Pangenalan objek digital

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    <title>Pangenalan objek digital</title>
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| image         = DOI logo.svg
| image_size    = 130px
| image_caption = 
| image_alt     = 
| image_border  = 
| full_name     = 
| acronym       = DOI
| number        = 
| start_date    = {{Start date|2000}}
| organisation  = Yayasan DOI Internasional
| digits        = 
| check_digit   = 
| example       = [https://doi.org/10.1000/182 10.1000/182]
| website       = {{Official URL}}
}}
'''Digital object identifier''' ('''DOI''') ([[Basa Bali|Bali]]:'''pangenal objek digital''') inggih punika [[pangenalan statis]] marupa pranala antuk identifikasi objek sané unik, kestandar olih [[Organisasi Internasional antuk Standardisasi]] (ISO).&lt;ref name=&quot;iso&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:26324:ed-1:v1:en | title = ISO 26324:2012(en), Information and documentation – Digital object identifier system | publisher = [[ISO]] | accessdate = 20 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karipta saking ''[[Handle System]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://handle.net/|title=The Handle System}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.doi.org/factsheets.html |title=Factsheets}}&lt;/ref&gt; DOI puniki ketah nyané keanggén antuk identitas pinaka tetilikan, menawi wentén sané nganggén antuk paindikan vidéo, gambar, miwah sané tiosan.

DOI puniki nentén kauahin miwah meuah ri tatkala pranala punika kantun prasida keanggén, menawi genah taler métadata ipun parsida meuah. Rikala genah pustaka daring ipun ical utawi kagisirang, pustaka punika kapastika nenten prasida karereh. Irika sané medué pustaka patut nganyarin utawi ngentosin paindikan pranala puniki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author= Witten, Ian H.|author2= David Bainbridge|author3= David M. Nichols|last-author-amp= yes |date= 2010|title= How to Build a Digital Library|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900123748576|edition= 2nd|location= Amsterdam; Boston|publisher= Morgan Kaufmann|pages= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900123748576/page/352 352]–253|isbn= 978-0-12-374857-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1= Marc|last1= Langston|first2= James|last2= Tyler|title= Linking to journal articles in an online teaching environment: The persistent link, DOI, and OpenURL|journal= The Internet and Higher Education|volume= 7|issue= 1|date= 2004|pages= 51–58|doi= 10.1016/j.iheduc.2003.11.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2001-07-22/online-extra-how-the-digital-object-identifier-works |title= How the 'Digital Object Identifier' works |date= 23 July 2001 |work= BusinessWeek |accessdate= 20 April 2010 |quote= Keanggén asumsi pawedar ngelaksanayang swadharman ipun antuk miara basisdata, pustaka kapusat puniki, nentén sekadi tautan web sané mangkin, tautan nentén dados kegentosin aab taler rusak. |publisher= [[BusinessWeek]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pawedar medué swadharma antuk nganyarin basisdata DOI. Pinaka wangde, DOI ipun pacang dados [[pranala padem]] dados nyané DOI nentén kawiguna.

Pengripta DOI punika International DOI Foundation (IDF), sané kawedar ring warsa 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last= Paskin|first= Norman|chapter= Digital Object Identifier (DOI) System|title= Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences|date= 2010|publisher= Taylor and Francis|pages= 1586–1592|edition= 3rd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pustaka==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Dokumén éléktronik]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jayapangus</title>
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{{Kaca2|Aksara Latin}}
{{Kaca1|[[ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄|Aksara Bali]]}}
{{2}}
{{Suratan basa alus}}
[[Berkas:Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg|jmpl|275px|Prasasti [[temaga]] Raja Jayapangus, indik wates désa ring [[Kintamani, Kintamani, Bangli|Kintamani]], [[Bangli]]. Prasasti puniki saking abad ke-12 sané magenah ring [[Museum Bali]]]]

'''Jayapangus''' (aksara Bali: ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄) utawi ''Jaya Pangus'' (madeg ratu saking warsa 1178–1181 M) inggih punika [[Kerajaan Bedahulu|Raja Bali]] saking trah lelintihan Warmadewa. Ida kauningin saking [[Prasasti|prasasti-prasastinya]], sané marupa [[pajak]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=5TOBKsLvjjkC&amp;pg=RA1-PA49-IA4 ''A short history of Bali'' Robert Pringle p.53]&lt;/ref&gt; Ida warih saking murdaning jagat sané sampun kasub [[Airlangga]].{{sfn|Barski|2007|p=34}}

Raja Jayapangus wantah sang ngamel jagat sané pinih kasub miwah sané pinih utama ring pantaraning raja-raja duka masa Bali Kuno. Ida ngamedalang 43 prasasti selami tigang warsa. Prasasti sané pinih tua wantah prasasti Mantring A sané mawarsa 1099 Saka (1178M) sané tiosan mawarsa 1103 Saka (1181 M).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditpcbm/2015/06/19/raja-jayapangus-dari-bali-mengeluarkan-40-an-prasasti-dalam-satu-tahun/|title=Raja Jayapangus dari Bali Mengeluarkan 40 an Prasasti dalam Satu Tahun|author=Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman|date=19 Juni 2015|website=Kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=3 Juli 2016|archive-date=2017-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822055620/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditpcbm/2015/06/19/raja-jayapangus-dari-bali-mengeluarkan-40-an-prasasti-dalam-satu-tahun/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jayapangus kasub dados raja sané ngentenang makasami panjak idané mangda mawali ngamargiang sahananing upacara agama kantos ida ngamolihang panugrahan (raris kauningin [[Galungan|Rahina Galungan]]). Duk ida ngambel jagat, kahanan jagat Baliné kertha rahayu miwah pamargin agama [[Hindu]] sayan ngalimbak. Raja Jayapangus madeg ratu ngantos [[Tahun Saka|warsa Çaka]] 1103 (1181 [[Masehi]]). Jayapangus minab ajin Ida Ratu [[Arjayadengjayaketana]]. Ida pinaka pangawit.

== Sejarah ==
Raja Jayapangus sané maparab '''''Pāduka Śri Māhāraja Haji Jayapangus Arkaja Cihna/Lañcana''''' inggih punika raja Bali Kuno sané dados pralambang salunglung sabayantakan pantaraning krama ring Bali minakadi krama Bali miwah [[Cina]] duk punika sané ngawinang jagat Baliné kertha rahayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2011/12/29/03501229/warisan.semangat.pluralisme.jaya.pangus|title=Warisan Semangat Pluralisme Jaya Pangus|last=Déwanto|first=Herpin|date=29 Désémber 2011|website=[[Kompas.com]]|accessdate=3 Juli 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Santukan polih panglalah saking [[kabudayaan Cina]] ring masa Bali Kuno, satua-satua sané becik ring krama Cina sayang nglimbak ring Bali, minakadi satua Sampik – Ing Tay. Kawéntenan silat saking Cina taler nglimbak ring Bali Kuno sekadi pencak. Taler nglimbak sasolahan sané nyarengin akéh pragina minakadi Baris Dapdap, Baris Demung, Baris Presi, Baris Tumbak, Baris Tamiang, miwah sané tiosan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=I Putu Budiana; I Wayan Mudana; Ketut Sedana Arta.|title=Pemanfaatan Kebudayaan Cina pada Masa Pemerintahan Sri Haji Jayapangus di Pura Dalem Balingkang, di Désa Pinggan, Kintamani, Bangli dan Potensinya sebagai Sumber Belajar Sejarah Lokal di SMA|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPS/article/view/2571/2194|journal=Jurnal Widya Winayata|volume=2|number=1|access-date=2020-11-01|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127122904/https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPS/article/view/2571/2194|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Santukan pamargin ngambel jagat duk punika karasayang rahat pisan, punika mawinan Raja Jayapangus nganggén makudang-kudang cakepan [[hukum]] [[Hindu]] pinaka dasar ida ngamargiang pamréntahan. Awig-awig sané kakaryanin punika patut kamargiang olih sahananing wadwan ida ring puri taler krama Bali Kuno. Awig-awig utawi niti sastra sané katah munggah ring [[prasasti]] inggih punika ''Manawakamandaka'', ''Manawakamandaka Dharmasastra'', miwah ''Manawaśasanadharma''.

Tiosan ring punika taler kamargiang indik ''Dasaśila'', puniki wantah tata titi sans patut kamargiang olih eang ngamel jagat miwah''Pancaśiksa'', kpuniei wantah tata titi ri kala ngamargiang sasana dados pangremba jagat.

=== Barong Landung ===
{{utama|Barong Landung}}
{{refimprove}}
[[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gezicht_vanuit_Kintamani_op_het_Baturmeer_en_de_vulkanen_Abang_en_Agung_TMnr_60026959.jpg|jmpl|Pucak [[Gunung Batur]] sané dados patapan Ida Jayapangus]]
Sasukat ida dados ngambel jagat, Ida mapuri ring [[Puri Balingkang]] [[Kintamani]] duk warsa [[1133]] - [[1173]] sané kacaritayang ring [[Barong Landung (satua)|satua Barong Landung]]:

{{cquote|Raja Jaya Pangus kanikayang medué kalih pamaisuri, Paduka ''Bhatari Sri Parameswari Indujaketana'' miwah Paduka ''Sri Mahadewi Shashanhkaja Cihna'' (Sang Dewi Laksana Bulan)}}

Carita sané kauningin ring krama Baliné, wiadin tasih kadebatang, pinaka rabin Ida wantah Kang Cing We, putri saking Tuan Subandar [[Cina]]. Kacaritayang Raja Jayapangus jatu karma ring Putri Kang Cing We. Sakéwanten ri kala sampun ngamargiang pawiwahan, sang kalih durung taler maderbé sentana. Raja Jayapangus raris mamargi ngamargiang tapa ring [[Gunung Batur]] mangda kapicayang sentana.{{Ngidih pustaka}}

Risampun Raja Jayapangus mayoga ring Alas Batur raris Ida matemu ring [[Déwi Danu]]. Irika raris sang kalih matemu semara, kantos sang kalih marabian. Santukan kasuén Ida ring Alas Batur, raris Raja Jayapangus karereh olih Kang Cing We ke Gunung Batur. Irika raris Kang Cing We uning indik Raja Jayapangus sampun marabian sareng Dewi Danu. Kang Cing We miwah Dewi Danu raris macentokan. Batari Batur, ibun Dewi Danu sané ngaksi kawéntenané punika raris ngeseng Jayapangus dan Kang Cing We.{{Ngidih pustaka}}

Krama Bali raris duka antuk kawéntenané punika, raris mapinunas ring Ida Batari Batur mangda makarya pratima pinaka cihna Ida Jayapangus kalih rabin Ida. Jayapangus raris kasupat dados [[Barong Landung]] raris Kang Cing We kasupat dados Patung Bekung.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bali.tribunnews.com/2016/06/29/ketika-raja-jaya-pangus-memadu-kasih-di-bali-dan-dikutuk-menjadi-barong-landung|title=Ketika Raja Jaya Pangus Memadu Kasih di Bali Dan Dikutuk Menjadi Barong Landung|last=Putu Wahyura|first=A.A. Gde|date=29 Juni 2016|website=[[Tribunnews.com]]|accessdate=3 Juli 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panguntating Masa Madég Ratu ==
[[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Acteurs_verkleed_als_reuzen_en_boze_geesten_TMnr_10004870.jpg|jmpl|[[Barong Landung]]]]
{{cquote|Ring rahina Wrespati Wage Wara Pujut sawatara sasih Pébruari 1116, ri kala punika Cri Maharaja Aji Jaya Pangus lebar, atman ipun nuju swargaloka. Abu puspasarira nyané kacandiyang ring patapaan Dharmaanyar miwah irika pura sané maaran panti-panti sané kasungsung olih Dang Acarya Jiwaya|source=Suratan prasasti ring Pura Pengukur-Ukuran ring Désa [[Péjéng, Tampaksiring, Gianyar|Pejeng]], [[Tampaksiring, Gianyar|Tampaksiring]], [[Kabupatén Gianyar|Gianyar]], Bali.}}

Raja Jayapangus risampuné lebar raris kaprabu ring Dharma Anyar. Ida maderbé oka kakalih inggih punika Sri Hikajaya miwah Sri Danadiraja.

Silih tunggil tetamian saking Ida Jayapangus inggih punika [[Goa Garba]]. Goa Garba punika ring sor Pura Pengukur-Ukuran. Goa Garba wantah genah patapan sané magenah ring sisin abing [[Tukad Pakerisan]] sané kasub. Mangda prasida ka genahé puniki pacang ngaliwatin [[pamedal]] sané kasusun saking batu-batu tukad. Ring genah patapan punika wénten pancoran taler wénten aungan sané nuju ka silih tunggih genah tiosan. Ring Goa Garba puniki taler wénten sasuratan antuk aksara [[Kadiri Kwadrat]] sané masurat &quot;Sra”.

== Cingak masih ==
* [[Lelintihan Bali]]
* [[Hinduisme ring Indonésia]]
* [[Hubungan Tiongkok–Indonésia]]

== Pustaka ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Pustaka liyanan ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|first=Andy|last=Barski|year=2007|title=Bali and Lombok|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=London|isbn=978-0-7566-2878-9}}
* {{cite book|author=C.C. Berg|title=De middeljavaansche historische traditie|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10761|year=1927|location=Santpoort}}
* {{cite book|author=A.J. Bernet Kempers|title=Monumental Bali; Introduction to Balinese Archaeology &amp; Guide to the Monuments|url=https://archive.org/details/monumentalbaliin0000bern|year=1991|ISBN=0-945971-16-8|location=Berkeley &amp; Singapore}}
* {{cite journal|last=Creese|first=Helen|year=1991|title=Balinese babad as historical sources; A reinterpretation of the fall of Gelgel|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=147}}
* {{cite journal|last=Nordholt|first=Henk Schulte|year=1980|title=Macht, mensen en middelen; Patronen en dynamiek in de Balische politiek ca. 1700-1840|journal=Doctoraalscriptie|location=Amsterdam}}
* {{cite book|last=Nordholt|first=Henk Schulte|title=The Spell of Power; A History of Balinese Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/spellofpowerhist0000schu|year=1996|ISBN=90-6718-090-4|location=Leiden}}
* {{cite book|last=Wiener|first=Margaret J.|title=Visible and Invisible Realms; Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali|year=1995|ISBN=0-226-88580-1|location=Chicago &amp; London}}
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|before=[[Ragajaya]]|title=[[Daftar Raja Bali|Raja Bali]]|years=1178–1181|after=[[Arjayadengjayaketana]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Kategori:Raja Bali]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Bali]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yuda Jagat II</title>
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      <text bytes="78251" sha1="8co07mqkv0c9mclt90oy4mz03egq9ny" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotakinpo Yuda Jagat II}}
'''Yuda Jagat&amp;nbsp;II''' (ketah ancengang dados '''YJII''' utawi '''YJ2'''), taler kauningin antuk '''Yuda Jagat Kalih''', punika [[yuda jagat]] sané kawéntenang saking warsa 1939 ngantos 1945.  Kasarengin olih [[Yuda jagat II mawit negara|akéhan negara ring gumine]]—Rumasuk sinamian [[kakuatan ageng]]—Ngawangun kalih [[paiketan militer]] sané malawanan: [[Sekutu Yuda Jagat II|Sekutu]] miwah [[Kakuatan Poros|Poros]]. Yuda puniki kasarengin olih langkung saking 100&amp;nbsp;yuta [[Personil militer|personil]] langkung saking 30 negara, negarautama nganggén sinamian artha brana, industri, miwah kawikanan dané ring yuada puniki, nyamarang patiosan riantara sumber  sipil miwah militer. Yuda Jagat&amp;nbsp;II punika [[Lis yuda manutin akéh korban séda|konplik pinih ngematiang]] ring lelintihan manusa, ngaranayang [[Korban Yuda Jagat II|70 ngantos 85 yuta séda]], antuk langkung akéh krama sipil pantaraning personil militer sané séda. Dasaan yuta jatma séda mawinan [[génosida]] (rumasuk [[Holokaus]]), séda karencanan mawinan [[kasedukan]], [[pambantaian]], miwah grubug. [[Angakatan udara Yuda Jagat II|Kapal terbang polih lakon utama]] ring yuda, rumasuk ring [[pangeboman strategis]] pusat-pusat populasi, miwah satunggal pangangean [[sanjata nuklir]] ring yuda.

==Pustaka==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
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:{{Cite journal|last=Ferraro|first=Kathleen J. |authorformat=scap|year=2008|title=Reviews: ''Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII'' by J.&amp;nbsp;Robert Lilly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contemporary-sociology_2008-11_37_6/page/585|journal=[[Contemporary Sociology]]|volume=37|issue=6|pages=585–586|jstor=20444365|doi=10.1177/009430610803700640|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite journal|last=Hauner|first=Milan |authorformat=scap|year=1978|title=Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-contemporary-history_1978-01_13_1/page/15|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=13|issue=1|pages=15–32|jstor=260090|doi=10.1177/002200947801300102|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite journal|last=Steinberg|first=Jonathan |authorformat=scap|authorlink=Jonathan Steinberg|year=1995|title=The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1995-06_110_437/page/620|journal=[[The English Historical Review]]|volume=110|issue=437 |pages=620–651|jstor=578338|ref=harv |doi=10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Steury|first=Donald P. |authorformat=scap|year=1987|title=Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1987-04_22_2/page/209|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=22|issue=2|pages=209–233|jstor=260931|doi=10.1177/002200948702200202|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Stueck|first=William|authorformat=scap|year=2010|chapter=The Koréan War|title=''In [[Melvyn P. Leffler]] and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,'' The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume&amp;nbsp;I: Origins ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;266–287)''|location= Cambridge|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4|ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book|last1=Sumner|first1=Ian|authorformat=scap|last2=Baker|first2=Alix|year=2001|title=The Royal Navy 1939–45|url=https://archive.org/details/royalnavy19391940000sumn|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-195-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Swain|first=Bruce|authorformat=scap|year=2001|title=A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45|location=Crows Nest|publisher=[[Allen &amp; Unwin]]|isbn=978-1-86508-352-0|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Swain|first=Geoffrey |authorformat=scap|year=1992|title=The Cominform: Tito's International?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1992-09_35_3/page/641|journal=[[The Historical Journal]]|volume=35|issue=3|pages=641–663|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00026017|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Tanaka|first=Yuki|authorformat=scap|year=1996|title=Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenhorrorsjap0000tana_k5b8|location=Boulder, CO|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|isbn=978-0-8133-2717-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=A. J. P.|authorformat=scap|authorlink=A. J. P. Taylor|year=1961|title=The Origins of the Second World War|location=London|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|isbn=|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|author=———|year=1979|title=How Wars Begin|url=https://archive.org/details/howwarsbegin0000tayl|location=London|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|isbn=978-0-241-10017-2|ref={{sfnRef|Taylor|1979}} }}
:{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jay|authorformat=scap|year=2009|title=The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China|url=https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl|location=Cambridge,&amp;nbsp;MA|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-03338-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Nigel|authorformat=scap|last2=Andrew|first2=Stephen|year=1998|title=German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa &amp; Balkans|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-640-8|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=John Herd|authorformat=scap|last2=Randall|first2=Stephen J.|author2-link=Stephen Randall (political scientist)|year=2008|title=Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies|url=https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedsta00thom|edition=4th|location=Athens, GA|publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]|isbn=978-0-8203-3113-3|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Trachtenberg|first=Marc|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Marc Trachtenberg|year=1999|title=A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963|url=https://archive.org/details/constructedpeace0000trac|location=Princeton,&amp;nbsp;NJ|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-00273-6|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|authorformat=scap|authorlink1=Spencer C. Tucker|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla Mary|title=Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_p0k0|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-999-6|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Umbreit|first=Hans|authorformat=scap|year=1991|chapter=The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe|title=''In P.&amp;nbsp;S. Falla,&amp;nbsp;ed.,'' Germany and the Second World War, Volume&amp;nbsp;2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;227–326)''|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-822885-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|author=United States Army|authorformat=scap|authorlink=United States Army|year=1986|origyear=1953|title=The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[Department of the Army]]|ref=CITEREFUS_Army1986|access-date=2021-08-04|archive-date=2009-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619234443/http://history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm|url-status=dead}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Waltz|first=Susan |authorformat=scap|authorlink=Susan Waltz|year=2002|title=Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2002_23_3/page/437|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|volume=23|issue=3|pages=437–448|jstor=3993535|doi=10.1080/01436590220138378|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Thomas A.|authorformat=scap|year=2010|title=Aerospace Propulsion Systems|location=Singapore|publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]]|isbn=978-0-470-82497-9|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=William E.|authorformat=scap|authorlink=William E. Watson|year=2003|title=Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/tricolorcrescent0000wats|location=Westport,&amp;nbsp;CT|publisher=[[Praeger]]|isbn=0-275-97470-7|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.|authorlink=Gerhard Weinberg|authorformat=scap|year=2005|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85316-3|ref=harv}}; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy
:{{Cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard|authorformat=scap|year=2008|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953|location=Lanham,&amp;nbsp;MD|publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Wiest|first1=Andrew|authorformat=scap|last2=Barbier|first2=M. K.|year=2002|title=Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare|location=St Paul, MN|publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-7603-1401-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Andrew|authorformat=scap|year=2006|title=Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished|url=https://archive.org/details/liberalismwarvic0000will|location=Abingdon &amp; New York,&amp;nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-35980-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Wilt|first=Alan F. |authorformat=scap|authorlink=Alan F. Wilt|year=1981|title=Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941|journal=Military Affairs|volume=45|issue=4|pages=187–91|jstor=1987464|doi=10.2307/1987464|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Wohlstetter|first=Roberta|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Roberta Wohlstetter|year=1962|title=Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision|url=https://archive.org/details/pearlharborwarni0000wohl|location=Palo Alto,&amp;nbsp;CA|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-0597-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Wolf|first=Holger C.|authorformat=scap|year=1993|chapter=The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951|title=''In [[Rudi Dornbusch|Rudiger Dornbusch]], Wilhelm Nölling and [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]], eds.,'' Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;29–56)''|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-04136-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=James&amp;nbsp;B.|authorformat=scap|year=2007|title=Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?|url=https://archive.org/details/japanesemilitary0000wood|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5339-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Yoder|first=Amos|authorformat=scap|year=1997|title=The Evolution of the United Nations System|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode|edition=3rd|location=London &amp; Washington,&amp;nbsp;DC|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|isbn=1-56032-546-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Zalampas|first=Michael|authorformat=scap|year=1989|title=Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerthird0000zala|publisher=Bowling Green University Popular Press|isbn=0-87972-462-5|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Zaloga|first=Steven&amp;nbsp;J.|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Steven Zaloga|year=1996|title=Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-478-7|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|author=———|year=2002|title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg|url=https://archive.org/details/poland1939birtho0000zalo|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-408-5|ref=CITEREFZaloga2002}}
: Zeiler, Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois, eds. ''A Companion to World War II'' (2 vol 2013), 1030pp; comprehensive overview by scholars
:{{Cite book|last=Zeiler|first=Thomas W.|authorformat=scap|year=2004|title=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/unconditionaldef0000zeil|location=Wilmington, DE|publisher=Scholarly Resources|isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Zetterling|first1=Niklas|authorformat=scap|last2=Tamelander|first2=Michael|year=2009|title=''Bismarck'': The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship|url=https://archive.org/details/bismarckfinalday0000zett|location=Drexel Hill,&amp;nbsp;PA|publisher=[[Casemate Publishers|Casemate]]|isbn=978-1-935149-04-0|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

[[Kategori:Yuda Jagat|II]]</text>
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    <title>ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄</title>
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{{Kaca2|[[Jayapangus|Aksara Latin]]}}
{{Kaca1|Aksara Bali}}
{{2}}
[[Berkas:Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg|jmpl|250px|ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​[[ᬢᭂᬫᬕ]]​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄᭞​​ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬶᬓ᭄​ᬯᬢᭂᬲ᭄​ᬤᬾᬲ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ᭞​​ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ᭞​​ᬩᬗ᭄ᬮᬶ|ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ]]᭞​​[[ᬩᬗ᭄ᬮᬶ]]᭟​​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓᬶ​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬳᬩᬤ᭄​ᬓᬾ​᭝᭑᭒᭝​​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬕᭂᬦᬄ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬫᬸᬲᭂᬳᬸᬫ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶ]]]]

'''ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄''' ꧌ᬫᬤᭂᬕ᭄​ᬭᬢᬸ​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬯᬃᬲ​᭝᭑᭑᭗᭘᭝​–᭝᭑᭑᭘᭑᭝​​ᬫ᭄꧍​​ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​[[ᬓ᭄ᬭᬚᬵᬦ᭄​ᬩᭂᬤᬳᬸᬮᬸ|ᬭᬚ​ᬩᬮᬶ]]​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬢ᭄ᬭᬄ​ᬮᬾᬮᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬶᬳᬦ᭄​ᬯᬃᬫᬤᬾᬯ᭟​​ᬇᬤ​ᬓᭁᬦᬶᬗᬶᬦ᭄​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​[[ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ|ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶᬜ]]᭞​​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬭᬸᬧ​[[ᬧᬚᬓ᭄]]᭟​&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=5TOBKsLvjjkC&amp;pg=RA1-PA49-IA4 ''ᬅ​ᬰᭀᬃᬢ᭄​ᬳᬶᬲ᭄ᬢᭀᬃᬬ᭄​ᬳᭀᬧ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶ'' Robert Pringle p.53]&lt;/ref&gt; ᬇᬤ​ᬯᬭᬶᬄ​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬫᬸᬃᬤᬦᬶᬂ​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬸᬦ᭄​ᬓᬲᬸᬩ᭄​[[ᬅᬳᬶᬃᬮᬂᬕ]].{{sfn|Barski|2007|p=34}}

ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​ᬲᬂ​ᬗᬫᭂᬮ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬧᬶᬦᬶᬄ​ᬓᬲᬸᬩ᭄​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬧᬶᬦᬶᬄ​ᬳᬸᬢᬫ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬦ᭄ᬢᬭᬦᬶᬂ​ᬭᬚ​ᬭᬚ​ᬤᬸᬓ​ᬫᬲ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬓᬸᬦᭀ᭟​​ᬇᬤ​ᬗᬫᭂᬤᬮᬂ​᭝᭔᭓᭝​​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬲᭂᬮᬫᬶ​ᬢᬶᬕᬂ​ᬯᬃᬲ᭟​​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬧᬶᬦᬶᬄ​ᬢᬸᬯ​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬫᬦ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬅ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬯᬃᬲ​᭝᭑᭐᭙᭙᭝​​ᬲᬓ​꧌᭝᭑᭑᭗᭘᭝​ᬫ᭄꧍​​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬢᬶᬬᭀᬲᬦ᭄​ᬫᬯᬃᬲ​᭝᭑᭑᭐᭓᭝​​ᬲᬓ​꧌᭝᭑᭑᭘᭑᭝​​ᬫ᭄꧍​᭟​&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditpcbm/2015/06/19/raja-jayapangus-dari-bali-mengeluarkan-40-an-prasasti-dalam-satu-tahun/|title=ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬤᬭᬶ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬫᭂᬗᬾᬍᬮᬸᬯᬃᬓᬦ᭄​᭝᭔᭐᭝​​ᬳᬦ᭄​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬤᬮᬫ᭄​ᬲᬢᬸ​ᬢᬳᬸᬦ᭄|author=Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman|date=19 Juni 2015|website=Kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=3 Juli 2016|archive-date=2017-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822055620/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditpcbm/2015/06/19/raja-jayapangus-dari-bali-mengeluarkan-40-an-prasasti-dalam-satu-tahun/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬓᬲᬸᬩ᭄​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬗᭂᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦᬂ​ᬫᬓᬲᬫᬶ​ᬧᬜ᭄ᬚ᭄ᬭᬓ᭄​ᬳᬶᬤᬦᬾ​ᬫᬂᬤ​ᬫᬯᬮᬶ​ᬗᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬲᬳᬦᬦᬶᬂ​ᬳᬸᬧᬘᬭ​ᬳᬕᬫ​ᬓᬦ᭄ᬢᭀᬲ᭄​ᬳᬶᬤ​ᬗᬫᭀᬮᬶᬳᬂ​ᬧᬦᬸᬕ᭄ᬭᬳᬦ᭄​꧌ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬓᭁᬦᬶᬗᬶᬦ᭄​[[ᬕᬮᬸᬗᬦ᭄ᬭ|ᬭᬳᬶᬦᬕᬮᬸᬗᬦ᭄]]꧍​᭟​​ᬤᬸᬓ᭄​ᬳᬶᬤ​ᬗᬫ᭄ᬩᭂᬮ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄᭞​​ᬓᬳᬦᬦ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶᬦᬾ​ᬓᬾᬃᬝ​ᬭᬳᬬᬸ​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬧᬫᬃᬕᬶᬦ᭄​ᬳᬕᬫ​[[ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬸ]]​ᬲᬬᬦ᭄​ᬗᬮᬶᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄᭟​​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬫᬤᭂᬕ᭄​ᬭᬢᬸ​ᬗᬦ᭄ᬢᭀᬲ᭄​[[ᬯᬃᬲ​ᬲᬓ]]​᭝᭑᭑᭐᭓᭝​​꧌᭝᭑᭑᭘᭑᭝​​[[ᬫᬲᬾᬳᬶ]]꧍​᭟​​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬫᬶᬦᬩ᭄​ᬳᬚᬶᬦ᭄​ᬇᬤ​ᬭᬢᬸ​[[ᬅᬃᬚᬬᬤᬾᬗᬬᬓᭂᬢᬦ]]᭟​​ᬇᬤ​ᬧᬶᬦᬓ​ᬧᬗᬯᬶᬢ᭄᭟
== ᬍᬮᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬶᬳᬦ᭄ ==
ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬧᬭᬩ᭄​'''''ᬧᬤᬸᬓ​ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬫᬵᬳᬵᬭᬚ​ᬳᬚᬶ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬅᬃᬓᬚ​ᬘᬶᬄᬦ/ᬮ-᭄ᬘᬦ'''''​ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬭᬚ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬓᬸᬦᭀ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬮᬫ᭄ᬩᬂ​ᬲᬮᬸᬗ᭄ᬮᬸᬂ​ᬲᬩᬬᬦ᭄ᬢᬓᬦ᭄​ᬧᬦ᭄ᬢᬭᬦᬶᬂ​ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬫᬶᬦᬓᬤᬶ​ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​[[ᬘᬶᬦ]]​ᬤᬸᬓ᭄​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬗᬯᬶᬦᬂ​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶᬦᬾ​ᬓᬾᬃᬝ​ᬭᬳᬬᬸ᭟&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2011/12/29/03501229/warisan.semangat.pluralisme.jaya.pangus|title=ᬯᬭᬶᬲᬦ᭄​ᬲᭂᬫᬗᬢ᭄​ᬧ᭄ᬮᬸᬭᬮᬶᬲ᭄ᬫᭂ​ᬚᬬ​ᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄|last=Déwanto|first=Herpin|date=29 Désémber 2011|website=[[Kompas.com]]|accessdate=3 Juli 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᬲᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓᬦ᭄​ᬧᭀᬮᬶᬄ​ᬧᬗ᭄ᬮᬮᬄ​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​[[ᬓᬩᬸᬤᬬᬵᬦ᭄​ᬘᬶᬦ]]​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬫᬲ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬓᬸᬦᭀ᭞​​ᬲᬢᬸᬯ​ᬲᬢᬸᬯ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬩᭂᬘᬶᬓ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬘᬶᬦ​ᬲᬬᬂ​ᬗ᭄ᬮᬶᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬩᬮᬶ᭞​​ᬫᬶᬦᬓᬤᬶ​ᬲᬢᬸᬯ​ᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬶᬓ᭄​–​ᬇᬂ​ᬢᬬ᭄᭟​​ᬓᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦᬦ᭄​ᬲᬶᬮᬢ᭄​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬘᬶᬦ​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬗ᭄ᬮᬶᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬓᬸᬦᭀ​ᬲᬾᬓᬤᬶ​ᬧᬾᬜ᭄ᬘᬓ᭄᭟​​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬗ᭄ᬮᬶᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄​ᬲᬲᭀᬮᬳᬦ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬜᬋᬗᬶᬦ᭄​ᬳᬓᬾᬄ​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬕᬶᬦ​ᬫᬶᬦᬓᬤᬶ​ᬩᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬤᬧ᭄ᬤᬧ᭄᭞​​ᬩᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬤᬾᬫᬸᬂ᭞​​ᬩᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬧ᭄ᬭᭂᬲᬶ᭞​​ᬩᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬢᬸᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄᭞​​ᬩᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬢᬫᬶᬬᬂ᭞​​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬢᬶᬬᭀᬲᬦ᭄᭟​&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=I Putu Budiana; I Wayan Mudana; Ketut Sedana Arta.|title=ᬧᭂᬫᬦ᭄ᬧᬵᬢᬦ᭄​ᬓᬾᬩᬸᬤᬬᬵᬦ᭄​ᬘᬶᬦ​ᬧᬤ​ᬫᬲ​ᬧᭂᬫᭂᬭᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬳᬦ᭄​ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬳᬚᬶ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬤᬶ​ᬧᬸᬭ​ᬤᬍᬫ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶᬂᬓᬂ᭞​​ᬤᬶ​ᬤᬾᬲ​ᬧᬶᬂᬕᬦ᭄᭞​​ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ᭞​​ᬩᬗ᭄ᬮᬶ​ᬤᬦ᭄​ᬧᭀᬢᬾᬦ᭄ᬲᬶᬜ​ᬲᬾᬩᬕᬿ​ᬲᬸᬫ᭄ᬩᭂᬃ​ᬩᭂᬮᬚᬃ​ᬲᭂᬚᬭᬄ​ᬮᭀᬓᬮ᭄​ᬤᬶ​᭞​ᬏᬲᬏᬫᬅ᭞​|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPS/article/view/2571/2194|journal=Jurnal Widya Winayata|volume=2|number=1|access-date=2021-02-23|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127122904/https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPS/article/view/2571/2194|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᬲᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓᬦ᭄​ᬧᬫᬃᬕᬶᬦ᭄​ᬗᬫ᭄ᬩᭂᬮ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬤᬸᬓ᭄​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬓᬭᬲᬬᬂ​ᬭᬳᬢ᭄​ᬧᬶᬲᬦ᭄᭞​​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬫᬯᬶᬦᬦ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬗᬂᬕᬾᬦ᭄​ᬫᬓᬸᬤᬂ​ᬓᬸᬤᬂ​ᬘᬓᭂᬧᬦ᭄​[[ᬳᬸᬓᬸᬫ᭄]]​[[ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬸ]]​ᬧᬶᬦᬓ​ᬤᬲᬃ​ᬳᬶᬤ​ᬗᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬧᬫ᭄ᬭᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᬳᬦ᭄᭟​​ᬅᬯᬶᬕ᭄​ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬓᬃᬬᬦᬶᬦ᭄​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬧᬢᬸᬢ᭄​ᬓᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬳᭀᬮᬶᬄ​ᬲᬳᬦᬦᬶᬂ​ᬯᬤ᭄ᬯᬦ᭄​ᬳᬶᬤ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬸᬭᬶ​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬓᬸᬦᭀ᭟​​ᬅᬯᬶᬕ᭄​ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄​ᬳᬸᬢᬯᬶ​ᬦᬶᬢᬶ​ᬲᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬢᬄ​ᬫᬸᬂᬕᬄ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ]]​ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​''ᬫᬦᬯᬓᬫᬦ᭄ᬤᬓ''᭞​​''ᬫᬦᬯᬓᬫᬦ᭄ᬤᬓ​ᬟᬃᬫᬲᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ''᭞​​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​''ᬫᬦᬯśaᬲᬦᬟᬃᬫ''᭟​

ᬢᬶᬬᭀᬲᬦ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬢᬮᬾᬃ​ᬓᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬶᬓ᭄​''ᬤᬲᬰᬶᬮ''᭞​​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓᬶ​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​ᬢᬢ​ᬢᬶᬢᬶ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬧᬢᬸᬢ᭄​ᬓᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬳᭀᬮᬶᬄ​ᬲᬂ​ᬗᬫᭂᬮ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ''ᬧᬜ᭄ᬘᬰᬶᬓ᭄ᬲ''᭞​​ᬓ᭄ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬬᬾᬳᬶ​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​ᬢᬢ​ᬢᬶᬢᬶ​ᬭᬶ​ᬓᬮ​ᬗᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬲᬲᬦ​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬧᬗ᭄ᬭᬾᬫ᭄ᬩ​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄᭟​

=== ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ ===
[[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gezicht_vanuit_Kintamani_op_het_Baturmeer_en_de_vulkanen_Abang_en_Agung_TMnr_60026959.jpg|jmpl|ᬧᬸᬘᬓ᭄​[[ᬕᬸᬦᬸᬂ​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ]]​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬧᬢᬧᬦ᭄​ᬇᬤ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄]]​ᬲᬲᬸᬓᬢ᭄​ᬳᬶᬤ​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬗᬫ᭄ᬩᭂᬮ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄᭞​​ᬇᬤ​ᬫᬧᬸᬭᬶ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬧᬸᬭᬶ​ᬩᬮᬶᬂᬓᬂ]]​[[ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ᭞​​ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ᭞​​ᬩᬗ᭄ᬮᬶ|ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ]]​ᬤᬸᬓ᭄​ᬯᬃᬲ​[[᭝᭑᭑᭓᭓᭝​]]​​​[[᭝᭑᭑᭗᭓᭝​]]​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬘᬭᬶᬢᬬᬂ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ​꧌ᬲᬢᬸᬯ꧍​|ᬲᬢᬸᬯ​ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ]]:

{{cquote|ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬ​ᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬓᬦᬶᬓᬬᬂ​ᬫᬾᬤᬸᬯᬾ​ᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬧᬫᬿᬲᬸᬭᬶ᭞​​ᬧᬤᬸᬓ​''ᬪᬢᬭᬶ​ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬧᬭᬫᬾᬲ᭄ᬯᬭᬶ​ᬇᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬚᬓᬾᬢᬦ''​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬧᬤᬸᬓ​''ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬫᬳᬤᬾᬯᬶ​ᬘᬘᬂᬓᬚ​ᬘᬶᬄᬦ''​꧌ᬘᬶᬦ꧍​}}

ᬘᬭᬶᬢ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᭁᬦᬶᬗᬶᬦ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬩᬮᬶᬦᬾ᭞​​ᬧᬶᬦᬓ​ᬭᬩᬶᬦ᭄​ᬇᬤ​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​[[ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ]]᭞​​ᬧᬸᬢ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬢᬸᬯᬦ᭄​ᬲᬸᬩᬦ᭄ᬤᬃ​[[ᬘᬶᬦ]]᭟​​ᬓᬘᬭᬶᬢᬬᬂ​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬚᬢᬸ​ᬓᬃᬫ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬸᬢ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ᭟​​ᬲᬓᬾᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄​ᬭᬶ​ᬓᬮ​ᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬸᬦ᭄​ᬗᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬧᬯᬶᬯᬳᬦ᭄᭞​​ᬲᬂ​ᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬤᬸᬭᬸᬂ​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬫᬤᭂᬃᬩᬾ​ᬲᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᬦ᭟​​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬫᬫᬃᬕᬶ​ᬗᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬢᬧ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬕᬸᬦᬸᬂ​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ]]​ᬫᬂᬤ​ᬓᬧᬶᬘᬬᬂ​ᬲᭂᬦ᭄ᬢᬦ᭟​

ᬭᬶᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬸᬦ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬫᬬᭀᬕ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬅᬮᬲ᭄​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬇᬤ​ᬫᬢᭂᬫᬸ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬤᬾᬯᬶ​ᬤᬦᬸ]]᭟​​ᬇᬭᬶᬓ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬲᬂ​ᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬫᬢᭂᬫᬸ​ᬲᬾᬫᬭ᭞​​ᬓᬦ᭄ᬢᭀᬲ᭄​ᬲᬂ​ᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬫᬭᬩᬶᬬᬦ᭄᭟​​ᬲᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓᬦ᭄​ᬓᬲᬸᬯᬾᬦ᭄​ᬇᬤ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬅᬮᬲ᭄​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ᭞​​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬓᬋᬋᬄ​ᬳᭀᬮᬶᬄ​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ​ᬓ​ᬕᬸᬦᬸᬂ​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ᭟​​ᬇᬭᬶᬓ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ​ᬳᬸᬦᬶᬂ​ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬶᬓ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬸᬦ᭄​ᬫᬭᬩᬶᬬᬦ᭄​ᬲᬋᬂ​ᬤᬾᬯᬶ​ᬤᬦᬸ᭟​​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬤᬾᬯᬶ​ᬤᬦᬸ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬫᬘᭂᬦ᭄ᬢᭀᬓᬦ᭄᭟​​ᬩᬢᬭᬶ​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ᭞​​ᬳᬶᬩᬸᬦ᭄​ᬤᬾᬯᬶ​ᬤᬦᬸ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬗᬓ᭄ᬲᬶ​ᬓᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᬾᬦᬦᬾ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬗᭂᬲᭂᬂ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬤᬦ᭄​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ᭟

ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬤᬸᬓ​ᬳᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓ᭄​ᬓᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᬾᬦᬦᬾ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ᭞​​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬫᬧᬶᬦᬸᬦᬲ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬇᬤ​ᬩᬢᬭᬶ​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ​ᬫᬂᬤ​ᬫᬓᬃᬬ​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬢᬶᬫ​ᬧᬶᬦᬓ​ᬘᬶᬄᬦ​ᬇᬤ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬭᬩᬶᬦ᭄​ᬇᬤ᭟​​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬓᬲᬸᬧᬢ᭄​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​[[ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬩᬮᬶ|ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ]]​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ​ᬓᬲᬸᬧᬢ᭄​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬧᬢᬸᬂ​ᬩᭂᬓᬸᬂ᭟&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bali.tribunnews.com/2016/06/29/ketika-raja-jaya-pangus-memadu-kasih-di-bali-dan-dikutuk-menjadi-barong-landung|title=ᬓᭂᬢᬶᬓ​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬ​ᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬫᬾᬫᬤᬸ​ᬓᬲᬶᬄ​ᬤᬶ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬤᬦ᭄​ᬤᬶᬓᬸᬢᬸᬓ᭄​ᬫᬾᬜ᭄ᬚ᭄ᬭᬤᬶ​ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ|last=Putu Wahyura|first=A.A. Gde|date=29 Juni 2016|website=[[Tribunnews.com]]|accessdate=3 Juli 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ᬧᬗᬸᬦ᭄ᬢᬢᬶᬂ​ᬫᬲ​ᬫᬤᬾᬕ᭄​ᬭᬢᬸ ==
[[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Acteurs_verkleed_als_reuzen_en_boze_geesten_TMnr_10004870.jpg|jmpl|[[ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ]]]]
{{cquote|ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬭᬳᬶᬦ​ᬯ᭄ᬭᭂᬲ᭄ᬧᬢᬶ​ᬯᬕᬾ​ᬯᬭ​ᬧᬸᬚᬸᬢ᭄​ᬲᬯᬢᬭ​ᬲᬲᬶᬄ​ᬧᬾᬩ᭄ᬭᬸᬯᬭᬶ​᭝᭑᭑᭑᭖᭝​᭞​​ᬭᬶᬓᬮ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬘ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬫᬳᬭᬚ​ᬅᬚᬶ​ᬚᬬ​ᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬮᬾᬩᬃ᭞​​ᬳᬢ᭄ᬫᬦ᭄​ᬳᬶᬧᬸᬦ᭄​ᬦᬸᬚᬸ​ᬲ᭄ᬯᬃᬕᬮᭀᬓ᭟​​ᬅᬩᬸ​ᬧᬸᬲ᭄ᬧᬲᬭᬶᬭ​ᬜᬦᬾ​ᬓᬘᬦ᭄ᬤᬶᬬᬂ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬢᬧᬵᬦ᭄​ᬟᬃᬫᬵᬜᬃ​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬳᬶᬭᬶᬓ​ᬧᬸᬭ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬵᬭᬦ᭄​ᬧᬦ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬧᬦ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬲᬸᬂᬲᬸᬂ​ᬳᭀᬮᬶᬄ​ᬤᬂ​ᬅᬘᬃᬬ​ᬚᬶᬯᬬ|source=ᬲᬸᬭᬢᬦ᭄​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬸᬭ​ᬧᬾᬗᬸᬓᬸᬃ​ᬉᬓᬸᬭᬦ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬤᬾᬲ​[[ᬧᬾᬚᬾᬂ᭞​​ᬢᬫ᭄ᬧᬓ᭄ᬲᬶᬭᬶᬂ᭞​​ᬕᬶᬬᬜᬃ|ᬧᬾᬚᬾᬂ]]᭞​​[[ᬢᬫ᭄ᬧᬓ᭄ᬲᬶᬭᬶᬂ᭞​​ᬕᬶᬬᬜᬃ|ᬢᬫ᭄ᬧᬓ᭄ᬲᬶᬭᬶᬂ]]᭞​​[[ᬓᬩᬸᬧᬢᬾᬦ᭄​ᬕᬶᬬᬜᬃ|ᬕᬶᬬᬜᬃ]]᭞​​ᬩᬮᬶ᭟​}}

ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬭᬶᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬸᬦᬾ​ᬍᬩᬃ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬓᬧ᭄ᬭᬩᬸ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬟᬃᬫ​ᬅᬜᬃ᭟​​ᬇᬤ​ᬫᬤᭂᬃᬩᬾ​ᬳᭀᬓ​ᬓᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬳᬶᬓᬚᬬ​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬤᬦᬤᬶᬭᬚ᭟​

ᬲᬶᬮᬶᬄ​ᬢᬸᬂᬕᬶᬮ᭄​ᬢᭂᬢᬫᬶᬬᬦ᭄​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬇᬤ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​[[ᬕᭀᬯ​ᬕᬃᬩ]]᭟​​ᬕᭀᬯ​ᬕᬃᬩ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬲᭀᬃ​ᬧᬸᬭ​ᬧᭂᬗᬸᬓᬸᬃ​ᬉᬓᬸᬭᬦ᭄᭟​​ᬕᭀᬯ​ᬕᬃᬩ​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​ᬕᬾᬦᬄ​ᬧᬢᬧᬦ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬕᭂᬦᬄ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬲᬶᬲᬶᬦ᭄​ᬳᬩᬶᬂ​[[ᬢᬸᬓᬤ᭄​ᬧᬓᭂᬭᬶᬲᬦ᭄]]​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬲᬸᬩ᭄᭟​​ᬫᬂᬤ​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬶᬤ​ᬓ​ᬕᬾᬦᬳᬾ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓᬶ​ᬧᬘᬂ​ᬗᬮᬶᬯᬢᬶᬦ᭄​[[ᬧᬫᭂᬤᬮ᭄]]​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬲᬸᬲᬸᬦ᭄​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬩᬢᬸ​ᬩᬢᬸ​ᬢᬸᬓᬤ᭄᭟​​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬕᭂᬦᬄ​ᬧᬢᬧᬦ᭄​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄​ᬧᬜ᭄ᬘᭀᬭᬦ᭄​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄​ᬳᬳᬸᬗᬦ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬦᬸᬚᬸ​ᬓ​ᬲᬶᬮᬶᬄ​ᬢᬸᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬕᭂᬦᬄ​ᬢᬶᬬᭀᬲᬦ᭄᭟​​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬕᭀᬯ​ᬕᬃᬩ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓᬶ​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄​ᬲᬲᬸᬭᬢᬦ᭄​ᬳᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓ᭄​ᬳᬓ᭄ᬲᬭ​[[ᬓᬤᬶᬭᬶ​ᬓ᭄ᬯᬤ᭄ᬭᬢ᭄]]​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬲᬸᬭᬢ᭄​''ᬲ᭄ᬭ''᭟​

== ᬘᬶᬗᬓ᭄​ᬫᬲᬶᬄ ==
* [[ᬮᬾᬮᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬶᬳᬦ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶ]]​
* ​[[ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬯᬶᬲ᭄ᬫᭂ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬇᬦ᭄ᬤᭀᬦᬾᬲᬶᬬ]]
* ​[[ᬢᬾᬢᬾᬫᭀᬦ᭄​ᬘᬶᬦ–ᬇᬦ᭄ᬤᭀᬦᬾᬲᬶᬬ]]

== ᬧᬸᬲ᭄ᬢᬓ ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== ᬧᬸᬲ᭄ᬢᬓ​ᬮᬶᬬᬦᬦ᭄ ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|first=Andy|last=Barski|year=2007|title=Bali and Lombok|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=London|isbn=978-0-7566-2878-9}}
* {{cite book|author=C.C. Berg|title=De middeljavaansche historische traditie|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10761|year=1927|location=Santpoort}}
* {{cite book|author=A.J. Bernet Kempers|title=Monumental Bali; Introduction to Balinese Archaeology &amp; Guide to the Monuments|url=https://archive.org/details/monumentalbaliin0000bern|year=1991|ISBN=0-945971-16-8|location=Berkeley &amp; Singapore}}
* {{cite journal|last=Creese|first=Helen|year=1991|title=Balinese babad as historical sources; A reinterpretation of the fall of Gelgel|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=147}}
* {{cite journal|last=Nordholt|first=Henk Schulte|year=1980|title=Macht, mensen en middelen; Patronen en dynamiek in de Balische politiek ca. 1700-1840|journal=Doctoraalscriptie|location=Amsterdam}}
* {{cite book|last=Nordholt|first=Henk Schulte|title=The Spell of Power; A History of Balinese Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/spellofpowerhist0000schu|year=1996|ISBN=90-6718-090-4|location=Leiden}}
* {{cite book|last=Wiener|first=Margaret J.|title=Visible and Invisible Realms; Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali|year=1995|ISBN=0-226-88580-1|location=Chicago &amp; London}}
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|before=[[ᬭᬕᬚᬬ]]|title=[[ᬮᬶᬲ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬩᬮᬶ|ᬭᬚ​ᬩᬮᬶ]]|years=1178–1181|after=[[ᬅᬃᬚᬬᬤᬾᬗᬬᬓᭂᬢᬦ]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Kategori:ᬭᬚ​ᬩᬮᬶ]]
[[Kategori:ᬮ᭄ᬮᭂᬮᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬶᬳᬦ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ]]</text>
      <sha1>spwha3io3tgoe4c2kczdwclfihrfls5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Plutonium</title>
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      <text bytes="13806" sha1="1mrw6ehkanu87n30vvhkvun21js4eo3" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak inpo plutonium}}
'''Plutonium''' silih tunggil [[datu kimia]] antuk [[Simbol (kimia)|simbol]] '''Pu''' miwah [[wilangan atom]] 94. Punika [[logam]] [[aktinida]] antuk cingakan klau masawang pérak miwah manados [[pangotor]] pinaka keni udara, miwah ngawentuk lapisan buuk [[plutonium(IV) oksida|pinaka kaoksidasi]]. Daru ketah nyané nganikayang nem [[alotrop]] miwah papat [[paindikan oksidasi]]. Maréaksi sareng [[karbon]], [[halogén]], [[nitrogén]], [[silikon]], miwah [[hidrogén]]. Ri kala keni udara ayun, ngawentuk [[oksida]] miwah [[hidrida]] sané prasida ngajimbaranh sampel nganti 70% volume, ring galah nyané ngelupas manados bubuk punika [[piroforisitas|piroforik]]. Punika radioaktip miwah prasida kaakumulasi ring [[balung]], sané ngardi pangamongan plutonium mabaya.

==Cutetan==
===Cutetan batis===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Anggitan===
{{Reflist}}

==Pustaka==
&lt;!-- Only list books (hence section title (&quot;Pustaka&quot;?)) used as Pustaka here --&gt;
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* &lt;!-- As --&gt;{{cite book
|title = Understanding Physics
|url = https://archive.org/details/understandingphy03isaa
|last = Asimov
|first = Isaac
|author-link = Isaac Asimov
|chapter = Nuclear Reactors
|date = 1988
|isbn = 0-88029-251-2
|location=New York
|publisher = Barnes &amp; Noble Publishing
}}
* &lt;!-- Be --&gt;{{cite book
|last = Bernstein
|first=Jeremy
|date=2007
|title=Plutonium: a History of the World's most Dangerous Element
|url = https://archive.org/details/plutoniumhistory0000bern
|url-access = registration
|location=Washington, D.C.
|publisher=Joseph Henry Press
|isbn=978-0-309-10296-4
|oclc=76481517
}}
* &lt;!-- Cl --&gt;{{cite book
|last = Clark
|first=Ronald
|author-link = Ronald W. Clark
|title = The Birth of the Bomb: The Untold Story of Britain's Part in the Weapon That Changed the World
|url = https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-776-003
|date = 1961
|location=London
|publisher=Phoenix House
|oclc=824335
}}
* &lt;!-- Ea --&gt;{{cite book
|title = Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry
|url = https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00eagl
|url-access = registration
|last = Eagleson
|first = Mary
|location=Berlin
|publisher = Walter de Gruyter
|isbn = 978-3-11-011451-5
|date = 1994
}}
* &lt;!-- Em --&gt;{{cite book
|title = Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements
|url = https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_z4q6
|last = Emsley
|first = John
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year = 2001
|location = Oxford (UK)
|isbn = 0-19-850340-7
|chapter = Plutonium
|ref = CITEREFEmsley2001
}}
* &lt;!-- Go --&gt;{{cite book
 |title       = The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb
 |publisher   = United States Department of Energy
 |id          = DOE/MA-0001-01/99
 |location    = Oak Ridge
 |last        = Gosling
 |first       = F. G.
 |url         = http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/DE99001330.pdf
 |date        = 1999
 |access-date  = February 15, 2009
 |isbn        = 0-7881-7880-6
 |url-status  = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090224204033/http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/DE99001330.pdf
 |archive-date = February 24, 2009
}}
* &lt;!-- Gr --&gt;{{cite book
|last = Greenwood
|first = N. N.
|author2=Earnshaw, A.
 |title = Chemistry of the Elements
|edition = 2nd
|publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann
|location = Oxford (UK)
|year = 1997
|isbn = 0-7506-3365-4
|ref = CITEREFGreenwood1997}}
* &lt;!-- He --&gt;{{cite book
|last = Heiserman
|first = David L.
|title = Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds
|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis
|chapter-url-access = registration
|location = New York (NY)
|year = 1992
|publisher = TAB Books
|isbn = 0-8306-3018-X
|chapter = Element 94: Plutonium
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis/page/337 337–340]
|ref = CITEREFHeiserman1992
}}
* &lt;!-- Ho --&gt;{{cite book|last=Hoddeson |first=Lillian|author-link=Lillian Hoddeson|first2=Paul W. |last2=Henriksen |first3=Roger A. |last3=Meade |first4=Catherine L. |last4=Westfall|author4-link= Catherine Westfall
|title=Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
|url=https://archive.org/details/criticalassembly0000unse_u2h0 |location=New York
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|date=1993
|isbn=0-521-44132-3
|oclc=26764320
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Hunner|first=Jon
|title=Inventing Los Alamos
|url=https://archive.org/details/inventinglosalam0000jonh|date=2004
|isbn=978-0-8061-3891-6
}}
* {{cite book
|title=Canadian Research Reactors
|last=Hurst |first=D. G.
|last2=Ward |first2=A. G.
|publisher= Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
|url=http://www.scintillators.ru/booc/criticality/reports/ref_066.pdf
|access-date=February 6, 2015
|date=1956
|location=Ottawa
|oclc=719819357
}}
* &lt;!-- J --&gt;{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=L79odes2ihEC&amp;pg=PA73
|title=Nuclear Energy
|last=Jha |first=D. K.
|publisher=Discovery Publishing House
|date=2004
|isbn=81-7141-884-8
}}
* &lt;!-- K --&gt;{{cite book
|last1=Kaku
|first1=Michio
|first2=Jennifer
|last2=Trainer
|title=Nuclear Power, Both Sides: The Best Arguments for and Against the Most Controversial Technology
|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company
|date=1983
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7A9A9BSk0eUC&amp;lpg=PA77&amp;pg=PA77#v=onepage&amp;q=ralph%20nader%20microgram%20plutonium&amp;f=false
|access-date=December 8, 2013
|isbn=9780393301281
}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8r8NAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA456
|title=plutonium 1965
|last=Kay |first=A. E.
|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis
|date=1965
}}
* &lt;!-- Li --&gt;{{cite book
|title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
|editor-first = David R.
|editor-last=Lide
|edition = 87th
|date = 2006
|publisher = CRC Press, Taylor &amp; Francis Group
|location = Boca Raton
|isbn = 0-8493-0487-3
}}
* &lt;!-- Ma --&gt;{{cite book
|url=https://www-nds.iaea.org/publications/indc/indc_usa_0085_II.pdf
|editor1-last=Magurno |editor1-first=B. A.
|editor2-last=Pearlstein |editor2-first=S.
|title=Proceedings of the conference on nuclear data evaluation methods and procedures. BNL-NCS 51363.
|volume=II
|publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]
|place=Upton
|date=1981
|access-date=August 6, 2014
}}
* {{cite book
|title = Physics for Radiation Protection
|last = Martin
|first = James E.
|date = 2000
|publisher = Wiley-Interscience
|isbn = 0-471-35373-6
}}
* &lt;!-- Mc --&gt;{{cite book
 |url          = http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00314607.pdf
 |access-date  = February 6, 2015
 |title        = A Review of Criticality Accidents
 |id           = LA-13638
 |publisher    = Los Alamos National Laboratory
 |location     = Los Alamos
 |date         = 2000
 |last1        = McLaughlin
 |first1       = Thomas P.
 |last2        = Monahan
 |first2       = Shean P.
 |last3        = Pruvost
 |first3       = Norman L.
 |archive-date = January 18, 2017
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20170118111722/http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00314607.pdf
 |url-status   = dead
}}
* &lt;!-- Mi --&gt;{{cite book
|title = The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements
|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp
|chapter-url-access = registration
|publisher = Reinhold Book Corporation
|location = New York (NY)
|year = 1968
|editor = Clifford A. Hampel
|last = Miner
|first = William N.
|author2=Schonfeld, Fred W.
|chapter = Plutonium
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/540 540–546]
|ref = CITEREFMiner1968
|lccn = 68029938
}}
* &lt;!-- Mo --&gt;{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=W3FnEOg8tS4C&amp;pg=PA169
|title=Nuclear forensic analysis
|last=Moody |first=Kenton James
|last2=Hutcheon |first2=Ian D.
|last3=Grant |first3=Patrick M.
|publisher=CRC Press
|date=2005
|isbn=0-8493-1513-1
}}
* &lt;!-- Rh --&gt;{{cite book
|last = Rhodes
|first = Richard
|author-link=Richard Rhodes
|date = 1986
|title = The Making of the Atomic Bomb
|isbn = 0-671-65719-4
|publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster
|location = New York
|title-link = The Making of the Atomic Bomb
}}
* &lt;!-- Se --&gt;{{cite book
 |last1=Seaborg |first1=G. T.
 |last2=Seaborg |first2=E.
 |date=2001
 |title=Adventures in the Atomic Age: From Watts to Washington
 |url=https://archive.org/details/adventuresinatom00seab |url-access=registration |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux
 |isbn=0-374-29991-9
}}
* &lt;!-- Sk --&gt;{{cite book
 |first=Morty |last=Sklar
 |title=Nuke-Rebuke: Writers &amp; Artists Against Nuclear Energy &amp; Weapons
 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780930370169 |series=The Contemporary anthology series
 |date=1984
 |publisher=The Spirit That Moves Us Press
}}
* &lt;!-- St --&gt;{{cite book
|title=SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security
|author=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
|author-link=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|date=2007
|isbn=978-0-19-923021-1
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2M0C6SERFG0C&amp;pg=PA567
}}
* &lt;!-- Ti --&gt;{{cite book
|title=Plentiful Energy: The Story of the Integral Fast Reactor, the Complex History of a Simple Reactor Technology, with Emphasis on Its Scientific Basis for Non-specialists
|url=https://archive.org/details/plentifulenergys0000till
|last=Till
|first=C. E.
|last2=Chang
|first2=Y. I.
|isbn=978-1-4663-8460-6
|date=2011
|publisher=Charles E. Till and Yoon Il Chang
}}
* &lt;!-- Wa --&gt;{{cite book
|title = History of 100-B Area
|publisher = Westinghouse Hanford Company
|location = Richland, Washington
|id = WHC-EP-0273
|last = Wahlen
|first = R. K.
|date = 1989
|url = http://www.hanford.gov/doe/history/files/HistoryofBArea.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327001116/http://www.hanford.gov/doe/history/files/HistoryofBArea.pdf
|archive-date=March 27, 2009
|access-date = February 15, 2009
}}
* &lt;!-- We --&gt;{{cite book
|last = Welsome
|first = Eileen
|title = The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War
|url = https://archive.org/details/plutoniumfilesam0000wels_g1e8
|publisher = Random House
|date = 2000
|location = New York
|isbn = 0-385-31954-1
}}
{{refend}}

==Pranala jaba==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Plutonium.ogg|date=2009-07-18}}
* {{cite web
 |url             = http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science/Plutonium
 |title           = Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues - Plutonium
 |publisher       = [[Washington and Lee University]]
 |access-date     = February 15, 2009
 |archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20090203184521/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FPlutonium
 |archive-date    = February 3, 2009
 |url-status      = dead
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060929015050/http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/
|archive-date = Séptémber 29, 2006
|title = A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium
|first = W. G.
|last = Sutcliffe
|display-authors=etal
 |publisher = [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]
|date = 1995
}}
* {{cite web| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/crs/97-564.htm
|title = Nuclear Weapons: Disposal Options for Surplus Weapons-Usable Plutonium
|first = C. M.
|last = Johnson
|author2=Davis, Z.S.
 |work = CRS Report for Congress # 97-564 ENR
|date = 1997
|access-date = February 15, 2009
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.ieer.org/fctsheet/pu-props.html
|title = Physical, Nuclear, and Chemical, Properties of Plutonium
|publisher = [[IEER]]
|date = 2005
|access-date = February 15, 2009
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2006/Plutonium/Plutonium.html
|title = Plutonium crystallography
|last = Bhadeshia
|first = H.
}}
* {{cite journal
|url = http://discovermagazine.com/2005/nov/end-of-plutonium
|title = End of the Plutonium Age
|last = Samuels
|first = D.
|journal = Discover Magazine
|volume = 26|issue = 11
|date = 2005
}}
* {{cite web
 |url         = https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/plutonium.htm
 |title       = Plutonium production
 |publisher   = [[Federation of American Scientists]]
 |first       = J.
 |last        = Pike
 |author2     = Sherman, R.
 |date        = 2000
 |access-date  = February 15, 2009
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090203203853/http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/plutonium.htm
 |archive-date = February 3, 2009
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Library/Plutonium/
|title = Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/world-plutonium-inventories-ong.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805165417/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/world-plutonium-inventories-ong.htm
|archive-date=August 5, 2014
|title = World Plutonium Inventories
|publisher = Nuclear Files.org
|first = C.
|last = Ong
|date = 1999
|access-date = February 15, 2009
}}
* {{cite journal
|url = https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/number26.htm
|title = Challenges in Plutonium Science
|journal = Los Alamos Science
|volume = I &amp; II
|issue = 26
|date = 2000
|access-date = February 15, 2009
|archive-date = January 18, 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083808/https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/number26.htm
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite web
|publisher = [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]
|url=http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_plutonium_48kbps_tcm18-121120.MP3
|title=Plutonium
|access-date=February 6, 2015
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/094.htm
|title=Plutonium
|series=[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]
|publisher=University of Nottingham
|access-date=February 6, 2015
}}

{{Tabél périodik (navbox)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Plutonium| ]]
[[Kategori:Datu kimia]]
[[Kategori:Aktinida]]
[[Kategori:Karsinogén]]
[[Kategori:Lakaran nuklir]]
[[Kategori:Datu sintétis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Taman Nasional Kruger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28973</id>
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      <parentid>281260</parentid>
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        <id>2766</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="4644" sha1="fyrvdxe2alg6eii0zinbcjlhzpgt3gn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Taman Nasional Kruger
| photo = Kruger Zebra.JPG
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = [[Zébra Burchell]] ring lanskap Kruger
| photo_width =
| map_image = Kruger National Park locator map.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Genah taman (wawengkon barak) ring Afrika Kelod
| map_width =
| location =Propinsi [[Limpopo]] miwah [[Mpumalanga]], [[Afrika Kelod]]
| nearest_city = [[Mbombela]] (kelod) &lt;br /&gt;[[Phalaborwa]] (tengah)
| coordinates = {{coord|24|0|41|S|31|29|7|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area_km2 = 19623
| area_ref = &lt;ref name=East-60&gt;{{cite book|title=Antelopes: Southern and South-Central Africa Pt. 2: Global Survey and Regional Action Plans|year=1989|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]], Antelope Specialist Group|isbn=978-2-88032-970-9|editor=East, R. |page=60 |chapter=Chapter 10: South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=mw-902&gt;{{cite book|title=Merriam Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc0000unse_z9g2|date=January 2001|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|isbn=978-0-87779-017-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc0000unse_z9g2/page/902 902]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=sadc-2006-&gt;{{cite web|title=The Official SADC Trade, Industry and Investment Review 2006 |url=http://www.sanec.org/images/stories/Country/south_africa_2006.pdf|publisher=Southern African Development Community|access-date=23 July 2011|page=217|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| established = 31 Méi 1926&lt;ref name=Stevenson&gt;{{cite book |author=Stevenson-Hamilton, J. |year=1937 |title=South African Eden: The Kruger National Park 1902–1946 |publisher=Struik Publishers |place=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| visitation_num = 1,659,793 (1,277,397 tamiu tengai, 382,396 nginep)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/moreforeignvisitors_krugernationalpark|title=Foreign visitor numbers to Kruger National Park on the rise in 2014/2015 financial year|last=Modise|first=A.|date=2015|website=South African Department of Environmental Affairs|access-date=2020-01-06|archive-date=2019-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714034128/https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/moreforeignvisitors_krugernationalpark|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| visitation_year = 2014-15 warsa kajinahan
| governing_body = [[Taman Nasional Afrika Kelod]]
| world_heritage_site =
| url = http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/
}}

'''Taman Nasional Kruger''' inggih punika [[Lis taman nasional Afrika Kelod|Taman Nasional ring Afrika Kelod]] miwah silih tunggil [[cagar palemahan]] pinih ageng ring [[Afrika]]. Punika ngajangkepin wawengkon antuk jimbar {{cvt|19623|km2|mi2}} ring propinsi [[Limpopo]] miwah [[Mpumalanga]] ring kalér kangin [[Afrika Kelod]], taler ngajimbar {{cvt|360|km|mi}} saking kalér nuju kelod lan {{cvt|65|km|mi}} saking kangin nuju kawan. Kantor pusat administrasi nyané magenah ring [[Skukuza]]. Wawengkon taman kapertama kasaibin olih pameréntah [[Républik Afrika Kelod]] ring warsa 1898, miwah manados [[taman nasional Afrika Kelod|taman nasional]] kapertama ring Afrika Kelod ring warsa 1926.

Ring sikawan tur sikelod Taman Nasional Kruger wénten kalih propinsi [[Limpopo]] miwah [[Mpumalanga]] ring Afrika Kelod. Sikalér punika [[Zimbabwe]], miwah sikangin punika [[Mozambik]]. Mangkin dados pahan saking [[Taman Lintas Wates Limpopo Ageng]], [[taman padaméan]] sané mingubungin Taman Nasional Kruger sareng [[Taman Nasional Gonarezhou]] ring Zimbabwe, miwah sareng [[Taman Nasional Limpopo]] ring Mozambik.

Taman punika pahan saking [[Biosfér Ngarai Kruger]], satunggil wawengkon sané katetapang olih [[UNESCO]] dados Cagar Manusa miwah Biosfér Internasional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=SAF+06&amp;mode=all|title=UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory|website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pustaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliograpi ==
*{{cite book |last1=Carruthers |first1=Jane |title=The Kruger National Park: A Social and Political History |url=https://archive.org/details/krugernationalpa0000carr |date=1995 |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal Press |location=Natal |isbn=9780869809150}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Kruger National Park |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |voy=Kruger National Park |species=no |d=no }}
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}
* {{Official website|https://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/|Kruger National Park official website}}
* [http://www.sanparks.org/webcams/ Webcams in the Kruger]

{{Taman nasional Afrika Kelod}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kruger Taman Nasional}}

[[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Afrika Kelod]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wiracarita</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33181</id>
    <revision>
      <id>284397</id>
      <parentid>283920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T17:04:16Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2766</id>
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      <text bytes="2780" sha1="8hp3endr9m5z2bx9aq16aqcnl5qrhq7" xml:space="preserve">{{Sastra}}
'''Wiracarita''' {{Sanskerta|वीरचरित|Vīracarita}}&lt;ref&gt;{{kamus|wiracarita}}&lt;/ref&gt; utawi kasengguh taler '''épos'''&lt;ref&gt;{{kamus|epos}}&lt;/ref&gt; utawi '''épik''' inggih punika soroh susastra tradisional sané nyaritayang indik kaprawiran, Wiracarita keyah marupa [[kakawin]]. Ring puisi, '''epik''' inggih punika [[puisi naratif]] sane dawa biasane indik parilaksana sane luar biasa saking tokoh-tokoh sane luar biasa sane, ring sajeroning maparilaksana sareng [[dewa]] utawi [[kekuatan manusa super]] sane lianan, ngicenin wangun ring alam semesta sane fana antuk sentananyane.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Michael Meyer |title=The Bedford Introduction to Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/bedfordintroduct0000unse_e5a4 |place=Bedford |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bedfordintroduct0000unse_e5a4/page/21 21]–28 |isbn=0-312-41242-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mapaiketan sareng [[tradisi lisan]], puisi epik kawangun antuk bebaosan formal lan lumrahnyane kaplajahin kruna-kruna, mabinayan sareng [[narasi]] sane kawangun antuk [[kolokialisme|bebaosan sarahina]], kakategoriang dados faktual utawi fiksi, sane kapertama kirang sucepti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Vansina |first=Jan |title=Oral tradition as history |page=13 |year=1985 |url=https://archive.org/details/oraltraditionash0000vans}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makudang conto épos kaloktah inggih punika [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Ilias|Illiad]], [[Odisseia|Odysseus]], [[La Chanson de Roland]], [[La Galigo]], miwah taler [[Hikayat Hang Tuah]]. Epik sane mapangaruh sane sampun ngawentuk [[sastra Barat]] lan [[budaya|budaya Barat]] minakadi ''[[Iliad]]'' lan ''[[Odyssey]]'' [[Homer]]; ''[[Eneid]]'' saking [[Virgil]]; miwah sane anonim ''[[Beowulf]]''. Genre puniki sampun ngawinang kata sifat ''epik]'' taler [[Epik (genre)|karya turunan ring media tiosan]] (sakadi [[pilem epik]]) sane ngwetuang utawi nulad ceciren epik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite dictionary |title=Epic |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425101635/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epic |archive-date=April 25, 2025 |access-date=May 28, 2025 |dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Étimologi==
Parinama &quot;wiracarita&quot; mawit saking [[basa Sansekerta]] ''vīracarita'' ({{lang-sa|वीरचरित}}) miwah kawangun antuk kruna-kruna &quot;wira&quot; sané mateges pahlawan miwah &quot;carita&quot; sané mateges carita.

Istilah sane lianan, &quot;épos,&quot; mawit saking {{Lang-nl|epos}}, sane mawit saking {{Lang-la|epos}}, sane taler kaselang saking {{Lang-grc|ἔπος|translit=épos}}; tur taler istilah &quot;epik&quot; mawit saking {{lang-en|epik}}.

==Pustaka ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Wiracarita| ]]
[[Kategori:Sastra]]
{{sastra-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fungi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>284398</id>
      <parentid>282161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T17:05:46Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2766</id>
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      <text bytes="77774" sha1="ttein7i0opudiyvsit6jhozlg5cx5d5" xml:space="preserve">{{bedakan|jamur}}
{{taxobox
| color = {{tc2|fungi}}
| name = Fungi
| fossil_range = [[Devon]] Awal–mangkin&lt;!-- (lihat [[#Evolusi|bagian ini]]) --&gt; {{rentang fosil|410|0|}}
| image = Fungi collage.jpg
| image_width = 280px
| image_caption = Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas: {{plainlist|
*''[[Amanita muscaria]]'', sejenis basidiomycete;
*''[[Sarcoscypha coccinea]]'', sejenis ascomycete;
*roti yang ditumbuhi [[jamur]];
*sejenis [[Chytridiomycota|chytrid]];
*''[[Aspergillus]]'', sejenis [[conidiophore]].}}
| image_alt = A collage of five fungi (clockwise from top left): a mushroom with a flat, red top with white-spots, and a white stem growing on the ground; a red cup-shaped fungus growing on wood; a stack of green and white moldy bread slices on a plate; a microscopic, spherical grey-colored semitransparent cell, with a smaller spherical cell beside it; a microscopic view of an elongated cellular structure shaped like a microphone, attached to the larger end is a number of smaller roughly circular elements that collectively form a mass around it
| domain = [[Eukarya]]
| unranked_regnum = [[Opisthokonta]]
| regnum = Fungi
| regnum_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]) [[Royall T. Moore|R. T. Moore]]&lt;ref name=Moore1980/&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Subkerajaan/Filum/Subfilum&lt;ref&gt;Sistem klasifikasi berikut ini berdasarkan studi filogenetik tahun 2007 oleh Hibbett ''et al''.&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision =
: [[Blastocladiomycota]]
: [[Chytridiomycota]]
: [[Glomeromycota]]
: [[Microsporidia]]
: [[Neocallimastigomycota]]
[[Dikarya]] (inc. [[Deuteromycota]]){{br}}
: [[Ascomycota]]
:: [[Pezizomycotina]]
:: [[Saccharomycotina]]
:: [[Taphrinomycotina]]
: [[Basidiomycota]]
:: [[Agaricomycotina]]
:: [[Pucciniomycotina]]
:: [[Ustilaginomycotina]]
Subfilum [[Incertae sedis]]
: [[Entomophthormycota]]
: [[Kickxellomycotina]]
: [[Mucoromycotina]]
: [[Zoopagomycotina]]
}}
'''Fungi''' inggih punika sawilang anggota saking sekaa kauripan [[Eukaryota|eukariotik]] sané ngacakupin mikroorganisme minakadi [[ragi]] lan [[Kapang (oong)|kapang]], taler [[oong]] sané langkung katah. Organisme puniki kaklasifikasiyang dados [[Krajaan (biologi)|krajaan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Re:wild and IUCN SSC become first global organizations to call for the recognition of fungi as one of three kingdoms of life critical to protecting and restoring Earth |author= |newspaper=IUCN |date=3 Agustus 2021 |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/species-survival-commission/202108/rewild-and-iucn-ssc-become-first-global-organizations-call-recognition-fungi-one-three-kingdoms-life-critical-protecting-and-restoring-earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; mabinayan saking krajaan eukariotik liyanan, sané mawit asiki klasifikasi tradisional, rumasuk [[Plantae]], [[Animalia]], [[Protozoa]], lan [[Chromista]].

== Cingak malih ==
* [[Oong]]
* [[Hifa]]
* [[Spora]]

== Pustaka ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
&lt;ref name=Bowman2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Bowman SM, Free SJ | title=The structure and synthesis of the fungal cell wall | journal=BioEssays | volume=28 | issue=8 | pages=799–808 | date=August 2006 | pmid=16927300 | doi=10.1002/bies.20441 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Bruns2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Bruns T | title=Evolutionary biology: a kingdom revised | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-10-19_443_7113/page/758 | journal=Nature | volume=443 | issue=7113 | pages=758–61 | date=October 2006 | pmid=17051197 | doi=10.1038/443758a | bibcode=2006Natur.443..758B }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Brem2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Brem FM, Lips KR | title=Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection patterns among Panamanian amphibian species, habitats and elevations during epizootic and enzootic stages | journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms | volume=81 | issue=3 | pages=189–202 | date=September 2008 | pmid=18998584 | doi=10.3354/dao01960 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Lucking2017&gt;{{Cite book | vauthors=Hawksworth DL, Lücking R | title=Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species | journal=Microbiology Spectrum | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=79–95 | date=July 2017 | pmid=28752818 | doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016 | isbn=9781555819576 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Alcamo2004&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Alcamo IE, Pommerville J |title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology | url=https://archive.org/details/alcamosfundament0000pomm |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alcamosfundament0000pomm/page/590 590] |isbn=978-0-7637-0067-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Brodie1975&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Brodie HJ |title=The Bird's Nest Fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/birdsnestfungi0000brod |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto, Ontario |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8020-5307-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/birdsnestfungi0000brod/page/80 80]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Brundrett2002&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Brundrett MC |year=2002 |title=Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-phytologist_2002-05_154_2/page/275 |journal=New Phytologist |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=275–304 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Blackwell2004&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Blackwell M, Spatafora JW |veditors=Bills GF, Mueller GM, Foster MS |chapter=Fungi and their allies |title=Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods | url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityfung00fost |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=Amsterdam |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityfung00fost/page/n26 18]–20 |isbn=978-0-12-509551-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Barea2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Barea JM, Pozo MJ, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C | title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2005-07_56_417/page/1761 | journal=Journal of Experimental Botany | volume=56 | issue=417 | pages=1761–78 | date=July 2005 | pmid=15911555 | doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Aanen2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Aanen DK | title=As you reap, so shall you sow: coupling of harvesting and inoculating stabilizes the mutualism between termites and fungi | journal=Biology Letters | volume=2 | issue=2 | pages=209–12 | date=June 2006 | pmid=17148364 | pmc=1618886 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2005.0424 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Arnold2003&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Arnold AE, Mejía LC, Kyllo D, Rojas EI, Maynard Z, Robbins N, Herre EA | title=Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical tree | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=100 | issue=26 | pages=15649–54 | date=December 2003 | pmid=14671327 | pmc=307622 | doi=10.1073/pnas.2533483100 | bibcode=2003PNAS..10015649A }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Baldauf1993&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Baldauf SL, Palmer JD | title=Animals and fungi are each other's closest relatives: congruent evidence from multiple proteins | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=90 | issue=24 | pages=11558–62 | date=December 1993 | pmid=8265589 | pmc=48023 | doi=10.1073/pnas.90.24.11558 | bibcode=1993PNAS...9011558B }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Bonfante2003&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Bonfante P | title=Plants, mycorrhizal fungi and endobacteria: a dialog among cells and genomes | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-bulletin_2003-04_204_2/page/215 | journal=The Biological Bulletin | volume=204 | issue=2 | pages=215–20 | date=April 2003 | pmid=12700157 | doi=10.2307/1543562 | jstor=1543562 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Brodo2001&gt;{{cite book |title=Lichens of North America |url=https://archive.org/details/lichensofnortham0000brod | vauthors=Brodo IM, Sharnoff SD |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-300-08249-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Brakhage2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Brakhage AA | title=Systemic fungal infections caused by Aspergillus species: epidemiology, infection process and virulence determinants | journal=Current Drug Targets | volume=6 | issue=8 | pages=875–86 | date=December 2005 | pmid=16375671 | doi=10.2174/138945005774912717 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Brakhage2004&gt;{{Cite book | vauthors=Brakhage AA, Spröte P, Al-Abdallah Q, Gehrke A, Plattner H, Tüncher A | title=Regulation of penicillin biosynthesis in filamentous fungi | volume=88 | pages=45–90 | year=2004 | pmid=15719552 | doi=10.1007/b99257 | series=Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology | isbn=978-3-540-22032-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Abe2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Abe K, Gomi K, Hasegawa F, Machida M | title=Impact of ''Aspergillus oryzae'' genomics on industrial production of metabolites | url=https://archive.org/details/mycopathologia_2006-09_162_3/page/143 | journal=Mycopathologia | volume=162 | issue=3 | pages=143–53 | date=September 2006 | pmid=16944282 | doi=10.1007/s11046-006-0049-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ammirati1987&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE |title=The New Savory Wild Mushroom | url=https://archive.org/details/newsavorywildmus0000mcke |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle, Washington |year=1987 |pages=xii–xiii |isbn=978-0-295-96480-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Bush1997&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Bush LP, Wilkinson HH, Schardl CL | title=Bioprotective Alkaloids of Grass-Fungal Endophyte Symbioses | journal=Plant Physiology | volume=114 | issue=1 | pages=1–7 | date=May 1997 | pmid=12223685 | pmc=158272 | doi=10.1104/pp.114.1.1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Bouton2002&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bouton JH, Latch GC, Hill NS, Hoveland CS, McCann MA, Watson RH, Parish JA, Hawkins LL, Thompson FN |year=2002 |title=Reinfection of Tall Fescue Cultivars with Non-Ergot Alkaloid–Producing Endophytes |journal=[[Agronomy Journal]] |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=567–574|doi=10.2134/agronj2002.5670}} Review by {{cite journal | vauthors=Parish JA, McCann MA, Watson RH, Hoveland CS, Hawkins LL, Hill NS, Bouton JH | title=Use of nonergot alkaloid-producing endophytes for alleviating tall fescue toxicosis in sheep | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-science_2003-05_81_5/page/1316 | journal=Journal of Animal Science | volume=81 | issue=5 | pages=1316–22 | date=May 2003 | pmid=12772860 | doi=10.2527/2003.8151316x }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=BBC2008&gt;{{Cite news |title=Fungi to fight 'toxic war zones' |date=5 May 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/tayside_and_central/7384500.stm |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Beadle1941&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Beadle GW, Tatum EL | title=Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=27 | issue=11 | pages=499–506 | date=November 1941 | pmid=16588492 | pmc=1078370 | doi=10.1073/pnas.27.11.499 | bibcode=1941PNAS...27..499B }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Celio2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Celio GJ, Padamsee M, Dentinger BT, Bauer R, McLaughlin DJ | title=Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life: constructing the structural and biochemical database | url=https://archive.org/details/mycologia_november-december-2006_98_6/page/850 | journal=Mycologia | volume=98 | issue=6 | pages=850–9 | year=2006 | pmid=17486962 | doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.850 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Chandler2010&gt;{{cite book |title=A Dipterist's Handbook (2nd Edition) | vauthors=Chandler PJ |year=2010 |publisher=The Amateur Entomologists' Society |location=U.K. |pages=1–525}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Chang2004&gt;{{cite book | title=Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect and Environmental Impact | vauthors=((Chang S-T)), Miles PG |year=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-0-8493-1043-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Christensen2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Christensen MJ, Bennett RJ, Ansari HA, Koga H, Johnson RD, Bryan GT, Simpson WR, Koolaard JP, Nickless EM, Voisey CR | title=Epichloë endophytes grow by intercalary hyphal extension in elongating grass leaves | url=https://archive.org/details/fungal-genetics-and-biology_2008-02_45_2/page/84 | journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology | volume=45 | issue=2 | pages=84–93 | date=February 2008 | pmid=17919950 | doi=10.1016/j.fgb.2007.07.013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Clay2002&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Clay K, Schardl C | title=Evolutionary origins and ecological consequences of endophyte symbiosis with grasses | journal=The American Naturalist | volume=160 Suppl 4 | issue=suppl. 4 | pages=S99–S127 | date=October 2002 | pmid=18707456 | doi=10.1086/342161 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Christian2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Christian V, Shrivastava R, Shukla D, Modi HA, Vyas BR | title=Degradation of xenobiotic compounds by lignin-degrading white-rot fungi: enzymology and mechanisms involved | journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology | volume=43 | issue=4 | pages=301–12 | date=April 2005 | pmid=15875713 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Cushion2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Cushion MT, Smulian AG, Slaven BE, Sesterhenn T, Arnold J, Staben C, Porollo A, Adamczak R, Meller J | title=Transcriptome of Pneumocystis carinii during fulminate infection: carbohydrate metabolism and the concept of a compatible parasite | journal=PLoS One | volume=2 | issue=5 | pages=e423 | year=2007 | pmid=17487271 | pmc=1855432 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000423 | bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..423C }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Cook2008&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Cook GC, Zumla AI | author-link2=Alimuddin Zumla |title=Manson's Tropical Diseases: Expert Consult |publisher=Saunders Ltd |location=Edinburgh, Scotland |year=2008 |page=347 |isbn=978-1-4160-4470-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Dadachova2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Dadachova E, Bryan RA, Huang X, Moadel T, Schweitzer AD, Aisen P, Nosanchuk JD, Casadevall A | title=Ionizing radiation changes the electronic properties of melanin and enhances the growth of melanized fungi | journal=PLoS One | volume=2 | issue=5 | pages=e457 | year=2007 | pmid=17520016 | pmc=1866175 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000457 | bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..457D }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Dadachova2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Dadachova E, Casadevall A | title=Ionizing radiation: how fungi cope, adapt, and exploit with the help of melanin | journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology | volume=11 | issue=6 | pages=525–31 | date=December 2008 | pmid=18848901 | pmc=2677413 | doi=10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=Daly2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Daly R, Hearn MT | title=Expression of heterologous proteins in Pichia pastoris: a useful experimental tool in protein engineering and production | journal=Journal of Molecular Recognition | volume=18 | issue=2 | pages=119–38 | year=2005 | pmid=15565717 | doi=10.1002/jmr.687 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Datta1989&gt;{{Cite book | vauthors=Datta A, Ganesan K, Natarajan K | title=Current trends in ''Candida albicans'' research | volume=30 | pages=53–88 | year=1989 | pmid=2700541 | doi=10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60110-1 | isbn=978-0-12-027730-8 | series=Advances in Microbial Physiology }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=Dennis1970&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Dennis RL |year=1970 |title=A Middle Pennsylvanian basidiomycete mycelium with clamp connections |journal=Mycologia |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=578–584 |doi=10.2307/3757529 |jstor=3757529 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0062/003/0578.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Demain2000&gt;{{Cite book | vauthors=Demain AL, Fang A | title=The natural functions of secondary metabolites | volume=69 | pages=1–39 | year=2000 | pmid=11036689 | doi=10.1007/3-540-44964-7_1 | isbn=978-3-540-67793-2 | series=Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Desjardin 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Lodge DJ, Stevani CV, Nagasawa E | title=Luminescent Mycena: new and noteworthy species | journal=Mycologia | volume=102 | issue=2 | pages=459–77 | year=2010 | pmid=20361513 | doi=10.3852/09-197 | url=http://producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/16784 | access-date=2018-12-10 | archive-date=2018-11-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043819/http://www.producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/16784 | dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Deshpande1999&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Deshpande MV | title=Mycopesticide production by fermentation: potential and challenges | url=https://archive.org/details/critical-reviews-in-microbiology_1999_25_3/page/229 | journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology | volume=25 | issue=3 | pages=229–43 | year=1999 | pmid=10524330 | doi=10.1080/10408419991299220 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=Dotzler2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Dotzler N, Walker C, Krings M, Hass H, Kerp H, Taylor TN, Agerer R |year=2009 |title=Acaulosporoid glomeromycotan spores with a germination shield from the 400-million-year-old Rhynie chert | url=https://archive.org/details/mycological-progress_2009-03_8_1/page/9 |journal=Mycological Progress |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1007/s11557-008-0573-1|hdl=1808/13680 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Douglas1989&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Douglas AE | title=Mycetocyte symbiosis in insects | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_1989-11_64_4/page/409 | journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume=64 | issue=4 | pages=409–34 | date=November 1989 | pmid=2696562 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1989.tb00682.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ElDine2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=El Dine RS, El Halawany AM, Ma CM, Hattori M | title=Anti-HIV-1 protease activity of lanostane triterpenes from the vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma colossum | journal=Journal of Natural Products | volume=71 | issue=6 | pages=1022–6 | date=June 2008 | pmid=18547117 | doi=10.1021/np8001139 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=elMekkawy1998&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=el-Mekkawy S, Meselhy MR, Nakamura N, Tezuka Y, Hattori M, Kakiuchi N, Shimotohno K, Kawahata T, Otake T | title=Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-1-protease substances from Ganoderma lucidum | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phytochemistry_1998-11_49_6/page/1651 | journal=Phytochemistry | volume=49 | issue=6 | pages=1651–7 | date=November 1998 | pmid=9862140 | doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00254-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=Eshet1995&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Eshet Y, Rampino MR, Visscher H |year=1995 |title=Fungal event and palynological record of ecological crisis and recovery across the Permian-Triassic boundary |journal=Geology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=967–970 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023&lt;0967:FEAPRO&gt;2.3.CO;2|bibcode=1995Geo....23..967E }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=Farrar1985&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Farrar JF | title=Carbohydrate metabolism in biotrophic plant pathogens | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiological-sciences_1985-10_2_10/page/314 | journal=Microbiological Sciences | volume=2 | issue=10 | pages=314–7 | date=October 1985 | pmid=3939987 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Fajardo2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Fajardo A, Martínez JL | title=Antibiotics as signals that trigger specific bacterial responses | journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology | volume=11 | issue=2 | pages=161–7 | date=April 2008 | pmid=18373943 | doi=10.1016/j.mib.2008.02.006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ferguson2003&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Ferguson BA, Dreisbach TA, Parks CG, Filip GM, Schmitt CL |year=2003 |title=Coarse-scale population structure of pathogenic ''Armillaria'' species in a mixed-conifer forest in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-forest-research_2003-04_33_4/page/612 |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]] |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=612–623 |doi=10.1139/x03-065}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=Molina2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Molina L, Kahmann R | title=An Ustilago maydis gene involved in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; detoxification is required for virulence | journal=The Plant Cell | volume=19 | issue=7 | pages=2293–309 | date=July 2007 | pmid=17616735 | pmc=1955693 | doi=10.1105/tpc.107.052332 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Money1997&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Money NP |chapter=Mechanics of invasive fungal growth and the significance of turgor in plant infection |title=Molecular Genetics of Host-Specific Toxins in Plant Disease: Proceedings of the 3rd Tottori International Symposium on Host-Specific Toxins, Daisen, Tottori, Japan, August 24–29, 1997 | url=https://archive.org/details/moleculargenetic0013tott_l5z7 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |year=1998 |location=Netherlands |pages=[https://archive.org/details/moleculargenetic0013tott_l5z7/page/261 261]–271 |isbn=978-0-7923-4981-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=Money2002&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Money NP | title=Mushroom stem cells | journal=BioEssays | volume=24 | issue=10 | pages=949–52 | date=October 2002 | pmid=12325127 | doi=10.1002/bies.10160 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Moss1986&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Moss ST |title=The Biology of Marine Fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofmarinef0000unse |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1986 |page=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofmarinef0000unse/page/76 76] |isbn=978-0-521-30899-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mueller2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Mueller GM, Schmit JP |year=2006 |title=Fungal biodiversity: what do we know? What can we predict? |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=16 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1007/s10531-006-9117-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=MycotaVIIS&amp;E&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Esser K |title=The Mycota VII A: Systematics and Evolution (2nd ed.) |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |page=461 |isbn=978-3-642-55317-2 |url=http://www.nhbs.com/title/199258/the-mycota-volume-7a-systematics-and-evolution |access-date=2023-07-06 |archive-date=2017-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506230017/http://www.nhbs.com/title/199258/the-mycota-volume-7a-systematics-and-evolution |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Nikoh2000&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Nikoh N, Fukatsu T | title=Interkingdom host jumping underground: phylogenetic analysis of entomoparasitic fungi of the genus cordyceps | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2000-04_17_4/page/629 | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=17 | issue=4 | pages=629–38 | date=April 2000 | pmid=10742053 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026341 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Nielsen2007&gt;{{Cite book | vauthors=Nielsen K, Heitman J | title=Sex and virulence of human pathogenic fungi | volume=57 | pages=143–73 | year=2007 | pmid=17352904 | doi=10.1016/S0065-2660(06)57004-X | isbn=978-0-12-017657-1 | series=Advances in Genetics }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Nguyen2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Nguyen NH, Suh SO, Blackwell M | title=Five novel Candida species in insect-associated yeast clades isolated from Neuroptera and other insects | journal=Mycologia | volume=99 | issue=6 | pages=842–58 | year=2007 | pmid=18333508 | doi=10.3852/mycologia.99.6.842 | url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0099/006/0842.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=ODonnell1998&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=O'Donnell K, Cigelnik E, Casper HH | title=Molecular phylogenetic, morphological, and mycotoxin data support reidentification of the Quorn mycoprotein fungus as ''Fusarium venenatum'' | url=https://archive.org/details/fungal-genetics-and-biology_1998-02_23_1/page/57 | journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology | volume=23 | issue=1 | pages=57–67 | date=February 1998 | pmid=9501477 | doi=10.1006/fgbi.1997.1018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=OlempskaBeer2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Olempska-Beer ZS, Merker RI, Ditto MD, DiNovi MJ | title=Food-processing enzymes from recombinant microorganisms--a review | journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology | volume=45 | issue=2 | pages=144–158 | date=July 2006 | pmid=16769167 | doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.05.001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=OxfordDictionary&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/fungus |title=Fungus |work=Oxford Dictionaries |accessdate=26 February 2011 |archive-date=2012-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728023308/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/fungus |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Orr1979&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Orr DB, Orr RT |title=Mushrooms of Western North America | url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsofweste0000orrr |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |year=1979 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mushroomsofweste0000orrr/page/17 17] |isbn=978-0-520-03656-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Paoletti2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Paoletti M, Buck KW, Brasier CM | title=Selective acquisition of novel mating type and vegetative incompatibility genes via interspecies gene transfer in the globally invading eukaryote ''Ophiostoma novo-ulmi'' | journal=Molecular Ecology | volume=15 | issue=1 | pages=249–62 | date=January 2006 | pmid=16367844 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02728.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Pan2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Pan A, Lorenzotti S, Zoncada A | title=Registered and investigational drugs for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection | journal=Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery | volume=3 | issue=1 | pages=10–33 | date=January 2008 | pmid=18221183 | doi=10.2174/157489108783413173 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Parniske2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Parniske M | title=Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses | journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume=6 | issue=10 | pages=763–75 | date=October 2008 | pmid=18794914 | doi=10.1038/nrmicro1987 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Paszkowski2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Paszkowski U | title=Mutualism and parasitism: the yin and yang of plant symbioses | journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=364–70 | date=August 2006 | pmid=16713732 | doi=10.1016/j.pbi.2006.05.008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Paterson2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Paterson RR | title=Ganoderma - a therapeutic fungal biofactory | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phytochemistry_2006-09_67_18/page/1985 | journal=Phytochemistry | volume=67 | issue=18 | pages=1985–2001 | date=September 2006 | pmid=16905165 | doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.07.004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Paterson2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Paterson RR | title=Cordyceps: a traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? | journal=Phytochemistry | volume=69 | issue=7 | pages=1469–95 | date=May 2008 | pmid=18343466 | doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Penalva2002&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Peñalva MA, Arst HN | title=Regulation of gene expression by ambient pH in filamentous fungi and yeasts | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2002-09_66_3/page/426 | journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | volume=66 | issue=3 | pages=426–46, table of contents | date=September 2002 | pmid=12208998 | pmc=120796 | doi=10.1128/MMBR.66.3.426-446.2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Peintner1998&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Peintner U, Pöder R, Pümpel T |title=The Iceman's fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_fungal-biology_mycological-research_1998-10_102_10/page/1153 |journal=Mycological Research |volume=102 |issue=10 |pages=1153–1162 |year=1998 |doi=10.1017/S0953756298006546}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Pereira2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Pereira JL, Noronha EF, Miller RN, Franco OL | title=Novel insights in the use of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by fungi with biotechnological potential | journal=Letters in Applied Microbiology | volume=44 | issue=6 | pages=573–81 | date=June 2007 | pmid=17576216 | doi=10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02151.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Perotto1997&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Perotto S, Bonfante P | title=Bacterial associations with mycorrhizal fungi: close and distant friends in the rhizosphere | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_1997-12_5_12/page/496 | journal=Trends in Microbiology | volume=5 | issue=12 | pages=496–501 | date=December 1997 | pmid=9447662 | doi=10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01154-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Perfect2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Perfect JR | title=''Cryptococcus neoformans'': the yeast that likes it hot | journal=FEMS Yeast Research | volume=6 | issue=4 | pages=463–8 | date=June 2006 | pmid=16696642 | doi=10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00051.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Piskur2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Piskur J, Rozpedowska E, Polakova S, Merico A, Compagno C | title=How did Saccharomyces evolve to become a good brewer? | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-genetics_2006-04_22_4/page/n10 | journal=Trends in Genetics | volume=22 | issue=4 | pages=183–6 | date=April 2006 | pmid=16499989 | doi=10.1016/j.tig.2006.02.002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Pringle2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Pringle A, Patek SN, Fischer M, Stolze J, Money NP | title=The captured launch of a ballistospore | journal=Mycologia | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=866–71 | year=2005 | pmid=16457355 | doi=10.3852/mycologia.97.4.866 | url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0097/004/0866.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Polizeli2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Polizeli ML, Rizzatti AC, Monti R, Terenzi HF, Jorge JA, Amorim DS | title=Xylanases from fungi: properties and industrial applications | url=https://archive.org/details/applied-microbiology-and-biotechnology_2005-06_67_5/page/577 | journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology | volume=67 | issue=5 | pages=577–91 | date=June 2005 | pmid=15944805 | doi=10.1007/s00253-005-1904-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Radford1997&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Radford A, Parish JH | title=The genome and genes of Neurospora crassa | url=https://archive.org/details/fungal-genetics-and-biology_1997-06_21_3/page/258 | journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology | volume=21 | issue=3 | pages=258–66 | date=June 1997 | pmid=9290240 | doi=10.1006/fgbi.1997.0979 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Purvis2000&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Purvis W |title=Lichens | url=https://archive.org/details/lichens00purv |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press in association with the Natural History Museum, London |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lichens00purv/page/49 49]–75 |isbn=978-1-56098-879-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Raghukumar1998&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Raghukumar C, Raghukumar S |title=Barotolerance of fungi isolated from deep-sea sediments of the Indian Ocean |journal=Aquatic Microbial Ecology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=153–163 |year=1998 |doi=10.3354/ame015153}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Raven2005&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn, SE |title=Biology of Plants | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716762713 |edition=7 |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=2005 |page=290 |chapter=14—Fungi |isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Redecker2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Redecker D, Raab P | title=Phylogeny of the glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi): recent developments and new gene markers | journal=Mycologia | volume=98 | issue=6 | pages=885–95 | year=2006 | pmid=17486965 | doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.885 | url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0098/006/0885.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Redecker2000&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE | title=Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician | journal=Science | volume=289 | issue=5486 | pages=1920–1 | date=September 2000 | pmid=10988069 | doi=10.1126/science.289.5486.1920 | bibcode=2000Sci...289.1920R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Remy1994&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Remy W, Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H | title=Four hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=91 | issue=25 | pages=11841–3 | date=December 1994 | pmid=11607500 | pmc=45331 | doi=10.1073/pnas.91.25.11841 | bibcode=1994PNAS...9111841R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Rohlfs2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Rohlfs M, Albert M, Keller NP, Kempken F | title=Secondary chemicals protect mould from fungivory | journal=Biology Letters | volume=3 | issue=5 | pages=523–5 | date=October 2007 | pmid=17686752 | pmc=2391202 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0338 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Sancho2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Sancho LG, de la Torre R, Horneck G, Ascaso C, de Los Rios A, Pintado A, Wierzchos J, Schuster M | title=Lichens survive in space: results from the 2005 LICHENS experiment | journal=Astrobiology | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=443–54 | date=June 2007 | pmid=17630840 | doi=10.1089/ast.2006.0046 | bibcode=2007AsBio...7..443S }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Samuels2006&gt;For an example, see {{cite journal | vauthors=Samuels GJ | title=Trichoderma: systematics, the sexual state, and ecology | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phytopathology_2006-02_96_2/page/195 | journal=Phytopathology | volume=96 | issue=2 | pages=195–206 | date=February 2006 | pmid=18943925 | doi=10.1094/PHYTO-96-0195 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schaller2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Schaller M, Borelli C, Korting HC, Hube B | title=Hydrolytic enzymes as virulence factors of Candida albicans | url=https://archive.org/details/mycoses_2005_48_6/page/n6 | journal=Mycoses | volume=48 | issue=6 | pages=365–77 | date=November 2005 | pmid=16262871 | doi=10.1111/j.1439-0507.2005.01165.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schardl2003&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Schardl CL, Craven KD | title=Interspecific hybridization in plant-associated fungi and oomycetes: a review | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-ecology_2003-11_12_11/page/2861 | journal=Molecular Ecology | volume=12 | issue=11 | pages=2861–73 | date=November 2003 | pmid=14629368 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01965.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schlegel1993&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Schlegel HG |title=General Microbiology | url=https://archive.org/details/generalmicrobiol0000schl |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1993 |page=[https://archive.org/details/generalmicrobiol0000schl/page/360 360] |isbn=978-0-521-43980-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schardl2007&gt;{{Cite book | vauthors=Schardl CL, Panaccione DG, Tudzynski P | title=Ergot alkaloids--biology and molecular biology | journal=The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Biology | volume=63 | pages=45–86 | year=2006 | pmid=17133714 | doi=10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63002-2 | isbn=978-0-12-469563-4 | series=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schoch2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Schoch CL, Sung GH, López-Giráldez F, Townsend JP, Miadlikowska J, Hofstetter V, Robbertse B, Matheny PB, Kauff F, Wang Z, Gueidan C, Andrie RM, Trippe K, Ciufetti LM, Wynns A, Fraker E, Hodkinson BP, Bonito G, Groenewald JZ, Arzanlou M, de Hoog GS, Crous PW, Hewitt D, Pfister DH, Peterson K, Gryzenhout M, Wingfield MJ, Aptroot A, Suh SO, Blackwell M, Hillis DM, Griffith GW, Castlebury LA, Rossman AY, Lumbsch HT, Lücking R, Büdel B, Rauhut A, Diederich P, Ertz D, Geiser DM, Hosaka K, Inderbitzin P, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Mostert L, O'Donnell K, Sipman H, Rogers JD, Shoemaker RA, Sugiyama J, Summerbell RC, Untereiner W, Johnston PR, Stenroos S, Zuccaro A, Dyer PS, Crittenden PD, Cole MS, Hansen K, Trappe JM, Yahr R, Lutzoni F, Spatafora JW | display-authors=6 | title=The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2009-04_58_2/page/224 | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=58 | issue=2 | pages=224–39 | date=April 2009 | pmid=20525580 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/syp020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schussler2001&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Schüssler A, Schwarzott D, Walker C |year=2001 |title=A new fungal phylum, the ''Glomeromycota'': phylogeny and evolution | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_fungal-biology_mycological-research_2001-12_105_12/page/1413 |journal=Mycological Research |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=1413–1421 |doi=10.1017/S0953756201005196}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Sci-News2015&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.sci-news.com/biology/science-brazilian-stingless-bee-monascus-fungus-03372.html |title=Entomologists: Brazilian Stingless Bee Must Cultivate Special Type of Fungus to Survive |date=23 October 2015 |publisher=''Sci-News.com'' |accessdate=25 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Selosse2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Selosse MA, Richard F, He X, Simard SW | title=Mycorrhizal networks: des liaisons dangereuses? | journal=Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution | volume=21 | issue=11 | pages=621–8 | date=November 2006 | pmid=16843567 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Schulz2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Schulz B, Boyle C | title=The endophytic continuum | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_fungal-biology_mycological-research_2005-06_109_6/page/661 | journal=Mycological Research | volume=109 | issue=Pt 6 | pages=661–86 | date=June 2005 | pmid=16080390 | doi=10.1017/S095375620500273X }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Shoji2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Shoji JY, Arioka M, Kitamoto K | title=Possible involvement of pleiomorphic vacuolar networks in nutrient recycling in filamentous fungi | journal=Autophagy | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=226–7 | year=2006 | pmid=16874107 | doi=10.4161/auto.2695 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ShalchianTabrizi2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, Jakobsen KS, Cavalier-Smith T | title=Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals | journal=PLoS One | volume=3 | issue=5 | pages=e2098 | year=2008 | pmid=18461162 | pmc=2346548 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 | bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2098S }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Silar2016&gt;{{Cite book | vauthors=Silar P |title=Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes |publisher=HAL |year=2016 |page=462 |isbn=978-2-9555841-0-1 | url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01263138/document}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Simpson1979&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Simpson DP |title= Cassell's Latin Dictionary | url=https://archive.org/details/cassellslatineng0000unse_w6a1 |publisher=Cassell Ltd |year=1979 |edition=5 |location=London, UK |page=883 |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=SimonNobbe2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Simon-Nobbe B, Denk U, Pöll V, Rid R, Breitenbach M | title=The spectrum of fungal allergy | url=https://archive.org/details/international-archives-of-allergy-and-immunology_2008_145_1/page/58 | journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology | volume=145 | issue=1 | pages=58–86 | year=2008 | pmid=17709917 | doi=10.1159/000107578 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Steenkamp2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Steenkamp ET, Wright J, Baldauf SL | title=The protistan origins of animals and fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2006-01_23_1/page/93 | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=23 | issue=1 | pages=93–106 | date=January 2006 | pmid=16151185 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msj011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Stamets2000&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Stamets P | title=Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms=[Shokuyō oyobi yakuyō kinoko no saibai] | url=https://archive.org/details/growinggourmetme0000stam |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, California |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/growinggourmetme0000stam/page/n252 233]–248 |isbn=978-1-58008-175-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Stevens2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Stevens DA, Ichinomiya M, Koshi Y, Horiuchi H | title=Escape of Candida from caspofungin inhibition at concentrations above the MIC (paradoxical effect) accomplished by increased cell wall chitin; evidence for beta-1,6-glucan synthesis inhibition by caspofungin | journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | volume=50 | issue=9 | pages=3160–1 | date=September 2006 | pmid=16940118 | pmc=1563524 | doi=10.1128/AAC.00563-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Struck2006&gt;According to one 2001 estimate, some 10,000 fungal diseases are known. {{cite book | vauthors=Struck C | veditors=Cooke BM, Jones DG, Kaye B |title=The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases | url=https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyplan00cook_861 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Germany |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyplan00cook_861/page/n130 117] |isbn=978-1-4020-4580-6 |chapter=Infection strategies of plant parasitic fungi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Sullivan2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Sullivan R, Smith JE, Rowan NJ | title=Medicinal mushrooms and cancer therapy: translating a traditional practice into Western medicine | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_perspectives-in-biology-and-medicine_spring-2006_49_2/page/159 | journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine | volume=49 | issue=2 | pages=159–70 | year=2006 | pmid=16702701 | doi=10.1353/pbm.2006.0034 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Taylor1996&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors =Taylor TN, Taylor EL |year=1996 |title=The distribution and interactions of some Paleozoic fungi |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=95 |issue=1–4 |pages=83–94 |doi=10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00029-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Talbot2003&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Talbot NJ | title=On the trail of a cereal killer: Exploring the biology of Magnaporthe grisea | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2003_57/page/177 | journal=Annual Review of Microbiology | volume=57 | pages=177–202 | year=2003 | pmid=14527276 | doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090957 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Taylor2000&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor JW, Jacobson DJ, Kroken S, Kasuga T, Geiser DM, Hibbett DS, Fisher MC | title=Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/fungal-genetics-and-biology_2000-10_31_1/page/21 | journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=21–32 | date=October 2000 | pmid=11118132 | doi=10.1006/fgbi.2000.1228 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Taylor2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H, Krings M, Hanlin RT | title=Perithecial ascomycetes from the 400 million year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism | journal=Mycologia | volume=97 | issue=1 | pages=269–85 | year=2005 | pmid=16389979 | doi=10.3852/mycologia.97.1.269 | url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0097/001/0269.htm | hdl=1808/16786 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Taylor2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor JW, Berbee ML | title=Dating divergences in the Fungal Tree of Life: review and new analyses | journal=Mycologia | volume=98 | issue=6 | pages=838–49 | year=2006 | pmid=17486961 | doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.838 | url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0098/006/0838.htm | access-date=2018-12-10 | archive-date=2016-04-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412150130/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0098/006/0838.htm | dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Thomas2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Thomas MB, Read AF | title=Can fungal biopesticides control malaria? | journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume=5 | issue=5 | pages=377–83 | date=May 2007 | pmid=17426726 | doi=10.1038/nrmicro1638 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Tudzynski2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Tudzynski B | title=Gibberellin biosynthesis in fungi: genes, enzymes, evolution, and impact on biotechnology | url=https://archive.org/details/applied-microbiology-and-biotechnology_2005-03_66_6/page/597 | journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology | volume=66 | issue=6 | pages=597–611 | date=March 2005 | pmid=15578178 | doi=10.1007/s00253-004-1805-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Trail2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Trail F | title=Fungal cannons: explosive spore discharge in the Ascomycota | journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters | volume=276 | issue=1 | pages=12–8 | date=November 2007 | pmid=17784861 | doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00900.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Fungi/2377 |title=Fungi. Eumycota: mushrooms, sac fungi, yeast, molds, rusts, smuts, etc. |vauthors=Blackwell M, Vilgalys R, James TY, Taylor JW |publisher=Tree of Life Web Project |year=2009 |accessdate=25 April 2009 |archive-date=13 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413045121/http://tolweb.org/Fungi/2377 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;urlwww.uvminnovations.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uvminnovations.com/graphics/PDF_ORIG/microfactory.pdf?zoom_highlight=Whey-based+fungal+microfactory#search=%22Whey-based%20fungal%20microfactory%22 |author=Keiller TS. |title=Whey-based fungal microfactory technology for enhanced biological pest management using fungi |format=PDF |publisher=UVM Innovations |accessdate=29 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029010101/http://www.uvminnovations.com/graphics/PDF_ORIG/microfactory.pdf?zoom_highlight=Whey-based+fungal+microfactory#search=%22Whey-based%20fungal%20microfactory%22 |archivedate=29 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;urlUSDA Biocontrol&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jul98/fung0798.htm | vauthors=Becker H |title=Setting the Stage To Screen Biocontrol Fungi |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service |year=1998 |accessdate=23 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=vanEgmond2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=van Egmond HP, Schothorst RC, Jonker MA | title=Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: perspectives in a global and European context | journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | volume=389 | issue=1 | pages=147–57 | date=September 2007 | pmid=17508207 | doi=10.1007/s00216-007-1317-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Yang2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Yang Y, Yang E, An Z, Liu X | title=Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=104 | issue=20 | pages=8379–84 | date=May 2007 | pmid=17494736 | pmc=1895958 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0702770104 | bibcode=2007PNAS..104.8379Y }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Vetter1998&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Vetter J | title=Toxins of Amanita phalloides | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_toxicon_1998-01_36_1/page/13 | journal=Toxicon | volume=36 | issue=1 | pages=13–24 | date=January 1998 | pmid=9604278 | doi=10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00074-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Valverde1995&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Valverde ME, Paredes-López O, Pataky JK, Guevara-Lara F | title=Huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis) as a food source--biology, composition, and production | url=https://archive.org/details/critical-reviews-in-food-science-and-nutrition_1995_35_3/page/191 | journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition | volume=35 | issue=3 | pages=191–229 | date=January 1995 | pmid=7632354 | doi=10.1080/10408399509527699 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Yuen2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Yuen JW, Gohel MD | title=Anticancer effects of Ganoderma lucidum: a review of scientific evidence | url=https://archive.org/details/nutrition-and-cancer_2005_53_1/page/11 | journal=Nutrition and Cancer | volume=53 | issue=1 | pages=11–7 | year=2005 | pmid=16351502 | doi=10.1207/s15327914nc5301_2 | hdl=10397/26313 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Vaupotic2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Vaupotic T, Veranic P, Jenoe P, Plemenitas A | title=Mitochondrial mediation of environmental osmolytes discrimination during osmoadaptation in the extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii | url=https://archive.org/details/fungal-genetics-and-biology_2008-06_45_6/page/994 | journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology | volume=45 | issue=6 | pages=994–1007 | date=June 2008 | pmid=18343697 | doi=10.1016/j.fgb.2008.01.006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Wang2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Wang ZY, Jenkinson JM, Holcombe LJ, Soanes DM, Veneault-Fourrey C, Bhambra GK, Talbot NJ | title=The molecular biology of appressorium turgor generation by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea | journal=Biochemical Society Transactions | volume=33 | issue=Pt 2 | pages=384–8 | date=April 2005 | pmid=15787612 | doi=10.1042/BST0330384 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Willensdorfer2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Willensdorfer M | title=On the evolution of differentiated multicellularity | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_2009-02_63_2/page/306 | journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume=63 | issue=2 | pages=306–23 | date=February 2009 | pmid=19154376 | doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00541.x | arxiv=0801.2610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ward2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Ward PD, Botha J, Buick R, De Kock MO, Erwin DH, Garrison GH, Kirschvink JL, Smith R | title=Abrupt and gradual extinction among Late Permian land vertebrates in the Karoo basin, South Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-02-04_307_5710/page/709 | journal=Science | volume=307 | issue=5710 | pages=709–14 | date=February 2005 | pmid=15661973 | doi=10.1126/science.1107068 | bibcode=2005Sci...307..709W | citeseerx=10.1.1.503.2065 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Xu2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Xu H, Andi B, Qian J, West AH, Cook PF | title=The alpha-aminoadipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis in fungi | journal=[[Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics]] | volume=46 | issue=1 | pages=43–64 | year=2006 | pmid=16943623 | doi=10.1385/CBB:46:1:43 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Wu2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Wu S, Schalk M, Clark A, Miles RB, Coates R, Chappell J | title=Redirection of cytosolic or plastidic isoprenoid precursors elevates terpene production in plants | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-biotechnology_2006-11_24_11/page/1441 | journal=Nature Biotechnology | volume=24 | issue=11 | pages=1441–7 | date=November 2006 | pmid=17057703 | doi=10.1038/nbt1251 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zabriskie2000&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Zabriskie TM, Jackson MD | title=Lysine biosynthesis and metabolism in fungi | journal=Natural Product Reports | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=85–97 | date=February 2000 | pmid=10714900 | doi=10.1039/a801345d }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Yuan2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Yuan X, Xiao S, Taylor TN | title=Lichen-like symbiosis 600 million years ago | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-05-13_308_5724/page/n110 | journal=Science | volume=308 | issue=5724 | pages=1017–20 | date=May 2005 | pmid=15890881 | doi=10.1126/science.1111347 | bibcode=2005Sci...308.1017Y }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Zisova2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Zisova LG | title=Malassezia species and seborrheic dermatitis | journal=Folia Medica | volume=51 | issue=1 | pages=23–33 | year=2009 | pmid=19437895 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

=== Lis pustaka ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | vauthors=Ainsworth GC |title=Introduction to the History of Mycology | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000ains_e9i2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-521-11295-6}}
* {{cite book | vauthors=Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M |title=Introductory Mycology | url=https://archive.org/details/introductorymyco0000alex_q5x1 | year=1996 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-471-52229-4}}
* {{cite book | vauthors=Chandler PJ |title=A Dipterist's Handbook | edition=2nd |year=2010|publisher=The Amateur Entomologists' Society|pages=1–525}}
* {{cite book | vauthors=Deacon J |title=Fungal Biology | url=https://archive.org/details/fungalbiology0000deac |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4051-3066-0}}
* {{cite book | vauthors=Hall IR |title=Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World | url=https://archive.org/details/ediblepoisonousm0000unse |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-586-9}}
* {{cite book | vauthors=Hanson JR | title=The Chemistry of Fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryoffungi0000hans | year=2008 |publisher=Royal Society Of Chemistry |isbn=978-0-85404-136-7}}
* {{cite book | vauthors=Jennings DH, Lysek G |title=Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle |year=1996 |publisher=Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd |location=Guildford, UK |isbn=978-1-85996-150-6}}
* {{cite book | vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9 |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}
* {{cite book | vauthors =Taylor EL, Taylor TN |title=The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-13-651589-0}}
{{refend}}

{{Fungi}}
{{Eukariotik}}
{{Kehidupan ring Gumi}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q764}}

[[Kategori:Fungi| ]]
[[Kategori:Biologi]]</text>
      <sha1>ttein7i0opudiyvsit6jhozlg5cx5d5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Śri Jayaśakti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4220" sha1="9eftcus1m8lvdvc9mwisz8xq32svzv1" xml:space="preserve">'''Śri Jayaśakti''' inggih punika silih tunggil raja saking Kerajaan Bali sane ngadeg ratu saking warsa 1133-1150 Masehi. Ring masa panyenengan idane, wenten kalih kitab awig-awig sane kamedalang ring ''Utara Widdi Balawan'' lan ''Raja Wacana'' (Rajaniti). Ri sampune puput panyenengan ida raja Suradhipa, wusan nika antuk katurunan mamerintah ring Bali wenten papat raja antuk aran &quot;jaya&quot; ring gelarnyane, Inggih Punika;

# Śri Maharaja Śri Jayaśakti warsa Saka 1055-1072 (1133-1150 M)
# Śri Maharaja Śri Ragajaya warsa Saka 1077 (1155 M)
# Śri Maharaja Jayapangus warsa Saka 1099-1103 (1178-1181 M)
# Śri Maharaja Ekajayalancana sareng ibun ida inggih punika Śri Maharaja Śri Arjaryya Dengjayaketana sane ngamedalang prasasti ring warsa Saka 1122 (1200 M).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sejarah-puri-pemecutan.blogspot.com/2011/05/sri-suradhipa.html|title=ŚRI SURADHIPA|last=Dawan|first=Lanang|date=Sabtu, 14 Mei 2011|website=PEMECUTAN-BEDULU-MAJAPAHIT|access-date=2024-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hubungan kakeluwargaan makasami nenten kauningang antuk kapastiannyane. Yadiastun punika, antuk kawentennyane miwah sistem pagentosang mordhaning jagat kerajaan tradisional taler kaangge aran &quot;jaya&quot; ring gelar soang-soang raja sida kabaosang wenten hubungan kaluwarga. Masa pemerintahan keempat raja nika kirang langkung sezaman antuk masa pemerintahan raja-raja Jayabhaya (1057 -1079 Saka), Sarweswara (1081 Saka), Aryeswara (1091-1093 Saka), Kroncaryadhipa utawi Gandra (1103 Saka), Kameswara (1104-1107 Saka), lan Kertajaya utawi Srengga (1116-1127 Saka) ring kerajaan Kadiri di Jawa Timur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-30|title=HLM 2020 Foreword|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hlm49214.2020.9307869|journal=2020 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts and Intensive Course (HLM)|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/hlm49214.2020.9307869}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kawentenan kruna &quot;Jaya&quot; sane kaangge ring keempat gelar raja Bali Kuno lan pinih kidik ring kalih aran raja Kadiri inucap. Kawentenan hubungan kakeluwargaannyane kakuat olih keterangan ring kitab Bharatayuddha. Ring kitab nika, kabaosang yening raja Jayabhaya polih nglinggahang kekuasaan ida ke Indonesia bagian kangin lan nenten wenten ring pulau sane sida mertahanang saking kekuasaan Jayabhaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1956-02-01|title=Editorial|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/118.2.154|journal=Military Medicine|volume=118|issue=2|pages=154–155|doi=10.1093/milmed/118.2.154|issn=0026-4075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawusan Raja Jayasakti, sane nyeneng ratu inggih punika Ragajaya kirang langkung warsa 1155. Ragajaya kagentosin olih Raja Jayapangus (1177-1181).

== Pustaka ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Cingak malih ===
* [[Sejarah Bali]]
* [[Lis Raja Bali]]
* [[Hinduismé ring Indonésia]]

=== Pustaka liyanan ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author=C.C. Berg |title=De middeljavaansche historische traditie |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10761 |location=Santpoort |year=1927}}
* {{cite book|author=A.J. Bernet Kempers |title=Monumental Bali; Introduction to Balinese Archaeology &amp; Guide to the Monuments |url=https://archive.org/details/monumentalbaliin0000bern |location=Berkeley &amp; Singapore |year=1991 |ISBN=0-945971-16-8}}
* {{cite journal|first=Helen |last=Creese |title=Balinese babad as historical sources; A reinterpretation of the fall of Gelgel|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=147 |year=1991}}
* {{cite journal|first=Henk Schulte |last=Nordholt |title=Macht, mensen en middelen; Patronen en dynamiek in de Balische politiek ca. 1700-1840 |journal=Doctoraalscriptie |location=Amsterdam |year=1980}}
* {{cite book|first=Henk Schulte |last=Nordholt |title=The Spell of Power; A History of Balinese Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/spellofpowerhist0000schu |location=Leiden |year=1996 |ISBN=90-6718-090-4}}
* {{cite book|first=Margaret J. |last=Wiener |title=Visible and Invisible Realms; Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali |location=Chicago &amp; London |year=1995 |ISBN=0-226-88580-1}}
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Śri Maharaja Sri Suradhipa]]}}
{{s-ttl|title =[[Daftar Raja Bali|Penguasa Bali]]|years=1133-1150 M}}
{{s-aft|after =[[Ragajaya]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Kategori:Raja Bali]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Bali]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hiragana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55760</id>
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      <text bytes="17126" sha1="f0f4a0x7phdp7l80fxtyzy0i9dwoyea" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Hiragana'''|[[wikt:平仮名|平仮名]], [[wikt:ひらがな|ひらがな]]||{{IPA|ja|çiɾaɡaꜜna, çiɾaɡana(ꜜ)|IPA}}}} inggih punika [[silabel]] [[basa Jepang|Jepang]], pahan saking [[sistem panyuratan basa Jepang|sistem panyuratan Jepang]], kasarengin antuk ''[[katakana]]'' taler ''[[aksara kanji|kanji]]''.

==Tabél hiragana==
Tabél puniki nujuang hiragana jangkep sinarengan sareng [[romanisasi Hepburn|romanisasi Hepburn sané kauahin]] tur transkripsi [[Aksara Fonétik Internasional|IPA]], kasusun ring papat kategori, soang-soang kasinahang ring bacakan ''gojūon''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/lesson/english/syllabary/hiragana_english.pdf|title=The Japanese Syllabaries (Hiragana) |website=NHK World}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ja:■米国規格(ANSI Z39.11-1972)―要約 |url=http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024633/http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=halcat.com |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ALA-LC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=ALA-LC Japanese Romanization Table |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/japanese.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509160436/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/japanese.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-09 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/kenkyushasnewjap0000unse_l8f9|year=1974|publisher=[[Kenkyūsha]]|edition=Fourth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ipun sané karomawisasi ring aksara '''tebel''' nénten nganggén konsonan awal antuk baris punika. Antuk samian suku kruna siosan ん, pabaosan sané katujuang inggih punika antuk suku kruna pamahbah kruna; antuk pabaosan tengah kruna durus cingak ring sor.

{| class=&quot;wikitable nowraplinks&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;padding:2px;&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;
|+Hiragana silabogram
|-
!rowspan=2 width=2%|
! style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#BECFEB;&quot; colspan=5 width=&quot;50%&quot;|Monograpi ([[gojūon]])
!colspan=3 align=center style=&quot;background:#CCCB9A;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot;| Digrapi ([[yōon]])
|-
!width=10%| ''a'' !!width=10%| ''i'' !!width=10%| ''u'' !!width=10%| ''e'' !!width=10%| ''o''

!width=11%| ''ya'' !!width=11%| ''yu'' !!width=11%| ''yo''
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!title=&quot;vowels&quot;|∅
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[あ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; a {{IPA|ja|a|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[い]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; i {{IPA|ja|i|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[う]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; u {{IPA|ja|ɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[え]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; e {{IPA|ja|e|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[お]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; o {{IPA|ja|o|}}
|colspan=3 style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;|
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''K''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[か]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ka {{IPA|ja|ka|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[き]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ki {{IPA|ja|ki|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[く]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ku {{IPA|ja|kɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[け]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ke {{IPA|ja|ke|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[こ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ko {{IPA|ja|ko|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[きゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; kya {{IPA|ja|kʲa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[きゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; kyu {{IPA|ja|kʲɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[きょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; kyo {{IPA|ja|kʲo|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''S''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[さ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; sa {{IPA|ja|sa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[し]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''shi''' {{IPA|ja|ɕi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[す]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; su {{IPA|ja|sɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[せ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; se {{IPA|ja|se|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[そ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; so {{IPA|ja|so|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[しゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''sha''' {{IPA|ja|ɕa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[しゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''shu''' {{IPA|ja|ɕɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[しょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''sho''' {{IPA|ja|ɕo|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''T''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[た]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ta {{IPA|ja|ta|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ち]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''chi''' {{IPA|ja|tɕi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[つ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''tsu''' {{IPA|ja|tsɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[て]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; te {{IPA|ja|te|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[と]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; to {{IPA|ja|to|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ちゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''cha''' {{IPA|ja|tɕa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ちゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''chu''' {{IPA|ja|tɕɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ちょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''cho''' {{IPA|ja|tɕo|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''N''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[な]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; na {{IPA|ja|na|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[に]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ni {{IPA|ja|ɲi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぬ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; nu {{IPA|ja|nɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ね]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ne {{IPA|ja|ne|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[の]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; no {{IPA|ja|no|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[にゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; nya {{IPA|ja|ɲa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[にゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; nyu {{IPA|ja|ɲɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[にょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; nyo {{IPA|ja|ɲo|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''H''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[は]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ha {{IPA|ja|ha|}} &lt;br /&gt;(wa {{IPA|ja|wa|}} as particle)
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ひ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; hi {{IPA|ja|çi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ふ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''fu''' {{IPA|ja|ɸɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[へ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; he {{IPA|ja|he|}} &lt;br /&gt;(e {{IPA|ja|e|}} as particle)
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ほ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ho {{IPA|ja|ho|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ひゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; hya {{IPA|ja|ça|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ひゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; hyu {{IPA|ja|çɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ひょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; hyo {{IPA|ja|ço|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''M''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ま]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ma {{IPA|ja|ma|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[み]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; mi {{IPA|ja|mi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[む]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; mu {{IPA|ja|mɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[め]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; me {{IPA|ja|me|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[も]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; mo {{IPA|ja|mo|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[みゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; mya {{IPA|ja|mʲa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[みゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; myu {{IPA|ja|mʲɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[みょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; myo {{IPA|ja|mʲo|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''Y''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[や]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ya {{IPA|ja|ja|}}
|style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;obsolete&quot; /&gt;
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ゆ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; yu {{IPA|ja|jɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[𛀁]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;obsolete&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''e''' {{IPA|ja|e|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[よ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; yo {{IPA|ja|jo|}}
|colspan=3 style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;|
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''R''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ら]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ra {{IPA|ja|ɾa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[り]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ri {{IPA|ja|ɾi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[る]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ru {{IPA|ja|ɾɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[れ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; re {{IPA|ja|ɾe|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ろ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ro {{IPA|ja|ɾo|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[りゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; rya {{IPA|ja|ɾʲa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[りゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ryu {{IPA|ja|ɾʲɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[りょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ryo {{IPA|ja|ɾʲo|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''W''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[わ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; wa {{IPA|ja|wa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ゐ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;obsolete&quot; /&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''i''' {{IPA|ja|i|}}
|style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;obsolete&quot; /&gt;
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ゑ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;obsolete&quot; /&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''e''' {{IPA|ja|e|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[を]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''o'''{{efn|{{lang|ja|を}} katransliterasi manados ''{{transl|ja|o}}'' ring [[Romanisasi Hepburn|Hepburn sané kauahin]] lan [[Kunrei]] dados ''{{transl|ja|wo}}'' ring Hepburn Tradisional tur [[Nippon-shiki]].}} {{IPA|ja|o|}}
|colspan=3 style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;|
|-
|colspan=9|
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=5 style=&quot;background:#BECFEB;&quot;|Monograpi ([[gojūon]]) sareng diakritik ([[dakuten]], [[handakuten]])
!colspan=3 style=&quot;background:#CCCB9A;&quot;|Digrapi ([[yōon]]) sareng diakritik ([[dakuten]], [[handakuten]])
|-
! ''a'' !! ''i'' !! ''u'' !! ''e'' !! ''o''

! ''ya'' !! ''yu'' !! ''yo''
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''G''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[が]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ga {{IPA|ja|ɡa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぎ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; gi {{IPA|ja|ɡi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぐ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; gu {{IPA|ja|ɡɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[げ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ge {{IPA|ja|ɡe|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ご]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; go {{IPA|ja|ɡo|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぎゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; gya {{IPA|ja|ɡʲa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぎゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; gyu {{IPA|ja|ɡʲɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぎょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; gyo {{IPA|ja|ɡʲo|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''Z''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ざ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; za {{IPA|ja|(d)za|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[じ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''ji''' {{IPA|ja|(d)ʑi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ず]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; zu {{IPA|ja|(d)zɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぜ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ze {{IPA|ja|(d)ze|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぞ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; zo {{IPA|ja|(d)zo|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[じゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''ja''' {{IPA|ja|(d)ʑa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[じゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''ju''' {{IPA|ja|(d)ʑɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[じょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''jo''' {{IPA|ja|(d)ʑo|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''D''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[だ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; da {{IPA|ja|da|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぢ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''ji''' {{IPA|ja|(d)ʑi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[づ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''zu''' {{IPA|ja|(d)zɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[で]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; de {{IPA|ja|de|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ど]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; do {{IPA|ja|do|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぢゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''ja''' {{IPA|ja|(d)ʑa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぢゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''ju''' {{IPA|ja|(d)ʑɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぢょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''jo''' {{IPA|ja|(d)ʑo|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''B''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ば]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ba {{IPA|ja|ba|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[び]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; bi {{IPA|ja|bi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぶ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; bu {{IPA|ja|bɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[べ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; be {{IPA|ja|be|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぼ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; bo {{IPA|ja|bo|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[びゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; bya {{IPA|ja|bʲa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[びゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; byu {{IPA|ja|bʲɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[びょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; byo {{IPA|ja|bʲo|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
!''P''
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぱ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; pa {{IPA|ja|pa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぴ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; pi {{IPA|ja|pi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぷ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; pu {{IPA|ja|pɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぺ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; pe {{IPA|ja|pe|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぽ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; po {{IPA|ja|po|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぴゃ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; pya {{IPA|ja|pʲa|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぴゅ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; pyu {{IPA|ja|pʲɯ|}}
|style=&quot;background:#F3F5DE&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ぴょ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; pyo {{IPA|ja|pʲo|}}
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable nowraplinks&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;padding:2px;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;background:{{{Final nasal monograph header color|#BECFEB}}};&quot;| Final nasal monograpi (hatsuon)
!colspan=6 style=&quot;background:{{{polysyllable monographs header color|#BECFEB}}};&quot;| Monograpi masuku kruna akéh (nénten kaanggén malih)
|-
!width=10%| ''n'' !!width=10%| ''[[Kashiko (kana)|kashiko]]'' !!width=10%| ''[[koto (kana)|koto]]'' !!width=10%| ''[[sama (kana)|sama]]'' !!width=10%| ''[[nari (kana)|nari]]'' !!width=10%| ''[[Mairasesoro (kana)|mairasesoro]]'' !!width=10%| ''[[yori (kana)|yori]]''

|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot; width=10%|&lt;big&gt;[[ん]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; n &lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|ja|m n ɲ ŋ ɴ ɰ̃|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot; width=10%|&lt;big&gt;[[File:Hiragana kashiko.svg|20px]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; kashiko {{IPA|ja|kaɕiko|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot; width=10%|&lt;big&gt;[[File:Hiragana koto.svg|20px]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; koto {{IPA|ja|koto|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot; width=10%|&lt;big&gt;[[File:Hiragana sama 1.svg|20px]]/[[File:Hiragana sama 2.svg|20px]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; sama {{IPA|ja|sama|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot; width=10%|&lt;big&gt;[[File:Hiragana nari.svg|20px]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; nari {{IPA|ja|naɾi|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot; width=10%|&lt;big&gt;[[File:Hiragana mairasesoro 1.svg|20px]]/[[File:Hiragana mairasesoro 2.svg|20px]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; mairasesoro {{IPA|ja|maiɾasesoːɾoː|}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot; width=10%|&lt;big&gt;[[ゟ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; yori {{IPA|ja|joɾi|}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot; |
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot; width=10%|&lt;big&gt;[[File:Hiragana koto.svg|20px]]゙&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; goto {{IPA|ja|goto|}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot; |
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable nowraplinks&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;padding:2px;&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;
!colspan=4 style=&quot;background:{{{Functional graphemes header color|#BECFEB}}};&quot;| Graphém pawigunan
|-
! sokuonfu !! chōonpu !! odoriji (monosilabel) !! odoriji (polisilabel)

|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[っ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (nyihnayang kosonan [[geminate]])
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ー]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (nyihnayang suara lantang)
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ゝ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (dwi lingga tur&lt;br /&gt;ngicalang silabel suara)
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[〱]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (dwi lingga tur&lt;br /&gt;ngicalang silabel suara)
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
|style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ゞ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (dwi lingga tur&lt;br /&gt;silabel suara)
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[〱|〱゙]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (dwi lingga tur&lt;br /&gt;silabel suara)
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center&quot;
|style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[ゝ|ゝ゚]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (dwi lingga tur&lt;br /&gt;ngingsirang silabel baris h utawi b nuju baris p) 
|style=&quot;background:#EFFAFA&quot;|&lt;big&gt;[[〱|〱゚]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (dwi lingga tur&lt;br /&gt;ngingsirang silabel baris h utawi b nuju baris p)  
|}
&lt;!--
An early, now obsolete, hiragana-esque form of ''ye'' may have existed ([[𛀁|&lt;big style=&quot;color:#808080&quot;&gt;𛀁&lt;/big&gt;]] {{IPA|ja|je|}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B000.pdf|title=Unicode Kana Supplement|website=unicode.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;) in pre-Classical Japanese (prior to the advent of [[kana]]), but is generally represented for purposes of reconstruction by the kanji 江, and its hiragana form is not present in any known orthography.{{Contradiction-inline | Two sentences later it says it *is* known.|date=March 2012}} In modern orthography, ''ye'' can also be written as いぇ (イェ in [[katakana]]).

It's true that in early periods of kana, hiragana and katakana letters for &quot;ye&quot; were used, but soon after the distinction between /ye/ and /e/ went away, and letters and glyphs were not established.

This topic is too much advanced, and it's better to write in [[Early Middle Japanese]].
--&gt;&lt;!-- 
Though ''ye'' did appear in some textbooks during the [[Meiji period]] along with another kana for ''yi'' in the form of cursive 以.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://members.jcom.home.ne.jp/manya-isi/iroha.htm|title='''(ja)'''「いろは と アイウエオ」|website=home.ne.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.jp/itikun01/hibi/zat2.html|title='''(ja)''' 伊豆での収穫 : 日本国語学史上比類なき変体仮名|website=geocities.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Hiragana I 01.png|thumb|100px|Cursive 以 (Yi)]]

Original research. Although such &quot;letters&quot; did appear, such simplistic description is wrong. Read [[:ja:五十音]] for the details.

--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asusila sané nénten patut</title>
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      <text bytes="2563" sha1="f03u7cqa8dxae4o2h1u6zju93mvz4rw" xml:space="preserve">'''Asusila sane nenten patut''' inggih punika paparan publik sane kasengaja saking angga antuk cara sane matentangan sareng [[Norma sosial|norma parilaksana]] lokal. Hukum miwah solah krama ngenenin indik paparan sane nenten patut mabinayan pisan ring sajebag panegara. Puniki ngawit saking larangan langsung ngamedalang bagian tubuh napi kemanten tiosan ring tangan utawi prarain kantos larangan ngamedalang bagian tubuh tertentu, sakadi area kelamin, bokong, utawi payudan. Eksposur sane nenten patut taler prasida metu ring [[dunia maya]] yening kalaksanayang malarapan antuk media online, napi malih gambar, video utawi sesuratan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rapecrisis.org.uk/get-informed/types-of-sexual-violence/what-is-indecent-exposure-or-flashing/#:~:text=Indecent%20exposure%20or%20'flashing'%20is,online%20or%20over%20text%20message.|title=What are indecent exposure, flashing and cyber flashing?|website=Rape crisis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Moralitas umumnyane kanilai manut norma utawi standar komunitas lokal, sane arang pisan kakodifikasiang secara khusus ring hukum. Standar punika minab kadasarin antuk agama, moralitas, utawi tradisi, utawi kapatutang antuk dasar sane &quot;kaperluang antuk ketertiban publik&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc0000unse_u8t9|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=0-87779-713-7|edition=Tenth|page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc0000unse_u8t9/page/589 589]|chapter=Indecent exposure}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Eksibisionisme|Ekshibisionisme]] non-seksual utawi [[Ketelanjangan|telanjang]] publik kadang-kadang kaanggep pinaka eksposur sane nenten patut. Yening parilaksana seksual kamargiang, antuk utawi nenten telanjang, puniki prasida kaanggep pinaka paparan sane nenten patut ring makudang-kudang yurisdiksi, sane ketahnyane pinaka pelanggaran pidana sane pinih serius. {{Efn|Secara historis, undang-undang ketidaksenonohan sering kali tidak secara spesifik mendefinisikan kejahatan itu sendiri, sehingga hal ini bergantung pada keputusan pengadilan.}} Ring makudang-kudang panegara, ngamedalang angga antuk cara sane mamurug ring standar kesopanan masyarakat taler kabaos parilaksana sane nenten sopan ring ajeng krama.

Standar hukum miwah komunitas ngenenin indik napi sane kabaos paparan telanjang sane nenten patut mabinayan pisan miwah manut ring konteks ring dija paparan punika mamargi. Standar puniki taler mabinayan saking galah ka galah, ngawinang definisi paparan sane nenten patut dados topik sane kompleks.
[[Kategori:Kajahatan asusila]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Babad</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="8925" sha1="6w6mhfmcqlkqhcqltfkpzrb2trdjrzn" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:Gyzis_006_(Ηistoria).jpeg|jmpl|'''''Sejarah''''' '''olih [[Nikolaos Gysis|Nikolaos Gisis]] (warsa 1892).''']]
'''Babad''', '''lelintihan''', '''tanggal''', utawi '''sejarah''' ({{Lang-el|ἱστορία, historia}}  ; suksmannyane ''“nyelehin, kaweruhan sane kapolihang malarapan antuk tetilik”'' &lt;ref name=&quot;etym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=history|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|date=|publisher=Etymonline.com|access-date=2010-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) inggih punika [[Studi|paplajahan]] indik masa sane sampun lintang, pamekasnyane sapunapi paiketannyane sareng manusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp|title=What is History &amp; Why Study It?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183734/http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp|archive-date=2014-02-01|dead-url=yes|access-date=21 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ring [[Basa Indonésia|basa Indonesia]], sejarah prasida kategesang pinaka peristiwa lan kejadian sane sujatinyane wenten ring masa sane sampun lintang lan wit-wit [[warih]] (panglantur), utamanyane majeng ring para raja sane mrentah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pusatbahasa.diknas.go.id/kbbi/index.php|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805021214/http://pusatbahasa.diknas.go.id/kbbi/index.php|archive-date=2009-08-05|dead-url=yes|access-date=2009-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Istilah &quot;sejarah&quot; ring konteks tertentu taler kabaos [[hikayat]], [[Tambo Minangkabau|tambo]], [[babad]], sejarah, utawi [[Tarikh|tanggal]] . Inggih punika istilah umum sane mapaiketan sareng peristiwa sane sampun lintang lan penemuan, mupulang, organisasi, lan penyajian [[informasi]] indik peristiwa punika. Istilah punika madaging indik [[Makhluk hidup#Sejarah kehidupan|sejarah]] [[Alam Semesta|kosmik]], [[Sejarah geologi Bumi|geologis]], miwah biologis, sakéwanten sering pisan kabaos [[Sejarah dunia|sejarah manusa]] . [[Sarjana|Para sujana]] sané nyurat indik sejarah kasengguh [[Sejarawan|sejarawan utawi sejarawan]] . Parindikan sane sampun mamargi sadurung wenten catetan sane kasurat kawastanin [[Prasejarah]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Brian Fagan|first=|url=https://archive.org/details/worldprehistoryb0000faga_k9n5|title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27910-5|edition=9|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldprehistoryb0000faga_k9n5/page/8 8]|pages=|oclc=958480847|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Forsythe|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryo0000fors|title=A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War|date=2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-94029-1|location=Berkeley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryo0000fors/page/12 12]|oclc=70728478|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sejarah taler prasida nganutin [[Bidang akademis|wewidangan akademis]] sané nganggén [[Narasi|bebaosan]] antuk nureksain miwah nyelehin undagan parindikan sané sampun lintang miwah manut sakadi objektif nentuang pola panyangkan miwah panglalah sané ngwangun indiké punika. &lt;ref name=&quot;evans1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html|title=The Two Faces of E.H. Carr|last=Professor Richard J. Evans|year=2001|website=History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?|publisher=University of London|access-date=10 November 2008|archive-date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809211116/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html|title=What History Is|last=Professor Alun Munslow|year=2001|website=History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?|publisher=University of London|access-date=10 November 2008|archive-date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809204914/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Para sejarawan ring sapunapiné mabligbagan [[Historiografi|indik kawéntenan sejarah]] miwah kawigunannyané antuk maosang indik paplajahan sejarah pinaka tetujonnyané miwah pinaka pamargi sané prasida ngicénin &quot;pamineh&quot; indik pikobet-pikobet sané mangkin. &lt;ref name=&quot;evans1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tosh1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tosh|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofhistory0000tosh|title=The Pursuit of History|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=2006|isbn=1-4058-2351-8|edition=4th|publication-date=2006}}p 52&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw|publisher=New York University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8147-8141-1|editor-last=Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.)|location=New York &amp; London|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/6 6]|chapter=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nash l|first=Gary B.|title=Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw|publisher=New York University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8147-8141-1|editor-last=Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.)|location=New York &amp; London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/104 102]–115|chapter=The &quot;Convergence&quot; Paradigm in Studying Early American History in Schools}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carita sané sampun ketah ring sajeroning budaya, sakéwanten nénten kasokong olih sumber-sumber saking jaba (sakadi carita indik [[Raja Arthur]] ) katahnyané kadadosang [[Warisan budaya|tetamian budaya]] utawi [[legenda]], santukan nénten nyokong &quot;panyelehan sané becik&quot; sané kaperluang olih disiplin sejarah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Seixas|first=Peter|url=https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw|title=Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives|publisher=New York University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8147-8141-1|editor-last=Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.)|location=New York &amp; London|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/24 24]|chapter=Schweigen! die Kinder!}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Low1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lowenthal|first=David|title=Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw|publisher=New York University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8147-8141-1|editor-last=Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.)|location=New York &amp; London|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/65 63]|chapter=Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Herodotus]], [[Historiografi Yunani|sejarawan Yunani]] ring abad ka-5 SM kasengguh ring krama Barat pinaka &quot;Bapak Sejarah&quot; miwah sinarengan sareng [[Thucydides]] kontemporer, ngwantu ngwangun dasar antuk studi modern indik sejarah manusa. Eksploitasi ipun terus kawacen kantos mangkin lan kesenjangan antara fokus budaya Herodotus lan fokus militer Thucydides tetep dados titik pertentangan utawi pendekatan ring sasuratan sejarah modern. Ring tradisi Kangin, sejarah negara [[Chun Qiu]] kauningin sampun kasusun saking pangawit warsa 722 SM yadiastun teks-teks abad ka-2 SM kantun wenten. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Endymion|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesehistoryne0000wilk|title=Chinese History: A New Manual|date=|publisher=Harvard-Yenching Institute|year=2012|isbn=978-0-674-06715-8|series=Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series '''84'''|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinesehistoryne0000wilk/page/612 612]|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panglalah saking kuna sampun ngwantu narka varian cecirén sejarah sané sampun nglimbak salami makudang-kudang abad miwah terus mauwah kantos mangkin. Paplajahan indik sejarah modern ngawit nglimbak miwah nyarengang paplajahan indik wewidangan miwah paplajahan indik unsur-unsur topik utawi tematik ring sajeroning panyelehan sejarah. Sejarah sering pisan kaajahin pinaka pahan saking pendidikan dasar, pendidikan menengah, miwah paplajahan akademik indik sejarah wantah [[Daftar ilmu akademik#Sejarah|paplajahan sané utama]] ring perguruan tinggi. Sejarah inggih punika peristiwa utawi kejadian sane wenten ring masa sane sampun lintang sane kaplajahin lan kaselehin mangda prasida dados acuan lan sesuluh ring kahuripan sane jagi rauh. Manut etimologi utawi pawiwit kruna punika, sejarah punika mawit saking basa Arab, inggih punika syajarotun, sane maartos taru. Ilmu sejarah punika malajahin indik parindikan sane sampun lintang malarapan antuk artefak, naskah, miwah peninggalan sane lianan ring sejarah Indonesia, jagat, kuno, miwah modern. Ilmu sejarah nenten ja wantah ngranjing ring widang budaya kemanten, nanging taler widang ekonomi, geografi, sosial, politik, militer, basa, agama, pariwisata, lan malah teknologi.

== Lis pustaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Kategori:Babad]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Om</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="6510" sha1="ct372dz48fdh86dx84rjhusurahb27p" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:Om_symbol.svg|jmpl|Ligatur ''Om'' ring aksara Dewanegari]]
[[Berkas:OM_in_Rakhi.jpg|jmpl|''Rakhi'' sane marupa ''Om.'']]
'''''Om''''' (utawi '''''Aum''''' ; {{Audio|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-ওঁ.wav|listen}} ; {{Langx|sa|ॐ, ओम्}}    , ISO&amp;nbsp;15919: ''Ōṁ'') inggih punika simbol polisemik sane ngawakilin suara suci, suku kata biji, [[mantra]], lan invokasi ring [[agama Hindu]] lan ring [[Agama-agama ring India|agama India]] sane lianan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone/page/319 319]–20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Beck|first=Guy L.|title=Sonic liturgy: ritual and music in Hindu tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/sonicliturgyritu0000beck|date=2012|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-61117-108-2|location=Columbia|pages=25|oclc=824698506}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangun sesuratannyane pinaka pralambang sane pinih utama ring agama Hindu. &lt;ref name=&quot;wilke4352&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wilke|first=Annette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC&amp;pg=PA435|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|last2=Moebus|first2=Oliver|date=2011|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3110181593|location=Berlin|page=435}}&lt;/ref&gt; Punika wantah unteng saking Sang Mutlak sane pinih luhur, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; eling, &lt;ref name=&quot;james4822&quot;&gt;James Lochtefeld (2002), &quot;Om&quot;, ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0823931804}}, page 482&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Holdrege19962&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Holdrege|first=Barbara A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnUFxccJ4igC|title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-7914-1640-2|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;merriam-webster.com2&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/om Om]&quot;. ''Merriam-Webster'' (2013), Pronounced: \ˈōm\&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ātman ,'' ''Brahman ,'' utawi jagat kosmik. &lt;ref name=&quot;David Leeming 20052&quot;&gt;David Leeming (2005), ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology'', [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0195156690}}, page 54&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Hajime Nakamura, ''A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy'', Part 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120819634}}, page 318&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;annette2&quot;&gt;Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus (2011), ''Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism'', De Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3110181593}}, pages 435–456&lt;/ref&gt; Ring [[Agama-agama ring India|agama-agama India]], ''Om'' mawiguna pinaka representasi sonik saking ilahi, standar otoritas [[Wéda|Weda]] lan aspek sentral saking doktrin lan praktik soteriologis. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Punika pinaka piranti dasar anggen semedi ring pamargin yoga nuju [[Moksa|kabebasan]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kudelska|first=Marta|url=https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/63055|title=Why Is There I Rather Than It?|date=2019-01-01|publisher=Peter Lang D|isbn=978-3-631-84429-8|pages=244|doi=10.3726/b17932}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suku kata punika sering kapanggihin ring pangawit lan pamuput bab ring [[Wéda|Weda]], Upanishad, lan teks-teks Hindu sane lianan. &lt;ref name=&quot;annette2&quot; /&gt; Kawedar pinaka tatujon samian Weda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://shlokam.org/texts/katha-1-2-15/|title=Kathopanishad- Verse 15 - kathopanishad-1-2-15-sarve vedā - in Sanskrit with English Transliteration, Meaning and Commentary by Adi Shankaracharya (Sankara Bhashya)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Om'' medal ring [[Wéda|korpus Weda]] lan kabaos pinaka wangun sane terrangkum saking kidung utawi tembang [[Samawéda|''Samaveda'']]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone/page/319 319]–20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inggih punika mantra spiritual suci sane kakaryanin sadurung lan ritatkala ngawacen teks-teks spiritual, ritatkala ''puja'' lan doa pribadi, ring upacara upacara-upacara nglintangin ( ''samskara'' ) sakadi pawiwahan, lan ritatkala parikrama meditasi lan spiritual sakadi Pranawa yoga. &lt;ref name=&quot;David White 20112&quot;&gt;David White (2011), ''Yoga in Practice'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691140865}}, pp. 104–111&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Alexander Studholme 20122&quot;&gt;Alexander Studholme (2012), ''The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791453902}}, pages 1–4&lt;/ref&gt; Punika pinaka pahan saking ikonografi sane kapanggihin ring naskah era kuno lan abad pertengahan, kuil, biara, lan retret spiritual ring [[agama Hindu]], [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Agama Jain|Jainisme]], lan Sikhisme. &lt;ref&gt;T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993), ''Elements of Hindu Iconography'', Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120808775}}, p. 248&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Sehdev Kumar (2001), ''A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan'', {{ISBN|978-8170173489}}, p. 5&lt;/ref&gt; Pinaka suku kata, sering katembangang antuk mandiri utawi sadurung wenten bacaan spiritual lan ritatkala meditasi ring agama Hindu, [[Agama Buddha|Budha]], lan [[Agama Jain|Jain]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;The Indian Mantra pp. 2442&quot;&gt;[[Jan Gonda]] (1963), ''The Indian Mantra'', Oriens, Vol. 16, pp. 244–297&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lipner2&quot;&gt;[[Julius Lipner]] (2010), ''Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415456760}}, pp. 66–67&lt;/ref&gt;

Suku kata ''Om'' taler kabaos '''Onkara (Omkara)''' miwah '''Pranava''' pantaraning makudang-kudang wasta tiosan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Misra20182&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=Nityanand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e89eDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT104|title=The Om Mala: Meanings of the Mystic Sound|date=25 July 2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-87471-85-6|pages=104–}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=OM&amp;direction=SE&amp;script=HK&amp;link=yes&amp;beginning=0 OM]&quot;. ''Sanskrit English Dictionary'', University of Köln, Germany&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cingak taler ==

* A ring agama Buddha
* Bijamantra
* Pralambang agama

== Pustaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pranala jaba ==
{{Topik Hindu}}{{Topik agama Buddha}}
[[Kategori:Mantra-mantra agama Hindu]]</text>
      <sha1>ct372dz48fdh86dx84rjhusurahb27p</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ostorhinchus fleurieu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>82455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>284404</id>
      <parentid>283414</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T03:31:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-57831-68</username>
        <id>118101</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngmecikang Iwang tik</comment>
      <origin>284404</origin>
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      <text bytes="3761" sha1="3lmp981ovpkb0flcaxxvb3mdu5a1di9" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| image = Peces cardenal (Apogon fleurieu), parque nacional Ras Muhammad, Egipto, 2022-03-27, DD 137.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = &lt;ref name=IUCN&gt;{{Cite journal | author = Fricke, R. | author2 = Gon, O. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Apogon fleurieu'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2010 | page = e.T154912A4665615 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2010 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/154912/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154912A4665615.en | access-date = 24 December 2017| doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| taxon = Ostorhinchus fleurieu
| authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède]], 1802
| synonyms = 
''Apogon fleurieu'' &lt;small&gt;Lacepède, 1802&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''''Ostorhinchus fleurieu''''' ('''flower cardinalfish''',&lt;ref name=IUCN/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;book2&quot;&gt;Lieske, E. and Myers, R.F. (2004) ''Coral reef guide; Red Sea'' London, HarperCollins {{ISBN|0-00-715986-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''gold cardinalfish''',&lt;ref name=IUCN/&gt; '''bullseye cardinalfish''',&lt;ref name=IUCN/&gt; '''cardinalfish''',&lt;ref name=IUCN/&gt; '''ring-tail cardinalfish'''&lt;ref name=IUCN/&gt; utawi '''ringtailed cardinalfish'''&lt;ref name=IUCN/&gt;) inggih punika spesies [[be ulam matahari]] asli saking [[Segara Merah]] lan [[Teluk Persia]], [[Teluk Oman]], lan toya ring sawewengkon [[Afrika Timur]], [[Seychelles]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], wawidangan Indo-Malayan.,&lt;ref name=&quot;fishbase&quot;&gt;{{FishBase|genus=Ostorhinchus|species=fleurieu|year=2012|month=December}}&lt;/ref&gt; kelod nuju [[Karang Ashmore]], [[Australia Barat]].&lt;ref name = FoA&gt;{{cite web | author = Dianne J. Bray | title = ''Ostorhinchus fleurieu'' | work = Fishes of Australia | accessdate = 22 Sep 2018 | url = http://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/4205 | publisher = Museums Victoria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Punika wantah [[jenis spesies]] saking soroh ''[[Ostorhinchus]].''.&lt;ref name = CoF&gt;{{Cof record|genid=501|title=''Ostorhinchus''|access-date=22 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wastan khusus (zoologi)|wastan khusus]] ngaturang parama suksma majeng ring  [[penjelajah]] lan [[Hidrografi|ahli hidrografer]] [[Prancis]], [[Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu]].&lt;ref name = ETYFish&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/kurtiformes/ | title = Order KURTIFORMES (Nurseryfishes and Cardinalfishes) | accessdate = 21 September 2018 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 31 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240106165331/https://etyfish.org/kurtiformes/ | archive-date = 6 January 2024 | url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Deskripsi==
Ulam sane mawarna tembaga antuk bar sane jimbar mawarna selem ring dasar ikuhnyane, panjangnyane ngantos 12,5&amp;nbsp;cm. Ring juvenil, dasar ikuh madue bintik bandingang ring bar. Rahang baduur madue garis biru sane cupit, lan garis sane linggah, selem-selem sane nglimbak saking arep muncuk ngantos ring mata. Punika dangan kabingungan sareng ''[[Ostorhinchus aureus]]'', ring dija palang ikuh selem punika cupit ring tengahnyane bandingang ring muncuknyane.

==Genah meneng==
Dewasa wenten ring sekolah alit sane kawangun antuk pasangan ulam saking {{konversi|7|m|ft|manja=on}} ngantos paling kidik {{konversi|73|m|ft|manja=in}} ring dalemnyane, mapaiketan sareng [[karang]]s. Biasane wenten ring genah sane dangkal antuk terumbu karang ring dija wenten arus sane sedeng. Kapanggihin sareng sekolah alit ngantos ageng sane masayuban ring celah-celah.&lt;ref name = FoA/&gt;

== Pustaka ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3751776}}
[[Kategori:Ostorhinchus|fleurieu]]
[[Kategori:Ulam ring Segara Abang]]
[[Kategori:Ulam sane katlatarang ring warsa 1802]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Goak berkerudung</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>82916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>284402</id>
      <parentid>284382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:54:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-57463-97</username>
        <id>118061</id>
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      <text bytes="1011" sha1="i39b2jnmzm2voeqtj0fuck7847f2y9y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox spésiés|item=Q25405|image=|image2=}}

'''Goak berkerudung''' (''Corvus cornix'') inggih punika spesies [[kedis]] sane sampun ketah ring genus ''[[Corvus]]'' saking kulawarga [[Corvidae]]. Kadang-kadang, [[goak bangkai]] miwah goak berkerudung kasengguh subspesies saking asiki spesies. Ring kahanan puniki, goak bangkai kawastanin ''Corvus corone corone'', lan goak berkerudung kawastanin ''Corvus corone cornix''. Ipun akidik agengan ring rooks rata-rata, madue tagihan sane pinih kuat, melengkung, lan kampid sane jimbar (utaminnyane kacingak rikala makeber). Awaknyane mawarna abu-abu, nanging kampid lan ikuhnyane mawarna selem antuk kilau logam sane samar. [[Goak splendid]] (''Corvus splendens'') taler madue warna abu-abu lan selem lan ukuran sane pateh, nanging wenten pabinayan warna sane mabinayan pantaraning kalih spesies punika, ring distribusi bulu abu-abu lan selem ring sirahnyane.

== Pustaka ==
[[Kategori:Buron]]
[[Kategori:Paksi]]
[[Kategori:Passeriformes]]
[[Kategori:Corvidae]]</text>
      <sha1>i39b2jnmzm2voeqtj0fuck7847f2y9y</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Goak bangkai</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>82919</id>
    <revision>
      <id>284401</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:53:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-57463-97</username>
        <id>118061</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngardi kaca madaging &quot;{{Infobox spésiés|item=Q26198}}  '''Goak bangkai''' (''Corvus corone'') inggih punika soroh [[kedis]] sane mawit saking genus ''[[Goak|Corvus]]'' saking kulawarga [[Corvidae]]. Goak bangkai inggih punika silih tunggil saking makudang-kudang spesies sané dumun katlatarang olih [[Carl Linnaeus]] ring [[Systema Naturae]], miwah kantun ngukuhang wastan aslinnyané, ''Corvus corone''. Sakadi [[goak berkerudung]], goak bangkai kakepah malih dados subspesies sane mabinaya...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>284401</origin>
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      <text bytes="1216" sha1="jfo6gh42taalb6sr14ffodz57h183x7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox spésiés|item=Q26198}}

'''Goak bangkai''' (''Corvus corone'') inggih punika soroh [[kedis]] sane mawit saking genus ''[[Goak|Corvus]]'' saking kulawarga [[Corvidae]]. Goak bangkai inggih punika silih tunggil saking makudang-kudang spesies sané dumun katlatarang olih [[Carl Linnaeus]] ring [[Systema Naturae]], miwah kantun ngukuhang wastan aslinnyané, ''Corvus corone''. Sakadi [[goak berkerudung]], goak bangkai kakepah malih dados subspesies sane mabinayan. Sakéwanten, kantun prasida karembug napiké populasi goak bangkai sané meneng ring [[Éurasia|Eurasia]] Timur mabinayan saking sané meneng ring [[Éropa|Eropa]] Kauh mangda prasida kaklasifikasiang pinaka spesies sané mabinayan. Pabinayan punika signifikan, miwah sampun kausulang indik ipun minab sampun maevolusi independen ring wewidangan pasisi sané lembab ring muncuk sané matiosan saking benua Eurasia. Kadang-kadang, goak bangkai miwah goak berkerudung kasengguh subspesies saking spesies tunggal, ring indiké puniki goak bangkai kawastanin ''Corvus corone corone'', miwah goak berkerudung kasengguh ''Corvus corone cornix''.

== Pustaka ==
[[Kategori:Buron]]
[[Kategori:Paksi]]
[[Kategori:Passeriformes]]
[[Kategori:Corvidae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Corvus corone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>82920</id>
    <redirect title="Goak bangkai" />
    <revision>
      <id>284403</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:55:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-57463-97</username>
        <id>118061</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngalihang kaca nuju [[Goak bangkai]]</comment>
      <origin>284403</origin>
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      <text bytes="22" sha1="0q1gq7i0d7wh0ujqtcacjo0zwozd7tr" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Goak bangkai]]</text>
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