Wikipedia avkwiki https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xadola MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Kanaca Aptaca Prilara Favesik Favesikprilara Wikipedia Wikipedia prilara Iyeltak Iyeltakprilara MediaWiki MediaWiki prilara Teza Tezaprilara Pomara Pomaraprilara Loma Lomaprilara TimedText TimedText talk Siba Sibaprilara Evento Evento discusión 0 23909 158850 152709 2026-11-02T00:43:20Z InternetArchiveBot 1403 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 158850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Teliz_toza}} '''Griruntara va ''Kulak''''' (&nbsp;[[Rossiava|rossiavon]] ''раскулачивание''&nbsp;) tiyir rujasa tawukara koe [[TSSS]] stayana kev ''Kulak'' tawadayikeem. Keni poasa tudonara va taway bak torkugal ke [[Stalin]] wali [[1929]] is [[1933]] dilizeyer. Adala ke bata gaderopa tiyir sopera is stolera is enomara is lanzara gu xonuka is rezgalerapa. Mukot ke bata tizafa rujara pilkovon tiyir osk tawadayafa yasa nuve kulafa voxosk mialukaf tawadayikeem is yasik, voxis irubasik ke tawaday meyotes va gaderopa ke doevafo pako ( DPTS ). Mon 30&nbsp;000 korik zo zeltayad. Mon 2.1 celemoy korik ko sumefa is volluvedafa gola zo rezgaleyed, don 1.68 ik 1.80 celemoy bak 1930 is 1931 <ref name="his595">Hildermeier, 2000, bu 595</ref><ref name="wes165">Werth, 1997, bu 165</ref><ref>(fr) Montefiore, La Cour du tsar rouge, bu 86</ref>. Ison 2 ik 2.5 celemoy korik van taway dem lowawaf sid koe intafa gola zo divmimayad <ref name="his595" />. Ozodik uldined da ael is akola is klibura va bli ke 530&nbsp;000 ik 600&nbsp;000 korik tiolteyed <ref>Hildermeier 2007, bu 38 sq.</ref>. Tawadayik bak nelkon 1930 acagipison kategiyid. Jontika exura kev tizuca ke soka va tawaday tegulayad. Konakviele flibik ke pako is soka kivayad da tawadayikafa acagira ko varafa patecta di divatceyer nume ditoz artowayar. Griruntara va ''Kulak'' va tawadayikeem gu altokafa vanmecobara is rezgalera is enomara dratceyer. Batkane in va kiewatca ke tudonara gopomayar. Danexa di tiyir da griruntara is tudonara va varaf tawadayikeem gu stujera ke soka gruideyed ise va seltafa prostewafa tawadayikafa linulara webepeyed. Milugale griruntara ta tujadiara va ''Gulag'' bolk rigotayar. Pendara va griruntara is poana tudonara is aryona rujasa sabegara jupayar da atitsura ke tawamidusa skapa koe jontika gola ke [[TSSS|Sovietafo Tanaxo]] di dilizeyer, i koe pilkovon gola prostewon volderokafa gu warzera. Bata atitsura tiyir tana lazava ke ''Golodomor'' bifa (&nbsp;1932-1933&nbsp;), i tcalase aelegale nekiyise va xonukera ke 5 ik 7 celemoy korik.<ref>(de) Wolfgang Zank, « Stille Vernichtung » [archive], dene Die Zeit, 03/12/2008, [http://www.zeit.de/2008/48/A-Holodomor krent]</ref> == Ludev is abdiizva == === Tawadayik is ''Bolcevik'' pakoik === ''Bolcevik'' kevsokara bak saneaksat ke [[1917]], tisa korotira kan po ke pinepapafo pako, kan kexi icde taway va enomara va tawayaf pilkot is pilkot ke ujabolk is xida is walzilira va tawayeem ke ''Mir'' dof bolk tumwedar, i va enomara skuna gan tawadayik mu dilint. Kali tena ke Rossiafa Wideytafa Geja (&nbsp;[[1921]]&nbsp;), batcoba vas tunuyara gu geja ik stege me sugdalar kiren tawadayik gan Kerafa Ervolia oku Batakafa ik aryona acagisa tawadayikafa ervolia (&nbsp;tulon [[Exura ke Tambov]]&nbsp;) zo komilkayad. Ison va zolonafa kucilodara va tawamiduraf warzeks golevgayad, i va kucilodara ke ''Bolcevik'' pakoik anamsteges. Wideytafa geja is kerafa maya isu batakafa is exura is kucilodara iskedara va miduraf lag jupayad da aelakola koe widava is tawaday dilizeyer nume mon 30 celemoy korik bak 1920-1921 zo vanolayad, don 5 celemoy xonukeyed <ref>Luks 2000, p. 160.</ref><ref>Werth 1997, p. 140</ref><ref>Hildermeier 1998, p. 146</ref>. Warzafa Skapafa Gaderopa (&nbsp;WSG&nbsp;) <ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 253–262</ref><ref>Davies 1980, bu 4–38</ref><ref>Viola 1987, bu 19–23</ref> dem adja vas «&nbsp;gaderopafa kesa tegira ta stekefa skapafa gaderopa&nbsp;» <ref>(de) Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands. ''Europa zwischen Hitler und Stalin, München, C.H. Beck, 2011, 522 bu (ISBN 978-3-406-62184-0), bu 33</ref> va «&nbsp;moavugal&nbsp;» mu wideem is tawamidura dakteyer.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 253</ref> Va spuera is vorotcera wal ''Bolcevik'' bolkikeem is tawadayikeem tudiliodayar voxneke mekotron deokayar. Gaderopaf gadesik va enomara gu koaykara ton taneon warzeks az erba ikaplekuyud. Ison va girefa exonera va yona dolebelafa poopula ta vanlizukedara va rob icde tawamiduraf warzeks levrictayad&nbsp;; ostik va taneaskira tuvedeyasa va digiks ke tawadayikeem daneyayad, i ke tawadayikeem banlize tadlesa va 85 % ke varafa sanelia.<ref>Werth 1997, bu 149</ref> Voldum inafa rietodafa vodjura, ''Bolcevik'' bolk va skapa van likon sokafa is likon dirotevafa nia banugale zo gogadeyer.<ref>Heinert 2004, bu 364</ref> Radimi divwidara va ''Bolcevik'' enomas dostak is mayesis blay ke Tceka ardial, liza nijuyur da doevikeem va meka omava dive widava dadiyir.<ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 61</ref> Sovietafa vertuma vile cug tawadayik al zavzayar divefa gijarotiaca.<ref>Davies 1980, bu 54</ref> Tove flibik ke pako, tawaday tiyir wupesis ''megrupen siday'' dem merokofina seltafa anameda.<ref>Werth 1997, bu 150</ref> «&nbsp;Wida&nbsp;» sedme sin tiyir leca ke bumpuca is sugda ke guazafa Rossia dem «&nbsp;brija is suroga&nbsp;» (&nbsp;[[Trotski]]&nbsp;).<ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 123</ref> Jontik gades flibik va tawadayikeem jontikeke ilkadeyed, don tulon [[Stalin]] is Lazar Kaganovitc is Grigori Ordjonikidze is Anastas Mikoyan is Kliment Vorocilov is Vyatceslav Molotov.<ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 669</ref><ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 125</ref> Miv wida fereon tisa a kota kelda isu goleba van «&nbsp;seltay&nbsp;» tiyir kotrafa gu nisu is olutuca is folixa is ruyatakola is tizuca.<ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 62–66</ref> Widafa doda kan widafa koka (&nbsp;''сход'', sxod&nbsp;) gan int zo ristur. Kizey ke widaf soviet wasten gan doevikeem kevoke zavzar keskiskaf.<ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 67</ref> Dimtubliara va tawamidurafa skapa gan WSG va felisi tiki vadjesi va manbat skapind videyer.<ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 69</ref> Kota batcoba va «&nbsp;abduxoaf&nbsp;» torigiks ke doevikeem vol vadjeyer. Cug tawadayik va warzaf tazuk ke soka is widavafa blirinda icde lidafa is gaderopafa is arayafa is skapafa kerdela vewayad. Batdume ''Bolcevik'' bolkikeem va tawadayikeem rodaxayar nume torigiyir da in co di rotiyir dimplekusik va diroteva. Pilkovon ''Kulak'' katcolk nutiyid volnik.<ref name="Unnamed-20230318191112">Fitzpatrick 1994, bu 29</ref> === Dre ke tawadayikeem === Bak WSG ugal, baxek ke tawadayikeem ke varafa sanelia vantenuyur. Bak 1924, 83.7 % ke sovietaf wideyikeem koe wida bliyid, voxen bak 1930 fuxedecemoda ware tiyir vas 80.7 %. Neken belikoda ke irubasikeem ke wideem al laumayar&nbsp;; dace baskason va tuwidavara, laumara al tiyir vas 4.2 celemoy korik. Milugale widafa sanelia tiyir jotafa. Otulara bak 1926 nediyir da loon 50 % ke bata sanelia tiyir klaafa gu leon 20 tanda.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 284</ref> Marxevafa envara va tenturacka va pulabolk va omava male ugaf tikieem ke tawaday me trasiyir. Widaf irubasikeem va konaka skapafa yorda darpe ilanacek kereleyed&nbsp;: va tawadayikeba bak idulugal, az cadimafa ok ogafa kobasikeba bak fentugal, voxis pisusikeba ik vielafa dodedikeba bak warolarugal kare cadim. Seltafa amiduca me al kadayar «&nbsp;pulabolk&nbsp;».<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318191112">Hildermeier 1998, bu 290</ref> Wori marxevaf skapasik isu enkopik ke Sovietafo Tanaxo, kan intafa divlizesa remtrakusa antoka, va wideem ko bat seltom pulayad&nbsp;: <ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 293</ref><ref name="Unnamed-20230318191112"/><ref>Divrozara va warzasaneevafa okaca ke Tcayanov : (de) Gerd Spittler, « Tschajanow und die Theorie der Familienwirtschaft »</ref> * Taneon, lospa dem tawayiskaf midus kobasik (&nbsp;''batrak''&nbsp;), dum bonolsusik is vielkobasik is dielsusik. Jontik bewik ke bata loma tiyid jotaf az va int divlomayad viele va warzafa blisa nesida denfiyid, va tulon kurera <ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318191112"/>; * Wawik tiyid tawadayik dikote digis va taway ta sinkara va yasa. Loviele va mek impokas bonol digiyid. Va intafo kobaso po div pilkot wetce dielsusik ok vielaf kobasik oku cadimaf golizukedayad <ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318191112"/>. Kotote, radimi wideyatafa geja, tawayiskikeem is wawikeem va 35 ik 40 % ke tawadayafa sanelia tadleyed <ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318191112">Fitzpatrick 1994, bu 30</ref>; * Ara lospa wetce mialukafa tawadayikafa lospa zo pilkomodayar. Inaf bewik va dalafe tande ke tawadayikeem tadleyed isen baxek kadimi wideytafa geja gu 55 ik 60 % zo uldineyer <ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318191112"/>. Mialukaf tawadayik tiyir digisik va diel saven kan int is intaf mergileem. Ziliduks tiyid volakenaf voxe ta pomoyara va blira ke yasa stapeyed ise va dolera va abica slikaca noveyed. Va loplekuf foalk dile gobeituyur ise va telyon intaf dile beitayar. Va abic bond dereon digiyir. Remi fentugal, bewikeem ke lospa va ogafa kobara adaeyer. Va averd kum benjada is oksi ik vefasiki tulon warzeyer. Mialukaf tawadayik gitiyir dalaf warzesik va zaipa vankolana ta vaneksara va widaveem, batdume vas obrarapa ke WSG mukayar <ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 291</ref>; * Sedme trakula ke sovietaf marxevik ke ban ugal viunsus va tawadayaf arienteem, ''Kulak'' tawadayik va tela dalafa skapafa gijarotiuca dadiyir. Ison envaks va ildroasa sugdala dikiyir ise wetce savesik va wida tentuyur. Luda pulasa va kon tawadayik ko ''Kulak'' loma meviele tiyid aftafa maneke miv Stalin koe intyona straga nueyer&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Tokcoba dye tir ''Kulak''&nbsp;?» Dace beitara va midu ik foalk ok digira va impokas bonol ok unera va vielkobasik va jontikar widik dere tikiyid <ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 292</ref><ref>Heinert 2004, bu 367–371</ref>. Cugon mon alub-vuntoy diel tiyid ke batmana loma&nbsp;; batcoba va mon bar-celemoy korik vadjeyer, trabe 2 % ke va exomeem. <ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 393</ref> === Poana turabara === Kan gorara va poana turabara va Sovietafo Tanaxo, [[Stalin]] va gorukafa vlupexa ke ''Viankap'' aykayar. Mali awalkera ke [[Lenin]] bak taneaksat ke [[1924]], osk taltokevaf kevusikeem al zo ceneyer voxosk ronokevikeem ke pako aname Nikolay Buxarin alutayas ta lunten armor ke tuwitasa abduxoa zo divlapur. Xialara va kaliapafa turabara kan taneaf alubdaf azed (&nbsp;1928&nbsp;-&nbsp;1932&nbsp;) vanikatcuyun bak 1929 zo muxar enide skapafa is brubeopafa vwa ke rabafa patecta bad tanoya sanda di zo gluyonar. Stalin torigiyir da mana vonesa ticfira tiyir adrafa gu kwituca, inde bak toleaksat ke 1931 <ref>(de) Josef Stalin, «&nbsp;''Über die Aufgaben der Wirtschaftler, Rede auf der ersten Unionskonferenz der Funktionäre der sozialistischen Industrie''&nbsp;», dene Stalin, Werke, vol. 13, 04/02/1931</ref> drigdar kiren sedme dalint vegungafa patecta va kevvilara va Sovietafo Tanaxo kobaveyed.<ref>Luks 2000, bu 264</ref> Acum fosara va gamiafa turabara kabdue taneafa azenta abdue tela ke kiewegafa raba tigir.<ref>Luks 2000, bu 266</ref> Larde turabara kan savera va boniaxo mei rostbeitura bas divexo me zo rofukorlar, pune sedme Stalin tawadayikeem mbi goculiekar. Tadlexa is kiewega adrafa gu vegedura va raba kan divburera va zaipa zo gofukorlad. Voxisen dace tawadayik va tawamiduraf arsayeem lusteyen bas int mea di mbi kaldoder.<ref>Luks 2000, bu 265</ref><ref>Viola 2007, bu 15, dewitca ke Stalin icde culiekara ke tawadayikeem</ref> Batkane Stalin va tawadayikeem gu teco koefo boniaxo askiyir, i gu boniaxo lizu dirot ta skapafa vonera zo gomaldeswayar.<ref>Viola et al. 2005, bu 64</ref> === Tudonara va tawamidura === Gorara va poana tugorara va patecta va ubzera ta tudonara va tawamidura vadjeyer. Nekev zolonafa galbedusa sugara is jontika ristulafa xuvara, tudonara kali tena ke 1920^-e sanda abiceke al abdufiyir. Bak 1926 koe Sovietafo Tanaxo, 18 000 mana dotegisa jeara anton tiyid. Pilkovon kiewegiskaf tawadayik ko batman ''kolxoz'' diel al gelbeyed. Sokaf ''sovxoz'' diel dace leote tiyid.<ref>Hildermeier 2000, bu 381</ref> Bak 1929 baxek ke tawadayikeem jovleyes va intaf pilkot tiyir vas 7.6 %.<ref>Luks 2000, bu 254</ref> Gadesikeem ke pako aname Stalin va zolonaf waks ke tudonara va tawamidura pokoleyer. Milugale krupteyer da prostewaf tazukeem ke tawamidurafa skapa al mudzeyer, ise nope rietovafa lazava ilfiyir nume icde dere bat ind va azedera is gadera ke soka abdiwiyir. Laxa ke pako bak balemeaksat ke 1929 gorayasa va taneaf alubdaf azed gu abdiwiks va int omavayar, i gu abdiwiks abduaykayas da teni 1932 mon 23 % ke tawamiduraf jeem di zo tudonayad. Arti abic aksat moi san-toleaf ilanuk ke Artowara ke Saneaksat, Stalin va teliz vergumveltaf gu ''Ilanacek ke viankap'' sanegayar.<ref>(de) Josef Stalin, ''Das Jahr des großen Umschwungs. Zum 12. Jahrestag des Oktober (&nbsp;Ilanacek ke viankap. Tori 12-eafa ilanuk ke Saneaksat&nbsp;)'', dene Stalin, Werke Bd. 12, 03/11/1929</ref> Ruyeyer da mialukaf tawadayikeem va donaf diel jontikote di kofiyir. Mukotana woda ta tudonara zolonapon kadimion zo laumasiyid&nbsp;: mukot ke tawamidura koton tudonayana arti abic aksat vols konaka tanda di gonaavdayar. Ba 05/01/1930 Poliburo viley ke doevafo pako ke Sovietafo Tanaxo va kotrafa tudonara va yona nelkafa tawamidusa gola tori cugeke muvugal ke 1931 gorayar.<ref>Luks 2000, p. 254</ref><ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 389–391</ref> Tegulara is stegera tove patceta vas bat goraks di maletiyid.<ref>Viola et al. 2005, bu 201–204</ref> Kiewatcaf munesteks va sugareem nuruyeyed&nbsp;: mali toza ke toleaksat ke 1930, enkopik va baxek ke tudonayan diel koe varafo Tanaxo gu 31.7 % az 57.2 % ba 01/03/1930 gunesteyed. Icde Sovietafe Sokasane ke Ukraina, woda tiyir vas 60.8 %, ise vas 60 ik 70 % icde Volga idjafa is vatitefa gola, ise vas 83.3 % icde Tcernozyom gola.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 391</ref> === Deona ke vaneksara === Warzera va umafa tokoda ke zaipa zavzayar dakis zvak tove ''Bolcevik'' bolkik bak cade ugal ke WSG. Bak muvugal ke 1925, gadesikeem ke pako va lusteso dro laumasiyir kiren dika zaipa zo trasiyid, numen batkane vaneksasa debala zo dimatceyer. Bak fentugal ke 1927-1928, kevusa gejopa zo ikagorayar&nbsp;: plekason va stegera is «&nbsp;cugunaykafa sabega&nbsp;». Stalin buntuyur da ''Kulak'' tawadayik ta seotara va drorso va zaipa getuyud. Kadimion ''Bolcevik'' bolkik va wawaf tawadayikeem kev ''Kulak'' lakevmadayad. Koe galbedura, ''Kulak'' bewik gu zukena erbugara zo kagayad numisen rankera va sin zo koldayar isen gakerapa vas baroya ik aluboya stolesa tanda zo ploteyed. Sokaf viley va zaipafa eksa enomayad ise va «&nbsp;gables oyap&nbsp;» vas tanoya balemeaca ke vannariyina voda pu givasik mododeyed. Bata stegesa sabega va telyona ke Wideytafa Geja divedjon tikiyid.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 379</ref><ref>Heinert 2004, bu 372–378</ref> Wori danexa zavzayad morafa. Isti 1928 gadesikeem ke doevafo pako va rujasa gaderopa jovleyer numaze va dolebelafa poopula gin dosteyer. Bata volukafa gaderopa ke ''Bolcevik'' bolk stibuskasa wal stegera is dezura va rodaxara ke tawadayikeem iljoayar. Gadesikeem ke pako va lustera va derokafa zaipa bas divexo malgorayar, numen prostewaf divburesik va zaipa mali taneatomon jontika tanda vanpiyir kobures. Bak fentugal ke 1928, beg zo gokoirutayar, tison taneaca mali tena ke wideytafa geja.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 380–383</ref> Voxen bak 1929 gadesikeem ke pako bankrileyer nume va rujas mergileem ta kevseotara va zaipa faveyer.<ref>Fitzpatrick 1994, bu 38</ref> Batcoba tulon tiyir drikackafa kiren koefa turestara ke «&nbsp;ronokevikeem&nbsp;» koe pako alutasa va aulaf vopes armor parmon cugeke su zo kastayar. Stalin re tiyir tirkon gu anamstegera a beta acagira. Luistava dem stegesa sabega gu lana nuva ape gruvdafa zo tukotrayar&nbsp;: i gu «&nbsp;uralsibirafa&nbsp;» nuva <ref>Conquest 1986, bu 118</ref><ref>Viola & al. 2005, bu 119–122</ref> vey gola lize ina taneatomon zo rewayar. Tana satcaca ke bata nuva tiyir da widakoka dem wawaf ik mialukaf tawadayik va baxek goverkan gan ''Kulak'' tum ke zaipaf kotak gokalbilden gan varaf widikeem gorayad. Mancoba mukotayar da kevkulakafa gaderopa ke ''Bolcevik'' zo zobeyer isen miledje lazavacka ta pursara va ''Kulak'' korik meskus va exoneyen wizap tiyid. Pursara va gaves ''Kulak'' tawadayik tiyid laumasirapa va wiz ik divpilkotara ik dace rezgalera. Warolara valeve eka ke 1928 zavzayar beka ewava ke tukiewayana debala gan galbedusikeem zo atoeyer. Taruteson va dratcesa encura, gobildes wiz zo laumasiyid. Kota wida va gotuyuna aksateafa tokida godafuyur. Widavaf kucilodasik va batyona tokoda warolayad.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 384–386</ref> Levgasa acagira isu tegisa me ilpiyir. Jontik tawadayik va bondeem balieyed ise va zaipa kotawayad oke anteyayad. Va bolkik djuvangiyis va zaipa dilfuyud oke koanteyayad.<ref>Fitzpatrick 1994, bu 42</ref><ref>Viola & al. 2005, bu 121</ref><ref>Ta rigotafa sugdala ke fird dene kevusa tawadayikafa araya&nbsp;: Viola 1996, bu 121–124</ref> Voxen bata acagira zavzayar kiewatciskafa. ''Bolcevik'' okilik mali santoleaksat ke 1929 dakteyed da abdiwiks tori fentugal ke 1929-1930 riwe zo zomeyed. Voxen batcoba tiyir teca Pyrrhos cenera&nbsp;: po ke tawadayikeem al zo kaikuldineyed isen megaks ke direfa tanda riwe me kruldeyed. Jontik tawadayik va diel jovleyed numaze va une den widavafa vonena raba kaaneyayad. Ostik tamavafo dro ke zaipa nope tamavafa skapafa deona al atitsuyud eke ''Bolcevik'' bolk va vugarn is foalk adraf gu vegedura va intafa raba umote mea rolusteyer.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 386</ref> == Dilizera == === Daktera is gorara === [[File: Away With Private Peasants! (3273571261).jpg|thumb|200px|right| {{PJustify|«&nbsp;''Va Kulak titon&nbsp;!''» Finta ke sovietafa galbedura (1930). Krent koe xuta&nbsp;: «&nbsp;''Kulak tid lozugaf is lotizaf is logovitaf savesikaj&nbsp;: bak izva ke aryona patecta va roti ke tawayaf pilkotikapeem is gertikeem is dirotevikeem jontikviele ilsulayad.'' [[Lenin]]&nbsp;».}}]] Bak laxa dem tawamiduraf aptacik ba 27/12/1929, Stalin va kota rieta koplekusa va ''Kulak'' korik gu warzaf ''kolxoz'' diel malyopapar. Ikaon va «&nbsp;vilara va ''Kulak'' runt&nbsp;» dakter. Va «&nbsp;vajikera va dirotevaf korikeem koe wida&nbsp;» kaber nume batinde va gejacka kev tawadayikeem <ref>Luks 2000, bu 255</ref><ref>Werth 1997, bu 165.</ref><ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 122</ref><ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 674</ref><ref name="Unnamed_4-20230318191112">Viola & al. 2005</ref> ok wideem tuyer.<ref>(de) Josef Stalin, ''Zu Fragen der Agrarpolitik in der UdSSR, Rede auf der Konferenz marxistischer Agrarwissenschaftler (&nbsp;Gaderopaf uum koe TSSS. Dewitca bal laxa ke marxevaf tawamiduraf skapopikeem&nbsp;)'' dene Stalin, Werke, Bd. 12, 27/12/1929</ref> Tore melanuca icde furefa dilizera ke bat vilarask tir kiren narura va dakteks ke Stalin az fosara tiyid lag ke lizukafa rictuma. Nekev namafa bazesa enja bas Moskva, zolonafa griruntara va ''Kulak'' bak taneaksat ke 1930 koe jontika gola tozuweyer, i koe tulon Ural is Lentekavkaza is [[Ukraina]] is Ryazan winka poke Moskva.<ref>Viola 2007, bu 23, 204</ref> Tawuk tupoapawer numaze va premap koe varafa patecta nekir.<ref>Viola 2007, bu 22</ref> Ba 15/01/1930 lana tuzda taneatina gan Vyatceslav Molotov pokef odiaxik ke Stalin, va tenekara va nelkotapeem ke tawuk griruntas va ''Kulak'' gorar. Politburo viley ke DPST va bat lag pu «&nbsp;Molotov tuzda &nbsp; mali santaneaksat ke 1929 al odiayar. Tuzda vas suteptikeem ke pako koe golapa ke midura va dent is suteptikeem ke rezgalexofa gola ruldayar. Genrix Yagoda (&nbsp;levokilik ke OGPU ardial&nbsp;) is Sergey Sirtsov <ref>Blirizvafa giva dene (en) Sidney I. Ploss, ''The roots of perestroika. The Soviet breakdown in historical context'', Jefferson, McFarland & Co Inc., 2009, 246 bu, ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.</ref> (&nbsp;taneatisik va saneramisavikaf pirdot&nbsp;) is Yakov Yakovlev is Nikolay Muralov is Moisey Kalmanovitc (&nbsp;saneramisavik va ''sovxoz'' dieleem&nbsp;) is Tixon Yurkin (&nbsp;gadesik va viley viunsus va dofa skapa&nbsp;) is Grigori Kaminski is Karl Bauman (&nbsp;taneaf suteptik ke pako koe Moskva winka&nbsp;).<ref>Viola & al. 2005, bu 265, giva icde kotirkara ke Bauman bal griruntara va ''Kulak''</ref><ref>Davies 1980, bu 232</ref><ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 679.</ref> Ba 30/01/1930 Politburo viley va drageks ke tuza ton «&nbsp;Icde sabega ta deokara va ''Kulak'' exomeem koe tudonackayano tawavo&nbsp;» piskot naler.<ref>Viola & al. 2005, bu 228–234</ref> Koe gola dum Lentekavkaza is idjafa is katitefa Volga lize kotrafa is kaliafa tudonara zo guzekayar, kot diel ke ''Kulak'' zo godivilkayad. Kiewega ke ''Kulak'' tawadayik zo enomayad, isen batcoba vas kobas is warzes mergileem is werdolaf balikeks is faytawaza is bondeem is dielaxeeem voxis artazukas mergileem tikiyir.<ref name="Unnamed_5-20230318191112">Baberowski 1998, bu 577</ref> Goraks ke Politburo va tawadayik eckindan wetce ''Kulak'' ton baroya loma walmuneyer&nbsp;:<ref>Davies 1980, bu 233–237</ref><ref name="Unnamed_5-20230318191112"/><ref>Creuzberger 2009, bu 118</ref><ref>Viola 2007, bu 22.</ref><ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 392</ref><ref>Polian 2004, bu 71</ref> * Taneafa loma vas askisik va «&nbsp;kevartowasa tegira ke Kulak&nbsp;» ruldayar. Batmila vas tawadayik kevus va tudonara donariyir. Goraks va woda vas 60&nbsp;000 korik icdeon bazeyer. Tori megotun jijacek ko avplekuso pemaxo di zo gorezgaleyed. Ede bewik ke batmila loma al jalmayad, pune «&nbsp;loboksafa rujasa sabega&nbsp;» zo gonarayad&nbsp;: malyerariskafa klibura. Bloduca icde bewikeem ke bata loma tiyir ke OGPU viley radimifiyis va Tceka ardial&nbsp;; * Toleafa loma vas kot tawadayik torigin gan ''Bolcevik'' bolkik gu lokulaf ''Kulak'' ok mialapilkotik ruldayar. Battan do yasikeem (&nbsp;vas kotote 150&nbsp;000 yasa&nbsp;) zo gorezgaleyed, ko letafo volludevaxo ke sumefo Lentexo (&nbsp;70&nbsp;000 yasa&nbsp;) ok Sibira (&nbsp;50&nbsp;000 yasa&nbsp;) ok Ural (&nbsp;20&nbsp;000-25&nbsp;000 yasa&nbsp;) ok Kazaxa (&nbsp;20&nbsp;000-25&nbsp;000 yasa&nbsp;). Rezgalenik va abic warzes mergil is abica eksa ronodivbureyer. Korik ko bata loma mal goraks ke «&nbsp;neda dem wawikeem ke wida&nbsp;» is gadesik ke ''kolxoz'' zo pulayad&nbsp;; * Bareafa loma vas korik djumarplekun koe vofa gola ruldayar. Battan gan ''kolxoz'' gadesikeem van divatce dem sidaj zo arplekuyud. Kiewega ke lomikeem pakon zo enomayad. Inafa ota tir yosafa, vas 396&nbsp;000 ik 852&nbsp;000 ebava. Lizukaf ''soviet'' pirdot is viley ke pako va tawadayikeem ke bata bareafa loma gofeliayad enide ta gridubura ik wasarnara ik vegedura va vawa is aryona milafa tegira di uneyed. Goraks ke 30/01/1930 va tcilafa ugalxuta tentuyur. Lik ke divilkareem is kostolereem va bewik ke taneafa loma is lanote ke toleafa loma tori 15^-e ke balemeaksat icle di zo goskuyud, az arak abdi tena ke alubeaksat ke mil ilanacek. Uum icde unenikeem is drokeem dere al zo verkayad. Tanta ke OGPU ke [[Moskva]] winka isu [[Sankt Peterburg|Leningrad]] isu [[Ivanovo]] isu [[Nijni Novgorod]] isu [[Xarkiv]] isu Donbass al zo dirgayad da va 1100 ayik goyuteyed. Ison 2500 bewik ke pako ta griruntara va ''Kulak'' zo gotixayad. Pirdot dem saneramisavik va drokaf azed ta senura va warzafo pemaxo koe sumefo lentexo is [[Sibira]] arti barka atoeyer. OGPU va azed ta rezgalesa remburera kan impadimak kal rezgalexo arti alubka gonatoeyer.<ref name="Unnamed_6-20230318191112">Baberowski 1998, bu 578</ref> Tici toleaksat ke 1930, Molotov va pakesikeem va birgafa laxa xuvayar, i va laxa dye eksudayana ta koskura va griruntas tawuk is katanayasa va zolonaf flibik ke pako ke galdolkeem ke TSSS, dineteson va rowokapa is drigdason da Stalin is Kaganovitc is int tiyid blodik ke tawuk. Pu birgusin pakesikeem drigdayar da meguliasa tizuca ik xonukesira tiyid adrafa&nbsp;: {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Dirnuson gokalí da viele palik bal kabelcara ke santaneaksat ke 1929 va toka diweda titisa tove ''Kulak'' tawadayikeem eruyud, pune al kalí da tode kona daniaskisa kuksa co krulder, pune di zo gowizur. Kuksa kotlize me krulder, trabe dulzera me stapeyer&nbsp;[...] Cwe voletraká, merewason va beta rujara, pune mecoba dilizeter. Va sin gonoklibutut. (&nbsp;Iegaks&nbsp;: Arplekut&nbsp;‼). Taneaf otuk&nbsp;: klibutut, toleaf otuk&nbsp;: arplekutut&nbsp;[...] Tire va vusa rujasa sabegara gononarat. Arbe arplekura va umi saneliaki van yona gedrafa nia, batcoba me guyundeter. Tokliz godivtunset&nbsp;? (&nbsp;Iegaks&nbsp;: Den Eyce [&nbsp;Taneaf suteptik ke DPTS koe taltefa Sibira&nbsp;]). Ko rezgalexo&nbsp;; ede kono dene Eyce krulder, pune batcoba den Eyce titir.&nbsp;» <ref> Creuzberger 2009, bu 119</ref><ref>Baberowski 2000, bu 618</ref> }} Moi koflira, griruntas dostakokilik va meguliara maldineyed. Lan blodik pu levzokevenik tuelimayar&nbsp;: {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Kotviele dilfuc, me saac&nbsp;‼ Va aeles nazbeikeem ke ''Kulak'' ilkik me trakuc&nbsp;‼ Orkon gu runtafa lyumara, ayafamuca va runda me trasir.&nbsp;» <ref>Heinert 2004, bu 379</ref> }} Stalin bak 1930 va meldara va ''Kulak'' tawadayikeem gu «&nbsp;geja kali xonuka&nbsp;» dere adalayar.<ref>Davies 1980, bu 228</ref> Zugiafa galbedura va dilfura ke soka kev lan koriktum buntun gu gestafa gomilara dositayar. Lana finta <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211117100255/https://radikal.ru/lfp/s002.radikal.ru/i200/1003/2c/d613d5aca11f.jpg/htm Finta]</ref> va taneaf ''Kulak'' tawadayik leve krafol ke impasiko, is va toleaf dum jidol vanbedes va zaipa, is va bareaf mouvas bene mouvo ke jaftolya, valeve «&nbsp;Va ''Kulak'' ilkikeem wetce runt fu vilat&nbsp;‼» kompleks nediyir. Staksa tiyir namafa&nbsp;: ''Kulak'' me tiyid ayik vols bonol.<ref>(de) Timothy Snyder, ''Bloodlands. Europa zwischen Hitler und Stalin'', München, C.H. Beck, 2011, 522 bu, ISBN 978-3-406-62184-0, bu 47</ref> === Yordara ke OGPU viley === Kan griruntara va ''Kulak'', OGPU viley va liota ke artowasa is rujasa ma ke pako is soka <ref name="Unnamed_7-20230318191112">Shearer 2009, bu 130</ref>, dum Tceka bak artowara is wideytafa geja, gin tugodjayar. Miledje griruntara va ''Kulak'' tiyir intafa dalafa lagara mali 1921.<ref>Hagenloh 2009, bu 55</ref> Wetce ardial ke Sovietafo Tanaxo, OGPU va dinera kaikfipisa va telyona ke yon daref ilanacek mbi koaykayar&nbsp;: i va datafa guinera is sayakaf tawuk kev acagira ke tawadayikeem is remburera va rezgalenik voxis vonera va intafa tegira koe wideem.<ref name="Unnamed_7-20230318191112"/> Levegasa kobavera keni pirdara ke Molotov tuzda dilizeyed. Vamoekafa yordara gan Efim Evdokimov <ref>Icde klepa is zolonuca ke Evdokimov, kal (en) Stephen G. Wheatcroft, ''Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin’s Great Terror'', Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 53,‎ 2007, bu 20–43</ref> zo askiyir, i gan semekapayan kevlik ke Yagoda dene birgafa zanela is odiaxikack ke Stalin. Ba 02/02/1930 arti barka radimi gorara grirunkasa va ''Kulak'' ke Politburo viley, 44/21 piskot gan OGPU zo divplekuyur, vergumveltaf gu ''Icde vilara va Kulak runt''.<ref>Viola & al. 2005, bu 238–245</ref> Va davafa tazukara va bara dogadesa va winkafa tanta ke OGPU benplekuyur. Mana neda dem baroy gorasik (&nbsp;tisa eaftuckus viley remi izva ke sovietaf flavaf rujareem mali wideytafa geja kali stakera ke Katyń&nbsp;)<ref>(de) Rolf Binner is Marc Junge, ''Wie der Terror „groß“ wurde.'', Cahiers du monde russe, vol. 42, otuk 2–4,‎ 2001, bu 557–613</ref> vas lizukaf kaatoesik va birgaf ardial is taneaf suteptik ke neda ke pako is taneagadesik ke sovietafa skusa neda ruldayar.<ref>Werth 1997, bu 166</ref> Va ''Kulak'' ke taneafa loma kan wilufa diotexa milafa gu tela ke erkey malyeyer ise gu flintafa ok rezgalesa ok klibusa gakera luke gubef erkey ik mwafa diotexa lanzayar.<ref>Shearer 2009, bu 9</ref> Askipera va ''Kulak'' ke taneafa loma tiyir edjiskon gofosatana sedme piskot ke OGPU. Ostik lospaxo ta nivafa rezgalesa remburera zo gotazukayad.<ref>(en) Paul R. Gregory, Philipp J. H. Schröder, Konstantin Sonin, ''Dictators, Repression and the Median Citizen: An 'Eliminations Model' of Stalin’s Terror (Data from the NKVD Archives)'', 2007, bu 6</ref> Piskot benplekuyur da kota tanta ke OGPU va tweem pu sayakik ke Kerafa Ervolia is divexo gokalstujeyer.<ref>Gregory 2009, p. 175</ref> === Tanefa nesida === Lizukafa rictaga ke pako va goraks ke gaderopaf gadesikeem numon is wiluon rewad. Bewik ke OGPU gu benplekuks ke idja ke OGPU ke Moskva milinde askid. Taneaf munesteks ke 06/02/1930 pu Yagoda va 15&nbsp;985 kostolera dakter, az 25&nbsp;245 arti barka. Ba 15/02/1930 varaf kotak ke murobayana kostolera tir vas 64&nbsp;389. Cugaf wiz vas 60&nbsp;000 zo kaikfiyir.<ref name="Unnamed_8-20230318191112">Werth 1997, bu 169</ref> Ara weltafa lospa tid kosafa gu rujara. Stoles rukom va savsaf ardialik ke rossiaf gindugal, is savsaf batakaf fayik, is tawadayik gedis va yambudafa ja, is widaf gruadik, is savsaf dolekik is aryona seltikinda dere kalfir.<ref name="Unnamed_8-20230318191112"/><ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 677.</ref> Isen kotviele tegisik va tudonara is griruntafa va ''Kulak'' va gertik ke kota alka dilfuyud&nbsp;: gertik koe cuga wida zo stoleyed ike zo divilkayad ike zo divstakseyed. Jontikviele alkaxe zo budeyed. Tegisik va jontika ujabiota maltioteyed ise va sanefa anteyara va brija grustayad.<ref>Fitzpatrick 1994, bu 59–62</ref> Koe munesteks ke 15/02/1930, Yagoda va zolonafa atalera dineyer kiren vordavara va anton ''Kulak'' tawadayikeem govanolayad.<ref name="Unnamed_8-20230318191112"/> Koe munesteks ke OGPU, divatce ke tizura zo bazecker&nbsp;: {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Wawaf tawadayik is tawayiskik va ''Kulak'' korik lebaf ko nuda al aloyad, alieson, va uliraja koe dilintyona mona al grustad, vamo taka al viltad, al poad da sin va intafa naboxa gosuxad, va sinafa ayikya al basvaged, al joxayad, va tcazafa muka is erba ikz- al dubieyed.&nbsp;» }} {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Griruntasik va fentugalafe vage is fentafa vagela is taneon vukudeem gu wawaf tawadayik al tiolted. Va ''Kulak'' korik tis ton pami al isked ise va kotcoba al narid, don dace guazaf loyaf vukudeem is ayikyafe vage is yelada vas 50 ''kopek'' is nornokay is abday ikz-&nbsp;[...] Taksa va kotcoba enomayad, don dace mernama favena ta tildera va taka ke rumeik. Va kurfa div tey deswayad aze empayana brija va mopleyed.&nbsp;»<ref>Werth 1997, p. 167</ref> }} Gutoeem is varafa kolna ika stogama ke vodacka pu warzaf digisik dile zo xaadayad lodame den «&nbsp;meroripindano bo ke ''kolxoz'' diel&nbsp;» co zo gonarbureyed inde batcoba sye zo savsuter. Enomara batinde kadayad elakera ik jaxadara tove savsaf kevelik.<ref>Werth 1997, bu 166.</ref><ref>Fitzpatrick 1994, bu 56</ref> Jontikviele ayikya bak sopura grirunkasa va ''Kulak'' zo boeyed (&nbsp;tula koe [[Azara]] <ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 700</ref>). Gadesikeem ke pako koe Moskva gu ilamotafa tizura gan munesteks mal winka zo givayar voxe me maltegiyir&nbsp;; volson&nbsp;: Grigori Ordjonikidze is Lazar Kaganovitc is Anastas Mikoyan is Vyatceslav Molotov va rieta ke debala pu int lizukon askiyid ise va tizafa sabegara kev ''Kulak'' tawadayikeem laumasiyid.<ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 680 </ref> Ostik ban toloy ironokaf gadesik va tizura miv pakeyed, grustason va brinuga kan azakedayan impadimak is okolervoliafa tazda ke OGPU.<ref>(fr) Montefiore, ''La cour du tsar rouge,'' bu 86</ref> === Acagira === Tawadayik taneon kevud, dizuson doleson va digiks ok miv int vilason is baliepeson va bonol&nbsp;: 26.6 celemoy bonol is 15.3 celemoy okol batenide zo aytayad. Bowere kan kexi ke 16/01/1930 dulzavar, i kan kexi rictasi va enomara va digikseem tod baliera va bonol.<ref>(fr) Montefiore, ''La cour du tsar rouge'', bu 88</ref> Tawadayik pu sokafe de dere kategid&nbsp;: remi 1930^-e ilanacek, rictaga gu temera is favigey zo wizuckuyur kane staksesik va rokazelara is enomara is divstaksera temeyed ise va apudojara va bat sabegeem maldineyed.<ref>Fitzpatrick 1994, bu 67</ref><ref>Viola 1996, bu 68–99, pinta icde tawadayikafa volgruidenuca is levgasa acagira.</ref>Tikisik pu kurenik is nazbeik ik berik zanivas koe Kerafa Ervolia, icde tizura koe wida suteyed&nbsp;; eruson va konendara, dile sanelia ke wida va sayakaxe miv kereleyer.<ref>Viola & al. 2005, p. 268.</ref><ref>Reese 1996, bu 33</ref> Jontik sayakik isu fayik ke ervolia va tudonara is grirunkara va ''Kulak'' tawadayikeem tire vewayad. Ervolia luxeon me tiyir etuden zobesik ke pako.<ref>Reese 1996</ref> Koe konaka gola, bewik ke lizukaf viley ke pako is lizukafa ervolita va griruntara me djupakeyed. Avak ke OGPU ruyeyer da jontik winugik isu turestasik va « volnaf korik » loyaston ok dace yason paskaleyed.<ref>Shearer 2009, bu 108, 112–115</ref> Jontik tawadayik kev tegisik va tudonara is griruntara toz tizuckuyud. Dokobasik ke OGPU va laumasa ota dem tawadayikafa acagisa tsunera munesteyed. Bak taneaksat ke 1930 sedme birgardial, 402 exura ik flavafa exaksara zo patayad. Bak toleaksat, ota tiyir vas 1048 aze 6528 bak bareaksat.<ref>Werth 1997, bu 167</ref> Icde 1929^-e ilanacek isu 1930^-e, OGPU va varafa ota vas 22&nbsp;887 «&nbsp;tueaftasi tegi&nbsp;» ozwar, viele mon 1100 kaatoesik ke soka ik pako zo xonukesiyid.<ref name="Unnamed_9-20230318191112">Hildermeier 1998, bu 395</ref><ref>Viola 1996, bu 103–105, 108–110, vildeks va enkopaca ke OGPU icde danda is tazuk is ugalafa vonera va bata tueaftara isu darkafa tigira. Bazeckena ota dem klibunikeem tir vas mon 1200, bu 105.</ref> Widik yateyes golde griruntas dostak, jontikviele va ton blay sint tankotayad aze dratceyed ise va ''kolxoz'' diel dun tolgeniyid.<ref>Viola 1996, bu 176–179</ref> Koe konaka gola, koe tulon refa [[Azara]], sokafa vura dive winkaf widoteem atitsuyur&nbsp;; tawadayikaf blay va yona kotrafa widava dum Quba is Ordubad is Naxçıvan lajukostujeyed.<ref>Baberowski 2000, bu 632</ref><ref>Baberowski 2003, bu 706–708</ref> Koboda wal vertuma is tawadayikeem tuolgaweyer nume va «&nbsp;wupepesisa debala&nbsp;» nekiyir.<ref name="Unnamed_9-20230318191112"/> Warzot icde glupafa acagira koe [[Ukraina]] is [[Kazaxa]] is idjafa gola ke Tcernozyom ik [[Sibira]] va kivara ke yon flibapik ke pako laumasiyid.<ref name="Unnamed_10-20230318191112">Fitzpatrick 1994, bu 63</ref><ref>Viola 1996, bu 134</ref> Isti toleaksat ke 1930, Grigori Ordjonikidze bewik ke Politburo viley isu Mixail Kalinin va ritara eruyud, numen battan va abduaxa koe Ukraina miv arevlayar.<ref>Montefiore, ''La cour du tsar rouge'', bu 96</ref> === Pendaropafa rita === Ba 02/03/1930 Pravda fela va teliz ke Stalin vergumveltaf gu «&nbsp;Fansila ke kiewatca&nbsp;» sanegar.<ref>Iosif Stalin, ''Fansila ke kiewatca. Uum ke fira va tawamidurafa tudonara'', 1930</ref> Batcoba tiyir kategira ke okilik ke pako va tawadayikafa perzura koe varafa patecta. Divpakudeteson va wupesira va deona ke vertuma gan bat anamgimawes tawadayikaf exureem, Stalin va «&nbsp;bulfera is iltazukawera&nbsp;» malyopar. Armor ke tudonara tir loeke wiluf numen ristulafa xuvara va tawadayikeem tir rokla. Stalin va lizukaf gadesik wetce vajulen bonol anton narar. Miledje va drowigafa kuranuca ke tudonara abduplekur. Va gildura is rubuca tove tawadayikeem batkane nukevnedir.<ref>(de) Vladimir Nevežin, « Einführung », 1930</ref> Konak celemoy tawadayik va kiewatcaf dakteks ke Stalin sopteyed. Va teliz ke Stalin ton batakafa liwa ta flavafa yatera va ''kolxoz'' diel naruyud. Ota ke tudonayan ebaveem jontikeke titfiyir. Ba 01/03/1930, uldinera va ota tiyir vas 57&nbsp;% voxe arti toloy aksat ware oxam tiyir vas 28&nbsp;%. Koe gola ke Tcernozyom, bata voda mal 83&nbsp;% kal 18&nbsp;% titfiyid,<ref name="Unnamed_10-20230318191112"/> ise koe Moskva winka mal 73.6&nbsp;% kal 12.3&nbsp;%.<ref>Viola & al. 2005, bu 264</ref> Perzura koe tawaday dun sokiyid kiren tawadayik va dimdubiera va intyona pasuxa is jiadara va tudonara is griruntara va ''Kulak'' is jiadara va kevalkaf tawuk dineyed. Mon 20 % de enomayamb yaseem teni temotara va pasuxa tire mbi di dimdubieyed.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 396.</ref> Acum jontik enomambik di va erura kan tizuca lasutcedeyed. OGPU remi batyon aksat va 6500 flavafa exaksara patayar, don 800 viltanon rujayana. 1500 flibik zo bakayad oke zo aytayad.<ref>Werth 1997, bu 168</ref> Pakesikafa ota dene bata perzura laumapayar&nbsp;: bak taneaksat tiyir vas biwe 109&nbsp;000, vox ticfiyisa kal 214&nbsp;000 bak toleaksat&nbsp;; bak bareaksat ke 1930, aptacik ke birgardial va loon 1.4 celemoy perzusik kopatayad.<ref>Viola 1996, bu 140</ref> === Toleafa nesida === Teliz ke Stalin koe Pravda fela ke 02/03/1930 numen flavafa yatera div ''kolxoz'' diel isen tumantawera ke tawadayafa acagira soe tiyid tcilafa tcedera ke tawadayikeem. Toleafa runta ke griruntara moi warolara teni idulugal ke 1930 zo tozur. Sedme ''Bolcevik'' gadesikeem, ''Kulak'' tawadayik ixam al zo kalceneyed. Dilfura va «&nbsp;warzaf Kulak&nbsp;» zo gojupayar&nbsp;: va 'abiceke ''Kulak'' is ''pokef Kulak''. Bak santoleaksat ke 1930, bat tawuk va stegesa sabegara gin nekiyir.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 397</ref><ref>Davies 1980, bu 379</ref> Doplekutuson va toleafa nesida ke griruntara, Politburo bak bareaksat ke 1931 va drowigafa «&nbsp;Andreyev tuzda&nbsp;» inkeyer, i va tuzda yoltkirafa gu Andreyev banugale tiyis okilik ke viley kodisukes va kobasikeem is tawadayikeem. Ticemaf flibik ke OGPU dene bata koka loote tiyid, don Yagoda.<ref>Viola 2007, bu 96</ref> Mali 20/02/1931, Politburo al kobenplekuyur da OGPU va divstaksera va 200&nbsp;000 ik 300&nbsp;000 tawadayikafa yasa di levegayar.<ref name="Unnamed_11-20230318191112">Viola 2007, bu 115</ref> Ota vas 120&nbsp;000 ba 05/04/1931 gan Politburo zo kastayar.<ref>Baberowski 1998, wafra 4, bu 578, 593</ref> Sedme enkopaca ke OGPU, 265&nbsp;795 yasa vas 1&nbsp;243&nbsp;860 ilkik bak 1931 geltron zo rezgaleyed&nbsp;: 95&nbsp;544 yasa ko Ural zo vanstakseyed, 54&nbsp;360 ko Taltefa Sibira, 11&nbsp;648 ko lentefa gola, is 5778 ko sumefa roneka ke Sovietafo Tanaxo.<ref name="Unnamed_11-20230318191112"/> Ba 10/04/1932, Andreyev tuzda va arplekura va 30&nbsp;000 ik 35&nbsp;000 yasa juikeyer&nbsp;; ton woda laumasiyina vas 38&nbsp;000 yasa gan Politburo ba 16/04/1932.<ref name="Unnamed_6-20230318191112"/> Bak 1933 loon alub-vuntoy korik al zo gorezgaleyed. Tikis goraks ke Politburo ke 05/07/1933 tiyir : {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Betason va goraks ke 08/08 ke avakafa neda is pirdot dem saneramisavikeem, bal 1933^-e ilanacek valey 124&nbsp;000 ixam divstakeyen korik re tigis koe pemaxo ok moe kelda, 426&nbsp;000 ar korik ko kobaso boniaxo (&nbsp;''trudposelki''&nbsp;) koe taltefa Sibira is Kazaxa zo gostakseted&nbsp;»<ref name="Unnamed_6-20230318191112"/> (&nbsp;kobaso boniaxo tir warzafa yoltara va «&nbsp;aptafo boniaxo&nbsp;»). }} Andreyev tuzda teni 1932 zo solelayar. Ba 08/05/1933, Stalin is Molotov va tawuk kev ''Kulak'' tawadayikeem kan azavzare pu OGPU is alyerotafa rictaga is nedeem ke pako parmon tutenayad. Gijarotiuca ke «&nbsp;runtaf volnikeem&nbsp;» koe wida nuve al zo empayar numen linvera va griruntara va ''Kulak'' va turestara ke ''Bolcevik'' koe tawaday co di uspewayar.<ref name="Unnamed_6-20230318191112"/> Tawadayikafa acagira va toleafa runta griruntasa va ''Kulak'' is tudonara nijuyur axapafa lodam va taneafa kiren tawadayik gan sokafa flavafa rujara wanuna jontikeke al zo tuaxayad, is gan sopron ael is kivara va jongolafe aelegalepe.<ref>Viola 1996, bu 176</ref> === Rezgalera === [[File: Karte_Entkulakisierung.png|right|thumb|300px|{{EwavaPebuda1|Rezgalera va ''Kulak'' tawadayik, 1930-1931}}]] Tawadayik narayan ta rezgalera kal yono kabelcaxo az lanyona golda taneon zo vanstayad lize debala loviele tiyir krogafa.<ref>Viola 2007, bu 38</ref> Banlize va metuidulayane dolekafe omaze gorundanyad, i va omaze moion belcatane ton rezgales impadimak. Mali acku ke toleaksat ke 1930, zalor divstakses va ''Kulak'' tawadayik zo bokayad, i zalor remi dile loon toloya safta. Azed ke OGPU va 240 impadimak dem 53 omaze (&nbsp;dem 40 korik fuxe omaze&nbsp;) icde taneafa griruntasa nesida abdiwiyir. Rezgalera dile tiyir gavesa, ton abrotcifa vukira koe mubesa golda. Acum lizukafa sanelia va rezgalera rovrutayar ise va meayaf sok ke remburera kan donafa twa pu Moskva lanzayar.<ref>Werth 1997, bu 171</ref><ref name="Unnamed_12-20230318191112">Viola & al. 2005, bu 269</ref> Jontikviele korik abdi mallapira ke zalor gu tcazaf neleem zo nabeyed numen aldo rictano vas tukseem is bligeem vas 30 ''pud'' is 500 ''rubl'' talolk fuxe yasa zavzayar rietovafa. Munesteks ke OGPU stragayad da enomara is elakera is dubiera bak zalor wan zo askiyid. Jontikviele rezgalenik dem dikote vage isu xeka isu guto artlapiyid.<ref name="Unnamed_12-20230318191112"/> Bal nokiera ke artlapira, vanbureyena tuksa jontikviele zo drasuyud. Rezgalena yasa loviele zo solstayad, ayikye defrese va kobara ko idja ke patecta zo arbureyed solve ar yasik (&nbsp;gadikya is rumeik tis leon san-tevdaf is guazik&nbsp;) van golda koe rezgalexo ok zeviandasa vreda zo vodjuyud. Larde vredafa enja kruldeyer, pune yasa ko idja ke patecta dere zo rembureyed. Jontik munesteks ke OGPU stragackayad da koe artefa gola, lentegitison va orara ke bat tawadayik aloyayan div ebava, meka grustasa abdiegara loviele al zo abdiwiyir.<ref>Viola 2007, bu 43</ref> Saneramisavaf kodisukesik va sok ke zeviandas vredeem malyopayad&nbsp;; cuga vreda tiyid zionafa is orikafa is fentafa is «&nbsp;cugeke&nbsp;» kerelersena.<ref>Viola 2007, bu 44</ref><ref>Viola 2001, bu 745</ref> Eksara va rezgalenik gu blotara wan tiyir jontikeke dika numen aelera kaliapon divlizeyer. Zinera ke blotaransa is fentod ok idulod is voltipufa gropa va konakakola nekiyir, nope tulon rumeikeem. Akolereka ke divblinikeem va buok ke nivafa sanelia alubon kaikfiyir. Bata blisa gropa va mulufterekapa nekiyid.<ref>Viola 2007, bu 48–51</ref><ref>Viola 2001, bu 743</ref> Zalor, mal zeviandaso pemaxo poke artefa golda kal jonvielexo tigiso idjon ice patecta is sume remlapisa vawapa, rotiyir vas konake decemoye decitmetre. Bat bocaf greelt ke rezgalera va ''Kulak'' tawadayik ke toleafa loma vas tela rezgalera va ''Kulak'' ke bareafa loma miltayar, i va tawadayik divbliyin ko vofa gola. Bato divstaksexo koe Sibira ok Ural vawale welmot vas konake vuntoye lujorafe decitmetre tcaston tigiyid. Fentugalon zalor kan impadimot zo exuleyer, is idulugalon kan direm ok lanison.<ref>Werth 1997, bu 172</ref> === Manaf divblinikeem === [[File: Canal_Mer_Blanche.jpg|thumb|right|300px|{{EwavaPebuda1|Vegedura va narilt ke Tcerna Bira. Dene bata pradjapa, divblinik wetce poan kobasik dere zo malsaveyed (1932).}}]] Viele ''Kulak'' tawadayik ke taneafa loma me al zo klibuyud, pune koe flint ok rezgalexo ok kobaso pemaxo ke Gulag lasumobliyid. Yasa tiyid pak ke rezgalenikeem. ''Kulak'' tawadayik ke toleafa ik bareafa loma stayan kal artlapis debak ta «&nbsp;warzesa kobara&nbsp;» zo gomalsaveyed&nbsp;: ta baliera va aal ik wasarnara va sid ik vegedura va vawa is narilt. Miledje ta pradjapa ke stalineva dum vegedura va narilt ke Tcerna Bira ok Magnitogorsk widava dere zo kokobayad.<ref>Naimark 2010, bu 66</ref><ref>Baberowski 1998, bu 581</ref><ref>(en) Robert W. Davies, ''Forced Labour under Stalin: the Archive Revelations'', New Left Review, n° 214,‎ 1995, bu 76</ref><ref>Werth 1997, bu 177</ref> Warzesuca ke manaf divblinikeem (&nbsp;dere yoltayan gu ''kobas divblinik'' ok ''kobas boniasik''&nbsp;)<ref name="Unnamed_13-20230318191112">Viola 2001, straga 7, bu 732</ref><ref name="Unnamed_14-20230318191112">Werth 1997, bu 175</ref><ref name="Unnamed_15-20230318191112">Polian 2004, bu 76</ref> zavzayar jontikeke vome pokolera. Tulon bak balemeaksat ke 1931, sedme lan munesteks ke kogrupasa tuzda, anton 8 % ke 300&nbsp;000 rezgalenik koe Ural tiyid «&nbsp;ton kobara solgabesa va inta ok aryona warzesa tegira&nbsp;».<ref name="Unnamed_14-20230318191112"/> Aryon ayik va vredaja mu int govegeduyud ike va moblira laviunsuyud. Voxisen bato boniaxo oton gu loon 2000 <ref name="Unnamed_15-20230318191112"/> tiyid volmivexafo ise pu divexo gotiskayad ise gozobeyed&nbsp;: bildera va vegedusa ugota is xeka is foalk voxis sinka. Abdukuca ke vegedura va raba is ''kolxoz'' diel is dika dulapera is metrumuca is bazaxorotifa kroguca is kevlaca wal milneyaf kizey voxis dubiera jupayad da mana bildera me dilizeyed. Vegedura va manafo boniaxo battode zavzayar gavepefa. Vile lizukaf gadesik, rezgalenik miv tiyid gunaf kire «&nbsp;co vunguyud&nbsp;» ike co tiyid «&nbsp;volnik&nbsp;» ok «&nbsp;sovietfimik&nbsp;». Manafo boniaxo abdi 30/09/1930 kotote zo goninkeyed. Tire ba bana evla, ant otama ke azedeyen kolneem al zo tenukeyer.<ref>Viola 2007, bu 73–88</ref><ref>Viola 2001</ref> Nope blis gropeem koe boniaxo, jontik rezgalenik otceyed&nbsp;; mali toleaksat ke 1931, OGPU va 72&nbsp;000 manaf divblinik otceyes murobayar. Ota ke korikeem blis koe manafo boniaxo remi 1930^-e sanda dun illaumayar&nbsp;: bak 1931, OGPU va 1&nbsp;803&nbsp;392 manaf boniasik otulayar, azen ware 1&nbsp;317&nbsp;000 korik ware tigiyid, azen moi tena ke Toleafa Tamavageja, ota tiyir vas 930&nbsp;000.<ref>Viola & al. 2005, bu 275</ref> == Danexa is vayara == === Kosikeem === Griruntara va ''Kulak'' va loon balem-celemoy kosik nekiyir&nbsp;:<ref name="ref147">Baberowski 2003, bu 684</ref> mon 30 000 korik zo klibuyud, isen 2.1 celemoy ''Kulak'' tawadayik ke taneafa loma is toleafa loma ko sumefa is volluvedafa gola zo rezgaleyed.<ref name="his595" /><ref name="wes165" />. 2 ik 2.5 celemoy ar korik wetce ''Kulak'' tawadayik ke bareafa loma mo loniaaf sid koe vofa gola poanon zo arplekuyud. Awalkikafa ota tiyir vas 530&nbsp;000 ik 600&nbsp;000 korik. Bal remburera ok koe zeviandasa vreda ok manafo boniaxo nope akola ik ael awalkeyed.<ref>Hildermeier 2007, bu 38</ref><ref name="ref147" />. Ison loon tan-celemoy tawadayik va tudonas ik griruntas dostak divvawayad, abdiston yateson ko widava lize va warzafa blira di lasuvegeduyud.<ref name="ref147" />. === Wana === Tudonara is griruntara va gruidera va tawadayikeem gu xialara va gijarotiuca ke soka is pako poayad. Banvielu tawadayikeem va «&nbsp;culiek&nbsp;» dinen gan Stalin ta kolnara va soka is raba gotiskayar. Tawamiduraf warzeks ta divburera ik vaneksara va widava is kerafa ervolia zo gobildeyed. Gruidera is stujera va tawadayikeem va loplawafa savera va robeem gotumusayad&nbsp;: va zaipa is kobarapo is taneugot is ervoliaf kseldunik.<ref>Viola et al. 2005, bu 319</ref> Taneafa is lozolonafa rezgalesa sabega ke Sovietafo Tanaxo bak Stalinugal <ref>Viola 2007, bu 32</ref> tiyir tela tikisa vas ''Kulak'' tawadayik&nbsp;; va pendera va boniaxo ta poana kobara daskiyir, is divatcera va [[Kolima (Gulag)|Gulag]] bolk ton manafo boniaxo koe volluvedafo tawavo. Kaikion ara merogalpena lospa ko batyono manafo boniaxo di zo kobudeyed&nbsp;: «&nbsp;aptolk selton divef&nbsp;» trabe lospa dem turastanik koe widava, nekis yona mikra poanon divsokemba idjon ic patecta sotre konaka vunta bak toleafa tamavageja.<ref name="Unnamed_13-20230318191112"/> Vanmecobasa yawara va prostewaf dreeem ke kobara is blira koe wida va rawara va tawamidura ke Sovietafo Tanaxo daskiyir. Viele ''Bolcevik'' pakoik bak fentugal ke 1932-1933 va warzaf tawuk tianaf is volgulias kucilodas va zaipa sopuyud, pune Golodomor aelakola waroldon sokiyir, i egale nekiyise va icle 25 ik 30 celemoy aelesik <ref>Polian 2004, bu 87</ref> is mon 5 ik 7 celemoy awalkik.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 399</ref><ref>(de) Wolfgang Zank, ''Stille Vernichtung'', dene Die Zeit, 03/12/2008</ref> Pilkovon koe to gola prostewon slikafa gu zaipa loote aelawalkik tiyid. Tizafa urpera koe bornay ke griruntara is jadipafa acagira ke tawadayikeem va ''Bolcevik'' gaderopa is inaf tegisikeem jupayad da lidawicka ke wideytafa geja ware gepoyteyer. Gaderopaf gadesik va jadifa urbera co tisa blodafa gu zvakeem ke yavafa blira is skapa toz kivayad.<ref>Viola 1996, bu 179</ref><ref>(en) Gábor T. Rittersporn, ''The Omnipresent Conspiracy: On Soviet Imagery of Politics and Social Relations in the 1930s'', koe Nick Lampert, Gábor T. Rittersporn, ''Stalinism. Its nature and aftermath. Essays in honor of Moshe Lewin'', Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1992 ISBN 0-87332-876-0, bu 101–120, va kivara va jadifa urbera divnedir.</ref> Kaiki dace tena ke griruntara, tawadayik dasugdayan gu ''Kulak'' va rujara is xonukesa tizura me divvawayad. Titi 1933, koefa remeluxaxa zo koplekuyud. Tan mukot ke bata sabega tiyir kimera va orara ke tawadayik is otceyes divblinik ko widava ke vertuma. Bak 1937 toleafa dilfurapa va ''Kulak'' sokiyir&nbsp;: orkon gu ''Karlerapa'', gadesikeem ke Sovietafo Tanaxo kan 00447 sopusi kexi ke NKVD ardial va ''Kulak'' sopura tumwedayar. Mali anyusteaksat ke 1937 kali santaneaksat ke 1938, 800&nbsp;000 ik 820&nbsp;000 korik zo kostoleyed, don 350&nbsp;000 ik 445&nbsp;000 di zo klibuyud isen arak ko rezgalexo ke Gulag di zo divtunseyer. Riwe 40 % ke ''Kulak'' divblinikeem tiyid leon santevdaf.<ref>Kaznelson 2007, bu 1164</ref> Viele kaiki divblira rembliyid, pune remi blira va muneltara di golyumayad kire tiyid ''Kulak'' aptolk ok oc. Radimion va intafa seltafa xanta is intyona bagala pu yasek is dace yasot gopalseyed.<ref>Kaznelson 2007, bu 1173–1176</ref> === Vayara === Vansara va zolonafa xantaza tikisa vas pinta ke tudonara is griruntara va ''Kulak'' tiyir oxam rotisa mali 1990^-e sanda radimi tena ke [[TSSS]] is kofenkura va rossiafa savseluxaxa. Wali 1999 is 2003, lan dotay dem valdig watson gu batyon uum ton aluboya karba rossiavon zo sanegayar. Va waluk ke 1927 ik 1939 besar.<ref>(ru) ''Трагедия совецкой деревний: коллективизация и раскулачивание; документы и матерялы в 5 томах.'', (Folva ke sovietafa wida&nbsp;: tudonara is griruntara va Kulak&nbsp;; valdig is ugota ton 5 karba), 1927–1939, Moskva, Rosspen,‎ 1999–2003</ref> Lan divokseks ke bat xantazatum do koplekusa pebura zo kalenglavayar.<ref name="Unnamed_4-20230318191112"/> Vayara al nedid da griruntara va ''Kulak'' tiyir tegis mergilap ta tudonara&nbsp;: ton geltrafa dratcera tove wida guyundeyer enide va lo tawadayik van ''kolxoz'' diel di poayar. Ison pilkot is digiks ke ''Kulak'' rezgalenik va abdiegara va ugol ke ''kolxoz'' diel zanudayar. ''Kulak'' tawadayik dasugdayan gu volnik ko darkapa gan flavafa rezgalera ostik zo gwardeyed ise zo sostayad. Batdume rezgalera va ''Kulak'' gu tela taneafa mulafa bagalara ke seltafa askipera ke stalinugal zo rokrupter.<ref>Viola 2001, bu 731</ref> Bak izva ke Sovietafo Tanaxo, griruntara va ''Kulak'' va vlupexapa ke stalinugalafa eaftuca tazukar. Miledje va izva ke TSSS kaikfir. Jörg Baberowski izvopik is aptacik ke Stalinugal, efe vulkuson va armeniafa saneaytara (&nbsp;1915-1918&nbsp;), drigdar da rezgalera va ''Kulak'' tawadayik : {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Rezgalera grustana gan soka is awalkopera va muneltana ayafa lospa tid ra ke XX^-eafa decemda. Sovietafo Tanaxo tiyir sinafa koblisa kova isen ''Bolcevik'' bolk sinaf askisik.&nbsp;»<ref>Baberowski 2000, bu 617</ref> }} Manfred Hildermeier va taneaca ke yona direfa bifa gu rezgales tawuk dere torigir.<ref>Hildermeier 1998, bu 394</ref> Norman Naimark amerikaf izvopik krupter da griruntara va ''Kulak'' tiyir saneaytasa gaderopa. Va tumantara va giltavenaf envaks vas saneaytara drager, i va tumantara co zalena ta adalara va jontik tizus tawuk ke sovietafa izva gu saneaytara&nbsp;: valey griruntara va ''Kulak'', Golodomor is mikrafa rezgalera bak Toleafa Tamavageja is Karlerapa.<ref>Naimark 2010, bu 57–74, 64, 136</ref> Bata tumantara va stravok vas saneaytara kev pofa malyopara soe klantaweyer.<ref>Jürgen Zarusky</ref> == Vuestexa == <div style="height: 200px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid gray; padding-right: 12px; background-color: #F8F8FF; "> {{Vuestexeem}} <small> === Vuestesa neva === * (de) Jörg Baberowski, ''Stalinismus „von oben“. Kulakendeportation in der Sowjetunion 1929–1932'', Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, vol. 46,‎ 1998, bu 572–595 * (de) Jörg Baberowski, ''Entweder für den Sozialismus oder nach Archangel’sk! Stalinismus als Feldzug gegen das Fremde'', Osteuropa, vol. 50, n° 6,‎ 2000, bu 617–637 * (de) Jörg Baberowski, ''Der rote Terror. Die Geschichte des Stalinismus'', München, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2003, 287 bu, ISBN 3-421-05486-X. * (de) Jörg Baberowski, ''Der Feind ist überall. Stalinismus im Kaukasus'', München, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2003, 882 bu, ISBN 3-421-05622-6. * (en) Robert Conquest, ''The Harvest of Sorrow. Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine'', Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986, 412 bu, ISBN 0-19-505180-7, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp31GmfH-6YC&printsec=frontcover krent] * (de) Stefan Creuzberger, ''Stalin. Machtpolitiker und Ideologe'', Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, 2009, 343 bu, ISBN 978-3-17-018280-6, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9EfXWZykz1kC&printsec=frontcover krent] * (en) Robert W. Davies, ''The socialist offensive. The collectivisation of Soviet agriculture, 1929–1930'', koe ''The industrialisation of Soviet Russia'', t. 1, London, Macmillan, 1980, ISBN 0-333-26171-2. * (en) Sheila Fitzpatrick, ''Stalin’s Peasants. Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization'', New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994, 386 bu, ISBN 0-19-510459-5, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YlBvcNMlr4EC&printsec=frontcover krent]. * (en) Paul R. Gregory, ''Terror by quota. State security from Lenin to Stalin : (An archival study)'', New Haven, London, Yale Univ. Press, 2009, 346 bu, ISBN 978-0-300-13425-4. * (en) Paul Hagenloh, ''Stalin’s police. Public Order and Mass Repression in the USSR, 1926–1941'', Baltimore, Washington, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2009, 460 bu, ISBN 978-0-8018-9182-3. * (de) Alexander Heinert, ''Das Feindbild ‚Kulak’. Die politisch-gesellschaftliche Crux 1925–1930'', koe Silke Satjukow, Rainer Gries, Unsere Feinde. ''Konstruktionen des Anderen im Sozialismus'', Leipzig, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2004, ISBN 3-937209-80-8, bu 363–386. * (de) Manfred Hildermeier, ''Geschichte der Sowjetunion 1917–1991. Entstehung und Niedergang des ersten sozialistischen Staates'', München, Beck, 1998, 1206 bu, ISBN 3-406-43588-2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK02BInSAYoC&printsec=frontcover krent] * (de) Manfred Hildermeier, ''Stalinismus und Terror'', Osteuropa, vol. 50, n° 6,‎ 2000, bu 593–605. * (de) Manfred Hildermeier, ''Die Sowjetunion 1917–1991'', vol. 31, München, Oldenburg, coll. « Oldenburg Grundriss der Geschichte », 2007, ISBN 978-3-486-58327-4. * (en) Michael Kaznelson, ''Remembering the Soviet State: Kulak Children and Dekulakisation'', Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 59, n° 7,‎ 11/2007, bu 1163–1177. * (de) Leonid Luks, ''Geschichte Russlands und der Sowjetunion. Von Lenin bis Jelzin'', Regensburg, Pustet, 2000, 574 bu, ISBN 3-7917-1687-5. * (de) Norman M. Naimark, ''Stalin und der Genozid'', Berlin, Suhrkamp Verlag, 2010, 156 bu, ISBN 978-3-518-42201-4. * (en) Pavel M. Polian, ''Against their will : The history and geography of forced migrations in the USSR'', Budapest, New York, CEU Press, 2004, ISBN 963-9241-73-3. * (en) Roger R. Reese, ''Red Army Opposition to Forced Collectivization, 1929–1930: The Army Wavers'', Slavic Review, vol. 55, n° 1,‎ 1996, bu 24–45. * (fr) Simon Sebag Montefiore, ''Staline : La cour du tsar rouge'', vol. I. 1929-1941, Perrin, 2010, 723 bu, ISBN 978-2-262-03434-4. * (en) David R. Shearer, ''Policing Stalin’s socialism. Repression and social order in the Soviet Union, 1924–1953'', New Haven, Yale University Press, coll. « The Yale-Hoover series on Stalin, Stalinism, and the Cold War », 2009, 507 bu, ISBN 978-0-300-14925-8. * (en) Lynne Viola, ''The best sons of the fatherland. Workers in the vanguard of Soviet collectivization'', New York, Oxford University Press, 1987, 285 bu, ISBN 0-19-504134-8. * (en) Lynne Viola, ''Peasant rebels under Stalin. Collectivization and the culture of peasant resistance'', New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, 312 bu, ISBN 0-19-510197-9. * (en) Lynne Viola, ''The Other Archipelago: Kulak Deportations to the North in 1930'', Slavic Review, vol. 60, n° 4,‎ 2001, bu 730–755. * (en) Lynne Viola, V. P. Danilov, N. A. Ivnitskii is Denis Kozlov, ''The War Against the Peasantry. The Tragedy of the Soviet Contryside'', New Haven & London, Yale University Press, 2005, 427 bu, ISBN 0-300-10612-2. * (en) Lynne Viola, ''The unknown Gulag. The lost world of Stalin’s special settlements'', Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-538509-0. * (fr) Nicolas Werth, ''Un Etat contre son peuple. Violence, répressions, terreur en Union soviétique'', koe Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth & al, ''Le Livre Noir du Communisme'', Paris, R. Laffont, 1997, bu 45-360. * (en) Nicolas Werth, ''Dekulakisation as mass violence'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20141227091206/http://www.massviolence.org/Dekulakisation-as-mass-violence-Nicolas-WERTH krent], dene ''Encyclopedia of Mass Violence''. * (fr) Nicolas Werth, ''La vie quotidienne des paysans russes de la Révolution à la collectivisation: 1917-1939'', Paris, Hachette,1984. </small></div> {{Teliz_toleaf_briz}} {{Stakeriyelt |vergumvelt = Griruntara va ''Kulak'' |ewava = Вышибем_кулаков_из_колхозов_1930.jpg |pebuda = Finta ke sovietafa galbedura rankesa va Kulak tawadayik |patecta = {{USR nilt|20px}} |patecta2 = |debala = Europafa [[Rossia]], [[Ukraina]] |evla = [[1929]] - [[1933]] |ord = Rujasa tawukara is tudonara va taway |jala = Igeltaf tawadayikeem |kosikeem = ≈ 4 000 000 }} {{Teliz_tena}} [[Loma:XX-eafa decemda|Griruntara va Kulak]] [[Loma:Sovietafa Tanara|Griruntara va Kulak]] [[Loma:Stalinugal|Griruntara va Kulak]] [[Loma:Stakera|Griruntara va Kulak]] {{Interwiki|Q1344973}} 9vtdvd3snsxwhhktsg7w8y08m0rcjum 0 25729 158853 158839 2026-11-02T02:09:08Z InternetArchiveBot 1403 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 158853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Teliz_toza}} '''Saneaytara va Selknam''' (&nbsp;okon '''saneaytara va Ona'''&nbsp;) va bifeem tentuyun wetce saneaytara vuester, i va bifeem dilizeyes wali toleafu acku ke XIX^-eafa decemda is toloya taneafa sanda ke XX^-eafa tove Selknam mikrasane (&nbsp;okon Ona&nbsp;) tise amerindafe sane ke [[Tierra del Fuego]] ewaleem. Bocafa karafa ocya ke bate mikrasane Ángela Loij bak 1974 awalkeyer. Batugale ant abic zaavabelcekanik ke bata mikra wan krulded.<ref>Ministerio de Educación de la Nacion Argentina, ed. (2016). «[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222101404/https://www.educ.ar/recursos/152553/pueblos-indigenas-argentina-12 Fascículo 12]». Pueblos Indígenas en la Argentina:historias,cultura, lenguas y educacion. Argentina Bs.As. ISBN 978-987-4059-08-6. Rupeyen ba 09/05/2021.</ref><ref>Ministerio de Educacion de la Naciona Argentina, ed. (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220119011617/http://www.bnm.me.gov.ar/giga1/documentos/EL005244.pdf Con nuestra voz ESTAMOS]. Biblioteca nacional del maestro Bs.As Argentina. ISBN 978-950-00-1132-7. Rupeyen ba 09/05/2021.</ref><ref>Thereedfoundation.org (27/05/1975). «[https://web.archive.org/web/20230914170651/https://www.thereedfoundation.org/rism/chapman/angela.htm Angela Loij]». Rupeyen ba 01/07/2011</ref> Tici XIX^-eafa decemda, Tierra del Fuego ewalapa va dulapera ke yona vartesa japa nekiyir. Koplekura va namulolafa vartera va kobodapa wal patectolikeem is [[Britana|britanaf]] boniasik isu [[Argentina|argentinaf]] isu [[Tcilea|tcileaf]] reduyur, numen bata koboda kadayar awalkopesa geja. Namulolafa japa va tanoy Pound sterling talolk ika kot xonukesiyin Selknam saneik dace dodeyed. Wazdera tiyir atoera va nuba ke kosik iku oblaka. Lentefa staba taneon tikiyid numen lamasa runta ge ewalotsa dilizeyer, otceteson il stakera. Aneyason va okaca, tcileafe bowere bak 1890 va Dawson ewala kaike Beagle vedil pu Societas S. Francisci Salesii alkagrustaks xaadayar, exoneteson va gelbeso vuidexo. Selknam mikrasaneik lapteyes va saneaytara ko bata ewala tori toloya sanda zo liziyid. Toloya Selknam yasa bak 1889 bal Tamefa Wonara ke Paris zo kabdunediyid.<ref>(es) Pantoja, Miguel (2018). El Genocidio Selknam</ref> == Orka == Selknam mikrasaneik tiyid nelkaf irubasik ke Tierra del Fuego ewala.<ref name="ref5">Sedme namio ke Federico Echelaite : ''Los onas, vida y muerte en Tierra del Fuego'' (de A. Montes, A. Chapman y J. Prelorán).</ref> Seriopafa is rawopafa vayara bazed da bat ilkikeem tir vey taneaf irubasikeem ke Tierra del Fuego ewala, i vey tcabaneyestasik mal amerikafa tadava az remlaniyis va bata gola az kallaniyis va arak ke Patagonia bal waliugal ke tena ke [[Pleistova]] is toza ke [[Xolova]].<ref>Miotti, Laura Lucía y Salemme, Mónica C. (2004). ''[https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CMPL/article/view/CMPL0404110177A Poblamiento, movilidad y territorios entre las sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras de Patagonia]''.</ref> Martin Gusinde mikropik worayas va ewala tici 1918, va tigira ke baroya Selknam lospa koe yon amidaf pak ke ewala pilkomodayar. Dakteyer da lana avopafa is zaavafa is arayafa tanara vanmiae bata baroya lospa namon kruldeyer, nekev amidaca ke tawavofo tigixo.<ref>Guillermo Cruz. ''El padre Martín Gusinde y su labor científica en Chile'' Rupeyen ba 09/06/2019.</ref> Noeltafa vayar danedickid da Selknam mikrasane tiyir fuxe baroy pak :<ref>Chile Precolombino (ed.) ''[http://chileprecolombino.cl/pueblos-originarios/selknam/ambiente-y-localizacion/ Pueblos originarios Selknam]''. Rupeyen ba 23/06/2018.</ref> # Párika : koe lentefa azeka # Herska : koe geefa aala # Chonkoyuka : moe azekexa kabdue Inutíl ceda, valey Haush mikrasane. === Illaumara ke sanelia, wodon === [[File: Selknam_Isla_Dawson.jpg|thumb|left|240px|{{EwavaPebuda1|Bocaf Selknam mikrasaneik koe Puerto Harris moe Dawson ewala, 1896}}]] Icde vanpokefa woda ke Selknam sanelia is inyon baroy mikragrelt, uldinera tir wavdapafa kir isk dem saneliopafa vayara abdi boniasa diotera. Soe ta seotara va vanpokefa rietara, Martin Gusinde va sanelia abdi boniara gu 3500 ik 4000 mikrik uldineyer. Bak 1887 ''El Boletín Salesiano'' virda gu 2000 korik uldineyer azen Borgatello gertik va 2000 ik 3000 ilkik patayar. Namio ke Manuel Señoret bowesik va Magallanes winka (&nbsp;1892&nbsp;-&nbsp;1897&nbsp;) bazecker&nbsp;: {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1| |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Viele Tierra del Fuego ewala zo grupenseyer, pune foliyit da ota ke Ona mikrikeem tiyir axapafa. Voxen vielu jontik vartes vesk zo zabduyud isen ewala gan unenik ke batyon vesk dun zo remlapiyir, gorabatet da ota soye tir loeke zolonafa. Kare elimafa nek vanpokefa patavara, uldinet da icle balem-decitoy patectolik ke Ona zaava moe Tierra del Fuego ewala tid.&nbsp;» |askisik = Manuel Señoret bowesik va Magallanes winka.}} Loseptafa saneliopafa vayara gan Lucas Bridges bak 1899 zo skuyur. Va Selknam sanelia leveon vertokayar : {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1| |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Gee Río Grande kuksa, 250 Ona mikrik koe konako xo ke ewala bliyid&nbsp;; lenteon, volke Candelaria alkagrustaks, loon mon 20 amerindik tiyid. Bak mil ilanacek, 163 mikrik gan Candelaria alkagrustaks zo stujeyed (&nbsp;sedme pone ke Candelaria&nbsp;), is cugon 350 artan koe Dawson. Trabe tici XIX^-eafa decemda, 783 Ona mikrik koe Tierra del Fuego tursia wan kruldeyed.&nbsp;» |askisik = Esteban Lucas Bridges, 1899.}} Bata woda divnedid da sanelia ape tiyir vas mon uldineks ke Martin Gusinde (&nbsp;3500 ik 4000 koe ewaleem&nbsp;). Va ota dem amerindik awalkeyes nope xonuka ok akola ok rezgalera remi 18 tanda levi toza ke boniara me grupecket. Tulon bak zixa ke brinuga ke Ramón Lista, icle 28 korik bal tanoya ralentara zo aytayad. == Saneaytara == Artlapira ke [[Argentina|argentinaf]] is [[Tcilea|tcileaf]] is [[Britana|britanaf]] boniasik ko tawavo ke Selknam va medotolmilafa koboda wal stuvusik is moavaneyasik is boniasik is vartesik va bonol kev Selknam mikrasaneikeem nekiyir. Kerelera va cosxo va zauzera ke Selknam cosik lasurojus is lajaxadas va skuyuni tegi tuyeyer&nbsp;: va xonukera is boera is plukera. Vidjera tiyir duna, ton volluntuca tove unenik ke vartes vesk is joara va istayaxa is kabelcara va jontik bonol is firdera va mona is dilfura va ayik.<ref>Alberto María de Agostini, 1883-1960. (1956). ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/30-ie-treinta-anos-en-tierra-del-fuego/oclc/221608408 30 años en Tierra del Fuego]''. Ediciones Peuser. OCLC 221608408. Rupeyen ba 09/06/2019.</ref> Voxen bata tila me kadayar geltraf gejalpoz yoke exaksunaf ugaf troy ke Selknam mikrik kev tis dreem djudilfus is djugralomes. Bata amidaca tiyir an askiks taceyes da zavzagitison moe cosxo, Selknam rotacagiyid numen xaara is poana griflira tiyid toli neki ke sinafa ilwira wetce blis cot. Gusinde pwader da tcabanesik «&nbsp;va oria ke adjubeyen amerindik den Ayikopafa Tcila ke London ika balemoy ''pound'' talolk ika kota taka stakseyed&nbsp;».<ref>Riquelme, C. & Bratti, S. ''Recopilación etnológica de una identidad étnica''. Revista del Departamento Sociología y Antropología de los pueblos indígenas (Kotla ke Concepción, Tcilea).</ref> === Moavavoza === Brinuga ke Ramón Serrano Montaner tcileik bak 1879 va tigixo ke jontik drilkaks dem moava koe moavakirafo bixexo ke yona voapa ke Tierra del Fuego ewala murobayar.Nope bata plataera, djupotrasison va moava koe bat sumef siday, yon decemoy divef stuvusik va ewala artlapiyid.<ref>John R. Spears ''The Gold Diggings of Cape Horn. A study of Life in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia''. New York, 1895,ISBN 9780548347249 ; ISBN 0548347247</ref>​<ref>Agostini, bu 248, 250.</ref>​<ref>Fuentes II, bu 139.</ref><ref>Holmberg, bu 48.</ref><ref>Navarro, bu 166.</ref>​<ref>Popper, bu142-146.</ref> Wori batmana pokolera gan kaliafa puskera va yanta fu kaimpayar. === Aytas askisik === Tis lan zolonaf tcabanesik va amerindik, tid : Julius Popper <ref name="ref5" /><ref>Gusinde, Martín (1951). ''Hombres primitivos en la Tierra del Fuego (de investigador a compañero de tribu)'', Sevilla: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, bu 98-99. Dere&nbsp;: Fuentes, bu 141-142. Isen&nbsp;: Borgatello, bu 223.</ref> is Alexander McLennan <ref>Alexander Mac Lennan skotik dere zo grupepeyer. Azon vanpiyir ristusik va vartes veskap kene Bahía Inutíl. Kan yona dilfurapa va amerindik awalkopeyer. Do jontik udutaf tozekik tcastan, va segap nesidanesidon «&nbsp;tucuayar&nbsp;». Va metan kostoleyer ise va kot rowin blisik mewalgrupeson viltayar oke buliyir. Bata tcabanera zanon gu veskap va belundanya ziliduyud. Ozwanon gan J- Edwards koe 230^-e bu, vrutara ke Fagnano gertik gruyer&nbsp;: «&nbsp;In bad tanoya tanda, droon ga bati moxinafi uti, va 412 ''pound'' talolk wayar, sugdalason da bad tanoya tanda va 412 amerindik aytayar. Bata segaja kan ''Ckampagne'' vor vanmiae meropimtana draera gan konak bewik ke sistu zo kotgrupeyer, i gan bewik doljeyes va gutrigara is vira ke zeltasikany... Batvieli mana milaca icde ant ayiktorik zo kareizuyud&nbsp;!»</ref> is «&nbsp;Mister Bond&nbsp;»<ref name="ref5" /> is Alexander A- Cameron <ref name="ref5" /> is Samuel Hyslop <ref name="ref5" /><ref>Fuentes, bu 141-142.</ref> is John McRae <ref name="ref5" /> is Montt E- Wales <ref name="ref5" />. ==== Julius Popper ==== [[File: Expedición_Popper_8.jpg|thumb|left|240px|{{EwavaPebuda1|Erbudik ke Popper koteyas va broca ke Selknam mikrasaneik is viltas va otcesik}}]] [[File: Popper_en_caceria.jpg|thumb|left|240px|{{EwavaPebuda1|Brinuga ke Popper. Tanoy ticeon Selknam su zo aytayar}}]] Jontika pisonara va Selknam mikrik bak kawodafa brinuga toz sokiyid. Tan okilik ke batyona brinuga tiyir Julius Popper romaniik, i yudik vayayas koe Engla az vanpiyis argentinik grupen kir jontikviele molikeyes va Selknam isu laiteyes isu aytayas. Va sinyona kiewega dubieyer, tadleteson va intaf mukaf dotay. Ko afigasuteksak vaon kabdunediyir, don lana dilfura sopuyuna gan int is erbudatum dadis va viltaxa kev patectolafo pemaxo koe San Sebastián. Radimi inyona zierdara, ba 05/03/1887 va intyona vestara is kakevera va Selknam mikrik dene Instituto Geográfico Argentino kizey ke [[Buenos Aires]] laxayar, don bat divokseks&nbsp;: {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «[...]&nbsp;Va driviabol onkayav viele kabdu mon balem-sanoy patectolik laizon tigiv, i va mikrik ton keron lingeyena gexata is tis varon lebaf, is preyutas kadime amna. Biwe vielu wiyiv, pune muvara dem tceka mo cin balieweyer, kougason anam cinaf okoleem, voxe bexe me rotuyur. Va nuga mo sid ve aykayav, dulzatason va amerindafa relingara tuke Winchester zelt&nbsp;[...]&nbsp;Batcoba tiyir riafa koaliera. Edje viltayav, pune amerindik senyes moe sid ten tcekayad, voxe banvielu non viltayav, pune va azdara ke tceka gin gildeyev.&nbsp;» |askisik = Julius Popper, laxa dene Instituto Geográfico Argentino kizey, koe Buenos Aires, 05/03/1887.}} Nope bata nega, Magrassi (&nbsp;1987&nbsp;) koe intafa neva tcilkar da Popper is intaf erbudiktum va tcabanera va Selknam mikrik kan zelt is veya deasegayad, va int afigasuteson dem «&nbsp;intyona warolayana olkotca&nbsp;».<ref>Magrassi, Guillermo Emilio (1987). ''Los aborígenes de la Argentina: ensayo socio-histórico-cultural'', Editorial Galerna, ISBN 9789505600373. Rupeyen ba 09/06/2019.</ref> ==== Ramón Lista ==== Keni tigira ke Popper koe Tierra del Fuego ewala, bak 1886 ara brinuga plataena gan argentinafe bowere is gadena gan Ramón Lista fayik, nope durulaca ke sayakik ke Lista kev patectolik koe izva zavzayar. Bata zixa ba wontafa pisonara va 28 Selknam mikrik poke San Sebastián tenukeweyer. Adim rokalit da valey banyona zixa jontikara va tizura ke kawodik kev patectolik num webeyesa va awalkopera va Selknam sane nedickid. === «&nbsp;Viltasa funtera&nbsp;» === Lana vrutara bazecked da bak toleafu acku ke XIX^-eafa decemda is toloya taneafa sanda ke XX^-eafa, tota koolapisa va [[Magalhães vedil]] ok kenolapisa va ronefa ik geefa krimta ke ewala gu viltara va Ona patectolik funteyed&nbsp;: kotviele va pemaxotey sumeon ok broca kozwiyid, pune va sin viltayad. Me gruped va kosikafa ota batmana ksubera ronekiyid. == Nelkafa stakera == To vexala dem nelkafa stakera kotote dilizeyesa koe [[Argentina|argentinaf]] pak ke Tierra del Fuego ewala. === Stakera ke San Sebastián === * Xo : Piluda ke San Sebastián * Evla : [[25-e ke santaneaksat|25^-e ke santaneaksat]] ke [[1886]] * Kosikeem : 28 xonukesik To taneafa valdigayana stakera tir, isen pintakiron grupet lize is viele ina dilizeyer kire gan argentinaf vestas fayik zo raplekuyur, i gan Ramón Lista triosuyus koe totapone va intaf tegireem. Ba 25/11/1886 Ramón Lista redakik mo piluda ke San Sebastián divtotar enide va vema di vestar. Bak mil viel va Ona grelt kakever. Lakostoler voxen sin acagid. Acum va viltara pu intaf ayiktum dirgar numen 27 Ona mikrik zo aytad. José Fagnano gertik <ref>José Fagnano koe Piamonte koe Italia kobliyir. Tiyir taneaf elupkaf gertik koe Geefa Patagonia mali 1889 kali 1909. Bak 1910 Alberto de Agostini wetce «&nbsp;Patagonia gertik&nbsp;» radimifiyir.</ref> ke Societas S. Francisci Salesii alkagrustaks dositas va brinuga va Lista moliker ise va stakera culimer nume gu baliera gan Lista zo dratcer. Arti abic viel ayik ke Lista va zagara va lane Ona yikye blumted, i va mikrik gelbeyes kadime pistok dem anton tanoya tra is tceka vox kosmayan numaz aytayan kan 28 vilt. === Jivara ke Springhill === * Xo : Piluda ke Springhill * Evla : Meelimafa, bak taneafa sanda ke XX^-eafa decemda * Kosikeem : mon 500 awalkik Lan Selknam grelt va megol xeyeyes moe piluda koilkar. Bad tanoy viel, lo bewik ke grelt xonuked. Mil megol zo kojivayar.<ref>(es) Borrero, José María (1989). ''II. Exterminio de aborígenes. La Patagonia trágica'' (&nbsp;2^-eafa piskura&nbsp;). Argentina, Zagier & Urruty. bu 21/22. ~&nbsp;Lanviele is lanlize koe xo vergumveltkirafo gu Springhill ke Tierra del Fuego ewala, megol xeyeyer. Me grupet kase krayta xeyesiyir oken batcoba tiyir danexa ke kuranafa tegira. Voxen icde bata arienta lanet da onkasik va amerindik poke megol taneon zo wiyid ise va konaka jivinda nubokeyed. Viele megol gan konak Ona grelt zo kosmayar, pune mil grelt di durgayad kire tid pegaf gu sum ke megoldunol. Banlize awalkik di daykeyed, dumede meldap al dilizeyer&nbsp;; uldinet da mon ok loon alub-decemoyo alto tiyid, to viel ke «&nbsp;cugafa tcabanera&nbsp;» tiyir.</ref> === Jivara ke Punta Alta === * Xo : Punta Alta * Evla : Meelimafa, bak taneafa sanda ke XX^-eafa decemda * Kosikeem : 25 xonukesik Lan Ona grelt va deblamera ke vartesik is inyon unenik remi mon tanoy vielcek acagiyir vieli zertuyur.<ref name="ref24">(es) Sedme ''La Patagonia trágica'' neva ke José María Borrero.</ref> === Stakera ke Santo Domingo piluda === * Xo : Santo Domingo piluda * Evla : Meelimafa, bak taneafa sanda ke XX^-eafa decemda * Kosikeem : 300 xonukesik Alexander McLennan va lan kugdayan Selknam grelt gu lorotara ganeyer enide sin va dili di titickayad. Ba lorot va gimara va vor jontikote volmiv gimayar. Rabateson da lo amerindik al tugrijaweyed, va xo buluyur voxe pu inyon unenik tigis moe bria va viltara va kotaf grelt dirgar.<ref name="ref24" />​ === Rabatera ke italiik === * Xo : Meelimafo * Evla : Meelimafa, bak taneafa sanda ke XX^-eafa decemda * Kosikeem : 80 xonukesik Lan italiaf kolamasik moavaneyas koe ewala va awalkoda ke 80 Ona mikrik kosmayar. Koto alto tiyir dem viltayana conyuta.<ref name="ref24" />​ == Yordara ke akola == Viele europik va Warzafa Tamava artlapiyid, pune va akola doon vanbureyed, voxen patectolafa sanelia en tiyid rojuxiskafa kev batyona akola kiren sinaf rojus bolk me tiyir kalvekaf. Tulon brinkakola is kotcakola is aryona akola va patectolafa sanelia ke [[Amerika]] tsalayad ise dace lantode va ilwiracka ke lanyona varafa mikra nekiyir. == Vrutaks == === Suteks === {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Julius Popper romaniik nope intyona faspara va aneyara va warzafo moavaxo ixam zo gruper. Va bata forteyotafa eba dulapeyer viele intafa kawodafa ja tineyer nume va rodjera djumoticar, viroyapanon kobason mu yon vartes tilik djudeokapas va anlizukikeem. Viele europik va intafa tirka loloon tuwavdayad, pune Popper va bowere ke Buenos Aires gukoer. Va anlizukik pirton vox dekson ortason rojur enide bak sanegafa laxa ba 27/07/1891 va obrara il astirbafa buntura ke intaf unenikeem britsar. Milviele va trutca va boera is situndara is pisonara raplekuna gan europafi tari pintapason atoeyer. Tire va geltruca ke bat relkaf bifeem meroxanason va ewa pimtayar, ise dere tire va anlizukikeem rojuyur&nbsp;: ~&nbsp;Memalyuca me tir neyon gu amerindik... Ayik re dilfus va kiewega ke artan koe bato tawavo me tid Ona mikrik vols batakaf amerikik, tid to govitik ke troskadapa.&nbsp;~ Manyona gorestafa ewa&nbsp;! Nekevon, pak ke Popper koe eaftafa zexa tiyir torigirafa, da ~&nbsp;kalfelira va Ona mikrik al vanpir kazawaks va tari mimayani div kota patecta ke Europa, is wenya ke apkara ke emdus ayiktum is rezgalenik is tozekik ke kota zaava.&nbsp;~ Afigasutera va stakera va amerindik va in me tukinokayar, viele ploteson va zelt, va intaf tozekikeem milinde xialason stayar&nbsp;: awalkoda ke cenenik moe taneafa azenta dayker edje zelt kev otcesa ayikya isu rumeik zo vodjud&nbsp;; int va lubera ke awalkolaf bakanik tcoker. Awira ke bata lospa lemister.&nbsp;» |askisik = Martin Gusinde <ref name="ref26">(es) [https://www.americaindigena.com/tfuego1.htm Krentki] ke ''Los indios de la Tierra del Fuego'' neva ke Martin Gusinde, </ref>}} === Koe fela === Bak 1882 Daily News londonafa fela va koerudaks ke britanik dulapes va skapafa rotisaca ke Tierra del Fuego ewaleem : {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Trakut da patecta ke Tierra del Fuego tiyir zeitafa gu bonolafa vartera voxen antafa rotoda ke bat abdumimaks tir da patectolik ke Tierra del Fuego cwe zo gonawalkoped.&nbsp;» |askisik = Daily News, 1882 <ref name="ref26" /> }} {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Abdida drowigon seltaykirafe sane dum forteyfamik va bat siday artlapiyid, gubefa brava ke Kawyi mikrik tiyir kevsukafa broca kum asadayana alma. Koak ke almaxa al zo fasiayar aze gu ''akel'' biaxa zo lingeyer. Ayikya va eyelt kum spedolxa ta kayestara va lava epuyud, is va eyelt kum tronkayana edgarda ta remburera va nela, is va bil kum plaxafa is tupibayana alma ta burera va pintik. Bak XVIII^-eafa decemda isu XIX^-eafa, norgafa megoltota isu sverigafa gan tcabanesik va driviabolaf ok bresitolaf myot is anglosaxonaf tcabanesik va poriol is lenteamerikaf tcabanesik va idatcol zo kazokeveyed. Lantan va xim ke sulem aytayan ta myot is sum dace kojivayad, batkane webeson va deokara va patectolik. Kali 1880, mon 4000 mikrik ke Ona is Yamana al rembliyid. Banugale europik toz zavzagiyid. Lantan tiyir Julius Popper yudaf romaniik grustayas va sistu male Buenos Aires ta maltioltera va moava koe geeka lize va konako tcatexo va moava staksena ko Hamburg koo Punta Arenas. Dace miv taluyur ise va yasegafe gre ta winugafe piute volmiv priduyur, kan jugoslavaf ik osteraf sayakik viroyan mildroe dam argentinaf ardialik&nbsp;; tcabaneson va Ona mikrik kan zelt ik veya az va int afigasuteson do «&nbsp;dotayana olkotca&nbsp;» suskeyer. Gelusik is englaf ok skotaf ok eireaf ok italiaf dodelik tiyir «&nbsp;tcabanesik va amerindik&nbsp;» isen lantan dum Mac Lennan okon «&nbsp;Chancho Colorado&nbsp;» va tanoy pound talolk ika taikieem ok moueem vox tanoyu acku ika rumeikaf oblakeem dodeyed. Kaikion Menéndez Behetty awalkopeson va Tehuelche mikrasane va mil bolk zanieyer. » |askisik = Alfredo Magrassi, ''Los Aborígenes de la Argentina'' }} {{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1 |ozwaks = «&nbsp;Sin gan Chancho Colorado (&nbsp;McLennan tis inaf yoltack&nbsp;) ristusik ke Menéndez yasa zo aytayad. Va aryon aytasik dasugdá&nbsp;: tan tiyir José Díaz portugalik. Ar tiyir Kovasich jugoslavik. Alverto Niword tiyir ar&nbsp;; baroy ar tiyid Sam Ishlop is Stewart is lan weltik ke Malvinas tursia. Kan jinafa gadikya dasugdayasa va kot, va banyon loleon grupecké [...] voxen va konakar mea setiké.&nbsp;» |askisik = Federico Echelaite okon Echeline (&nbsp;vey Ona gadikya&nbsp;).<ref name="ref5" /> }} == Vanblira ke vartes pilkotap == Toza ke bondafa vartera koe Tierra del Fuego ewaleem gan tcileafa soka kan sanegon botcozayan peyak ok moerura ke sokafa rictaga zo bristuyur. Taneafa kaxaara koe Bahía Gente Grande gee Porvenir welmoton ice 1230 km² pu Wehrmann Sistu bak 1884 zo kserayar.<ref>(en) Edmundson, William (2009, santaneaksat). ''A History of the British Presence in Chile: from Bloody Mary to Charles Darwin and the Decline of British Influence''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. bu 121. ISBN 978-1-349-38109-8. Ruyeyen ba 24/04/2020.</ref> Kaikion an kaxaaks ke bondafa izva koe Magallanes gola pu José Nogueira bak 1890 zo kserayar, i lizukedaks vas lo tan-celemoy iray koe Tierra del Fuego konaleyen kan 2616^-e ilamafi kexi ke 09/06/1890 tori rotuwarzan jijacek vas tol-sanda. Bat kaxaaksap is tel vas 3500 km² ixam kserayan pu Nogueira is Mauricio Braun ikaberikye vanpiyir omava ke direfu ''Sociedad Explotadora de Tierra del Fuego'' sistu bak 1893. Bak 1894 kerelera va Tierra del Fuego va taway izvon frofayan gan Selknam mikra riwe besayar, numen sinafo savsavafo tcabanexo iku irubaxo iku fiptaxo iku remdolekaxo fu ilbliyid ise art geefa otsa ke ewala fu zo irutayad. Ison koplekura va namulol va ilbedera va inafi dalafi sinkasi neki titosipeyer, i va driviabol tis wivga ke viltaxa ke vartes vesk. Tire patectolik kalion vangrupeyed da «&nbsp;batakaf driviabol&nbsp;» (&nbsp;namulol&nbsp;) drikon zo vangiyid nume va bat sulem toz malestuyud. Bati tegi kle tiyir taneaf deonolk wal boniasik is patectolik. Lyumara me tiyir betafa wal boniasik torigis da patectolik tiyir relingasik va digiraroka, is Selknam mikrik torigis da ''koliot'' (&nbsp;''batakik'' ton Selknam ava&nbsp;) tiyir lujdik ke abdigadaxo. === Toza ke awalkopera va Selknam mikrasane === [[File: Expedición_Popper_1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|{{EwavaPebuda1|Selknam muka dubieyesa gan erbudik ke Popper}}]] Batinde an gabenaf luz ke izva ke Selknam mikrasane. Kerelera ke bond toz tiyir idjon gu kevudara ke patectolafa tira koe Magallanes gola. Rictaga va patectolikeem jiligackayar, soe luda va bondeem vols Selknam mikrik zboleyed. Swavay ke bane sare tickiyir geltraca meguzekasa va kodoplekura va patectolafa tamava den lana ovopinda moe luda ke «&nbsp;abduxoa&nbsp;» is «&nbsp;seltay&nbsp;». Batdume vartesik kare intyona luda dun tegiyid ise va saneaytas tawuk fukorlayad, segeson va jontik erbudik loviele divef is kobureson va jontiko ervo enide Selknam kotdroe di zo deokayad. Geltruca ke batmana bifa gan unenik ke vesk zo gruyeyer, i gan unenik welidayas da brinuga kev amerindik tiyid yavafa krubera. Beka yolt ke pakesik va awalkopesa brinuga zo gruped, pune abiccoba icde benplekus blodik ke bat tegieem zo miwayad, tulon icde bondaf digisik tis rontif tilik ke zierdasik. Bat yolt vas Mauricio Braun naavdad, i vas ayik welidayas da va lanyon tawuk al fukorlayar, ruyeson da sinaf mukot anton tiyir rojura va boaks. Dere José Menéndez Menéndez ikagadikye ke Mauricio Braun lobokson tegiyis kev patectolikeem koe argentinaf pak ke Tierra del Fuego. Bat grupen korobutik digis va toloy vartes vesk vas loon 2000 km² iste Selknam tawavo, tiyir okilik ke Alexander Mac Lennan kotgrupaf tcabanesik va amerindik, grupen wetce «&nbsp;Chancho Colorado&nbsp;» is pakeyes va gabentafa stakera ke Cabo Peñas lize 17 amerindik zo aytayad. Ba inafa bulura arti zanugal vas san-toloya tanda, gableteson va tciamafa zanara, Menéndez va vodakirapafa moavafa trula pu Mac Lennan firviyir. Lentefo cosxo gan vartes vesk granon toz zo kereleyer numen jontik patectolik aelesin is brazan gan batakik van geefa otsa ke ewala toz yateyed lize lospa loeke vaniksantunafa gu vo sokeyed. Acum lyumara ta stujera va seg loloon tunoaweyed isen darpe bondafa kerelera valente ewala, acagira laumayar. Tira ke Selknam sanemikrik mali exonera va alkagrustaks tuastirbaweyer isen akola tiyid blodafa gu awalkopera va arak ke sanelia lapteyesa va likera va batakik. Kaikion yonara koboda wal Manuel Señoret bowesik is José Fagnano okilik ke Societas S. Francisci Salesii alkagrustaks <ref>(it) ''Esplorazione della Terra del Fuoco e D. FAGNANO'', koe Bollettino Salesiano virda : XI, 125, Torino, 1887.</ref> va gropa ke patectolikeem ware tuastirbayad. Abrotcifa mijera ke wideytafa rictaga va gertikeem va keldaskisa maera va patectolaf uum me rowalkaluyud. Sedme savseluxaxa, Señoret bowesik dun tiyir muf gu neya ke bondafa vartera nume va dulapera va pizaf bifeem dilizes koe Tierra del Fuego dikeke exaksayar. Tiyir ana rictaga ke gola voxe va sanegafa nek fiuntafa stakera meinde djutatceyer. === Jizara va saneyatara === Arti konaka tanda, malyerot va koboda lamaltegiyir, kan lana diotexa (&nbsp;1895-1904&nbsp;) stana gan Waldo Seguel tcileaf malyesik. Bata diotera exoneckeyer da tcabanera dilizesa koe Tierra del Fuego me tiyid pak ke sanef vund isen gralomerapa va amerindik poanon is walmuneteson solstan ko Punta Arenas dere tiyid lana tegira ke wideytafa rictaga dofugon gu bondaf vartesik is teca maera va patectolaf uum. Soe jizafa diotexa va abic veskik anton buntuyur, i va veskik kalion divstoleten kadimi jiz solve dalaf blodik meviele zo koridackayad, trabe pilkotik va vesk dum tulon Mauricio Braun is José Menéndez is Rodolfo Stubenrauch is Peter H. Mac Clelland valey bloduca ke Señoret bowesik is flibik dum José Contardi, i ke winugik gomalaskis va mwa.<ref>(es) Azúa (2017). ''Narrativas de extinción/exterminio indígena en el relato historiográfico de la colonización en Magallanes''. Revista Chilena de Antropología, bu 385-397.</ref> Koe ''Rofavera va patectolafa sanelia ke Tierra del Fuego'' neva ke Carlos Vega Delgado sutesik, Waldo Seguel malyesik va bondaf vartesik gunaf gu saneaytara tire greleyer, rolon dakteson da va vrutara ke Selknam icde saneaytara me rokonaleyer beka konak gertik ke Societas S. Francisci Salesii alkagrustaks va Selknam ava al gruravavuyud isen dace lan espanavus Selknam mikrik tiyid, tulon Tenenésk is Covadonga Ona is tanoy zanivasik va uja. == Tena ke Selknam mikra == Tere kadimi rontifa ralentara, toleaf azed zo vankabuyur&nbsp;: kalsulara va patectolik ke ewala numaz staksera ko Dawson alkagrustaxo. Koe bata bumafa ewala amerindik nope selusa abdufira ke boniara kalion zertuyud. Gu data titfira ke sanelia nekiyina gan ageltucafa ekena tcabanera ke veskik, va alkejara nekina gan jontikote koakolara goloplekut, i va koakolara lodam tcabanera va ayik tere kidayad. Sedme xantaza, loon 1500 mikrik bad oxam balem-sanda nope koakolara is tusporgawera ke akola ordafa gu boniasa sanelia mulufteyed. Angela Loij bocafa Selknam ayikya koe Argentina bak 1974 awalkeyer.<ref>(es) Pajuelo, Patricia (2019). ''La vida cambia''</ref> == Saneaytara va Selknam oke suteroteem == * (en) ''Uttermost Part of the Earth'' (1948), namio ke Lucas Bridges. * (es) ''La Patagonia trágica'' (1957), ke José María Borrero. * (es) ''Solo el viento'' (1964), reizaf dotay ke Enrique Campos Menéndez. * (es) ''Cazadores de indios'', ''Rastros del guanaco blanco'' (1980), ke Francisco Coloane. * (es) ''Latitude austral'' (1991), ke Xavier Alcalá. * (es) ''El corazón a contraluz (1996), ke Patricio Manns.<ref>Casini Silvia is Núria Sabaté Llobera. ''El espacio que somos: geo-trama e identidad en la novela patagónica contemporánea'', [http://www.orbistertiur.unlp.edu.ar krent]. Rupeyen ba 06/09/2013.</ref>​ * (es) ''Los indios de Tierra del Fuego: resultado de mis cuatro expediciones en los años 1918 hasta 1924'', Ministerio de Instrucción Pública de Chile, gan Martin Gusinde. * (es) ''Los espíritus selknam'' (2003), ke Constanza Recart is Ana María Pavez. * (es) ''Raptados'' (2011), ke Álvaro Huevo Díaz is Omar Oniri Campos. * (es) ''Menéndez, rey de la Patagonia'' (2014), ke José Luis Alonso Marchante. * (es) ''Selk'nam: Genocidio y resistencia'' (2019), ke José Luis Alonso Marchante. * (es) ''Selk'nam: Fragmentos de un exterminio'' (2021), cómic documental de Carlos Reyes y Rodrigo Elgueta. == Vuestexa == <div style="height: 200px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid gray; padding-right: 12px; background-color: #F8F8FF; "> {{Vuestexeem}} <small> === Vuestesa neva === * (en) Anitei, Stefan. ''The Enigma of the Natives of Tierra del Fuego: Are Alacaluf and Yahgan the last Native Black Americans?'' * (es) Barrientos, Diana. ''Impacto del proceso colonizador de Tierra del Fuego en la población selk’nam (1881-1920)''. Xantaza : Archivo Nacional de Santiago de Chile. * (es) Barrientos M., Fresia (2005). ''Pueblos originarios de Chile''. Santiago de Chile: Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano. ISBN 956-7382-09-3. * (es) Belza, Juan (1974). ''Indiorum''. 1914. Karukinka 9: iii-xii. * (es) Belza, Juan E. ''En la Isla del Fuego''. Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas Tierra del Fuego, 1974. Bib ID 1459868. * (en) Bridges, Thomas (1897). ''An account of Tierra del Fuego (Fireland), its natives and their languages''. Royal Geographical Society. * (es) Bridges, Esteban Lucas (1935.)'' Supersticiones de los onas''. Argentina Austral 73: 33-39. * (es) Bridges, Esteban Lucas (1952). ''El último confín de la Tierra''. Buenos Aires: Emecé. * (es) Bryson, N. ''The great ceremonies of the Selk'nam and the Yamana. A comparative analysis''. En McEwan, C., L. Borrero y A. Prieto (eds.): ''Patagonia. Natural history, prehistory and ethnography in the uttermost end of the world'' (bu 82-109). London: British Museum Press. * (es) Casali, Romina. ''Conquistando el fin del mundo. La misión La Candelaria y la salud de la población selk'nam (Tierra del Fuego, 1895-1931)''. Rosario: Prohistoria. * (en) Chapman, Anne. ''European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn, Before and After Darwin'', Cambridge University Press, 2010, 1st éd. ISBN 978-0521513791. * (es) De Agostini, Alberto (1956). ''Treinta años en Tierra del Fuego''. Buenos Aires: Peuser. * (es) Gallardo, C. (1910). ''Los onas''. Buenos Aires: Zagier y Urruty. * (es) García Canclini, N. (1986). ''La producción simbólica. Teoría y método en sociología del arte''. México DF: Siglo XXI. * (de) Gusinde, Martín: ''Nordwind—Südwind. Mythen und Märchen der Feuerlandindianer''. E. Röth, Kassel, 1966 * (es) Harambour, Alberto (2019). ''‘There Cannot be Civilization and Barbarism on the Island’: Civilian-driven Violence and the Genocide of the Selk’nam People of Tierra del Fuego''. Koe Mohamned Adhikari (ed.). ''Civilian-driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies''. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 165-187. * (es) Harambour, Alberto (2015). ''El ovejero y el bandido. Trayectorias, cruces y genocidio en dos relatos de viaje británicos en Tierra del Fuego (década de 1890)'', Anales de Literatura Chilena 24, 163-182. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160609184143/http://analesliteraturachilena.cl/images/N24/A09.pdf krent]. * (es) Harambour, Alberto. ''Investigación, estudio introductorio y notas. (2016). Un viaje a las colonias. Memorias y diarios de un ovejero escocés en Malvinas, Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego (1878-1898)''. Santiago, Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana-DIBAM. * (en) Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Proceedings: Held at Washington'', 27 ik 31/12/1915, xanto ke Universidad de Harvard (649 bu). * (en) Hogan, C. Michael. ''Cueva del Milodon, The Megalithic Portal'', ed. A. Burnham, 2008 * (es) Martinic, Mateo: ''El genocidio selk’nam: nuevos antecedentes''. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 19: 23-28, 1990. * (es) Penazzo de Penazzo, Nelly Iris, is Guillermo Tercero Penazzo. ''Documentos del genocidio Ona'', ISBN 9879114027, LCCN 96117754, LC F2986.P45 1995 </small></div> {{Teliz_toleaf_briz}} {{Stakeriyelt |vergumvelt = Saneaytara va Selknam |ewava = Expedición_Popper_9.jpg |pebuda = Erbudik ke Julius Popper va Selknam mikrasaneik viltad ; kabdueon awalkoda ke Selknam xonukenikye |patecta = {{ARG nilt|20px}} |patecta2 = {{CHL nilt|20px}} |debala = [[Tierra del Fuego]], [[Argentina]] is [[Tcilea]] |evla = [[1880]] - [[1910]] |ord = Awalkopera va sane |jala = Patectolafe mikrasane |kosikeem = ≈ 3900 }} <div align="right">__TOC__</div> [[File: Niños_Selknam.jpg|thumb|right|240px|{{EwavaPebuda1|Selknam rumeik, 1898}}]] [[File: Indios_Onas_llevados_a_París_por_Maitre_en_1889.JPG|thumb|right|240px|{{EwavaPebuda1|Selknam mikrasaneik afigasuteyen koe Punta Arenas abdi mallapira ko Tamefa Wonara koe Paris, 1889}}]] {{Teliz_tena}} [[Loma:XX-eafa decemda|Saneaytara va Selknam]] [[Loma:Argentina|Saneaytara va Selknam]] [[Loma:Tcilea|Saneaytara va Selknam]] [[Loma:Stakera|Saneaytara va Selknam]] {{Interwiki|Q4135525}} m3knj0vxkngbgg55wn242okub4yayyr 0 29095 158851 135396 2026-11-02T01:34:58Z InternetArchiveBot 1403 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 158851 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><big>'''Murtoy moe lebaf aal'''</big> ~ ''Eule auf schmucklosem Baum'' <small>(DE)</small></center> {{Teliz_toza}} '''Murtoy moe lebaf aal''' (&nbsp;germanavon ''Eule auf schmucklosem Baum''&nbsp;) tir trutcama lumkirafa gu 25.5 × 31.5 cm-, i puntalingeks keve stama skuyun gan [[Caspar David Friedrich]] [[Germana|germanaf]] lingesik bak 1834. Bata trutca koe Korikaf dotay koe [[Franca]] re (&nbsp;2018&nbsp;) tigir. == Dere rupec == {{GKT|[[Trutceem ke Friedrich]]}} == Stragela == {{FriedrichStragela2}} {{Vuestexeem}} <small> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240905020729/https://www.artnet.de/magazine/zur-geschichte-der-versteigerungsirrtumer-in-franzosischen-auktionen Xantaza dene internet ok internetxo] </small> |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Trutciyelt | vergumvelt = Murtoy moe lebaf aal | xanto_vergumvelt = Eule auf schmucklosem Baum (DE) | ewava = Caspar David Friedrich Eule auf schmucklosem Baum 1834.jpg | pebuda = Murtoy moe lebaf aal (&nbsp;Caspar David Friedrich&nbsp;), 1834 | yambik = [[Caspar David Friedrich]] | evla = 1834 | ord = Patectoy | lingerinda = Puntalingeks keve stama | lum = 25.5 × 31.5 cm- | tigixo = Korikaf dotay, (&nbsp;[[Franca]]&nbsp;) }} {{FriedrichTrutca}} |} [[Loma:Lingeropa|Murtoy moe lebaf aal (trutca ke Friedrich)]] [[Loma:Trutca gan Friedrich|Murtoy moe lebaf aal (trutca ke Friedrich)]] 8esynvze2ti8nmuddivcin0gmoqkpli 0 30730 158849 140453 2026-11-01T21:25:07Z ~2026-58139-26 9095 158849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sulemiyelt_Katca2 |sulem = Elmakol |blira = blisa katca / sulem |tiyarak=Elmakol.wav|ewava = [[Iyeltak:Rhizomys_sinensis_-_Kunming_Natural_History_Museum_of_Zoology_-_DSC02460.JPG|vignette]] |bliind = [[Animalia|Animalia]] |dansok = [[Chordata|Chordata]] |volveydansok = [[Vertebrata|Vertebrata]] |pula = [[Mammalia|Mammalia]] |volveypula = [[Theria|Theria]] |tolvolveypula = [[Eutheria|Eutheria]] |veem = [[Sebadadunol (Rodentia)|Rodentia]] |yasa = [[Elmakol (Spalacidae)|Spalacidae]] |volveyyasa = Rhizomyinae |oxi = [[Elmakol (Rhizomys)|Rhizomys]] |oxipimtara = Gray, 1831 |katca = [[Elmakol (Rhizomys sinensis)|Rhizomys sinensis]] |katcapimtara = Gray, 1831 }} '''Elmakol (Rhizomys sinensis)''' tir tana moukolafa katca ke ''Rhizomys'' oxi vey ''Spalacidae'' yasa (&nbsp;''Muroidea'' veyyasa, ''Rhizomyinae'' volveyyasa&nbsp;) ke ''RODENTIA'' veem (&nbsp;''MYOMORPHA'' volveyveem&nbsp;). Gan Gray bak 1831 taneon zo pimtayar. == Vexala dem apteem == Sedme '''''Mammal Species of the World''''' (siatos ke 2005), bata katca tir aptiskafa. == Pulasa vuestexa is xantaza == <small> * (en) vuest- : Mammal Species of the World (v- 3, 2005) : ''Rhizomys sinensis'' (Gray, 1831) * (en) vuest- : CITES : ''Rhizomys sinensis'' * (en) vuest- : UICN : katca ''Rhizomys sinensis'' (Gray, 1831) * (en, fr) vuest- : ITIS : ''Rhizomys sinensis'' (Gray, 1831) * (en) vuest- : Tree of Life Web Project : ''Rhizomys sinensis'' * (en) vuest- : Catalogue of Life : ''Rhizomys sinensis'' (Gray, 1831) * (en) vuest- : Paleobiology Database : ''Rhizomys sinensis'' (Gray, 1831) * (en) vuest- : Animal Diversity Web : ''Rhizomys sinensis'' * (en) vuest- : NCBI : ''Rhizomys sinensis'' ==== Ara vuestexa ==== * ''Elmakol (Rhizomys sinensis)'' dene [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rhizomys_sinensis Wikispecies] </small> == Kotavafa vuestesa xantaza == * [http://www.kotava.org/fr/Moukolaf_ravlemak_v1.pdf Kotava winugaf moukolaf ravlemak] (Kotava, Latinava, 2019) {{RodentiaVeemeem}} {{RhizomysOxieem}} [[Loma:Rodentia|Elmakol (Rhizomys sinensis)]] [[Loma:Spalacidae|Elmakol (Rhizomys sinensis)]] [[Loma:Rhizomys|Elmakol (Rhizomys sinensis)]] {{#invoke:Interwiki|interwiki|qid=Q2583168}} 35km7f6ws3dutwud875q9vasc61p13x 0 35090 158852 149195 2026-11-02T01:45:10Z InternetArchiveBot 1403 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 158852 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><big>'''Onasikya kene bira'''</big> ~ ''Femmes de pêcheurs au bord de la mer'' <small>(FR)</small></center> {{Teliz_toza}} '''Onasikya kene bira''' (&nbsp;francavon ''Femmes de pêcheurs au bord de la mer''&nbsp;) tir trutca lumkirafa gu 38.7 × 55.9 cm-, i puntalingeks keve stama skuyun gan [[Eugène Boudin]] [[Franca|francaf]] lingesik bak 1872. Bata trutca koe Yambatcilaxe koe [[Houston]] koe [[Tanarasokeem]] re (&nbsp;2018&nbsp;) tigir. === Watsa va ''Onasik'' === Remi klepa, Eugène Boudin va konaka trutca watson gu Onasik lingeyer. Lana tid grupeckena, tulon : <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="160" caption="Lingeks va Onasik"> File:Eugène Boudin - Pècheurs au bord de l'Eau.jpg|<small>[[Onasik kene lava (trutca ke Boudin)|Onasik kene lava]]</small> File:LES PÊCHEUSES DE KERHOR.PNG|<small>[[Onasik ke Kerhor (trutca ke Boudin)|Onasik ke Kerhor]]</small> File:Eugène Boudin - Fishermen's Wives at the Seaside - 98.270 - Museum of Fine Arts.jpg|<small>[[Onasikya kene bira (trutca ke Boudin)|Onasikya kene bira]]</small> </gallery> == Dere rupec == {{GKT|[[Trutceem ke Boudin|Trutceem ke Boudin]]}} == Stragela == {{BoudinStragela2}} {{Vuestexeem}} <small> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230113164255/https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/43480 Tcila] Xantaza dene internet ok internetxo </small> |style="vertical-align: top;"| {{Trutciyelt | vergumvelt = Onasikya kene bira | xanto_vergumvelt = Femmes de pêcheurs au bord de la mer (FR) | ewava = Eugène Boudin - Fishermen's Wives at the Seaside - 98.270 - Museum of Fine Arts.jpg | pebuda = Onasikya kene bira (&nbsp;Eugène Boudin&nbsp;), 1872 | yambik = [[Eugène Boudin]] | evla = 1872 | ord = Ordafa nakila | lingerinda = Puntalingeks keve stama | lum = 38.7 × 55.9 cm- | tigixo = Yambatcilaxe, [[Houston]], (&nbsp;[[Tanarasokeem]]&nbsp;) }} {{BoudinTrutca}} |} [[Category:Lingeropa|Onasikya kene bira (trutca ke Boudin)]] [[Category:Trutca gan Boudin|Onasikya kene bira (trutca ke Boudin)]] 1gsszdyv7ir26ajfxunn3mhyhiv3gse