǣre Bryten" ac ealneġe "Mǣre Bryten" ne belimpþ tō Norþīralande.<ref name="r34" /> Sēo BBC hwīlum nōtode "Bryten" for Mǣre Bryten ānum; hire nū bōc cwiþþ ānlīċe þæt "Mǣre Bryten" ne belimpþ tō Norþīralande.<ref name="r35">"BBC News style guide – Names", BBC Academy, BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110082858/https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537 |date=2019-11-10 }} "Alphabetical checklist", BBC News, BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326162901/http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551 |date=2018-03-26 }}</ref> "Brittisc" tācnaþ Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġemǣnu and, on ǣ, þā ċierlīċan hyrdrǣdenne and þēodscipe.<ref name="r36">Bradley, Anthony Wilfred; Ewing, Keith D., "Constitutional and administrative law", Pearson Longman, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36</ref> Fyrnlīċe hit ymbfēng þæt Rīċe and þone Ġemǣnan Wela; þā Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ealdormenn hit nōtodon ānlīċe on 1961 æfter þæt hīe lēafe ǣrest āscodon æt Estrēċe, Cenedan and Nīwan Sǣlande.<ref name="r37">Curran, James; Ward, "The Unknown Nation: Australia after Empire", Melbourne University Publishing, 2010</ref><ref name="r38">Ward, Stuart, "Untied kingdom: A Global History of the End of Britain", Cambridge University Press, 2023</ref> Mannum ċīesaþ hīe sylfe Brittisce, Englisce, Scottisce, Wēalisce, Norþīrisce oþþe Īrisce,<ref name="r39">"Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself?", Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2010, ARK&nbsp;– Access Research Knowledge, 2010. http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html</ref> oþþe ġedāl þǣra.<ref name="r40">"Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales", Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11 Schrijver, Frans, "Regionalism after regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom", Amsterdam University Press, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275</ref> == Stǣr == === Ǣr þǣre Ġeānunge === [[File:Stonehenge2007 07 30.jpg|thumb|Stānhenge, Wiltūnscīr: stānhring, stānas ymbe 4 m hēa]] Cro-Magnon ġesǣton þæt land on ġewealdum fram ymbe 30,000 wintra;<ref name="r41">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm "Ancient skeleton was 'even older'] ". BBC News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> stǣdlīċ eardung ġewāt of þǣre īsa ġewitenes ymbe 11,500 wintra.<ref name="r42">"A 12,000-year story - revealing the history of settlers in Britain from the end of the Ice Age to the present day | University of Oxford", ox.ac.uk, 9 February 2018. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-02-09-12000-year-story-revealing-history-settlers-britain-end-ice-age-present-day</ref> On ende ǣr stǣre þæt folc belamp mǣst tō Īnsulǣre Celtiscre cyþþe, hit ymbfēng Brittisce Bryten and Gaelisce Īraland.<ref name="r43">Koch, John T., "Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia", ABC-CLIO, 2006. https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128</ref> Rōmāna oferwinnung fram 43 æfter Crīste and 400 wintra rīċes ofer sūþan Bryten ēodon æfter Engla and Seaxna infare, sē þā Brittiscan landscīre dydon tō Wēalum, Cornwalum and, hwīle, Þǣm Ealdan Norþe (norþ Englaland, sūþ Scotland).<ref name="r44">Davies, "The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales", University of Wales Press, 2008</ref> Mǣst eall Angelseaxna land wearð tō Englalandes rīċe on þǣm tēoðan hundġēare.<ref name="r45">"Short Athelstan biography". https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml</ref> Gaelisce sprecendas on norþwestan Brytene (hefiġlīċe infarenne fram norþēastan Īralande on þǣm fīftan hundġēare)<ref name="r46">Mackie, J.D., "A History of Scotland", Penguin, 1991. https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 Campbell, Ewan, "Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots", Canongate, 1999</ref> ġeānodon mid Peohtum and ġewrohton Scotlandes rīċe on þǣm nigoðan hundġēare.<ref name="r47">Haigh, Christopher, "The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland", Cambridge University Press, 1990. https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8/page/30</ref> [[File:Roman Baths in Bath Spa, England - July 2006.jpg|thumb|alt=Fotograf þǣra baða, ġeswutelende ān rihtlic stōw grēnes wæteres ymbfangen mid geolum stāncotum mid swēorum. On þǣm bæce is þæs mynstres torr.|Rōmāniscu baþu, Bæþ, Sumorsǣte: wel ġeheald Rōmānisc stōw]] Normanne ġefōran on Englaland on 1066, nāman micel dǣl Wēala, oferwunnon mǣst eall Īraland and wurdon ġeċīgde on Scotland, and brōhton Norþfrencisc ġewealdlīċe and Normannisce þēawas;<ref name="r48">Ganshof, F.L., "Feudalism", University of Toronto, 1996. https://archive.org/details/feudalism0000gans_j4b5</ref> sēo Engla-Normannisce ealdormanna stīġ hæfde mǣre gebrēad and wearð þonne ġemǣnsum mid ēðellīċum þēawum.<ref name="r49">Chibnall, Marjorie, "The Debate on the Norman Conquest", Manchester University Press, 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=qJl5Jm-IndUC&pg=PA115</ref> Mīdelealdre Engla cyningas ġeendodon þā oferwinnunge Wēala ac ne ġeānodon Scotland, þe on 1320 ġewitnode hire frēodōm on Arbroaþes Cȳþnesse, on ġewinne mid Englalande fēawum ġewinnlēasum.<ref name="r50">"The Declaration of Arbroath", NMS, 3 June 2023. https://www.nms.ac.uk/past-exhibitions/the-declaration-of-arbroath</ref> Mǣre Cartan (1215) wæs þæt ǣreste gewrit þe cwæþ þæt nān ealdordōm is būtan ǣ and þæt ċierlas habbaþ ġehealdene rihta.<ref name="r51">"Magna Carta", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ "The contents of Magna Carta", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/magnacartaclauses/ "Magna Carta Key Facts", Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Magna-Carta-Key-Facts</ref> Engla cyningas, þe āgnodon Frencisc landu and ċēasdon Frencisce cynehelm, gefuhton on Frankland, ǣrest on þǣm Hundġēara Ġewinne; Scotta cyningas wæron ġeāmǣnode mid Franclande.<ref name="r52">Keen, Maurice. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml "The Hundred Years' War"] . BBC History.</ref> Þā Ġeændrung brōhte godcundlīċ ġewinn and Mōtstānlīċe cirican on ǣlcum lande.<ref name="r53">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland The Reformation in England and Scotland] and [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabeth I] , Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> Sēo Englisce Ġeændrung ġeændrode þeodscipe, ġesetnesse, cwealmcynn and þēawas on þǣm siexteoðan hundġēare, ġewrōhte Engla Cirican, ġescēop Englisce þēodlīċe ġecynd and lytlum ġeændrode ġeleafan.<ref name="r54">"English Reformation c1527-1590", The National Archives. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-english-reformation-c1527-1590/</ref> Wēalas wearð eallunga ġeīced tō Englalande;<ref name="r55">"British History in Depth&nbsp;– Wales under the Tudors", 5 November 2009. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml</ref> Īraland wearð cynedōm on āgenre ġeānunge mid Englisce cynehelme.<ref name="r56">Nicholls, Mark, "A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms", Blackwell, 1999. https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich</ref> On þǣre seofontēoðan hundġēares Ūlstres Plantunge, sē Cynehelm nōm þǣra Gaeliscra Rōmiscra eorla land and sealde hit Mōtstānlīcum ġesettum of Englalande and Scotlande.<ref name="r57">Canny, Nicholas P., "Making Ireland British, 1580–1650", Oxford University Press, 2003. https://archive.org/details/makingirelandbri00cann</ref> [[File:Adam de Colone (c.1572-1651) - James VI and I (1566–1625), King of Scotland (1567–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625) - PG 2172 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|Iacob 6 and 1, cyning Scotlandes 1567–1625, Englalandes and Īralandes 1603–1625]] Þā Cynehelma Ġeānung cōm on ġēare 1603 þā Iacob 6 of Scotlande ġeerfode Engliscne and Īriscne þrymsetl and ferde his hīred tō Lundene; þā þrēo rīċu wunodon tōdǣlede, healdende hira āgen þing, dōmas and cirican.<ref name="r58">Ross, D. (2002). ''Chronology of Scottish History''. Glasgow: Geddes & Grosset. p. 56. ; Hearn, J. (2002). ''Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture''. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104. .</ref> Wiþ þǣre mīdre seofontēoðan hundġēares ġeþīode ġewinnu, on þǣm Englisc Burhwarena Ġewinne, lǣddon tō Carles 1 cwalu and tō þǣre scortan frēoriċes þæs Ġemǣnan Welan Englalandes, Scotlandes and Īralandes.<ref name="r59">"English Civil Wars". https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars; "Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660", Archontology.org, 14 March 2010. http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php</ref> Æfter þǣre Ġeedniwunge, þǣre Tōwesenne, þǣre Wuldorlīcan Ġeedwyrpe 1688, þǣre Rihtboce 1689 (Englaland) and þǣre Frēoclāmes Ǣ 1689 (Scotland) ġeēodon ġewealdlīcne cyningdōm and Rōmiscne ġeerfe; cynedōm on ǣ and þinglīc rīċe weox.<ref name="r60">Lodge, Richard, "The History of England&nbsp;– From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702)", Read Books, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC</ref> Sēo Cynelicu Ġesamnung (1660) tihte tō cræfte; sǣmiht and fērendlīcu fandung brōhton landu, ǣrest on Norþ-Amerīcan and Karibiscum.<ref name="r61">"Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy", Royal Navy History, Institute of Naval History. http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two; Canny, Nicholas, "The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC</ref> Æfter āwrecenum ġeānungum on 1606, 1667 and 1689, þā ġefandung on 1705 ġeworhte þā Ġeānunge (1706), ġefæstnode fram bēgum þingum. === Englalandes and Scotlandes Ġeānung === [[File:Articles of Union between England and Scotland 28 Jan 1707.png|thumb|Ġeānunge Gewrit betwux Englalande and Scotlande, 28 Æfterran Ġēolan 1707]] Þæt Cynedōm Mǣran Bryten wearð ġeworht on 1 Þrimilces 1707 þurh þā Ġeānunge Ǣ 1707.<ref name="r62">"Articles of Union with Scotland 1707", UK Parliament. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm; "Acts of Union 1707", UK Parliament. http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny; "Treaty (act) of Union 1706", Scottish History online. http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |date=2019-05-27 }}</ref> Ġeþēodlīċ rīċe wearð ġeworht under Roberte Walpole, ''de facto'' ǣrestum formaþeġne 1721–1742. Iacobitisce ūpārīsunga sōhton tō ġeedniwianne þā Rōmiscan Stuartes mǣġþe ongēan Hannovres mǣġþe; þā Iacobitas forluron æt Culloden on 1746, æfter þǣm þā Hēahlendisce wurdon nīedlīċe ġemǣnsumode þurh ende clanes ealdres frēodōmes. Þā Norþ-Amerīcan landu bræcon ūt on þǣre Amerīcāniscan Frēodōmes Gewinne and wurdon þā Ġeānodan Rīċu; rīċes wilnung ēode tō Asian, ǣrest Indean.<ref name="r63">Library of Congress, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 ''The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad''] , p. 73.</ref> Brittiscan cēapmenn lǣddon þone Atlantiscan þēowcēap, mǣst 1662–1807, þā Brittisce oþþe Brittisc-landisce scipu bǣron nēah 3.3 mīliona Africāna, mǣst tō Karibiscum plantunga and ēac tō Norþ-Amerīcan.<ref name="r64">Morgan, Kenneth, "Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America", Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA12</ref><ref name="r65">Morgan, Kenneth, "Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America", Oxford University Press, US, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA15</ref> Æfter ofercwealdnesse þæs ǣfestan þingmǣnes þā þing forbēad þone cēap on 1807 and þēowdōm on þǣm Rīċe on 1833; Bryten lǣdde wīdgielle ǣfestnesse þurh forbōd on African and ġeþingu.<ref name="r66">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery] . BBC Devon. 2007.; Lovejoy, Paul E., "Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa", Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/290</ref> === Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Īralandes === [[File:Victoria in her Coronation robes.jpg|thumb|Cwēn Victoria on cynelicum hrægle]] Mǣre Bryten and Īraland þurhlǣddon ǣlc Ġeānunge Ǣ on 1800, ġewyrcende þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Īralandes on 1 Æfterran Ġēolan 1801.<ref name="r67">"The Act of Union", Act of Union Virtual Library. http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act</ref> Æfter Francrīċes forlorenesse on þǣm Ġeedwyrplīcum and Napoleōniscum Gewinnum (1792–1815) sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wearð sǣfaru and rīċes hēafodland, Lunden þære worulde mǣste burg fram ymbe 1830.<ref name="r68">Tellier, L.-N. (2009). ''Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective''. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. .</ref> Sēo ''Pax Britannica'' (1815–1914) dyde þæt Rīċe tō ealles woruldes ealdre and "woruldweardas".<ref name="r69">Mathias, P., "The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914", Routledge, 2001; Ferguson, Niall, "Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power", Basic Books, 2004. https://archive.org/details/empire00nial</ref><ref name="r70">McDougall, Walter A., "20th-century international relations", 4 May 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155</ref><ref name="r71">Sondhaus, L. (2004). ''Navies in Modern World History''. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. .</ref><ref name="r72">Porter, Andrew, "The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC</ref> Bryten gefeaht on þǣm Krimean Gewinne (1853–1856) ġeīcod mid Ottomanum Rīċe wiþ Russlande;<ref name="r73">Benn, David Wedgwood, "The Crimean War and its lessons for today", International Affairs, March 2012</ref> æfter þǣre Indiscan Ūpārīsunge 1857 Palmerstones rīċe nōm onsundrum ealdordōm ofer Indea. Cēapes ġemiht sealde ġeweald ofer feohġemētum swā Ēastasian and Lǣdenlandum Amerīcan.<ref name="r74">Porter, Andrew, "The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC; Marshall, P.J., "The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire", Cambridge University Press, 1996. https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC</ref> On Victorian tīman (1837–1901) wæs frēo cēap and ''laissez-faire'' ġecoren. Fram þǣre Miclan Ġeedwyrplīcan Ǣ (1832) wearð þæt cyres wīdra; sēo 1884 Ġeedwyrplīc Ǣ under Gladstone forġeaf cyre mǣstum wǣpnedmannum. Rǣd folces weaxung and burhfaru brōhte ġesettnesse and welan styrunga.<ref name="r75">Tompson, Richard S., "Great Britain: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present", Facts on File, 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=H5kcJqmXk2oC&pg=PA63</ref> Ende nigonteoðan hundġēares Hīwlīce rīċu (Disraeli, Salisbury) ġeīcton þæt Rīċe on Africa, hēoldon "mǣre ānsetlnesse" fram Eurōpiscum ġeānungum and healdon Russland on Middelasian (þone Miclan Plegan).<ref name="r76">Fromkin, David, "The Great Game in Asia", Foreign Affairs, 1980. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512</ref> Cenede, Estrēċe and Nīwe Sǣland wurdon āgen-rīċsiende landu.<ref name="r77">Hosch, William L., "World War I: People, Politics, and Power", Britannica Educational Publishing, 2009</ref> Cræftes ealdordōm wearð ġeweald fram Þēodlande and þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum ymbe 1900.<ref name="r78">Zarembka, Paul, "Contradictions: Finance, Greed, and Labor Unequally Paid", Emerald Group Publishing, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=NSrwpggmHigC&pg=PP1</ref> Sēo Edwardiscu tīd (1901–1910) brōhte ġemǣne bōte and Īrisc āgenrīċe tō ġeearnunge; Lǣborlic wearð on 1900 of ġeferscipum and ġewiselīcum ġesamnungum; wīfmenn fōrdon ċierlīċe cyre for wīfum.<ref name="r79">Sophia A. Van Wingerden, ''The women's suffrage movement in Britain, 1866–1928'' (1999) ch 1.</ref> === Woruldġewinn and Īralandes tōdǣl === [[File:Wreaths Are Laid at the Cenotaph, London During Remembrance Sunday Service MOD 45152052.jpg|thumb|Ġemynd-dæġes ċrancas ġelēgde æt þǣm Cenotaph, Lunden]] [[File:Spitfire and Hurricane in the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.jpg|thumb|Spitfire and Hurricane, Brytenes Gefeohtes Ġemynd-flyht]] Bryten wæs ān ealdor þǣra ġeānodra þe oferwonn þā Midlandlīcan Mihta on þǣm Ǣrestan Woruldġewinne (1914–1918), feohtende mid Francrīċe, Russlande and (fram 1917) þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum ofer þæt Rīċe and Eurōpe, ǣrest on Westfrontan.<ref name="r80">Turner, John (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. .</ref><ref name="r81">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). ''History of World War I, Volume 3''. London: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698, 705. .</ref> Gravwīg ofslōg mǣst ān cynn wera; Bryten drēfde 2.5 mīliona wundode and ġeendode mid mǣrum þēodlīcum ġeldum.<ref name="r81" /> Sēo Ǣ þæs Folces ġeþingþes 1918 forġeaf cyre eallum fulwæstmum weran and mǣstum fulwæstmum wīfum.<ref name="r81" /> Bryten ġeānode on þǣm Folcgemōtes Ealdorrǣde and underfēng ġewealdu ofer ǣr Þēodisce and Ottomanisce landu; under Lloyd George þæt Rīċe cōm tō his mǣstan brǣdu, fīfta dǣl þære worulde landes and fēorða dǣl his folces.<ref name="r82">Turner, J. (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 41. .</ref> Ymbe þā mīdre twēntigoðan hundġēares mǣst folc mihte hīeran BBC hlūdstefn;<ref name="r83">"100 years of radio since Marconi's big breakthrough", Ofcom, 15 June 2020. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/100-years-of-radio</ref><ref name="r84">Linfoot, Matthew, "History of the BBC: The origins of BBC Local Radio", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/local-radio</ref> fandung sēonde ongann 1929 and sēo ǣreste gesettan BBC Sēonde Ambiht 1936.<ref name="r85">"History of the BBC: 1920s", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s</ref> Īrisc folccȳþ and Āgenrīċes ġewinnu lǣddon tō þæs ēalondes tōdǣle on 1921;<ref name="r86">SR&O 1921/533 of 3 May 1921.</ref> ġewinn on þǣm þe nū is Norþīraland ēode Ġēolan 1920–Ġēolan 1922. Sē Īrisca Frēoland wearð frēo (landes hād 1922, eallunga frēodōm 1931); Norþīraland wunode on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r87">"The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6&nbsp;December 1921", CAIN Web Service. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm</ref> Sēo Efenlīc Cyres Ǣ 1928 forġeaf wīfum cyres efenlīcnesse. Sē Micla Slege cōm on 1926. Sēo Micle Wǣdlnes (1929–1932) brōhte wǣdlunge nēah 3 mīliona, unfrēode and ġewinn; ġemǣnu rīċe wearð ġeworht on 1931.<ref name="r88">Rubinstein, W.D. (2004). ''Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. .</ref> Bryten wunode welig, wel gewǣpned miht on þǣre woruldes weorces midle;<ref name="r89">Edgerton, David, "Britain's War Machine", Penguin, 2012. https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html; "Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War", Reviews in History. https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114</ref> hit ēode on þone Ōþerne Woruldġewinn æfter Þēodlandes infare on Pōlen 1939 and, mid his rīċe, feaht fortōðan æfter þæt his Eurōpiscan ġeānan feollon.<ref name="r89" /> On 1940 sēo Lyftfyrd (RAF) ofercōm þā Þēodiscan ''Luftwaffe'' on Brytenes Gefeohte; burga drēfdon þone Blitz. Bryten, þā Ġeānodan Rīċu and þæt Sōwiet Rīċe ġeworhton þā Mǣran Ġeānunge on 1941. Mǣre sigeras cōmon on þǣm Atlantiscan Gefeohte, Norþ-African and Italian; Bryten wæs micel on þǣm Normandiscan landunge 1944; sē Here lǣdde þone Burmiscan færeld and sēo Pacificisc Flota gefeaht wiþ Iapan. Brittisce cræftmenn dydon tō þǣm Manhattan Weorce.<ref name="r90">Septimus H. Paul, "Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952", Ohio State U.P., 2000. https://books.google.com/books?id=fSZpgW-N628C&pg=PA1</ref> === Æfter þǣm twēntigoðan hundġēare === [[File:British Empire 1921.png|thumb|Brittisc Rīċe on his hēahstan tīman on 1921]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs ān þǣra Þrēora Mǣrena þe ġeþōhton þā æfterġewinnlīcan worulde;<ref name="r91">Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, "Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945", Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62; Kelly, Brian, "The Four Policemen and Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and Idealist Perspectives", Indiana University of Pennsylvania. https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022125442/https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |date=2015-10-22 }}</ref> hit āwrāt þā Cȳþnesse þǣra Ġeānodra Þēoda mid þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum, wearð āgen ān fæstlic mann on þǣm Ġeānodra Þēoda Frīðgemōte and hēlp ġewyrcan þone Feohsealdgemōt, þā Woruldbancan and þā Norþsǣlīcan Ġeānunge (NATO).<ref name="r92">"The "Special Relationship" between Great Britain and the United States Began with FDR", Roosevelt Institute, 22 July 2010. http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125021103/http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr |date=2018-01-25 }}; "Remarks by the President Obama and Prime Minister Cameron in Joint Press Conference", The White House, 22 April 2016. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press</ref> Wācod and bedēfed on þǣre Marshalles Ġeþōhte,<ref name="r93">"Britain to make its final payment on World War II loan from U.S.", The New York Times, 28 December 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html</ref> hit forfleah þone eallan ġewinn þe hergode Ēasteurōpe.<ref name="r94">Reynolds, David, "Britain's War Machine by David Edgerton – review", The Guardian, 17 April 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/17/britains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review</ref> Þæs Attlees Lǣborlican rīċes bōta ġeweald nāmon mǣre weorc and ġewyrhto, ġewrōhton ġemǣnne wēlan and sǣton þā Ġeþēodlīcan Hǣlþe Ambiht.<ref name="r95">Francis, Martin, "Ideas and policies under Labour, 1945–1951: Building a new Britain", Manchester University Press, 1997</ref><ref name="r96">Lee, Stephen J., "Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995", Routledge, 1996. https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees</ref> Þā Landþēoda ġeearnunga and Brytene wācung dydon þæt āwending ūnforbūgendlīc;<ref name="r97">Brown, Judith, "The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC p. 319.</ref><ref name="r98">Louis, Wm. Roger, "Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization", I.B. Tauris, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC p. 337.</ref><ref name="r99">Abernethy, David, "The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980", Yale University Press, 2000. https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC p. 146.</ref> Indea and Pakistan wurdon frēo on 1947<ref name="r100">Larres, Klaus, "A companion to Europe since 1945", Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118</ref> and mǣst ealle ōþre landu binnan þrīm tīgum ġēara, manig ġeānode mid þǣm Ġemǣnan Wela.<ref name="r101">"Country List", Commonwealth Secretariat, 19 March 2009. http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/System/YearbookHomePage.asp?NodeID=152099&load=countrylist</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs sē þridda cernelrīċe (Weorc Hurricane, 1952); sēo Suez Wǣdlnes 1956 ġecȳþde his lǣssan stōwe. Ġemǣnan Welan infaru, tihted fram 1950um weorces lǣnes, dyde þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm mā mislicran and mā mislicran þēawum.<ref name="r102">Julios, Christina, "Contemporary British identity: English language, migrants, and public discourse", Ashgate, 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84</ref> Fēohġemēt wæs behindan Francrīċe, Westþēodlande and Iapan. On 1969 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt ǣreste folcrīċe tō lǣssanne þā cyres ealdre tō 18.<ref name="r103">Loughran, Thomas; Mycock, "A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds", Contemporary British History, 3 April 2021. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġestaþelode þā Westeurōpiscan Ġeānunge (1954) and þā EFTA (1960), ġewāt of EFTA tō ġeānianne mid þǣm Eurōpiscum Ġemǣnum on 1973 (1975 sprǣc: 67% tō wunianne),<ref name="r104">"1975: UK embraces Europe in referendum", BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm</ref> and wæs ġestaþelend þæs Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge on 1993. Þā Þrēaunga, folclic and wǣpnedlic ġewinn on Norþīralande fram ende 1960ra, man wēnþ ġeendod mid þǣre Gōdan Frīgedæges Ġeþingþe 1998.<ref name="r105">Aughey, Arthur, "The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement", Routledge, 2005. https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh; "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." Holland, Jack, "Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland", Henry Holt, 1999. https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221; Elliot, Marianne (2007). ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. .</ref> Æfter 1970ra hindrunge and ġewinne, Thatchernes 1980ra Hīwlīce rīċe lǣdde feohlīc cræft, unġebindendnesse (þone 1986 Miclan Cnyll), sealde ūt ġemǣne weorc and cearf sealde.<ref name="r106">Dorey, Peter, "British politics since 1945", Blackwell, 1995</ref> On 1982 Argentina ġefōr on Sūþ Georgia and þā Falklandes Ēalond, ġewyrcende þone 10-wucan Falklandes Ġewinn, þone Bryten ġewann; þā ēalondes mannas ġefæstnodon Brittisc rīċe on 1983 spræce 2013. Norþsǣ ele feoh ġeīcte þone welan fram 1984.<ref name="r107">Griffiths, Alan; Wall, Stuart, "Applied Economics", Financial Times Press, 2007. http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823124048/http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf |date=2009-08-23 }}</ref> Gibraltar, micel wīgstōw,<ref name="r108">"Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain"</ref> ġewitnode ġemǣne ealdordōm mid Hispania on spræce 2002. Ġedǣlde rīċu wurdon ġesette for Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland on ende 20. hundġēares,<ref name="r109">Keating, Michael, "Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom", Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 1 January 1998</ref> æfter underfēnge þǣre Eurōpiscan Cȳþnesse Manna Rihta. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wunode mǣre miht mid fruman on þǣm Ġeānodum Þēodum and NATO.<ref name="r110">McCourt, David, "Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics", University of Michigan Press, 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&q=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics</ref> === Ān and twēntigoða hundġēar === [[File:Johnson signed Brexit Withdrawal Agreement.jpg|thumb|Boris Johnson āwrītt þā Brexit ūtgangnesse ġeþingþe, 2020]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġefæstnode þā Ġeānodan Rīċu "wīg ongēan ege"<ref name="r111">McSmith, Andy, "The inside story of how Tony Blair led Britain to war in Iraq", Independent, 5 July 2016. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-tony-blair-george-bush-us-uk-what-happened-a7119761.html</ref> and gefeaht on Afganistan; þā Iraqes Gewinnes sendunge under Blair ġeċīgde þā mǣstan folcgewinnunge on Brytene.<ref name="r112">Adams, Tim, "'A beautiful outpouring of rage': did Britain's biggest ever protest change the world?", The Observer, 11 February 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/11/slugs-iraq-war-london-protest-2003-legacy</ref> Sēo Micle Wācung (2007–2010) slōg þone feohġemēt,<ref name="r113">"Quarterly National Accounts – National accounts aggregates (ABMI Gross Domestic Product: chained volume measures: Seasonally adjusted £m, constant prices)", Office for National Statistics, 20 December 2013. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=ABMI&dataset=qna&table-id=A2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929150429/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=ABMI&dataset=qna&table-id=A2 |date=2015-09-29 }}</ref> and fyligde wāc weaxung and stillnes.<ref name="r114">Harari, Daniel, "Low growth: The economy's biggest challenge", House of Commons Library, 16 July 2024. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/low-growth-the-economys-biggest-challenge/#:~:</ref><ref name="r115">Rees, Tom; Atkinson, "A Lost Decade Worse Than Japan's Threatens to Change UK Forever", Bloomberg News, 12 March 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-12/a-lost-decade-worse-than-japan-s-threatens-to-change-uk-forever</ref> Þā 2010 Cameron–Clegg ġeānung ġesette fǣsting tō cearfenne þā forlorenessa.<ref name="r116">"What is austerity and where could 'eye-watering' cuts fall now?", BBC News, 7 November 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/63304224</ref> On þǣre 2014 Scotta āgenrīċes spræce 55.3% curon tō wunianne on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r117">"Scottish independence referendum – Results", BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results</ref> On 2016, 51.9% curon þone Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge tō forlǣtanne;<ref name="r118">Witte, Griff; Adam, "In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U.", The Washington Post, 24 June 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġewāt on 2020<ref name="r119">"Brexit: New era for UK as it completes separation from European Union", BBC News, 1 January 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55502781</ref> and sēo Eurōpiscan Ġeānung–Ġeānodan Cynedōmes Cēapes and Weorces Ġeþingþu fēng on 1 Þrimilces 2021.<ref name="r120">"The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement". https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/relations-non-eu-countries/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement_en</ref><ref name="r121">"Free Trade Agreements EU-UK". https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1137</ref> Sēo COVID-19 ġewītnes slōg þone feohġemēt and þā lāre and hæfde wīde ġemǣne and þinglicē āhæfenes on 2020–2021;<ref name="r122">"Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK", gov.uk, Government of the United Kingdom. https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/</ref><ref name="r123">"Coronavirus and the impact on output in the UK economy: April 2020", ons.gov.uk, Government of the United Kingdom. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/coronavirusandtheimpactonoutputintheukeconomy/april2020</ref><ref name="r124">Walker, Andrew, "Coronavirus: UK economy could be among worst hit of leading nations, says OECD", BBC News, 10 June 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52991913</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt ǣreste land tō nōtigenne ġefæstnodne COVID-19 sealfe, ġiefende ān þǣra swiftostena ūtsendunga.<ref name="r125">"Landmark moment as first NHS patient receives COVID-19 vaccination", NHS, 8 December 2020. https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/12/landmark-moment-as-first-nhs-patient-receives-covid-19-vaccination/</ref><ref name="r126">"Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine approved", UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-approved</ref> == Landgemǣre == [[File:MODIS - Great Britain and Northern Ireland - 2012-06-04 during heat wave (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sǣgebrād þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes būtan Hetlande]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ymbfēhþ ymbe 244,376 km², þæt land 242,741 km².<ref name="r9">"Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK", Open Geography Portal, Office for National Statistics, 31 May 2024. https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about</ref> Hē hæfþ mǣstne dǣl þǣra Brittiscra Īgland<ref name="r127">Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</ref> and ymbfēhþ Mǣre Bryten, þone norþēastan siexteoþan dǣl Īralandes and lǣsse ēalond.<ref name="r9" /> Hē līþ betweox þǣm Norþ-Ātlantiscan Sǣ and þǣre Norþsǣ; his sūþēast ġemǣre is binnan 35 km fram norþran Francrīċe ofer þā Englisce Sǣ.<ref name="r128">"United Kingdom", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom |date=2021-01-09 }}</ref> Mann, Gerseġ and Garnesīġ sind cyninges lēodland on ġeānunge mid þǣm cyninge, ac nā dǣl þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes; Bryten hīerþ hira ūtlandisce weorc. Mann līþ on þǣre Īriscan Sǣ betweox Mǣre Bryten and Īralande; þā Sǣs Ēalond līþ ūt of norþran Francrīċe. Sēo Cynelice Grēonwīces Wearde on Lundene ġesette þone Fruman Midbaugas, ġecoren on þǣre Ġeþēodlicre Midbaugas Ġemōte 1884.<ref name="r129">ROG Learning Team, "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich", Royal Museums Greenwich, 23 August 2002. http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich</ref><ref name="r130">"Greenwich Royal Observatory: How the Prime Meridian line is actually 100 metres away from where it was believed to be", Independent, 13 August 2015. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/greenwich-royal-observatory-how-the-prime-meridian-line-is-actually-100-metres-away-from-where-it-10452386.html</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm līþ betweox 49° and 61° norþ and 9° west and 2° ēast. Norþīraland hæfþ 499 km landġemǣre wiþ Īraland<ref name="r128" /> and 650 km sǣstrande.<ref name="r131">"Northern Ireland Coastal and Marine Forum", Northern Ireland Coastal and Marine Forum. https://library2.nics.gov.uk/pdf/dard/2014/EEUD.pdf</ref> Sǣstrand Mǣran Bryten and þǣra mǣstena ēalonda is nēah 31,368 km, þǣra Mǣre Bryten 17,820 km,<ref name="r132">Darkes, Giles, "How long is the UK coastline?", The British Cartographic Society, January 2008. http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522042745/http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |date=2012-05-22 }}</ref> þēah þe ġemetu sind mislice.<ref name="r133">Weiner, Sophie, "Why it's Impossible to Accurately Measure a Coastline", Popular Mechanics, 3 March 2018. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a19068718/why-its-impossible-to-accurately-measure-a-coastline/</ref> Sē Sǣ-ġeng (50 km, 38 km under wætere) is sē langesta under-wæteres ġang on worulde.<ref name="r134">"The Channel Tunnel", Eurotunnel. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure</ref> Fēower eorþlicu cynn wudu sind: Celtisce brādlēafwudas, Englisce Lāgland bōcwudas, Norþ-Ātlantisce wǣte ġemengde wudas and Caledonisce fyrwudas.<ref name="r135">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", BioScience, 2017</ref> Wudu þeahte 3.25 mīliona hektara on 2023, 13% þæs landes.<ref name="r136">"Woodland Statistics, Key findings", Forest Research. https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/woodland-statistics/</ref> === Weder === Mǣst þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes is ġemetfæst, cōl mid genihtsumum rēne ġēares ymbhwyrft.<ref name="r128" /> Hǣto ne feallaþ oft under 0 C oþþe ofer 30 C.<ref name="r137">"Hottest day of each year from 1900", trevorharley.com. https://www.trevorharley.com/hottest-day-of-each-year-from-1900.html; "Coldest day of each year from 1900", trevorharley.com. https://www.trevorharley.com/coldest-days-of-each-year-from-1900.html</ref> Þā ūplandu Englalandes, Wēala, Norþīralandes and mǣstes Scotlandes habbaþ sǣlīce lytelmeorfeld weder; hēah Scotland is ċeald and norþlic, þā munta hæbbaþ ċeald.<ref name="r138">"English: A map of Köppen climate types in the United Kingdom (SVG version)", 9 August 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK_K%C3%B6ppen.svg</ref> Þā sūþwestenan windas brengaþ milde wǣte weder of þǣm Ātlantiscan Sǣ;<ref name="r128" /> þæt ēast is ġescylde and driġost, for þǣm þe mǣst rēn fielþ on þǣm westan. Þā streamas þe sind wearme fram Golfes Strēame ġiefaþ milde winter, wǣtost on þǣm westan and on hēhre eorþan. Sumor is wearmost on sūþēastan Englalande, ċealdost on norþan; hēh land hæfþ micele snāw on winter and on ǣrum lenctene.<ref name="r139">"Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream)", UK Climate Projections, Met Office. http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152</ref> Sunnscīn wæs on mǣdele 1,339.7 tīda on ġēare 1971–2000<ref name="r140">"UK 1971–2000 averages", Met Office. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html</ref> and wexlaþ fram 1,200 tō nēah 1,580 tīda.<ref name="r141">"UK temperature, rainfall and sunshine time series", Met Office. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-temperature-rainfall-and-sunshine-time-series</ref> Weoruldweder hæfþ swīðe unġefēlde þing; þrydda dǣl þǣra 2023 mettes pris-āstīġes wæs tō þǣm ġeteald.<ref name="r142">Smeeton, George, "Families hit by £605 food bill as extreme weather and energy crisis bites", Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit, 28 November 2023. https://eciu.net/media/press-releases/2023/families-hit-by-605-food-bill-as-extreme-weather-and-energy-crisis-bites</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs fīfta of 180 on þǣm 2024 Ymbhwyrftes Weorces Rīmbēc.<ref name="r143">"2024 Environmental Performance Index", Environmental Performance Index. https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710023935/https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |date=2024-07-10 }}</ref> Ǣ biddeþ nān-lǣste gasa ūtgang bī 2050.<ref name="r144">Shepheard, Marcus, "UK net zero target", Institute for Government, 20 April 2020. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/net-zero-target#:~:text=In%20June%202019%2C%20parliament%20passed,to%201990%20levels%20by%202050.&text=Prior%20to%20this%2C%20the%20UK,1990%20levels%2C%20also%20by%202050.</ref> === Landes hīw === [[File:uk topo en.jpg|thumb|Landes hīw þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes]] '''Englaland''' is 53% þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes (130,395 km²).<ref name="r145">"England&nbsp;– Profile", BBC News, 11 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm</ref> Mǣst lāgland,<ref name="r146">Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd, "United Kingdom – Atlapedia Online", Atlapedia.com. http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm</ref> mid ūplandum norþwestan þǣre Tees–Exe līne. Lāglandu: Cornwalas, Nīwe Wudu, Sūþdūna, Norfolkes Brōcas; ūplandu: Sēo Mēre Landes, Pennīnes, Eoforwīcscīres Dūna, Exmōr, Dartmōr. Mǣste ēa: Temes, Sæfern, Humber. Hēhste munt Scafell Pike (978 m); mǣste ēalond Wihtland. '''Scotland''' is 32% (78,772 km²),<ref name="r147">"Scotland Facts", Scotland Online Gateway. http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |date=2008-06-21 }}</ref> mid nēah 800 ēalondum (Hebridas, Orcadas, Hetland)<ref name="r148">Winter, Jon, "The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands", Independent, 1 June 2000. https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html</ref> and is þæt muntlicste land. Sēo Hēahlandu habbaþ mǣst muntas (Cairngorms, Loch Lomond and Trossachs, Ben Nevis 1,345 m,<ref name="r149">"Great Britain's tallest mountain is taller", Ordnance Survey Blog, Ordnance Survey, 18 March 2016. https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/03/britains-tallest-mountain-is-taller</ref> þǣra Brittiscra Īgland hēhste stōw<ref name="r150">"Ben Nevis Weather", Ben Nevis Weather. http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924202417/http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |date=2018-09-24 }}</ref>). '''Wēalas''' is under 9% (20,779 km²),<ref name="r151">"Profile: Wales", BBC News, 9 June 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm</ref> mǣst muntlic, lǣs on sūþan. Snowdonia hæfþ Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa, 1,085 m), þone hēhstan Wēalisc munt.<ref name="r146" /> Hit hæfþ ofer 1,680 mīla sǣstrandes<ref name="r132" /> and ēalonda, mǣst Anglesey (''Ynys Môn''). '''Norþīraland''' (14,160 km²), tōdǣled fram Mǣran Brytene þurh þā Īriscan Sǣ and Norþ Ġeat, is mǣst hyllig. Hit hæfþ Lough Neagh (388 km², mǣste mere þǣra Brittiscra Īgland),<ref name="r152">"Geography of Northern Ireland", University of Ulster. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm</ref> Lough Erne (ofer 150 ēalond) and þone UNESCO-ġewriten Gīganta Weg. Hēhste munt: Slieve Donard, Mourne Munta (852 m).<ref name="r146" /> == Ealdordōm and þinglic rīċe == Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is cynedōm on ǣ and þinglic folcrīċe<ref name="r153">[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, "What is constitutional monarchy?"] . Retrieved 17 July 2013; [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ "United Kingdom"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ |date=2021-01-09 }} CIA ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> under Westmynstres wīsan.<ref name="r154">Stepan, Alfred; Linz, "Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies", Journal of Democracy, 2014. http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v025/25.2.stepan.html</ref> Hē is ānrǣd ġesamnod rīċe<ref name="r155">Lewer, Andrew, "The UK is one of the most centralised advanced democracies – it's time that changed", New Statesman, 5 May 2021. https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/2021/05/the-uk-is-one-of-the-most-centralised-advanced-democracies-its-time-that-changed</ref><ref name="r156">"Centralisation Nation: Britain's system of local government and its impact on the national economy", Centre for Cities. https://www.centreforcities.org/?post_type=publication&p=40951</ref> mid ealdorlicum Þinge<ref name="r157">"Parliamentary Sovereignty", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/parliamentary-sovereignty</ref> of þǣm ġecorenan Ġemǣnena Hūse, ġeceasenan Hlāforda Hūse and þǣm Cynehelme. Ealdordōm cymþ of þǣm Cynehelme, ān āgen hēafod þe sē cyning hielt, þurh þone Þing hæfþ hēahne ǣfæstne anweald ofer weorc and dōmas;<ref name="r158">Polly Botsford, "Relationship between UK Crown and law in focus as Carolean era begins", International Bar Association. https://www.ibanet.org/Relationship-between-UK-Crown-and-law-in-focus-as-Carolean-era-begins</ref><ref name="r159">"Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30, s. 10)", The National Archives. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/section/10</ref><ref name="r160">"Parliament", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role</ref> ǣlāre Maurice Sunkin cwæþ þæt sē Cynehelm ġefylþ "þæt on ōþrum stōwum bēo cernlic dǣl ġewritenre ġesetnesse". Cynelic ġeþafung is nēodful for ǣm.<ref name="r161">"Royal Assent", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/lords/lrds-royal-assent</ref> Sēo ungeboced ġesetnes bestent of ǣm, dōmbōcum, ġeþingum and þēawum;<ref name="r162">Carter, Sarah, "A Guide To the UK Legal System", University of Kent at Canterbury. http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603172102/http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System |date=2012-06-03 }}</ref> sēo Hēah Dōmstōw ġecnāwþ underlicu ġewealdu: þinglic ealdordōm, ǣ rīċes, folcrīċe, healdan ġeþēodlicre ǣ.<ref name="r163">See ''R (Miller) v Prime Minister'' [2019] UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty), ''R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor'' [2017] [http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html UKSC 51] , [67] ff (rule of law), ''R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport'' [2008] UKHL 15, [48] (democracy), ''R v Lyons'' [2002] [https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/44.html UKHL 44] , [27] (international law).</ref> Cyning Carl 3 is cyning and rīċes hēafod þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes and 14 ōþra "Ġemǣnes Welan rīċa". Sē cyning hæfþ ealne weorclicne anweald swā þæs Cynehelmes ġeþwǣrung, "grundlic tō ǣ and weorce rīċes on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme",<ref name="r164">Robert Blackburn, "The Constitutional Role and Working of the Monarchy in the United Kingdom", Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, 2022. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united</ref> ac māhta, ǣrest sē cynelica ġeweald, bēoþ ġemǣne ġenotode on ealdormanna rǣde. Sē cyning hæfþ "riht tō āscianne, riht tō tihtanne, and riht tō wǣrnanne"<ref name="r165">Bagehot, Walter (1867). ''The English Constitution''. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.</ref> and ġeheald ġewealdu: nemnan þone formaþeġn (sē sceal habban Ġemǣnena ġetrūwþe), forġiefan āgena weorþmynda, and on ealdlicum ġewealdum āfeorrian þone formaþeġn, forsacan āflīman oþþe ġeealdian, forhealdan cynelice ġeþafunge and forbēodan unrihtlic nōtung þæs wǣpnedes.<ref name="r166">David Torrance, "The Crown and the Constitution", House of Commons Library. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf</ref> Sē formaþeġn is rīċes hēafod.<ref name="r167">"The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet", Public services all in one place, Directgov. http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444</ref> Rīċe, ġewissod fram þǣm Rǣde þone formaþeġn ċīest and lǣdþ, ġesetþ weorc, wīsaþ þēowdōm and þurh þone Ġeþwǣrnes Ġemōt sendeþ ġesetnessa and rǣdþ þǣm cyninge.<ref name="r168">Tim Durrant, "Cabinet", Institute for Government, 25 March 2020. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/cabinet</ref><ref name="r169">"Parliament and Government", UK Parliament. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/</ref><ref name="r170">Vernon Bogdanor, "The Monarchy and the Constitution, Chapter 3 – The Basic Constitutional Rules: Influence and the Prerogative", Clarendon Press, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=mN6SzMefot4C</ref> Nēah ealle formaþeġnas wǣron Ǣresta Hlāford þæs Feohhūses, ealle sīþþan 1905;<ref name="r171">Blick, Andrew; Jones, "The Institution of Prime Minister – History of government", gov.uk, 1 January 2012. https://history.blog.gov.uk/2012/01/01/the-institution-of-prime-minister</ref><ref name="r172">Brown, Jack, "The Prime Ministers", Hodder & Stoughton, 2020</ref> Ealdor for þǣm Þēodlicum Ambihte sīþþan 1968;<ref name="r173">"Minister for the Civil Service", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-civil-service</ref> Ealdor for þǣre Ġeānunge sīþþan 2019.<ref name="r174">Woodcock, Andrew, "Boris Johnson accused of 'cynical rebranding' after appointing himself 'Minister for the Union'", Independent, 26 July 2021. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html; "Minister for the Union", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union</ref> Be þēawe sē formaþeġn is ġemǣnena þingmann and lǣdend þæs mǣstan ġesamnunga on Ġemǣnena Hūse, healdende ambiht þurh Ġemǣnena ġetrūwþe.<ref name="r175">"The Cabinet Manual", gov.uk, October 2011. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf</ref><ref name="r176">Norton, Philip, "Governing Britain: Parliament, Ministers and Our Ambiguous Constitution", Manchester University Press, 2020</ref> On 20 Hlīdmōnaþes 2026 sē formaþeġn is Andy Burnham, lǣdend þǣra Lǣboriscra. Þā þrēo lēodland and 14 Brittisce ofersǣwisce landu sind under Brittiscum cynehelmes ealdordōme.<ref name="r177">Palan, Rolen, "Legacies of Empire: Imperial Roots of the Contemporary Global Order", Cambridge University Press, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=76QyCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22British+overseas+territories%22+%22crown+dependencies%22+UK+%22British+crown%22&pg=PA48</ref> Sēo 2026 V-Dem Folcrīċes Ġewritu funde folcrīċes hindrung on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r178">"Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era?". https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf</ref> === Cyra === [[File:Houses of Parliament in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Micel sandfāh hūs on Gotiscum wīsan wiþ brūne ēa. Þæt hūs hæfþ manige mǣre torras, ymbfōnde micelne clucġe-torr.|Westmynstres Healle, setl bēgra þinga hūsa]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ 650 cyrstōwa, ǣlc ċīest ānne þingmann þurh ǣrest-ofer-þone-stæf cyre for oþ fīf ġēar.<ref name="r179">"General elections", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/general</ref> Hīwlīce and Lǣboriscan habbaþ ealdordōm sīþþan þā 1920ra (twā-ġeferscipes ġesetnes); ōþre ġeferscipas wunnon setl ac næfre mā þonne ǣniġ þǣra.<ref name="r180">Raymond, C, "Why British Politics is Not a Two-Party System", Queen's University Belfast, 2016. https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/107735631/The_United_Kingdom_is_Not_a_Two_Party_System.pdf</ref> Þā 2020ra wǣcton þā twā-ġeferscipes ġesetnesse tō manig-ġeferscipes.<ref name="r181">"Sir John Curtice: Election results show politics in the UK has fragmented", BBC News, 8 May 2026. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8p4yn448vo</ref> === Landscīra tōdǣlungas === [[File:United Kingdom labelled map7 vector.svg|thumb|Þā fēower land þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes]] Scīra tōdǣlung ongann on Englalande and Scotlande on ǣrum mīdelealdre and ymbfēng Mǣre Bryten and Īraland ǣr nīwre tīde.<ref name="r182">Hackwood Frederick William: ''The Story of the Shire, Being the Lore, History and Evolution of English County Institutions'' (1851)</ref> Ġecorene landsċīra rǣdas āwōcon þurh tōdǣlede Ǣ: Englaland and Wēalas 1888, Scotland 1889, Īraland 1898, for þǣm nis nān ġelīċ tōdǣlung ofer þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm<ref name="r183">United Nations Economic and Social Council, "Ninth UN Conference on the standardization of Geographical Names", UN Statistics Division, August 2007. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/report%20of%209th%20uncsgn%20n0750902%20en.pdf</ref> and þā þrēo dōmstōwa sind tōdǣlede.<ref name="r184">Dewart, Megan, "The Scottish Legal System", Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ; "The justice system and the constitution", Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/#:~:text=The%20United%20Kingdom%20has%20three,of%20Union%201707%20and%201800.</ref><ref name="r185">Barlow, I.M., "Metropolitan Government", Routledge, 1991</ref> '''Englaland''': ġemǣnu ġewealdung is ġewinnful; sēo hēahste dǣl is nigon rīmlice scīra.<ref name="r186">"Welcome to the national site of the Government Office Network", Government Offices. http://www.gos.gov.uk/national</ref> Mǣre Lunden hæfþ ġecorenne ġesamnunge and burhgerēfan sīþþan 2000 (spræc 1998).<ref name="r187">"A short history of London government", Greater London Authority. http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023053/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp |date=2008-04-21 }}</ref> '''Scotland''': 32 rǣdscīra swīðe mislice brādnesse (Glasgow, Eadenburg, Aberdeen, Dundee sind āsundrode; Hēahland hæfþ þriddan dǣl þæs landes ac ǣnlīċe ofer 200,000 manna); 1,223 rǣdmenn.<ref name="r188">"STV in Scotland: Local Government Elections 2007", Political Studies Association. http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310194256/http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf |date=2011-03-10 }}</ref> '''Wēalas''': 22 ānlīċe ealdormannscīra (Cardiff, Swansea, Newport) ġelǣde fram rǣdes ġecorenum lǣdende and rǣdgeþōhte; cyra ǣlċe fēower ġēar mid ǣrest-ofer-þone-stæf.<ref name="r189">"Unitary authorities", Welsh Government, 2014. http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310210146/http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en |date=2015-03-10 }}</ref> '''Norþīraland''': sīþþan 2015, 11 landscīra rǣdas ġecorene mid ānum ġeferrǣdenum cyre mid lytlum māhtum (āscrēadung, hunda eġe, wyrttūnas, byrġenna),<ref name="r190">Devenport, Mark, "NI local government set for shake-up", BBC News, 18 November 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm</ref> forġiefende 26 landscīra fram 1973 under 2008 ealdormannes dōme.<ref name="r191">"Foster announces the future shape of local government", Northern Ireland Executive, 13 March 2008. http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725002254/http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm |date=2008-07-25 }}</ref> === Ġedǣlede māhta === [[File:Council of Nations and Regions (54059219744) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ealdormann Keir Starmer mētt þā Ǣrestan Ealdormenn Scotlandes, Norþīralandes and Wēala]] Ġedǣlede māhta hæfþ sīþþan 1999 ġeseald Scotlande, Norþīralande and Wēalum āgen rīċu and þing for ġedǣldum þingum;<ref name="r192">"Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland", United Kingdom Government. https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations; "Country Overviews: United Kingdom", Transport Research Knowledge Centre. http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |date=2010-04-04 }}</ref> māhta sind mid Scottiscum Rīċe, Wēalisce Rīċe, Norþīrisce Ealdorrǣde and, on Englalande, strǣtlicum ealdormannum (Mǣre Lundenes Ealdordōm, ġeānode ealdordōmas, ġeānode scīra ealdordōmas).<ref name="r193">Le Sueur, Andrew; Sunkin, "Public Law: Text, Cases, and Materials", Oxford University Press, 2023. https://books.google.com/books?id=6sLDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Le+sueur+Public+Law%C2%A0fifth+edition&pg=PR3</ref> Þæt Scottisce Þing hæfþ þā wīdestan māhta, "an þǣra mihtigestena ġedǣldra þinga on worulde".<ref name="r194">"The progress of devolution - Erskine May - UK Parliament", erskinemay.parliament.uk. https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4537/the-progress-of-devolution</ref><ref name="r195">"David Mundell speech: 20 years of Scottish devolution", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/david-mundell-speech-20-years-of-scottish-devolution</ref> Cynelice þing ne sind ġedǣlde, for þǣm under þinglicum ealdordōme Westmynster mihte on ġeþōhte ofġeān þæt Scottisce Þing, Senedd oþþe Norþīrisce Ġesamnung,<ref name="r196">Burrows, N., "Unfinished Business: The Scotland Act 1998", The Modern Law Review, 1999; Elliot, M., "United Kingdom: Parliamentary sovereignty under pressure", International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2004</ref> þēah þe sēo Scotlandes Ǣ 2016 and sēo Wēala Ǣ 2017 cweþaþ þā Scottiscan and Wēalisce rīċu "ǣfæst dǣl þǣra Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġesetnessa".<ref name="r197">"Scotland Act 2016", Gov.uk. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/part/1/crossheading/the-scottish-parliament-and-the-scottish-government#:~:text=(1)The%20Scottish%20Parliament%20and,the%20United%20Kingdom's%20constitutional%20arrangements.</ref><ref name="r198">"Wales Act 2017". https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/4/section/1/enacted</ref> Ofġeān wæs þinglīċe swǣr for þǣm þe bēgen wǣron ġeworhte þurh sprǣce,<ref name="r199">Gamble, A., "The Constitutional Revolution in the United Kingdom", Publius, 2006</ref> and swǣrra on Norþīralande, þǣr ġedǣlde māhta restaþ on ġeþēodlicre ġeþingþe mid Īralande.<ref name="r200">Meehan, E., "The Belfast Agreement – Its Distinctiveness and Points of Cross-Fertilization in the UK's Devolution Programme", Parliamentary Affairs, 1999</ref> Ān 2020 Ǣ ġetihþ þǣra ġedǣldra þinga feohlica māhta. ==== Englaland ==== Englaland hæfþ nān ġedǣlde rīċe oþþe þēodlic Þing;<ref name="r201">"English devolution", Institute for Government, 21 June 2024. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution#:~:text=After%201997%20Labour%20governments%20devolved,assembly%20were%20created%20in%202000.</ref> ġedǣlung tō landscīra ealdormannum ongann 1998.<ref name="r202">"Devolution explained", Local Government Association. https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/devolution/devolution-hub/devolution-explained {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830152450/https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/devolution/devolution-hub/devolution-explained |date=2024-08-30 }}</ref> Sēo Mǣre Lundenes Ealdordōm (Burhhūs), ġesett æfter spræce 1998, hæfþ ġeriht ġecorenne burhgerēfan and Lundenes Ġesamnunge þe ofersihþ þone burhgerēfan. Ġeānode ealdordōmas (Ǣ for Ġemǣne Rǣde, Weorces Weaxunge and Getimbrunge 2009) ġeþafiaþ landscīra ealdormannum tō ġeānianne weorc and underfōn ġedǣlede weorc for wǣgum and feohlicum ġesetnessum;<ref name="r203">"English devolution", Institute for Government, 6 March 2023. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution</ref> ġeānode scīra ealdordōmas (Ǣ for Uplyftunge and Edniwunge 2023) sind ġelīċe ac ānlīċe ġewrohte þurh scīra rǣdas and ānlīċe ealdormannscīra.<ref name="r204">"Combined County Authorities – key differences to Combined Authorities", Local Government Lawyer, 6 April 2023. https://www.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/governance/314-governance-a-risk-articles/53464-combined-county-authorities-key-differences-to-combined-authorities</ref> ==== Scotland ==== [[File:First Minister meets Prime Minister (53840421342).jpg|thumb|Ealdormann Starmer mētt þone Ǣrestan Ealdormann John Swinney]] Sīþþan 1999 hæfþ Scotland ġedǣlde rīċe and Þing mid mihte ofer eall þæt nis ġehealden Westmynstre;<ref name="r205">"Devolved and Reserved Powers", parliament.scot, Scottish Parliament. https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers</ref><ref name="r206">"Scotland's Parliament&nbsp;– powers and structures", BBC News, 8 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm</ref> hit hæfþ þā mǣstan ġedǣlde māhta, mid fullum ġeweald ofer lāre, ǣ and frīþ, feohġemēt, hǣlþe, cyra, Cynehelmes Eard Scotlandes, ġetimbrunge and hūs.<ref name="r207">"Devolved and Reserved Matters - Visit & Learn Scottish Parliament", 22 July 2017. http://www.parliament.scot/visitandlearn/Education/18642.aspx</ref> Þā Scotlandes Ǣ 2012 and 2016 ġeīcton gafoles māhta (full income gafol on weorces ġewinne, Landes and Getimbres Gafol, Fylþes Gafol, Sandes Gafol, Lyftfaru Gafol, Scotlandes Ġerihtu) and dǣlas þæs orþances (nīwlicu, ġeþwǣrnes, onlandes ele and gæs ġeleafa).<ref name="r208">"What the Scottish Government does", Scottish Government. https://www.gov.scot/about/what-the-government-does/</ref><ref name="r205" /> Sēo 2020 Ǣ ġetihþ feohlica māhta. Þæt Scottisce Rīċe is SNP lǣsse rīċe<ref name="r209">"Humza Yousaf's precarious position puts the SNP – and Scotland – at a crossroads", Institute for Government, 26 April 2024. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/comment/humza-yousaf-snp-scotland-crossroads</ref> ġelǣd fram Ǣrestum Ealdormanne John Swinney. On þǣre 2014 spræce 55.3% curon ongēan āgenrīċe, 44.7% for. Þæt āsundrode Scottisce Þing hæfþ 129 MSP, ġewyrcþ Scottisce ǣ and ġesihþ þæt rīċe þurh spræce, ġemǣnu gemōta and āscunge.<ref name="r208" /> ==== Wēalas ==== Wēalas hæfþ ġedǣlde rīċe and ǣ-ġesetnesse, þæt Senedd, sīþþan 1999. Senedd cyra nōtodon þone ēacan-ġeferan wīsan oþ 2026, þā ġesetnes ġeclysed-liste mid rīm-ġeþwǣrnesse hine āwrǣced and ġeferan wēoxon fram 60 tō 96 (16 siex-ġeferan cyrstōwa). Māhta sind lǣsse þonne Scotlandes;<ref name="r210">"Structure and powers of the Assembly", BBC News, 9 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/wales_99/the_welsh_assembly/309033.stm</ref> hit mæg ǣ settan ofer eall þæt nis ġehealden Westmynstre. Þæt Wēalisce Rīċe is Plaid Cymru lǣsse rīċe under Ǣrestum Ealdormanne Rhun ap Iorwerth. ==== Norþīraland ==== Ġedǣlung restaþ on þǣre 1998 Gōdan Frīgedæges Ġeþingþe, sēo ġeendode þā 30-ġēara þinglice–þēodlice Þrēaunga, wæs ġefæstnod þurh spræce and ġesette māhta dǣl: þā Norþīrisce Ealdorrǣde and Ġesamnunge.<ref name="r211">"Good Friday Agreement: What is it?", BBC News, 3 April 2023. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61968177</ref> Sēo Ġesamnung nōtaþ ānne ġeferrǣdenne cyre; māhta sind ġelīċe Scotlandes.<ref name="r212">"Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland", GOV.UK, 8 May 2019. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland</ref> Sēo Ealdorrǣde is ġelǣd fram þǣre þinglicre–þēodlicre twām-ealdormanne;<ref name="r213">"Your Executive", Northern Ireland Executive, 25 September 2015. https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive</ref> sē Ǣresta Ealdorman and sē Ōþer Ǣresta Ealdorman sind ġemǣne rīċes hēafdu.<ref name="r214">"Stormont: Why were NI leaders given unequal job titles?", BBC News, 15 May 2022. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61393736</ref><ref name="r215">"Northern Ireland Executive: Ministerial Code", 28 September 2015. https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive/ministerial-code</ref> === Ūtlandisc ġeþingþu === [[File:Trump-Starmer bilateral 2025-02-27-16-07.jpg|thumb|Starmer and þæs Ġeānodan Rīċes ealdormann Donald Trump hrīnaþ handa, Solmōnaþ 2025]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is ǣfæst mann on þǣm Ġeānodra Þēoda Frīðgemōte and belimpþ tō NATO, AUKUS, þǣm Ġemǣnan Wela, G7, G20, OECD, WTO, Eurōpiscum Rǣde and OSCE.<ref name="r216">May, Theresa, "Prime Minister's letter to Donald Tusk triggering Article 50", 29 March 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50</ref> Sēo Brittisce Rǣd wircþ on ofer 100 landum. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is ġīet mǣru miht mid mǣrum þinglicum, þēawlicum, feohlicum and wīglicum āhefedum.<ref name="r217">Paul, T.V.; Wirtz, "Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century", Stanford University Press, 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59</ref><ref name="r218">"United Kingdom country profile", BBC News, 10 May 2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18023389</ref> Hē hæfþ "Syndrig Frēondscipe" mid þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and "Heortlic Ġeþingþu" mid Francrīċe, dǣlende cernelwǣpna cræft mid bēgum;<ref name="r219">Swaine, Jon, "Barack Obama presidency will strengthen special relationship, says Gordon Brown", The Telegraph, 13 January 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/4226246/Barack-Obama-presidency-will-strengthen-special-relationship-says-Gordon-Brown.html</ref><ref name="r220">Kirchner, Emil Joseph; Sperling, "Global Security Governance: Competing Perceptions of Security in the 21st century", Routledge, 2007</ref> þæt Angelseaxisc-Portugalisc Ġeþingþu is þæt ealdoste ġebunden wīglic ġeþingþu on worulde. Mid Īralande hē dǣlþ þone Ġemǣne Færeldes Eard and wircþ þurh þā Brittisc-Īrisce Ealdorrǣde Ġesamnunge and þā Brittisc-Īrisce Rǣd. Cēap, ġeearnung, ġifu and wīglice ġewinnu ġeīcaþ his miht.<ref name="r221">The Committee Office, House of Commons, "DFID's expenditure on development assistance", UK Parliament, 19 February 2009. http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmintdev/220/22007.htm</ref> === Wīgfyrd === [[File:United Kingdom overseas military installations and operations.png|thumb|Þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ofersǣwisce wīgstōwa and weorc]] Þā Brittiscan Wǣpned Fyrda sind sēo Cynelice Sǣfyrd and Cynelice Sǣmenn (Sǣ Ambiht), sē Brittisca Here and sēo Cynelice Lyftfyrd,<ref name="r222">"Ministry of Defence", Ministry of Defence. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/Home</ref> ġeweald fram þǣm Wīgrǣdes Ambihte and ġewissod fram þǣm Wīgrǣde ġelǣd fram þǣm Wīgrǣdes Ealdormanne. Sē cyning is Fyrdes Hēafod, þǣm þā mannas āþas swerian.<ref name="r223">"Speaker addresses Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II", UK Parliament, 30 March 2012. http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2012/march/speaker-addresses-hm-the-queen</ref> Hīe healdaþ þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm and ofersǣwisce landu, tēoþ woruldlicne frīþ and sceppaþ frīþweardas, and nimaþ dǣl on NATO (ġeclypod þone Ġeāpanedan Ġeþwǣrnes Cumpanie), þǣm Fīf Mihta Wīglicum Ġeþingþum, RIMPAC and ġewinnum. Ofersǣwisce wīcstōwa and tācna: Ascension Ēalond, Bahrain, Belize, Brunei, Cenede, Cypre, Diego Garcia, Falklandes Ēalond, Þēodland, Gibraltar, Kenya, Oman, Qatar, Singapore.<ref name="r224">"House of Commons Hansard", UK Parliament. https://publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semukparl&STEMMER=en&WORDS=raf%20diego%20garcia&ALL=RAF&ANY=&PHRASE=%22Diego%20Garcia%20%22&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=50221w33.html_spnew0&URL=/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050221/text/50221w33.htm#50221w33.html_spnew0; "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 17 Jun 2013 (pt 0002)", Publications.parliament.uk. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130617/text/130617w0002.htm#13061746000236</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfde þone siexteoðan oþþe fīftan hēahstan wīgfēoh on worulde on 2025 (SIPRI, IISS);<ref name="r225">"Trends in Military Expenditure 2025", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 2026. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2</ref><ref name="r226">"The Military Balance 2026: Global defence spending", IISS. https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/2026/the-military-balance-2026/global-defence-spending/</ref> 2024 wīgfēoh wæs ymbe 2.3% þæs feohġemētes.<ref name="r227">"Rishi Sunak vows to boost UK defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2030", BBC News, 24 April 2024. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68880171</ref> Æfter-Cealdes Ġewinnes rǣd wēnþ "þā swȳþestan fandunga" ġewurþaþ on ġesamnunge.<ref name="r228">''UK 2005: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Office for National Statistics. p. 89.</ref> === Ǣ and wītes dōm === [[File:Middlesex Guildhall (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hēah Dōmstōw þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes, ġecyrrunge dōmstōw]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ nān āna ǣ-ġesetnesse, for þǣm þā 1706 Ġeānung ġehēold Scotlandes āsundrode ǣ;<ref name="r18" /> his þrēo ġesetnessa sind Englisc ǣ, Norþīrisc ǣ and Scottisc ǣ. Sēo Hēah Dōmstōw āwrǣce þā Hlāforda Ġecyrrunge-nefnde on Hāligmōnaþe 2009.<ref name="r229">"UK Supreme Court judges sworn in", BBC News, 1 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8283939.stm; "Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom", Department for Constitutional Affairs, July 2003. http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf</ref> Sē Ealdorrǣdes Dōmnefnd, mid þǣm sylfum limum, is sēo hēahste ġecyrrunge-dōmstōw for māniġum Ġemǣnum Welum, ofersǣwiscum landum and cyninges lēodlandum.<ref name="r230">"Role of the JCPC", Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. http://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114165910/http://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html |date=2014-01-14 }}</ref> Englisc ǣ (Englaland and Wēalas) and Norþīrisc ǣ sind ġemǣne ǣ-ġesetnessa,<ref name="r231">Bainham, Andrew, "The international survey of family law: 1996", Martinus Nijhoff, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=AF303DEl0MkC&pg=PA298</ref> onginnende on mīdelealdre Englalande and ġrundlic manigum ǣ-ġesetnessum wīde.<ref name="r232">"Common Law", Britannica, 19 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/common-law</ref> Englalandes and Wēala dōmstōwa sind ġelǣde fram þǣm Hēahum Dōmstōwum: Ġecyrrunge Dōmstōw, Hēah Dōmstōw Rihtes (ċierlīc) and Cynehelmes Dōmstōw (wītlic).<ref name="r233">"The Australian courts and comparative law", Australian Law Postgraduate Network. http://www.alpn.edu.au/node/66</ref> Scottisc ǣ is ġemengd of ġemǣnre and ċierlicre ǣ; hēafod dōmstōwa sind Sittungdōmstōw (ċierlic)<ref name="r234">"Court of Session&nbsp;– Introduction", Scottish Courts. http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/index.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731094308/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/index.asp |date=2008-07-31 }}</ref> and Hēah Rihtes Dōmstōw (wītlic);<ref name="r235">"High Court of Justiciary&nbsp;– Introduction", Scottish Courts. http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/justiciary/index.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912204821/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/justiciary/index.asp |date=2008-09-12 }}</ref> þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes Hēah Dōmstōw is sēo hēahste ġecyrrunge dōmstōw for Scottiscre ǣ ċierlicum þingum.<ref name="r236">"House of Lords&nbsp;– Practice Directions and Standing Orders Applicable to Civil Appeals", UK Parliament. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldinfo/ld08judg/bluebook/bluebk03.htm</ref> Þæt wītlice ǣ-ġesetnes hæfþ lǣsse ġeprīdede and dōmstōwa ġetēling for sumum misdǣdum.<ref name="r237">Lovett, Jo; Hales, "What can We Learn from Police Data About Timeliness in Rape and Serious Sexual Offence Investigations in England and Wales?", International Criminology, 2022</ref> Ġewritene misdǣda on Englalande and Wēalum rison 1981–1995 and fēollon 66% fram 1995 tō 2015.<ref name="r238">"Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending June 2015", UK Government Web Archive, Office for National Statistics. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_419450.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316221317/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_419450.pdf |date=2023-03-16 }}</ref> Weorces ǣ sylþ lǣstan lēan, tō lǣstan 28 dagas ġēarlices frēolses, cildes lēafe, ǣ-ġesett untrumnesse lēan and ealdorlēan. Ġelīċra-hādes weddung is ġeriht on Englalande, Scotlande and Wēalum sīþþan 2014 and Norþīralande sīþþan 2020;<ref name="r239">Wratten, Marcus, "Tom Allen to host vital new BBC show marking 10th anniversary of same-sex marriage", PinkNews, 3 July 2023. https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/07/03/tom-allen-bbc-my-big-gay-wedding-same-sex-marriage/</ref> LGBT efenlicnes is ġeteald tō fyrstan.<ref name="r240">"The 203 Worst (& Safest) Countries for LGBTQ+ Travel in 2023", Asher & Lyric, 5 June 2023. https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/</ref><ref name="r241">R. Flores, Andrew, "Social Acceptance of LGBTI People in 175 Countries and Locations", Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/global-acceptance-index-lgbt/</ref> Sīþþan Brexit, mǣst Ġeānodan Cynedōmes–Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge ġewinnu sind ġesehte þurh sprǣce, siþþan þurh dōm ġif bedēd, ġewunelīċe on þǣm PCA on Den Haag.<ref name="r120" /><ref name="r242">"Disputes under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement", Institute for Government, November 2021. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/disputes-trade-and-cooperation-agreement</ref><ref name="r243">"Sandeel fishing ban to remain in place", BBC, 2 May 2025. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckgrwxxzxkjo</ref> Þā Cēapes and Weorces Ġeþingþu nēodaþ "fulle ġemǣne ēawe and gōd ġetrūwþe" under ġeþēodlicre ǣ.<ref name="r244">"Good Faith in Public Law", ox.ac.uk, 20 January 2022. https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-01-20-good-faith-public-law</ref> Under þǣm Windlēasan Wīsan, Norþīralandes þing þe nēodiaþ Eurōpiscre ǣ ġecnāwunge gāþ tō þǣm ECJ, þēah sē Stormontes Gescylde mæg forbēodan nīwe Eurōpiscan ġesetnessa. == Feohġemēt == [[File:Bank junction - 2020-09-20 (2).jpg|thumb|Cyre of Lundene fram Bank Junction; Lunden is Eurōpes mǣste feohmiðdel]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ swīðe ġewuxen ġemǣne cēapes feohġemēt.<ref name="r245">Thane, Pat, "The Origins of the British Welfare State", The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2019</ref><ref name="r246">Griffiths, Alan; Wall, "Applied Economics", 16 July 2011. http://www.ftms.edu.my/pdf/Download/UndergraduateStudent/BusinessEconomics/BC215001S%20-%20BE%20Key%20Text%20-%20Applied%20Economics.pdf</ref> Heahnes GDP wæs ymbe £2.819 bīlion on 2025,<ref name="r10">"World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition)", www.imf.org, International Monetary Fund, 13 October 2026. https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)</ref> fīfta mǣste on worulde and ōþer on Eurōpe. Sterling is sēo fēorþe mǣste ġecēapode feoh and fēorþe mǣste weard-feoh æfter þǣm dolore, euro and yen,<ref name="r247">"World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves", IMF Data. https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512202858/https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175 |date=2016-05-12 }}</ref> healdende hēahne wurþ þurh langne stillnesse and nān eald ġeændrunge. Sīþþan 2022 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is sē fēorþa mǣsta ūtsendend<ref name="r248">"Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$)", World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.GNFS.CD?end=2024&most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> and infōrend<ref name="r249">"Imports of goods and services (current US$)", World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> ġōda and weorces. Þēah þe hē hæfþ ān þǣra hēahstena OECD ġemǣne ungelīcnessa,<ref name="r250">Francis-Devine, Brigid, "House of Commons Research Briefing on Income inequality in the UK.", UK Parliament. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7484/</ref><ref name="r251">"Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data", theOECD. http://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm</ref> his Weorces Ġeþinges rīm is swīðe hēah, ēac ġeþwǣrod ungelīcnesse. On 2025 weorclēast wæs 4.7%<ref name="r252">Labiak, Mitchell; Smith, "UK jobs market weakens as unemployment rate rises", www.bbc.com, 17 July 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg754negn75o</ref> and ġewisse GDP for ǣlcum hēafde weaxung 1.1%.<ref name="r253">"GDP quarterly national accounts, UK", Office for National Statistics, 2026. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/quarterlynationalaccounts/octobertodecember2025</ref> Þæt HM Feohhūs, ġelǣd fram þǣm Scatthyrde, wīsaþ ġemǣne feoh and feohġemētes rǣd; þæt Ambiht for Cēape and Handele ymbfēhþ cēap, handel and weorc. Þā Engla Banc is sēo ealdor banc and sylþ sterlinges sceattas and mynet; bancas on Scotlande and Norþīralande magon āgene sceattas sellan ġif hīe sind underlecgede mid genihtsumum Engla Bance sceattum. [[File:Bank-of-England.jpg|thumb|Engla Banc, ealdor banc þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes]] === Cræftas and þēnunga === [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|Concorde, ofer-hlūdlic lyftscip]] Þēnung wæs ymbe 80% GVA on 2023.<ref name="r254">Hutton, Georgina, "Industries in the UK", UK Parliament: House of Commons Library, 3 October 2024. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8353/</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs sēo ōþre mǣste þēnunga ūtsendend on 2023<ref name="r255">"Service exports (BoP, current US$)", World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false</ref> and mǣste nētto-ūtsendend feohlicra þēnunga on 2024.<ref name="r256">"UK leads world in financial services trade surplus", TheCityUK, 15 January 2025. https://www.thecityuk.com/news/uk-leads-world-in-financial-services-trade-surplus/</ref> Lunden hæfþ 37.8% þæs ġeþēodlicre feoh-wexles ymbhwyrftes (2022),<ref name="r257">"BIS Triennial Survey of Foreign Exchange and Over-The-Counter Interest Rate Derivatives Markets in April 2025 – UK Data", Bank of England, 30 September 2025. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2025/september/bis-triennial-survey-of-foreign-exchange-and-over-the-counter-interest-rate-derivatives-markets</ref> is Eurōpe mǣste burglic feohġemēt<ref name="r258">Florida, Richard, "The Economic Power of Cities Compared to Nations", Bloomberg, 16 March 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-16/top-metros-have-more-economic-power-than-most-nations</ref> and mid Nīwan Eoforwīce sēo burg mǣst ġeānod mid þǣm ġeþēodlicum feohġemēte;<ref name="r259">"World Cities 2024", GaWC. https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/</ref> hēo wæs ōþer on þǣm 2025 Ġeþēodlicra Feohmidla Rīmbēc, Eadenburg (þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ōþer feohmiddel) 29.<ref name="r260">"GFCI 36 Rank - Long Finance", www.longfinance.net. https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-36-explore-the-data/gfci-36-rank/</ref> Cræft on 2024 wæs þæt tēoðe mǣste on worulde and þæt fēorþe on Eurōpe be ūtfōre;<ref name="r261">"World Bank Open Data", World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> hit ġewrōhte 8% þæs weorces folces and 8.6% þæs ūtfōres æt ende 2024.<ref name="r262">"Manufacturing industries: Economic indicators", House of Commons Library, 22 May 2025. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn05206/</ref> On 2017 þā Ēast and West Midlandes hæfdon þā hēahstan cræftes weorces dǣlas (12.6% and 11.8%), Lunden þone lǣstan (2.8%).<ref name="r263">Hennik Research. [http://www.themanufacturer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Annual-Manufacturing-Report-2017-Final-Version.pdf ''Annual Manufacturing Report: 2017'' (Dec. 2016)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192050/http://www.themanufacturer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Annual-Manufacturing-Report-2017-Final-Version.pdf |date=2017-01-31 }}</ref> Ġefēr is ġemǣre;<ref name="r264">Chan, Kelvin, "King Charles' coronation is bringing millions of tourists and a cash infusion to London but it probably won't save the British economy", fortune.com, 25 April 2023. https://fortune.com/2023/04/25/king-charles-coronation-tourists-money-london-british-economy/</ref> ġescēpnessa cræftas wǣron 5.9% GVA on 2019<ref name="r265">"DCMS Economic Estimates 2019 (provisional): Gross Value Added", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-gross-value-added/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-provisional-gross-value-added</ref> and £111 þūsend mīliona on 2018.<ref name="r266">"UK's Creative Industries contributes almost £13 million to the UK economy every hour", UK Government, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-creative-industries-contributes-almost-13-million-to-the-uk-economy-every-hour</ref> Lloyd's of London is sēo mǣste ġeþicgan and oferġeþicgan cēapstōw on worulde;<ref name="r267">"Lloyd's of London – value proposition", Lloyd's of London. https://www.lloyds.com/about-lloyds/value-proposition-coverholder</ref> WPP is on þǣra mǣstra cȳþnessa cēapes;<ref name="r268">"Rankings 2025 - Creative 100", WARC. https://www.warc.com/creative/rankings/creative-100</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is on þǣm lǣdendestan cēapstōwum on Eurōpe and his mǣsta ēac-cēapes feohġemēt, mid nytlicre ġiefe ofer US$2 bīlion on 2023, Eurōpes ōþer mǣsta.<ref name="r269">"Retail", great.gov.uk. https://www.great.gov.uk/international/content/investment/sectors/retail/</ref><ref name="r270">"Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$)", World Bank Group. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?year_high_desc=true</ref> John Lewis is þæt mǣste weorcmanna-āgen Brittisc weorc.<ref name="r271">"Employee owned businesses - What the evidence tells us". https://employeeownership.co.uk/resources/what-the-evidence-tells-us/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202155249/https://employeeownership.co.uk/resources/what-the-evidence-tells-us/ |date=2023-12-02 }}</ref> Wægna ūtfōr is £47 þūsend mīliona (12% þǣra ġōda ūtfōres); 2024 weorc wæs 779,584 fērenda and 125,649 cēaplicra wægna, 8 of 10 ūtsende.<ref name="r272">"SMMT Motor Industry Facts 2025", SMMT, 15 May 2025. https://www.smmt.co.uk/smmt-motor-industry-facts-2025/</ref> Naman sind Mini, Jaguar, Rolls-Royce, Bentley, Range Rover;<ref name="r273">"Best British cars: Top 50 all-time greatest British-built cars revealed - page 2", Auto Express, 19 November 2020. https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars-vans/351729/best-british-cars-top-50-all-time-greatest-british-built-cars-revealed/page-2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316184015/https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars-vans/351729/best-british-cars-top-50-all-time-greatest-british-built-cars-revealed/page-2 |date=2024-03-16 }}</ref> 1.59 mīliona orþancas wǣron getimbrod on 2024 and sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þridda mǣsta orþanca ūtsendend on 2023.<ref name="r274">"Combustion Engines", OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/combustion-engines</ref> Wægna plega is ymbe £10 þūsend mīliona on ġēare;<ref name="r275">"UK motorsport industry in pole position for F1's 70th anniversary", UK Government, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-motorsport-industry-in-pole-position-for-f1s-70th-anniversary</ref> seofon of endleofan Formula One ġeferscipa sind Ġeānodan Cynedōmes. Lyftcræft is þæt ōþer mǣste on worulde, ymbhwyrft ymbe £30 þūsend mīliona;<ref name="r276">"United Kingdom - Country Commercial Guide: Aerospace and Defense", International Trade Administration, 3 November 2023. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/united-kingdom-aerospace-and-defense</ref><ref name="r277">Tovey, Alan, "Britain's aerospace sector soars amid fears Brexit could clip its wings", The Telegraph, 29 June 2016. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/29/britains-aerospace-sector-soars-amid-fears-brexit-could-clip-its</ref> steorrancræft wæs wyrþ £17.5 þūsend mīliona 2020/21 mid ymbe 48,800 weorca,<ref name="r278">"UK space sector income reaches £17.5 billion as jobs and services grow", UKspace, 27 March 2023. https://www.ukspace.org/uk-space-sector-income-reaches-17-5-billion-as-jobs-and-services-grow/</ref><ref name="r279">"UK space sector income reaches £17.5 billion as jobs and services grow", gov.uk, 29 March 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-space-sector-income-reaches-175-billion-as-jobs-and-services-grow</ref> and sē Ġeānoda Cynedōmes Steorrancræftes Ambiht cwæþ on 2023 þæt hē ġiefþ £1.6 þūsend mīliona on steorrancræftes weorcum.<ref name="r280">"New funding to support space exploration using Moon resources and nuclear power". https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-funding-to-support-space-exploration-using-moon-resources-and-nuclear-power</ref> Landbūnes weorc is fæstlīc, wel ġewēaldod and nytlic, sellende ymbe 60% þæs mettes nēode (73% ēðellicra cynna) mid 0.9% weorcmanna (292,000); ymbe twā þriddan nīetenu, ān þriddan æcerland.<ref name="r281">"UK Food Security Index 2024", Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-food-security-index-2024/uk-food-security-index-2024;"Agricultural workforce in England at 1 June 2023", Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june-2023</ref> Fiscnoþ is lǣsse ac ġemǣne, mid tō lǣstan 49% þurh ġecynd ġefangen on 2020;<ref name="r282">"Sustainable fisheries: fish stocks harvested within safe limits", JNCC. https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/ukbi-b2-sustainable-fisheries</ref> sǣlicre ġecynde weorþ wæs ġeteald £211 þūsend mīliona on 2021.<ref name="r283">"Marine accounts, natural capital, UK: 2021", ONS, 6 April 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/marineaccountsnaturalcapitaluk/2021</ref> Wēaldend sind col, ele, gæs, tin, cealc-stān, īsenmalm, sealt, clǣg, cealc, gypsum, lēad, flint and æcerland.<ref name="r284">"Coal", BGS Minerals UK. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/coal/home.html</ref> === Cræft and orþanc === [[File:Cambridge Science Park Napp.jpg|thumb|Cambridge Cræftes Pearroc; sē Cambridge ġesamnung is Eurōpes mǣste smēaunge cræftes and wīsdōmes ġesamnung]] Englaland and Scotland lǣddon þā Wīsdōmes Ġeændrunge fram þǣm seofontēoðan hundġēare; sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm lǣdde þā Cræftes Ġeændrunge fram þǣm eahtateoðan.<ref name="r285">Gascoin, J. "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., eds (1990), ''Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution''. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. .</ref><ref name="r286">Reynolds, E.E.; Brasher, N.H. (1966). ''Britain in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1964''. Cambridge University Press. p. 336.</ref> Mǣre menn: Isaac Newton (ǣ þæs styrunga, hefignes),<ref name="r287">Burtt, E.A. (2003) 1924.[https://books.google.com/books?id=G9WBMa1Rz_kC&pg=PA207 ''The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science''] . Mineola, NY: Courier Dover. p. 207. .</ref> Charles Darwin (ġecynd þurh ġecynd cyre), James Clerk Maxwell (ealdlic leohtcræft) and Stephen Hawking (heofoncræft, dǣl-hefignes, sweart holu).<ref name="r288">Hatt, C. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBvehqrAPQC ''Scientists and Their Discoveries''] . London: Evans Brothers. pp. 16, 30 and 46. .</ref> Þæt Ambiht for Wīsdōme, Nīwnesse and Cræfte wīsaþ wīsdōmes and cræftes weorc. Hēahscōla wircaþ wīsdōmes lāndas tō ġeānianne mid cræfte.<ref name="r289">Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. (2004). ''Technopoles of the World: the Making of Twenty-First-Century Industrial Complexes''. London: Routledge. pp. 98–100. .</ref> On 2022 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġeworhte 6.0% þǣra woruldlicra wīsdōmes ġewrita and 8.8% þǣra ġecīgunga (fēorþa and þridda hēahste betwux G7 and Brazil, Chīna, Indea, Russland, Sūþ Korea) and wæs ǣrest for Field-Weighted Citation Impact.<ref name="r290">"International comparison of the UK research base, 2025", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-comparison-of-the-uk-research-base-2025/international-comparison-of-the-uk-research-base-2025</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġewritu sind þā Cynelicre Ġesamnunge, ''Nature'', ''British Medical Journal'' and ''The Lancet''.<ref name="r291">McCook, Alison, "Is peer review broken?", The Scientist, 2006. http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212737/http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm |date=2013-01-16 }}</ref> Be 2024 sē cræftes dǣl wæs US$1.2 bīlion wyrþ, mā þonne Frencisc and Þēodisc dǣlas tōgædere;<ref name="r292">Greenberg, Elizabeth, "UK Innovation Economy Worth a Combined $1.2 trillion", Digit News, 14 January 2025. https://www.digit.fyi/uk-innovation-economy-worth-a-combined-1-2-trillion/</ref> Cambridge wæs ǣrest on worulde for āwreccenne gesǣlige cræftes ġestaþelas.<ref name="r293">"UK tech sector retains #1 spot in Europe and #3 in world as sector resilience brings continued growth", gov.uk, 21 December 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-tech-sector-retains-1-spot-in-europe-and-3-in-world-as-sector-resilience-brings-continued-growth</ref> Sēo orþanc-ġerǣdes cræft is Eurōpes mǣste be wyrþe<ref name="r294">"UK AI sector most valuable in Europe, new report reveals", Holyrood, 11 June 2024. https://www.holyrood.com/news/view,uk-ai-sector-most-valuable-in-europe-new-report-reveals</ref> and sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs fīfta wīde on Stanfordes 2026 ġerǣdes ġewrite<ref name="r295">"Which countries are leading in AI? | Stanford HAI", hai.stanford.edu. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/global-vibrancy-tool</ref> and siexta on þǣm Ġeþēodlicre Nīwnesse Rīmbēc 2025 and 2026.<ref name="r296">"GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025", WIPO. https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-kingdom</ref><ref name="r297">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, "Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads", World Intellectual Property Organization, 2025. https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html</ref><ref name="r298">World Intellectual Property Organization, "WIPO Global Innovation Index 2026: Switzerland, Sweden, US, Republic of Korea and Singapore Top Ranking; AI Reshaping Innovation Investments as Deep Science Startups Top $7.6 Trillion", www.wipo.int, September 29, 2026. https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2026/article_0014.html</ref><ref name="r299">World Intellectual Property Organization, "Global Innovation Index 2026: Powering Entrepreneurs at the Frontier of Science", World Intellectual Property Organization, 2026-09-29. https://tind.wipo.int/record/59194</ref> === Færeld === [[File:An LNER Azuma train on the East Coast Railway Line, geograph 6275180 by Walter Baxter.jpg|thumb|Swift ēast-strǣte īsenweġes færeld, Northumberland]] [[File:London City Airport Sunset.jpg|thumb|Lyftscip āstīgende æt Lundenes Burglyftstōwe]] Færeld ride on þǣre winstran; fērlēng and ðrǣd ġemet nōtiaþ mīla, ġierda and mīla on tīde; wægnas habbaþ riht-handlic stīran. Þæt ġebrǣdde weġnet hæfþ 29,145 mīla mǣra wega, 2,173 mīla mōtweġa and 213,750 mīla ġeweġodra wega.<ref name="r128" /> Sēo M25 ymb Lundene is þæt mǣste and bysgeste ymbweġ on worulde.<ref name="r300">Moran, Joe, "Reading the Everyday", Routledge, 16 November 2005. https://archive.org/details/readingeveryday00mora</ref> Þǣr wǣron 41.7 mīliona ġeārihtra wægna on 2024.<ref name="r301">"General facts and figures about roads and road use". https://www.racfoundation.org/motoring-faqs/mobility</ref> Þæt īsenweġa net is 10,072 mīla. Brittisc Īsenweġ wæs āgenlīce āgen 1994–1997, ġefylġed þurh hrædlicne færeldes weaxunge; Mǣre Brittiscan Īsenweġas is ġeplanod ealdormannlic nefnd tō ofersēonne Mǣran Bryten īsenweġ. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs eahtoða betwux Eurōpiscum īsenweġum on þǣm 2017 Eurōpiscan Īsenweġes Weorces Rīmbēc.<ref name="r302">Sylvain Duranton; Agnès Audier, "The 2017 European Railway Performance Index", Boston Consulting Group, 18 April 2017. https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx</ref> Eurostar rīdeþ Lunden–Pārīs<ref name="r303">"London to Paris Trains", Eurostar. https://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/train/london-to-paris</ref> þurh þone Sǣ-ġeng (23.5 mīla, sē langesta under-sǣ ġang on worulde);<ref name="r304">"Channel Tunnel, Tunnel, Europe", Britannica, 10 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Channel-Tunnel</ref> LeShuttle bærþ wægnas. Sēo Elizabeth līne, ġenemned for Cwēne Elizabeth 2 on 2016, wearð opened on 2022.<ref name="r305">"Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled", BBC News, 2 January 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-16289051; Leftly, Mark, "Crossrail delayed to save £1bn", Independent, 29 August 2010. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html</ref><ref name="r306">"Crossrail to become the Elizabeth line in honour of Her Majesty the Queen", Transport for London. https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/february/crossrail-to-become-the-elizabeth-line-in-honour-of-her-majesty-the-queen</ref> Hēah Swiftnes 2 (under timbrunge sīþþan 2019) ġeānaþ Lundene and Birmingham, mid mōglicre norþlicre ġeīcunge and swiftnessum oþ 225 mīla on tīde.<ref name="r307">"What is HS2", HS2. https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621190841/https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2/ |date=2022-06-21 }}</ref><ref name="r308">"HS2 Trains", HS2. https://www.hs2.org.uk/building-hs2/trains/</ref> Þǣr wǣron 4 þūsend mīliona bus ġefēra on 2023, 1.8 þūsend mīliona on Lundene;<ref name="r309">"Transport Statistics Great Britain: 2023 Domestic Travel", gov.uk, 19 December 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/transport-statistics-great-britain-2024/transport-statistics-great-britain-2023-domestic-travel</ref> sē rēada twā-ġedeorfan bus is tācn Lundenes and Englalandes.<ref name="r310">"Our Collection", icons.org.uk. http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/index.html</ref> Lundenes net rīdeþ ofer 6,800 wucan-dagas færelda on ofer 700 wegum for ymbe 6 mīliona farendra, Eurōpes mǣste.<ref name="r311">[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/1548.aspx London Buses], Transport for London. Accessed 10 May 2007.</ref> Brittisce lyftstōwa ġeēodon nēah 292.5 mīliona farendra on 2024; mǣste wǣron Heathrow (83.9 mīliona), Gatwick (43.2 mīliona) and Manchester (30.8 mīliona).<ref name="r312">"Size of Reporting Airports 2024", Civil Aviation Authority. https://www.caa.co.uk/Documents/Download/11910/4d230d1f-dab6-4c1a-992a-431b9cca89a2/16918</ref> Heathrow, 15 mīla west fram Lundene, is sēo ōþre bysgeste lyftstōw on worulde and hæfþ þā mǣstan ġeþēodlicran farendan; hēo is hnitu for Brittiscum Lyftweġum and Virgin Atlantic.<ref name="r313">"Heathrow 'needs a third runway'", BBC News, 25 June 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7472432.stm; "Statistics: Top 30 World airports", Airports Council International, July 2008. http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2008/TOP30_International%20Passengers_2007.pdf</ref><ref name="r314">"BMI being taken over by Lufthansa", BBC News, 29 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7697261.stm</ref> On 2023, 18.3 mīliona farendra fērdon ġeþēodlīċe þurh īsenweġ and 18.1 mīliona ofer sǣ.<ref name="r315">"Transport Statistics Great Britain: 2023 International Travel", gov.uk, 19 December 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/transport-statistics-great-britain-2024/transport-statistics-great-britain-2023-international-travel</ref> === Orþanc === On 2021 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs sē fēowerteoða mǣsta orþanc-brūcend and twā-and-twēntigoða mǣsta wyrhta;<ref name="r316">"United Kingdom Energy Profile", U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/GBR</ref> BP and Shell, twā of þǣm siex mǣstum ele and gæs ġeferscipum, sind Ġeānodan Cynedōmes.<ref name="r317">Mason, Rowena, "Let the battle begin over black gold", The Telegraph, 24 October 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html; Heath, Michael, "RBA Says Currency Containing Prices, Rate Level 'Appropriate' in Near Term", Bloomberg, 26 November 2010. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/rba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html</ref> [[File:Ardrossan's fan club. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Wind-wyrhtan æt Ardrossan, Scotland]] Nīwlicu orþancas ġeaf 51% Ġeānodan Cynedōmes lēohtes on 2024; wind wæs sēo mǣste wylle mid 30%.<ref name="r318">"Britain's Electricity Explained: 2024 Review", NESO. https://www.neso.energy/news/britains-electricity-explained-2024-review</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ þone mǣstan sǣ wind-tūn on worulde, ūt of Eoforwīcscīre.<ref name="r319">"Wind energy in the UK: June 2021", UK Government, 14 June 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/windenergyintheuk/june2021</ref> On 2023 nigon cernelwǣpna weorc ġeafon ymbe 15% lēohtes, mid twām under timbrunge and mā ġeplanode;<ref name="r320">"Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom", World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-kingdom.aspx</ref><ref name="r321">"Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom", World Nuclear Association, April 2013. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214061431/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html |date=2013-02-14 }}</ref><ref name="r322">"Nuclear energy: What you need to know", UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nuclear-energy-what-you-need-to-know</ref> cernelwǣpna ġeaf ymbe 25% on þǣm endum 1990ra. Þæt rīċe fēhþ on lǣsse ġemetfæste cernelweorc and bryne-ġerǣdes smēaunge, and ġeþingode on ende 2023 mid þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum ġeþingþe on bryne "tō ġewyrcenne cræftlic net-ġeara bryne weorc oþ 2040".<ref name="r323">Belderbos, Harriet, "UKAEA implementing the UK's fusion energy strategy", Open Access Government, 7 March 2024. https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/ukaea-implementing-the-uks-fusion-energy-strategy/174384/;"UK nuclear fusion reactor sets new world record for energy output". https://www.newscientist.com/article/2415909-uk-nuclear-fusion-reactor-sets-new-world-record-for-energy-output/</ref> On ende 2023 sǣ ġeheald wæs 1.1 þūsend mīliona tunnena ele-efenwyrþes ġeprōfodes and ġelīclices gæses and 2.3 þūsend mīliona boe ele;<ref name="r324">"UK Oil and Gas Reserves and Resources", North Sea Transition Authority. https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/media/vtjkyqnf/uk-reserves-and-resources-report-as-at-end-2023.pdf</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes gæs ūtgang is ymbe fēower sīþum lǣsse þonne infōrena LNG, be þǣm ġewissere.<ref name="r325">"North Sea oil and gas claims fact-checked", BBC, 22 January 2024. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-67945281</ref> Sē ǣfterra col ġewyrcende weorc ġeendode on Hlīdmōnaþe 2024.<ref name="r318" /> Nān scīfer-gæs brecing weorþeþ þēah micel ġeheald, for ġecynd ġeortrūwunge.<ref name="r326">"UK's last fracking wells to be filled with cement despite dwindling gas stocks", City AM, 29 January 2025. https://www.cityam.com/uks-last-fracking-wells-to-be-filled-with-cement-despite-dwindling-gas-stocks/</ref> === Wæter and sewere === Infær tō ġebēttum wætere and sewere is eallum;<ref name="r327">"Sewage Treatment in the UK", assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, DEFRA, March 2022. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69582/pb6655-uk-sewage-treatment-020424.pdf</ref> 96% hūsa wǣron on þǣm sewere net on 2022. Ġemǣne wæteres oþbrēdung wæs 16,406 mīliona tunnena on dæġ on 2007.<ref name="r328">"Environment Agency". http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/112185.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125040346/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/112185.aspx |date=2009-11-25 }}</ref> Englaland and Wēalas habbaþ 10 āgenlice landscīra wæter and sewere ġeferscipas and 13 lǣssa "wæter-ānlīċe" ġeferscipas; Scotland hæfþ ġemǣne Scottisc Wæter and Norþīraland ġemǣne Norþīrisc Wæter.<ref name="r329">"About Us", niwater.com. https://www.niwater.com/about</ref> == Folcrīm == [[File:Elderly British Couple.jpg|thumb|Ealde Brittisc ġemaca; ymbe 24% manna on Englalande and Wēalum sind 60 oþþe ealdre]] Þæt 2021 rīm on Scotlande wæs ġelǣt tō 2022 for COVID-19; sēo ONS ġeteald þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes folces on 2021 66,912,637 swilce eall dǣlas wǣron ġetealde on 21 Hrēðmōnaþes 2021.<ref name="r4">"Table 06: UK06 - Ethnic group by sex by age, United Kingdom", Census-based statistics UK: 2021, Office for National Statistics, 27 June 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/censusbasedstatisticsuk2021</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ þæt fēorþe mǣste folc on Eurōpe and þæt twā-and-twēntigoðe mǣste on worulde. Ġebyrdu drifon weaxunge on 2012–2013 and nētto ġeþēodlic faru on 2014–2015;<ref name="r330">"Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2015", Office for National Statistics, 23 June 2016. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest</ref> 2001–2011 weaxung wæs on mǣdele 0.7% on ġēare.<ref name="r331">"Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2021", Office for National Statistics, 21 December 2022. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2021</ref> Folc wæs ymbe 69.5 mīliona on mīdum 2025, mid þǣre slāwestan weaxunge sīþþan 1998 būtan 2020.<ref name="r332">Hymas, Charles; Corfe, "UK population growth slumps to lowest in 30 years", The Telegraph, 1 October 2026. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2026/10/01/uk-population-growth-lowest-three-decades/</ref> Be 2011, ofer 100 ġēar, þæs dǣles on ġēarum 0–14 fēoll fram 31% tō 18% and þæs dǣles on ġēarum 65+ rās fram 5% tō 16%.<ref name="r331" /> Mīdel ġēara wæs 41.7 on 2018.<ref name="r128" /> Þæt 2021 rīm sealde Scotlande 5.48 mīliona, Wēalum 3.1 mīliona, Norþīralande 1.9 mīliona.<ref name="r331" /> Englaland hæfde 56 mīliona on 2021, ymbe 84% þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes, and 434 manna/km² on mīdum 2021, on þǣm þicgestum landum on worulde, ġesamnode on Lundene<ref name="r333">"United Kingdom country profile", BBC News, 10 May 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18023389</ref><ref name="r334">"United Kingdom - Country Profile | OpenFactBook World Factbook", openfactbook.org. https://openfactbook.org/countries/united-kingdom/</ref> and þǣm sūþēastan.<ref name="r335">Khan, Urmee, "England is most crowded country in Europe", The Telegraph, 16 September 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507120534/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html |date=2009-05-07 }}</ref> Mǣre Lundenes burgland is þæt mǣste on Westeurōpe, 14.9 mīliona on 2024.<ref name="r336">"Major Agglomerations". http://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Englalandes folc be scīre (2021)<ref name="r9" /> |- ! rowspan=2 | Scīr ! colspan=2 | Landes brādnes ! colspan=2 | Folc ! rowspan=2 | Þiccnes (/km²) |- ! (km²) ! (%) ! Menn ! (%) |- | Norþēast || 8,581 || 6% || 2,683,040 || 5% || 313 |- | Norþwest || 14,108 || 11% || 7,516,113 || 13% || 533 |- | Eoforwīcscīr and Humber || 15,404 || 12% || 5,541,262 || 10% || 360 |- | Ēast Midlandes || 15,624 || 12% || 4,934,939 || 9% || 316 |- | West Midlandes || 12,998 || 10% || 6,021,653 || 11% || 463 |- | Ēast Englalandes || 19,116 || 15% || 6,398,497 || 11% || 335 |- | Mǣre Lunden || 1,572 || 1% || 8,866,180 || 15% || 5,640 |- | Sūþēast || 19,072 || 15% || 9,379,833 || 16% || 492 |- | Sūþwest || 23,836 || 18% || 5,764,881 || 10% || 242 |- ! Englaland ! 130,310 ! 100% ! 57,106,398 ! 100% ! 438 |} Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġebyrdes rīm wæs 1.53 on 2021,<ref name="r337">"Vital statistics: population and health reference tables", Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/vitalstatisticspopulationandhealthreferencetables</ref> micel under þǣm 1964 ġebyrdes hēahstan 2.95,<ref name="r338">Boseley, Sarah, "The question: What's behind the baby boom?", The Guardian, 14 July 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/14/familyandrelationships.women</ref> þǣm 1815 hēahstan 6.02<ref name="r339">Roser, Max, "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation, 2014. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GBR</ref> and þǣm ġeedniwunge rīme 2.1. On 2011, 47.3% ġebyrda wǣron tō ungeweddedum wīfum.<ref name="r340">[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=0&language=en&pcode=tps00018 Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table]. Eurostat (26 February 2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> ONS 2015: 1.7% þǣra þe sind 16+ ċīesaþ hīe sylfe ġelīċhādlīce, wīflīce oþþe twihādlīce (2.0% wera, 1.5% wīfa); 4.5% andswarodon "ōþer", "iċ nāt" oþþe nān andswaru.<ref name="r341">"Sexual identity, UK: 2015 – Experimental Official Statistics on sexual identity in the UK in 2015 by region, sex, age, marital status, ethnicity and NS-SEC", Office for National Statistics, 5 October 2016. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2015</ref> Smēaung fram 2001–2008 ġeteald 65,000–300,000 ġewend-hādlicra manna.<ref name="r342">"Research report 27: Trans research review", equalityhumanrights.com. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/key-projects/trans-inequalities-reviewed/introduction-to-the-review {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706020643/http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/key-projects/trans-inequalities-reviewed/introduction-to-the-review |date=2015-07-06 }}</ref> === Cynn === Ēðelfolc Bryttas wǣron fyrnlīċe ġeþōht cuman of folcum þe ġesǣton ǣr þǣm twelftan hundġēare: Celtas, Rōmāne, Angelseaxe, Norþmenn and Normanne; þā Wēalas magon bēon þæt ealdoste folc.<ref name="r343">"Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests", BBC News, 19 June 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18489735</ref> Nān-hwīt infærenda hæfþ lange stǣre: Liverpoolen hæfþ þæs landes ealdoste sweartne folc (of tō lǣstan þǣm 1730um)<ref name="r344">Winder, Robert, "Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain", Little, Brown Book, 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=7ORcaQIgdcEC&q=combed&pg=PT94; Costello, Ray, "Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain's Oldest Black Community 1730–1918", Picton Press, 2001</ref> and Eurōpes ealdoste Chīniscne ġemǣnscipe (nigonteoðan hundġēar).<ref name="r345">"Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool&nbsp;– Chinese Community", Chambré Hardman Trust. http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369</ref> On 2021, 83.1% wǣron hwīte, 8.6% Asiscu oþþe Asiscu Brittisce, 3.7% Sweartu oþþe Sweartu Brittisce, 2.7% ġemengde and 2.0% ōþre.<ref name="r4" /> Mislicnes is wīde: 46.2% Lundenes wæs of nān-hwītre lǣssan folce on 2021,<ref name="r346">"Regional ethnic diversity", Office for National Statistics, 22 December 2022. https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/regional-ethnic-diversity/latest/</ref> ongēan under 10% on þǣm Sūþwestan, Norþēastan, Wēalum,<ref name="r346" /> Scotlande<ref name="r347">"Ethnicity", National Records of Scotland, 4 February 2025. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/ethnicity/</ref> and Norþīralande.<ref name="r348">"MS-B01: Ethnic group", Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, 30 November 2023. https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b01.xlsx</ref> === Faru === [[File:United Kingdom foreign born population by country of birth.png|thumb|Ūtlandisc ġeborene folc be ġeburh-lande, Ēastermōnaþ 2007–Hrēþmōnaþ 2008]] [[File:British expats countrymap.svg|thumb|Ġeteald Brittisce ċierlas wunigende ofersǣwisce be lande, 2006]] Infaru ġeīcþ þæt folc;<ref name="r349">"Immigration and births to non-British mothers pushes British population to record high", London Evening Standard, 21 August 2008. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/immigration-and-births-to-nonbritish-mothers-pushes-british-population-to-record-high-6816318.html</ref><ref name="r350">"Migration: How many people come to the UK and how are the salary rules changing?", BBC News, 23 May 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48785695</ref> cumenda and þǣra ġebyrda cild on Brytene wǣron ymbe healf þæs weaxunge on 1991–2001. On 2014, 27% libbendra ġebyrda wǣron tō mōdrum ġeborene ūtlendisce.<ref name="r351">"Births in England and Wales: 2014", Office for National Statistics, 15 July 2015. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-summary-tables--england-and-wales/2014/index.html</ref> Ċierlīcunga hlīfodon on ymbe 208,000 on 2013 (hēahste sīþþan 1962), fallende tō ymbe 125,800 on 2014; 2009–2013 on mǣdele 195,800 on ġēare. Hēahste fruman on 2024: Pakistan, Indea, Nigeria, Philippinas, Bangladesh, Italia, Turcland, Rūmenia, Iran. Sylnessa tō wunianne (āgen ǣfæst eardung būtan ċierlīcnesse)<ref name="r352">Blinder, Scott, "Settlement in the UK", The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 11 June 2014. http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/settlement-uk</ref> wǣron ymbe 154,700 on 2013.<ref name="r353">Blinder, Scott, "Naturalisation as a British Citizen: Concepts and Trends", The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 27 March 2015. http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/migobs/Briefing%20-%20Naturalisation%20as%20a%20British%20Citizen%20-%20Concepts%20and%20Trends_0.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916052200/http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/migobs/Briefing%20-%20Naturalisation%20as%20a%20British%20Citizen%20-%20Concepts%20and%20Trends_0.pdf |date=2015-09-16 }}</ref> Nētto faru wæs ymbe 860,000 on 2023 (infaru 1.326 mīliona, ūtfaru 466,000), wæs 431,000 on 2024 (948,000 in, 517,000 ūt)<ref name="r354">"Long-term international migration, provisional: year ending December 2024", gov.uk, 22 May 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingdecember2024</ref> and fēoll tō 222,900 on þǣm 12 mōnþum tō mīdum 2025, ġiefende þā lǣstan folces weaxunge sīþþan 1998 būtan 2020.<ref name="r332" /> Ūtfaru wæs micel on þǣm nigonteoðan hundġēare: 1815–1930 ymbe 11.4 mīliona fērdon of Brytene and 7.3 mīliona of Īralande;<ref name="r355">Hammar, Tomas, "European Immigration Policy: A Comparative Study", Cambridge University Press, 1985. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/european-immigration-policy/10B639425685B0C101619FA11522C409</ref><ref name="r356">Richards, Eric, "The genesis of international mass migration: The British case, 1750-1900", Manchester University Press, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvnb7rj2</ref> ǣr ende þæs twēntigoðan hundġēares sume 300 mīliona manna Brittisces and Īrisces cynnes wunodon wīde.<ref name="r356" /> On 2006 tō lǣstan 5.5 mīliona on Brytene ġeborene wunodon ūtlendisce, mǣst on Estrēċe, Hispania, þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and Cenede.<ref name="r357">Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan; Drew, "Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration", Institute for Public Policy Research, 11 December 2006. http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509</ref><ref name="r358">"Brits Abroad: world overview", BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/default.stm; Casciani, Dominic, "5.5&nbsp;m Britons 'opt to live abroad'", BBC News, 11 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6210358.stm</ref><ref name="r359">"Brits Abroad: Country-by-country", BBC News, 11 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm</ref> === Spræc === Englisc is þæt ''de facto'' ambihtlic and mǣst ġesprecene spræc;<ref name="r360">"English language&nbsp;– Government, citizens and rights", Directgov. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 |date=2012-10-15 }}</ref><ref name="r361">Mac Sithigh, Daithí, "Official status of languages in the UK and Ireland", Common Law World Review, 17 May 2018. https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/141540053/Status_OA_Feb_2018.pdf</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm tēoþ hit wīde.<ref name="r362">British Council "British Council &#124; the UK's international culture and education organisation". https://www.britishcouncil.org/ (last checked 6 February 2023)</ref><ref name="r363">"About BBC Learning English", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene</ref> Brittisc Englisc hæfþ syndriġe þing and manige dīalecta and stefnan; Þēawlic Ġecwēdnes is fyrnlīċe ġeānod mid ġelǣredum sūþenglisce sprecendum.<ref name="r364">"British English Pronunciations", OED. https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/pronunciation/british-english-pronunciations/?tl=true</ref> Landlicu dīalecta: Scottisc, Wēalisc and Norþīrisc Englisc; wīdlicu hīwa ymbfōþ Brummie, Cockney, Geordie, Mancunian, Scouse, Westlandes, Eoforwīcscīres and Mislicne Lundenes Englisc.<ref name="r365">"10 British dialects you need to know", EF. https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/british-dialects-you-need-to-know/</ref> [[File:Bilingual welcome sign Newry.jpg|thumb|Tweġe-sprǣcne wilcuman tācn on Newry, Īrisc–Englisc]] Þrēo ēðel Celtisce sprǣca sind ġesprecene: Wēalisc, Īrisc and Scottisc Gaelisc. Cornisc, forþweardod swā ǣreste spræc on ende þæs eahtateoðan hundġēares, is ġeedniwod mid fēawum ōþre-sprǣce sprecendum.<ref name="r366">Track, Robert Lawrence; Stockwell, Peter, "Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts", Routledge, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=oLx9AgAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9Cthese+people+speak+the+dead+language+as+a+second+language%E2%80%9D&pg=PA63; "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, 1.II.1995", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/157.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222193410/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/treaties/Html/157.htm |date=2005-02-22 }}; "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226052008/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/HTML/148.htm |date=2011-02-26 }}</ref><ref name="r2">"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424092331/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |date=2020-04-24 }}</ref> On 2021, 538,300 manna ġēara 3+ on Wēalum (17.8%) sprǣcon Wēalisc<ref name="r367">"Welsh language in Wales (Census 2021)", gov.wales, 6 December 2022. https://gov.wales/welsh-language-wales-census-2021-html</ref> and ymbe 200,000 Wēalisce sprecendas wunodon on Englalande.<ref name="r368">Wynn Thomas, Peter, "Welsh today", Voices, BBC, March 2007. https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/welsh.shtml</ref> On 2021, 12.4% on Norþīralande hæfdon sum Īrisc and 10.4% sum Ūlstres Scottisc.<ref name="r369">"Census 2021: Main statistics for Northern Ireland". https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf</ref> On 2001, ofer 92,000 manna on Scotlande (lytlum under 2%) hæfdon sum Gaelisc, ymbfōn 72% on þǣm Ūterum Hebridum;<ref name="r370">"Scotland's Census 2001&nbsp;– Gaelic Report", General Register Office for Scotland. http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census-2001-gaelic-report.html</ref> cild leorniende Wēalisc oþþe Gaelisc wexaþ.<ref name="r371">"Local UK languages 'taking off'", BBC News, 12 February 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7885493.stm</ref> Scottisc (of ǣrum norþlicum mīdelenglisce) and Ūlstres Scottisc habbaþ lytle ġecnāwunge būtan syndrigum healdnessum.<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r372">"Language Data&nbsp;– Scots", European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages. http://www.eurolang.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2449&Itemid=52&lang=en</ref> Ymbe 151,000 manna nōtodon Brittisc Tācnspræce on Ēastermōnaþe 2020.<ref name="r373">Brown, Hannah, "'People are dying because of this': Calls for UK Gov to follow Scotland with sign language interpreter at Covid-19 briefing", The Scotsman, 23 April 2020. https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/people-are-dying-because-calls-uk-gov-follow-scotland-sign-language-interpreter-covid-19-briefing-2547989</ref> On 2013, 95% þæs folces wǣron ġeteald āna-sprǣce Englisce sprecendas and ofer 5% sprǣcon infærendra sprǣca,<ref name="r374">"Languages across Europe: United Kingdom", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/countries/uk.shtml</ref> mǣst Sūþasiscra (Punjabi, Urdu, Bengali, Sylheti, Hindi, Pahari-Pothwari, Tamil, Gujarati).<ref name="r375">Carl Skutsch (2013). ''Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities''. pp.1261. Routledge. Retrieved 3 December 2020.</ref> Polisc wæs Englalandes ōþre mǣste spræc on 2011 (546,000 sprecendas).<ref name="r376">Booth, Robert, "Polish becomes England's second language", The Guardian, 30 January 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language</ref> On 2019 ymbe þrēo fēorþan dǣlas ānes mīlian manna sprǣcon lȳtle oþþe nān Englisc.<ref name="r377">"The teenagers who translate for their parents", BBC News, 23 April 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-47982494</ref> === Geleafa === [[File:Westminster Abbey St Peter.jpg|thumb|Westmynstres Mynster, Lunden; sealfunge cirice Brittiscra cyninga]] Crīstendōm hæfþ ealdordōm ofer 1,400 ġēar.<ref name="r378">Cannon, John, ed. (2nd edn., 2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&pg=PA144 ''A Dictionary of British History'']. Oxford University Press. p. 144. .</ref> Mǣst ċīesaþ hīe sylfe ġīet Crīstne, ac ġemǣne cirican sēcunge is swīðe ġefeallen sīþþan mīdum twēntigoðan hundġēare<ref name="r379">Field, Clive D. (November 2009). [http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf "British religion in numbers"]. BRIN Discussion Series on Religious Statistics, Discussion Paper 001. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</ref> þā hwīle infaru and folces ġeændrung ġeīcton Īslam and ōþre ġeleafan,<ref name="r380">Yilmaz, Ihsan (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan'']. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 55–56. .</ref> lǣdende ġewrītras tō cweþenne þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm mislice-ġeleaflicne,<ref name="r381">Brown, Callum G. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain'']. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 291. .</ref> weorold-licne<ref name="r382">Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dto-P2YfWJIC&pg=PA84 ''Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. .</ref> oþþe æfter-Crīsten.<ref name="r383">Fergusson, David (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Owz4aBSEINgC&pg=PA94 ''Church, State and Civil Society'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. .</ref> 2021 rīm, Englaland and Wēalas: Crīsten 46.2%, Īslam 6.5%, Hindūdōm 1.7%, Sikhdōm 0.9%, Buddhdōm 0.5%, Iūdēadōm 0.5%, ōþer 0.6%, nān ġeleafa 37.2%, nān andswaru 6.0%.<ref name="r384">Roskams, Michael, "Religion, England and Wales: Census 2021", Office for National Statistics, 29 November 2022. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021</ref> Norþīraland: Rōmisc 42.3%, Mōtstānlic oþþe ōþer Crīsten 37.7%, ōþre ġeleafan 1.3%, nān ġeleafa 17.4%, nān ġecȳþed 1.6%.<ref name="r385">"MS-B19: Religion", Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, 30 November 2023. https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b19.xlsx</ref> Scotland (2022): nān ġeleafa 51.1%, Scotlandes Cirice 20.4%, Rōmisc 13.3%, ōþer Crīsten 5.1%, Mūslim 2.2%, Hindū 0.6%, ōþer 1.2%, nān ġecȳþed 6.2%.<ref name="r386">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion", National Records of Scotland, 21 May 2024. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-reports/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/</ref> On 2007 Tearfund smēaunge ān Brit of tēn sōhte cirican wucenlīċe.<ref name="r387">"United Kingdom: New Report Finds Only One in 10 Attend Church", News.adventist.org, 4 April 2007. http://news.adventist.org/2007/04/uite-kigom-ew-report-fis-oly-oe-i-10-atte-church.html</ref> Betwux 2001 and 2011 rīmum Crīsten ġecīgung fēoll 12% þā hwīle nān ġeleafa fealdode; Mūslimas wēoxon mǣst, tō ymbe 5%.<ref name="r388">Philby, Charlotte, "Less religious and more ethnically diverse: Census reveals a picture of Britain today", Independent, 12 December 2012. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/less-religious-and-more-ethnically-diverse-census-reveals-a-picture-of-britain-today-8406506.html</ref> Þā Englisce Cirice is ġesett on Englalande, hæfþ ġeþingþe on Þinge, and sē cyning is hire Hēah Wealdend.<ref name="r389">"The History of the Church of England", The Church of England, 2004. http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/</ref><ref name="r390">"Queen and Church of England", British Monarchy Media Centre. http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008203611/http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp |date=2006-10-08 }}</ref> Þā Scottisce Cirice is þēodlic cirice, frēo fram rīċes ġeweald; sē cyning is ġemǣne mann and swerþ æt ūpstīge "tō healdenne and ġewissienne þone Mōtstānlīcan Ġeleafan and Rǣdesmannes Cirican Ġeweald".<ref name="r391">"Queen and the Church", The British Monarchy (Official Website). http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx</ref><ref name="r2" /><ref name="r392">"Our structure", churchofscotland.org.uk, 22 February 2010. https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure</ref> Sēo Cirice on Wēalum wæs ġeoferd on 1920 and sēo Cirice on Īralande on 1870, for þǣm Norþīraland hæfþ nān ġesette cirican.<ref name="r393">Weller, Paul (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&pg=PA80 ''Time for a Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State, and Society'']. London: Continuum. pp. 79–80. .</ref> Ġeteald dǣlas Crīstenra (2001): 62% Englisc, 13.5% Rōmisc, 6% Rǣdesmannlic, 3.4% Metodistisc.<ref name="r394">Peach, Ceri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i6ER_z8gcD4C "United Kingdom, a major transformation of the religious landscape"], in H. Knippenberg. ed. (2005). ''The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe''. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. pp. 44–58. .</ref> === Lār === Lār is ġedǣled, mid āsundrodre wīsan on ǣlcum lande. Ymbe 38% þæs folces habbaþ hēahscōles oþþe scōle ġrāde, Eurōpes hēahste dǣl. Oxnaford and Cantwarabrycg ġewunelīċe standaþ ǣrest wīde.<ref name="r395">"The Most Educated Countries in the World", Yahoo Finance, 24 September 2012. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world.html;_ylt=AlaWy8IcyeBaviKi7_.WJyhE6odG;_ylu=X3oDMTJrY2d2NGZyBG1pdANDeFMgRmluYW5jaWFsbHkgRml0IEFydGljbGUgQXJ0aWNsZSBCb2R5IFByb2QEcG9zAzMEc2VjA01lZGlhQXJ0aWNsZUJvZHlBc3NlbWJseQ--;_ylg=X3oDMTNjdGVoaXJqBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDY2IyOTRhMGEtYmY2OS0zYTdlLThlYTUtZWFlNTU3YWI1ZTc3BHBzdGNhdANleGNsdXNpdmVzfGZpbmFuY2lhbGx5Zml0BHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQ--;_ylv=3?page=1; "And the World's Most Educated Country Is...", 27 September 2012. https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709210040/http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is/ |date=2018-07-09 }}</ref><ref name="r396">"The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024", 25 September 2023. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking</ref><ref name="r397">"QS World University Rankings 2024". https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024</ref> Lāres ġeldas wexlaþ: Englaland and Wēalas habbaþ ġefæstne hēahne ġēarlicne ġeld for Brittiscum ċierlum, ġoldene þurh gafol ānlīċe fram þǣm þe sind ofer hlēwunge;<ref name="r398">"Repaying your student loan", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/repaying-your-student-loan/what-you-pay</ref> Norþīraland and Scotland tācnaþ ǣrest-lǣrenum lǣsse oþþe nān ġeldas. Sume NHS lāra habbaþ sealde; ǣlc læce wæs cweþen on 2017 tō bēon ġeholpen mid £230,000 on lārunge.<ref name="r399">"Undergraduate Tuition Fess and Student Loans", UCAS, 20 October 2014. https://www.ucas.com/money-and-student-life/money/student-finance/undergraduate-tuition-fees-and-student-loans</ref><ref name="r400">"More undergraduate medical education places", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-undergraduate-medical-education-places</ref> On PISA 2022 Brittisce 15-ġēara cild wǣron fēowerteoðe on rǣdunge, rīmcræfte and wīsdōme, on mǣdele 494 ongēan OECD 478.<ref name="r401">"PISA 2022 UK Results", OECD, 4 December 2023. https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/united-kingdom-9c15db47#chapter-d1e11</ref> === Hǣlþ === [[File:QEUH.jpg|thumb|Cwēn Elizabeth Hēahscōle Hǣlþhūs, Glasgow, NHS Scotland]] Ġemǣnu ġemǣnlīċ ġefeoh hǣlþ ongann mid þǣm Ġeþēodlicre Hǣlþe Ambihte on 1948,<ref name="r402">"The foundation of the NHS", The National Archives. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/stories/the-foundation-of-the-nhs/</ref> swā ġelīcod þæt hit is ġeċīged "þēodlic ġeleafa".<ref name="r403">Gill, Martha, "To those who claim the NHS has turned into a British religion, I say: keep the faith", The Observer, 9 July 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/09/nhs-british-religion-keep-faith-nhs-at-75</ref><ref name="r404">"Is the NHS our new national religion? – Religion Media Centre", religionmediacentre.org.uk, 14 April 2020. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/is-the-nhs-our-new-national-religion/</ref> Hǣlþ is ġedǣled: NHS Englaland, NHS Scotland, Hǣlþ and Ġemǣne Lār on Norþīralande and NHS Wēalas, mid āgenre hǣlþe ēac ġeofian. Hǣlþ is eallum ǣfæstum wunigendum, mǣst frēo on þearfe and ġeald of ġemǣnum gafole. Sēo WHO rǣfde þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġeofe fīftēoðe on Eurōpe and eahtatēoðe wīde on 2000.<ref name="r405">Haden, "The world health report 2000&nbsp;– Health systems: improving performance", World Health Organization, 2000. https://archive.org/details/worldhealthrepor00worl; World Health Organization, "Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries", New York University. http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf</ref> Feoh hæfþ swīðe weaxen sīþþan 1979.<ref name="r406">Fisher, Peter, "The NHS from Thatcher to Blair", NHS Consultants Association. http://www.healthp.org/node/71</ref> OECD 2018 rīm (rīmende sume ġemǣne lāre) sette þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes feoh on £3,121 for mann;<ref name="r407">"Swindells: They aren't 'your' patients", Health Service Journal, 24 September 2019. https://www.hsj.co.uk/policy-and-regulation/swindells-they-arent-your-patients/7025988.article?</ref> on 2017 hit wæs £2,989, nēah OECD mīdele.<ref name="r408">"How does UK healthcare spending compare with other countries?", Office of National Statistics, 29 August 2019. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/articles/howdoesukhealthcarespendingcomparewithothercountries/2019-08-29</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes wīsan sind sēo Ealdorlicu Læcewāle, sēo Wīfhǣlþes and Cildhǣlþes Wāle and sēo Cynelice Scōle; ġewealdlicnes is mid þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōmes Rīċe (Englaland), Norþīrisce Ealdorrǣde, Scottiscum Rīċe and Wēalisce Rīċe.<ref name="r409">"'Huge contrasts' in devolved NHS", BBC News, 28 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7586147.stm; Triggle, Nick, "NHS now four different systems", BBC News, 2 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7149423.stm</ref> == Þēaw == Ġeānodan Cynedōmes þēaw ġeswutelaþ his ēalondes hād, stǣr and ġeānunge fēower landa, ǣlc healdende syndriġe þēawas, ġewunan and tācna. Brittisc āhefenes is ġesewen on þǣre spræce, þēawe and ǣ fyrnra landa, ǣrest þā Ġeānodan Rīċu, Estrēċe, Cenede, Nīwe Sǣland and Īraland, ān ġemǣne þēaw ġeċīged Angelcynnes Þēaw.<ref>Ferguson, 2004, p. 307</ref> Mǣst fyrnra landa sind Ġemǣnes Welan landu mid ġemǣnum Brittiscum ġeerfe.<ref name="r410">"The Commonwealth", New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/peace-rights-and-security/the-commonwealth/</ref><ref name="r411">"Commonwealth of Nations", UK Parliament. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/contemporary-context/</ref><ref name="r412">Mazrui, Ali Al Amin; Taylor, "Anglo-African Commonwealth", Pergamon, 1967</ref> Ān 2024 wīdlic ġeprōfung rǣfde þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm þriddan on "Mǣstum Āhefendum Landum", æfter þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and Chīnan.<ref name="r413">"Most Influential Countries", U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/most-influential-countries</ref> === Bōccræft and plegung === Brittisc bōccræft ymbfēhþ þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm, Mann and þā Sǣs Ēalond, mǣst on Englisce. Ān rēcord 669 mīliona līchamlicra bōca wǣron ġeseald on 2022.<ref name="r414">"UK publishing industry reports record-breaking year in 2022", The Guardian, 17 April 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/apr/17/uk-publishing-industry-reports-record-breaking-year-in-2022</ref> Cilda ǣrendwrītras sind Daniel Defoe, Rudyard Kipling, Lewis Carroll, Beatrix Potter, A. A. Milne, Enid Blyton, J. R. R. Tolkien, Roald Dahl, Terry Pratchett and J. K. Rowling, þæs ''Harry Potter'' is sēo mǣste ġeseald bōca rǣw æfre.<ref name="r415">"Best-selling Book Series Of All Time", Wordsrated, 20 July 2023. https://wordsrated.com/best-selling-book-series-of-all-time-statistics/</ref> William Shakespeare is ġemǣnlīċe ġeteald þæt mǣste plegscop and Englalandes þēodlic scop;<ref name="r416">"William Shakespeare (English author)", Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare; "MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare". http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209154055/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |date=2006-02-09 }}; "William Shakespeare", TheFreeDictionary.com, Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William</ref> Brittisc plega hæfþ lifode sīþþan þǣre Edniwunge, mid wyrtruman of Rōmāna tīman. Ōþre Englisce mǣre menn: Geoffrey Chaucer (''The Canterbury Tales''), William Wordsworth and þā Rōmantisce scopas, Charles Dickens, H. G. Wells, George Orwell, Aldous Huxley, Ian Fleming. Agatha Christie is sēo mǣste ġeseald bōcwrītere on stǣre.<ref name="r417">"Mystery of Christie's success is solved", The Telegraph, 19 December 2005. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1505799/Mystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html</ref> Twelf of þǣm ǣrestan 25 on BBC ġeþēodlicre rǣdendra ġeprōfunge of 100 Brittiscra bōca wǣron fram wīfum (George Eliot, Virginia Woolf, Charlotte and Emily Brontë, Mary Shelley, Jane Austen, Doris Lessing, Zadie Smith).<ref name="r418">Ciabattari, Jane, "The 25 greatest British novels", BBC Culture, December 2015. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151204-the-25-greatest-british-novels</ref> Scottisc bōccræft: Arthur Conan Doyle, Walter Scott, J. M. Barrie, Robert Louis Stevenson (''Treasure Island'' ġescēop sǣrēafera ġesēon), þēodlic scop Robert Burns, Scottiscra Edniwunge wrītras Hugh MacDiarmid and Neil M. Gunn, and Ian Rankin and Iain Banks. Eadenburg wæs UNESCO ǣreste Bōccræftes Burg.<ref name="r419">"Edinburgh, United Kingdom, UNESCO City of Literature", Unesco, 2004. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/creative-cities-network/literature/edinburgh</ref> Wēalisc bōccræft ymbfēhþ Brytenes ealdost cūþ lēoþ, ''Y Gododdin'' (ende siexteoðan hundġēares, Cumbrisc oþþe Ealdwēalisc), mid þǣre ealdostan ġemynde Arþūres þæs cyninges;<ref name="r420">"Early Welsh poetry", BBC Wales. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_poetry.shtml</ref> Geoffrey of Monmouth fēordode þā sagan.<ref name="r421">Lang, Andrew, "History of English Literature from Beowulf to Swinburne", Wildside Press, 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=dKJiPyyTevgC</ref> Dafydd ap Gwilym (''fl.'' 1320–1370) is ġeteald ān þǣra mǣstra scopa Eurōpes on his tīman.<ref name="r422">"Dafydd ap Gwilym", Academi.org, 2011. http://www.academi.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng</ref> Daniel Owen ġeīcte þā ǣreste Wēalisce spræce nīwe sagu, ''Rhys Lewis'' (1885). Englisc-Wēalisce scopas: Dylan Thomas and R. S. Thomas (Nobeles nemnod 1996); twēntigoðan hundġēares sagwrītras Richard Llewellyn and Kate Roberts.<ref name="r423">"True birthplace of Wales's literary hero", BBC News, 5 December 1999. http://newsalerts.bbc.co.uk/1/low/wales/551486.stm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316173733/http://newscdn.bbc.net.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/551486.stm |date=2020-03-16 }}</ref><ref name="r424">"Kate Roberts: Biography", BBC Wales. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/kateroberts.shtml</ref> Norþīralandes ġemǣneste wrītere is on Belfeast ġeborene C. S. Lewis (''The Chronicles of Narnia'').<ref name="r425">"The Chronicles of Narnia Book Series Statistics", Wordsrated, 19 July 2023. https://wordsrated.com/the-chronicles-of-narnia-book-series-statistics/</ref> Īrisce wrītras fram þǣre tīde þe Īraland wæs on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme sind Oscar Wilde,<ref name="r426">Varty, Anne, "A Preface to Oscar Wilde", Routledge, 2014; "Oscar Wilde", Cengage. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-19th-cent-biographies/oscar-wilde</ref> Bram Stoker (''Dracula'')<ref name="r427">Moss, Joyce, "British and Irish Literature and Its Times: The Victorian Era to the Present (1837–)", Gale Group, 2001. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787637286</ref> and George Bernard Shaw.<ref name="r428">Holroyd, Michael, "Bernard Shaw, Volume 2: 1898–1918: The Pursuit of Power", Chatto & Windus, 1989. https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr/page/384; "G B Shaw", Discovering Literature: 20th century, British Library. https://www.bl.uk/people/g-b-shaw {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809155152/https://www.bl.uk/people/g-b-shaw |date=2020-08-09 }}</ref> Ūtlendisce ġeborene wrītras þe ferdon tō þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme sind Joseph Conrad,<ref name="r429">Middleton, Tim, "Joseph Conrad", Routledge, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=Azd1f8NBpUoC&pg=PA159</ref> T. S. Eliot,<ref name="r430">Cooper, John Xiros, "The Cambridge Introduction to T. S. Eliot", Cambridge University Press, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=XqmNjQzhwV4C&pg=PA111</ref> Kazuo Ishiguro,<ref name="r431">Sim, Wai-chew, "Kazuo Ishiguro", Routledge, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=WcKLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT201</ref> Salman Rushdie<ref name="r432">"Salman Rushdie", Oxford Reference, Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433765</ref> and Ezra Pound.<ref name="r433">Campbell, James, "Home from home", The Guardian, 17 May 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/17/poetry3; Nadel, Ira, "Ezra Pound: A Literary Life", Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=ECiGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90</ref> === Wīsdōm === Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is cūþ for Brittiscum Fandungwīsdōme (ān þæt ġeprōfod wīsdōm is ġelīc) and Scottiscum "ġemǣnes andġites" wīsdōme.<ref name="r434">Fieser, James, "A bibliography of Scottish common sense philosophy: Sources and origins", Thoemmes Press, 2000. http://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409171906/https://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf |date=2023-04-09 }}</ref> Fandungwīsan: John Locke, George Berkeley (Īrisc, ġecīged Brittisc for þǣm Īraland wæs þā on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme) and David Hume; Scottisc scōl: Dugald Stewart, Thomas Reid, William Hamilton. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill (''Utilitarianism'') fēordodon þone nytlicnesse wīsdōm.<ref name="r435">Palmer, Michael, "Moral Problems in Medicine: A Practical Coursebook", Lutterworth Press, 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=s7y5MJOuN30C&pg=PA66; Scarre, Geoffrey, "Utilitarianism", Routledge, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4xLnzfqYwC&pg=PA82</ref> === Cȳþnessa === Sēo BBC (ġestaþelod 1922) is þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġemǣne ġefeoh hlīdend and sēo ealdoste and mǣste on worulde,<ref name="r436">"BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand", Media Newsline. http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005004930/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |date=2010-10-05 }}</ref><ref name="r437">"Digital license", Prospect. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/?p=64654</ref><ref name="r438">"About the BBC&nbsp;– What is the BBC", BBC Online. https://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116202334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |date=2010-01-16 }}</ref> ġefeohod on lande þurh sēonde lēafe.<ref name="r439">"BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand", Media Newsline, 13 August 2009. http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005004930/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |date=2010-10-05 }}; "TV Licence Fee: facts & figures", BBC Press Office, April 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml</ref> Sē BBC Woruldlic Ǣrend is sē mǣsta ġeþēodlica hlīdend on worulde, on mā þonne 40 sprǣcum.<ref name="r440">"Microsoft Word – The Work of the BBC World Service 2008–09 HC 334 FINAL.doc". https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf</ref><ref name="r441">"News in your language – BBC News", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages; "BBC World Service", Facebook.com. https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Media-News-Company/bbcworldservice/about</ref> ITV wealdeþ 11 of þǣm 15 landlicra hlīdenda þæs ITV Nettes;<ref name="r442">"Publications & Policies: The History of ITV", ITV.com. http://www.itv.com/aboutitv/publications-policies</ref> Sky is ōþer micel plegere.<ref name="r443">"Direct Broadcast Satellite Television", News Corporation. http://www.newscorp.com/operations/dbst.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629114110/http://www.newscorp.com/operations/dbst.html |date=2011-06-29 }}</ref> Ǣrendbōca: ''Daily Mail'', ''The Guardian'', ''The Telegraph'', ''The Times'', ''Financial Times''.<ref name="r444">"ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation September 2008", The Guardian, 10 October 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2008/oct/10/abcs-pressandpublishing</ref> Mōnaþbōca mid wīdre ūtdǣlunge: ''The Spectator'', ''The Economist'', ''New Statesman'', ''Radio Times''. [[File:Media City Footbridge and BBC Offices (geograph 2685261).jpg|thumb|MediaCityUK, Salford, Mǣre Manchester, micel cȳþnessa weorces miðdel]] Lunden hæfþ ealdordōm ofer Brittisce cȳþnessa; MediaCityUK on Manchester is ēac þēodlic miðdel, and Eadenburg, Glasgow and Cardiff sind ġeċīgde for Scotland and Wēalas.<ref name="r445">William, D. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7yg45P35KDMC ''UK Cities: A Look at Life and Major Cities in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland'']. Eastbourne: Gardners Books. , pp. 22, 46, 109 and 145.</ref> Bōcġemaking hæfþ ymbhwyrft ymbe £20 þūsend mīliona and fēt 167,000.<ref name="r446">"Publishing", Department of Culture, Media and Sport. http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx</ref> On 2015 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ūtġeaf 2,710 bōca for ǣlcum mīlion eardigendra, þā mǣstan on ǣlcum lande.<ref name="r447">"Annual Report 2015–2016", internationalpublishers.org, International Publishers Association, 2016. https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/Annual_Report_2016/IPA_Annual_Report_2015-2016_interactive.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831205753/https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/Annual_Report_2016/IPA_Annual_Report_2015-2016_interactive.pdf |date=2023-08-31 }}</ref> On 2010, 82.5% wǣron Webbnotendas, þā hēahste dǣl on þǣm 20 landum mid mǣstum notendum.<ref name="r448">"Top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users", Internet World Stats. http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm</ref> Þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes plegcræft is Eurōpes mǣste; sīþþan 2022 his cēap is Eurōpes mǣste be sealdum, ǣr Þēodlande,<ref name="r449">Dring, Christopher, "European console and PC game sales fall 7.1% in 2022", GamesIndustry.biz, 12 January 2023. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/european-console-and-pc-game-sales-fall-71-over-2021</ref> and sē þridda mǣsta wyrhta on worulde æfter Iapan and þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum.<ref name="r450">"About the UK Video Games Industry", TIGA. https://tiga.org/about-tiga-and-our-industry/about-uk-video-games-industry</ref> === Ēawlicu cræftas === [[File:Angel of the North - 6150534524.jpg|thumb|''Angel of the North'' fram Antony Gormley, tācn Norþ Englalandes]] Mǣre cræftmenn: Rōmantiscan William Blake, John Constable, Samuel Palmer, J. M. W. Turner; hīwwyrhtan Joshua Reynolds and Lucian Freud; landhīwwyrhtan Thomas Gainsborough and L. S. Lowry; Cræfta and Handcræfta fruman William Morris; Francis Bacon; Folclicu cræftmenn Peter Blake, Richard Hamilton, David Hockney; orþances cræftes fruman Art & Language;<ref name="r451">Tate, "Art & Language – Art Term | Tate", Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/art-language</ref> Gilbert and George; Howard Hodgkin; stānhēawras Antony Gormley, Anish Kapoor, Henry Moore. Sēo Saatchi Gallery tihte "Geonge Brittisce Cræftmenn" ende 1980ra and 1990ra, ymbfōnde Damien Hirst, Chris Ofili, Rachel Whiteread, Tracey Emin, Mark Wallinger, Steve McQueen, Sam Taylor-Wood and þā Chapman brōþra. Sēo Cynelice Scōl on Lundene is micel tihtend ēawlicra cræfta. Mǣre cræftes scōla: University of the Arts London (siex scōla, ymbfōnde Central Saint Martins and Chelsea), Goldsmiths, Slade (UCL), Glasgow School of Art, Royal College of Art, Ruskin School (Oxnaford); sēo Courtauld Institute lǣdeþ cræftes stǣre lāre. Mǣre hūsa: National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery, Tate Britain and Tate Modern (sēo ġesewenest nīwe cræftes hūs on worulde, ymbe 4.7 mīliona ġesēonde on ġēare).<ref name="r452">Bayley, Stephen, "The startling success of Tate Modern", The Times, 24 April 2010. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article7105032.ece {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429173928/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article7105032.ece |date=2011-04-29 }}</ref> === Sang === [[File:Royal Albert Hall, BBC Proms 2017.jpg|thumb|Þā Proms, ċierlīces sanges wynn æt Royal Albert Hall, ġeband tō Henry Wood]] Folcsanges þēawas: Englisc (sangwīsa lēoþa, landes dances sang mid bælgcræfte and fīþelum);<ref name="r453">"Songs of England". https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/songs-of-england</ref> Scottisc (bælgpīpan and fīþelan, līflic dances wīsan);<ref name="r454">"The influence of traditional Scottish Music". https://www.visitscotland.com/things-to-do/events/music-festivals/traditional-folk</ref> Wēalisc (hearpan, stefne hlosnung, oft on Wēalisc);<ref name="r455">"Celtic connections: the story of folk music in Wales", 17 February 2020. https://www.wales.com/culture-and-sport/music-and-performance/roots-and-shoots-welsh-folk-music</ref> Norþīrisc (fīþelan and flēotan, Scottisc–Īrisc ġemengnes).<ref name="r456">"Why you should experience traditional music in Ireland". https://www.ireland.com/en-us/magazine/music/traditional-music/</ref> Tudor Edniwunge sang: Thomas Tallis, John Taverner, William Byrd, Orlando Gibbons, John Dowland. Æfter þǣre Ġeedniwunge Henry Purcell lǣdde Englisc þēaw masquera, antifona and sanga, ġefylġed fram Thomas Arne. Handeles ''Zadok the Priest'' (for Georges 2 sealfunge) wearð þæt þēawlic sealfunge sang for cyningum; his ǣrendsanga swā ''Messiah'' wǣron on Englisc.<ref name="r457">"British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel", UK Parliament, 20 July 2009. http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/handel_and_naturalisation.cfm; Andrews, John, "Handel all'inglese", Playbill, 14 April 2006. http://www.playbillarts.com/features/article/4236.html</ref> On þǣm ǣfterran nigonteoðan hundġēare Arthur Sullivan and W. S. Gilbert āwrītan Savoye operan and Edward Elgar sang wīde. Æfter þǣm sangeras tugon of eorþe and folcsange: Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten (frum nīwes Brittiscres opera). Æfter wīge: Peter Maxwell Davies (Orcadas), Harrison Birtwistle (sagan), John Tavener (ǣwfæst).<ref name="r458">Iemperley, Nicholas, "Great Britain", 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006236; Banfield, Stephen; Russell, "England (i)", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40044; Lewis, Geraint; Davies, "Wales", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.41108; Elliott, Kenneth; Collinson, "Scotland", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40113; White, Harry; Carolan, "Ireland", 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13901; "British 20th century composers", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdjw7p3/revision/1</ref> Nīwe ċierlīce singeras ymbfōþ Alfie Boe, Bryn Terfel, Katherine Jenkins, Michael Ball, Roderick Williams, Russell Watson, Sarah Brightman; fīþelan Nicola Benedetti and Nigel Kennedy.<ref name="r459">"30 of the greatest violinists on record", Gramophone, 21 June 2022. https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/30-of-the-greatest-violinists-on-record;"Katherine Jenkins has officially sold the most classical albums this century", Classic FM, 1 January 2020. https://www.classicfm.com/radio/shows-presenters/classic-fm-chart/katherine-jenkins-most-classical-albums/;"Who is Roderick Williams, the British baritone and composer at the King's coronation?", Classic FM, 6 May 2023. https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/roderick-williams-composer-baritone-singing-roles/;"Michael Ball", English National Opera, 23 February 2024. https://www.eno.org/artists/michael-ball-2/;"Alfie Bow", Classic FM. https://www.classicfm.com/artists/alfie-boe/;"Sarah Brightman facts", Smooth Radio, 11 July 2023. https://www.smoothradio.com/news/music/sarah-brightman-age-husband-songs/</ref> "Folclic sang" ongann on Brytene on mīdum 1950um of rock and roll ġemengd mid "nīwum geoguþe sange";<ref name="r460">R. Middleton, et al., [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_gmo "Pop"], ''Grove music online'', retrieved 14 March 2010.</ref> þā Beatles and Rolling Stones lǣddon folclic sang tō forman on ǣrum 1960um.<ref name="r461">"Pop", [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_t237 ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music''], retrieved 9 March 2010.</ref> Birmingham is ēðel þæs hefigan meteles (Black Sabbath, 1960ra).<ref name="r462">Allsop, Laura, "Birmingham, England ... the unlikely birthplace of heavy metal", CNN, 1 July 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/01/birmingham.home.of.metal/index.html Bentley, David, "Midlands rocks! How Birmingham's industrial heritage made it the birthplace of heavy metal", Birmingham Post, 4 June 2013. http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/whats-on/music/birmingham-birthplace-of-heavy-metal-4031445</ref> Brittisce ġeferscipas wǣron fruman hearda rock,<ref name="r463">"The Rolling Stones | Biography & History", AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-rolling-stones-mn0000894465/biography</ref> raga rock, hefiges metel,<ref name="r464">Tom Larson, "History of Rock and Roll", Kendall/Hunt Pub., 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=vGJ7XmA8rjIC&pg=PA183</ref> steorra rock, glam rock,<ref name="r465">"Glam Rock". http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828224412/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html |date=2009-08-28 }}</ref> Gothic rock,<ref name="r466">"NME Originals: Goth", NME, 2004. https://www.nme.com/originals/4</ref> psychedelic rock<ref name="r467">"Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage", AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/psychedelic-garage-ma0000002800</ref> and punk rock,<ref name="r468">Charles M. Young, "Rock is Sick and Living in London", 20 October 1977. https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/a-report-on-the-sex-pistols-119989/</ref> and fēordodon neo soul and dubstep.<ref name="r469">Henderson, Alex (1 August 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101104165122/http://allmusic.com/explore/essay/british-soul-t2160 British Soul]. Allmusic. Retrieved 6 March 2011.; [http://www.allmusic.com/style/dubstep-ma0000004465 AllMusic – Dubstep] "Absorbed and transfigured elements of techno, drum'n' bass and dub"; Goldman, Vivien, "Local Groove Does Good: The Story Of Trip-Hop's Rise From Bristol", NPR, 31 January 2012. https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/01/31/142607358/local-groove-does-good-the-story-of-trip-hops-rise-from-bristol</ref> Lǣdende Brittisce rappas sind Stormzy, Kano, Yxng Bane, Ramz, Little Simz and Skepta.<ref name="r470">"5 U.K. Rappers Primed to Take Over America in 2018". https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/uk-rappers-to-watch-2018-8097878/</ref> [[File:The SSE Hydro arena - geograph.org.uk - 6725739.jpg|thumb|OVO Hydro, Glasgow, hūs for 14,500]] Þā Beatles sind sēo mǣste ġesealde ġeferscipe (ofer 1 þūsend mīliona ġesealdra) and wīde ġesewen swā sēo mǣste āhefende on folcsange.<ref name="r471">"1960–1969", EMI Group. http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/#</ref><ref name="r472">"Paul At Fifty", 8 June 1992. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518221715/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |date=2013-05-18 }}</ref><ref name="r473">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''The Guinness Book of Records'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref><ref name="r474">"Beatles a big hit with downloads", Belfast Telegraph, 25 November 2010. http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/beatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html</ref> Þā Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Queen, Led Zeppelin, Bee Gees and Elton John ǣlc ġesealdon 200 mīliona oþþe mā disca.<ref name="r475">"British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2", EMI, 2 February 2009. http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423012539/http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar%C2%AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |date=2014-04-23 }}; Khan, Urmee, "Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream", The Telegraph, 17 July 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730164432/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |date=2008-07-30 }}; Alleyne, Richard, "Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite", The Telegraph, 19 April 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html; "Floyd 'true to Barrett's legacy'", BBC News, 11 July 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5170644.stm; Holton, Kate, "Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal", Reuters, 17 January 2008. https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1767761020080117; Walker, Tim, "Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees", Independent, 12 May 2008. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013215157/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |date=2011-10-13 }}</ref> Brit Awards (BPI) Ūtstandende Ġifu ġeearnodon þā Who, David Bowie, Eric Clapton, Rod Stewart, þā Police and Fleetwood Mac (Brittisc-Amerīcisc).<ref name="r476">[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 "Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977"]. ''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved 28 February 2012.</ref> Nīwe ġeþēodlice ġeferscipas: George Michael, Oasis, Spice Girls, Radiohead, Coldplay, Arctic Monkeys, Robbie Williams, Amy Winehouse, Susan Boyle, Adele, Ed Sheeran, Lewis Capaldi, One Direction, Harry Styles, Dua Lipa.<ref name="r477">"Harry Styles Has Weathered the Post-Boy Band Storm Better Than Most", Consequence of Sound, 12 January 2020. https://consequence.net/2020/01/harry-styles-solo-career/; Paul, Larisha, "10 Years of One Direction: The Story of the World's Biggest Boy Band, Told With the Fans Who Made It Happen", 16 July 2020. https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/one-direction-ten-year-anniversary-fan-interviews-9419436/; Corner, Lewis, "Adele, Coldplay biggest-selling UK artists worldwide in 2011", Digital Spy, 16 February 2012. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a366130/adele-coldplay-biggest-selling-uk-artists-worldwide-in-2011.html; Magliola, Anna Sky, "Ed Sheeran's career journey: From street busker to global superstar", PlanetRadio.co.uk, 30 November 2022. https://planetradio.co.uk/hits-radio/entertainment/celebrity/ed-sheeran-career-timeline/; "Dua Lipa, 77.5M Monthly listeners", Spotify, 6 May 2024. https://open.spotify.com/artist/6M2wZ9GZgrQXHCFfjv46we</ref> On 2024 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt þridda mǣste sanges cēap on worulde æfter þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and Iapan;<ref name="r478">Paine, Andre, "IFPI report reveals EU risks falling behind in global market - UK still among top music exporters", Music Week, 10 September 2024. https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/ifpi-report-reveals-eu-risks-falling-behind-in-global-market-uk-still-among-top-music-exporters/090424</ref> on 2021 hē wæs sēo ōþre mǣste sanges ūtsendend.<ref name="r479">Savage, Mark, "British music exports reach a record high", BBC, 16 June 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-57486272</ref> Liverpoolen ġeferscipas hæfdon 54 ǣrestan sangas on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme, þā mǣstan for hēafde on ǣlcre byrig.<ref name="r480">Hughes, Mark, "A tale of two cities of culture: Liverpool vs Stavanger", Independent, 14 January 2008. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/a-tale-of-two-cities-of-culture-liverpool-vs-stavanger-770076.html?r=RSS</ref> Glasgow wearð UNESCO Sanges Burg on 2008.<ref name="r481">"Glasgow gets city of music honour", BBC News, 20 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7570915.stm</ref> Manchester sprǣdde acid house and, fram mīdum 1990um, Britpop; Lunden and Bristol sind ġeband tō fruman drum and bass and trip hop.<ref name="r482">"Out of the melting pot: The origins and evolution of drum'n'bass", Red Bull, 25 June 2020. https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/history-of-drum-and-bass-music</ref> Brittisc dances sang wēox of sweartum Brittiscum Sound System þēawe and þǣm 1960–70 Nīwes Ealdres Færend styrunge,<ref name="r483">"Parties, protest and police: the neglected histories of UK dance music", Dazed, 3 August 2023. https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/60511/1/ed-gillet-new-book-party-lines-politics-history-uk-dance-music-clubbing</ref> mid Chicagan house and Detroit techno āhefenne. Ende 1980ra rave þēaw and Acid House wurdon ġemǣne þurh plegdiscas (Smart E's ''Sesame's Treet'', þæs Prodigy ''Charly'')<ref name="r484">"Rave", Oxford Music Online, 20 January 2001. https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/search?q=rave</ref> and þone Balearic sang of Ibiza, lǣdende tō UK Garage, Speed Garage, Drum and bass, Jungle, Trance and Dubstep. Āhefende ġeferscipas: 808 State, Orbital, þā Prodigy, Underworld, Roni Size, Leftfield, Massive Attack, Groove Armada, Fatboy Slim, Faithless, Basement Jaxx, Chemical Brothers, Disclosure, Calvin Harris, Fred Again;<ref name="r485">"Mixmag's Greatest Dance Act of all Time Revealed", 19 January 2012. http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/mixmags-greatest-dance-act-revealed;"Fred Again: who is the DJ who has thousands queuing for a 'secret rave' at the Sydney Opera House?", The Guardian, 26 February 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/feb/27/fred-again-dj-sydney-opera-house-secret-show-tickets-sell-out-profile-bio-details</ref> DJs: Judge Jules, Pete Tong, Carl Cox, Paul Oakenfold, John Digweed, Sasha.<ref name="r486">"Top 100 DJs Poll results 2003". http://djmag.com/top100chart.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207071739/http://djmag.com/top100chart.asp |date=2003-12-07 }}</ref> === Sēonde plegan === Alfred Hitchcock (''Vertigo'', ġeteald fram sumum rǣdendum sēo bēste sēondplega æfre)<ref name="r487">"Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time'", BBC News, 2 August 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19078948</ref> and David Lean (''Lawrence of Arabia'') sind betwux þǣm mǣstum ġeherġodum wīsan;<ref name="r488">"The Directors' Top Ten Directors", British Film Institute. http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html</ref> nīwe wīsan ymbfōþ Christopher Nolan, Sam Mendes, Steve McQueen, Richard Curtis, Danny Boyle, Tony Scott, Ridley Scott.<ref name="r489">"The 24 Best British Directors of All Time", Movieweb, 13 May 2023. https://movieweb.com/best-british-directors-of-all-time/</ref><ref name="r490">"Top 22 U.K. Film Directors", IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/list/ls062383258/</ref><ref name="r491">"5 of the best ... Richard Curtis films", The Times, 17 April 2024. https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/5-of-the-best-richard-curtis-films-tzxx9fv2h</ref><ref name="r492">"The UK's top 50 film directors", Televisual, 23 May 2012. https://www.televisual.com/news/the-uk-s-top-50-film-directors_bid-357/</ref> Twā þǣra mǣstra feoh-ġefēra, ''Harry Potter'' and ''James Band'', sind Brittisce.<ref name="r493">"Harry Potter becomes highest-grossing film franchise", The Guardian, 11 September 2007. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling</ref> On 2019 Brittisce sēondplegan ġeēodon ymbe £10.3 þūsend mīliona wīde, 28.7% þæs sēondhūses feos;<ref name="r494">"UK Film Industry Statistics 2023", 10 April 2023. https://www.socialfilms.co.uk/blog/uk-film-industry-statistics</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġiefa wǣron £1.25 þūsend mīliona mid ymbe 176 mīliona infærenda.<ref name="r495">"The UK box office in 2019". https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-uk-box-office-2019.pdf</ref> Þæs plegstōwa brādnes cōm tō 6.9 mīliona fēt on 2023, mid 1 mīlion ġeīced on ānum ġēare.<ref name="r496">"UK Film and Television Studios Market Report", Knight Frank. https://content.knightfrank.com/research/2439/documents/en/uk-film-and-television-studios-market-2023-10567.pdf</ref> Þā BAFTA Film Awards sind ġehealdene fram þǣre Brittiscan Ġesamnunge for Sēondplega and Sēonde.<ref name="r497">"Baftas fuel Oscars race", BBC News, 26 February 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1190562.stm</ref> === Mete === [[File:Fish, chips and mushy peas.jpg|thumb|Fisc and ċipsas mid lemone, tartar sealfe and mushy pēasan]] Brittisc mete ġeswutelaþ land, ġesettnesse, infaru, cēap and landbrūcnesse. Englisc mete is ġeċīged fram ānfealdnesse and ġetrūwþe on gōde wæstmas;<ref name="r498">Else, David, "Inghilterra", EDT srl, 2007</ref> sē Sunnandæġes bræd (oxan, lambes, hennes oþþe swīnes flǣsc mid wyrtum, Yorkshire pudding and gravy) is syndriġ, mid flǣsc-bacan and ġesodenum. Ān 2019 YouGov ġeprōfung funde ofer 80% lufiaþ þone Sunnandæġes bræd, Yorkshire pudding, fisc and ċipsas, crumpets and þone fullan Englisc morgenmete.<ref name="r499">"Classic British cuisine ranked by Britons", 11 June 2019. https://yougov.co.uk/topics/consumer/articles-reports/2019/06/12/classic-british-cuisine-ranked-britons</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ micele dīgle metas and wīsan (''The Good Food Guide'', ''Harden's''); on 2025, 197 mete-hūsa hæfdon Michelin Steorra, tēn mid þrim.<ref name="r500">"United Kingdom", Michelin Guide. https://guide.michelin.com/en/gb/restaurants/all-starred</ref> Ēacan metas sind ġemǣne; ǣfteren tēa onginneþ ymbe 1840.<ref name="r501">"The tea-rific history of Victorian afternoon tea", The British Museum. https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/tea-rific-history-victorian-afternoon-tea</ref> Ān Mǣdmōnaþes 2024 ġeprōfung funde 3% vegan, 6% vegetarisc, 13% flexitarisc.<ref name="r502">"Dietary choices of Brits (e.g. vegeterian, flexitarian, meat-eater etc)", YouGov.co.uk, 8 July 2024. https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/trackers/dietery-choices-of-brits-eg-vegeterian-flexitarian-meat-eater-etc</ref> Þæt Rīċe sprǣdde cūþnesse Indisces metes, ġewyrcende ġemengdu swā chicken tikka masala.<ref name="r503">"Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech", The Guardian, 19 April 2001. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity; BBC E-Cyclopedia, "Chicken tikka masala: Spice and easy does it", BBC, 20 April 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1285804.stm</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ manige gastropubs and wæs fruma bēora wīsan swā pale ale, India pale ale, bitter, brown ale, porter and stout; handcræft bēor and lǣsse bēorhūsas wēoxon swīðe on twām tīgum ġēara.<ref name="r504">"A guide to British Beer", Expatica. https://www.expatica.com/uk/lifestyle/food-drink/british-beer-469903/</ref> Ōþre drincas: Scottisc whisky, Englisc wīn, gin, pere, cider. === Plega === [[File:City vs United FA Cup final 2023.jpg|thumb|2023 FA Cup ende, Wembley Stadion, Manchester City ongēan Manchester United]] [[File:Old 18th tee lr.jpg|thumb|Ald Weġ æt St Andrews, Scotland, ēðel þæs golfes]] Fōtbal, tennis, bord tennis, badminton, rugbi fīftēne, rugbi þrittēne, rugbi seofone, golf, boxing, netbal, wæter-polo, græs-hockey, billiards, darts, rōwing, rounders and cricket onguinnon oþþe wǣron wīde ġefēordode on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme, mid manigum nīwum ǣ-bōcum ġesette on Victorian tīman. On 2012 sē IOC hēafod Jacques Rogge hine ċīgde "wīde ġecnāwen swā þæs nīwan plegan ēðel", þǣr plegmannscipe and fair play wǣron ǣrest āwritene and plega cōm on scōla lāre.<ref name="r505">"Opening Ceremony of the Games of the XXX Olympiad", Olympic.org, 27 July 2012. http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf</ref><ref name="r506">Mehaffey, John, "Unparalleled Sporting History", Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525164121/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 |date=2017-05-25 }}</ref> Fōtbal is sēo ġemǣneste plega (2003 ġeprōfung).<ref name="r507">"Rugby Union 'Britain's Second Most Popular Sport'", Ipsos-Mori, 22 December 2003. http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/928/Rugby-Union-Britains-Second-Most-Popular-Sport.aspx</ref> FIFA ġecnāwþ Englaland swā ēðel clubbes fōtbales; sēo Football Association is sēo ealdoste, and Ebenezer Cobb Morley āwrāt þā ǣ on 1863.<ref name="r508">Rudd, Alyson, "The father of football deserves much more", The Times, 7 April 2008. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3694775.ece {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604183514/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3694775.ece |date=2011-06-04 }}; "Sheffield FC: 150 years of history", FIFA, 24 October 2007. https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025033006/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html |date=2007-10-25 }}</ref> Ǣlc Hām Þēod hæfþ āgene ġesamnunge, þēodlic ġeferscipe and ġefeoh-wīsan and is mann on þǣre Ġeþēodlicre Football Association Board mid FIFA. Sēo Premier League is sēo mǣste ġesewene fōtbal-ġefeoh on worulde.<ref name="r509">Ebner, Sarah, "History and time are key to power of football, says Premier League chief", The Times, 2 July 2013. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/ceo-summit/article3804923.ece</ref> Sē ǣresta ġeþēodlica plega wæs Englaland ongēan Scotland on 30 Blōtmōnaþes 1872.<ref name="r510">Mitchell, Paul, "The first international football match", BBC Sport Scotland, November 2005. https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0012/index.shtml</ref> Þā fēower þēoda ġewunelīċe wunnon āsundrode ġeþēodlīċe.<ref name="r511">Harlow, Phil, "Why is there no GB Olympics football team?", BBC Sport, 5 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/football/7529807.stm</ref> Rugbi fīftēne wæs sēo ōþre ġemǣneste (2003).<ref name="r507" /> Hit wæs ġeworht æt Rugby Scōle, Warwickshire; sēo ǣreste ġeþēodlice plega wæs Englaland ongēan Scotland on 27 Hrēþmōnaþes 1871.<ref name="r512">"Six ways the town of Rugby helped change the world", BBC News, 1 February 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-25946757</ref><ref name="r513">Godwin, Terry; Rhys, "The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats", Guinness Superlatives, 1981</ref> Englaland, Scotland, Wēalas, Īraland, Francrīċe and Italia pleġaþ þā Siex Þēoda; ġesamnunga on Englalande, Scotlande, Wēalum and Īralande wīsiaþ hit āsundrode.<ref name="r514">Louw, Jaco; Nesbit, Derrick, "The Girlfriends Guide to Rugby", South Publishers, 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=0-IiowvNomMC&pg=PA95</ref> Ǣlc fēorþan ġēar ān ġemǣne Hām Þēoda ġeferscipe, þā Brittisc and Īrisc Lēon, fērþ tō Estrēċe, Nīwe Sǣlande and Sūþ Africa. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġehēold þā Sumorlīcan Olimpiscan Plegan on 1908, 1948 and 2012, eall on Lundene. Birmingham ġehēold þā 2022 Ġemǣnes Welan Plegan, þone seofoðan sīþ þe Ġeānodan Cynedōmes land hit ġehēold (Englaland, Scotland and Wēalas tō lǣstan ānes ǣlċ).<ref name="r515">"The journey of India in Commonwealth Games in 2022", The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/allaboutsports/the-journey-of-india-in-commonwealth-games-in-2022-44477/</ref> === Tācna === [[File:Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee 2022 - Platinum Pageant (52123378222).jpg|thumb|Union Jack fanan on The Mall, Lunden]] Þæt fana is sē Union Flag (Union Jack).<ref name="r516">"Union Jack or Union Flag?", The Flag Institute. https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/uk-flags/the-union-jack-or-the-union-flag</ref> Hē wæs ġeworht on 1606 þurh þæt ofersettan þone fanan Englalandes (Sanct Georgius) on Scotlandes (Sanct Andreas) and ġeniwod on 1801 mid Sanct Patriciuses fanan.<ref name="r517">"college-of-arms.gov.uk", The College of Arms. https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs</ref> Wēalas nis ġetācnod for þǣm hit wæs ġeīced tō Englalande ǣr sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wearð ġeworht; ān nīwe ġeweorc ymbfōnde Wēalas wæs ġeræd on 2007.<ref name="r518">"Welsh dragon call for Union flag", BBC News, 27 November 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7114248.stm</ref> Sē þēodlic lofsang is "God Save the King", mid "Queen" for "King" þonne sē cyning is wīf. Englaland, Wēalas and Scotland habbaþ āgene þēodlice tācna and fanan. Norþīraland hæfþ tācna, manige ġedǣlde mid Īriscum Frēolande, ac nān ambihtlicne fanan.<ref name="r519">Minahan, James, "The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems", ABC-CLIO, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ</ref> Būtan þǣm Lēon and Ānhorne and þǣm Wēaliscan Dracan, sē bulldog is ġenotod and ġeswutelod mid þǣm Union Flag.<ref name="r520">Baker, Steve, "Picturing the Beast", University of Illinois Press, 2001</ref> Mǣre Bryten hæfþ ġelīcnessa: Britannia<ref name="r521">"Britannia on British Coins", Chard. http://www.24carat.co.uk/britanniaframe.html</ref><ref name="r522">"Britannia". https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britannia</ref> and John Bull.<ref name="r523">"Who is John Bull", The Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/jan04/johnbull.html</ref> == Niwu Ƿord == {{niwuword}} * Ġeānod Cynedōm (n.masc) - United Kingdom * þinglic (adj) - political, parliamentary * bīlion (n.neut) - trillion (10^12) * mīlion (n.neut) - million * ġeānung (n.fem) - union * ūpstīġ (n.masc) - rise, accession * feohġemēt (n.neut) - economy * folcrīċe (n.neut) - democracy, people's rule * cernelwǣpn (n.neut) - nuclear weapon * wīgfēoh (n.neut) - defence spending * webbstede (n.masc) - website * feohlic (adj) - financial, economic * cyrstōw (n.fem) - constituency * wītlic (adj) - criminal, penal * ċierlīcung (n.fem) - naturalisation * scatthyrde (n.masc) - Chancellor of the Exchequer * steorrancræft (n.masc) - space industry * cernelweorc (n.neut) - nuclear power plant * webbnotend (n.masc) - internet user * sēondplega (n.masc) - film, motion picture * fōtbal (n.masc) - football (soccer) * formaþeġn (n.masc) - Prime Minister * smēaung (n.fem) - research, scientific inquiry * lyftscip (n.neut) - airplane, aircraft * hēahscōl (n.fem) - university * sǣfyrd (n.fem) - navy * lyftfyrd (n.fem) - air force * friþweard (n.masc) - police officer == References == <references /> [[flocc:Niwlicu word]] lysompb7gw5tycprdxhvlwy8cd7igic 0 8037 232865 231423 2026-11-11T10:59:05Z ~2026-50998-65 143372 232865 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Pommes-1.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Eorþperustyccu.]] '''Eorþperustyccu''' sind styccu of [[Eorðperu|eorðperwum]] þe man cōceþ mǣste þurh [[elesēoðung]]e. Man aliefþ þe on [[Belgice|Belgum]] wæron þas stycce ærreste biwyrced (oðþe [[Francland|Francas]] hæbbað crafung for ðas gemetnesse). On Belgum eteþ man eorðperustyccu mid mayonnaisewæte ac manig þeodas habbaþ hiera agan foreberunga. {{Commons|French fries|Eorþperustyccum}} <!-- -cut [[deop bacan|eorðperustycce]] [[eorðperu]] of disputed frymþu fram [[Belgice|Belgium]] oþþe [[Francland]]. hīe bist gearu in ceorfan eorðperwum in furþum strips, dryge hie, and bacan hie, oft in to [[deop cicen]]. Pre-cut, hwīt, and ceald [[rēad eorðperu]] bist rúmerlícor eald, and hwilum bread in to riht oþþe [[ēan heorþ]]; [[lyft cicen]] bist lytel ēan heorþ marketed to bacan eorðperu. Francan eorðperustycce bist served hāt, oþþe hnesce oþþe cwic, and bist oft etan swā healf of etan oþþe middægþenung oþþe in hīe swā to nōngereord, and hīe gelome onhlidan on þæt menus of [[giest]], [[fæsten foda]] restaurants, pubs, and bewerian. hīe bist oft sealt and cunnan wesan served mid [[ketchup]], [[æcced]], [[corn]], [[wulfpersoc wyrt]], oþþe ōðer inlende specialities. eorðperustycce cunnan wesan topped māra strong, swā in þæt æbs of [[poutine]] or [[cile ciese eorðperustycce]]. Francan eorðperustycce cunnan wesan dædon fram [[milde eorðperu]] stede of eorðperwe. A bread ungelic, heorþ eorðperustycce, þeaw læs oþþe na eorðperustycce. ==onstal== Ye fana weg to cycene Francan eorðperustycce is deop bacan, þe submerges hie in hāt fætt, núhwílum swīþe gelome butere. [[īdel cicen]] gefyllan eorðperu eorðperustycce mid brengan butere glæd, þrāg healdan hīe blēo and corn. Ye eorðperu bist gearu in forma ceorfan hie (nacod oþþe unpeeled) in furþum strips, þe bist þā wiped feorr oþþe wæt in ceald wæter to āniman þæt ansien melu, and eall dryge. hīe cunnan þā wesan sellan in an oþþe twēgen stages. Chefs oft onfon se þæt ''two-bath'' Searucræft produces abreotan ofett. eorðperu geong buton of þæt grund cunnan habban to heah to wæter glæd weorþan in wæt eorðperustycce, swā lufian is to þæt se habban wesan stored to þrāg. --> {{stycce}} [[Flocc:Ǣt]] qk4nlg9v0788goruiwmjhqbq1odc4w6 0 10523 232863 232857 2026-11-11T01:07:20Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 41 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 232863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox land | ænglisc fullnama = Scotland | nama = Scotland | agenspræce fullnama = Scotland (Scottisc); Alba (Scottisc Gaelisc) | biliþ = | biliþ gewrit = | fana = Flag of Scotland.svg | fana gewrit = Fana | scild = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland (2022).svg | scild gewrit = Wǣpnscild | cwide = | ænglisc cwide = | anstefn = Flower of Scotland | ænglisc anstefn = Scotlandes Blōstm (nis ambihtlic) | landscite = | landscite gewrit = | leodweard = Ġedǣled þinglic rīċe on þinglicum cynedōme on ǣ | ambihtlicu spræc = Englisc | folces gereord = | elles gereordas = Scottisc<br />Scottisc Gaelisc<br />Brittisc Tācnspræc | steall = | heafodstol = [[Edinburg|Eadenburg]] | mæste burg = [[Glasgow]] | breges titul = Cyning | brego = [[Carl III Bretta Cyning|Carl 3]] | ealdormannes titul = Ǣresta Ealdormann | ealdorman = John Swinney | leodweardes heafod = | wyrþingdæg = | bradnes = 80,231 km²<ref name="onsarea">Office for National Statistics, "Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK", Open Geography Portal, 31 May 2024. https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about</ref> | menniscu = 5,439,842 (2022)<ref name="census2022qa">Scotland's Census, "Quality Assurance report – Unrounded population estimates and ethnic group, national identity, language and religion topic data", 21 May 2024. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-quality-assurance-reports/quality-assurance-report-unrounded-population-estimates-and-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-topic-data/</ref> | þiccnes = 67.8/km² | geleafan = 51.1% nān ġeleafa; 38.8% Crīstendōm (20.4% Ċiriċe Scotlandes; 13.3% Rōmānisc Pāpdōm; 5.1% ōþre Crīstene); 2.2% Īslam; 0.6% Hindūdōm; 0.3% Buddadōm; 0.2% Sikhdōm; 0.1% Iūdēadōm; 0.6% ōþre; 6.2% nān ġecȳþed (2022)<ref name="census2022eth">Scotland's Census, "Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data", 21 May 2024. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx</ref> | GDP getæl = £230.9 þūsend mīliona (2025) | GDP ælcum heafde = £40,339<ref name="scotgovgdp">Scottish Government, "GDP in nominal terms", www.gov.scot. https://www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2024-q4/pages/gdp-in-nominal-terms/</ref> | landesforþbæro = | feoh = Sterlinges pund (£) | tidgyrdel = UTC+0 | tidgyrdel 2 = | sundorricehad = | webbnamena tægl = .scot | feorspræcan forerim = | wægnplatung = }} '''Scotland''' (Scottisc: ''Scotland''; Scottisc Gaelisc: ''Alba'') is land, þe is dǣl þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes. Hit ymbhæfþ þone norþdǣl Mǣran Brytene and þā nēahstan īegland, ǣrest þā Hebrides and þā Norþīegland. Þæt landfolc wæs on þǣm ġēare 2022 ymbe 5.4 mīlion manna.<ref name="r1">Office for National Statistics, "A Beginner's Guide to UK Geography (2023)", Open Geography Portal, 4 February 2025, https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/d1f39e20edb940d58307a54d6e1045cd/about</ref> Hēafodstōl is Eadenburg; sēo mǣste burg is Glasgow. Scotland hæfþ mearce wiþ Englaland on sūþhealfe, wiþ þone Atlantiscan Gārsecg on norþhealfe and westhealfe, wiþ þā Norþsǣ on ēasthealfe, and wiþ þā Īriscan Sǣ on sūþwesthealfe. Þæt Scottisce Þing hæfþ 129 þingmanna for 73 cyrstōwum.<ref name="r2">SpatialData.gov.scot, Scottish Government, "Scottish Parliamentary Constituencies", www.data.gov.uk, 6 June 2024, https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/e8eae7cf-3aa3-4d09-bfe8-3d5354bf0d63/scottish-parliamentary-constituencies#:~:text=Scottish%20Parliamentary%20Constituencies%20and%20Regions,electing%20an%20additional%20seven%20MSPs.</ref> Sē Scottisca Rīċeweald is sē dǣdlica dǣl þæs ġedǣledan rīċes; sē ǣresta ealdormann hine lǣdeþ, sitt ofer þǣm rǣdþeġnum, and lǣdeþ þone rǣd and þā ūtlandiscan ġeþingþu.<ref name="r3">"First Minister", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/first-minister/#:~:text=As%20head%20of%20the%20Scottish,Scotland%20at%20home%20and%20overseas.</ref><ref name="r4">"What is the role of Scotland's First Minister?", BBC Bitesize, https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z69y8p3#zsmktcw</ref> Þæt Cynerīċe Scotlandes ārās swā frēo rīċe on þǣm 9an ġēarhundrede and hēold his mundbyrdnesse wiþ Englaland, dǣlum þurh þoftscipe mid Franclande. On þǣm ġēare 1603 fēng Iacob 6 tō þǣm cynesetlum Englalandes and Īralandes (ānes cyninges ġeānung). On þǣm 1an dæġe Þrimilces 1707 ġeworhton Scotland and Englaland þæt Cynerīċe Mǣran Brytene,<ref name="r5">Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) ''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland''. London. HarperCollins.</ref><ref name="r6">Mackie, J.D. (1969) ''A History of Scotland''. London. Penguin.</ref> and þæt Þing Scotlandes wearþ ġemenged on þæt Þing Mǣran Brytene. Scottisc Þing wæs eft ġesett on þǣm ġēare 1999 mid ġedǣledre mihte ofer manigu þing þæs inlandiscan rǣdes.<ref name="r7">gov.uk, "Devolution Settlement, Scotland", https://www.gov.uk/guidance/devolution-settlement-scotland</ref> Scotland hæfþ āgene ǣ, āgene lāre, and āgene stǣr þæs ġeleafan; þās healdaþ Scottisce ġemǣnscipe, þēaw, and þēodlīce ġecynde.<ref name="r8">Devine, T. M. (1999), ''The Scottish Nation 1700–2000'', P.288–289, ISBN 0-14-023004-1 ''"created a new and powerful ''local state'' run by the Scottish bourgeoisie and reflecting their political and religious values. It was this local state, rather than a distant and usually indifferent Westminster authority, that in effect routinely governed Scotland"''</ref> Scottisc Englisc and Scottisc sind þā spræca, þe man mǣst sprecþ, and hīe stondaþ on ānre rǣwe ġereorda.<ref name="r9">Maguire, Warren, "Areal Features of the Anglophone World", 2012, pp. 53–78</ref> Scottisc Gaelisc is ġecyndelīce sprecen ǣrest on þǣm Hebridum;<ref name="r10">"Gaelic Language", Outer Hebrides, https://www.visitouterhebrides.co.uk/see-and-do/gaelic/gaelic-language</ref> Gaelisce sprecan sind lǣs þonne 2% þæs landfolces, ac þæs rīċes edcwicung hæfþ ġeworht weaxende ġemǣnscipe þǣra, þe hīe æfterlīce leornodon.<ref name="r11">"Gaelic in modern Scotland", Open Learning, https://www.open.edu/openlearn/languages/gaelic-modern-scotland/content-section-3.3</ref> Þæt fæstland hæfþ 3 landscipas: þæt Hēahland (beorgiht, on norþhealfe and norþwesthealfe), þæt Niþerland (emnet, on middum), and þā Sūþdūna (hyllas, wiþ þā sūþmearce). Þæt Hēahland is sē beorgihtesta landscipe þǣra Brittiscra Īegland and hæfþ hira hēhstan beorg, Ben Nevis (1,345 m).<ref name="r1" /> Sē landscipe hæfþ manige meras, þe man ''loch'' hǣt; þæt word man ēac nemneþ þā sealtan sǣearmas þæs ġehyrnedan westrīman. Þā īegland sind unġelīc: Mull and Skye sind beorgiht, Tiree and Coll emnran. == Namcȳþþ == ''Scotland'' cymþ of ''Scoti'', þǣm Lǣdenan naman þǣra Gaela.<ref name="r12">BBC, "Scotland's History - The Kingdom of the Gaels", www.bbc.co.uk, https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/kingdom_of_the_gaels/</ref> Philip Freeman wēnþ Indo-Eurōpiscne wyrtruman *''skot'', tō metenne wiþ Grēcisc ''skotos'' ('þēostornes').<ref name="r13">P. Freeman, ''Ireland and the Classical World'', Austin, 2001, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA93 93] .</ref> Sīþlǣden ''Scotia'' ("Gaela land") and ǣrlic Englisc ''Scotland'' tācnodon ǣrest Īraland.<ref name="r14">Gwynn, Stephen, "The History Of Ireland", July 2009, p. 16, ISBN 9781113155177, https://books.google.com/books?id=2RlF7sq48n4C&pg=PA16</ref><ref name="r15">Lemke, Andreas: [https://www.univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/bitstream/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-189-4/GSEP8_lemke.pdf?sequence=1 The Old English Translation of Bede's ''Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum'' in its Historical and Cultural Context] , Chapter II: The ''OEHE'': The Material Evidence; page 71 (Universitätsdrucke Göttingen, 2015)</ref> Be þǣm 11an ġēarhundrede tācnode ''Scotia'' þæt Gaelisc-sprecende Scotland be norþan þǣre ēa Forth, mid ''Albania'' oþþe ''Albany'' (of Gaelisc ''Alba'').<ref name="r16">Ayto, John, "Brewer's Britain & Ireland: The History, Culture, Folklore and Etymology of 7500 Places in These Islands", 2005, ISBN 978-0-304-35385-9, https://archive.org/details/brewersbritainir0000unse</ref> ''Scottas'' and ''Scotland'' tācnodon eall þæt nūlice Scotland on þǣre lætran middelylde.<ref name="r5" /> == Stǣr == === Ǣr ġewritum === Sēo ǣreste ġecȳþnes manna on Scotlande is Hamburgisc stānlōma, ġeworht fram huntum and gaderiendum þǣre lætran ufeweardan ealdstāntīde ymbe 14,500–14,000 ġēara ǣr nū, on þǣre wearman tīde Bølling–Allerød, æfter þǣm þe sē īsweall ġewāt.<ref name="r17">Hardy, Karen, "At the far end of everything: A likely Ahrensburgian presence in the far north of the Isle of Skye, Scotland", Journal of Quaternary Science, 23 April 2025, pp. 847–861</ref><ref name="r18">Ballin, Torben Bjarke, "Reindeer hunters at Howburn Farm, South Lanarkshire: a late Hamburgian settlement in Southern Scotland - its lithic artefacts and natural environment", 2018, ISBN 978-1-78491-902-3, https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781784919016</ref> Ēorþtilian þǣre nīwan stāntīde cōmon ymbe 6000 ġēara ǣr nū.<ref name="r19">Rowley-Conwy, P., Gron, K.J., Bishop, R.R. et al. (5 more authors) (2020) [https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/157765/3/Rowley%20Conwey%20et%20al_Accepted_Earliest%20farming%20Britain%20ch%2019.pdf The earliest farming in Britain : towards a new synthesis]. In: Gron, K.J., Sorensen, L. and RowleyConwy, P., (eds.) Farmers at the Frontier: A Pan European Perspective on Neolithisation. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK, pp. 401-424. ISBN 9781789251401</ref> Skara Brae on Orcanēġe is of þisse tīde. Stōwa þǣre nīwan stāntīde sind ġelōme on þǣm Norþīeglandum and Westīeglandum, þǣr wana trēowa dyde, þæt man of stāne timbrode.<ref name="r20">Pryor, Francis, "Britain BC", 2003, pp. 98–104 & 246–250, ISBN 978-0-00-712693-4</ref> Þā Stānas æt Callanish on Lewis and Maes Howe on Orcanēġe (þæt 3e þūsendġēar ǣr Crīste) ætȳwaþ searolīcne hǣþenne ġeleafan.<ref name="r21">Houston, Rab, "Scotland: A Very Short Introduction", 2008, ISBN 9780191578861</ref> === Ǣrlicu stǣr === [[File:Skara Brae - geograph.org.uk - 3912232.jpg|thumb|Skara Brae, þæt fulfremedoste þorp þǣre nīwan stāntīde on Eurōpe, bewunod fram ymbe 3180 oþ 2500 ǣr Crīste]] Þæt ǣreste ġewrit be Scotlande is fram þǣm Grēciscan sǣmenn Pytheas on þǣm ġēare 320 ǣr Crīste, þe nemnde þone norþende Brytene "Orcas"; þanon cymþ sē nama Orcanēġ.<ref name="r22">Forsyth, Katherine, "Scotland: A History", 2005, ISBN 9780199601646</ref> Sē mǣsta dǣl Scotlandes ne wæs nǣfre on þǣm Rōmāniscan Rīċe. Agricola fōr on þæt land on þǣm ġēare 79 æfter Crīste and oferwann Caledonisce fierd æt Mons Graupius on þǣm ġēare 83.<ref name="r22" /> Þā Rōmāniscan ceastra on þǣm Gask Hlince wǣron forlǣtena binnan 3 ġēarum, and þā Rōmāne ġewiton tō þǣm Sūþdūnum.<ref name="r23">Hanson, William S. ''The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes'', in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003). ''Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archeology and History, 8000 BC—AD 1000.'' Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.</ref> Ceastra þæs 1an ġēarhundredes rǣhton swā feorr norþ swā tō þǣm Moray Sǣearme.<ref name="r24">Richmond, Ian Archibald, "Oxford Classical Dictionary", 2012, ISBN 9780199545568</ref> Under Traiane (rīcsode 98–117) fēoll sēo Rōmānisce wealdnes on bæc tō rǣwe betwux þǣre ēa Tyne and þǣm Solway Sǣearme,<ref name="r25">Millett, Martin J., "The Oxford Classical Dictionary", 2012, ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8</ref> þǣr Hadrianus (rīcsode 117–138) timbrode Hadrianes Weall; sē ''Limes Britannicus'' wearþ þæs rīċes norþmearc.<ref name="r22" /><ref name="r26">Robertson, Anne S. (1960). ''The Antonine Wall''. Glasgow Archaeological Society.</ref><ref name="r27">Keys, David, "Ancient Roman 'hand of god' discovered near Hadrian's Wall sheds light on biggest combat operation ever in UK", 27 June 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hand-of-god-ancient-roman-hadrians-wall-sculpture-bronze-found-latest-a8419131.html</ref> Þā Rōmāne wendon þone sūþdǣl and brōhton þider Crīstendōm.<ref name="r22" /><ref name="r21" /> Antoninus Pius (rīcsode 138–161) timbrode þone Antoninan Weall fram þǣm ġēare 142, betwux þǣm Sǣearme Clyde and þǣm Sǣearme Forth.<ref name="r28">Visit Scotland, "Frontiers of the Roman Empire, The Antonine Wall", Visitscotland, https://www.visitscotland.com/things-to-do/unesco-trail/designations/antonine-wall</ref> Sēo Severisce infaru on Caledonia (208–210) andswarode þǣm Caledoniscan foreweardbryċe on þǣm ġēare 197,<ref name="r24" /> ac lȳtel ġewinn on wuda and sē dēaþ Septimius Severus (rīcsode 193–211) æt Eoforwīce ġelettan fulle oferwinnunge; þā Caledoniscan wiþerwunnon on 210–211 and oferēodon þā nīwan ceastra.<ref name="r24" /> Tacitus and Cassius Dio nemndon þæt Hēahland and þæt land be norþan Forth Caledonia; Dio nemneþ his lēode Caledonisce and Maeatae.<ref name="r24" /> Ptolemaeus (2e ġēarhundred) sette wudiġe dūne (''saltus'') be sūþwestan þǣm Beauly Sǣearme. Sē nama lifaþ ġīet on Dunkeld, Rohallion, and Schiehallion.<ref name="r24" /> On þǣm lætran 4an ġēarhundrede wæs sēo Micle Sāmrǣdnes, infaru mid þǣm Gaeliscum Scottum and þǣm Caledoniscum (þā ġehātenum Peohtum), oferwunnen fram Theodosie. Rōm ġewāt of Brytene be þǣm ǣrlican 5an ġēarhundrede; æfter þǣm cōm Engla and Seaxna landbūnes, mid Seaxum on sūþēastdǣle Scotlandes.<ref name="r25" /> === Cynerīċe Scotlandes === [[File:Early Medieval Scotland areas.png|thumb|Þinglica tōdǣlas Scotlandes on þǣre ǣrlican middelylde]] Fram þǣm 6an ġēarhundrede hæfde þæt land 4 dǣlas: Peohtland (lȳtle hlāfordscipas on middum Scotlande);<ref name="r22" /> þæt Englisce Cynerīċe Norþhymbra on sūþēastdǣle;<ref name="r22" /> Norþbrytisc land ymbe Alt Clut (Dumbarton Clif) and þæt dene Clyde;<ref name="r29">Clarkson, Tim, "Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age", 2014, ISBN 9781906566784</ref> and Dál Riata (westdǣl Scotlandes and norþdǣl Īralandes), þe brǣdde Gaelisce spræce and þēaw.<ref name="r30">Woolf, Alex, "Ancient Kindred? Dál Riata and the Cruthin", academia.edu, 2012, https://www.academia.edu/1502702 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715071930/https://www.academia.edu/1502702 |date=2023-07-15 }}</ref> Sē ġemǣnscipe wæs ġetimbrod on mǣġþe and swīþe unefen; þā mǣstan menn wǣron earme ēorþtilian, þe for heora āgnum bīleofan tilodon. Þā Peohtas hēoldon þēowlingas, mǣst ġefangene on ġewinne, oþ þæt 9e ġēarhundred.<ref name="r22" /> Gaelisce lārēowas brǣddon Gaeliscne andweald ofer Peohtland and Norþhymbre;<ref name="r22" /> Sanct Columba, on Īe on þǣm 6an ġēarhundrede, wæs ān þǣra ǣrestena.<ref name="r21" /> Wīcingas hergodon fram þǣm 8an ġēarhundrede and sōhton þēowlingas, dēore þing, and ofer eall land; hīe ġesǣton ǣrest on norþwestdǣle, siþþan be manigum strandum. Ealdnorrǣn spræc ġenam Peohtiscre spræce stede on þǣm Norþīeglandum.<ref name="r31">"What makes Shetland, Shetland?", Shetland.org, 18 December 2021, https://www.shetland.org/blog/what-makes-shetland-shetland</ref> On þǣm 9an ġēarhundrede, under Norþmanna þrēate, ġenam sē Gael Cenneþ 1 (Cináed mac Ailpín) anweald ofer Peohtland and onstealde þā cynelican mǣġþe, of þǣre þā nūlican cyningas cumaþ.<ref name="r22" /><ref name="r32">Brown, Dauvit, "The Oxford Companion to Scottish History", 2001, p. 359, ISBN 978-0-19-211696-3</ref> His cynerīċe, Alba, wæs Gaelisc on ġecynde; Peohtisc spræc ġewāt be þǣm ende þæs 10an ġēarhundredes, þā þā hire sprecan tō Gaelisce wendon.<ref name="r22" /> Of his stōwe betwux Forth and Spey ġebrǣdde Alba hit sūþ on þæt ǣrre Norþhymbraland and norþ on Moray. Ymbe þæt ġēar 1000 wæs sēo eorþtilþ ġegaderod and þā ǣrestan burga ġetimbrode.<ref name="r22" /> [[File:Great Window, Parliament Hall, Edinburgh.JPG|thumb|Iacob 5 Scotlandes æt þǣm Hēahdōmhūse on þǣm ġēare 1532, on þǣm Þinghūse on Eadenburge, Þinge Scotlandes oþ þæt ġēar 1707]] On þǣm 12an–13an ġēarhundrede wæs sē mǣsta dǣl Scotlandes under ānum wealdende. Incuman of Franclande, Englalande, and Flandran ġemǣnigfealdodon þone ġemǣnscipe, Scottisc ongann Gaelisce stede niman, and þēodrīċe ārās; ġewinn wiþ Englaland ġetimbrode siþþan þēodlic ġewitt.<ref name="r33">Stringer, Keith, "Scotland: A History", 2005, ISBN 9780199601646</ref><ref name="r34">Barrell, A. D. M., "Medieval Scotland", 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-58602-3</ref> Dauid 1 (1124–1153) and his æfterfylgendas ġegaderodon cynelice miht and ġenāmon Moray, Galloway, and Caithness, ac nā þā Hebrides, þe mǣġþa hēoldon æfter Somerledes dēaþe on þǣm ġēare 1164.<ref name="r33" /> On þǣm Scottisc-Norþweġiscan ġewinne on þǣm ġēare 1266, æfter Haconnes 4 wīghryre æt þǣm ġefeohte æt Largs, ġewann Scotland eft þā Hebrides,<ref name="r35">theorkneynews, "The Battle of Largs #OnThisDay", The Orkney News, 1 October 2022, https://theorkneynews.scot/2022/10/02/the-battle-of-largs-onthisday/</ref> þe wǣron under Norþweġiscum anwealde ymbe 400 ġēara and hæfdon Norrǣnne-Gaeliscne þēaw; Norrǣnu word cōmon on þā Gaeliscan spræce þǣra īegbūendra, and þā Norþmenn wǣron ġemengede on þā mǣġþa. Scotland andette Norþweġes anweald ofer þǣm Norþīeglandum, þe cōmon tō Scotlande on þǣm 15an ġēarhundrede; þǣr lifode sēo Norn spræc lenġ and wende þā Scottiscan cwidas on Hjaltlande and Orcanēġe.<ref name="r36">Petrie, Calum, "Spikkin Scandinavian: The similarity between Scots and Nordic tongues", Press and Journal, 7 November 2021, https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/education/schools/3652656/similarity-between-scots-nordic/</ref> Sēo lēnġetimbrung wæs ġetrymed; land wæs ġiefen Englisc-Normaniscum incumum and Gaeliscum heretogum for cynelicre þēnunge.<ref name="r33" /> Scottisce cyningas notodon hwīlum Englisce unstilnesse; 1217–1296 wæs sēo lenġeste sibb betwux þǣm twǣm cynerīcum on þǣre middelylde. === Ġewinn for Scotlandes Mundbyrdnesse === [[File:The Battle of Stirling Bridge.jpg|thumb|Mǣl þæs ġefeohtes æt Stirling Brycge, ġefohten on þǣm ǣrestan ġewinne for Scotlandes mundbyrdnesse, 1297]] Alexandres 3 dēaþ on Hrēþmōnþe 1286 ġeendode þā cynelican mǣġþe. Ēadweard 1 Englalandes dēmde betwux þǣm, þe þæt cynesetl ġīrndon; Iohannes Balliol wearþ cyning on þǣm ġēare 1292, æfter þǣm þe hē Scotlandes mundbyrdnesse on naman āġeaf.<ref name="r33" /><ref name="r37">National Archives, "Scotland Conquered, 1174–1296", http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/conquered.htm</ref> On þǣm ġēare 1294 forsōcon Balliol and ōþre hlāfordas Ēadwearde tō þēowienne wiþ Francland; on þǣm 23an dæġe Winterfylleþes 1295 ġeworhton Scotland and Francland þone Ealdan Þoftscipe. Ēadweard āwearp Iohannes and wēold Scotlande self.<ref name="r38">National Archives of the United Kingdom, "Scotland Regained, 1297–1328", http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/regained.htm</ref> Andreas Moray and Willelm Wallace lǣddon þæt wiþstandan, oþ þæt Rodbeorht Bruce wæs ġecynehelmod on þǣm ġēare 1306.<ref name="r39">Murison, A. F., "King Robert the Bruce", 1899, p. 30, ISBN 978-1-4179-1494-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=iMEMc45g9s8C</ref> Sige æt Bannockburn on þǣm ġēare 1314 āġeaf Scottum heora anweald. On þǣm ġēare 1320 ġewann þæt Forþspell æt Arbroath, þæt ǣreste ġewritene forþspell mundbyrdnesse on worulde, þæs Pāpan Iohannes 22 fultum and lǣdde tō Englisce andetnesse Scotlandes ānwealdes.<ref name="r40">Brown, Michael, "Scotland: A History", 2005, ISBN 9780199601646</ref> Inġewinn betwux Bruces mǣġþe and þǣm hīredum Comyn and Balliol dūrode oþ þone middan 14an ġēarhundredes. Dauid 2 swealt būtan ierfan; his healfnefa Rodbeorht 2, sē Hēahstīweard, onstealde Stīwardes hīred,<ref name="r40" /> þe rīcsode þā ōþre middelylde. Wela wēox fram þǣm lætran 14an ġēarhundrede þurh þā Scottiscan Edcennunge oþ þā Ednīwunge þǣre ċiriċan,<ref name="r41">Mason, Roger, "Scotland: A History", 2005, ISBN 9780199601646</ref> þēah þe sē Sweart Dēaþ (1349) wǣre and sē tōdǣl betwux Hēahlande and Niþerlande wēox; friþa ġelȳtlodon þæt ġewinn on þǣre mearce.<ref name="r40" /> === Ġeānung þǣra Cynehelma === [[File:Adam de Colone (c.1572-1651) - James VI and I (1566–1625), King of Scotland (1567–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625) - PG 2172 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|Iacob 6, Scotlandes cyning, fēng tō þǣm Engliscan and Īriscan cynesetlum on þǣm ġēare 1603.]] Iacob 4 Scotlandes and Henriċ 7 Englalandes ġeworhton þā Foreweard Ēċre Sibbe on þǣm ġēare 1502; Iacob ǣwnode Henrices dohtor Margarete Tudor.<ref name="r42">BBC, "James IV, King of Scots 1488–1513", https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/james_iv/</ref> Iacob fōr on Englaland Franclande tō fultume under þǣm Ealdan Þoftscipe and swealt æt Flodden on þǣm ġēare 1513, sē lætesta cyning on Mǣran Brytene, þe on ġefeohte ofslæġen wæs.<ref name="r43">"Battle of Flodden, (Sept.&nbsp;9, 1513)", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 September 2023, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210431/Battle-of-Flodden</ref> Þæt ġewinn wiþ Englaland on 1543–1551, on Marian ġeoguþe, Scotta Cwēne, man hǣt þā Rūhan Wōgunge.<ref name="r44">Marcus Merriman, ''The Rough Wooings'' (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000), p. 6.</ref> Sēo Foreweard æt Eadenburge (1560) ġeendode þæt ymbsetl æt Leith and andette þā Ednīwiendlican Elizabeth 1 swā Englalandes cwēne.<ref name="r41" /> Þæt Þing Scotlandes underfēng þā Scottiscan Andetnesse and bræc fram þæs Pāpan anwealde (Scottisc Ednīwung).<ref name="r21" /> Sēo Pāpisce Maria wæs ġenȳdd hire rīċe tō forlǣtenne on þǣm ġēare 1567.<ref name="r45">The National Archives of the United Kingdom, "Religion, Marriage and Power in Scotland, 1503–1603", http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/religion.htm</ref> On þǣm ġēare 1603 fēng Iacob 6 tō þǣm cynesetlum Englalandes and Īralandes (Ġeānung þǣra Cynehelma) and fērde tō Lundene.<ref name="r46">Ross, David, "Chronology of Scottish History", 2002, p. 56, ISBN 978-1-85534-380-1</ref> Þā cynerīċu hēoldon āsundrode þing, ǣ, and ġesetnessa. Iacob hēt þone ǣrestan Ġeānunge Fanan ġewyrcan. His ġeþeaht for ānum Cynerīċe Mǣran Brytene ne spēow: þæt Englisce Þing bæd fulle ġeānunge on ǣ, and þæt Scottisce Þing hīe forsōc.<ref name="r47">"On this Day: 21 November 1606: The proposed union between England and Scotland | History of Parliament Online", www.historyofparliamentonline.org, https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/periods/stuarts/day-21-november-1606-proposed-union-between-england-and-scotland {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125101617/https://historyofparliamentonline.org/periods/stuarts/day-21-november-1606-proposed-union-between-england-and-scotland |date=2020-11-25 }}</ref> Būtan under þǣm Mundbyrdhāde wunode Scotland āsundrod rīċe on þǣm 17an ġēarhundrede, mid ġewinne betwux þǣm cynehelme and þǣm Wǣrgewyrhtum ymbe þā ċiriċan wealdnesse.<ref name="r48">Wormald, Jenny, "Scotland: A History", 2005, ISBN 9780199601646</ref> Strengre fierd sette cynelicne anweald ofer þā westlican mǣġþa þæs Hēahlandes; þā Ġesetnessa æt Īe (1609) nȳddon þā heafodmenn þǣra mǣġþa on þǣm Hebridum tō þēawlicre ġeānunge.<ref name="r49">Devine, T M, "The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600–1900", 2018, ISBN 978-0241304105</ref> On 1641 and 1643 sōhte þæt Scottisce Þing "ġefērlǣcende", nā "inlīcende", ġeānunge mid Englalande, būtan spēde; sēo ġeānung tōdǣlde þæt þing on þǣm ġēare 1648.<ref name="r50">"BBC – History – British History in depth: Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom", www.bbc.co.uk, https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/acts_of_union_01.shtml</ref> Æfter þǣm þe sē cyning wæs ācweald æt Whitehall on þǣm ġēare 1649, on þǣm Ġewinnum þǣra Þrēora Cynerīca, sette Oliver Cromwell þæt Rīċewealdes Ġewrit, þā ǣrestan ġewritenan grundlage þǣra Brittiscra Īegland, ofer Scotland on þǣm ġēare 1652 swā dǣl þæs Ġemǣnan Weles Englalandes, Scotlandes, and Īralandes.<ref name="r50" /> Þæt Þing þæs Mundbyrdhādes wæs þæt ǣreste Westmynstres þing mid Scottiscum þingmannum on naman. Sē cynedōm þǣra Stīwarda cōm eft on þǣm ġēare 1660. Ōþre ġeþeaht be ġeānunge ne spēowon: Scottisc cēapġeānung (1664, forsacen 1668); Englisce forsacunga on 1670, 1674, and 1685; Scottisc forsacung on 1689.<ref name="r50" /> Iacobiscnes, fultum þǣm ūtādrǣfdum Pāpiscum Stīwardum, þrēade þæt Ednīwiendlice Brittisce rīċe oþ þone wīghryre þæs ūpastīġes on þǣm ġēare 1745.<ref name="r50" /> On þǣm ġēare 1698 cunnode sēo Scotlandes Ġesīþscipe cēaplandbūnesse tō onstellenne on þǣm Landswiran æt Panama, þæt Darienes ġeþeaht, on þæt fēoh lēde nēah ǣlc landhlāford, þe fēoh tō lāfe hæfde.<ref name="r51">Scottish Affairs, "Why did the Scottish parliament accept the Treaty of Union?", http://www.scottishaffairs.org/backiss/pdfs/sa52/Sa52_Scott.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003123611/http://www.scottishaffairs.org/backiss/pdfs/sa52/Sa52_Scott.pdf |date=2011-10-03 }}</ref><ref name="r52">Scottish Historical Society, "Popular Opposition to the Ratification of the Treaty of Anglo-Scottish Union in 1706–7", scottishhistorysociety.com, https://scottishhistorysociety.com/popular-opposition-to-the-ratification-of-the-treaty-of-anglo-scottish-union-in-1706-7</ref> === Foreweard þǣre Ġeānunge === [[File:Treaty of Union.jpg|thumb|Scottisc ambihtlic bȳsen þǣre Forewearde þǣre Ġeānunge 1707]] Ġeānung wæs eft forsacen on 1695, 1700, and 1702.<ref name="r50" /> Darienes misspēd ġeearmode þā landhlāfordas, þe þǣron fēoh lēdon (nā þā burga); þis, and sē þrēa Engliscre infære, nȳdde þā Scottiscan hēahmenn ġeānunge tō underfōnne.<ref name="r51" /><ref name="r52" /> Sēo Foreweard þǣre Ġeānunge wæs ġeþwǣred on þǣm 22an dæġe Mǣdmōnþes 1706; twā Ġeānunge Ǣ ġeworhton þæt Cynerīċe Mǣran Brytene fram þǣm 1an dæġe Þrimilces 1707,<ref name="r53">UK Parliament, "Act of Union 1707", www.parliament.uk, https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/#:~:text=The%20Acts%20of%20Union%2C%20passed,1%20May%20of%20that%20year.</ref> þēah þe man wiþ þǣre ġeānunge unstille wǣre on Eadenburge, Glasgowe, and elleshwǣr.<ref name="r54">Devine, T. M., "The Scottish Nation 1700–2000", 1999, p. 9, ISBN 978-0-14-023004-8</ref><ref name="r55">The House of Lords, "Act of Union 1707 Mob unrest and disorder", 2007, http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/06_03_mob.html</ref> Þæt nīwe Þing Mǣran Brytene fēng tō bēġra þinga stede and forsōc Īrisce bēna tō ġeþēodenne.<ref name="r50" /> Andreas Fletcher warnode, þæt Scotland wurde "ġelīcre oferwunnenre folcsceare";<ref name="r56">"Union of Parliaments", National Library of Scotland, https://www.nls.uk/collections/rare-books/collections/union-of-parliaments/</ref> be þǣm ġēare 1713 sōhte Iacob Ogilvy, sē 4a Eorl of Findlater, ǣr fultumiend, þæt man hīe tōbrǣce, būtan spēde.<ref name="r57">"James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Seafield, 1663 - 1730. Lord Chancellor", Nationalgalleries.org, https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/3734</ref> Þā Iacobiscan Stīwardas wǣron ġīet lēofe on þǣm Hēahlande and on norþēastdǣle, swīþost mid Pāpiscum and Biscopiscum. Þā ūpastīġas on 1715 and 1745 ne spēowon; þæt ġefeoht æt Culloden, þæt lætoste ġesette ġefeoht on Mǣran Brytene, ġeendode þone Iacobiscan þrēan. Sēo ġeānung ne brōhte nānne hrædne welan, for þǣm þe man lȳtle gȳman nam þæs Scottiscan feohġemētes.<ref name="r58">William, Rilley, Patrick, Joseph, "The Union of England and Scotland A Study in Anglo-Scottish Politics of the Eighteenth Century", 1978, p. 312, ISBN 9780719007279</ref> Hire forspecan behēton ġestrēon æfter Darienes ġeearmunge.<ref name="r56" /> Siþþan þā tollas wiþ Englaland ġeendodon, wēox sēo cēapung, swīþost mid þǣm landbūnessum on Americe; oþ þæt ġēar 1776 wæs Glasgow, mid þǣm swiftum scipum þǣra Tobaces Hlāforda, sēo forme tobaces hȳþ on worulde.<ref name="r59">Robert, Joseph C, "The Tobacco Lords: A study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Activities", The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1976, pp. 100–102</ref> Sē tōdǣl betwux þǣm weliġum cīepemannum þæs Niþerlandes and þǣm mǣġþum þæs Hēahlandes wēox. On þǣm Hēahlande wurdon þā hēafodmenn þǣra mǣġþa cēaplice landhlāfordas; þis lǣdde tō þǣm ǣrestum Hēahlandes Ǣmtiġungum and tō þǣs mǣġþdōmes ende.<ref name="r60">Devine, T M, "Clanship to Crofters' War: The social transformation of the Scottish Highlands", 1994, ISBN 978-0-7190-9076-9</ref> === Cræfta ieldu and sēo Scottisce Onlīhtung === [[File:Sir Henry Raeburn - Portrait of Sir Walter Scott.jpg|thumb|Walter Scott, þæs Waverleyes Spell hulpon Scottisce ġecynde ġetǣcnian on þǣm 19an ġēarhundrede]] Sēo Scottisce Onlīhtung and sēo Cræftlice Āwendednes ġeworhton Scotland miċelne ġeweald on ġewitte, cēapunge, and cræftum;<ref name="r61">"[http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Ec008224b/scotline2.htm Some Dates in Scottish History from 1745 to 1914] ", The University of Iowa.</ref> Voltaire cwæþ: "Wē lōciaþ tō Scotlande for eallum ūrum ġeþōhtum þǣre burhcȳste."<ref name="r62">Learning and Teaching Scotland, "Enlightenment Scotland", http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scottishenlightenment/scotland/index.asp</ref> Siþþan Iacobiscnes ġeendode, þūsenda Scotta, mǣst of þǣm Niþerlande, underfēngon ambihtas on rīċes þingum, on þēnunge, on fierde, on sǣfyrde, on cēapunge, and on landbūnessum ġeond þæt Brittisce Rīċe. Sē stǣrwrītere Neil Davidson wrīt, þæt æfter 1746 Scottisc dǣlnimung on rīċes þingum becōm "eallunga nīwre stǣpe", and þæt þæt Niþerland læġ on þǣm "cyrnele" þæs Brittiscan feohġemētes.<ref name="r63">Neil Davidson(2000), "The Origins of Scottish Nationhood", pp. 94–95</ref> Sēo Scottisce Bōte Ǣ 1832 ēacnode Scottisce þingmenn and sealde cyre mā þǣm middelhādum.<ref name="r64">T. M. Devine and R. J. Finlay, ''Scotland in the Twentieth Century'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), pp. 64–65.</ref> Fram þǣm middan 19an ġēarhundredes bǣdon menn Hāmwealdes, and þæt ambiht þæs Scotlandes Rīċesþeġnes wæs ednīwod.<ref name="r65">F. Requejo and K-J Nagel, ''Federalism Beyond Federations: Asymmetry and Processes of Re-symmetrization in Europe'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011), p. 39.</ref> Formaþeġnas of Scottiscre mǣġþe wǣron Willelm Gladstone and sē Eorl of Rosebery.<ref name="r66">R. Quinault, "Scots on Top? Tartan Power at Westminster 1707–2007", ''History Today'', 2007 57(7): 30–36. ISSN 0018-2753 Fulltext: Ebsco.</ref><ref name="r67">K. Kumar, ''The Making of English National Identity'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 183.</ref> Keir Hardies spēd on þǣm æfterċyre on Middel Lanarkscīre 1888 lǣdde tō þǣm Scottiscan Weorcmanna Flocce, sē on þǣm ġēare 1895 wearþ ġemenged on þone Frēon Weorcmanna Flocc, mid Hardie swā ǣrestum ealdre.<ref name="r68">D. Howell, ''British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), p. 144.</ref> Glasgow wearþ ān þǣra mǣstena burga on worulde, "sēo Ōþeru Burg þæs Rīċes".<ref name="r69">J. F. MacKenzie, "The second city of the Empire: Glasgow – imperial municipality", in F. Driver and D. Gilbert, eds, ''Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity'' (2003), pp. 215–223.</ref> Æfter 1860 timbrodon þā scipwyrhtan be Clyde īsene (æfter 1870 stȳlene) dȳmscipu and wurdon sē forma scipwyrhtena stede on worulde.<ref name="r70">J. Shields, ''Clyde Built: a History of Ship-Building on the River Clyde'' (1949).</ref> Hūs, burhġeþeaht, and folces hǣlu ne heoldon stæpe wiþ þǣm cræftlican wæstme; þanon cōm ġeþrang, hēah cilda dēaþ, and weaxende līċþrōwung.<ref name="r71">C. H. Lee, ''Scotland and the United Kingdom: the Economy and the Union in the Twentieth Century'' (1995), p. 43.</ref> Sēo Scottisce Onlīhtung ġeendode on þǣm lætran 18an ġēarhundrede,<ref name="r72">M. Magnusson, "Review of James Buchan, ''Capital of the Mind: how Edinburgh Changed the World''", New Statesman, 10 November 2003, http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040</ref> ac miċel Scottisc fultum tō ġewitte dūrode 50 ġēara oþþe mā, fram þǣm ġecyndlǣreowum Iacob Clerk Maxwell and Hlāford Kelvin and þǣm searowyrhtum Iacob Watt and Willelm Murdoch, þe wǣron hēafodlice þǣre Cræftlican Āwendednesse.<ref name="r73">E. Wills, ''Scottish Firsts: a Celebration of Innovation and Achievement'' (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2002).</ref> Walter Scottes ''Waverley'' (1814) man oft hǣt þæt ǣreste stǣrlice spell;<ref name="r74">K. S. Whetter, "Understanding Genre and Medieval Romance", 2008, p. 28</ref> his weorc dyde mā þonne ǣniġ ōþer tō ġetǣcnienne Scottisce þēawlice ġecynde.<ref name="r75">N. Davidson, "The Origins of Scottish Nationhood", 2000, p. 136</ref> Rodbeorht Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, J. M. Barrie, and George MacDonald begēaton woruldhlīsan on þǣm lætran 19an ġēarhundrede.<ref name="r76">"Cultural Profile: 19th and early 20th century developments", Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile, http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5402.html</ref> Sēo Glasgowes Scōl (lætre 19e – ǣrlic 20e ġēarhundred), þe mengde þā Celtiscan Edcwicunge, Cræftas and Handweorc, and Iapanisce wīsan, hulp ''Art Nouveau'' ġetǣcnian; hire forma mann wæs Carl Rennie Mackintosh.<ref name="r77">Stephan Tschudi-Madsen, ''The Art Nouveau Style: a Comprehensive Guide'' (Courier Dover, 2002), pp. 283–284.</ref> === Woruldġewinn and sēo Scotlandes Ǣ 1998 === [[File:Bagpiper Battle of Bazentin Ridge 14-07-1916 IWM Q 4012.jpg|thumb|Pīpere þǣra Seaforth Hēahlandmanna lǣdeþ þā 26an Fierdsceare of þǣm dīcum on þǣm ġefeohte æt Bazentin Hlince, Mǣdmōnaþ 1916]] On þǣm Ǣrestan Woruldġewinne ġeaf Scotland menn, scipu, searu, fixas, and fēoh.<ref name="r78">Richard J. Finlay, ''Modern Scotland 1914–2000'' (2006), pp 1–33</ref> Mid 4.8 mīlion manna on þǣm ġēare 1911 sende hit mā þonne 500,000 wera; mā þonne fēorþa dǣl swulton and 150,000 wǣron hefiġlīce ġewundode.<ref name="r79">R. A. Houston and W. W. J. Knox, eds. ''The New Penguin History of Scotland'' (2001) p 426.[https://books.google.com/books?id=VI5nAAAAMAAJ&q=casualties] Niall Ferguson points out in "The Pity of War" that the proportion of enlisted Scots who died was third highest in the war behind Serbia and Turkey and a much higher proportion than in other parts of the UK.[https://books.google.com/books?id=QrYhAQAAIAAJ&q=enlisted] [http://news.scotsman.com/worldwarone/39Savage-Scots39-wish-you-weren39t.6487746.jp]</ref> Sē Fyrdmearcealdor Sir Douglas Haig lǣdde þā Brittiscan fierda on þǣm Westlican Fyrdstede. Sēo strange "Rēade Clyde" styrung ārās, ġelǣd fram cēnum weorcgildum; þā cræftlican landdǣlas wendon fram þǣm Frēolican Flocce tō þǣm Weorcmanna Flocce be 1922, ġetimbrode on Īriscum Pāpiscum weorcmanna stōwum, mid wīfum, þe ymbe hūs þing swīþe wunnon. Sēo styrung hæfde lȳtelne þinglicne andweald and āswand be þǣm lætran 1920–1929 ġēarum.<ref name="r80">Iain McLean, ''The Legend of Red Clydeside'' (1983)</ref> On þǣm Ōþrum Woruldġewinne bærnde Þēodscland mid lyftscipum Scottisce weorchūs, scipwyrhtena stōwa, and colpyttas, on Glasgowe, Eadenburge, and burgum þæs middelbeltes.<ref name="r81">BBC, "Primary History – World War 2 – Scotland's Blitz", https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/subjects/zcw76sg</ref> Sē Clydebankes Lyftrǣs on Hrēþmōnþe 1941, wiþ þā sǣfyrde scipwyrhtan, ofslōh 528 manna and fordyde 4,000 hūsa.<ref name="r82">BBC, "Scotland's Landscape : Clydebank Blitz", https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/landscapes/clydebank_blitz/</ref> On þǣm ġēare 1941 flēah Rudolf Hess tō Renfrewscīre, wēnunga sibbe tō sēċenne þurh þone Heretogan of Hamilton.<ref name="r83">J. Leasor ''Rudolf Hess: The Uninvited Envoy'' (Kelly Bray: House of Stratus, 2001), ISBN 0-7551-0041-7, p. 15.</ref> Hē hæfde lǣfed his þeġne Karlheinz Pintsch ǣrendbōc tō Adolfe Hitlere, þe his sibbe ġeþeaht ġecȳþde; sēo wæs ġebroht tō þǣm Berghof on þǣm 11an dæġe Þrimilces.<ref name="r84">Evans, Richard J., "The Third Reich at War", 2008, ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4, p. 168</ref> Swā swā Albert Speer sæġde, hēold Hitler þone flyht for āgenne swicdōm and ān þǣra wyrstena sleġa his līfes;<ref name="r85">Sereny, Gitta, "Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth", 1996, ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8, p. 240</ref> hē ondrēd, þæt Italia and Iapan wēndon, þæt hē dīeġollīce sibbe wiþ Brytene sōhte. [[File:Opening of the Scottish Parliament, 1999.jpg|thumb|Þæt Scottisce Þing ġesamnode eft on Mǣdmōnþe 1999 mid Donald Dewar, ǣrestum ealdormenn (wynstran), and Cwēne Elizabeth 2 (on middum)]] Æfter 1945 lytlode þæt feohġemēt for ūtlandiscum ġewinne, unspēdiġum cræftum, and weorcmanna ġeflitum.<ref name="r86">Harvie, Christopher ''No Gods and Precious Few Heroes'' (Edward Arnold, 1989) pp 54–63.</ref> Edwyrpung on nīwum ġēarum cōm of feohþēnungum, līġcræftlicum searwum (Silicon Glen),<ref name="r87">Stewart, Heather, "Celtic Tiger Burns Brighter at Holyrood", The Guardian, 6 May 2007, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/may/06/scottishparliament.devolution</ref> and Norþsǣ ele and gæse.<ref name="r88">"National Planning Framework for Scotland", Gov.scot, April 2004, http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2004/04/19170/35326</ref> Margarete Thatcheres rīċeweald sette þæt Ġemǣnscipes Gafol (Hēafodgafol) on Scotlande on þǣm ġēare 1989, ān ġēar ǣr þǣm ōþrum dǣle Mǣran Brytene,<ref name="r89">Torrance, David, "Modern myth of a poll tax test-bed lives on", The Scotsman, 30 March 2009, http://www.scotsman.com/news/david-torrance-modern-myth-of-a-poll-tax-test-bed-lives-on-1-1031968</ref> and þæt fēdde þā styrunge for Scottiscum selfwealde.<ref name="r90">"The poll tax in Scotland 20 years on", BBC News, 1 April 2009, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7976782.stm</ref> On þǣm 21an dæġe Ǣrra Ġēolan 1988 tōbærst Pan Am Lyftscip 103 ofer Lockerbie and ofslōh ealle on borde and 11 būendra; þæt is ġīet sē dēadlicosta ōgaþrēa onrǣs on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r91">"Lockerbie tragedy: 35th anniversary of the bombing of Pan Am flight 103", Sky News, https://news.sky.com/story/lockerbie-tragedy-35th-anniversary-of-the-bombing-of-pan-am-flight-103-13033448</ref> Æfter þǣre folcāscunge be ġedǣledum mihtum on þǣm ġēare 1997 ġeworhte sēo Scotlandes Ǣ 1998<ref name="r92">[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts1998/ukpga_19980046_en_1 "Scotland Act 1998"] , Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 22 April 2008.</ref> ġedǣled Scottisc Þing and Scottiscne Rīċeweald, þe healdaþ þā mǣstan ǣ, þe Scotlande synderlīce belimpaþ.<ref name="r93">"Devolution > Scottish responsibilities", Scottish Government, http://www.gov.scot/About/Factfile/18060/11552</ref> Þæt Þing ġesamnode eft on Eadenburge on þǣm 4an dæġe Mǣdmōnþes 1999.<ref name="r94">"Special Report &#124; 1999 &#124; 06/99 &#124; Scottish Parliament opening &#124; Scotland's day of history", BBC News, 4 July 1999, https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/06/99/scottish_parliament_opening/382490.stm</ref> Sē ǣresta ǣresta ealdormann, Donald Dewar, þēnode oþ his fǣrlicne dēaþ on þǣm ġēare 2000.<ref name="r95">"Donald Dewar dies after fall", The Independent, 11 October 2000, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/donald-dewar-dies-after-fall-634695.html</ref> === Þæt 21e ġēarhundred === [[File:Signing of the Edinburgh Agreement, 2012.jpg|thumb|Sēo awritung þǣre Eadenburges Forewearde lȳfde folcāscunge be mundbyrdnesse on þǣm ġēare 2014]] Þæt Scottisce Þinghūs æt Holyrood wæs ġeopenod on Winterfylleþe 2004, late and ofer þæt ġeteohhode fēoh.<ref name="r96">"UK &#124; Scotland &#124; Guide to opening of Scottish Parliament", BBC News, 6 October 2004, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3719396.stm</ref> Under þǣm ēacan þingmanna cyre ne ġewann nān flocc þone mǣstan dǣl on þǣm 3 ǣrestum cyrum. Sē Scottisca Þēodlica Flocc (SNP), for mundbyrdnesse, under Alex Salmond ġewann þone mǣstan dǣl on þǣm ġēare 2011, 69 of 129 setla,<ref name="r97">Carrell, Severin, "Salmond hails 'historic' victory as SNP secures Holyrood's first ever majority &#124; Politics", The Guardian, 6 May 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/may/06/scottish-elections-salmond-historic-victory-snp</ref> and þæt lǣdde tō þǣre folcāscunge be mundbyrdnesse on Hāligmōnþe 2014, on þǣre 55% "nā" curon.<ref name="r98">"Scottish independence referendum – Results", BBC News, 19 September 2014, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results</ref> Æfter sprǣcum ealra flocca on þǣm Smithes Ġemōte wǣron mā mihta, swīþost ymbe gafol, ġedǣlede. Brytenes ūtgang of þǣre Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge, þone sē mǣsta dǣl Scottiscra cēosendra wiþsōc, lǣdde tō bēnum for ōþerre folcāscunge. On þǣm ġēare 2022 sæġde sēo Hlāfdīġe Forspeca Dorothy Bain, þæt sē Scottisca Rīċeweald mihte āne healdan; sē Hēhsta Dōm dēmde onġēan.<ref name="r99">"Supreme court rules against Scottish parliament holding new independence referendum", The Guardian, 23 November 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/nov/23/scottish-independence-supreme-court-scottish-parliament-second-referendum-indyref2</ref> Sē Scottisca Rīċeweald sōhte siþþan þā Scotlandes Ǣ 1998 tō wendenne, þæt hēo folcāscunge lȳfde.<ref name="r100">Brown, Faye, "SNP reveals new plan to secure indyref2 without Westminster backing", Sky News, 14 December 2022, https://news.sky.com/story/snp-reveals-new-plan-to-secure-indyref2-without-westminster-backing-12767700</ref><ref name="r101">Torrance, David, "Scottish independence referendum: legal issues", House of Commons Library, 18 February 2025, https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9104/</ref> On þǣm 14an dæġe Hāligmōnþes 2026 āwrāt sē ǣresta ealdormann John Swinney ġewrit ġeþwǣrnesse mid þǣm ǣrestum ealdormannum Wēala and Norþīralandes, þe bæd æfterlicre folcāscunge be mundbyrdnesse; hē hit nemnde "hwerfende tīd on þǣre fōre þǣre grundlage".<ref name="r102">"Westminster coming to an end, say Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish leaders", BBC News, 13 September 2026, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c62enegxyl9o</ref> == Landgemǣre == [[File:Corpach Basin - geograph.org.uk - 5757851.jpg|thumb|Mid 4,413 fōta (1,345 m) is Ben Nevis sē hēhsta beorg on Scotlande and on þǣm Brittiscum Īeglandum]] Þæt fæstland Scotlandes is sē norþlica þridda dǣl Mǣran Brytene, be norþwestan þǣm Eurōpiscan fæstlande. Eall brādnes 80,231 km², landes brādnes 77,901 km²,<ref name="r103">Office for National Statistics, "Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK", Open Geography Portal, 31 May 2024, https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about</ref> ġelīc þǣm Ċeċiscan Folcrīċe. His āne landmearc, wiþ Englaland, līþ 96 mīla fram þǣm dene þǣre ēa Tweed on ēasthealfe tō þǣm Solway Sǣearme on westhealfe. Sē Atlantisca Gārsecg līþ on westhealfe and sēo Norþsǣ on ēasthealfe. Īraland is 21 km fram þǣm næsse Kintyre;<ref name="r104">[http://www.britannica.com/place/North-Channel-strait North Channel] , Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</ref> Norþweġ is 305 km on norþēasthealfe and þā Færēġ 270 km on norþhealfe. Scotlandes ġemǣru wǣron mǣst ġesette þurh þā Forewearde æt Eoforwīce mid Englalande (1237)<ref name="r37" /> and þā Forewearde æt Perth mid Norþweġe (1266).<ref name="r6" /> Būtan þissum: Manīeġ, forloren tō Englalande on þǣm 14an ġēarhundrede and nū cynehelmes underþēodnes; Orcanēġ and Hjaltland, begieten of Norþweġe on þǣm ġēare 1472;<ref name="r105">''Whitaker's Almanack'' (1991) London. J. Whitaker and Sons.</ref> and Berwick be Tweed, āġiefen Englalande on þǣm ġēare 1482.<ref name="r106">Ellis, Steven G., "The Making of the British Isles", 15 July 2014, p. 30, ISBN 978-1-317-90050-4</ref> Sē landmiddel is nēah Newtonmore on Badenoch.<ref name="r107">See [http://www.newtonmore.com/our-community/centre-of-scotland.html "Centre of Scotland"] Newtonmore.com. Retrieved 7 September 2012.</ref> Sēo hēhste stōw is Ben Nevis (1,345 m) on Lochaber; sēo lenġeste ēa is Tay (188 km).<ref name="r1" /> === Īegland === [[File:South over the Quiraing, Isle of Skye - 2.jpg|thumb|Sē Quiraing on Skye, ānum þǣra īegland þǣra Inrena Hebrida]] Scotland hæfþ ymbe 900 īegland, of þǣm ymbe 118 sind bewunode,<ref name="r108">"Facts and figures about Scotland's sea area (coastline length, sea area in sq kms) | marine.gov.scot", marine.gov.scot, https://marine.gov.scot/data/facts-and-figures-about-scotlands-sea-area-coastline-length-sea-area-sq-kms</ref> on 4 hēafodflocca: Hjaltland, Orcanēġ, þā Inran Hebrides, and þā Ūtran Hebrides. Hit hæfþ þā mǣstan miclan īegland þǣra Brittiscra Īegland: 71 of 5 km² oþþe mā.<ref name="r109">"Britain's largest islands | Blog | OS", Ordnance Survey, 28 June 2018, https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/britains-largest-islands</ref> Þā mǣstan sind Lewis and Harris, Skye, Hjaltlandes Fæstland, and Mull.<ref name="r109" /> Arran, Bute, Sūþ Uist, Islay, and Miċel Cumbrae habbaþ ǣlc 1,300–6,400 būendra.<ref name="r110">"5 Exploring individual factors: population, local amenities, and ferry connections", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-islands-typology-overview-2024/pages/7/</ref> Unbewunod Ailsa Craig, be Sūþ Ayrscīre, ġiefþ þone stān for þǣm stānum þæs ''curling'' plegan.<ref name="r111">"Ailsa Craig: Asking price reduced in Irish Sea island sale", BBC News, 21 March 2013, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-21878099</ref> Hjaltland and Orcanēġ, Scottisc siþþan 1472, healdaþ dǣlas heora āgnes þēawes and ġecyndes. Iacob 3 Scotlandes beġeat hīe, þā þā Crīstian 1 Denemearce hīe forlēt.<ref name="r112">"550 Years Ago: how Shetland became part of Scotland - part 2", Shetland Museum & Archives, 14 February 2022, https://www.shetlandmuseumandarchives.org.uk/blog/550-years-ago-how-shetland-became-part-of-scotland-part-2</ref> Ǣġþer hæfþ āgen ġemōt and is ān þǣra 32 landscīra Scotlandes.<ref name="r113">"Organisations", www.mygov.scot, https://www.mygov.scot/organisations</ref> Sē lȳtla clūd Rockall on þǣm Norþatlantiscan Gārsecge wæs ġecȳþed Scottisc þurh þā Īeglandes Rockall Ǣ 1972;<ref name="r114">BBC News, "On This Day: 21 September", 21 September 1955, https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_4582000/4582327.stm</ref><ref name="r115">"House of Lords Hansard", 24 June 1997, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970624/text/70624-02.htm</ref> Īraland, Denemearc, and Īsland wiþsacaþ þǣre ġīrnesse, þe on ūtlandiscre ǣ wēnunga ne stent.<ref name="r116">Dáil Éireann, "Oral Questions to the Minister of Foreign Affairs", Official Report of the Parliamentary Debates of the Houses of the Oireachtas, 1 November 1973, http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0268/D.0268.197311010090.html</ref><ref name="r117">MacDonald (2006) pp. 627–647.</ref> === Eorþlǣr and landes hīw === [[File:Arthur's Seat seen from the Pentlands - geograph.org.uk - 7138235.jpg|thumb|Arthures Setl, Eadenburg]] Eall Scotland wæs under īsweallum on þǣre Pleistocēnan tīde, and īs scōp þæt landes hīw. Þǣr sind 3 eorþlǣre tōdǣlas: þæt Hēahland and þā Īegland, þæt Middel Niþerland, and þā Sūþdūna. Þæt Hēahland and þā Īegland licgaþ be norþan and be westan þǣm Hēahlandes Mearcbryċe (fram Arran tō Stonehaven). Hīe sind mǣst Cambrisc and ǣrcambrisc stān, āhafen on þǣre Caledoniscan beorgcenninge, mid ġingran fȳrstānum, þe ġeworhton beorghēapas swā swā Cairngorms and Cuillin.<ref name="r118">"Hebrides – Scottish Geology Trust", https://www.scottishgeologytrust.org/geology/scotlands-geology/regional-geology/hebrides/</ref> On norþēastdǣle scōp sēo forwēornes ǣr þǣre Lætestan Īsieldu miċelne dǣl þæs landes.<ref name="r119">Hall, Adian M., "Deep weathering patterns in north-east Scotland and their geomorphological significance", Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 1986, pp. 407–422</ref> Sē Ealda Rēada Sandstān be Moray Sǣearme, mid stǣnenum lāfum dēora, is būtan þǣre rǣwe. Þæt Hēahland hæfþ þā hēhstan beorgas þǣra Brittiscra Īegland and meras swā swā Loch Lomond and Loch Ness; dǣlas þæs strandes sind ''machair'', nīþerlicu sandlǣs. Þæt Middel Niþerland is tōbrocen dene of Paleozōiscum stānum, mid þǣm cole and īsene, þe fēddon þā cræftlican āwendednesse. Ealde fȳrbeorgas lǣfdon Arthures Setl on Eadenburge. Þæt land is nīþerlic, mid hyllum swā swā Ochils and Campsie Fells. Þā Sūþdūna sind rǣw hylla nēah 200 km lang mid brādum denum, be sūþan þǣm Sūþdūna Mearcbryċe (fram Girvan tō Dunbar).<ref name="r120">Tiscali.co.uk, "Southern Uplands", 16 November 1990, http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0029160.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041128062644/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0029160.html |date=2004-11-28 }}</ref><ref name="r121">BBC, "Education Scotland – Standard Grade Bitesize Revision – Ask a Teacher – Geography – Physical – Question From PN", http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/standard/other/sos/geography/physical/answerphysical_59.shtml</ref><ref name="r122">Intheknowtraveler.com, "Scotland Today " ITKT", 28 December 2006, http://www.intheknowtraveler.com/1144 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106204251/http://www.intheknowtraveler.com/1144 |date=2007-01-06 }}</ref> Hīe sind mǣst Silurisc lāf, 400–500 mīlion ġēara eald. Sēo hēhste stōw is Merrick (843 m).<ref name="r5" /><ref name="r123">Murray, W.H. (1973) ''The Islands of Western Scotland''. London. Eyre Methuen ISBN 978-0-413-30380-6</ref><ref name="r124">Murray, W.H. (1968) ''The Companion Guide to the West Highlands of Scotland''. London. Collins. ISBN 0-00-211135-7</ref><ref name="r125">Johnstone, Scott ''et al.'' (1990) ''The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills''. Edinburgh. Scottish Mountaineering Trust. Page 9.</ref> Wanlockhead (430 m) is þæt hēhste þorp Scotlandes.<ref name="r122" /> === Weder === [[File:The beach below Balevullin - geograph.org.uk - 4480551.jpg|thumb|Tiree on þǣm Inrum Hebridum is ān þǣra sunnigostena stōwa on Scotlande.]] Sē mǣsta dǣl Scotlandes hæfþ ġemetlic, gārsecglic, and swīþe wendendlic weder. Sē Gulf Strēam ġiefþ mildran wintras ac ċēlran, wǣtran sumoras þonne stōwum on ġelīcre brǣdu, swā swā Labrador, sūþdǣl Scedelandes, sēo landscīr ymbe Moscuwe, and Kamchatka. Sēo hǣtu is lǣsse þonne on þǣm ōþrum dǣle þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes. Sēo lǣste hǣtu þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes, −27.2 °C, wæs ġemeten æt Braemar on þǣm 11an dæġe Solmōnþes 1895, and eft æt Braemar on þǣm 10an dæġe Æfterran Ġēolan 1982 and æt Altnaharra on þǣm 30an dæġe Ǣrran Ġēolan 1995.<ref name="r126">BBC Weather, "UK Records", http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/uk_records.shtml</ref> Þā hēhstan wintres hǣtu sind on midle 6 °C on þǣm niþerlande, sumores 18 °C. Sēo mǣste hǣtu is 34.8 °C æt Charterhall, Scottisc Mearcland, on þǣm 19an dæġe Mǣdmōnþes 2022.<ref name="r127">"Scotland's record temperature of 34.8C at Charterhall confirmed", 28 July 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-62334687</ref> Sē westdǣl is ġewunelīce wearmra þonne sē ēastdǣl, for þǣm Atlantiscum strēamum and þǣre ċēlran Norþsǣ. Tiree is ān þǣra sunnigostena stōwa, mid mā þonne 300 tīdum sunnan on Þrimilce 1975.<ref name="r128">Met Office, "Weather extremes", http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes</ref> Þæt westlice Hēahland is wǣtost, mā þonne 3000 mm on ġēare on sumum stōwum;<ref name="r129">"Western Scotland: climate", http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws</ref> miċel dǣl þæs niþerlandes underfēhþ lǣs þonne 800 mm.<ref name="r130">"Eastern Scotland: climate", http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/es</ref> Hefiġ snāw is seldsiene on þǣm Niþerlande and wexþ mid hēahnesse: Braemar hæfþ on midle 59 snāwdagas on ġēare,<ref name="r131">BBC, "Scottish Weather Part One", http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/scotland_01.shtml</ref> maniġ strand lǣs þonne 10 dagas liċġendes snāwes.<ref name="r130" /> Wederġecyndes wending slēhþ Scotland hearde: 3 stæpas woruldlicre wearmunge mihton ġecostian oþ 8% þæs ġeares wæstmes þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes be 2070. Scotland ġelȳtlode his ġlæshūses lyfte ūtsendunge be 51.3% betwux 1990 and 2023. His wederġecyndes ġeþeaht on þǣm ġēare 2026 sēcþ carbonlēasnesse be 2045, carbonlēase hūses hǣtunge be 2045, 21% landes under wudu be 2032, and edstaþelunge þǣra mōra.<ref name="r132">"Scotland's Climate Change Plan: 2026 – 2040 & Annexes", Scottish Government, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-climate-change-plan-2026-2040-annexes/</ref><ref name="r133">"Scotland's Climate Change Plan: 2026 – 2040 & Annexes - Introduction", Scottish Government, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-climate-change-plan-2026-2040-annexes/pages/2/</ref><ref name="r134">"Climate Change Plan published", March 2026, https://nen.press/climate-change-plan-published/</ref> === Wyrta and dēor === [[File:White-tailed eagle in flight at Falkenhof Schloss Rosenburg.jpg|thumb|Hwītsteort sǣearn]] Scotlandes wilde dēor sind ġelīc þǣm on norþwestdǣle Eurōpe; sē lox, sē brūna bera, sē wulf, sē elh, and sē horshwæl wǣron āhuntode oþ dēaþ on stǣrlicum tīdum. Þǣr sind miċele flocca seolha and miċele sǣfugla stōwa, swā swā ganota.<ref name="r135">Fraser Darling, F. & Boyd, J. M. (1969) ''Natural History in the Highlands and Islands.'' London. Bloomsbury.</ref> Sē gylden earn is þēodlic tācen.<ref name="r136">Benvie, Neil (2004) ''Scotland's Wildlife''. London. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-978-2 p. 12.</ref> On hēahum beorgum wendaþ sē rjúpa, sē beorghara, and sē hearma hwīte on wintra.<ref name="r137">[http://www.cairngorms.co.uk/resource/docs/publications/CNPA.Paper.225.State%20of%20the%20Park%20Report%20-%20Chapter%202%20Natural%20Resources.pdf "State of the Park Report. Chapter 2: Natural Resources"] (pdf) (2006) Cairngorms National Park Authority. Retrieved 14 October 2007.</ref> Lāfa þæs inlendiscan Scottiscan furhwuda<ref name="r138">Preston, C. D., Pearman, D. A., & Dines, T. D. (2002) ''New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora''. Oxford University Press.</ref> healdaþ þone Scottiscan crūcbile (þone ānne inlendiscan fugol and bānlēod þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes), þone wudu-hǣþcoc, þā Scottiscan wildan catte, þā rēadan ācweorran, and þone furhmeard.<ref name="r139">Gooders, J. (1994) ''Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Ireland''. London. Kingfisher.</ref><ref name="r140">Matthews, L. H. (1968) ''British Mammals''. London. Bloomsbury.</ref><ref name="r141">WM Adams, "Future nature:a vision for conservation", 2003, p. 30, ISBN 978-1-85383-998-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=kxlN8YJQWQsC&q=future+nature:+a+vision+for+conservation</ref> Sē hwītsteort earn (1975) and sēo rēade glida (1980–1989) wǣron eft ingelǣdde;<ref name="r142">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110420032140/http://www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/projects/details/274707-east-scotland-sea-eagles-esse "East Scotland Sea Eagles"] RSPB. Retrieved 3 January 2014.</ref><ref name="r143">Ross, John, "Mass slaughter of the red kites", The Scotsman, 29 December 2006</ref> befor and wilde eofor, ǣrest on cunnunge ālȳsde, sind nū wīde. Sē mǣsta dǣl þæs lāfan Caledoniscan Wuda is on þǣm Cairngorms Þēodlican Landparruce, mid lāfum on 84 stōwum. Seldsiene lāfa Celtisces Reġnwuda libbaþ on þǣm westrīman, swīþost on þǣm næsse Taynish on Argyll, æfter ġēarhundredum wudufyllinge.<ref name="r144">Ross, David (26 November 2009) "Wild Boar: our new eco warriors" ''The Herald.'' Glasgow.</ref><ref name="r145">"Beavers return after 400-year gap", BBC News, 29 May 2009, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/glasgow_and_west/8072443.stm</ref> Scotland is on þǣm nīþemestan 15% landa on þǣre Ġetæle Ansundnesse Līfes.<ref name="r146">"NatureScot Research Report 1309 - Understanding the Indirect Drivers of Biodiversity Loss in Scotland &#124; NatureScot", www.nature.scot, 31 August 2023, https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-1309-understanding-indirect-drivers-biodiversity-loss-scotland</ref><ref name="r147">"How does Scotland's biodiversity measure up?", SPICe Spotlight &#124; Solas air SPICe, 4 June 2021, https://spice-spotlight.scot/2021/06/04/how-does-scotlands-biodiversity-measure-up/</ref> Þā wyrta habbaþ lēaffeallende and hnyttberende wudu, mōras, and cealdlandes cynn. Cēaplic wudutilþ and mōras, ġehealdene for scēapum, hēortes huntoþe, and drifenre mōrhenna scēotunge, wendaþ þā inlendiscan cynn.<ref name="r148">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191004122226/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.382.9320&rep=rep1&type=pdf Integrated Upland Management for Wildlife, Field Sports, Agriculture & Public Enjoyment]'' (pdf) (September 1999) Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 14 October 2007.</ref> Þæt hēhste trēow þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes is miċel æbs, ġeplanted be Loch Fyne, Argyll, on þǣm 1870–1879 ġēarum; sē Fortingalles Īw mæġ bēon 5,000 ġēara eald, wēnunga þæt ieldeste libbende þing on Eurōpe.<ref name="r149">Forestry and Land Scotland, "Yew", www.forestryandland.gov.scot, https://forestryandland.gov.scot/learn/trees/yew</ref><ref name="r150">Forestry Commission, "Scotland remains home to Britain's tallest tree as Dughall Mor reaches new heights", http://www.forestry.gov.uk/newsrele.nsf/WebPressReleases/3EEE4838BED1F155802570D8003965E9 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003182505/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/newsrele.nsf/WebPressReleases/3EEE4838BED1F155802570D8003965E9 |date=2012-10-03 }}</ref><ref name="r151">Copping, Jasper (4 June 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607184948/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/countryside/8557126/Britains-record-breaking-trees-identified.html "Britain's record-breaking trees identified"] London. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</ref> Inlendisce ǣdrewyrta sind fēawe æfter woruldmǣþe, ac Scotlandes mēos is woruldmiċel.<ref name="r152">"Why Scotland has so many mosses and liverworts", Snh.org.uk, http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/naturallyscottish/mossesliverworts/whyscotland.asp</ref><ref name="r153">"Bryology (mosses, liverworts and hornworts)", Rbge.org.uk, http://www.rbge.org.uk/science/cryptogamic-plants-and-fungi/bryology</ref> == Ealdordōm and þinglic rīċe == [[File:King Charles III (July 2023).jpg|thumb|Cyning Carl 3, Cyning siþþan 2022]] Scotland is dǣl þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes, cynedōmes on ǣ, þæs brego is Carl 3.<ref name="r154">"Scotland marks the Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla", royal.uk, 5 July 2023, https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2023-07-05/scotland-marks-the-coronation-of-king-charles-iii-and-queen-camilla</ref> Sē cynedōm notaþ Scotlande synderlicu tācn of þǣm cynerīċe ǣr þǣre ġeānunge: þone Cynelican Fanan Scotlandes, þone cynelican wǣpnscild, and þone titul Heretoga of Rothesay for þǣm ierfan. Þǣr sind synderlice Scottisce Rīċes Ambihtmenn and Cynehelmes Ambihtmenn, and sēo Endebyrdnes þæs Þistles.<ref name="r155">Scottish Parliament, "Opening of Parliament: Procession of the Crown of Scotland", 29 June 2016, http://www.parliament.scot/newsandmediacentre/100237.aspx</ref> Þæt Þing þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes and þæt Scottisce Þing sind þā hēafodlican ǣsettendan. Þæt Þing þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes is ofer þǣm Scottiscan Þinge<ref name="r156">Select Committee on the Constitution, "Respect and Co-operation: Building a Stronger Union for the 21st century", 2022, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5802/ldselect/ldconst/142/14206.htm#_idTextAnchor033</ref> ac ġewunelīce sett ǣ ǣnlīce on ġehealdenum þingum: sumu gafolu, dǣlas þæs ġemǣnan fultumes, ealgung, ūtlandisc ġeþingþu, and lyftspell.<ref name="r157">"Government of Scotland Facts", http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/government/index.html</ref> Be þēawe ne sett hit ǣ on ġedǣledum þingum būtan Scottiscre ġeþafunge.<ref name="r158">"Sewel Convention", UK Parliament, https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/sewel-convention/</ref> Scotland ċīest 57 þǣra 650 þingmanna on þǣm Hūse Ġemǣnra,<ref name="r159">"Parliamentary constituencies", UK Parliament, https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/constituencies/</ref> þurh þone ǣrestan æt þǣm stæfe on ānmannes cyrstōwum. Sēo Scotlandes Þegnung bēodeþ þone rīċeweald þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes on Scotlande and Scottisce nēode on þǣm rīċewealde;<ref name="r160">"Scotland Office Charter", Scotland Office website, 9 August 2004, http://www.scotlandoffice.gov.uk/our-communications/doc.php?id=11</ref> hīe lǣdeþ sē Scotlandes Rīċesþeġn, ān þǣra rǣdþeġna þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes.<ref name="r161">BBC, "Alister Jack: What do we know about the new Scottish Secretary?", BBC News, 24 July 2019, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-49103859</ref> Sē Weorcmanna þingmann Douglas Alexander hæfþ þæt ambiht siþþan Hāligmōnaþ 2025,<ref name="r162">Lennon, Holly, "Douglas Alexander replaces Ian Murray after Scottish secretary sacked", STV News, 5 September 2025, https://news.stv.tv/politics/scottish-secretary-sacked-as-starmer-reshuffles-cabinet-in-wake-of-rayner-resignation</ref> æfter Ian Murray (fram Mǣdmōnþe 2024).<ref name="r163">"Ian Murray: From lone Labour MP to Scottish secretary", BBC, 5 July 2024, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cxe2xyv13g3o.amp</ref> [[File:Scottish Parliament Debating Chamber 1.jpg|thumb|Sēo flītstōw þæs Scottiscan Þinges on Eadenburge]] Þæt Scottisce Þing hæfþ ān hūs mid 129 þingmanna: 73 ġecorene þurh þone ǣrestan æt þǣm stæfe on cyrstōwum and 56 on 8 landscipum þurh þone ēacan þingmanna cyre, ġewunelīce for 5 ġēarum.<ref name="r164">Scottish Government, "Parliamentary and local election terms extended", www.gov.scot, 3 June 2020, https://www.gov.scot/news/parliamentary-and-local-election-terms-extended</ref> Hit hæfþ þā wīdestan mihta þǣra ġedǣledra þinga þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes<ref name="r165">"The progress of devolution - Erskine May - UK Parliament", erskinemay.parliament.uk, https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4537/the-progress-of-devolution</ref> and is ān þǣra mihtigostena ġedǣledra þinga on worulde.<ref name="r166">"David Mundell speech: 20 years of Scottish devolution", GOV.UK, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/david-mundell-speech-20-years-of-scottish-devolution</ref> Sē Scottisca Rīċeweald, ēac ān þǣra mihtigostena ġedǣledra rīċewealda,<ref name="r167">"5 reasons why Scotland is more powerful as part of the United Kingdom", GOV.UK, 22 January 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/5-reasons-why-scotland-is-more-powerful-as-part-of-the-united-kingdom</ref> is ġelǣd fram þǣm ǣrestan ealdormenn, þone þā þingmenn nemnaþ and þe ġewunelīce is ealdor þæs mǣstan flocces; sē ǣresta ealdormann sett þā ōþre rǣdþeġnas.<ref name="r168">Scottish Government, "People: Who runs the Scottish Government", 21 November 2014, http://www.gov.scot/About/People</ref> Sē ǣresta ealdormann wīsaþ þæs rīċewealdes rǣd and forþaþ Scotland æt hām and on ūtlandum.<ref name="r169">"First Minister", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/first-minister/</ref> John Swinney, ealdor þæs SNP, is ǣresta ealdormann siþþan þone 8an dæġ Þrimilces 2024.<ref name="r170">National Records of Scotland, "First Minister swearing in ceremony", ros.gov.uk, https://www.ros.gov.uk/about/news/2024/first-minister-swearing-in-ceremony</ref> === Ūtlandisc ġeþingþu === [[File:President Donald Trump meets with Scottish First Minister John Swinney and U.K. Ambassador to the U.S. Peter Mandelson (54778210513).jpg|thumb|Sē ǣresta ealdormann Swinney mētt þone folcealdor þǣra Ġeānodra Rīċa Donald Trump, Hāligmōnaþ 2025]] Sē ǣresta ealdormann sitt on þǣm Ġemōte þæs Formaþeġnes and þǣra Hēafoda þǣra Ġedǣledra Rīċewealda and on þǣm Ġemōte þǣra Þēoda and Landscipa, þǣm ġemōtum for ġeþingþum betwux þǣm rīċewealdum on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r171">"StackPath", www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk, 11 December 2017, https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/devolution-joint-ministerial-committee</ref> Ūtlandisc rǣd is ġehealden þǣm Ūtlandes Hūse þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes,<ref name="r172">Scottish Parliament, "Devolved and Reserved Matters – Visit & Learn", 14 February 2017, http://www.parliament.scot/visitandlearn/Education/18642.aspx</ref> ac sē Scottisca Rīċeweald mōt Scottisce nēode forþian on ūtlandum and ūtlandisc fēoh tōtēon.<ref name="r173">gov.scot, "International", http://www.gov.scot/Topics/International</ref> Sē ǣresta ealdormann and sē grundlage rǣdþeġn habbaþ ūtlandisce þing on hira ambihtum.<ref name="r174">gov.scot, "Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs", https://beta.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/cabinet-secretary-culture-tourism-external-affairs</ref><ref name="r175">gov.scot, "Minister for Europe, Migration and International Development", https://beta.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/minister-international-development-europe</ref><ref name="r176">Government of the United Kingdom, "The Review of Intergovernmental Relations", https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1046083/The_Review_of_Intergovernmental_Relations.pdf</ref> Scotlandes ūtlandisc nett hæfþ 2 Scotlandes Hūs (on Brussel and Lundene, healden āgenlīce fram þǣm Scottiscan Rīċewealde), 7 þegnunga þæs Scottiscan Rīċewealdes binnan Brittiscum ǣrendhūsum oþþe hēahǣrendhūsum, and mā þonne 30 þegnunga þǣre Scottiscan Ūtlandiscan Forþunge.<ref name="r177">Scottish Government, "Scotland's International Network Annual Report 2022-23", https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/corporate-report/2023/12/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/documents/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/govscot%3Adocument/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23.pdf</ref> Þegnunga þæs Scottiscan Rīċewealdes sind on Beijing, Berlin, Brussel, Copenhagen, Dyflin, Lundene, Ottawa, Paris, and Washington.<ref name="r178">"International relations - gov.scot", gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/policies/international-relations/</ref> Þā mǣstan ūtlandiscan ǣrendhūs on Scotlande sind on Eadenburge.<ref name="r179">"Consular Corps in Scotland | Consulates in Scotland", CCS, https://www.consularcorpsscotland.org</ref> Sē Ealda Þoftscipe mid Franclande (1295) wolde Engliscne heregang forstandan;<ref name="r180">BBC, "Scotland's History – The Auld Alliance", https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/auld_alliance/</ref> hē ġeendode on þǣm 16an ġēarhundrede, ac þā bendas sind ġīet nēah, mid Ġewrite Willan, āwritenum mid Franclande on þǣm ġēare 2013.<ref name="r181">"Scottish & French Connections", Scotland.org, https://www.scotland.org/events/lorient-celtic-festival/scottish-french-connections {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109233202/https://www.scotland.org/events/lorient-celtic-festival/scottish-french-connections |date=2021-01-09 }}</ref> Sē Scotlandes and Malawies Ġefērscipe (2004) ġesamnaþ þā bendas mid Malawi; sēo Īralandes and Scotlandes Twifealde Ofersceawung (2021) behǣt bēġen rīċewealdas nēarran ġemǣnscipe on ġeþingþum, feohġemēte, and cēapunge.<ref name="r177" /><ref name="r182">Scotland Malawi Partnership, "About us", 3 November 2005, https://www.scotland-malawipartnership.org/who-we-are/about-us</ref><ref name="r183">First Minister of Scotland, "First Minister in Dublin: Day 2", 29 November 2016, https://firstminister.gov.scot/first-minister-in-dublin-day-2</ref> Scotland hæfþ stǣrlice and þēawlice bendas mid Scedelande.<ref name="r184">Fitzpatrick, Tara, "Arts festival celebrates Scotland's ties to Canada and Scandinavia", STV News, 29 September 2022, https://news.stv.tv/highlands-islands/highlands-arts-festival-celebrates-scotlands-ties-to-canada-and-scandinavia</ref><ref name="r185">"How DNA reveals Vikings never left Scotland – BBC REEL", 6 June 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dw3VbJ0RTcQ</ref> Sē Scottisca Rīċeweald sēcþ nēarran ġeþingþu mid þǣm Norþlandum and Baltiscum landum and underfēng Norþlandlice rǣdas swā swā cilda ċistas;<ref name="r186">Heather, Alistair, "Why Finns believe Scotland could become Nordic nation number six", The Scotsman, 17 May 2020, https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/alistair-heather-why-finns-believe-scotland-could-become-nordic-nation-number-six-2855748</ref><ref name="r187">"Nordic Baltic Policy Statement", gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/policies/europe/nordic-baltic-policy-statement/</ref> ǣrendracan þæs Scottiscan Þinges cōmon ǣrest tō þǣm Norþlanda Ġemōte swā scēaweras on þǣm ġēare 2022.<ref name="r188">"Presiding Officer leads Holyrood delegation to strengthen links with Nordic Council", parliament.scot, 31 October 2022, https://www.parliament.scot/about/news/news-listing/presiding-officer-leads-holyrood-delegation-to-strengthen-links-with-nordic-council</ref> Scotland is lim þǣs Brittisc–Īriscan Ġemōtes, þǣre Ġesamnunge Eurōpiscra Landscipa mid Ǣsettendre Mihte (REGLEG), þǣre Brittisc–Īriscan Þinglican Ġesamnunge, þæs Ġemōtes Eurōpiscra Burga and Landscipa,<ref name="r189">"National Associations", CEMR CCRE, https://ccre-cemr.org/national-associations</ref> þǣre Betwuxþinglican Mōtstōwe, þǣre Ġesamnunge Burhlicra and Landscipiscra Anwealda,<ref name="r190">"Détail pays - Congress of Local and Regional Authorities - www.coe.int", Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, https://www.coe.int/en/web/congress/country?id=13</ref> þǣre Ġemǣnweles Þinglican Ġefērrǣdenne<ref name="r191">"Scotland", UK-CPA, https://www.uk-cpa.org/where-we-work/americas-caribbean-europe/scotland</ref><ref name="r192">"Scotland / Alba", British-Irish Council, 7 December 2011, http://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/scotland-alba</ref><ref name="r193">British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly, "Members", http://www.britishirish.org/members-2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214125526/http://www.britishirish.org/members-2/ |date=2019-02-14 }}</ref> and þǣre Þinglican Ġefērscipes Ġesamnunge mid þǣre Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge.<ref name="r194">"Parliamentary Partnership Assembly", www.parliament.scot, https://www.parliament.scot/chamber-and-committees/committees/current-and-previous-committees/session-6-constitution-europe-external-affairs-and-culture-committee/correspondence/2021/parliamentary-partnership-assembly</ref> Scotland hæfde þæt forsetl þæs REGLEG fram Blōtmōnþe 2003 oþ Blōtmōnaþ 2004 under Jack McConnell.<ref name="r195">"Scotland on the international stage", SPICe Spotlight | Solas air SPICe, 18 September 2019, https://spice-spotlight.scot/2019/09/18/scotland-on-the-international-stage/</ref> === Ġedǣlede māhta and mundbyrdnes === [[File:Donald Dewar First Minister.jpg|thumb|Donald Dewar, sē ǣresta ǣresta ealdormann, ġehāten "Fæder þǣre Þēode"]] Ġedǣlede māhta, sēo sellung mihta þæs middelrīċewealdes tō landscipiscum rīċewealde, wurdon lēofe on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme on þǣm lætran 20an ġēarhundrede; sē Weorcmanna ealdor John Smith hīe nemnde "þone ġesettan willan þæs Scottiscan folces".<ref name="r196">Cavanagh, Michael (2001) ''[http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/aspect/docs/aspectcampaigns.htm The Campaigns for a Scottish Parliament] ''. University of Strathclyde. Retrieved 12 April 2008.</ref> Æfter þǣm þe sēo folcāscung on þǣm ġēare 1997 fultumode Þinge mid ġemetlicre mihte ofer innoþgafol, ġeworhte sēo Scotlandes Ǣ 1998 þæt Scottisce Þing and þone Rīċeweald,<ref name="r197">Kerr, Andrew, "Scottish devolution referendum: The birth of a parliament", BBC News, 8 September 2017, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41189455</ref> þe ǣ settan magon on eallum þingum, þe ne sind ġehealden þǣm Þinge þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes.<ref name="r198">"Devolved and Reserved Powers", www.parliament.scot, https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers</ref> Þā Scotlandes Ǣ on 2012 and 2016 ēacnodon mihta ofer gafol and ġemǣnne fultum;<ref name="r199">Fraser, Douglas, "Scotland's tax powers: What it has and what's coming?", BBC News, 2 February 2016, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35470086</ref> sēo Ǣ 2016 sealde ēac wealdnesse þæs Cynehelmes Ēþles on Scotlande.<ref name="r200">"Holyrood gives approval to devolved powers Scotland Bill", BBC News, 16 March 2016, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35815426</ref> Sēo Ǣ þæs Inlandiscan Cēapstōwe þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes 2020, swāþēah, ġetihþ þæs Scottiscan Þinges miht wara and þēnunga tō wealdenne,<ref name="r201">Masterman, Roger, "Constitutional and Administrative Law", 2022, pp. 471–473, ISBN 9781009158503, https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/constitutional-and-administrative-law/E1EB9FEDC43459C991E42BD945231DB5</ref><ref name="r202">Dougan, Michael, "Sleeping with an Elephant: Devolution and the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020", Law Quarterly Review, 2022, pp. 650–676, https://dro.dur.ac.uk/35167/</ref> and swā wanaþ þā ġedǣledan māhta.<ref name="r203">Guderjan, Marius, "Intergovernmental Relations in the UK: Cooperation and Conflict in a Devolved Unitary State", 2023, pp. 166–176, ISBN 978-1-032-39485-5, https://www.routledge.com/Intergovernmental-Relations-in-the-UK-Cooperation-and-Conflict-in-a-Devolved/Guderjan/p/book/9781032394855</ref><ref name="r204">Keating, Michael, "Taking back control? Brexit and the territorial constitution of the United Kingdom", Journal of European Public Policy, 2 February 2021, pp. 491–509</ref><ref name="r205">Lydgate, Emily, "Brexit, food law and the UK's search for a post-EU identity", Modern Law Review, September 2022, pp. 1168–1190</ref><ref name="r206">Dougan, Michael, "UK and the Internal Market, Devolution and the Union", 2020, pp. 2–3, https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185830/https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union |date=2020-10-18 }}</ref><ref name="r207">Armstrong, Kenneth A., "The Governance of Economic Unionism after the United Kingdom Internal Market Act", Modern Law Review, May 2022, pp. 635–660</ref> Æfter þǣm cyre on þǣm ġēare 2007 ġeworhte sē SNP, for mundbyrdnesse, lǣssan rīċeweald and ongann "Þēodlice Sprǣce" ymbe cyre swā swā mā mihta, ġefērlǣcunge, oþþe folcāscunge be mundbyrdnesse. Sē Scottisca Weorcmanna Flocc, þā Scottiscan Healdendan, and þā Scottiscan Frēolican Folcrīċan ġesetton synderlic ġemōt ymbe þā dǣlunge þǣra mihta, būtan mundbyrdnesse.<ref name="r208">Porter, David, "Party people confront new realities", BBC News, 18 January 2008, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7195800.stm</ref> On Wēodmōnþe 2009 bēad sē SNP folcāscunge on Blōtmōnþe 2010; ealle ōþre miċele floccas hīe forstōdon.<ref name="r209">Scottish Government, "Referendum Bill", 2 September 2009, http://www.gov.scot/About/programme-for-government/2009-10/summary-of-bills/referendum-bill {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260805045127/https://www.gov.scot/About/programme-for-government/2009-10/summary-of-bills/referendum-bill |date=2026-08-05 }}</ref><ref name="r210">MacLeod, Angus, "Salmond to push ahead with referendum Bill", The Times, 3 September 2009, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article6820542.ece</ref><ref name="r211">"Scottish independence plan 'an election issue'", BBC News, 6 September 2010, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-11196967</ref> [[File:Visit of Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister of the Scottish Government, to the EC.jpg|thumb|Sēo ǣreste ealdormann Nicola Sturgeon mid Michel Barnier on Brussel, ymbe Scottisc þing æfter Brytenes ūtgange sprecende, 2019]] Æfter þǣm þe sē SNP ġewann þone mǣstan dǣl on þǣm ġēare 2011, wæs sēo folcāscung be mundbyrdnesse ġehealden on þǣm 18an dæġe Hāligmōnþes 2014<ref name="r212">Black, Andrew, "Scottish independence: Referendum to be held on 18 September, 2014", BBC News, 21 March 2013, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-21828424</ref> and forsōc mundbyrdnesse mid 55.3% wiþ 44.7%.<ref name="r213">"Scotland votes no: the union has survived, but the questions for the left are profound", The Guardian, 19 September 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/19/scottish-independence-union-survived-put-away-flags</ref><ref name="r214">"Scotland decides", BBC, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/live</ref> On þǣm ġewinne behēton þā Healdendan, sē Weorcmanna Flocc, and þā Frēolican Folcrīċan mā mihta;<ref name="r215">[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/scottish-independence-referendum-statement-by-the-prime-minister Scottish Independence Referendum: statement by the Prime Minister] , UK Government</ref><ref name="r216">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-29273177 Scottish referendum: Who is Lord Smith of Kelvin?] , BBC News</ref> þæt ġemōt ealra flocca under Rodbeorhte Smith, Barune Smith of Kelvin,<ref name="r216" /> lǣdde tō þǣre Scotlandes Ǣ 2016.<ref name="r217">"Scotland Act 2016", 23 March 2016, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/contents/enacted</ref> On þǣre folcāscunge be þǣre Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge on þǣm 23an dæġe Sēremōnþes 2016 ċēas sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ūt tō gānne, Scotland tō wunienne.<ref name="r218">"Brexit: Nicola Sturgeon says second Scottish independence vote 'highly likely'", 24 June 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-36621030</ref> Sēo ǣreste ealdormann Nicola Sturgeon cwæþ on þǣm æfteran dæġe, þæt nīwu folcāscung be mundbyrdnesse wǣre "swīþe ġelīcliċ".<ref name="r219">"Scottish Leader Nicola Sturgeon Announces Plans for Second Independence Referendum", 24 June 2016, https://time.com/4381327/brexit-nicole-sturgeon-scotland-referendum/</ref><ref name="r218" /> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ēode ūt of þǣre Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge on þǣm 31an dæġe Æfterran Ġēolan 2020. === Landscīra wealdnes === [[File:Cunningham House, Irvine.jpg|thumb|Cunninghame Hūs on Irvine, Norþ Ayrscīr, setl þæs Ġemōtes Norþ Ayrscīre]] Scotland hæfþ 32 ānfealde ġemōtes landscīra,<ref name="r220">[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1994/Ukpga_19940039_en_1.htm "Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994"] Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 26 September 2007.</ref> ġesette on þǣm ġēare 1996, þǣra ġemōtu ġiefaþ ealle landlica þēnunga. Ġemōtesmenn bēoþ ġecorene ǣlce 5 ġēar; sē ealdor þæs ġemōtes cymþ ġewunelīce of þǣm mǣstan flocce, and burhealdor (''provost'' oþþe ''lord provost'') sitt ofer þǣm mōtum and hæfþ þēawlice ambihtas.<ref name="r221">"Local authorities: factsheet", www.gov.scot, http://www.gov.scot/publications/local-authorities-factsheet/</ref> Ġemǣnscipes ġemōtu sind unambihtlicu for lǣssum stōwum.<ref name="r222">"Scotland – Office for National Statistics", www.ons.gov.uk, https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/ukgeographies/administrativegeography/scotland</ref> Scotlandes Friþweardas and sēo Scotlandes Fȳr- and Āhreddunge Þēnung healdaþ eall þæt land. Hǣlþe, ǣrendgewrita, and ċiriċan ġemōtu notiaþ heora āgene ealde tōdǣlas. Scotland hæfþ 8 ċeastra: Aberdeen, Dundee, Dunfermline, Eadenburg, Glasgow, Inverness, Perth, and Stirling.<ref name="r223">"UK Cities", Dca.gov.uk, http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/citygj.htm</ref> Sē cyning ġiefþ ċeastre wyrþe þurh openum ġewritum.<ref name="r224">"City status", Dca.gov.uk, http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/cityhome.htm</ref> === Wīgfyrd === [[File:Eurofighter Typhoon, ZK312 (19451923880).jpg|thumb|Typhoon FGR4 lyftscip mid tācnum þǣre 6an Lyftfyrdsceare æt RAF Lossiemouth]] Scotlandes wǣpned fierd is sēo Brittisce Wǣpned Fierd; ymbe £3.3 þūsend mīliona þæs wīgfēos þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes belamp Scotlande on 2018–2019.<ref name="r225">Scottish Government, "Government Expenditure & Review 2018-19", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2019/08/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-gers/documents/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-2018-19/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-2018-19/govscot%3Adocument/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-2018-19.pdf?forceDownload=true</ref> Æfter þǣre ġeānunge on þǣm ġēare 1707 wurdon sēo Scottisce Fierd and sēo Cynelice Scottisce Sǣfyrd ġemengede mid þǣm Engliscum on þā Brittiscan Fierde and þā Cynelican Sǣfyrde.<ref name="r226">Williams, Noel T. St John, "Redcoats and courtesans: the birth of the British Army (1660–1690)", 1 January 1994, pp. 1–2, ISBN 9781857530971, https://books.google.com/books?id=zDxnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22british+army%22+1660</ref><ref name="r227">Walton, Clifford, "History of the British Standing Army. A.D. 1660 to 1700", 1 January 1894, p. [https://archive.org/details/historybritishs00waltgoog/page/n42 16], https://archive.org/details/historybritishs00waltgoog</ref> Þā Atholles Hēahlandmenn, sēo ǣne ǣlicu āgen fierd þe ġīet stent on Eurōpe, wunodon būtan þǣre Brittiscan Wǣpnedan Fierde.<ref name="r228">Atholl Estates, "Atholl Highlanders", www.atholl-estates.co.uk, https://atholl-estates.co.uk/blair-castle/atholl-highlanders/</ref> Scottisce fierdsceara sind þā Scottiscan Weardas, þā Cynelican Scottiscan Dragan Weardas, and sēo ġehealdene 154 (Scottisc) Fierdscearu RLC. On þǣm ġēare 2006, under þǣm hwītan ġewrite ''Delivering Security in a Changing World'', wurdon þā Scottiscan fēþan fierdsceara ġemengede on þā Cynelican Fierdsceare Scotlandes.<ref name="r229">The British Army, "Royal Regiment of Scotland", www.army.mod.uk, https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/infantry/royal-regiment-of-scotland/#:~:text=The%20Royal%20Regiment%20of%20Scotland%20was%20formed%20in%202006%20through,those%20regiments%20that%20formed%20us.</ref> Æfter þǣre Ofersceawunge Ealgunge and Frīþes 2010 wearþ sēo Scottisce Tōdǣlung dǣl þǣre Scottiscan, Wēaliscan, and Īriscan Tōdǣlunge on þǣm ġēare 2017; ǣr þǣm worhte sēo Scottisce fēþa Niþerlandes Fierdflocc and Hēahlandes Fierdflocc.<ref name="r230">The Telegraph, "Army to merge Scottish brigades", www.telegraph.co.uk, 7 May 2001, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1329420/Army-to-merge-Scottish-brigades.html</ref> For his landes hīwe and feorrnesse hæfþ Scotland manige dīeġle ealgunge stōwa.<ref name="r231">The large number of military bases in Scotland led some to use the euphemism "Fortress Scotland". See Spaven, Malcolm (1983) ''Fortress Scotland''. London. Pluto Press in association with Scottish CND.</ref><ref name="r232">"Pensioner, 94, in nuclear protest", BBC News Online, 16 December 2006, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6186213.stm</ref><ref name="r233">"Reprieve for RAF Lossiemouth base", News.bbc.co.uk, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4083933.stm</ref> Fram 1960 oþ 1991 wæs Holy Loch stede þǣra Polaris sǣscipa þǣra Ġeānodra Rīċa, þe under wætere farað.<ref name="r234">"Dunoon and the US Navy", Argyllonline.co.uk, http://www.argyllonline.co.uk/places/dunoon-cowal/dunoon-and-the-us-navy</ref> Þæs Cyninges Sǣfyrde Stede Clyde, 25 mīla be norþwestan Glasgowe, healdeþ þā 4 Trident sǣscipu þæs Brittiscan cernelwǣpnes āgǣlunge. Scapa Flow wæs sē hēafodstede þǣre Cynelican Sǣfyrde on þǣm 20an ġēarhundrede.<ref name="r235">Angus Konstam, ''Scapa Flow: The Defences of Britain's Great Fleet Anchorage 1914–45'' (2009).</ref> On þǣm ġēare 1961 setton þā Ġeānodan Rīċu Polaris sǣscipu on Holy Loch, þēah þe CND wiþsōce; sēo Cynelice Sǣfyrd hit underfēng, þæt hēo āgnu Polaris scipu beġēate (1963), ġestaþolod on þǣm ġebrǣddan Faslane Sǣfyrde Stede on Gare Loch. Sēo ǣreste Trident weardung wæs on þǣm ġēare 1994; sē stede þǣra Ġeānodra Rīċa wæs belocen æt þǣm ende þæs Cealdan Ġewinnes.<ref name="r236">Andrew Marr, ''A History of Modern Britain'' (2009), p. 211.</ref> RAF Lossiemouth on Moray, sē āna forþlica stede þǣre Lyftfyrde on Scotlande and sē norþmesta fyhtendra lyftscipa stede þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes, healdeþ 4 Eurofighter Typhoon lyftfyrdsceara, 3 Poseidon MRA1 lyftfyrdsceara, and ǣne fierdsceare þæs RAF Regiment.<ref name="r237">Royal Air Force, "RAF Lossiemouth", www.raf.mod.uk, https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/stations/raf-lossiemouth/#:~:text=RAF%20Lossiemouth%20in%20Moray%2C%20north,and%20an%20RAF%20Regiment%20squadron.</ref> 4 ġehealdene lyftfyrdsceara sind on Scotlande: 612, 2622 (Hēahland), and 602 on Glasgowe, and 603 on Eadenburge.<ref name="r238">"The Royal Air Force in Scotland", Delivering for Scotland, https://www.deliveringforscotland.gov.uk/security/the-royal-air-force-in-scotland/</ref> === Ǣ and wītes dōm === [[File:Parliament Square, Edinburgh facing east.jpg|thumb|Þæt Þinghūs on Eadenburge, ǣr þæt Þing Scotlandes, healdeþ nū þā Hēhstan Dōmhūs Scotlandes]] Scottisc ǣ cymþ of Rōmāniscre ǣ,<ref name="r239">The University of Edinburgh School of Law, "History of the Faculty of Law", http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/history/chpt4.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122202314/http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/history/chpt4.aspx |date=2007-11-22 }}</ref> and mengþ unġewritene burhǣ (of þǣm ''Corpus Juris Civilis'') and ġemǣne ǣ þǣre middelylde. Sēo Foreweard þǣre Ġeānunge 1707 ġetrymede ǣ, āsundrode fram þǣre Englalandes and Wēala.<ref name="r240">The Articles: legal and miscellaneous, UK Parliament House of Lords (2007). "Article 19: The Scottish legal system and its courts were to remain unchanged":House of Lords, "Act of Union 1707", http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/04_05_legal.html</ref> Ǣr 1611 wǣron landscipisce ǣ, swīþost Ēþelǣ (eald Norrǣn ǣ) on Orcanēġe and Hjaltlande; Celtisc (Brehon) ǣ lifode on þǣm Hēahlande oþ þæt 19e ġēarhundred.<ref name="r241">"Law and institutions, Gaelic" & "Law and lawyers" in M. Lynch (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'', (Oxford, 2001), pp. 381–382 & 382–386. Udal Law remains relevant to land law in Orkney and Shetland: Law Society of Scotland, "A General History of Scots Law (20th century)", http://www.lawscot.org.uk/uploads/Ad-Hoc/AGeneralHistoryofScotsLaw_20thCentury.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220347/http://www.lawscot.org.uk/uploads/Ad-Hoc/AGeneralHistoryofScotsLaw_20thCentury.pdf |date=2007-09-25 }}</ref> Scottisce dōmhūs sind burhlicu, wītlicu, and wǣpnscildes. Þæt hēhste burhlice dōmhūs is þæt Ġesetes Dōmhūs, and man mæġ cīeġan tō þǣm Hēhstan Dōme þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes (ǣr þǣm 1an dæġe Winterfylleþes 2009, tō þǣm Hūse þǣra Hlāforda). Sē Hēahdōm Rihtwīsnesse is þæt hēhste wītlice dōmhūs. Þæt Ġesetes Dōmhūs sitt on þǣm Þinghūse on Eadenburge, þǣm ealdan Þinge Scotlandes; sē Hēahdōm Rihtwīsnesse and sē Hēhsta Cīeġunge Dōm sind on þǣm Lawnmarket. Þā 49 scīrġerēfan dōmhūs ġehīeraþ þā mǣstan burhlican and wītlican spǣca.<ref name="r242">[http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/locations/index.asp "Court Information"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320151120/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/locations/index.asp |date=2015-03-20 }} www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 September 207.</ref> Landdǣles dōmhūs (fram 1975) for lǣssum spǣcum wǣron āwended on Frīþes Dēmena dōmhūs on 2008–2010. Þrēo ġēarhundred wæs Scottisc ǣ sēo āne þēodlice ǣ būtan þinge, oþ þæt Scottisce Þing on þǣm ġēare 1999.<ref name="r198" /> Scottisce wītlice dōmas habbaþ 3 andsweru: "scyldiġ", "unscyldiġ", and "''nā ġecȳþed''".<ref name="r243">The Times, "The case for keeping 'not proven' verdict", Timesonline.co.uk, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article431121.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525121435/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article431121.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1 |date=2010-05-25 }}</ref> Bēġen unscyldiġe dōmas forstandaþ ġewunelīce ōþerne dōm (twifeald plēoh), būtan for nīwre fæstre ġecȳþnesse, lætran andetnesse, oþþe ġecȳþnesse, þæt sē unscyldiġa dōm wæs beġieten þurh rihtes āwendednesse.<ref name="r244">The Scotsman, "Scotland's unique 15-strong juries will not be abolished", www.scotsman.com, 11 May 2009, http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/scotland-s-unique-15-strong-juries-will-not-be-abolished-1-1037747</ref> Wītlice ġecorene dēman sind 15, þrēo mā þonne elleshwǣr ġewunelic is. [[File:The High Court, Glasgow (geograph 6643274).jpg|thumb|Þā Rihtwīsnesse Hūs on Glasgowe, dǣl þæs Hēahdōmes Rihtwīsnesse mid ġelīcum stōwum on Eadenburge and Aberdeen]] Sē Hlāford Forspeca is sē hēafodlica ǣwita þæs Scottiscan Rīċewealdes and þæs Cynehelmes on Scotlande, hēafod þǣre wrōhte firendǣda and þǣre smēaunge dēaþa, and sē forma ǣlǣrend þæs rīċewealdes.<ref name="r245">Scottish Government, "Lord Advocate", www.gov.scot, 16 August 2021, https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/lord-advocate/</ref> Ealle wrōhta on ġewrite bēoþ ġebrohte fram þǣre Cynehelmes Þegnunge and þǣre Wrōhtġerēfena Þēnunge on þæs Hlāfordes Forspecan naman.<ref name="r245" /> Þæt ambiht is ān þǣra Miclena Rīċes Ambihtmanna Scotlandes. Dorothy Bain, ġenemned fram Nicola Sturgeon, hæfþ hit siþþan Sēremōnaþ 2021,<ref name="r246">Scottish Government, "Rt Hon Dorothy Bain KC", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/dorothy-bain-qc/</ref> ġefultumod fram þǣm Ġemǣnan Forspecan Scotlandes.<ref name="r247">Scottish Government, "Solicitor General", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/solicitor-general/</ref> Scotlandes Friþweardas sind ān weorod siþþan 2013. Sēo Scotlandes Cwearterna Þēnung healdeþ cwearterna mid mā þonne 8,500 ġefangenra,<ref name="r248">Scottish Prison Service, "Prisoner Population", www.sps.gov.uk, http://www.sps.gov.uk/default.aspx?documentid=7811a7f1-6c61-4667-a12c-f102bbf5b808 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307182522/http://www.sps.gov.uk/default.aspx?documentid=7811a7f1-6c61-4667-a12c-f102bbf5b808 |date=2012-03-07 }}</ref> under þǣm rǣdþeġne for rihtwīsnesse. == Feohġemēt == [[File:Skyline of Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Eadenburg, sēo 13e mǣste feohstōw on worulde and 4e mǣste on Eurōpe on þǣm ġēare 2020]] Scotland hæfþ open ġemenged feohġemēt æfter westlicre wīsan and is sēo mǣste feohstōw þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes būtan Lundene.<ref name="r249">Union Media, "Scotland retains status as the UK's second largest international financial hub", Scottish Business News, 5 September 2023, https://scottishbusinessnews.net/scotland-retains-status-as-the-uks-second-largest-international-financial-hub/</ref> On Eadenburge sind Lloyds Banking Group, þæt Scotlandes Feohhūs, þæt Cynelice Scotlandes Feohhūs, and Standard Life;<ref name="r250">Scottish Development International, "Financial services and fintech", www.sdi.co.uk, https://www.sdi.co.uk/business-in-scotland/find-your-industry/digital-and-technology-industries/financial-services-and-fintech</ref> hēo wæs 15e on þǣre Ġetæle Woruldlicra Feohstōwa on þǣm ġēare 2007<ref name="r251">"Scots cities slide down chart of the world's top financial centres", The Scotsman, 20 March 2012, https://www.scotsman.com/business/scots-cities-slide-down-chart-of-the-worlds-top-financial-centres-1638036#:~:text=Edinburgh's%20fortunes%20as%20a%20world,Index%20(GFCI)%20in%202007.</ref> and 33e on worulde (10e on Eurōpe) on þǣm ġēare 2024. Glasgow wæs 42e on þǣm ġēare 2024.<ref name="r252">"Scottish cities rise in Global Financial Centres Index as industry reports 13,000 new jobs", Scottish Financial Enterprise (SFE), https://www.sfe.org.uk/news-database/scottish-cities-rise-in-global-financial-centres-index-as-industry-reports-13000-new-jobsnbsp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625232235/https://www.sfe.org.uk/news-database/scottish-cities-rise-in-global-financial-centres-index-as-industry-reports-13000-new-jobsnbsp |date=2025-06-25 }}</ref> Scotland is ān þǣra 10 forma Eurōpiscra landscipa for ūtlandiscum fēo.<ref name="r253">"Scotland's sustainable and inclusive economy", www.sdi.co.uk, https://www.sdi.co.uk/business-in-scotland/sustainable-economy</ref> [[File:Distillery-gates.jpg|thumb|Scottisces brendwīnes wyrcung æt Bruichladdich brendwīnhūse]] Þæs ġēares wæstm on þǣm ġēare 2024, mid ele and gæse of sǣ, wæs ymbe £223.4 þūsend mīliona.<ref name="r254">"GDP in nominal terms", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2024-q4/pages/gdp-in-nominal-terms/</ref> Ūtsendunga wara and þēnunga, būtan cēapunge binnan þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme, wǣron £50.1 þūsend mīliona on þǣm ġēare 2021.<ref name="r255">Tuck, Helen, "International trade in UK nations, regions and cities: 2021", Office for National Statistics, 28 June 2023, https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/bulletins/internationaltradeinuknationsregionsandcities/2021</ref> Hēafodwara ūtsendunga: eorþbrandas, searu and færeld, drincas and tobac.<ref name="r256">HM Revenue and Customs, "UK Regional Trade in Goods Statistics", UK Trade Info, 14 December 2023, https://www.uktradeinfo.com/media/uainztpl/rts-q3-2023.xlsx</ref> Mǣste cēapstōwa wara: Niþerland (£6.9 þūsend mīliona), þā Ġeānodan Rīċu (£4.0), Īraland (£2.8), Þēodscland (£2.8), Francland (£2.3), and Cīna (£0.8);<ref name="r257">"Goods exports by destination", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-international-goods-trade-quarter-3-2023/pages/goods-exports-by-destination/</ref> sēo mǣste ūtlandisce cēapstōw is sēo Eurōpisce Ġeānung.<ref name="r258">McKee, Ivan, "Scotland and Poland: European partners", Scotland's Economy, 23 January 2019, https://blogs.gov.scot/scotlands-economy/2019/01/23/scotland-and-poland-european-partners/</ref><ref name="r259">"SCOTLAND'S TRADE POSITION AND PERFORMANCE", Scottish Enterprise, https://www.scottish-enterprise.com/media/o0nbozgp/scotland-s-trade-position-and-performance.pdf</ref> Ūtsendunga Scottisces brendwīnes ġestrīendon £5.4 þūsend mīliona on þǣm ġēare 2024; brendwīn wæs 74% Scottiscra metes and drences ūtsendunga on þǣm ġēare 2023 and healdeþ mā þonne 41,000 weorca.<ref name="r260">"Facts & Figures", Scotch Whisky Association, https://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/industry-insights/facts-figures/#:~:text=There%20are%2043%20bottles%20of,popular%20tourist%20attraction%20in%20Scotland</ref> Ġesīþscipas cūþe ofer worulde sind Rockstar North (rīmplegan), Pringle of Scotland and Lyle & Scott (hrægl), A.G. Barr (swēte drincas), Alexander Dennis (folcwǣnas), Stagecoach Group (færeld), Tunnock's (swētmettas), and Johnnie Walker (brendwīn). [[File:Beryl alpha from air.jpg|thumb|Eles ūtātēon on Scottiscum wæterum on þǣre Norþsǣ]] Fram þǣre Cræftlican Āwendednesse wæs Scotland forma on worulde on handweorce,<ref name="r261">"Scotland profile", BBC News, 17 October 2012, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7219799.stm</ref> and lǣfde maniġfealde wyrcunge fram hræglum, brendwīne, and buterhlāfe oþ lyftscipa searu, folcwǣnas, rīmġewritu, and fēos rēdunge.<ref name="r262">"Scottish Goods and Services", Scotland, https://www.scotland.org/business/goods-and-services</ref> Swā on ōþrum forþgangendum feohġemētum sind handweorc and ūtātēon lǣssan ġewordene, and þēnunga sind nū sē mǣsta dǣl.<ref name="r263">gov.scot, "Financial and Business Services", Scotland: a trading nation, 1 May 2019, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotland-a-trading-nation/sectors/financial-and-business-services</ref> Hefiġ cræft (scipwyrhtung on Glasgowe, col, stȳle) wēold ǣr; Norþsǣ ele is miċel weorcġiefa siþþan þǣm 1970–1979 ġēarum, swīþost on norþēastdǣle. Æfter þǣre lytlunge þǣra cræfta on þǣm 1970–1989 ġēarum sind þā hēafoddǣlas eorþtilþ, wudutilþ, fiscnoþ, handweorc, timbrung, ele and gæs, ġewitt, cræft, feohþēnunga, mete and drenċ, and cumfaru; steorrancræft, ednīwiendlic orþanc, and feohcræft sind weaxende dǣlas.<ref name="r264">"Key Sectors | Scotland.org", Scotland, https://www.scotland.org/business/key-sectors</ref> Scotlandes fiscnoþes stōw is sēo 4e mǣste on Eurōpe.<ref name="r265">"SCOTLAND'S PLACE IN EUROPE: People, Jobs and Investment", Scottish Government, https://www.cdn.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Scotlands-place-in-Europe.pdf</ref> Þæt Scottisce Þēodlice Fēosetnesse Feohhūs, ġesett on þǣm ġēare 2020 mid £2 þūsend mīliona folces fēos, fultumaþ cēaplicum weorcum, þæt āgen fēoh tōtēo.<ref name="r266">BBC News, "Scotland's national investment bank launches", 23 November 2020, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-55035520</ref> === Cumfaru === [[File:Horses' heads in the clouds - geograph.org.uk (cropped for SCO Portal).jpg|thumb|Þā Kelpies, miċel wundor on Falkirk]] Cumfaru and ūtlandiscu ġemōtu sind hēafodlic dǣl:<ref name="r267">"Tourism and events", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/policies/tourism-and-events/</ref> mā þonne 245,000 weorca and £10.8 þūsend mīliona on þǣm ġēare 2023, 6% þæs feohġemētes.<ref name="r268">Davidson, Shongah, "Industry Update: Driving the visitor economy | Scottish Tourism Alliance", Scottish Tourism Alliance, 12 May 2025, https://scottishtourismalliance.co.uk/industry-update-driving-the-visitor-economy/#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20visitor%20spend%20was%20worth%20£10.8,these%20areas%20in%20the%20past%2012%20months.</ref> Þā forman wundru sind Eadenburges Castel, þæt Þēodlice Mādmhūs Scotlandes, sēo Cumena Stōw æt Culloden, Eadenburges Dēorgeard, Stirlinges Castel, and Urquhartes Castel;<ref name="r269">"Visitor Attractions Performance I VisitScotland.org", www.visitscotland.org, https://www.visitscotland.org/research-insights/about-our-industry/visitor-attractions</ref> Eadenburges Castel and þæt Þēodlice Mādmhūs hæfdon ǣġþer mā þonne 2 mīlion cumena on þǣm ġēare 2017.<ref name="r270">"Chapter 2: The Value of Visitors to Scotland[4]", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/tourism-scotland-economic-contribution-sector/pages/3/</ref> VisitScotland, ġesett þurh þā Cumfare Ġemōta (Scotland) Ǣ 2006, is sēo rīċes þēnung for cumfare.<ref name="r267" /> Fræġnung on þǣm ġēare 2023 sette Scotlandes landscipe 7an of 60 landum.<ref name="r271">"Scotland's international reputation grows", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/news/scotlands-international-reputation-grows/</ref> Mā þonne 4 mīlion manna cōmon on þǣm ġēare 2023, 15% mā þonne on þǣm ġēare 2019.<ref name="r272">"Record number of overseas tourists visit Scotland", BBC News, 17 May 2024, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cv2rg3rjdvjo</ref> Loch Lomond, þā Kelpies, and þæt sæġenlice Nihtscucca on Loch Ness tēoþ mǣst cuman of Norþamerice;<ref name="r273">"Tourism rises sharply in Falkirk with almost a million visits in 2024", www.falkirk.gov.uk, https://www.falkirk.gov.uk/news/council/tourism-rises-sharply-in-falkirk-with-almost-a-million-visits-in-2024</ref><ref name="r274">"We came to Scotland to see the Loch Ness Monster", BBC News, 19 May 2023, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-65637377</ref> þā mǣstan ūtlandiscan cuman cumaþ of þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum, Þēodsclande, Canada, and Australia.<ref name="r275">"International Visitors | VisitScotland.org", www.visitscotland.org, https://www.visitscotland.org/research-insights/about-our-visitors/international</ref> Strand, sandas, castelas, and ierfe dōþ Scotland ān þǣra lēofostena stōwa on Eurōpe.<ref name="r276">"Visiting Scotland | Scotland.org", Scotland, https://www.scotland.org/visit</ref><ref name="r277">"Why People Choose Scotland I VisitScotland.org", www.visitscotland.org, https://www.visitscotland.org/research-insights/about-our-visitors/why-people-choose-scotland#:~:text=The%20overall%20%22nation%20brand%22%20rank,towards%20and%20familiar%20with%20Scotland.</ref> Ūtlandisc cumfare spendung wæs £9.7 þūsend mīliona on þǣm ġēare 2016.<ref name="r278">"Chapter 2: The Value of Visitors to Scotland[4]", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/tourism-scotland-economic-contribution-sector/pages/3/#</ref> === Feohhūs and feoh === [[File:Museum on the mound, Edinburgh (41404375864).jpg|thumb|Þæt Scotlandes Feohhūs is ān þǣra ieldestena feohhūsa on worulde and þæt ǣreste on Eurōpe, þe spēdiġlīce āgen feohġewritu prentode]] Englalandes Feohhūs is þæt middelfeohhūs þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes, ac 3 Scottiscu feohhūs sellaþ sterlinges feohġewritu: þæt Scotlandes Feohhūs, þæt Cynelice Scotlandes Feohhūs, and þæt Clydesdale Feohhūs. Þæt Scotlandes Feohhūs, þe ġewritu selþ siþþan 1696, wæs þæt ǣreste Eurōpisce feohhūs, þe āgen ġewritfeoh prentode, and is sē lenġesta unforlǣtenda sellend on worulde.<ref name="r279">"Lloyds Banking Group - Bank of Scotland History", www.lloydsbankinggroup.com, https://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/who-we-are/our-heritage/bank-of-scotland-heritage.html</ref> Þæt Cynelice Scotlandes Feohhūs wearþ þæt ōþer mǣste feohhūs on Eurōpe and þæt 5e mǣste on worulde be cēapwyrþe on þǣm ġēare 2002,<ref name="r280">"Royal Bank of Scotland Group", Scottish Financial Enterprise (SFE), https://www.sfe.org.uk/members-database/royal-bank-of-scotland-group</ref> ac hit fēoll on þǣre feohþrēa on þǣm ġēare 2008 and beþorfte £76 þūsend mīliona fultumes fram þǣm rīċewealde þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes;<ref name="r281">"RBS collapse: timeline", The Guardian, 12 December 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/dec/12/rbs-collapse-timeline</ref> his hēafodhūs on Eadenburge strangode þǣre burge feohstōwe. Ǣr 2008 wæs Scotland ōþer æfter Lundene swā hēafodstōw þǣra 30 mǣstena feohhūsa on Eurōpe.<ref name="r282">"Scottish Financial Enterprise – Financial Industry Overview", http://www.sfe.org.uk/info/overview_scottish_financial_industry {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506155001/http://www.sfe.org.uk/info/overview_scottish_financial_industry |date=2006-05-06 }}</ref><ref name="r283">"Lloyds Bank – About Lloyds Banking Group – TSB", Lloydsbank.com, https://www.lloydsbank.com/about_ltsb/tsb.asp</ref> Scottisc ġewritfēos sellung is ġewealden þurh þā Feohhūsa Ǣ 2009 and þā Scotlandes and Norþīralandes Feohġewrita Ġesetnessa 2009.<ref name="r284">"The Bank of England's approach to regulating Scottish and Northern Ireland commercial banknotes", March 2017, https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/banknotes/scottish-northern-ireland/scottish-and-northern-ireland-regime-approach.pdf</ref> Scottisce feohġewritu on ymbryne on þǣm ġēare 2013 wǣron £3.8 þūsend mīliona wyrþe, ġehealdene þurh fēoh, þe Englalandes Feohhūs hæfþ.<ref name="r285">"Scottish Banknotes: The Treasury's Symbolic Hostage in the Independence Debate", The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/scottish-independence-blog/2013/apr/22/scottish-independence-banknotes</ref> === Færeld === [[File:Airport and plane Barra airstrip - geograph.org.uk - 852094.jpg|thumb|Barra Lyftscipstōw, sēo āne lyftscipstōw on worulde, þe sǣsand swā rǣsweġ notaþ]] Scotland hæfþ 5 ūtlandisce lyftscipstōwa mid flyhtum tō Eurōpe, Norþamerice, and Asia, and inlendisce weġas.<ref name="r286">Visit Scotland, "Scotland's Airports & Flights Around The Country", www.visitscotland.com, https://www.visitscotland.com/travel-planning/getting-around/plane</ref> Hēahlandes and Īeglanda Lyftscipstōwa healdaþ 11 lyftscipstōwa on þǣm Hēahlande, Orcanēġe, Hjaltlande, and Westīeglandum, mǣst for scortum folces flyhtum; Inverness Lyftscipstōw ēac þēnaþ þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme and þǣm Eurōpiscan fæstlande.<ref name="r287">Highlands and Islands Airport Limited, "Destinations from Inverness Airport", www.hial.co.uk, https://www.hial.co.uk/inverness-airport/destinations-5/1</ref> Eadenburges Lyftscipstōw is sēo bisgoste (mā þonne 13 mīlion færendra on þǣm ġēare 2017) and 6e bisgoste on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r288">"Datasets – UK Civil Aviation Authority", Caa.co.uk, https://www.caa.co.uk/Data-and-analysis/UK-aviation-market/Airports/Datasets</ref> Loganair, "Scotlandes Lyftfaru", is ġestaþolod æt Glasgowes Lyftscipstōwe.<ref name="r289">Isle of Man Government, "Loganair to link Scotland's capital with the Isle of Man", www.gov.im, https://www.gov.im/news/2017/mar/31/loganair-to-link-scotlands-capital-with-the-isle-of-man/</ref> Network Rail āh þā īsenweġas; sē Scottisca Rīċeweald sett þæs īsenweġes rǣd and fēoh.<ref name="r290">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050722065527/http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/pdf/238.pdf "Disaggregating Network Rail's expenditure and revenue allowance and future price control framework: a consultation (June 2005)"] Office of Rail Regulation. Retrieved 2 November 2007.</ref> Þæt nett hæfþ 359 fȳrwæġnstōwa and ymbe 2,760 km īsenweġes;<ref name="r291">Transport Scotland, "Scottish Transport Statistics No 38: 2019 Edition Chapter 7: Rail Services", Transport.gov.scot, 18 March 2020, https://www.transport.gov.scot/publication/scottish-transport-statistics-no-38-2019-edition/chapter-7-rail-services</ref> ScotRail bær 64 mīlion færendra on 2022–2023.<ref name="r292">"Scottish Transport Statistics 2023 Rail", transport.gov.scot, https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/ahohoblv/chapter-7-rail-transport-scottish-transport-statistics-2023.pdf</ref> Transport Scotland, ġesett on þǣm 1an dæġe Æfterran Ġēolan 2006, wielt þā īsenweġas and lǣdeþ miċel weorc.<ref name="r293">Transport in Scotland, "Corporate: Freedom of Information Publication Scheme", http://www.transportscotland.gov.uk/corporate/freedom-information-publication-scheme/freedom-information-publication-scheme {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915182734/http://www.transportscotland.gov.uk/corporate/freedom-information-publication-scheme/freedom-information-publication-scheme |date=2014-09-15 }}</ref> Þurh Scottish Rail Holdings nam hit ScotRail on folces ǣhte on Ēastermōnþe 2022<ref name="r294">"ScotRail goes back into public ownership", BBC News, 1 April 2022, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-60842268</ref> and þone Caledoniscan Slǣpwæġn on Sēremōnþe 2023.<ref name="r295">Transport Scotland, "Caledonian Sleeper to be delivered by the Scottish Government", 2 March 2023, https://www.transport.gov.scot/news/caledonian-sleeper-to-be-delivered-by-the-scottish-government/</ref> Glasgowes Undereorþweġ, ġeopenod on þǣm 14an dæġe Ǣrran Ġēolan 1896, is sē āna undereorþweġ on Scotlande and sē 3a ieldesta on worulde æfter Budapest and Lundene; Strathclyde Partnership for Transport hine healdeþ.<ref name="r296">Strathclyde Partnership for Transport, "Celebrating 125 years of Subway", www.spt.co.uk, https://www.spt.co.uk/125/</ref> Transport Scotland wielt þā miclan weġas; landscīra anwealdas wealdaþ þā ōþre weġas. Ferescipu ġeþēodaþ þæt fæstland and þā īegland. Caledonian MacBrayne, þæs rīċes āgen, þēnaþ þǣm Inrum and Ūtrum Hebridum;<ref name="r297">Traveline Scotland, "Ferry operators", www.travelinescotland.com, https://www.travelinescotland.com/ferry-operators</ref><ref name="r298">CalMac Ferries, "Scotland's west coast ferry seascape", www.calmac.co.uk, https://www.calmac.co.uk/article/5655/Scotlands-west-coast-ferry-seascape#:~:text=They%20are%20a%20company%20wholly%20owned%20by%20the%20Scottish%20Government.&text=CalMac%20Ferries%20Ltd%20is%20a,service%20provider%20David%20MacBrayne%20Ltd.</ref> Serco þēnaþ þǣm Norþīeglandum; maniġe ġesīþscipas ġeþēodaþ sūþwestdǣl Scotlandes and Norþīraland.<ref name="r299">Direct Ferries, "Ferries from Northern Ireland to Scotland", www.directferries.co.uk, https://www.directferries.co.uk/ferries_from_northern_ireland_to_scotland.htm#:~:text=There%20are%202%20ferry%20routes,which%20runs%205%20times%20daily.</ref> DFDS Seaways hēold ladferescip betwux Rosyth and Zeebrugge, oþ þæt fȳr his scip ġedērede;<ref name="r300">"Ferry freight service axed after fire", Bbc.co.uk, 23 April 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-43864813</ref> færendra ferescip fōr fram 2002 oþ 2010.<ref name="r301">"Passenger ferry service to stop", Bbc.co.uk, 20 August 2010, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-11041554</ref> === Ġewitt, cræft, and orþanc === [[File:Synthetic Production of Penicillin TR1468 crop.jpg|thumb|Sir Alexander Fleming, sē findend þæs ǣrestan wīdlīce spēdiġan lǣċedōmes wiþ ādlwyrmum – penicillin]] Scotlandes orþanc cymþ of ednīwiendlicum orþance (61.8%), cernelorþance (25.7%), and eorþbrandum (10.9%).<ref name="r302">"Quarterly energy statistics bulletins", www.gov.scot, http://www.gov.scot/publications/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins</ref> Whitelee Windcræftes Tūn is sē mǣsta windcræftes tūn on lande on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme and wæs hwīlum sē mǣsta on Eurōpe.<ref name="r303">Iberdrola, "Whitelee wind farm in Scotland", iberdrola.com, https://www.iberdrola.com/about-us/what-we-do/onshore-wind-energy/-whitelee-onshore-wind-farm#:~:text=Whitelee%2C%20with%20215%20turbines%20in,period%20the%20largest%20in%20Europe.</ref> Flōdes cræft ārīst; MeyGen on norþdǣle man sæġþ þæt mǣste flōdstrēames weorc on worulde.<ref name="r304">Dickie, Mure, "Scotland unveils world's largest tidal stream power project", ft.com, 12 September 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/d197308a-7826-11e6-97ae-647294649b28</ref> Æfter ūtsendungum wæs 98.6% þæs ġenotodan līġcræftes ednīwiendlic.<ref name="r302" /> Fram Winterfylleþe 2021 oþ Hāligmōnaþ 2022 wæs 63.1% þæs ġeworhtan līġcræftes ednīwiendlic, 83.6% lytelcarbonlic, and 14.5% of eorþbrandum.<ref name="r305">"Scottish Energy Statistics Hub: Proportion of electricity consumption by fuel", scotland.shinyapps.io, https://scotland.shinyapps.io/Energy/?Section=RenLowCarbon&Subsection=RenElec&Chart=ElecConsumptionFuel</ref> Sēo mearc is 50% þæs orþances for hǣtu, færelde, and līġcræfte of ednīwiendlicum orþance be 2030.<ref name="r306">"The future of energy in Scotland: Scottish energy strategy", Gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-energy-strategy-future-energy-scotland-9781788515276/pages/5</ref> On þǣm ġēare 2022 ġeworhte ednīwiendlic orþanc ġelīc 113% þæs līġcræftes nēode, swā fela swā nǣfre ǣr.<ref name="r307">Scottish Government, "Record renewable energy output", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/news/record-renewable-energy-output/</ref> Scottisce findunga swā swā feorrġesiht, feorrsprǣc, ċealdcist, MRI sceawere, flōdende gangærn, and dȳmes searu man tellþ Scotlandes hēahscōlum, sōcnscōlum, and þǣre Onlīhtunge ġeornfulnesse tō lāre.<ref name="r308">Live Breathe Scotland, "Scottish Inventions", https://www.livebreathescotland.com/scottish-inventions/</ref> Alexander Fleming fand penicillin, þone ǣrestan wīdlīce spēdiġan lǣċedōm wiþ ādlwyrmum, and ġewann þone Nobeles Sigeġifu on Līċlǣre oþþe Lǣċecræfte on þǣm ġēare 1945.<ref name="r309">The Nobel Foundation, "Alexander Fleming Biography", Les Prix Nobel, 1945, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming.html</ref><ref name="r310">Hugh, T. B., "Howard Florey, Alexander Fleming and the fairy tale of penicillin", The Medical Journal of Australia, 2002, pp. 52–53; author 53 53</ref><ref name="r311">Cruickshank, Robert, "Sir Alexander Fleming, F.R.S", Nature, 1955, pp. 355–6</ref> Þæt Falkirkes Hwēol is sē āna hwyrfende bāthebbend on worulde, and sē Glasgowes Stīpel is sē hēhsta fullīce hwyrfende sylfstandende ġetimbro.<ref name="r312">Scottish Canals, "The Falkirk Wheel", https://www.scottishcanals.co.uk/visit/canals/visit-the-forth-clyde-canal/attractions/the-falkirk-wheel</ref><ref name="r313">Glasgow Science Centre, "Glasgow Tower", https://www.glasgowsciencecentre.org/discover/our-experiences/glasgow-tower</ref> Scotlandes steorrancræft is forma on þolgendum tungolcræfte;<ref name="r314">"The Scottish Space Cluster Executive Summary May 2020", https://londoneconomics.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/LE-SE-Scottish-Space-Cluster-EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY-FINAL-Issue-4-S2C110520.pdf</ref><ref name="r315">Scottish Development International, "Space technology industry in Scotland", Sdi.co.uk, https://www.sdi.co.uk/business-in-scotland/find-your-industry/digital-and-technology-industries/space-tech</ref> sēo Steorrancræftes Þēnung þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes tealde 173 steorrancræftes ġesīþscipas on Þrimilce 2021,<ref name="r316">"More than 3,000 jobs created as space sector grows across the UK", GOV.UK, 19 May 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-than-3000-jobs-created-as-space-sector-grows-across-the-uk</ref> mid tungolscipa wyrhtum, ūpsendendum, ġewitena smēaġendum, and smēaunge ġemōtum.<ref name="r317">"Boldly going towards the new age of space", HeraldScotland, 20 February 2021, https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19104939.boldly-going-towards-new-age-space/</ref> Man wēnþ, þæt sē dǣl ġestrīene £2 þūsend mīliona be 2030,<ref name="r314" /> and hē hæfþ nēah ān of 5 steorrancræftes weorcum þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes.<ref name="r318">"Manufacturing: Space sector - gov.scot", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/policies/manufacturing/space-sector/</ref> 2 tungolscipstōwa sind ġeteohhode: Sutherland and SaxaVord.<ref name="r319">Carrell, Severin, "Rocket men: locals divided over plans for UK's first spaceport", The Guardian, 16 July 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jul/16/rocket-men-locals-divided-over-plans-for-uks-first-spaceport</ref> Sē Cynelica Tungolwītega Scotlandes, ġesett on þǣm ġēare 1834, is nū weorþlic titul for mǣrum tungolwītegan and forþiende folclices ġewittes.<ref name="r320">"Expert is first female Astronomer Royal for Scotland | Research and innovation", The University of Edinburgh, 27 May 2021, https://www.ed.ac.uk/research-innovation/latest-research-news/expert-first-female-astronomer-royal-for-scotland</ref> == Folcrīm == === Landfolc === [[File:Scotland population cartogram.svg|thumb|Landfolces landmǣl Scotlandes. Þǣra landscīra micelnes is æfter heora landfolce.]] On þǣm 1820–1829 ġēarum fērdon maniġe Scottas, mǣst of þǣm earman Hēahlande, tō Australia, þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum, and Canada.<ref name="r321">National Library of Scotland, "Emigration", www.nls.uk, https://www.nls.uk/family-history/emigration/</ref> Þæt Hēahland wæs sē āna dǣl þæs fæstlandes Brytene mid eftcymendum hungre.<ref name="r322">University of Glasgow, "Poverty, Protest and Politics: Perceptions of the Scottish Highlands in the 1880s", www.gla.ac.uk, https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_792389_smxx.pdf</ref> Fēawa ūtsendunga, nēah nān cræft, and weaxende landfolc swencton þā eorþtilþe for āgnum bīleofan. Þās earfoþu and sēo ġīernes eorþtilþes ġestrēones worhton þā Hēahlandes Ǣmtiġunga: miċele ūtādrǣfunga, þā þā þæt land wæs betȳned, mǣst for scēapum. Sē ǣresta dǣl folgode eorþtilþes wendinge ġeond Brytene; sē ōþer wæs ġedrifen þurh tō miċel landfolc, þone Hēahlandes Eorþæppla Hungor, and þone hryre þǣra cræfta þe on Napoleones ġewinnum stōdon.<ref name="r323">E. Richards, ''The Highland Clearances: People, Landlords and Rural Turmoil'' (2008).</ref> Þæt landfolc wēox fram 1,608,000 (1801) tō 2,889,000 (1851) and 4,472,000 (1901).<ref name="r324">A. K. Cairncross, ''The Scottish Economy: A Statistical Account of Scottish Life by Members of the Staff of Glasgow University'' (Glasgow: Glasgow University Press, 1953), p. 10.</ref> Weorc ne ġenihtsumode: on 1841–1931 fērdon ymbe 2 mīlion Scotta tō Norþamerice and Australia and 750,000 tō Englalande.<ref name="r325">R. A. Houston and W. W. Knox, eds, ''The New Penguin History of Scotland'' (Penguin, 2001), p. xxxii.</ref> On þǣm 1870–1879 ġēarum ċēlung and ūtlandisc lamb, scēapflǣsc, and wull āfyldon scēapa wyrþ and ġeendodon þone scēapa wæstm.<ref name="r326">Warren, Charles R., "Managing Scotland's environment", 2009, pp. [https://archive.org/details/managingscotland00warr/page/n73 45] ff., 179 ff, ISBN 9780748630639, https://archive.org/details/managingscotland00warr</ref> Scotland is þæt þynnost bewunode land þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes.<ref name="r327">"Number of people per square kilometer in the United Kingdom in 2023, by region", Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/281322/population-density-in-the-uk-by-region/</ref><ref name="r328">"Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland - Office for National Statistics", www.beta.ons.gov.uk, https://www.beta.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2023</ref> On Wēodmōnþe 2012 rǣhte þæt landfolc 5.25 mīlion, swā fela swā nǣfre ǣr, for þǣm þe ācennednessa ofer dēaþas wǣron and incuman cōmon; on þǣm ġēare 2011 cōmon 43,700 manna of Englalande, Wēalum, and Norþīralande.<ref name="r329">The Courier, "Scotland's population reaches record of high of 5.25&nbsp;million", 3 August 2012, http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/scotland-s-population-reaches-record-of-high-of-5-25-million-1.57049</ref> Sēo nīwoste folcrīmung, on Hrēþmōnþe 2022, fram þǣm Scottiscan Rīċewealde and þǣm Þēodlicum Ġewritum Scotlandes,<ref name="r330">"Scotland's Census 2022 - key milestones", https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/about/2022-census/2022-timeline/key-milestones/</ref> tealde 5,436,600, mā þonne nǣfre ǣr, ofer 5,295,400 (2011)<ref name="r330" /> and 5,062,011 (2001).<ref name="r331">National Records of Scotland, "Scotland's Population at its Highest Ever", 30 April 2015, http://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/news/2015/scotlands-population-at-its-highest-ever</ref> On þǣre folcrīmunge 2011 cwǣdon 62% hīe 'Scottisce āne', 18% 'Scottisce and Brittisce', 8% 'Brittisce āne', and 4% 'ōþre ġecynde āne'.<ref name="r332">[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/news/census-2011-detailed-characteristics-ethnicity-identity-language-and-religion-scotland-%E2%80%93 Census 2011: Detailed characteristics on Ethnicity, Identity, Language and Religion in Scotland – Release 3A] . Scotland Census 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2014.</ref> Scotland hæfde lange ǣġþer ūtfare and infare. On þǣm ġēare 2021 cōmon ymbe 41,000 manna in and 22,100 fērdon ūt, wiþ 27,800 and 26,200 on þǣm ġēare 2002.<ref name="r333">"statistics.gov.scot", statistics.gov.scot, https://statistics.gov.scot/slice?dataset=http://statistics.gov.scot/data/migration-to-and-from-scotland&http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#measureType=http://statistics.gov.scot/def/measure-properties/count&http://purl.org/linked-data/sdmx/2009/dimension</ref> === Burga wæstm === Eadenburg is sē hēafodstōl, ac Glasgow is sēo mǣste burg, mid lȳtle mā þonne 584,000 manna; Miċel Glasgow, nēah 1.2 mīlion, hæfþ nēah fēorþan dǣl þæs landfolces.<ref name="r334">"Did You Know?—Scotland's Cities", Rampantscotland.com, http://rampantscotland.com/know/blknow_cities.htm</ref> Þā mǣstan burga, mid Glasgowe, Eadenburge, Dundee, and Perth, sind on þǣm Middelbelte; Aberdeen is sēo āne miċele burg būtan him. Þæt Niþerland hæfþ 80% þæs landfolces, sē Middelbelt 3.5 mīlion. Ǣnlīce þā māran, ēaþfērran īegland sind ġīet bewunode, nū lǣs þonne 90. Þā Sūþdūna sind uplendisc, mid eorþtilþe and wudutilþe.<ref name="r335">Clapperton, C.M. (ed) (1983) ''Scotland: A New Study''. London. David & Charles.</ref><ref name="r336">Miller, J. (2004) ''Inverness''. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-296-2</ref> Hūses earfoþu on Glasgowe and Eadenburge lǣddon tō 5 nīwum burgum on 1947–1966: East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Cumbernauld, Livingston, and Irvine.<ref name="r337">"New Towns", Bbc.co.uk, https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/as/sixties/standard/rural/new_towns.shtml</ref> Sēo mǣste landscīr be landfolce is Glasgowes Ċeaster; be brādnesse, Hēahland. {| class="wikitable" |+ Mǣstan stōwa (Scotlandes Folcrīmung 2022)<ref>National Records of Scotland, "2022 Census population data for localities in Scotland", Scotlandscensus.gov.uk. http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-analyser/jsf/tableView/crosstabTableView.xhtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728164340/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-analyser/jsf/login.xhtml?invalidSession=true&reason=Session+not+established. |date=2020-07-28 }}</ref> ! Stæpe !! Stōw !! Landscīr !! Landfolc |- | 1 || Glasgow || Glasgow City || 632,350 |- | 2 || Edinburgh || City of Edinburgh || 506,520 |- | 3 || Aberdeen || Aberdeen || 198,590 |- | 4 || Dundee || Dundee City || 148,210 |- | 5 || Paisley || Renfrewshire || 77,270 |- | 6 || East Kilbride || South Lanarkshire || 75,310 |- | 7 || Livingston || West Lothian || 56,840 |- | 8 || Dunfermline || Fife || 54,990 |- | 9 || Hamilton || South Lanarkshire || 54,480 |- | 10 || Cumbernauld || North Lanarkshire || 50,530 |- | 11 || Kirkcaldy || Fife || 50,370 |- | 12 || Inverness || Highland || 47,790 |- | 13 || Perth || Perth and Kinross || 47,350 |- | 14 || Kilmarnock || East Ayrshire || 46,970 |- | 15 || Ayr || South Ayrshire || 46,260 |- | 16 || Coatbridge || North Lanarkshire || 43,950 |- | 17 || Greenock || Inverclyde || 41,280 |- | 18 || Glenrothes || Fife || 38,360 |- | 19 || Stirling || Stirling || 37,910 |- | 20 || Airdrie || North Lanarkshire || 36,390 |} === Spræc === [[File:Welcome to Scotland sign on the A1 - geograph.org.uk - 4057371.jpg|thumb|Sēo Englisc-Scottisce mearc, þe færendas grēt on Englisce and Scottiscre Gaelisce]] Scotland hæfþ 4 inlendisce spræca: Englisc, Scottisc,<ref name="r338">[https://www.gov.scot/Topics/ArtsCultureSport/arts/Scots/ScotsLanguagePolicy Scots Language Policy] , Gov.scot, Retrieved 2 October 2014</ref> Scottisc Gaelisc,<ref name="r339">[https://www.gov.scot/Topics/ArtsCultureSport/arts/GaelicLanguage/languageplan Gaelic Language Plan, www.gov.scot] . Retrieved 2 October 2014</ref> and Brittisc Tācnspræc.<ref name="r340">Samuel, Harriet, "British Sign Language Week", 4 January 2026, https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cdp-2025-0061/</ref> Scottisc Ġemǣne Englisc is ān ende rǣwe, mid brādum Scottiscum on þǣm ōþrum<ref name="r341">Stuart-Smith J. ''Scottish English: Phonology'' in Varieties of English: The British Isles, Kortman & Upton (Eds), Mouton de Gruyter, New York 2008. p. 47</ref> and mæġ bēon ġewend fram Scottiscum.<ref name="r342">Stuart-Smith J. ''Scottish English: Phonology'' in Varieties of English: The British Isles, Kortman & Upton (Eds), Mouton de Gruyter, New York 2008. p.48</ref><ref name="r343">Macafee C. ''Scots'' in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 11, Elsevier, Oxford, 2005. p. 33</ref> Hēahlandes Englisc is sprecen on þǣm Hēahlande; Gaelisc is mǣst sprecen on þǣm Westīeglandum, fram miclum dǣle þǣra būendra. Brȳce þǣra inlendiscra spræca būtan Englisce hæfþ ġelytlod siþþan þǣm 19an ġēarhundrede. On þǣm ġēare 2011 hæfdon 63% "nāne cunnunge Scottisces".<ref name="r344">National Records of Scotland, "2022 Census population data for localities in Scotland", Scotlandscensus.gov.uk, http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-analyser/jsf/tableView/crosstabTableView.xhtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728164340/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-analyser/jsf/login.xhtml?invalidSession=true&reason=Session+not+established. |date=2020-07-28 }}</ref> Gaelisc brȳcþ 1% þæs landfolces;<ref name="r345">Kenneth MacKinnon, "A Century on the Census—Gaelic in Twentieth Century Focus", http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/STELLA/STARN/lang/GAELIC/focus.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905013846/http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/STELLA/STARN/lang/GAELIC/focus.htm |date=2007-09-05 }}</ref> sprecan fēollon fram 250,000 on þǣm ġēare 1881 tō 60,000 on þǣm ġēare 2008.<ref name="r346">"[http://news.scotsman.com/gaelic/Can-TV39s-evolution-ignite-a.4494029.jp Can TV's evolution ignite a Gaelic revolution?] ". ''The Scotsman''. 16 September 2008.</ref> On þǣm ġēare 2011 brȳcton 25,000 manna (0.49%) Gaelisces æt hām.<ref name="r347">"2011: Gaelic report (part 1)", Scotland's Census, https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/cqoji4qx/report_part_1.pdf</ref> Ambihtlic fultum wēox on þǣm 21an ġēarhundrede, fram andetnesse swā lǣssan spræca oþ ambihtlicne stede Scottisces and Gaelisces on þǣm ġēare 2025.<ref name="r348">"Scottish Languages Bill passed", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/news/scottish-languages-bill-passed/</ref> Æfter Englisce and Scottiscum is Polisc sēo ġelōmoste hāmspræc (ymbe 1.1%, 54,000 manna).<ref name="r349">"Scotland's Census at a glance: Languages", Scotland's Census, https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/</ref> Infaru æfter þǣm ġewinne ġeworhte lȳtle Sūþasiatisce ġemǣnscipas on Glasgowe, Eadenburge, and Dundee.<ref name="r350">"Scotland speaks Urdu", Urdustan.net, http://www.urdustan.net/2004/11/scotland-speaks-urdu.html</ref> On þǣm ġēare 2011 wǣron ymbe 49,000 Pacistaniscra manna sē mǣsta unhwīta flocc.<ref name="r351">Scottish Government, "Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011", 2013, http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbtable2.pdf</ref> Þǣre Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge ġebrǣdung on þǣm ġēare 2004 ēacnode infare of middel and ēastlicre Eurōpe; 61,000 Polisca wunodon on Scotlande on þǣm ġēare 2011.<ref name="r351" /><ref name="r352">''The Pole Position'' (6 August 2005). Glasgow. ''Sunday Herald'' newspaper.</ref> Mā manna of Scottiscre mǣġþe wuniaþ on ūtlandum þonne on Scotlande. On þǣre folcrīmunge þǣra Ġeānodra Rīċa 2000 cwǣdon 9.2 mīlion Americanisca Scottisce mǣġþe.<ref name="r353">The [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on US Census 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108032342/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on |date=2012-01-08 }} . The [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_DP2&-ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103071250/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_DP2&-ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on |date=2011-11-03 }} American Community Survey 2004 by the US Census Bureau estimates 5,752,571 people claiming Scottish ancestry and 5,323,888 people claiming Scotch-Irish ancestry. "Explore Census Data", http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108032342/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on |date=2012-01-08 }}</ref> Ulstres Ednīwiendlican sind mǣst of Niþerlandes Scottiscre mǣġþe,<ref name="r354">"The Scotch-Irish", American Heritage Magazine, December 1970, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1970/1/1970_1_28.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020035635/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1970/1/1970_1_28.shtml |date=2010-10-20 }}</ref> and mā þonne 27 mīlion æftergengena þǣra Scottisc-Īriscra wuniaþ on þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum.<ref name="r355">Powells.com, "Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America", 12 August 2009, http://www.powells.com/biblio/1-9780767916899-1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116001733/http://powells.com/biblio/1-9780767916899-1 |date=2010-01-16 }}</ref><ref name="r356">Nitakeacloserlook.gov.uk, "Scots-Irish By Alister McReynolds, writer and lecturer in Ulster-Scots studies", http://www.nitakeacloserlook.gov.uk/index/american-connections/scots-irish.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216090343/http://www.nitakeacloserlook.gov.uk/index/american-connections/scots-irish.htm |date=2009-02-16 }}</ref> Scottisce Canadiscan sind 4.7 mīlion.<ref name="r357">"2006 Canadian Census", 12.statcan.ca, 2 April 2008, http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101151108/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=2009-11-01 }}</ref> Ymbe 20% þǣra ǣrestena Eurōpiscra landbūendra Nīwes Sǣlandes wǣron Scottisce.<ref name="r358">Linguistic Archaeology: The Scottish Input to New Zealand English Phonology Trudgill et al. Journal of English Linguistics.2003; 31: 103–124</ref> === Ġeleafa === [[File:St Marys Cathedral ,Edinburgh - 20240916182847.jpg|thumb|Sancte Marian Hēafodmynster, Eadenburg]] On þǣre folcrīmunge 2022 cwǣdon 51.12%, þæt hīe nānne ġeleafan næfdon. Crīstendōm (38.79%) is sē mǣsta ġeleafa, mǣst sēo Ċiriċe Scotlandes (20.36%) and Rōmānisc Pāpdōm (13.3%).<ref name="r359">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion", Scotland's Census, https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/</ref> "Nān ġeleafa" wæs sēo forme andswaru on nēah ǣlcre landscīre, būtan Na h-Eileanan Siar (Ċiriċe Scotlandes, 35.3%) and Inverclyde (Pāpisc, 33.4%).<ref name="r359" /> Crīstendōm hæfþ ġewealden þæs ġeleafan līfe mā þonne 1,400 ġēara.<ref name="r360">L. Alcock, ''Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850'' (Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland), ISBN 0-903903-24-5, p. 63.</ref><ref name="r361">Lucas Quensel von Kalben, "The British Church and the Emergence of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom", in T. Dickinson and D. Griffiths, eds, ''Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 10: Papers for the 47th Sachsensymposium, York, September 1996'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), ISBN 086054138X, p. 93.</ref> Siþþan þǣre Ednīwunge on þǣm ġēare 1560 is sēo þēodlice Ċiriċe Scotlandes (''The Kirk'') Ednīwiendlic and Ġebētt; siþþan 1689 hæfþ hēo Prēostealdra wealdnesse, frēo fram þǣm rīċe.<ref name="r5" /> Hire lima fēollon lȳtle under 300,000 (5%) on þǣm ġēare 2020;<ref name="r362">"Church of Scotland General Assembly 2021 CONGREGATIONAL STATISTICS 2020 Summary Page 75", https://churchofscotland.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/80744/Order-of-Proceedings-2021.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602190154/https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/80744/Order-of-Proceedings-2021.pdf |date=2021-06-02 }}</ref><ref name="r363">"Church of Scotland 'struggling to stay alive'", scotsman.com, http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/church-of-scotland-struggling-to-stay-alive-1-3391152</ref><ref name="r364">"Survey indicates 1.5&nbsp;million Scots identify with Church", Churchofscotland.org.uk, http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/news_and_events/news/archive/articles/survey_indicates_1.5_million_scots_identify_with_church</ref> ǣlc ġemǣnscipe hæfþ sōcne ġesamnunge. Rōmānisce Pāpiscan (13.3%) sind ġegaderode on Miclum Glasgowe and on norþwestdǣle.<ref name="r365">Andrew Collier, "Scotland's Confident Catholics", ''The Tablet'' 10 January 2009, 16.</ref><ref name="r359" /> Pāpdōm lifode æfter þǣre Ednīwunge on þǣm Hēahlande and on īeglandum swā swā Uist and Barra and wēox mid Īriscre infare on þǣm 19an ġēarhundrede. Ōþre ċiriċan sind sēo Frēo Ċiriċe Scotlandes and ōþre Prēostealdra bōgas; sēo Scottisce Biscopisce Ċiriċe is sēo 3e mǣste.<ref name="r366">"Scottish Episcopal Church could be first in UK to conduct same-sex weddings", Scottish Legal News, 20 May 2016, http://www.scottishlegal.com/2016/05/20/scottish-episcopal-church-could-be-first-in-uk-to-conduct-same-sex-weddings {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913144202/http://www.scottishlegal.com/2016/05/20/scottish-episcopal-church-could-be-first-in-uk-to-conduct-same-sex-weddings |date=2017-09-13 }}</ref> Lǣssan ġeleafan sind Īslam (2.2%), Hindūdōm (0.55%), Sikhdōm, Buddadōm, and Iūdēadōm;<ref name="r359" /><ref name="r367">National Records of Scotland, "Scotland's Census 2011", http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCb.pdf</ref><ref name="r368">General Register Office for Scotland, "Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census", http://www.gro-gov.scot/press/news2005/analysis-of-religion-in-the-2001-census.html</ref> on þǣm ġēare 2022 wǣron 10,988 manna Sikhisce, 15,501 Buddisce, and 5,847 Iūdēisce.<ref name="r369">"Further information on the Jewish and Sikh populations", Scotland's Census, https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-blog/further-information-on-the-jewish-and-sikh-populations/</ref> Sēo Gudwara Guru Granth Sahib Sikh Sabha on Pollokshields, Glasgow (2013) is þæt ǣreste Sikhisce ġebedhūs on Scotlande, tō þǣm ġetimbrod.<ref name="r370">"How do you prepare a Sikh temple?", BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-scotland-22314647</ref> Samyé Ling nēah Eskdalemuir (40 ġēara on þǣm ġēare 2007) is þæt ieldeste Buddisce mynster on westdǣle Eurōpe.<ref name="r371">"In the Scottish Lowlands, Europe's first Buddhist monastery turns 40", Buddhistchannel.tv, http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=3,4102,0,0,1,0</ref> Glasgowes Garnethill Ġesamnunghūs (1879), þæt ieldeste þe ġīet stent on Scotlande, healdeþ þā Scottiscan Iūdēiscan Ġewrithordes Stōwe; Iūdēisce ġemǣnscipas sind fram þǣm lætran 17an ġēarhundrede, mid ġesamnungum on Eadenburge and Glasgowe fram þǣm ǣrlican 19an ġēarhundrede.<ref name="r372">"Scottish Jewish Heritage Centre", https://sjhc.org.uk/</ref><ref name="r373">"Exploring Jewish History in Glasgow: Glasgow City Heritage Trust", Glasgow Heritage, https://www.glasgowheritage.org.uk/exploring-jewish-history-in-glasgow/</ref> === Lār === [[File:+ 908 wurde St Andrews bereits Bischohfssitz. 13 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ġesett on þǣm ġēare 1413, is sēo Hēahscōl Sancte Andreas sēo ieldeste on Scotlande and ān þǣra ieldestena on worulde]] Scottisc lār hæfþ ā wīdnesse ġeornlīce lufod.<ref name="r374">Scottish Government, "A Guide to Education and Training in Scotland – "the broad education long regarded as characteristic of Scotland"", 17 March 2003, http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2003/03/16743/19914</ref> Sēo Lāre Ǣ 1496 bēad, þæt þā suna þǣra baruna and weliġra frēomanna sōhton stæfcræftes scōlan tō leornienne "perfyct Latyne", and swā wēox rǣdcræft mid weliġum werum.<ref name="r375">P. J. Bawcutt and J. H. Williams, ''A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry'' (Woodbridge: Brewer, 2006), ISBN 1-84384-096-0, pp.&nbsp;29–30.</ref> Sēo ''Ǣreste Bōc Þēodscipes'' (1560) ġeþōhte scōle on ǣlcre sōcne, ac man ne mihte hīe ġefēohian;<ref name="r376">R. A. Houston, ''Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), ISBN 0-521-89088-8, p. 5.</ref> ǣ þæs Dīeġlan Rǣdes on þǣm ġēare 1616 bēad āne.<ref name="r377">"School education prior to 1873", Scottish Archive Network, 2010, http://www.scan.org.uk/knowledgebase/topics/education_box1.htm</ref> Be þǣm lætran 17an ġēarhundrede hæfde þæt Niþerland nēah fulfremed nett sōcnscōla, ac miċel dǣl þæs Hēahlandes næfde grundlice lāre.<ref name="r378">R. Anderson, "The history of Scottish Education pre-1980", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds, ''Scottish Education: Post-Devolution'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003), ISBN 0-7486-1625-X, pp.&nbsp;219–228.</ref> Lār wunode mid þǣre ċiriċan oþ þā Lāre (Scotland) Ǣ 1872.<ref name="r379">"Schools and schooling" in M. Lynch (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'', (Oxford, 2001), pp. 561–563.</ref> Sē Scottisca Rīċeweald sett þā lāre rǣd, mid Education Scotland (gōdnesse bētung) and þæs Cyninges Lāre Ofersceawunge (scēawunga).<ref name="r380">"Education Scotland &#124; Education Scotland", education.gov.scot, https://education.gov.scot/</ref> Sē ''Curriculum for Excellence'' ymbhæfþ þā ielda fram 3 oþ 18.<ref name="r381">Scottish Government, "Curriculum for Excellence – Aims, Purposes and Principles", http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/curriculumforexcellence/index.asp</ref> Ealle cild 3 and 4 ġēara eald habbaþ frēone stede on cildhūse. Sēo forme scōl onġinþ ymbe 5 ġēara and dūraþ 7 ġēar (P1–P7); leorneras nimaþ Þēodlicu Ġecostunga on 14–18 ġēarum. Þæt forlǣtenes ġēar is 16. Fēawa āgenra scōla folgiaþ þǣm Engliscan GCSE and A-Level ġesette.<ref name="r382">"The Scottish Exam System", http://www.scis.org.uk/genInfo/genInfo_scott_exam.html</ref> Scotland hæfþ 15 hēahscōla, sume ān þǣra ieldestena on worulde.<ref name="r383">Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, "Welcome to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland", http://www.carnegie-trust.org/what_we_do.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011070532/http://www.carnegie-trust.org/what_we_do.htm |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref><ref name="r384">Scottish Agricultural College, "Understanding Scottish Qualifications", http://www.sac.ac.uk/learning/prospective/international/ireland/IrelandScotsqual</ref> Þā 4 ealdan hēahscōlan, ġesette ǣr 1600, sind Sancte Andreas, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Eadenburg; ealle sind on þǣm 200 formum on worulde æfter THE, Eadenburg on þǣm 50 formum.<ref name="r385">"World University Rankings", Times Higher Education (THE), 20 August 2019, https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking</ref> On þǣm ġēare 2012 hæfde Scotland mā hēahscōla for ǣlcum hēafde on þǣm 100 formum æfter QS þonne ǣniġ ōþer þēod.<ref name="r386">Newsnet Scotland, "Scotland tops global university rankings", 11 September 2012, http://www.newsnetscotland.com/index.php/scottish-news/5813-scotland-tops-global-university-rankings</ref> Mid lǣs þonne 0.1% þǣre worulde landfolces ġewyrcþ hit 1% þǣre ūtġesendan smēaunge; hēah lār is 9% þǣra þēnunga ūtsendunga.<ref name="r387">Scottish Government, "A Framework for Higher Education in Scotland: Higher Education Review Phase 2", 20 March 2003, http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2003/03/16786/20354</ref><ref name="r388">Universities Scotland, "What is higher education?", http://www.universities-scotland.ac.uk/Facts%20and%20Figures/HigherEducation.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040316132403/http://www.universities-scotland.ac.uk/Facts%20and%20Figures/HigherEducation.pdf |date=2004-03-16 }}</ref> Ǣnlīce Hēahscōla Ġemōtu magon stæpas sellan. === Hǣlþ === [[File:View along the access road towards the new Southern General Hospital (geograph 4542089).jpg|thumb|NHS Scotlandes Cwēne Elizabeth Hēahscōle Lǣcehūs, Glasgow; hit is sēo mǣste lǣcehūses stōw on Eurōpe.]] Hǣlþe ġīemnes is ġiefen mǣst fram NHS Scotland, ġesett þurh þā Þēodlican Hǣlþe Þēnunge (Scotland) Ǣ 1947 (siþþan āwend þurh þā Ǣ 1978) and ongunnen on þǣm 5an dæġe Mǣdmōnþes 1948 mid þǣm NHS on Englalande and Wēalum. Ǣr 1948 ġeaf sēo Hēahlandes and Īeglanda Lǣċecræftes Þēnung ġīet rīċes ġefēohode ġīemnesse healfum lande Scotlandes.<ref name="r389">[http://www.60yearsofnhsscotland.co.uk/history/birth-of-nhs-scotland/highlands-and-islands-medical-service.html Highlands and Islands Medical Service (HIMS)] www.60yearsofnhsscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 28 July 2008.</ref> Þæs Scottiscan Rīċewealdes Hǣlþe Wīsunga settaþ rǣd and fēoh. NHS Scotland hæfde ymbe 140,000 þēna on þǣm ġēare 2014.<ref name="r390">"About the NHS in Scotland", http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/introduction.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628224652/http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/introduction.aspx |date=2014-06-28 }}</ref> Sēo ācennednesse rīm is under þǣm edlēanes rīme 2.1 (1.73 on þǣm ġēare 2011).<ref name="r391">Gro-gov.scot, "Scotland's Population 2011: The Registrar General's Annual Review of Demographic Trends 157th Edition", http://www.gro-gov.scot/files2/stats/annual-review-2011/j21285204.htm</ref> Þā mǣstan ācennednessa sind būtan ǣwe (51.3% on þǣm ġēare 2012).<ref name="r392">General Register Office for Scotland, "Table Q1: Births, stillbirths, deaths, marriages and civil partnerships, numbers and rates, Scotland, quarterly, 2002 to 2012", http://www.gro-gov.scot/files2/stats/births-marriages-deaths-quarterly/ve-2012-q4-tableq1.pdf</ref> Līfes lenġu on 2012–2014 wæs 77.1 ġēara for werum and 81.1 for wīfum, sēo lǣste þǣra 4 landa þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes.<ref name="r393">National Records of Scotland, "Life Expectancy for Areas within Scotland 2012–2014", 13 October 2015, p. 5, https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/life-expectancy-areas-in-scotland/12-14/life-exp-in-scotland-2012-to-2014.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106035600/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/life-expectancy-areas-in-scotland/12-14/life-exp-in-scotland-2012-to-2014.pdf |date=2017-01-06 }}</ref> Lǣcehūses infara for cancre wēoxon fram 2,528 (2002) tō 2,669 (2012); for heortan ǣdre ādle fēollon hīe fram 727 tō 489.<ref name="r394">[https://statistics.gov.scot/slice?dataset=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdata%2Fhospital-admissions&http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Flinked-data%2Fcube%23measureType=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fmeasure-properties%2Fratio&http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fdimension%2FadmissionType=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fconcept%2Fadmission-type%2Fcancer&http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fdimension%2Fage=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fconcept%2Fage%2Fall&http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fdimension%2Fgender=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fconcept%2Fgender%2Fall Hospital Admissions: a data cube spreadsheet] , Scottish Government</ref> == Þēaw == === Woruldierfes Stōwa === [[File:New Lanark (45324811821).jpg|thumb|New Lanark, ān þǣra UNESCO Woruldierfes Stōwa on Scotlande]] Scotland hæfþ 7 Woruldierfes Stōwa: St Kilda, Eadenburges Ealde Burg and Nīwe Burg, sēo Heorte þǣre Nīwan Stāntīde on Orcanēġe, New Lanark, sē Antonina Weall, sēo Forth Brycg, and þæt Flow Land.<ref name="r395">"World Heritage Sites in Scotland", www.historicenvironment.scot, https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/listing-scheduling-and-designations/world-heritage-sites/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/</ref> Sē Hrōf þǣre Īsenieldu on Hjaltlande is UNESCO ġīerning.<ref name="r396">"The iron age sites seeking world heritage status", BBC News, 10 April 2023, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-65231943</ref> Historic Environment Scotland wielt þā þēawlican stōwa; sēo Ymbhwyrftes Wīsung wielt þā ġecyndelican.<ref name="r397">Historic Environment Scotland, "What is A World Heritage Site?", https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/listing-scheduling-and-designations/world-heritage-sites/what-is-a-world-heritage-site/</ref> === Celtisce bendas === Swā Celtisc þēod nimþ Scotland dǣl on ġemōtum ealra Celtiscra þēoda. Hit healdeþ frēolsas swā swā Celtic Connections (Glasgow) and þone Hebridisca Celtiscan Frēols (Stornoway). Sē Festival Interceltique de Lorient (Lȳtel Bryten), sē Ealceltisca Frēols (Īraland), and sē Þēodlica Celtisca Frēols (Portarlington, Australia) ætȳwaþ Scottisce spræce, drēamcræft, and sealtunge.<ref name="r398">Celtic Connections, "Celtic connections:Scotland's premier winter music festival", Celtic connections website, 2010, http://www.celticconnections.com</ref><ref name="r399">Festival Interceltique de Lorient, "Site Officiel du Festival Interceltique de Lorient", Festival Interceltique de Lorient website, 2009, http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305062016/http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php |date=2010-03-05 }}</ref><ref name="r400">Fáilte Ireland, "Welcome to the Pan Celtic 2010 Home Page", Pan Celtic Festival 2010 website, 2010, http://www.panceltic.ie</ref><ref name="r401">National Celtic Festival, "About the Festival", National Celtic Festival website, 2009, http://www.nationalcelticfestival.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=26 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080041/http://www.nationalcelticfestival.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=26 |date=2012-01-19 }}</ref> === Bōccræft and plegung === [[File:PG 1063Burns Naysmith.jpg|thumb|Sē woruldmǣra lēoþwyrhta Rodbeorht Burns is ġehealden for þone þēodlican lēoþwyrhtan, cūþ for weorcum swā swā "Auld Lang Syne" and for his wrītunge on Scottiscum]] Sē ieldesta bōccræft of þǣm nūlican Scotlande is Brytisc fers of þǣm 6an ġēarhundrede, ġehealden on Wēaliscum bōccræfte.<ref name="r402">R. T. Lambdin and L. C. Lambdin, ''Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature'' (London: Greenwood, 2000), ISBN 0-313-30054-2, p. 508.</ref> Weorc þǣre middelylde cōmon siþþan on Lǣdene,<ref name="r403">I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, ''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), ISBN 0-7486-1615-2, p. 94.</ref> Gaelisce,<ref name="r404">J. T. Koch, ''Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia'' (ABC-CLIO, 2006), ISBN 1-85109-440-7, p. 999.</ref> Englisce<ref name="r405">E. M. Treharne, ''Old and Middle English c.890-c.1400: an Anthology'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2004), ISBN 1-4051-1313-8, p. 108.</ref> and Frencisce.<ref name="r406">M. Fry, ''Edinburgh'' (London: Pan Macmillan, 2011), ISBN 0-330-53997-3.</ref> Sē ǣresta miċela ġewrit on Ǣrlicum Scottiscum is Iohannes Barbour ''Brus'' of þǣm 14an ġēarhundrede, lēoþ be Rodbeorhte 1,<ref name="r407">N. Jayapalan, ''History of English Literature'' (Atlantic, 2001), ISBN 81-269-0041-5, p. 23.</ref> and him folgodon spell and ġewritu on folces spræce.<ref name="r408">J. Wormald, ''Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), ISBN 0-7486-0276-3, pp. 60–67.</ref> Cynelic fultum fēdde Scottisce plegunge and lēoþcræft on þǣm 16an ġēarhundrede,<ref name="r409">I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, ''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), ISBN 0-7486-1615-2, pp. 256–257.</ref> ac Iacobes 6 fōr tō Englalande ādyde þone fultum and sette Scottisc on sīdan swā bōcspræce.<ref name="r410">R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., ''The History of Scottish Literature'' (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, ISBN 0-08-037728-9, pp. 137–138.</ref> On þǣm 18an ġēarhundrede dyde Iacobes Macpherson Ossianes lēoþ hine þone ǣrestan woruldmǣran Scottiscan lēoþwyrhtan and wende þā Eurōpiscan Onlīhtunge,<ref name="r411">J. Buchan, "Crowded with Genius", 2003, p. [https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/163 163], ISBN 978-0-06-055888-8, https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/163</ref> and ēac Rodbeorht Burns, oft ġehealden for þone þēodlican lēoþwyrhtan,<ref name="r412">L. McIlvanney, "Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature", Eighteenth-Century Life, Spring 2005, pp. 25–46</ref> and Walter Scott, þæs Waverleyes Spell scōpon Scottisce ġecynde on þǣm 19an ġēarhundrede.<ref name="r413">N. Davidson, "The Origins of Scottish Nationhood", 2000, p. [https://archive.org/details/originsscottishn00davi/page/n141 136], ISBN 978-0-7453-1608-6, https://archive.org/details/originsscottishn00davi</ref> Late Victorisce wrīteras on Englisce, swā swā Rodbeorht Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, J. M. Barrie, and George MacDonald, wurdon cūþe ofer worulde.<ref name="r76" /> Sēo Scottisce Edcennung on þǣm 20an ġēarhundrede sōhte Scottisc eft tō settenne swā bōcspræce.<ref name="r414">"The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond", Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile, http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5403.html</ref> Lēoþwyrhtan æfter þǣm ġewinne folgodon, mid Edwine Morgan, ġesettum swā ǣrestum Makar on þǣm ġēare 2004.<ref name="r415">Scottish Government, "The Scots Makar", 16 February 2004, http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2004/02/5075 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042020/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/02/5075 |date=2012-02-04 }}</ref> Sēo Scottisce Lēoþhord hǣt Sorley MacLean "ānne þǣra miclena Scottiscra lēoþwyrhtena þǣre nīwan tīde";<ref name="r416">Scottish Poetry Library, "Sorley MacLean", http://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/poets/sorley-maclean</ref> Seamus Heaney sæġde, þæt hē Gaelisc lēoþcræft āhredde.<ref name="r417">Edinburgh Live, "Edinburgh streets could be given Gaelic names under plans to celebrate language", 18 March 2022, https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/edinburgh-streets-could-given-gaelic-23437071</ref> Nīwu edcwicung fram þǣm 1980–1989 ġēarum is ġebunden mid wrīterum swā swā Irvine Welsh.<ref name="r414" /> Carol Ann Duffy wearþ sē ǣresta Scottisca Cynelica Lēoþwyrhta on Þrimilce 2009.<ref name="r418">"Duffy reacts to new Laureate post", BBC News, 1 May 2009, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8029388.stm</ref> Sē Makar, sē þēodlica lēoþwyrhta, þone sē ǣresta ealdormann sett, forþaþ rǣdcræft and lēoþcræft, wrīt for þēodlicum ġemōtum, and cȳþþ ǣlce ġēare þǣm rīċewealde.<ref name="r419">"The story of the Makar - National Poet of Scotland", Scottish Poetry Library, https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/the-story-of-the-makar-national-poet-of-scotland/</ref> Sē nūlica Makar, Pàdraig MacAoidh, is sē ǣresta Gaelisca wrītere on þǣm ambihte.<ref name="r420">"Lewis-born Gaelic poet Peter Mackay appointed Scotland's Makar", BBC News, 3 December 2024, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn0x31w69d1o</ref> Þēodlica nīwspellbēċ ġeworhte on Scotlande sind ''Daily Record'', ''The Herald'', ''The Scotsman'', and ''The National''; landscipisce dæġlice sind ''Evening News'' (Eadenburg), ''The Courier'' (Dundee), and ''The Press and Journal'' (Aberdeen and sē norþdǣl).<ref name="r421">IFLA University of Stirling, "Newspapers and National Identity in Scotland", http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/051-127e.pdf</ref> Scottisce ġeondweorc hæfdon maniġe sigeġifa ġewunnen æt þǣm Celtiscan Cȳþnessa Frēolse siþþan 1980.<ref name="r422">Celtic Media Festival, "About Us::Celtic Media Festival", Celtic Media Festival website, 2014, http://www.celticmediafestival.co.uk/about</ref> BBC Scotland healdeþ þā feorrġesihþe weġas BBC One Scotland, BBC Scotland, and Gaelisc BBC Alba, and þā lyftswēġes stōwa ''BBC Radio Scotland'' and ''BBC Radio nan Gàidheal''. Sē forma cēaplica sendend is STV, þe 2 þǣra 3 ITV landscipa Scotlandes healdeþ.<ref name="r423">"ITV Media – STV", www.itvmedia.co.uk, https://www.itvmedia.co.uk/itv-regions/stv {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608053415/https://www.itvmedia.co.uk/itv-regions/stv |date=2019-06-08 }}</ref> Screen Scotland fēohaþ sēondplegena wyrcunge.<ref name="r424">Scotland, Screen, "About Us", Screen Scotland, 12 January 2021, https://www.screen.scot/about</ref> === Sang === [[File:Edinburgh Scottish bagpiper (49552292312).jpg|thumb|Sēo bylġpīpe is drēamcræftes tōl, mǣst ġebunden mid Scotlande, and ǣrlic bȳsen Scottisces folclices drēamcræftes]] Scottisc drēamcræft mengþ ealde and nīwe wīsan. Sēo Miċele Hēahlandes Bylġpīpe hæfþ 3 hlimmendu pīpan and āne swēġpīpan (''chanter''), ġefēdde mid lyfte of bylġe. Pīpera flocca, mid bylġpīpum, tunnum, and ealdum hræġle, sind lēofe ofer worulde æt frēolsum, gangum, līcþēnungum, and brȳdlācum; maniġ fierdscearu hæfþ ānne. Lǣssan bylġpīpan mid blǣstbylġum sind þā lȳtlan pīpan and þā Mearce pīpan. Ūtlandisce folclice sangeras sind Lewis Capaldi, Amy Macdonald, KT Tunstall, Nina Nesbitt, Chvrches, Gerry Cinnamon, and Paolo Nutini. Sē DJ Calvin Harris wæs ān þǣra mǣst ġehīerdra sangera on Spotify on þǣm ġēare 2023;<ref name="r425">Bracknell News, "Spotify Wrapped 2023 top song predictions ahead of release", www.bracknellnews.co.uk, 25 October 2023, https://www.bracknellnews.co.uk/news/national/uk-today/23875288.spotify-wrapped-2023-top-song-predictions-ahead-release/</ref><ref name="r426">Lydia, "Top 25 Most Popular Scottish Singers", discoverwalks.com, 4 February 2023, https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/united-kingdom/top-25-most-popular-scottish-singers/#:~:text=1.,help%20of%20his%20eldest%20brother.</ref> Susan Boyles ǣreste sangbōc wæs sēo mǣst ġeċēapode sangbōc on worulde on þǣm ġēare 2009.<ref name="r427">Kisiel, Ryan, "Tragedies, feuds and public tantrums: Is the dream finally over for Susan Boyle?", news.com.au, 2 May 2016, https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/tragedies-feuds-and-public-tantrums-is-the-dream-finally-over-for-susan-boyle/news-story/bdfa00d9c14b9ccf1ec22d59ebdc80fa</ref> Runrig forþode Celtiscne stān-drēam on Gaelisce; hira sang "An Ubhal as Àirde" (1995) wæs sē ǣresta Gaelisca sang on þǣm 20 formum þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes.<ref name="r428">"RUNRIG – The Story (Ridge RR078)", Folking.com, 22 January 2016, https://folking.com/runrig-the-story-ridge-rr078/</ref> Sigeġifa sind þā Scottiscan Drēamcræftes Sigeġifa, sēo Scottisce Sangbēċ þæs Ġēares Sigeġifu, þā Scottiscan Ealdes Drēamcræftes Sigeġifa, and BBC Radio Scotlandes Ġeongan Ealdes Drēamcræftigan sigeġifu. === Mete === [[File:Haggis neeps and tatties.jpg|thumb|Haggis, nǣpas, and eorþæppla]] Scottisc mete hæfþ āgene wīsan ac dǣlþ miċel mid Brittiscum and Eurōpiscum ġearwunge; infaru ēacnode ūtlandiscne mete. Eald ġearwung stent on landlicre huntoþe, meolce mete, fiscum, ofete, and wyrtum, ġearwode ānfealdlīce and mid fēawum wyrtgemangum, þā wǣron seldsiene and dēore on ealdum tīdum.<ref name="r429">National Trust for Scotland, "Edinburgh's Pantry: Tatties, neeps, oranges and lemons", www.nts.org.uk, https://www.nts.org.uk/stories/edinburghs-pantry-tatties-neeps-oranges-and-lemons</ref> Irn-Bru, sē ġelōmosta Scottisca swēta drenċ, man hǣt "Scotlandes ōþerne þēodlicne drenċ" æfter brendwīne.<ref name="r430">Brooks, Libby, "Scotland's other national drink", The Guardian, 30 May 2007, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/30/scotlandsothernationaldrink</ref> Þurh þone Ealdan Þoftscipe wende Frencisc mete Scottisce ġearwunge on þǣre lætran middelylde and þǣre ǣrlican nīwan tīde,<ref name="r431">Gail Kilgore, "The Auld Alliance and its Influence on Scottish Cuisine", http://www.historichighlanders.com/auldfood.htm</ref> swīþost under Marian, Scotta Cwēne, þǣre Frencisce þēnas Scottisce ġearwunge āwendon and Frencisc metes word lǣfdon.<ref name="r432">"Traditional Scottish Food – Brief History of Food in Scotland", Taste of Scotland, https://www.taste-of-scotland.com/traditional-scottish-food-scotlands-cuisine</ref> === Plega === [[File:Scotland Starting XI Scotland v Bolivia 6 June 2026-15.jpg|thumb|Sē þēodlica fōtballes werod stent ǣr plegan wiþ Bolivia, Sēremōnaþ 2026]] Scotland hæfþ āgen þēodlic ġeflit and synderlic werod æt þǣm FIFA Woruldbunan, þǣre UEFA Þēoda Ġefērrǣdenne, þǣm UEFA Eurōpiscan Forme, þǣm Rugby Woruldbunan, þǣm Rugby League Woruldbunan, þǣm Cricket Woruldbunan, þǣm Netball Woruldbunan, and þǣm Ġemǣnweles Plegum. Hire wealdendan ġemōtu sind sē Scottisca Fōtbealles Ġefērscipe (sē ōþer ieldesta on worulde)<ref name="r433">''Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora'' by James Mills, Paul Dimeo: Page 18 – Oldest Football Association is England's FA, then Scotland and third oldest is the Indian FA.</ref> and sēo Scottisce Rugby Ġeānung. Wīsan fōtballes sind ġewritene on Scotlande fram 1424.<ref name="r434">Gerhardt, W., "The colourful history of a fascinating game. More than 2000 Years of Football", https://www.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,1283,1,00.html</ref> Sē ǣresta ambihtlica ūtlandisca fōtballes plega, Scotland wiþ Englaland, wæs ġeplegod on Glasgowe on þǣm 30an dæġe Blōtmōnþes 1872 (0–0).<ref name="r435">"First ever international football match recreated in Glasgow", UEFA, 1 December 2022, https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/027c-16b892bcfd7e-1d75251aa5cc-1000--first-ever-international-football-match-recreated-in-glasgow/</ref> Sē Scottisca Buna, ǣrest ġeflitod on þǣm ġēare 1873, is sēo ieldeste sigeġifu fōtballes.<ref name="r436">"Scottish Cup History | Scottish Cup | Scottish FA", scottishfa.co.uk, https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup/archive/scottish-cup-history/</ref> Sē SFA, ān þǣra onstellendra þæs Ūtlandiscan Fōtbealles Ġefērscipa Bordes (IFAB), þe þā Plegan Ǣ sett, is ān þǣra 4 ā sittendra lima; FIFA sett þā ōþre 4.<ref name="r437">"IFAB Meetings 1914-2008", FIFA, http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/organisation/ip-100_04e_ifab_9481.pdf</ref><ref name="r438">Moore, Kevin, "What you think you know about football is wrong", 2019, ISBN 9781472955678</ref> Sē SFA healdeþ þā þēodlican weru werod and wīfa werod. [[File:Old 18th tee lr.jpg|thumb|Sē Ealda Ryne æt Sancte Andrease, sē ieldesta golfes ryne on worulde]] Nīwlic golf ārās on Scotlande on þǣm 15an ġēarhundrede, "golfes hām".<ref name="r439">PGA Tour official website, "Scotland is the home of golf", http://www.pgatour.com/2008/tourlife/travel/04/08/trans_atlantic/index.html</ref><ref name="r440">Scottish Government, "The Home of Golf", 6 March 2007, http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2007/03/06090032</ref><ref name="r441">Keay (1994) ''op cit'' page 839. "In 1834 the Royal and Ancient Golf Club declared St. Andrews 'the Alma Mater of golf'".</ref> Sē Ealda Ryne æt Sancte Andrease, Fife, sandhlinca ryne ieldra þonne 1552,<ref name="r442">Scottish Golf History, "1574 St Andrews – The Student Golfer", http://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/oldest-golf-sites/1574-st-andrews</ref> is golferum hālig sīþstōw.<ref name="r443">Cochrane, Alistair (ed) ''Science and Golf IV: proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf''. Page 849. Routledge.</ref> On þǣm ġēare 1764 wæs hē ġescyrt fram 22 tō 18 hola, and swā wearþ sē ġewunelica ryne.<ref name="r444">Forrest L. Richardson (2002). "Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey". p. 46. John Wiley & Sons</ref> Sē Opena Ġeflit, sē ieldesta ġeflit and sē ǣresta miċela, ongann on þǣm 17an dæġe Winterfylleþes 1860 æt Prestwick, Ayrscīr; Scottas ġewunnon þā ǣrestan.<ref name="r445">[http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/07/16/trans_071607/index.html The Open Championship – More Scottish than British] PGA Tour. Retrieved 23 September 2011</ref> Ōþre mǣre rynas sind Carnoustie, Gleneagles, Muirfield, and Royal Troon. Sēo Scottisce Rugby Ġeānung is sēo ōþer ieldeste on worulde. Murrayfield Plegstōw on Eadenburge is sēo þēodlice plegstōw. Scotland ġewann þone ǣrestan ambihtlican plegan wiþ Englaland æt Raeburn Place on þǣm ġēare 1871. Scotland hæfþ ġeplegod on þǣm Six Þēodum siþþan 1883, and hæfþ 14 sīþum āna ġewunnen (mid þǣm lætestan Fīf Þēodum on þǣm ġēare 1999) and 8 sīþum mid ōþrum. Hit hæfþ ġeplegod on eallum 9 Rugby Woruldbunum siþþan 1987, nīwost on þǣm ġēare 2023. Scotland and Englaland flītaþ ymbe þone Calcuttan Bunan ǣlce ġēare on þǣm Six Þēodum; Scotland ġewann lætost on þǣm ġēare 2026.<ref name="r446">Calvert, Lee, "Scotland 30-21 England: Six Nations 2024 – as it happened", the Guardian, 24 February 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2024/feb/24/scotland-v-england-six-nations-2024-live</ref> [[File:Murrayfield Autumn 2017.jpg|thumb|Murrayfield Plegstōw, sēo þēodlice plegstōw þæs Scottiscan þēodlican rugby werodes]] Ōþre þēodlice plegan sind þā Hēahlandes plegan, ''curling'', and ''shinty''. Scotland hæfde 13 woruldforman on fȳstġewinne, swā swā Ken Buchanan, Benny Lynch, and Jim Watt. Formula One wæġnrǣsas sind David Coulthard, Jim Clark, Paul Di Resta, and Jackie Stewart;<ref name="r447">"10 Scottish motor racing great", heraldscotland.com, 30 January 2015, https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/other_sports/13199539.10-scottish-motor-racing-great</ref> Dario Franchitti ġewann 4 æfterfylgende IndyCar ġeflitu.<ref name="r448">Oreovicz, John, "Dario Franchitti seals his place as the greatest Indy car driver of the modern era", ESPN.com, 4 October 2010, https://www.espn.com/racing/racing/indycar/columns/story?columnist=oreovicz_john&id=5649822</ref> Scotland hæfþ ġeflitod æt ǣlcum Ġemǣnweles Plegum siþþan 1930 and ġewunnen 508 bēaga (134 gyldene, 146 seolfrene, 228 ǣrene).<ref name="r449">Scotland, Team, "Medal History", Team Scotland, https://www.teamscotland.scot/games/medal-history/</ref> Hit hēold þā Plegan 4 sīþum: Eadenburg on 1970 and 1986, Glasgow on 2014 and 2026<ref name="r450">"Overview and History", Cgcs.org.uk, http://www.cgcs.org.uk/past-games/overview-and-history {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205508/http://www.cgcs.org.uk/past-games/overview-and-history/ |date=2014-01-04 }}</ref> (ġetrymed on Hāligmōnþe 2024).<ref name="r451">"Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games - What do we know so far?", BBC News, 18 September 2024, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czj978gnmgpo</ref> Eadenburg hēold þā ǣrestan Ġemǣnweles Ġeogoþe Plegan on þǣm ġēare 2000.<ref name="r452">"Edinburgh 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games", Commonwealth Sport, https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-youth-games/edinburgh-2000</ref> === Tācna === [[File:Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg|thumb|Sē Cynelica Wǣpnscild Scotlandes]] Sēo anlīcnes Sancte Andreas, ġemartyrod on X-hīwre rōde, ætēowde ǣrest on Scotlande under Willelme 1.<ref name="r453">The National Archives of Scotland, "Feature: Saint Andrew seals Scotland's independence", 28 November 2007, http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/051124.asp</ref> Æfter Alexandres 3 dēaþe on þǣm ġēare 1286 wæs hēo on þǣm inseġle þǣra Weardena Scotlandes on þǣre cyningleasan tīde.<ref name="r453" /> Sēo sāltīr is fram þǣm lætran 14an ġēarhundrede: on þǣm ġēare 1385 bēad þæt Þing Scotlandes þǣm heremannum hwīte Sancte Andreas Rōde on heora ġewǣdum tō berenne.<ref name="r454">Dickinson, Donaldson, Milne (eds.), A Source Book Of Scottish History, Nelson and Sons Ltd, Edinburgh 1952, p. 205</ref> Sē blǣwena grund is lǣst fram þǣm 15an ġēarhundrede.<ref name="r455">G. Bartram, [http://www.flaginstitute.org/images/page10_large.gif www.flaginstitute.org ''British Flags & Emblems''] (Edinburgh: Tuckwell Press, 2004), ISBN 1-86232-297-X, p. 10.</ref> Siþþan 1606 is sēo sāltīr dǣl þæs Ġeānunge Fanan. Ōþru tācn sind sē þistel, þæt blōstmtācen (ġemǣrsod on þǣm sange ''The Thistle o' Scotland''); þæt Forþspell æt Arbroath on þǣm 6an dæġe Ēastermōnþes 1320; sēo bleofāgung ''tartan'', oft ġebunden mid mǣġþe; and sē cynelica fana mid Upstandendum Lēon.<ref name="r456">"National identity" in M. Lynch (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'', (Oxford, 2001), pp. 437–444.</ref><ref name="r457">Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) ''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland''. London. HarperCollins. Page 936.</ref><ref name="r458">"Symbols of Scotland—Index", Rampantscotland.com, http://www.rampantscotland.com/symbols/blsymbols_index.htm</ref> Sēo Hræġles Ǣ 1746 forbēad ''tartan''; hēo wæs tōbrocen on þǣm ġēare 1782 æfter ġewinne Iacobes Graham, þæs 3an Heretogan of Montrose.<ref name="r459">Bain, Robert, "Clans & Tartans of Scotland (revised)", 1959, p. 108</ref> Þā Weorþmynta Scotlandes (Scottisce Cynehelmes Ġimmas) sind sē Cynehelm Scotlandes, cynegierd, and þæt Rīċes Sweord. Cyningas bǣron þone cynehelm æt cynehelmunge; hē is ġehealden on þǣm Cynehelmes Būre on Eadenburges Castele and is ætgædere æt ǣlcre openunge þæs Scottiscan Þinges.<ref name="r460">"Scottish Parliament opening: Crown returns to seat of parliament", BBC News, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/06/99/scottish_parliament_opening/378157.stm</ref> Hīe sind fram þǣm lætran 15an and ǣrlican 16an ġēarhundrede and sind þā ieldestan cynelican mādmas on þǣm Brittiscum Īeglandum.<ref name="r461">"The Honours of Scotland", www.royal.uk, https://www.royal.uk/honours-scotland</ref> [[File:The Queen at the Scottish Parliament - crop.jpg|thumb|Sē Cynehelm Scotlandes]] Scotland næfþ nānne ambihtlicne anstefn,<ref name="r462">"Action call over national anthem", BBC News, 21 March 2006, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4828454.stm</ref> ac ''Flower of Scotland'' man singþ æt synderlicum tīdum and æt fōtballes and rugby plegum, and siþþan 2010 æt þǣm Ġemǣnweles Plegum, æfter þǣm þe Scottisce plegmenn hine curon.<ref name="r463">BBC, "Games team picks new Scots anthem", 9 January 2010, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8449939.stm</ref> Lǣs lēofe ġīerningas sind ''Scotland the Brave'', ''Highland Cathedral'', ''Scots Wha Hae'', and ''A Man's A Man for A' That''.<ref name="r464">"Background Info", www.parliament.scot, 11 May 2014, http://www.parliament.scot/gettinginvolved/petitions/PE01500-PE01599/PE01541_BackgroundInfo.aspx</ref> Sancte Andreas Dæġ, sē 30a dæġ Blōtmōnþes, is sē þēodlica dæġ, þēah þe Burnses Niht sīe wīdor ġefrēolsod, swīþost on ūtlandum. Sēo Sancte Andreas Dæġes Frēolsdæġes (Scotland) Ǣ 2007, ġesett on þǣm ġēare 2006, dyde hine frēolsdæġ.<ref name="r465">[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/en2007/2007en02.htm "Explanatory Notes to St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002638/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/en2007/2007en02.htm |date=2007-10-01 }} Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 22 September 2007.</ref> Tartanes Dæġ is nīwu findung of Canada.<ref name="r466">"Tartan Day in Canada | Scotland.org", Scotland, https://www.scotland.org/events/scotland-week/tartan-day-in-canada {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425221329/https://scotland.org/events/scotland-week/tartan-day-in-canada |date=2022-04-25 }}</ref> Þæt þēodlice dēor is sē ānhorn, Scottisc wǣpnscildes tācen siþþan þǣm 12an ġēarhundrede.<ref name="r467">"Scottish fact of the week: Scotland's official animal, the Unicorn", Scotsman.com, http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/scottish-fact-of-the-week-scotland-s-official-animal-the-unicorn-1-2564399</ref> Þæt Dōmhūs þæs Hlāfordes Lyon wielt wǣpnscilda cræft and healdeþ þæt Folclice Ġetæl Ealra Wǣpnscilda on Scotlande.<ref name="r468">"About us", The Court of the Lord Lyon, https://www.courtofthelordlyon.scot/about%20us.htm</ref> == Niwu Ƿord == {{niwuword}} * Ġeānod Cynedōm (n.masc) - United Kingdom * Norþīegland (n.neut) - Northern Isles * mīlion (n.neut) - million * þingmann (n.masc) - member of parliament * cyrstōw (n.fem) - constituency * rīċeweald (n.masc) - government (executive) * rǣdþeġn (n.masc) - cabinet minister * ġedǣlede māhta (n.fem) - devolved powers, devolution * Niþerland (n.neut) - Lowlands * Sūþdūna (n.fem) - Southern Uplands * sǣearm (n.masc) - firth, sea inlet * Namcȳþþ (n.fem) - etymology * ealdstāntīd (n.fem) - Paleolithic * nīwe stāntīd (n.fem) - Neolithic * þūsendġēar (n.neut) - millennium * Peohtland (n.neut) - Pictland * middelyld (n.fem) - Middle Ages * þēodrīċe (n.neut) - nation-state * lēnġetimbrung (n.fem) - feudalism * Ednīwung (n.fem) - Reformation * Ednīwiendlic (adj) - Protestant * Pāpisc (adj) - Catholic * Edcennung (n.fem) - Renaissance * Mundbyrdhād (n.masc) - Protectorate (Cromwell) * Wǣrgewyrhta (n.masc) - Covenanter * grundlagu (n.fem) - constitution * Iacobiscnes (n.fem) - Jacobitism * landswira (n.masc) - isthmus * ǣmtiġung (n.fem) - clearance (eviction) * mǣġþdōm (n.masc) - clanship * Onlīhtung (n.fem) - Enlightenment * Cræftlic Āwendednes (n.fem) - Industrial Revolution * Hāmweald (n.masc) - Home Rule * rīċesþeġn (n.masc) - Secretary of State * formaþeġn (n.masc) - Prime Minister * æfterċyre (n.masc) - by-election * scipwyrhta (n.masc) - shipbuilder * dȳmscip (n.neut) - steamship * ġecyndlǣreow (n.masc) - physicist * searowyrhta (n.masc) - engineer * woruldġewinn (n.neut) - world war * fyrdmearcealdor (n.masc) - field marshal * weorcgild (n.neut) - trade union * lyftrǣs (n.masc) - air raid, blitz * feohþēnung (n.fem) - financial service * līġcræft (n.masc) - electricity, electronics * ōgaþrēa (n.masc) - terrorism * folcāscung (n.fem) - referendum * ǣsettend (n.masc) - legislature * lyftspell (n.neut) - broadcasting * ealgung (n.fem) - defence * sǣfyrd (n.fem) - navy * lyftfyrd (n.fem) - air force * sǣscip (n.neut) - submarine * cernelwǣpn (n.neut) - nuclear weapon * lyftscip (n.neut) - airplane * wīgfēoh (n.neut) - defence spending * friþweard (n.masc) - police officer * feohġemēt (n.neut) - economy * feohstōw (n.fem) - financial centre * brendwīn (n.neut) - whisky * ūtsendung (n.fem) - export * eorþbrand (n.masc) - fossil fuel * rīmplega (n.masc) - video game * rīmġewrit (n.neut) - software * steorrancræft (n.masc) - space industry * ednīwiendlic orþanc (n.masc) - renewable energy * feohcræft (n.masc) - economics, fintech * cumfaru (n.fem) - tourism * feohġewrit (n.neut) - banknote * middelfeohhūs (n.neut) - central bank * ġewritfeoh (n.neut) - paper money * lyftscipstōw (n.fem) - airport * īsenweġ (n.masc) - railway * fȳrwæġn (n.masc) - train * fȳrwæġnstōw (n.fem) - railway station * undereorþweġ (n.masc) - underground railway * ferescip (n.neut) - ferry * cernelorþanc (n.masc) - nuclear power * windcræftes tūn (n.masc) - wind farm * feorrġesiht (n.fem) - television * feorrsprǣc (n.fem) - telephone * ċealdcist (n.fem) - refrigerator * gangærn (n.neut) - toilet * ādlwyrm (n.masc) - germ, microbe * tungolscip (n.neut) - spacecraft * tungolscipstōw (n.fem) - spaceport * hēahscōl (n.fem) - university * folcrīmung (n.fem) - census * landmǣl (n.neut) - cartogram, map * ūtfaru (n.fem) - emigration * Tācnspræc (n.fem) - sign language * smēaung (n.fem) - research * ēaþfērre (adj) - accessible * wederġecynd (n.neut) - climate * carbonlēasnes (n.fem) - carbon neutrality * Woruldierfe (n.neut) - World Heritage * nīwspellbōc (n.fem) - newspaper * lyftswēġ (n.masc) - radio * sēondplega (n.masc) - film * bylġpīpe (n.fem) - bagpipe * fōtbal (n.masc) - football * golf (n.neut) - golf * buna (n.masc) - cup (trophy) * fȳstġewinn (n.neut) - boxing * wæġnrǣs (n.masc) - racing driver * sāltīr (n.masc) - saltire * crūcbile (n.masc) - crossbill * furhmeard (n.masc) - pine marten == References == <references /> [[Flocc:Scotland]] [[flocc:Niwlicu word]] ny7l706fyifvmz95zqzsr6my4uhm0ji 0 11749 232862 232570 2026-11-11T00:35:47Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 232862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''JavaScript weorcsearu''' is ānliceted sōftwarlic weorcwrit þe rǣdeþ [[JavaScript]], ānlīce for [[webbsēctōl]]um. ==Stǣr== Ætforan þǣm ōðerum [[sēctōlgūð]]um fram þǣm 2008 gēar oþ þæt 2009 gēar, þæt '''JavaScript weorcsearu''' (ēac gehāten '''JavaScript gerecenied''') wæs gecūþ efne swā [[gereceniend (on rīmera weorcunge)|gereceniend]] þe rǣdeþ [[JavaScript]] [[frumrūnwrītunge]] and gelǣsteþ þā wrītunge þus. Þæt ǣreste JavaScript weorcsearu wæs gescieped be [[Brendan Eich]] æt [[Netscape Communications Corporation]], for þǣm [[Netscape Navigator]] [[webbsēctōl]]. Þæt weorcsearu, þe wæs grīmhāten [[SpiderMonkey]], is gebrocen on [[C (weorcwrītunge sprǣc)|C]]. Hit hæfþe þǣræfter geworden nīwworht (in JavaScript 1.5) tō gānne æfter ECMA-262 Edition 3. Þæt [[Rhino (JavaScript weorcseau)|Rhino]] weorcsearu, þe wæs hēafodlīce fram Norris Boyd (ēac æt Netscape) gescieped, is JavaScript weorcung in [[Java (weorcwrītunge sprǣc)|Java]]n. Gelīc SpiderMonkey, Rhino is ECMA-262 Edition 3 acordend. Weorcunga þæs cræftweorces befōþ Apple Safari 4es Nitro, Google Chromes [[V8 (JavaScript weorcsearu)|V8]] and Mozilla Firefoxes 3.5es [[TraceMonkey]]. Þæt gemǣnoste hāmbegeard JavaScriptes is be grēatum dǣle webbsēctōl. Webbsēctōlas gewunelīce brūcaþ þone folclicne [[weorcunge weorcwrītung betweoxbend]] tō scieppenne "hāmþing" scyldig þǣre edsendunge þæs [[DOM]]es intō JavaScript. Se [[webbþegntōl]] is ōðer gemǣne weorcung þæs weorcsearwes. [[Þegntōlsīded JavaScript|JavaScript webbþegntōl]] scolde ēowian ge hāmþing tācniende [[HTTP]] ascunge ge andswaring, þe JavaScript weorcwrit cūðe þæs wyrcean swīðe tō forþberenne webbsīdan. Microsoftes ASP cræftweorc for IIS lǣteþ þegntōlsīdede rūnwrītunge tō wesenne gewriten in oþþe VB Script oþþe JScript (Microsoftes weorcing JavaScriptes). Jaxer is webbþegntōl se gǣþ fullīce þurh JavaScript. Þis hafaþ þone blǣd tō lǣtenne ilcan rūnwrītunge tō wesenne tōdǣled on þǣm þegntōle and on þǣm etendweorctōle. == JavaScript weorcsearu == <!-- "JavaScript" hlencan hēr --> Mægen webbsēctōla JS weorcsearu: === Mozilla === *[[Rhino (JavaScript weorcsearu)|Rhino]], lǣded fram þǣm Mozilla Foundation, openfrumlic, geforðod fullīce in Javan *[[SpiderMonkey (JavaScript weorcsearu)|SpiderMonkey]] (grīmnama), þæt ǣreste JavaScript weorcsearu, gewriten fram Brendan Eich æt Netscape Communications *[[JägerMonkey]], þæt weorcsearu weorðende geforðod for Mozilla Firefoxe. *[[Tamarin (JavaScript weorcsearu)|Tamarin]] === Google === *[[V8 (JavaScript weorcsearu)|V8]] - openfrumlic, geforðod fram Google in [[Denemearc]]e, dǣl Google Chromes === Ōðer === *[[KDEes JavaScript weorcsearu|KJS]] - KDE 's ECMAScript weorcsearu oþþe JavaScript weorcsearu ǣrost geforðod fram [[Harri Porten]] for þǣm KDE weorces Konqueror webbsēctōle *[[Narcissus (JavaScript weorcsearu)|Narcissus]] openfrumlic, gewriten fram Brendan Eich, se ēac wrāt þæt forme SpiderMonkey *[[Tamarin (JavaScript weorcsearu)|Tamarin]], fram [[Adobe Systems|Adobe Labs]]e *[[Chakra (JavaScript weorcsearu)|Chakra]], for [[Internet Explorer 9]].<ref>{{cite|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Internet-Explorer-9-Beta-Next-New-IE9-Builds-Every-8-Weeks-138013.shtml|title=Internet Explorer 9 Beta Next – New IE9 Builds Every 8 Weeks|date=2010-03-20|accessdate=on þǣm 28 dæge Ǣrran Līðan þæs 2010 gēares|author=Marius Oiaga|work=softpedia.com|publisher=SoftNews NET SRL}}</ref> *Nitro, (ǣr hātte SquirrelFish) for [[Safari 4]] *[[Presto_(layout_engine)#JavaScript_engines|Carakan]], fram [[Opera Software]], gebrocen siþþan [[Opera (webbsēctōl)|Opera]] 10.50 ==Welweorces forðung== Wesende ūtsend on þǣm 30 dæge Ǣrran Līðan þæs 2009 gēares, [[Mozilla Firefox 3.5|Firefox 3.5]] befēhþ þā beterunge endebyrdnesse þe abēad "welweorces beterunga þe sind swiftran be fram 20 mǣlum oþ 40 mǣlum on sumum gelimpungum".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080822-firefox-to-get-massive-javascript-performance-boost.html|title=Firefox to get massive JavaScript performance boost|author=Ryan Paul|date=2008-08-22|work=arstechnica.com|publisher=Ars Technica © 2010 Condé Nast Digital|accessdate=2010-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217025009/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080822-firefox-to-get-massive-javascript-performance-boost.html|archivedate=2008-12-17}}</ref> On þǣm 2 dæge Ǣrran Līðan þæs 2008 gēares þæs WebKites forðungþrēat abēad SquirrelFish<ref>{{cite web |first=Geoffrey |last=Garen |title=Announcing SquirrelFish |url=http://webkit.org/blog/189/announcing-squirrelfish/ |date=2008-06-02 |accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref> — þā nīwe JavaScript weorcsearu þæt swīðe beteraþ Safari swiftnesse mid þǣre gerecenunge wrītunga.<ref>{{cite web |first=Vygantas |last=Lipskas |title=Apple Safari 4 |url=http://www.favbrowser.com/apple-safari-4/ |date=2008-06-11 |accessdate=2008-06-11 |archivedate=2020-05-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508100743/http://www.favbrowser.com/apple-safari-4/ }}</ref> Þæt weorcsearu wæs ān þāra nīwena þinga in Safari 4, þe wæs ūtsend forðiendum on þǣm 11 dæge Ǣrran Līðan þæs 2008 gēares; þæt æftermeste JavaScript weorcsearu hātte Nitro. Þǣr hæfþ þǣræfter gebēon rǣs fram sēctōla forðiendum tō forðienne efne swiftran JavaScript weorcsearu. In þǣm 2008 gēare wæs [[Google Chrome]] andeted for his JavaScript welweorce, ac ōðere sēctōlas hraðe fengon nīwu JavaScript weorcsearu þā þe wǣron gīet swiftran. Lator, [[Google Chrome]] namm sige on þǣm rǣsum beteran welweorces. Chromes mægen is his weorciende welweorc and [[JavaScript]] rǣdunge swiftness, bū þāra wǣron ānlīce gesægd tō wesenne þā swiftostan ongemang þāra webbsēctōla heora tīman fram manigum webbsīdum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10030888-92.html|title=Speed test: Google Chrome beats Firefox, IE, Safari|author=Stephen Shankland|work=cnet.com Business Tech|date=2008-09-02|publisher=[[CNET News]]|accessdate=2010-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504023211/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10030888-92.html|archivedate=2012-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgameshardware.com/aid,687738/Big-browser-comparison-test-Internet-Explorer-vs-Firefox-Opera-Safari-and-Chrome-Update-Firefox-35-Final/Practice/|title=Big browser comparison test: Internet Explorer vs. Firefox, Opera, Safari and Chrome|work=PC Games Hardware|publisher=Computec Media AG|accessdate=2010-06-28|archivedate=2012-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502043027/http://www.pcgameshardware.com/aid,687738/Big-browser-comparison-test-Internet-Explorer-vs-Firefox-Opera-Safari-and-Chrome-Update-Firefox-35-Final/Practice/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/5286869/lifehacker-speed-tests-safari-4-chrome-2-and-more|title=Lifehacker Speed Tests: Safari 4, Chrome 2|publisher=[[Lifehacker]]|accessdate=2010-06-28|archivedate=2021-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214075258/https://lifehacker.com/lifehacker-speed-tests-safari-4-chrome-2-and-more-5286869}}</ref> Andefen þæs tōcymes WebKites Squirrelfish Extremes and Mozillan [[TraceMonkey]]es, bū JavaScriptisc weorþlicu weorcsearu, Chromes JavaScript gelǣstunge welweorce hafaþ gebēon gefunden tō wesenne slāwre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/third-chrome-beta-another-notch-faster/|title=Third Chrome beta another notch faster|author=Stephen Shankland|date=2008-10-31|work=cnet.com|publisher=[[CNET News]]|accessdate=2010-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925065647/http://news.cnet.com/third-chrome-beta-another-notch-faster/|archivedate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-10046637-37.html|title=Step aside, Chrome, for Squirrelfish Extreme|author=Stephen Shankland|work=cnet.com|date=2008-09-19|publisher=[[CNET News]]|accessdate=2010-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925065716/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-10046637-37.html|archivedate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satine.org/archives/2008/09/19/squirrelfish-extreme-fastest-javascript-engine-yet/|title=SquirrelFish Extreme: Fastest JavaScript Engine Yet|work=satine.org|accessdate=on þǣm 29 dæge Ǣrran Līðan þæs 2010 gēares|archivedate=2012-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509132640/http://www.satine.org/archives/2008/09/19/squirrelfish-extreme-fastest-javascript-engine-yet/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10031278-92.html|title=Firefox counters Google's browser speed test|author=Stephen Shankland|date=2008-09-03|accessdate=2010-06-29|work=cnet.com Business Tech|publisher=[[CNET News]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728113418/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10031278-92.html|archivedate=2012-07-28}}</ref> Google andswarode mid þǣm Denisclīce geforðodan [[V8 (JavaScript weorcsearu)]] þe beterode JavaScript welweorc in Google Chrome 2. Gewunelic mægn webbsēctōl hæfþ biliþlic weorcsearu and ānstandende JavaScript weorcsearu, þe lǣteþ ēaðran costnunge, edweorcunge oþþe nytte in ōðrum weorcum. Tō bȳsne, Carakan is genotod mid Prestwe, Nitro mid WebKit, SpiderMonkey mid Geckwe, KJS mid KHTML, Rhino gewunelīce ne hæfþ nān legednesse weorcsearu. Ōðra endebyrdnessa sindon hwīlum mihtlica, tō bȳsne, V8 mid WebKite in Google Chrome. Þæt JavaScript weorcsearu giefþ forðiendum nytte cunnunge weorca (nettweorcung, DOM healdung, ūtwearda gelimpunga, HTML5 scēawe, feld and settung) geþorften tō stēorenne þone webbsēctōl. [[SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark|Sunspider]] is JavaScript bȳsenlic helpiendtōl tō metenne þæt welcweorc of JavaScript weorcsearwa in mārum þonne twelfe costnunga, ǣlc heora standende hēafodlīce on ungelīcum dǣle JavaScript sprǣce. Sunspider ne brȳcþ ǣngu þing begeondan þissum tō settenne gemet geþorften tō costnienne smǣta rīmlǣcinge (nǣnig HTML, nǣnig CSS, nǣnig nettweorcung). ==Weorcunga== JavaScript is undersprǣc of [[ECMAScript]], þe is awreðod in manigum nyttum, būton [[webbsēctōl]]um. Undersprǣca hwīlum befōþ geīhtnessa þāra sprǣca, oþþe þǣre gesetbȳsenlican biblioþēcan and þæs gesibban [[weorcunge weorcwrītunge betweoxbend]]es swelce þæt [[Woruldwīdes Webbes Efenþrēat|Woruldwebb]]ānlicetede [[Document Object Model|DOM]]. Þis mǣneþ þæt weorcung gewriten on sumre sprǣce mōt wesan unefensettedlic andefen ōðerre, þȳ læs þe þā weorcunga sind gewriten tō brūcenne ānlīce gemǣne underendebyrdnesse awreðodra mearca and API. Understand þæt þǣr is sundorness betweox undersprǣce and weorcunge. Undersprǣc of sprǣce is hefig missencynd þǣre sprǣce, and weorcung of sprǣce gelǣsteþ weorcwrītung gewriten on oþþe þǣre sprǣce oþþe ge undersprǣce. {| class="wikitable" |- style="background: #ccccff;" !Tōl !Undersprǣc and nīwost gecynd !ECMAScript ūtsendness |- |[[Google Chrome]], þæt [[V8 (JavaScript weorcsearu)|V8]] weorcsearu |[[JavaScript]] |ECMA-262, 3 ūtsendness |- |[[Mozilla Firefox]], þæt [[Gecko (layout engine)|Gecko]] legednesse weorcsearu, [[SpiderMonkey (Javascript weorcsearu)|SpiderMonkey]], and [[Rhino (JavaScript weorcsearu)|Rhino]] |[[JavaScript]] 1.8.1 |ECMA-262, 3 ūtsendness </sup> |- |[[Opera (webbsēctōl)|Opera]] |ECMAScript mid sumum [[JavaScript]] 1.5<br>and [[JScript]] geīhtnessum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opera.com/docs/specs/#ecmascript|title=Web specifications support in Opera Presto|work=Opera.com|publisher=Opera Software ASA|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> |ECMA-262, 3 ūtsendness |- |[[KHTML]] legednesse weorcsearu, KDEs [[Konqueror]], and Apples [[Safari (webbsēctōl)|Safari]] |[[JavaScript]] 1.5 |ECMA-262, 3 ūtsendness |- |[[Adobe Acrobat]] |[[JavaScript]] 1.5 |ECMA-262, 3 ūtsendness |- |[[OpenLaszlo|OpenLaszlo Platform]] |[[JavaScript]] 1.4 |ECMA-262, 3 ūtsendness |- |[[Max/MSP]] |[[JavaScript]] 1.5 |ECMA-262, 3 ūtsendness |- |[[Fresco (web browser)|ANT Galio 3]] |[[JavaScript]] 1.5 with [[Rich Media Access Interface|RMAI]] extensions |ECMA-262, 3 ūtsendness |} ==Fruman== {{reflist}} == Seoh ēac == * [[SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark#SunSpider|Sunspider]] – Sēctōla swiftnesse costnung == Ūtwearde hlencan == * [http://service.futuremark.com/peacekeeper/index.action Peacekeeper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529035443/http://service.futuremark.com/peacekeeper/index.action |date=2010-05-29 }} – Sēctōla swiftnesse costnung * [http://www.speed-battle.com Speed-Battle] – Onlīnlic JavaScript swiftnesse costnung osjpr7jivs1ujl7hr8lsnk7qo38ofnv 0 14819 232859 232854 2026-11-10T20:05:37Z Bryceybam 144190 Created by translating the section "Supported processors" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1384601747|IOS]]" 232859 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:IOS_wordmark_(2017).svg|thumb]] '''iOS''' is [[searusprecend]]a [[weorcendebyrdness|ƿeorcendebyrdness]] þe is geƿorht and asteald fram [[Apple Inc.]] Ǣrost ƿæs hit þæs 2007. gēares on folc on þǣm [[iPhone]] and on þǣm iPod Touch asteald, ac nū brȳcþ man hit on ōðrum searƿum, ēac þǣm [[iPad]] and þǣm Apple TV. Nā sƿā Google [[Android]] and Microsoft [[Windows Phone]] nile Apple Inc. līefan þe iOS sīe gesett on līchamhyrste būtan Apple Inc. līchamhyrste. Þæs 12. dæges Hærfestmōnaðes þæs 2012. gēares hafaþ Apple Inc. ƿeorcƿrithord mā þonne 700,000 ƿeorcƿrita for iOS, þā ætsomne ƿǣron mā þonne 30 þūsend þūsenda þūsenda mǣla on searu gefǣted. Hit hæfde 21% þǣre tōdǣlunge searcusprecenda þā ƿǣron forþsend on þǣm fēorðan dǣle þæs 2012. gēares, synderlīce æfter [[Android]] fram [[Google]]. Be healfe þæs 2012. gēares ƿǣron mā þonne 400 þūsend þūsenda searƿa mid iOS aƿeaht. ==Seoh ēac== *[[Android]] *[[Windows Phone]] *[[Apple Inc.]] [[Flocc:Weorcendebyrdnessa]] == Stǣr == ''Þā on þǣm gēare twū þūsend and fīf'', þā ðā Stīfen Jobs ongan þæt īsen tō gesearwienne tō macianne þone īsern-fōn, hē cwæð þæt hē hæfde twēġen cyste: oþþē "tō smǣlanne þā Mac, sēo wǣre mǣre weorcsumra cræft, oþþē tō brǣdanne þone iPod". Jobs lufode þone ǣrran rǣd, ac hē satte þā Mac-werod and þā iPod-werod — þā wǣron under Scotes Forstalles and Toniges Fadelles lǣrungum — tōwēard oþrum on inneweardre costnunge, and Forstall siððan sige nam mid þȳ hē geworhte þone īsern-fōn-gesetednysse (iPhone OS). Sēo rǣd ġetimbrode þone spēd þæs īsern-fōnes swā swā grundwong for oðrum wrihterum: mid þȳ hē brēac cūðe borghūs-gesetednysse swā swā his grund, þæt alȣfde þām manigum fremdum Mac-wrihterum tō writenne cræftmidel for þǣm īsern-fōne mid lytlum lǣran. Forstall wæs ēac witega tō wyrcenne þone cræft-gesetednysse gersum (SDK) for þām wrihterum tō timbrienne īsern-fōn-cræft, swā ēac an App Store innan iTunes. ''Þæt rīces-stȳre (oþþe gesetednys) wæs ǣrest geīwed mid þǣm īsern-fōne æt þǣm Macworld-gemēte on þǣm nigoðan dæge þæs Æfterran Gēares þæs gēares twū þūsend and seofon, and hit wæs ūtgenge on þǣm þrymman mōnað þæs ylcan gēares.'' ''Þā þæt rīces-stȳre wæs ǣrost ætīwed on þǣm Æfterran Gēare, cwæð Stīfen Jobs: "Sē īsern-fōn rīdet OS X" and "fereð bord-gelīce cræftmidlas," ac tō þǣm tīman þæs ūt-gangs wæs þæt rīces-stȳre genemned "iPhone OS" (īsern-fōn-gesetednys). Ān-ginnlice wǣron fremde cyndelīce cræftmidlas nā geþafode. Jobs þōhte þæt þā wrihteras meahton webb-cræftmidelas timbrian ðurh þone Safari-webb-bōcere, þā "swelc geworhten swā cyndelīce cræftmidlas on þǣm īsern-fōne."'' ''On þǣm Tīman-fyllnesse mōnað (October) twū þūsend and seofon, cyðde Apple þæt cyndelic cræft-gesetednysse gersum (SDK) wæs ǣrgeweorc and þæt hīe hogodon tō syllenne hit "on wrihtera handa on þǣm Solmōnað." On þǣm syxtan dæge þæs Hrēðmōnaðs twū þūsend and eahta, hēold Apple gemēt, þǣr hīe cyðdon þone īsern-fōn-SDK.'' [[File:Apple_iPhone_2G_8GB_(16).jpg|thumb|Sē ǣresta īsern-fōn (twū þūsend and seofon), sē ǣresta ūtgesetedan tōtēohhunge sē þe rād þone rīces-stȳre, ðā genemned iPhone OS (īsern-fōn-gesetednys)]] Sēo [[App-strǣt]] (oþþe cræft-cēapung) wæs geopenod on þǣm tēoðan dæge þæs Mǣdmōnaðs twū þūsend and eahta, mid fīf hund fruman cræftmidlum gearwum. Þis wēox hrade tō þrēo þūsendum on þǣm Hāligmōnaðe twū þūsend and eahta, fīf tēoðra þūsenda on þǣm Æfterran Gēare twū þūsend and nigon, fīftig þūsenda on þǣm Sēremōnaðe twū þūsend and nigon, hundteantig þūsenda on þǣm Blōtmōnaðe twū þūsend and nigon, twū hund and fīftig þūsenda on þǣm Weodmōnaðe twū þūsend and tēn, fīf and syx hund þūsenda on þǣm Mǣdmōnaðe twū þūsend and twelf, ān þūsend þūsenda on þǣm Wīntfylleðe twū þūsend and þrēotīene, twū þūsend þūsenda on þǣm Sēremōnaðe twū þūsend and syxtīene, and twū þūsend and twū hund þūsenda on þǣm Æfterran Gēare twū þūsend and seofontīene. Swā swā on þǣm Hrēðmōnaðe twū þūsend and syxtīene, syndon ān þūsend þūsenda cræftmidla cyndelīce gemǣte mid þǣm iPad-bōcorde. Þās cræftmidlas sind gesomnodlīce adūn hlædene mā þonne hund þrēotīene þūsend mīla sīðas. Sēo cræft-spyregend cnyhtgefera Sensor Tower tǣhte þæt sēo App-strǣt wæs tō cumanne tō fīf þūsendum þūsenda cræftmidla ymbe twū þūsend and twēntig. On þǣm Hāligmōnaðe twū þūsend and seofon, cyðde Apple þone iPod Touch, se wæs edniwod iPod geworht æfter þǣm gelīcnesse þæs īsern-fōnes. On þǣm seofon and twēntigostan dæge þæs Æfterran Gēares twū þūsend and tēn, tǣhte Apple hiera georn-bādene middangeard-bōcord (tablet), sēo wæs nemned se iPad, sēo hæfde māran scīnan þonne sē īsern-fōn and se iPod Touch, and wæs gegearwod tō webb-sēonne, middangeard-brūcunge, and rǣdunge, and bēad manig-hrīnunge wið manig-hīwes cræfte þǣr-rihte bōc-fella, bōca, gelīcnessa, scēawunga, drēames, word-wyrhtan gewrita, plegan, and þāra mǣstan dǣle ǣrra īsern-fōn-cræftmidla mid niogon and seofon-tēoðan tolfan (9.7-inch) scīnan. Hit hæfð ēac tō-cyme tō mōbilan Safari for webb-sēonne, swā swā tō-gange tō þǣre App-strǣte, iTunes-hordern, iBookstore, Gemētungum (Contacts), and Gemyndwrihtum (Notes). Þæt þing bið adūn hlæden þurh Wi-Fi and ōðrum 3G-þēowbære oþþe gecnytted þurh þæs brūcendes tōtēohhunge. AT&T wæs ǣrest sē ānlepa Ameriscan þēowa for þǣm 3G-lēaswebbe þæs iPads. On þǣm Sēremōnaðe twū þūsend and tēn, endebyrde Apple eft hiora īsern-fōn-gesetednysse nemne tō "iOS". Sēo tacen-nama "IOS" wæs ǣr brūcendu fram þǣm cēapmanna-felage Cisco ofer tŷn gēar tō hiora ānum rīces-stȳre, sēo wæs genemned IOS, sēo wæs geseted on hiora ræstra (routers). Tō forflēonne ǣnige uncūðe sacu, gelahte Apple þone "IOS"-tacen-naman tō lēane fram Cisco. On þǣm nigoðan dæge þæs Hāligmōnaðs twū þūsend and fīertyne, cyðde Tim Cook þone Apple Watch tid-weard (smartwatch), sēo wæs ǣrest geīwed swā tōtēohhung mid hǣlo- and lichaman-cunnunge. Hit wæs ūtgenge on þǣm fēower and twēntigostan dæge þæs Ēastermōnaðs twū þūsend and fīftīene. Hit brēac watchOS swā swā his rīces-stȳre; watchOS is getimbrod on iOS, mid nīwum cræftum geworht synderlīce for þǣm Apple Watch swā swā styrmunge-cunnunge cræftmidel. ''On þǣm Wīntfylleðe twū þūsend and syxtīene, geopnode Apple hiora ǣrrestan iOS-wrihtera lǣrhūs on Neapoli innan þǣm nīwum tūnscīre þære Neapol-hāgweardes Hīhstōwes Frederikes II. Sēo lǣrung is eallinga frēo, geseted tō begitenne synderlīce cræft-þēawas be þǣm gewyrhte and stȳrunge cræftmidla for þǣm Apple-stede. Æt þǣm lǣrhūse sind ēac sprǣca be cēapunge-stȳrunge (cēapunge-rǣdunge and cēapunge-stȳrunge mid hogunge tō tōwēardum dǣlum) and þǣr is weg gehālgod tō þǣre timbrunge fagerra ansīna. Leorneras habbað þone gemynd tō gemǣnanne on þǣm "Cēapunge-weg", dēop-lǣrende costnunge be eallum līfe þæs cræftmidles, fram timbrunge tō gefyllnesse, tō frīðunge, tō wæfersīnum, tō hordernu and wolcn-brūcunge. Swā swā on þǣm gēare twū þūsend and twēntig, hæfð þæt lǣrhūs gelǣred nēah þūsend leornera fram eallum middangearde, þā habbað gewroht on fēower hund cræftmidla geþancas and habbað ǣr ūt-āgefen nēah fīftig cræftmidla on þǣre iOS App-strǣte. On þǣm lǣr-gēare twū þūsend and eahtatīene oþ twū þūsend and nigontīene, cōmon leorneras fram mā þonne þrītig landa. Fīf and þrītig þissa wǣron gecorene tō cumanne tō þǣm Middangeardlican Wrihtera Gemēte, þǣm gēarlīcan Apple-wrihtera gemēte þe bið gehalden gēarlīce in Californie on þǣm fruman þæs Sēremōnaðs.'' [[File:Steve_Jobs_with_the_Apple_iPad_no_logo_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Stīfen Jobs, sēo Apple-hēafodmann, cyðþ þone iPad on þǣm gēare twū þūsend and tēn.]] ''On þǣm þridðan dæge þæs Sēremōnaðs twū þūsend and nigontīene, wæs iPadOS, sēo nemnende cynd iOS for þǣm iPad, gecȳðed ofer þǣm WWDC 2019 hēafod-sprǣce; hit wæs ūtgenge on þǣm fīf and twēntigostan dæge þæs Hāligmōnaðs twū þūsend and nigontīene.'' On þǣm nigonðan dæge þæs Sēremōnaðs twū þūsend and fīf and twēntig, æt þǣm WWDC 2025, inngetēhte Apple iOS 26. Sēo rīm-getācnung bȳcð þæt gēar þæt fylgeð þæt gēar in þǣm sēo ut-gāfe wæs inngetēht; þēos rīmung-endebyrdnes is nū brūcendu for eallum Apple-rīces-stȳrum, healdende hira rīm-getācnunga samod-geseted. On þǣm eahtoðan dæge þæs Sēremōnaðs twū þūsend and syxtīene, æt þǣm WWDC 2026, inngetēhte Apple iOS 27. Hit inngetēhð Siri AI, nīwne cynd geworht fram Apple on gemǣnsumunge mid Google. Siri AI mæg befangen miclum mā earfoðra weorca, swā swā wyrcende sceortnesse in þǣm Sceortnessa-cræftmidle and timbriende foresnotere wegas. Sēo ednīwode Siri is gelīc ānre AI-sprǣccwædan, and hēo onfōð ānne cræftmidel þǣr brūceras magon bēonian heora ǣrra sprǣca. == Cræftas == === Ansīne === Sēo iOS-ansīne is getimbrod ofer rihtre handlungum, brūcende manig-hrīnunge lǣca swā swā strikes, hrinan, pyngan, and gecyrred pyngan. Ansīne-stȳrunge tōtēohhunga beþeccað tōtogan (sliders), clyfias (switches), and hnæpsla (buttons). Inneweard hrerunge-mētendas (accelerometers) sind brūcende fram sumum cræftmidlum tō onfōnne wið hrerunge þæs tōtēohhunges (ān gemǣnelic cyme is sēo unwyrcunge bōd) oþþe hweorfunge hit in þrēom gemētum (ān gemǣnelic cyme is hweorfung betwēux standende and licgende hīwe). Mislicu geðēofnes (accessibility) āwriteð in þǣm dǣle be geðēofnesse þēowbērum gelaðiað þā brūceras mid sēon- and gehȳren-swīcnissum tō brūcenne iOS rihtlīce. ''iOS-tōtēohhunga cēosað tō ðǣm clysp-scīnan (lock screen). Sēo clysp-scīne ætīewð þone tīman and brūcendes clysp-scīnan gesceapenessu, þā ðā ætīewað tīmlicu bodednys fram cræftmidlum. Sēo clysp-scīne hæfð ēac twēġen hnæpsla, hātene Stȳrunge (Controls), þā ðā sind āna tōgētīene on þǣm īsern-fōne. Þās frum-gesetednys synd tō leoht-færete and cAmeran, ac hīe magon bēon endebyrded tō ǣnigum stȳrunge tōgētīene on þǣm Stȳrunge-Stede (Control Center) and magon ēac bēon āfyrrede. Æfter unclyspunge bið sē brūcer lǣded tō þǣm hām-scīnan, sēo is sēo frumlicu stȳrunge and bodednys "stōw" on iOS-tōtēohhungum, gelīc þǣm bord-gesetednysse fundenum on agnum tōtēohhungum. iOS-hām-scīnan sind gewunelīce geworhte fram cræftmidla tācnum and gesceapenessum; cræftmidla tācnas onfōð þone gemǣnan cræftmidel, þǣr gesceapenessu ætīewað libbende, self-niwiende bodednys, swā swā weder-spǣte, þæs brūcendesǣrend-hordern, oþþe nīwa bodednys tīd-rǣw rihte on þǣm hām-scīnan.'' ''Be þǣm uferran ende þære scīnan is stæþ-bār, ætīewende bodednys be þǣm tōtēohhunge and his tōganges. Sē Stȳrunge-Sted (Control Center) mæg bēon "togen" niðer fram þǣm uferran swīðran dæle þæs nnotches oþþe Dynamic Island on īsern-fōnum mid Face ID, oþþe mæg bēon "togen" ūp fram þǣm niðemestan tō þǣm uferran þære scīnan on īsern-fōnum mid Touch ID, syllende tō-gang tō manigum wendan tō stȳrenne þone tōtēohhung hraðor būtan þǣm þearfe tō openianne þā Gestillnesse (Settings). Hit is mǣgelīc tō stȳrenne lēoht-micelnesse, hlūdnesse, lēaswebb-tōgangas, drēam-plegan, and swā furðor.'' ''Scriðende fram þǣm uferran winstran dæle tō þǣm niðemestan (oþþe fram ufele tō niðer on īsern-fōnum mid Touch ID) opnað þone Bodednysse-Midstede (Notification Center), sēo in þǣm nīwestan cyndum iOS is swīðe gelīc þære clysp-scīnan. Hit ætīewð bodednyssa in tīd-endebyrdnysse and tēohhað hīe be cræftmidle. Fram þǣm bodednyssum sumra cræftmidla is hit mǣgelīc tō gemǣnanne rihte, tō bisene mid andwyrdende ǣrend-gewrite rihte þǣr-fram. Bodednyssa sind āsendede in twǣm wīsum, ǣnlīcum bodednyssum þā ðā sind ætīewde on þǣm clysp-scīnan and getācnode fram syndrigum hlēoðre and hrerunge (tō bisene nīedy-bodednyssa oþþe wendlicu weder-bodednyssa), mid gewyrðlicum warnunge-fane and þæs cræftmidles tācn-hnæpsle, and gewunelicum bodednyssum þā ðā brūcað frum-geseted hlēoðr and hrerunge. Bǣðe magon bēon fundene in þǣm Bodednysse-Midstede, and ætīewað for gesetedum tīde-mæte on þǣm clysp-scīnan (būton sē brūcer hæfð Bodednysse-Midstede alȳfed þonne clȳsped).'' ''On īsern-fōnum mid Touch ID, gelīcnessa þære scīnan (screenshots) magon bēon geworhte mid þǣm samodlicum þrycce þæs hām-hnæpsles and þæs mægen-hnæpsles. In gelīcnesse tō Android, sēo ðe lǣteð þā hnæpsla bēon gehealdene niðer, dēh scort þryccunga on iOS. On īsern-fōne mid Face ID, gelīcnessa þære scīnan sind gefangene mid þǣm hlūdnesse-ūp and mægen-hnæpslum þǣre stede.'' ''Sēo cameran-cræftmidel brēac ǣr iOS 7 ānne bīsnendlīce closende cameran-loka-gelīcnessa (skeuomorphic closing camera shutter animation). Siððan þǣm brūcð hit ānne scortne sweartunge-cræft. Mǣre ēacnunga ofer tīd begripað HDR-gelīcnessa-wrihtunge and þone cēap tō gehealdenne bǣðe gemǣnu and hēah-drīflicu (HDR) gelīcnessa samodlicum þǣr sēo ǣrre forwyrð gāstunge-cyme fram hrerendum þingum (fram īsern-fōne 5 on iOS 6), self-wendinglicu HDR-endebyrdnys (fram iOS 7.1), "libbende gelīcnessa" (live photo) mid scortum scēawunge-gewrite gebundenum tō ǣlcere gelīcnesshe (īsern-fōn 6s, iOS 9), and tīd-rīm-cernunge scortnessa-tōgiet (īsern-fōn 7 Plus, iOS 10). Sume cameran-gestillnessa swā swā scēawunge-micelnes and hwætlice-rīm sind nā gedihtende þurh þone cameran-ansīne selfne, ac sind ūt-āsendede tō þǣm stēres gestillnessum.'' ''On iOS 13 inngetēhte man nīwne cræft gehātene "stede-writa" (context menus) sēo ðe ætīewð gesibbe dǣda þonne man hrīneð and gehealt ān þing. Þonne sē stede-writa bið ætīewed, bið se wælg-stede (background) ablitered oððe swīðe ablended.'' ''Tō cēosenne fram feawum cēosungum, bið ān cēosunge-stȳrung brūced. Cēoseras magon ætīewan fæstnode tō þǣm niðemestan oþþe on līnan mid þǣre bodednysse (hātene dæges-cēoseras). Dæges-cēoseras onfōð þone hiw ǣnigres ōðres cēosunge-stȳrunges, ac mid ānre sǣle for dæge, mōnaðe, and mǣgelīce gēare.'' ''Wīsnes-bodednyssa ætīewað in middan þǣre scīnan, ac þǣr sind ēac wīsnes-bodednyssa þā ðā scriðað ūp fram þǣm niðemestan þære scīnan (hātene "dǣd-tīlunga" oþþe action panels). Wēalde dǣda (swā swā tō āfyrrenne ǣnig þing) sind gehiwode rēade.'' Sēo ambehtlice bōcstæf-endebyrdnes iOS is [[San Francisco]]. Hēo is geworht for lytlum bōca rǣdnysse, and bið brūced geond ealne þone rīces-stȳre, eac swylce on fremdum cræftmidlum. Þā tācnas sind hundeahtatig ymbe hundeahtatig pīxela on micelnesse for īsern-fōnum mid māran scīnan, gewunelīce cyndum ofer syx yncum, begripendum iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 8 Plus, þǣr hīe sind hundtwēntig ymbe hundtwēntig pīxela on īsern-fōnum mid læssum scīnum. ==== ''Hām-scīne'' ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Heafodgewrit|SpringBoard}}Sē hām-scīne, geworht fram SpringBoard, ætīewð cræftmidla tācnas and stæþ at þǣm niðemestan ðǣr brūceras magon fæstnian heora oftost brūcenda cræftmidlas. iOS-hām-scīnan sind gewunelīce geworhte fram cræftmidla tācnas and gesceapenessum; cræftmidla tācnas onfōð þone gesibban cræftmidel, þǣr gesceapenessu ætīewað libbende, self-niwiende bodednys, swā swā weder-spǣte, þæs brūcendes ǣrend-hordern, oþþe nīwa bodednys tīd-rǣw rihte on þǣm hām-scīnan. Sē hām-scīne ætīewð hwonne sē brūcer unclyspeð þone tōtēohhung, þrycð þone līchamlīcan "Hām" hnæpsles þǣr hē in cræftmidle bið, oþþe scrið ūp fram þǣm niðemestan þære scīnan brūcende þone hām-stæþ. Sēo scīne hæfð stæþ-bār ofer þǣm uferran tō ætīewanne bodednyssa, swā swā tīd, hlæst-stede, and mægen-strangnesse. Sē ōðra dǣl þære scīnan is gegearwod þǣm nīwan cræftmidle. Þonne rūn-bōc bið geseted and sē brūcer ontynð þone tōtēohhung, sēo rūn-bōc mæg bēon inngeofen on þǣm Clysp-Scīnan ǣr tōgang tō þǣm Hām-scīnan bið forgifen. ''In iPhone OS 3, wæs [[Spotlight]] inngetēht, alȳfende brūceras tō sēċenne middangeard-gestrēon, cræftmidlas, ǣrend-gewritu, gecorenra menniscra naman, ǣrendgas, gemyndbōcas, gēardaga gelimpu, and gelīcu bodednyssa. In iOS 7 and siððan, Spotlight bið genealǣht þurh niðertogunge ǣghwǣr on þǣm hām-scīnan (būton þā uferran and niðemestan ende þā ðā openiað Bodednysse-Midstede and Stȳrunge-Stede). In iOS 9, þǣr sind twā wīsan tō genealǣcenne Spotlight. Swā swā mid iOS 7 and 8, niðertogung on ǣnigum hām-scīnan ætīewð Spotlight. Hwæðere, hit mæg ēac bēon genealǣht swā swā hit wæs in iOS cyndum 3 oð 6. Þes cræft gifeð Spotlight Siri-rǣdas, þā ðā begripað cræftmidla rǣdas, manna rǣdas, and nīwu bodednyssa. In iOS 10, Spotlight is æt þǣm uferran dæle þæs nū hālgodan "Tōdæges" targe.'' Mid þǣm cyme iPhone OS 3.2, onfēngon brūceras þone cræft tō gesettenne weall-tæge (wallpaper) for þǣm Hām-scīnan. Sē cræft wæs ǣrest āna tōgētīene on þǣm iPad (forman cynn) oð þone cyme iOS 4 sume mōnaðas æfter þǣm cyme iPhone OS 3.2, sē ðe brōhte þone cræft tō eallum īsern-fōnum and iPod Touch cyndum þā ðā meahton þone rīces-stȳre gegangan, būton þǣm īsern-fōne 3G and þǣm iPod touch (ōðrum cynn) for wyrcnesse earfoðnyssum mid tācnla hrerungum. In iOS 7 inngetēhte man gelīcnesse-forhwyrfunge (parallax effect) on þǣm Hām-scīnan, sēo ðe wendað þæs tōtēohhunges weall-tæge and tācnas tōgeanes þære hrerunge þæs tōtēohhunges, wyrcende þrēo-gemētes gelīcnesse (3D effect) and scīne libbendra tācnas. Þes cræft is ēac gesewenlic on þǣm tægl-gesīhte (tab view) Mail and Safari. ''Rīsed-leorneras fundon þæt brūceras endebyrdað tācnas on heora hām-scīnum be brūcnesse tīd-stæpe and gesibbnysse þāra cræftmidla, swā swā ēac for intingan brūcendlicnesse and wlites.'' ==== ''Rīces-bōcstæf'' ==== iOS ǣr brēac Helvetica swā swā þone rīces-bōcstæf. Apple wende tō Helvetica Neue ānum tō þǣm īsern-fōne 4 and his Retina Scīnan, and geheold Helvetica swā swā rīces-bōcstæf for ieldran īsern-fōnum on iOS 4. Mid iOS 7, Apple cȳðde þæt hīe wolden wendan þone rīces-bōcstæf tō Helvetica Neue Light, rēdnis sēo ðe āsthyrode tæle for ungerisenlicre brūcunge lēohtre, þynre bōcstæf-endebyrdnysse for læssum mæte-scīnum. Apple tō lēste gecēas Helvetica Neue stede. Sē cyme iOS 7 ēac inngetēhte þone cræft tō gemetenne bōcstæf oþþe tō settanne ōðru hiw bōcstæf-tōganges þurh Gestillnessa. Mid iOS 9, Apple wende þone bōcstæf tō San Francisco, Apple-geworhtum bōcstæfe geseted tō mǣstan rǣdnysse and bōcstæf-gelīcnysse geond his cræft-endebyrdnysse. ==== Cræftmidla Hordernu ==== iOS 4 inngetēhte cræftmidla hordernu (folders), þā ðā magon bēon geworhte þurh teonne cræftmidel ofer ōðrum, and siððan, mā þinga magon bēon geīected tō þǣm horderne brūcende þone ilcan wisan. Noma for þǣm horderne bið self-gerīmed gecoren be þǣm floccum cræftmidla innan, ac sē noma mæg ēac bēon aedwiscod mid þǣm brūcere. Þonne cræftmidlas innan hordernum onfōð bodednysse tācnas (notification badges), þā singlan gerīmu bodednyssa sind togædere gerīmed and þæt tōtæle gerīme bið ætīewed swā swā bodednysse tācn on þǣm horderne selfum. Ærre, hordernu on īsern-fōne meahton behabban oð twelf cræftmidlas, þǣr hordernu on iPad meahton behabban twēntig. Mid mǣran scīn-micelnessum on nīwum īsern-fōne tōtēohhungum, iOS 7 nīwode þā hordernu mid sīdum gelīcum þǣm hām-scīnes endebyrdnysse, alȳfende micelne brǣdunge hordernes cræftes. Ælc sīde ānres hordernes mæg behabban oð nigon cræftmidlas, and þǣr magon bēon fīf tȳne sīdan on tōtæle, alȳfende tōtæle of hund-þrēotig and fīf cræftmidlum on ānum horderne. In iOS 9, Apple nīwode hordernes micelnessa for iPad tōtēohhungum, alȳfende syx tȳne cræftmidlas be sīdan, gīet æt fīf tȳne sīdum mǣstum, mærende þæt tōtæle tō twā hund and fēowertig cræftmidlum. ==== Bodednysse-Midstede ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Heafodgewrit|Notification Center}}Ǣr iOS 5, bodednyssa wǮron onsended in anre gelīcnesse scīnan (modal window) and ne meahton bēon gesewene æfter þæt hīe wǮron āworpene. In iOS 5, Apple inngetēhte Bodednysse-Midstede (Notification Center), sēo ðe alȳfeð brūceras tō geseonne stǣre bodednyssa. Sē brūcer mæg hhrīnan bodednysse tō openianne his gesibban cræftmidel, oþþe tō clǣnsienne hine. Bodednyssa sind nū onsended in fana (banners) þā ðā ætīewað stætlīce on þǣm uferran dæle þære scīnan. Gif brūcer hrīð onfengenre bodednysse, sē cræftmidel sē ðe onsende þā bodednysse bið openod. Brūceras magon ēac gecēosan tō geseonne bodednyssa in gelīcnesse wīsnes-scīnum þurh tōgemetenum þæs cræftmidles bodednysse gesellnessum. Inngetēht mid iOS 8, gesceapenessu (widgets) sind nū genealǣhtlicu þurh þǣm Bodednysse-Midstede, gemearcode fram fremdum cræftmidlum. ''Þonne cræftmidel onsendeð bodednysse þenden hē bið belocen, rēad bād bið gesewen on his tācne. Þes bād secgð þǣm brūcere, tō ānum ansīne, hū fela bodednyssa se cræftmidel hæfð onsended. Onpenung þæs cræftmidles clǣnseð þone bād.'' ==== ''Cræftmidlas'' ==== ''iOS tōtēohhunga cumað mid foregesettum cræftmidlum geworhtum fram Apple, midspellum Mail, Maps, TV, Music, FaceTime, Wallet, Health, and monigum ōðrum.'' Cræftmidlas sind sēo gemǣneste wisu cræftmidla teohhunge þē mæg bēon geseted on iOS. Hīe sind niðerāhlod fram þǣm ambehtlican cēape-hūse App Store, þǣr cræftmidlas sind underðēod frib-cunningum ǣr hīe bēon gearwe brūcerum. In Sūnite 2017, Apple nīwode his rēdnyssa tō gecȳðenne þæt cræftmidla wyrhtan nabbað nā māre þone cræft tō brūcenne āgen wīsunga tō manienne brūcerum tō lætenne domas for heora cræftmidlum. iOS cræftmidlas magon ēac bēon geseted rihte fram IPA skiften geworhtum fram þǣm teohhunge-dǣlere, þurh unambehtlica wīsan. Hīe sind gewritene brūcende iOS Cnyttnesse Geðēodes Tōtēohhunge (SDK) and, oft, gemenged mid Xcode, brūcende ambehtlīce gehæptra sprǣca, midspellum Swift and Objective-C. Ōðra felagscipas habbað ēac geworht tōtēohhunga þā ðā alȳfað teohhunge gecyndra iOS cræftmidla brūcende heora āgenra sprǣca. ''iOS cræftmidlas sind mǣst geworhte brūcende dǣlum UIKit, þæt is cræftmǣte geryne-endebyrdnys (programming framework). Hit alȳfeð cræftmidlum tō hæbban gelīcne wlít and brūcung mid þǣm rīces-stȳre, þēahwæðere bēodende āgenlice geatwunge.'' Dǣlas self-niwiað mid iOS nīwungum, self-gesetedlīce inniende nīwu ansīne rēdnyssa. UIKit dǣlas sind swīðe gewendlicu, þæt alȳfeð teohhicum tō wrīcanne ānne cræftmidel sē ðe lict gelīce on ǣnigum iOS tōtēohhunge. Tōēaces þǣm tō gemearconne þæt iOS ansīne, UIKit gemearcað þone cræft þæs cræftmidles. Ærre, Apple nolde nā útgifan SDK tō cræftmidla wyrhtum, for þǣm ðe hīe wolden þæt fremde cræftmidlas nǣren geworhte tō iOS, ac wyrcean web-cræftmidlas þæs stede. Hwæðere, þēos cræftcundnys næfre cōm tō gemǣnum brūce, þæt lædde Apple tō wendan his mōd, swā þæt in Winterfylleð 2007 sē SDK tō wyrhtum wæs cȳðed, and tō lēste ūtgeseted on Hrēðmōnað 6, 2008. Sē SDK innið an innoð-fylled getal cræftmidla teohhunge, midspellum hlūd-mengere and īsern-fōnes gelīcnysse-tōtēohhunge (iPhone simulator). Hit is frēo niðerāhlod for Mac brūcerum. Hit nis nā tōgētīene for Microsoft Windows tōtēohhungum. Tō cunnienne þone cræftmidel, tō onfōnne cræftlīce fultum, and tō dǣlenne cræftmidlas þurh App Store, wyrhtan sind behēfe tō giemeniende þone Apple Teohhunge Gerīm (Apple Developer Program). ''Ofer þāra gēara, þā App Store cræftmidlas ofersƣwodon monigu mǣru gemearc, midspellum fīf tig þūsenda, hund þūsenda, twā hund and fīf tig þūsenda, fīf hund þūsenda, ān þūsenda þūsend, and twā þūsenda þūsend cræftmidla. Sēo þūsend-þūsend-þūsend-licu cræftmidel wæs geseted on Ēastermōnað 24, 2009.'' ==== Cræftmidla Bōchord ==== Cræftmidla Bōchord self-floccð cræftmidlas tō hordernum be heora cræfte oþþe gecynde and innið stæfroflic getal ealra gesetera cræftmidla. Bisene þingum, hit mæg gegaderian ealla gefer-scipes cræftmidlas tō ānum horderne and nytnesse cræftmidlas tō ōðrum. Brūceras magon hrædlīce findan and genealǣcan cræftmidlas þurh brūcende þā sēcan-brægd æt þǣm uferran dæle þæs Cræftmidla Bōchordes. Brūceras magon gecēosan tō hydanne sindrige cræftmidla sīdan fram þǣm hām-scīne, wyrchende hit eaðre tō hogienne on þā cræftmidlas þā hīe oftost brūcað. === Hord-stede === iOS genȳdð strīnge hord-clȣnsunge tō healdenne frīð and dysegung. Cræftmidlas sind gemǣnelīce ġeþearnode tō genealǣcenne hiera āgenum hordernum and sundorlicum rīces-gesettum strǣtum, swā swā þǣre Biliðena Hordernes. Tō genealǣcenne flas ūtan hiera hord-clȣnsunge, iOS brūceð wīsan swā swā gewrit-cēosendas, gewrit-forðendas, and cræftmidla īcunge. iOS 8 introdæde þone Gewrit-Cēosend and Gewrit-Forðend Īcunga tō dǣle þæs gewrites gemǣnunge rīces. Þæt alȳfeð cræftmidlum tō openianne, tō healdenne, and tō gemǣnenne wið gewritum þā sind gehealdene on ānre midlestan stede oþþe wolcn-hord-stede ðēnungum. Mid iOS 11, Apple innyste þone Gewrit-Cræftmidel and þone Gewrit-Forðend Īcunge, selende ānre midlestan stede brūcerum tō stȳrenne and tō endebyrdenne hiera gewritu. Cræftmidlas magon gemengan mid þǣm Gewrit-Cræftmidle tō dōnne hiera gewritu genealǣcendlicu and rihtendlīcu rihte fram þǣm Gewrit-Cræftmidle. Sēo hord-stede iOS tōtēohhunga mæg bēon brǣded þurh þone wolcn-hord-stede Apple, sē ðe syleð fīf gigabytes hord-stedes tō nāwihte eallum brūcerum, þā hwīle ðe ōðra endebyrdnyssa behofiað gyldendne gield-cræft. Wolcn-Hord-Stede alȳfeð brūcerum tō healdenne missenlicu cynn gewrita, swā swā gewritu, gesetnesse, and tæl-bord, on þǣm wolcne. Þās gewritu magon bēon genealǣcede ofer monigum tōtēohhungum swā lange swā sē brūcer is underwriten mid þǣm samum Apple Cennysse. === Ætgrǣpness === iOS bietet monige ætgrǣpnessu tōtēohhunga tō fultumienne brūcerum mid gesihþe and gehȳran untrumnessum. Ān mǣre þing, VoiceOver, seleð stefne þē rǣð bodiendlīce gewritu ofer þǣm scīne, midspellum gesetedlicu hnæppan, tācnu, bendas, and ōðra cræft-ansīne dǣlas, and alȳfeð þǣm brūcere tō lādienne þæt rīces-stȳre þurh fǣhþu. Ǣnig cræftmidel mid gesetedlicum stȳrsum and geworht mid UIKit cræftmǣte onfehð VoiceOver cræftscieptunge inneweardlīce. Ān bisen innið þone īsern-fōn ūp āhebbande tō nimenne bilið, mid VoiceOver þē gerecað þæs biliðes gesihþe. Swā dǣl þæs "Made for iPhone" endebyrdnisses, innyst þurh þǣm ūtgange iOS 7 in 2013, Apple hæfð geworht cræftcundnysse tō brūcenne Blēo-Tōð and sundorlic cræftcundnysse rēdnysse tō lǣtende gerysne fremde tōtēohhunga gebindan mid īsern-fōnum and pad-tōtēohhungum tō strēamienne hlūd-mengunge rihte tō brūceres ēarum. Māre geatwung tōgētīene for Made for iPhone tōtēohhungum innið hlæst-rǣran and wendendlicu hlēo-gesetnesse tō missenlicum stōwum. Apple macode furðor strepunga ætgrǣpnessu for þǣm ūtgange iOS 10 in 2016, ēacniende nīwne sprǣce-wyrhtan tō VoiceOver, ēacniende Styrra-scēawunge gesetnesse tō swiþianne þing þurh þǣre tōtēohhunge cāmeran, cræft-ansīne TTY fultum tō ðeafum mannum tō wyrcenne sprǣc-clypunga fram þǣm īsern-fōne, and selende lǣrnessa and rēdnyssa tō fremdum wyrhtum tō inniende gerysne ætgrǣpnessu cræftas in heora cræftmidlum. In 2012, Liat Kornowski fram The Atlantic wrāt þæt "se īsern-fōn hæfð geworden ān þāra mǣstan cyrrende gewyrda siððan þǣre findunge Brēle", and in 2016, Steven Aquino fram TechCrunch wrāt Apple swā "forðlǣdende þone weg in fultumlicre cræftcundnysse", mid Sarah Herrlinger, Ealdre Stȳrende for Wīdrēdre Ætgrǣpnessu Ærendgespræce and Fruman æt Apple, cweðende þæt "Wē geseoð ætgrǣpnessu swā frymðlicne mannes riht. Timbrende in þone cwelm nūra tōtēohhunga styreð gesihþe anes inne-berendlicu middangeardes hwǣr cyrr and genealǣcung tō gewrite sind wyrc-lēase, mægenlicende menn mid untrumnessum tō gerǣcenne heora myntas." Tēona wæs geseted wið iOS be hängennessu ægðer ge ofer net-tōgepinge ge oferne rǣdnde SIM-carde tō forman cwide. Þes gelettes wæs alȣd in iOS 12, sē ðe nū nǣfre behōfað þone æfterran. === Manig-wyrcnes === Manig-wyrcnes for iOS wæs tō forman ūtgeseted in Sēremōnað 2010 mid þǣm ūtgange iOS 4. Sumu tōtēohhunga āne mihtan manig-wyrcan. Sē Pad nāfde manig-wyrcnesse oð iOS 4.2.1 in þǣm Blōtmōnað. Þæt gefōg manig-wyrcnesse in iOS wæs tōteled for hiera wīsan, sēo ðe geþearnað þā wyrcnesse ðe cræftmidlas in þǣm bæcborde magon fremman tō ānrum lȳtlum rǣde cræfta and behōfað cræftmidla wyrhtan tō ēacienne openlic fultum tō þǣm. Ǣr iOS 4, manig-wyrcnes wæs gewæsced tō cyre þāra cræftmidla þe Apple inþēodde on þǣre tōtēohhunge. Brūceras mihtan hwæðere "frēolsian" hiera tōtēohhunge tō wyrcenne manig-wyrcnesse uncyndelīce. Onginnende mid iOS 4, on þriddan-cnōsle and nīwran iOS tōtēohhungum, manig-wyrcnes is gefultumod þurh seofon bæcbordes cræftmǣlas: # Bæcbordes hlēo – cræftmidel forðgæð tō wyrcenne on þǣm bæcborde swā lange swā hit plegeð hlēo oððe bilið-gecynd. # Stæf-clypung wið IP – cræftmidel is ahafen þonne clypung nalið in forðgange. # ''Bæcbordes stōw – cræftmidel is ġecȳþed be stōwe wendunghwīlum.'' # ''Tōþrȳcnesse gemyndgunga'' # Stōwlice gemyndgunga – cræftmidel endebyrdeð stōwlice gemyndgunga tō bēonne gegiefene on gewisre tīde. # Weorces gefyllednes – cræftmidel biddeð þæt rīce æfter māran tīde tō gefyllenne giefene weorc. # Hræde cræftmidla wendung – cræftmidel ne fremð ǣnig cynd and mæg bēon genumen of gemynde on ǣlcre tīde. In iOS 5, þrēo nīwu bæcbordes cræftmǣlas wǣron innystu: # Stand – cræftmidel mæg niman ingang on þǣm bæcborde tō bēonne ġearu þǣm brūcere. # Ūtan-tōtēohhunge Īcenes – cræftmidel gemǣneð mid ūtan-tōtēohhunge and dǣleð geryne be geornum stundum. # Īcung – cræftmidel gemǣneð mid blēo-tōð tōtēohhunge and dǣleð geryne be geornum stundum. In iOS 7, Apple innyste nīwe manig-wyrcnesse þing, selende eallum cræftmidlum þone cræft tō fremmenne bæcbordes niwunge. Þes cræft gecēost tō niwienne þæs brūceres oftost brūcenda cræftmidla and gecēost tō brūcenne Wi-Fi netwerc ofer fyl-netwerc, būtan miclum minnienne þære tōtēohhunge hlæst-līfes. ==== Wrixlung cræftmidla ==== In iOS 4.0 oð iOS 6.x, twi-cnysgende þone hām-hnæpp tǣceð þone cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd. Scrēawendlīc disc-endebyrdnys ætīweð fram þǣm grunde, styrende þā inwritu þæs scīnes ūp. Cēosende tācn tōcēost tō cræftmidle. Tō þǣm swīðran ende sind tācnu þē wyrcað swā hlēo-stȳras, wended-fæstnys, and on iOS 4.2 and up, hlūd-stȳre. Mid þǣm tōcyme iOS 7, twi-cnysgende þone hām-hnæpp ēac tǣceð þone cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd. Hwæðere, ungelīce ǣrran endebyrdnissum, hē ætīweð biliðu openra cræftmidla ofer þǣm tācne and ofer-weard scēawung alȳfeð ymbseonne þurh ǣrran cræftmidlas, and hit is gelīclīc tō belūcanne cræftmidlas mid þȳ drægenne hīe ūp, gelīc þǣm hwū WebOS gehandlede manigu cardu. ''Mid þǣm tōcyme iOS 9, se cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd onfeng micelne ansīne wendunge; þenden hē healdð gīt þā card-bisen innystu in iOS 7, se cræftmidles tācn is læssa, and ætīweð bufan þæs biliðes (sēo ðe is nū māre, for þǣre ālȳsednesse "Nīwra and Leofra Gefeērena"), and ælc cræftmidles "card" oferwrihð þæt ōðre, wyrcende rolodex-endebyrdnysse swā se brūcer scēawað. Nū, stede þæs hām-scīnes ætīwendes æt þǣm swīðran ende þæs cræft-ansīne rǣles gemyndes, hit ætīweð æt þǣm winstran ende. In iOS 11, se cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd onfehð micelne endebyrdnysse edniwunge. On þǣm Pade, se Stȳr-Stede and cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd sind gegaderodu. Se cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd on þǣm Pade mæg ēac bēon genumen mid þȳ strīcenne ūp fram þǣm grunde. On þǣm īsern-fōne, se cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd ne mæg bēon genumen gif nān cræftmidel nis in þǣm gemynde.'' ==== Geendunge weorca ==== In iOS 4.0 oð iOS 6.x, lytle fæste hæbbende þā tācnu in þǣm cræft-ansīne rǣles gemyndes dēð þæt hīe cwecgad (gelīce þǣm hām-scīne) and alȳfeð þǣm brūcere tō nied-endanne þā cræftmidlas mid þȳ cnyssenne þone rēadan minus-hring se ðe ætīweð æt þǣm hyrran þæs cræftmidles tācnes. Rǣmende cræftmidlas of manig-wyrcnesse wunode þæt ilce fram iOS 4.0 oð 6.1.6, sēo latoste endebyrdnys iOS 6. Siððan iOS 7, se gang is geworden hrædra and ēðra. In iOS 7, stede þæs hæbbendes þā tācnu tō belūcanne hīe, hīe sind belocene mid þȳ smēale strīcenne hīe ūpwearð of þǣm scīne. Ōð þrēo cræftmidlas magon bēon rǣmedet ānre tīd gelīce wið ānre in endebyrdnissum oð iOS 6.1.6. ==== Weorces gefyllednes ==== Weorces gefyllednes alȳfeð cræftmidlum tō forðgǣanne gewis weorc æfter þǣm þe se cræftmidel is ahangod. Siððan iOS 4.0, cræftmidlas magon biddan oð tyn minuta tō gefyllenne weorc in þǣm bæcborde. Þes ne forðgǣð tō bæcbordes uplādum and niðerlādum þēah (hwæðere gif brūcer onginð niðerlād in ānum cræftmidle, hit ne endað gif hē wrixleð aweg of þǣm cræftmidle). === Siri === Siri (/ˈsɪri/) is wīrlic fultumend geseted in iOS. Se fultumend brūceð stefn-bēda and gecyndelīces gereordes brūcer-gesīhðe tō andswarienne spurnungum, dōn rǣda, and wyrcanne dǣda mid þȳ befæstanne bēda tō gedale internet-þēowda. Sēo tōtēohhung gecyndað hine tō brūcendra sundorlicum gereord-brūcungum, sēocungum, and gecēosungum, mid forðgǣndum brūce. Geldene wæstmas sind sundorlicu geseted. Ǣrest ūtgeseted swā tōtēohhung for iOS in Solmōnað 2010, hēo wæs gefangen fram Apple twām mōnaðum æfter þǣm, and þǣr-æfter geseted in þǣm īsern-fōne 4S æt hire ūtgesetenysse in Winterfylleð 2011. On þǣm tīman, sēo sundor tōtēohhung wæs ēac ālȳsed of þǣm iOS App Store. ''Siri styðð wīde endebyrdnysse brūcer-bēda, swā swā wyrcanne sīman-dǣda, cunnian grundlicu gerynu, settanne gelimpu and gemund-bēda, gehendanne tōtēohhunge gesetednessa, sēcean þæt Internet, wīsian stōwa, findanne gerynu be plegan, and mæg gemǣnan mid iOS-gesetedum cræftmidlum. Mid þǣm tōcyme iOS 10 in 2016, Apple openode gemǣne þridda-dǣle gang tō Siri, swā swā þridda-dǣles bōc-sendende cræftmidlas, swā ēac gylda, wægn-dǣlende, and Internet-sīman cræftmidla. Mid þǣm tōcyme iOS 11, Apple edniwode Siri stefna tō mā hlūtrum, manncynnes stefnum, hēo nū styðð æfterfylgendlicu spurnunga and gereordes wendunge, and ēacen þridda-dǣles dǣda. iOS 17 ālȳfde brūcerum tō ālȳsenne Siri mid þȳ ānlicum cwedenne "Siri", þenden sēo ǣrre bēd, "Hey Siri", is gīt gestydod.'' === Gamen-Stede === ''Gamen-Stede is onlīne manig-pleges "felāscipe-plegande netwerc"[1] ūtgeseted fram Apple.[2] Hit alȳfeð brūcerum tō "lāðian gefēeran tō pleganne gamen, onginne manig-plege gamen þurh gemynd-cēosunge, folgian heora geearnunga, and gelīcan heora hēah-stigende sceora on stæf-gelæde." iOS 5 and up tēcoð gestyndnisse tō þissum bilið-bieldum.[1]'' Gamen-Stede wæs gebēoded binnan iOS 4 fore-gesīhde gelimpe gehædred fram Apple on Ēaster-mōnað 8, 2010. Fore-gesīhð wæs ūtgeseted tō gewritenum Apple tōtēohhiendum in Weod-mōnað.[1] Hit wæs ūtgeseted on Hāligmōnað 8, 2010, mid iOS 4.1 on īsern-fōne 4, īsern-fōne 3GS, and iPod Touch ōðre cynn oð fēorðum cynne.[2] Gamen-Stede macode his folclīce cyme on þǣm Pade mid iOS 4.2.1.[3] Nān gestyndnys nis tō þǣm īsern-fōne 3G, fruman īsern-fōne and þǣm forman cynne iPod Touch (þā twēgen tōtēohhunga næfdon Gamen-Stede for þǣm þe hīe ne onfēngon iOS 4).[4]. Hwæðere, Gamen-Stede is uncyndlīce gearu on þǣm īsern-fōne 3G þurh cræft.[5] == Gestydode gewirc-cyrras == Þā tǣcunge-setu timbre, þā þe sind gestydode fram iOS, sind þā ARM-timbras. Mid nū gestydodum ARM-timbrum bēondum missenlicu endebyrdnissa þāra ARMv8 and ARMv9-timbra. iOS, ǣr þǣm ūtgesetenysse iOS 7 in 2013, ānlice styðde searu mid 32-bita ARM-gewirc-cyrrum þā þe styðdon ARMv6 oððe ARMv7-A timbras, hwæðere iOS 7 ēhte fulle gestyndnisse for þǣm 64-bita timbre (swylce inlandisc 64-bita cyrnel, bōc-hord, dryfendras, swā ēac eallum built-in cræftmidlum), æfter þǣm þe Apple gebēad þæt hīe wǣron wendende tō 64-bita ARMv8-A gewirc-cyrrum mid þǣm tōcyme þæs Apple A7 cyrres. 64-bita gestyndnys is bēon genieded for eallum cræftmidla forð-gesetnessum gemacedum tō þǣm App Store siððan 2015; mæst-licost, nīwe cræftmidlas siððan Solmōnað 2015, and ealle niwunga tō cræftmidlum siððan Sēarmōnað 1, 2015. iOS 11, ūtgeseted in 2017, forlēt gestyndnisse for eallum iOS-searum mid 32-bita ARM-gewirc-cyrrum swā ēac 32-bita cræftmidlum, maciende iOS 64-bita ānlice. 8k2i4c2iby9zamfpqfik4ri1kmdkzum 232860 232859 2026-11-10T20:08:12Z Bryceybam 144190 Created by translating the section "Devices" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1384601747|IOS]]" 232860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:IOS_wordmark_(2017).svg|thumb]] '''iOS''' is [[searusprecend]]a [[weorcendebyrdness|ƿeorcendebyrdness]] þe is geƿorht and asteald fram [[Apple Inc.]] Ǣrost ƿæs hit þæs 2007. gēares on folc on þǣm [[iPhone]] and on þǣm iPod Touch asteald, ac nū brȳcþ man hit on ōðrum searƿum, ēac þǣm [[iPad]] and þǣm Apple TV. Nā sƿā Google [[Android]] and Microsoft [[Windows Phone]] nile Apple Inc. līefan þe iOS sīe gesett on līchamhyrste būtan Apple Inc. līchamhyrste. Þæs 12. dæges Hærfestmōnaðes þæs 2012. gēares hafaþ Apple Inc. ƿeorcƿrithord mā þonne 700,000 ƿeorcƿrita for iOS, þā ætsomne ƿǣron mā þonne 30 þūsend þūsenda þūsenda mǣla on searu gefǣted. Hit hæfde 21% þǣre tōdǣlunge searcusprecenda þā ƿǣron forþsend on þǣm fēorðan dǣle þæs 2012. gēares, synderlīce æfter [[Android]] fram [[Google]]. Be healfe þæs 2012. gēares ƿǣron mā þonne 400 þūsend þūsenda searƿa mid iOS aƿeaht. ==Seoh ēac== *[[Android]] *[[Windows Phone]] *[[Apple Inc.]] [[Flocc:Weorcendebyrdnessa]] == Stǣr == ''Þā on þǣm gēare twū þūsend and fīf'', þā ðā Stīfen Jobs ongan þæt īsen tō gesearwienne tō macianne þone īsern-fōn, hē cwæð þæt hē hæfde twēġen cyste: oþþē "tō smǣlanne þā Mac, sēo wǣre mǣre weorcsumra cræft, oþþē tō brǣdanne þone iPod". Jobs lufode þone ǣrran rǣd, ac hē satte þā Mac-werod and þā iPod-werod — þā wǣron under Scotes Forstalles and Toniges Fadelles lǣrungum — tōwēard oþrum on inneweardre costnunge, and Forstall siððan sige nam mid þȳ hē geworhte þone īsern-fōn-gesetednysse (iPhone OS). Sēo rǣd ġetimbrode þone spēd þæs īsern-fōnes swā swā grundwong for oðrum wrihterum: mid þȳ hē brēac cūðe borghūs-gesetednysse swā swā his grund, þæt alȣfde þām manigum fremdum Mac-wrihterum tō writenne cræftmidel for þǣm īsern-fōne mid lytlum lǣran. Forstall wæs ēac witega tō wyrcenne þone cræft-gesetednysse gersum (SDK) for þām wrihterum tō timbrienne īsern-fōn-cræft, swā ēac an App Store innan iTunes. ''Þæt rīces-stȳre (oþþe gesetednys) wæs ǣrest geīwed mid þǣm īsern-fōne æt þǣm Macworld-gemēte on þǣm nigoðan dæge þæs Æfterran Gēares þæs gēares twū þūsend and seofon, and hit wæs ūtgenge on þǣm þrymman mōnað þæs ylcan gēares.'' ''Þā þæt rīces-stȳre wæs ǣrost ætīwed on þǣm Æfterran Gēare, cwæð Stīfen Jobs: "Sē īsern-fōn rīdet OS X" and "fereð bord-gelīce cræftmidlas," ac tō þǣm tīman þæs ūt-gangs wæs þæt rīces-stȳre genemned "iPhone OS" (īsern-fōn-gesetednys). Ān-ginnlice wǣron fremde cyndelīce cræftmidlas nā geþafode. Jobs þōhte þæt þā wrihteras meahton webb-cræftmidelas timbrian ðurh þone Safari-webb-bōcere, þā "swelc geworhten swā cyndelīce cræftmidlas on þǣm īsern-fōne."'' ''On þǣm Tīman-fyllnesse mōnað (October) twū þūsend and seofon, cyðde Apple þæt cyndelic cræft-gesetednysse gersum (SDK) wæs ǣrgeweorc and þæt hīe hogodon tō syllenne hit "on wrihtera handa on þǣm Solmōnað." On þǣm syxtan dæge þæs Hrēðmōnaðs twū þūsend and eahta, hēold Apple gemēt, þǣr hīe cyðdon þone īsern-fōn-SDK.'' [[File:Apple_iPhone_2G_8GB_(16).jpg|thumb|Sē ǣresta īsern-fōn (twū þūsend and seofon), sē ǣresta ūtgesetedan tōtēohhunge sē þe rād þone rīces-stȳre, ðā genemned iPhone OS (īsern-fōn-gesetednys)]] Sēo [[App-strǣt]] (oþþe cræft-cēapung) wæs geopenod on þǣm tēoðan dæge þæs Mǣdmōnaðs twū þūsend and eahta, mid fīf hund fruman cræftmidlum gearwum. Þis wēox hrade tō þrēo þūsendum on þǣm Hāligmōnaðe twū þūsend and eahta, fīf tēoðra þūsenda on þǣm Æfterran Gēare twū þūsend and nigon, fīftig þūsenda on þǣm Sēremōnaðe twū þūsend and nigon, hundteantig þūsenda on þǣm Blōtmōnaðe twū þūsend and nigon, twū hund and fīftig þūsenda on þǣm Weodmōnaðe twū þūsend and tēn, fīf and syx hund þūsenda on þǣm Mǣdmōnaðe twū þūsend and twelf, ān þūsend þūsenda on þǣm Wīntfylleðe twū þūsend and þrēotīene, twū þūsend þūsenda on þǣm Sēremōnaðe twū þūsend and syxtīene, and twū þūsend and twū hund þūsenda on þǣm Æfterran Gēare twū þūsend and seofontīene. Swā swā on þǣm Hrēðmōnaðe twū þūsend and syxtīene, syndon ān þūsend þūsenda cræftmidla cyndelīce gemǣte mid þǣm iPad-bōcorde. Þās cræftmidlas sind gesomnodlīce adūn hlædene mā þonne hund þrēotīene þūsend mīla sīðas. Sēo cræft-spyregend cnyhtgefera Sensor Tower tǣhte þæt sēo App-strǣt wæs tō cumanne tō fīf þūsendum þūsenda cræftmidla ymbe twū þūsend and twēntig. On þǣm Hāligmōnaðe twū þūsend and seofon, cyðde Apple þone iPod Touch, se wæs edniwod iPod geworht æfter þǣm gelīcnesse þæs īsern-fōnes. On þǣm seofon and twēntigostan dæge þæs Æfterran Gēares twū þūsend and tēn, tǣhte Apple hiera georn-bādene middangeard-bōcord (tablet), sēo wæs nemned se iPad, sēo hæfde māran scīnan þonne sē īsern-fōn and se iPod Touch, and wæs gegearwod tō webb-sēonne, middangeard-brūcunge, and rǣdunge, and bēad manig-hrīnunge wið manig-hīwes cræfte þǣr-rihte bōc-fella, bōca, gelīcnessa, scēawunga, drēames, word-wyrhtan gewrita, plegan, and þāra mǣstan dǣle ǣrra īsern-fōn-cræftmidla mid niogon and seofon-tēoðan tolfan (9.7-inch) scīnan. Hit hæfð ēac tō-cyme tō mōbilan Safari for webb-sēonne, swā swā tō-gange tō þǣre App-strǣte, iTunes-hordern, iBookstore, Gemētungum (Contacts), and Gemyndwrihtum (Notes). Þæt þing bið adūn hlæden þurh Wi-Fi and ōðrum 3G-þēowbære oþþe gecnytted þurh þæs brūcendes tōtēohhunge. AT&T wæs ǣrest sē ānlepa Ameriscan þēowa for þǣm 3G-lēaswebbe þæs iPads. On þǣm Sēremōnaðe twū þūsend and tēn, endebyrde Apple eft hiora īsern-fōn-gesetednysse nemne tō "iOS". Sēo tacen-nama "IOS" wæs ǣr brūcendu fram þǣm cēapmanna-felage Cisco ofer tŷn gēar tō hiora ānum rīces-stȳre, sēo wæs genemned IOS, sēo wæs geseted on hiora ræstra (routers). Tō forflēonne ǣnige uncūðe sacu, gelahte Apple þone "IOS"-tacen-naman tō lēane fram Cisco. On þǣm nigoðan dæge þæs Hāligmōnaðs twū þūsend and fīertyne, cyðde Tim Cook þone Apple Watch tid-weard (smartwatch), sēo wæs ǣrest geīwed swā tōtēohhung mid hǣlo- and lichaman-cunnunge. Hit wæs ūtgenge on þǣm fēower and twēntigostan dæge þæs Ēastermōnaðs twū þūsend and fīftīene. Hit brēac watchOS swā swā his rīces-stȳre; watchOS is getimbrod on iOS, mid nīwum cræftum geworht synderlīce for þǣm Apple Watch swā swā styrmunge-cunnunge cræftmidel. ''On þǣm Wīntfylleðe twū þūsend and syxtīene, geopnode Apple hiora ǣrrestan iOS-wrihtera lǣrhūs on Neapoli innan þǣm nīwum tūnscīre þære Neapol-hāgweardes Hīhstōwes Frederikes II. Sēo lǣrung is eallinga frēo, geseted tō begitenne synderlīce cræft-þēawas be þǣm gewyrhte and stȳrunge cræftmidla for þǣm Apple-stede. Æt þǣm lǣrhūse sind ēac sprǣca be cēapunge-stȳrunge (cēapunge-rǣdunge and cēapunge-stȳrunge mid hogunge tō tōwēardum dǣlum) and þǣr is weg gehālgod tō þǣre timbrunge fagerra ansīna. Leorneras habbað þone gemynd tō gemǣnanne on þǣm "Cēapunge-weg", dēop-lǣrende costnunge be eallum līfe þæs cræftmidles, fram timbrunge tō gefyllnesse, tō frīðunge, tō wæfersīnum, tō hordernu and wolcn-brūcunge. Swā swā on þǣm gēare twū þūsend and twēntig, hæfð þæt lǣrhūs gelǣred nēah þūsend leornera fram eallum middangearde, þā habbað gewroht on fēower hund cræftmidla geþancas and habbað ǣr ūt-āgefen nēah fīftig cræftmidla on þǣre iOS App-strǣte. On þǣm lǣr-gēare twū þūsend and eahtatīene oþ twū þūsend and nigontīene, cōmon leorneras fram mā þonne þrītig landa. Fīf and þrītig þissa wǣron gecorene tō cumanne tō þǣm Middangeardlican Wrihtera Gemēte, þǣm gēarlīcan Apple-wrihtera gemēte þe bið gehalden gēarlīce in Californie on þǣm fruman þæs Sēremōnaðs.'' [[File:Steve_Jobs_with_the_Apple_iPad_no_logo_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Stīfen Jobs, sēo Apple-hēafodmann, cyðþ þone iPad on þǣm gēare twū þūsend and tēn.]] ''On þǣm þridðan dæge þæs Sēremōnaðs twū þūsend and nigontīene, wæs iPadOS, sēo nemnende cynd iOS for þǣm iPad, gecȳðed ofer þǣm WWDC 2019 hēafod-sprǣce; hit wæs ūtgenge on þǣm fīf and twēntigostan dæge þæs Hāligmōnaðs twū þūsend and nigontīene.'' On þǣm nigonðan dæge þæs Sēremōnaðs twū þūsend and fīf and twēntig, æt þǣm WWDC 2025, inngetēhte Apple iOS 26. Sēo rīm-getācnung bȳcð þæt gēar þæt fylgeð þæt gēar in þǣm sēo ut-gāfe wæs inngetēht; þēos rīmung-endebyrdnes is nū brūcendu for eallum Apple-rīces-stȳrum, healdende hira rīm-getācnunga samod-geseted. On þǣm eahtoðan dæge þæs Sēremōnaðs twū þūsend and syxtīene, æt þǣm WWDC 2026, inngetēhte Apple iOS 27. Hit inngetēhð Siri AI, nīwne cynd geworht fram Apple on gemǣnsumunge mid Google. Siri AI mæg befangen miclum mā earfoðra weorca, swā swā wyrcende sceortnesse in þǣm Sceortnessa-cræftmidle and timbriende foresnotere wegas. Sēo ednīwode Siri is gelīc ānre AI-sprǣccwædan, and hēo onfōð ānne cræftmidel þǣr brūceras magon bēonian heora ǣrra sprǣca. == Cræftas == === Ansīne === Sēo iOS-ansīne is getimbrod ofer rihtre handlungum, brūcende manig-hrīnunge lǣca swā swā strikes, hrinan, pyngan, and gecyrred pyngan. Ansīne-stȳrunge tōtēohhunga beþeccað tōtogan (sliders), clyfias (switches), and hnæpsla (buttons). Inneweard hrerunge-mētendas (accelerometers) sind brūcende fram sumum cræftmidlum tō onfōnne wið hrerunge þæs tōtēohhunges (ān gemǣnelic cyme is sēo unwyrcunge bōd) oþþe hweorfunge hit in þrēom gemētum (ān gemǣnelic cyme is hweorfung betwēux standende and licgende hīwe). Mislicu geðēofnes (accessibility) āwriteð in þǣm dǣle be geðēofnesse þēowbērum gelaðiað þā brūceras mid sēon- and gehȳren-swīcnissum tō brūcenne iOS rihtlīce. ''iOS-tōtēohhunga cēosað tō ðǣm clysp-scīnan (lock screen). Sēo clysp-scīne ætīewð þone tīman and brūcendes clysp-scīnan gesceapenessu, þā ðā ætīewað tīmlicu bodednys fram cræftmidlum. Sēo clysp-scīne hæfð ēac twēġen hnæpsla, hātene Stȳrunge (Controls), þā ðā sind āna tōgētīene on þǣm īsern-fōne. Þās frum-gesetednys synd tō leoht-færete and cAmeran, ac hīe magon bēon endebyrded tō ǣnigum stȳrunge tōgētīene on þǣm Stȳrunge-Stede (Control Center) and magon ēac bēon āfyrrede. Æfter unclyspunge bið sē brūcer lǣded tō þǣm hām-scīnan, sēo is sēo frumlicu stȳrunge and bodednys "stōw" on iOS-tōtēohhungum, gelīc þǣm bord-gesetednysse fundenum on agnum tōtēohhungum. iOS-hām-scīnan sind gewunelīce geworhte fram cræftmidla tācnum and gesceapenessum; cræftmidla tācnas onfōð þone gemǣnan cræftmidel, þǣr gesceapenessu ætīewað libbende, self-niwiende bodednys, swā swā weder-spǣte, þæs brūcendesǣrend-hordern, oþþe nīwa bodednys tīd-rǣw rihte on þǣm hām-scīnan.'' ''Be þǣm uferran ende þære scīnan is stæþ-bār, ætīewende bodednys be þǣm tōtēohhunge and his tōganges. Sē Stȳrunge-Sted (Control Center) mæg bēon "togen" niðer fram þǣm uferran swīðran dæle þæs nnotches oþþe Dynamic Island on īsern-fōnum mid Face ID, oþþe mæg bēon "togen" ūp fram þǣm niðemestan tō þǣm uferran þære scīnan on īsern-fōnum mid Touch ID, syllende tō-gang tō manigum wendan tō stȳrenne þone tōtēohhung hraðor būtan þǣm þearfe tō openianne þā Gestillnesse (Settings). Hit is mǣgelīc tō stȳrenne lēoht-micelnesse, hlūdnesse, lēaswebb-tōgangas, drēam-plegan, and swā furðor.'' ''Scriðende fram þǣm uferran winstran dæle tō þǣm niðemestan (oþþe fram ufele tō niðer on īsern-fōnum mid Touch ID) opnað þone Bodednysse-Midstede (Notification Center), sēo in þǣm nīwestan cyndum iOS is swīðe gelīc þære clysp-scīnan. Hit ætīewð bodednyssa in tīd-endebyrdnysse and tēohhað hīe be cræftmidle. Fram þǣm bodednyssum sumra cræftmidla is hit mǣgelīc tō gemǣnanne rihte, tō bisene mid andwyrdende ǣrend-gewrite rihte þǣr-fram. Bodednyssa sind āsendede in twǣm wīsum, ǣnlīcum bodednyssum þā ðā sind ætīewde on þǣm clysp-scīnan and getācnode fram syndrigum hlēoðre and hrerunge (tō bisene nīedy-bodednyssa oþþe wendlicu weder-bodednyssa), mid gewyrðlicum warnunge-fane and þæs cræftmidles tācn-hnæpsle, and gewunelicum bodednyssum þā ðā brūcað frum-geseted hlēoðr and hrerunge. Bǣðe magon bēon fundene in þǣm Bodednysse-Midstede, and ætīewað for gesetedum tīde-mæte on þǣm clysp-scīnan (būton sē brūcer hæfð Bodednysse-Midstede alȳfed þonne clȳsped).'' ''On īsern-fōnum mid Touch ID, gelīcnessa þære scīnan (screenshots) magon bēon geworhte mid þǣm samodlicum þrycce þæs hām-hnæpsles and þæs mægen-hnæpsles. In gelīcnesse tō Android, sēo ðe lǣteð þā hnæpsla bēon gehealdene niðer, dēh scort þryccunga on iOS. On īsern-fōne mid Face ID, gelīcnessa þære scīnan sind gefangene mid þǣm hlūdnesse-ūp and mægen-hnæpslum þǣre stede.'' ''Sēo cameran-cræftmidel brēac ǣr iOS 7 ānne bīsnendlīce closende cameran-loka-gelīcnessa (skeuomorphic closing camera shutter animation). Siððan þǣm brūcð hit ānne scortne sweartunge-cræft. Mǣre ēacnunga ofer tīd begripað HDR-gelīcnessa-wrihtunge and þone cēap tō gehealdenne bǣðe gemǣnu and hēah-drīflicu (HDR) gelīcnessa samodlicum þǣr sēo ǣrre forwyrð gāstunge-cyme fram hrerendum þingum (fram īsern-fōne 5 on iOS 6), self-wendinglicu HDR-endebyrdnys (fram iOS 7.1), "libbende gelīcnessa" (live photo) mid scortum scēawunge-gewrite gebundenum tō ǣlcere gelīcnesshe (īsern-fōn 6s, iOS 9), and tīd-rīm-cernunge scortnessa-tōgiet (īsern-fōn 7 Plus, iOS 10). Sume cameran-gestillnessa swā swā scēawunge-micelnes and hwætlice-rīm sind nā gedihtende þurh þone cameran-ansīne selfne, ac sind ūt-āsendede tō þǣm stēres gestillnessum.'' ''On iOS 13 inngetēhte man nīwne cræft gehātene "stede-writa" (context menus) sēo ðe ætīewð gesibbe dǣda þonne man hrīneð and gehealt ān þing. Þonne sē stede-writa bið ætīewed, bið se wælg-stede (background) ablitered oððe swīðe ablended.'' ''Tō cēosenne fram feawum cēosungum, bið ān cēosunge-stȳrung brūced. Cēoseras magon ætīewan fæstnode tō þǣm niðemestan oþþe on līnan mid þǣre bodednysse (hātene dæges-cēoseras). Dæges-cēoseras onfōð þone hiw ǣnigres ōðres cēosunge-stȳrunges, ac mid ānre sǣle for dæge, mōnaðe, and mǣgelīce gēare.'' ''Wīsnes-bodednyssa ætīewað in middan þǣre scīnan, ac þǣr sind ēac wīsnes-bodednyssa þā ðā scriðað ūp fram þǣm niðemestan þære scīnan (hātene "dǣd-tīlunga" oþþe action panels). Wēalde dǣda (swā swā tō āfyrrenne ǣnig þing) sind gehiwode rēade.'' Sēo ambehtlice bōcstæf-endebyrdnes iOS is [[San Francisco]]. Hēo is geworht for lytlum bōca rǣdnysse, and bið brūced geond ealne þone rīces-stȳre, eac swylce on fremdum cræftmidlum. Þā tācnas sind hundeahtatig ymbe hundeahtatig pīxela on micelnesse for īsern-fōnum mid māran scīnan, gewunelīce cyndum ofer syx yncum, begripendum iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 8 Plus, þǣr hīe sind hundtwēntig ymbe hundtwēntig pīxela on īsern-fōnum mid læssum scīnum. ==== ''Hām-scīne'' ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Heafodgewrit|SpringBoard}}Sē hām-scīne, geworht fram SpringBoard, ætīewð cræftmidla tācnas and stæþ at þǣm niðemestan ðǣr brūceras magon fæstnian heora oftost brūcenda cræftmidlas. iOS-hām-scīnan sind gewunelīce geworhte fram cræftmidla tācnas and gesceapenessum; cræftmidla tācnas onfōð þone gesibban cræftmidel, þǣr gesceapenessu ætīewað libbende, self-niwiende bodednys, swā swā weder-spǣte, þæs brūcendes ǣrend-hordern, oþþe nīwa bodednys tīd-rǣw rihte on þǣm hām-scīnan. Sē hām-scīne ætīewð hwonne sē brūcer unclyspeð þone tōtēohhung, þrycð þone līchamlīcan "Hām" hnæpsles þǣr hē in cræftmidle bið, oþþe scrið ūp fram þǣm niðemestan þære scīnan brūcende þone hām-stæþ. Sēo scīne hæfð stæþ-bār ofer þǣm uferran tō ætīewanne bodednyssa, swā swā tīd, hlæst-stede, and mægen-strangnesse. Sē ōðra dǣl þære scīnan is gegearwod þǣm nīwan cræftmidle. Þonne rūn-bōc bið geseted and sē brūcer ontynð þone tōtēohhung, sēo rūn-bōc mæg bēon inngeofen on þǣm Clysp-Scīnan ǣr tōgang tō þǣm Hām-scīnan bið forgifen. ''In iPhone OS 3, wæs [[Spotlight]] inngetēht, alȳfende brūceras tō sēċenne middangeard-gestrēon, cræftmidlas, ǣrend-gewritu, gecorenra menniscra naman, ǣrendgas, gemyndbōcas, gēardaga gelimpu, and gelīcu bodednyssa. In iOS 7 and siððan, Spotlight bið genealǣht þurh niðertogunge ǣghwǣr on þǣm hām-scīnan (būton þā uferran and niðemestan ende þā ðā openiað Bodednysse-Midstede and Stȳrunge-Stede). In iOS 9, þǣr sind twā wīsan tō genealǣcenne Spotlight. Swā swā mid iOS 7 and 8, niðertogung on ǣnigum hām-scīnan ætīewð Spotlight. Hwæðere, hit mæg ēac bēon genealǣht swā swā hit wæs in iOS cyndum 3 oð 6. Þes cræft gifeð Spotlight Siri-rǣdas, þā ðā begripað cræftmidla rǣdas, manna rǣdas, and nīwu bodednyssa. In iOS 10, Spotlight is æt þǣm uferran dæle þæs nū hālgodan "Tōdæges" targe.'' Mid þǣm cyme iPhone OS 3.2, onfēngon brūceras þone cræft tō gesettenne weall-tæge (wallpaper) for þǣm Hām-scīnan. Sē cræft wæs ǣrest āna tōgētīene on þǣm iPad (forman cynn) oð þone cyme iOS 4 sume mōnaðas æfter þǣm cyme iPhone OS 3.2, sē ðe brōhte þone cræft tō eallum īsern-fōnum and iPod Touch cyndum þā ðā meahton þone rīces-stȳre gegangan, būton þǣm īsern-fōne 3G and þǣm iPod touch (ōðrum cynn) for wyrcnesse earfoðnyssum mid tācnla hrerungum. In iOS 7 inngetēhte man gelīcnesse-forhwyrfunge (parallax effect) on þǣm Hām-scīnan, sēo ðe wendað þæs tōtēohhunges weall-tæge and tācnas tōgeanes þære hrerunge þæs tōtēohhunges, wyrcende þrēo-gemētes gelīcnesse (3D effect) and scīne libbendra tācnas. Þes cræft is ēac gesewenlic on þǣm tægl-gesīhte (tab view) Mail and Safari. ''Rīsed-leorneras fundon þæt brūceras endebyrdað tācnas on heora hām-scīnum be brūcnesse tīd-stæpe and gesibbnysse þāra cræftmidla, swā swā ēac for intingan brūcendlicnesse and wlites.'' ==== ''Rīces-bōcstæf'' ==== iOS ǣr brēac Helvetica swā swā þone rīces-bōcstæf. Apple wende tō Helvetica Neue ānum tō þǣm īsern-fōne 4 and his Retina Scīnan, and geheold Helvetica swā swā rīces-bōcstæf for ieldran īsern-fōnum on iOS 4. Mid iOS 7, Apple cȳðde þæt hīe wolden wendan þone rīces-bōcstæf tō Helvetica Neue Light, rēdnis sēo ðe āsthyrode tæle for ungerisenlicre brūcunge lēohtre, þynre bōcstæf-endebyrdnysse for læssum mæte-scīnum. Apple tō lēste gecēas Helvetica Neue stede. Sē cyme iOS 7 ēac inngetēhte þone cræft tō gemetenne bōcstæf oþþe tō settanne ōðru hiw bōcstæf-tōganges þurh Gestillnessa. Mid iOS 9, Apple wende þone bōcstæf tō San Francisco, Apple-geworhtum bōcstæfe geseted tō mǣstan rǣdnysse and bōcstæf-gelīcnysse geond his cræft-endebyrdnysse. ==== Cræftmidla Hordernu ==== iOS 4 inngetēhte cræftmidla hordernu (folders), þā ðā magon bēon geworhte þurh teonne cræftmidel ofer ōðrum, and siððan, mā þinga magon bēon geīected tō þǣm horderne brūcende þone ilcan wisan. Noma for þǣm horderne bið self-gerīmed gecoren be þǣm floccum cræftmidla innan, ac sē noma mæg ēac bēon aedwiscod mid þǣm brūcere. Þonne cræftmidlas innan hordernum onfōð bodednysse tācnas (notification badges), þā singlan gerīmu bodednyssa sind togædere gerīmed and þæt tōtæle gerīme bið ætīewed swā swā bodednysse tācn on þǣm horderne selfum. Ærre, hordernu on īsern-fōne meahton behabban oð twelf cræftmidlas, þǣr hordernu on iPad meahton behabban twēntig. Mid mǣran scīn-micelnessum on nīwum īsern-fōne tōtēohhungum, iOS 7 nīwode þā hordernu mid sīdum gelīcum þǣm hām-scīnes endebyrdnysse, alȳfende micelne brǣdunge hordernes cræftes. Ælc sīde ānres hordernes mæg behabban oð nigon cræftmidlas, and þǣr magon bēon fīf tȳne sīdan on tōtæle, alȳfende tōtæle of hund-þrēotig and fīf cræftmidlum on ānum horderne. In iOS 9, Apple nīwode hordernes micelnessa for iPad tōtēohhungum, alȳfende syx tȳne cræftmidlas be sīdan, gīet æt fīf tȳne sīdum mǣstum, mærende þæt tōtæle tō twā hund and fēowertig cræftmidlum. ==== Bodednysse-Midstede ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Heafodgewrit|Notification Center}}Ǣr iOS 5, bodednyssa wǮron onsended in anre gelīcnesse scīnan (modal window) and ne meahton bēon gesewene æfter þæt hīe wǮron āworpene. In iOS 5, Apple inngetēhte Bodednysse-Midstede (Notification Center), sēo ðe alȳfeð brūceras tō geseonne stǣre bodednyssa. Sē brūcer mæg hhrīnan bodednysse tō openianne his gesibban cræftmidel, oþþe tō clǣnsienne hine. Bodednyssa sind nū onsended in fana (banners) þā ðā ætīewað stætlīce on þǣm uferran dæle þære scīnan. Gif brūcer hrīð onfengenre bodednysse, sē cræftmidel sē ðe onsende þā bodednysse bið openod. Brūceras magon ēac gecēosan tō geseonne bodednyssa in gelīcnesse wīsnes-scīnum þurh tōgemetenum þæs cræftmidles bodednysse gesellnessum. Inngetēht mid iOS 8, gesceapenessu (widgets) sind nū genealǣhtlicu þurh þǣm Bodednysse-Midstede, gemearcode fram fremdum cræftmidlum. ''Þonne cræftmidel onsendeð bodednysse þenden hē bið belocen, rēad bād bið gesewen on his tācne. Þes bād secgð þǣm brūcere, tō ānum ansīne, hū fela bodednyssa se cræftmidel hæfð onsended. Onpenung þæs cræftmidles clǣnseð þone bād.'' ==== ''Cræftmidlas'' ==== ''iOS tōtēohhunga cumað mid foregesettum cræftmidlum geworhtum fram Apple, midspellum Mail, Maps, TV, Music, FaceTime, Wallet, Health, and monigum ōðrum.'' Cræftmidlas sind sēo gemǣneste wisu cræftmidla teohhunge þē mæg bēon geseted on iOS. Hīe sind niðerāhlod fram þǣm ambehtlican cēape-hūse App Store, þǣr cræftmidlas sind underðēod frib-cunningum ǣr hīe bēon gearwe brūcerum. In Sūnite 2017, Apple nīwode his rēdnyssa tō gecȳðenne þæt cræftmidla wyrhtan nabbað nā māre þone cræft tō brūcenne āgen wīsunga tō manienne brūcerum tō lætenne domas for heora cræftmidlum. iOS cræftmidlas magon ēac bēon geseted rihte fram IPA skiften geworhtum fram þǣm teohhunge-dǣlere, þurh unambehtlica wīsan. Hīe sind gewritene brūcende iOS Cnyttnesse Geðēodes Tōtēohhunge (SDK) and, oft, gemenged mid Xcode, brūcende ambehtlīce gehæptra sprǣca, midspellum Swift and Objective-C. Ōðra felagscipas habbað ēac geworht tōtēohhunga þā ðā alȳfað teohhunge gecyndra iOS cræftmidla brūcende heora āgenra sprǣca. ''iOS cræftmidlas sind mǣst geworhte brūcende dǣlum UIKit, þæt is cræftmǣte geryne-endebyrdnys (programming framework). Hit alȳfeð cræftmidlum tō hæbban gelīcne wlít and brūcung mid þǣm rīces-stȳre, þēahwæðere bēodende āgenlice geatwunge.'' Dǣlas self-niwiað mid iOS nīwungum, self-gesetedlīce inniende nīwu ansīne rēdnyssa. UIKit dǣlas sind swīðe gewendlicu, þæt alȳfeð teohhicum tō wrīcanne ānne cræftmidel sē ðe lict gelīce on ǣnigum iOS tōtēohhunge. Tōēaces þǣm tō gemearconne þæt iOS ansīne, UIKit gemearcað þone cræft þæs cræftmidles. Ærre, Apple nolde nā útgifan SDK tō cræftmidla wyrhtum, for þǣm ðe hīe wolden þæt fremde cræftmidlas nǣren geworhte tō iOS, ac wyrcean web-cræftmidlas þæs stede. Hwæðere, þēos cræftcundnys næfre cōm tō gemǣnum brūce, þæt lædde Apple tō wendan his mōd, swā þæt in Winterfylleð 2007 sē SDK tō wyrhtum wæs cȳðed, and tō lēste ūtgeseted on Hrēðmōnað 6, 2008. Sē SDK innið an innoð-fylled getal cræftmidla teohhunge, midspellum hlūd-mengere and īsern-fōnes gelīcnysse-tōtēohhunge (iPhone simulator). Hit is frēo niðerāhlod for Mac brūcerum. Hit nis nā tōgētīene for Microsoft Windows tōtēohhungum. Tō cunnienne þone cræftmidel, tō onfōnne cræftlīce fultum, and tō dǣlenne cræftmidlas þurh App Store, wyrhtan sind behēfe tō giemeniende þone Apple Teohhunge Gerīm (Apple Developer Program). ''Ofer þāra gēara, þā App Store cræftmidlas ofersƣwodon monigu mǣru gemearc, midspellum fīf tig þūsenda, hund þūsenda, twā hund and fīf tig þūsenda, fīf hund þūsenda, ān þūsenda þūsend, and twā þūsenda þūsend cræftmidla. Sēo þūsend-þūsend-þūsend-licu cræftmidel wæs geseted on Ēastermōnað 24, 2009.'' ==== Cræftmidla Bōchord ==== Cræftmidla Bōchord self-floccð cræftmidlas tō hordernum be heora cræfte oþþe gecynde and innið stæfroflic getal ealra gesetera cræftmidla. Bisene þingum, hit mæg gegaderian ealla gefer-scipes cræftmidlas tō ānum horderne and nytnesse cræftmidlas tō ōðrum. Brūceras magon hrædlīce findan and genealǣcan cræftmidlas þurh brūcende þā sēcan-brægd æt þǣm uferran dæle þæs Cræftmidla Bōchordes. Brūceras magon gecēosan tō hydanne sindrige cræftmidla sīdan fram þǣm hām-scīne, wyrchende hit eaðre tō hogienne on þā cræftmidlas þā hīe oftost brūcað. === Hord-stede === iOS genȳdð strīnge hord-clȣnsunge tō healdenne frīð and dysegung. Cræftmidlas sind gemǣnelīce ġeþearnode tō genealǣcenne hiera āgenum hordernum and sundorlicum rīces-gesettum strǣtum, swā swā þǣre Biliðena Hordernes. Tō genealǣcenne flas ūtan hiera hord-clȣnsunge, iOS brūceð wīsan swā swā gewrit-cēosendas, gewrit-forðendas, and cræftmidla īcunge. iOS 8 introdæde þone Gewrit-Cēosend and Gewrit-Forðend Īcunga tō dǣle þæs gewrites gemǣnunge rīces. Þæt alȳfeð cræftmidlum tō openianne, tō healdenne, and tō gemǣnenne wið gewritum þā sind gehealdene on ānre midlestan stede oþþe wolcn-hord-stede ðēnungum. Mid iOS 11, Apple innyste þone Gewrit-Cræftmidel and þone Gewrit-Forðend Īcunge, selende ānre midlestan stede brūcerum tō stȳrenne and tō endebyrdenne hiera gewritu. Cræftmidlas magon gemengan mid þǣm Gewrit-Cræftmidle tō dōnne hiera gewritu genealǣcendlicu and rihtendlīcu rihte fram þǣm Gewrit-Cræftmidle. Sēo hord-stede iOS tōtēohhunga mæg bēon brǣded þurh þone wolcn-hord-stede Apple, sē ðe syleð fīf gigabytes hord-stedes tō nāwihte eallum brūcerum, þā hwīle ðe ōðra endebyrdnyssa behofiað gyldendne gield-cræft. Wolcn-Hord-Stede alȳfeð brūcerum tō healdenne missenlicu cynn gewrita, swā swā gewritu, gesetnesse, and tæl-bord, on þǣm wolcne. Þās gewritu magon bēon genealǣcede ofer monigum tōtēohhungum swā lange swā sē brūcer is underwriten mid þǣm samum Apple Cennysse. === Ætgrǣpness === iOS bietet monige ætgrǣpnessu tōtēohhunga tō fultumienne brūcerum mid gesihþe and gehȳran untrumnessum. Ān mǣre þing, VoiceOver, seleð stefne þē rǣð bodiendlīce gewritu ofer þǣm scīne, midspellum gesetedlicu hnæppan, tācnu, bendas, and ōðra cræft-ansīne dǣlas, and alȳfeð þǣm brūcere tō lādienne þæt rīces-stȳre þurh fǣhþu. Ǣnig cræftmidel mid gesetedlicum stȳrsum and geworht mid UIKit cræftmǣte onfehð VoiceOver cræftscieptunge inneweardlīce. Ān bisen innið þone īsern-fōn ūp āhebbande tō nimenne bilið, mid VoiceOver þē gerecað þæs biliðes gesihþe. Swā dǣl þæs "Made for iPhone" endebyrdnisses, innyst þurh þǣm ūtgange iOS 7 in 2013, Apple hæfð geworht cræftcundnysse tō brūcenne Blēo-Tōð and sundorlic cræftcundnysse rēdnysse tō lǣtende gerysne fremde tōtēohhunga gebindan mid īsern-fōnum and pad-tōtēohhungum tō strēamienne hlūd-mengunge rihte tō brūceres ēarum. Māre geatwung tōgētīene for Made for iPhone tōtēohhungum innið hlæst-rǣran and wendendlicu hlēo-gesetnesse tō missenlicum stōwum. Apple macode furðor strepunga ætgrǣpnessu for þǣm ūtgange iOS 10 in 2016, ēacniende nīwne sprǣce-wyrhtan tō VoiceOver, ēacniende Styrra-scēawunge gesetnesse tō swiþianne þing þurh þǣre tōtēohhunge cāmeran, cræft-ansīne TTY fultum tō ðeafum mannum tō wyrcenne sprǣc-clypunga fram þǣm īsern-fōne, and selende lǣrnessa and rēdnyssa tō fremdum wyrhtum tō inniende gerysne ætgrǣpnessu cræftas in heora cræftmidlum. In 2012, Liat Kornowski fram The Atlantic wrāt þæt "se īsern-fōn hæfð geworden ān þāra mǣstan cyrrende gewyrda siððan þǣre findunge Brēle", and in 2016, Steven Aquino fram TechCrunch wrāt Apple swā "forðlǣdende þone weg in fultumlicre cræftcundnysse", mid Sarah Herrlinger, Ealdre Stȳrende for Wīdrēdre Ætgrǣpnessu Ærendgespræce and Fruman æt Apple, cweðende þæt "Wē geseoð ætgrǣpnessu swā frymðlicne mannes riht. Timbrende in þone cwelm nūra tōtēohhunga styreð gesihþe anes inne-berendlicu middangeardes hwǣr cyrr and genealǣcung tō gewrite sind wyrc-lēase, mægenlicende menn mid untrumnessum tō gerǣcenne heora myntas." Tēona wæs geseted wið iOS be hängennessu ægðer ge ofer net-tōgepinge ge oferne rǣdnde SIM-carde tō forman cwide. Þes gelettes wæs alȣd in iOS 12, sē ðe nū nǣfre behōfað þone æfterran. === Manig-wyrcnes === Manig-wyrcnes for iOS wæs tō forman ūtgeseted in Sēremōnað 2010 mid þǣm ūtgange iOS 4. Sumu tōtēohhunga āne mihtan manig-wyrcan. Sē Pad nāfde manig-wyrcnesse oð iOS 4.2.1 in þǣm Blōtmōnað. Þæt gefōg manig-wyrcnesse in iOS wæs tōteled for hiera wīsan, sēo ðe geþearnað þā wyrcnesse ðe cræftmidlas in þǣm bæcborde magon fremman tō ānrum lȳtlum rǣde cræfta and behōfað cræftmidla wyrhtan tō ēacienne openlic fultum tō þǣm. Ǣr iOS 4, manig-wyrcnes wæs gewæsced tō cyre þāra cræftmidla þe Apple inþēodde on þǣre tōtēohhunge. Brūceras mihtan hwæðere "frēolsian" hiera tōtēohhunge tō wyrcenne manig-wyrcnesse uncyndelīce. Onginnende mid iOS 4, on þriddan-cnōsle and nīwran iOS tōtēohhungum, manig-wyrcnes is gefultumod þurh seofon bæcbordes cræftmǣlas: # Bæcbordes hlēo – cræftmidel forðgæð tō wyrcenne on þǣm bæcborde swā lange swā hit plegeð hlēo oððe bilið-gecynd. # Stæf-clypung wið IP – cræftmidel is ahafen þonne clypung nalið in forðgange. # ''Bæcbordes stōw – cræftmidel is ġecȳþed be stōwe wendunghwīlum.'' # ''Tōþrȳcnesse gemyndgunga'' # Stōwlice gemyndgunga – cræftmidel endebyrdeð stōwlice gemyndgunga tō bēonne gegiefene on gewisre tīde. # Weorces gefyllednes – cræftmidel biddeð þæt rīce æfter māran tīde tō gefyllenne giefene weorc. # Hræde cræftmidla wendung – cræftmidel ne fremð ǣnig cynd and mæg bēon genumen of gemynde on ǣlcre tīde. In iOS 5, þrēo nīwu bæcbordes cræftmǣlas wǣron innystu: # Stand – cræftmidel mæg niman ingang on þǣm bæcborde tō bēonne ġearu þǣm brūcere. # Ūtan-tōtēohhunge Īcenes – cræftmidel gemǣneð mid ūtan-tōtēohhunge and dǣleð geryne be geornum stundum. # Īcung – cræftmidel gemǣneð mid blēo-tōð tōtēohhunge and dǣleð geryne be geornum stundum. In iOS 7, Apple innyste nīwe manig-wyrcnesse þing, selende eallum cræftmidlum þone cræft tō fremmenne bæcbordes niwunge. Þes cræft gecēost tō niwienne þæs brūceres oftost brūcenda cræftmidla and gecēost tō brūcenne Wi-Fi netwerc ofer fyl-netwerc, būtan miclum minnienne þære tōtēohhunge hlæst-līfes. ==== Wrixlung cræftmidla ==== In iOS 4.0 oð iOS 6.x, twi-cnysgende þone hām-hnæpp tǣceð þone cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd. Scrēawendlīc disc-endebyrdnys ætīweð fram þǣm grunde, styrende þā inwritu þæs scīnes ūp. Cēosende tācn tōcēost tō cræftmidle. Tō þǣm swīðran ende sind tācnu þē wyrcað swā hlēo-stȳras, wended-fæstnys, and on iOS 4.2 and up, hlūd-stȳre. Mid þǣm tōcyme iOS 7, twi-cnysgende þone hām-hnæpp ēac tǣceð þone cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd. Hwæðere, ungelīce ǣrran endebyrdnissum, hē ætīweð biliðu openra cræftmidla ofer þǣm tācne and ofer-weard scēawung alȳfeð ymbseonne þurh ǣrran cræftmidlas, and hit is gelīclīc tō belūcanne cræftmidlas mid þȳ drægenne hīe ūp, gelīc þǣm hwū WebOS gehandlede manigu cardu. ''Mid þǣm tōcyme iOS 9, se cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd onfeng micelne ansīne wendunge; þenden hē healdð gīt þā card-bisen innystu in iOS 7, se cræftmidles tācn is læssa, and ætīweð bufan þæs biliðes (sēo ðe is nū māre, for þǣre ālȳsednesse "Nīwra and Leofra Gefeērena"), and ælc cræftmidles "card" oferwrihð þæt ōðre, wyrcende rolodex-endebyrdnysse swā se brūcer scēawað. Nū, stede þæs hām-scīnes ætīwendes æt þǣm swīðran ende þæs cræft-ansīne rǣles gemyndes, hit ætīweð æt þǣm winstran ende. In iOS 11, se cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd onfehð micelne endebyrdnysse edniwunge. On þǣm Pade, se Stȳr-Stede and cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd sind gegaderodu. Se cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd on þǣm Pade mæg ēac bēon genumen mid þȳ strīcenne ūp fram þǣm grunde. On þǣm īsern-fōne, se cræft-ansīne rǣles gemynd ne mæg bēon genumen gif nān cræftmidel nis in þǣm gemynde.'' ==== Geendunge weorca ==== In iOS 4.0 oð iOS 6.x, lytle fæste hæbbende þā tācnu in þǣm cræft-ansīne rǣles gemyndes dēð þæt hīe cwecgad (gelīce þǣm hām-scīne) and alȳfeð þǣm brūcere tō nied-endanne þā cræftmidlas mid þȳ cnyssenne þone rēadan minus-hring se ðe ætīweð æt þǣm hyrran þæs cræftmidles tācnes. Rǣmende cræftmidlas of manig-wyrcnesse wunode þæt ilce fram iOS 4.0 oð 6.1.6, sēo latoste endebyrdnys iOS 6. Siððan iOS 7, se gang is geworden hrædra and ēðra. In iOS 7, stede þæs hæbbendes þā tācnu tō belūcanne hīe, hīe sind belocene mid þȳ smēale strīcenne hīe ūpwearð of þǣm scīne. Ōð þrēo cræftmidlas magon bēon rǣmedet ānre tīd gelīce wið ānre in endebyrdnissum oð iOS 6.1.6. ==== Weorces gefyllednes ==== Weorces gefyllednes alȳfeð cræftmidlum tō forðgǣanne gewis weorc æfter þǣm þe se cræftmidel is ahangod. Siððan iOS 4.0, cræftmidlas magon biddan oð tyn minuta tō gefyllenne weorc in þǣm bæcborde. Þes ne forðgǣð tō bæcbordes uplādum and niðerlādum þēah (hwæðere gif brūcer onginð niðerlād in ānum cræftmidle, hit ne endað gif hē wrixleð aweg of þǣm cræftmidle). === Siri === Siri (/ˈsɪri/) is wīrlic fultumend geseted in iOS. Se fultumend brūceð stefn-bēda and gecyndelīces gereordes brūcer-gesīhðe tō andswarienne spurnungum, dōn rǣda, and wyrcanne dǣda mid þȳ befæstanne bēda tō gedale internet-þēowda. Sēo tōtēohhung gecyndað hine tō brūcendra sundorlicum gereord-brūcungum, sēocungum, and gecēosungum, mid forðgǣndum brūce. Geldene wæstmas sind sundorlicu geseted. Ǣrest ūtgeseted swā tōtēohhung for iOS in Solmōnað 2010, hēo wæs gefangen fram Apple twām mōnaðum æfter þǣm, and þǣr-æfter geseted in þǣm īsern-fōne 4S æt hire ūtgesetenysse in Winterfylleð 2011. On þǣm tīman, sēo sundor tōtēohhung wæs ēac ālȳsed of þǣm iOS App Store. ''Siri styðð wīde endebyrdnysse brūcer-bēda, swā swā wyrcanne sīman-dǣda, cunnian grundlicu gerynu, settanne gelimpu and gemund-bēda, gehendanne tōtēohhunge gesetednessa, sēcean þæt Internet, wīsian stōwa, findanne gerynu be plegan, and mæg gemǣnan mid iOS-gesetedum cræftmidlum. Mid þǣm tōcyme iOS 10 in 2016, Apple openode gemǣne þridda-dǣle gang tō Siri, swā swā þridda-dǣles bōc-sendende cræftmidlas, swā ēac gylda, wægn-dǣlende, and Internet-sīman cræftmidla. Mid þǣm tōcyme iOS 11, Apple edniwode Siri stefna tō mā hlūtrum, manncynnes stefnum, hēo nū styðð æfterfylgendlicu spurnunga and gereordes wendunge, and ēacen þridda-dǣles dǣda. iOS 17 ālȳfde brūcerum tō ālȳsenne Siri mid þȳ ānlicum cwedenne "Siri", þenden sēo ǣrre bēd, "Hey Siri", is gīt gestydod.'' === Gamen-Stede === ''Gamen-Stede is onlīne manig-pleges "felāscipe-plegande netwerc"[1] ūtgeseted fram Apple.[2] Hit alȳfeð brūcerum tō "lāðian gefēeran tō pleganne gamen, onginne manig-plege gamen þurh gemynd-cēosunge, folgian heora geearnunga, and gelīcan heora hēah-stigende sceora on stæf-gelæde." iOS 5 and up tēcoð gestyndnisse tō þissum bilið-bieldum.[1]'' Gamen-Stede wæs gebēoded binnan iOS 4 fore-gesīhde gelimpe gehædred fram Apple on Ēaster-mōnað 8, 2010. Fore-gesīhð wæs ūtgeseted tō gewritenum Apple tōtēohhiendum in Weod-mōnað.[1] Hit wæs ūtgeseted on Hāligmōnað 8, 2010, mid iOS 4.1 on īsern-fōne 4, īsern-fōne 3GS, and iPod Touch ōðre cynn oð fēorðum cynne.[2] Gamen-Stede macode his folclīce cyme on þǣm Pade mid iOS 4.2.1.[3] Nān gestyndnys nis tō þǣm īsern-fōne 3G, fruman īsern-fōne and þǣm forman cynne iPod Touch (þā twēgen tōtēohhunga næfdon Gamen-Stede for þǣm þe hīe ne onfēngon iOS 4).[4]. Hwæðere, Gamen-Stede is uncyndlīce gearu on þǣm īsern-fōne 3G þurh cræft.[5] == Gestydode gewirc-cyrras == Þā tǣcunge-setu timbre, þā þe sind gestydode fram iOS, sind þā ARM-timbras. Mid nū gestydodum ARM-timbrum bēondum missenlicu endebyrdnissa þāra ARMv8 and ARMv9-timbra. iOS, ǣr þǣm ūtgesetenysse iOS 7 in 2013, ānlice styðde searu mid 32-bita ARM-gewirc-cyrrum þā þe styðdon ARMv6 oððe ARMv7-A timbras, hwæðere iOS 7 ēhte fulle gestyndnisse for þǣm 64-bita timbre (swylce inlandisc 64-bita cyrnel, bōc-hord, dryfendras, swā ēac eallum built-in cræftmidlum), æfter þǣm þe Apple gebēad þæt hīe wǣron wendende tō 64-bita ARMv8-A gewirc-cyrrum mid þǣm tōcyme þæs Apple A7 cyrres. 64-bita gestyndnys is bēon genieded for eallum cræftmidla forð-gesetnessum gemacedum tō þǣm App Store siððan 2015; mæst-licost, nīwe cræftmidlas siððan Solmōnað 2015, and ealle niwunga tō cræftmidlum siððan Sēarmōnað 1, 2015. iOS 11, ūtgeseted in 2017, forlēt gestyndnisse for eallum iOS-searum mid 32-bita ARM-gewirc-cyrrum swā ēac 32-bita cræftmidlum, maciende iOS 64-bita ānlice. == Tēohhunga == iOS stēoreð dēadlicost ānlice Apple-searu. Hit is gebrocen for eallum īsern-fōnum and iPod Touch searum. Eac, Apple-wæccan, Apple-tēoh-fatu, and Padas oððe ēac brūcað iOS for sumum cynnum oððe brūcað rīce-endebyrdnissa gestaþolode on iOS for ōðrum cynnum.{{Timeline of iOS devices}}the chart could not be translated. Please edit this article to fix the timeline chart 1rzg0jrktrdnd5ekmkr6hlyatu1dcl9 0 28696 232861 232228 2026-11-10T23:37:06Z ~2026-59702-19 144241 232861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Tōarn |flocc = [[Sylfstondburg]] |rice = {{flag|Polaland}} |underrice = {{flag|Cuiaf and Weonoðland}} |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Torun ul. Szeroka od ul. Laziennej do Rynku.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Tōarn on Polalande |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Tōarn''' ({{lang-pl|Toruń}}; {{lang-de|Thorn}}) is eald burh on Northƿæstan [[Polaland|Polan]] æt þǣre [[Wisle ēa|Ēa Ƿisle]], and is UNESCO Woruldierfes Stōw. On mōnaþ Gēolmōnaþ þæs geāres MMXXI (2021) wæs þǣre burge leodscipe 196,935 manna. Ǣr wæs hēo þæs Þorn-heretogscipes hēafodstōl (1975–1998) and þæs Pæmerisc heretogscipes (1921–1945). Fram þǣm geāre MCMXCIX (1999) is Þorn hēafodstōl þæs [[Cuiaf and Weonoðland Heretogscipe|Cuiaf and Weonoðland]] ætgædere mid [[Brahbeorg]]. Tōarn is ān þāra ealdestena burga on Polena-lande; man ǣrest on hīe gesæt on þǣm VIII (8.) öldum, and on þǣm geāre MCCXXXIII (1233) wæs hēo gemǣred fram þǣm Þeodiscan Cnihtum. Fram MCCLXIV (1264) oþ MCDXI (1411) wæs Þorn dæl þæs Hanseatiscan Geferscipes, and ymbe þæt XVII (17.) öld wæs hēo mǣre cēapstōw, þe mæctelīce gewende þǣre burge getimbru fram Teogleste-Gotiscan oþ Maneriscne and Barocne hlisa. On þǣm Ǣreran Mōdernielde wæs Tōarn cyninglic burh on Polena-lande and ān þāra fēower mǣstena burga. Mid þǣm dǣlingum Polenalandes on æfteran XVIII (18.) öldum, wearth hēo dæl Preossalandes, þonne þæs scortan Heretogdomes Wearsefe, þǣr hēo wæs hwilwendlic hēafodstōl on MDCCCIX (1809, ond eft Preossalandes, þæs Þeodiscan Rīces, and æfter þǣm Forman Woruldwīge, þǣre neƿeneborenan Polena Rīce. On þǣm Ōðran Woruldwīge, wæs Þorn sparede fram brenninge and forwerdnesse; hēora Ealda Burh and mǣre market-stede sind fullīce gehealdene. Þorn is mǣlsod for hēora gyngerhlāfe—se gynger-bacing cræft gæþ bæc næs healfe mæstan þūsend-geāra—and for hēora mǣran Hēafodcyrcan. Hēo hīerde þone Camerimage Fylm-Pleg-Mǣrsung. On þǣm geāre MCMXCVII (1997) wæs þæs middel-ieldan dæl þǣre burge nemned Unesco Woruldierfes Stōw. [[Flocc:Byrig and tūnas on Cuiafe and Weonoðlandes Heretogscipe]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Polum]] 4voxsysx8uahi3rqk0ujd5inijbkaf9