Talinga

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    <title>Talinga</title>
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      <text bytes="1421" sha1="aubc6rs0zpyfe7n5ggngt3wurf7r3dd" xml:space="preserve">[[Ladawan:Ear BNC.jpg|right|thumb|180px|An talinga nin tawo]]
[[Ladawan:HumanEar.jpg|right|thumb|200px|An estruktura sa laog kan talinga]]
An '''talinga''' (pagsayod: /tali.ŋa/)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=talinga. Lingua Libre |url=https://lingualibre.org/wiki/Q120698 |access-date=2021-01-12 |archive-date=2021-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114045644/https://lingualibre.org/wiki/Q120698 |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo an organo na nakakarisa kan anoman na tanog. An talinga kan mga hayop na napipisan sa vertebrate nagkakaagidan sa biolohiya, poon sa [[sira]] sagkod sa [[tao]], na totoo may pagkakaiba sa estruktura depende sa order asin species. Ini bako sana na pandakop nin tanog kundi may mayor na papel sa sentido nin paghihinimbang asin sa tayo' kan hawak. An talinga kabtang kan sistema awditoryo.

An katagang &quot;talinga&quot; pwede tama man na pigtotomoy an enterong organo o idto sanang nahihiling na parteng labaw. Sa kadaklan kan mga hayop an nahihiling na talinga iyo idtong tisyu na oldot, na sa Ingles inaapod man na ''pinna''. An oldot na ini pwedeng iyo sana an nahihiling pero ini saro lamang sa magkapirang paagi sa pagdadangog alagad mayo ini nin trabaho pag'abot sa pagtitimbang kan hawak.

An mga vertebrates igwang padis na talinga sa magkaibong na gilid kan payo. An siring na bugtak nagtatabang sa paradangog sa pagrisa kun saen naghahale an tanog.

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}

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  <page>
    <title>Bikol Buhi</title>
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      <text bytes="13644" sha1="0ppzs5hd0ceixtv1lca8jqiicupbvq3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Tataramon
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| altname          = '''Boinën''' o '''Boië’nën'''
|familycolor=Austronesyo
|states=[[Filipinas]]
|region=[[Rehiyon Bikol]]
|speakers= 73,600 (2009)
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|fam4=[[Mga tataramon na Sentral Filipino|Sentral Filipino]]
|fam5=[[Mga tataramon na Bikol]]
|fam6=[[Kadagaan na Bikol]]
|script=[[Alpabetong Latin|Latin]] ([[w:Filipino orthography|Baryanteng Filipino]]);&lt;br&gt;''Nakasurat sa [[Baybayin|Basahan]] kan panahon''
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[[File:Nakabuhi statue.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Monumentong &quot;Nakabuhi,&quot; an ginikanan kan ngaran kan banwaan susog sa uusipon]]

An '''Bikol Buhi''' o '''[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9?q=%7B%22query%22%3A%22boie%22%7D Boie’nen]''' (Bikol Buhi na tataramon: [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9?q=%7B%22query%22%3A%22boie%22%7D '''&lt;nowiki&gt;Boie’nen [bɔ̆ɪ̆ɛ̋’n̆ə̆n],&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''] '''Boinën''' o '''Boië’nën''')&lt;ref&gt;''Bikol, Buhi’non''. Simons, Gary F. asin Charles D. Fennig (mga editor). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. Ginuno 2017-11-12&lt;/ref&gt;(mga alternatibong apod: Bikol Buhi, [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entries Boie’nen], Boînan, Buhi, Buhi’non, Buhi-non) sarô sa [[mga tataramon na Bikol]] na pigtataram sa banwaan nin [[Buhi, Camarines Sur|Buhi]], [[Camarines Sur]]. Igwa ini nin haros 73,600 na parataram kan [[2009]]. Haros nakakaagid ini sa [[Rinconada Bikol]]. Inot ining iklinasipikar bilang suway na tataramon ni [[Malcolm Mintz]] kan [[1973]] asin inuyonan sa pag-adal nin [[Jason Lobel]] kan 2009.
[[Ladawan:Boie'nen in 20th Edition of Ethnologue Database 160920 2.jpg|alt=Ethnologue inclusion of “Boie’nen” in its 20th Edition of Ethnologue Database of 2016.|thumb|Parte kan [https://www.ethnologue.com/contribution/203611 urulay ni Alfonso Claveria sa websayt kan Ethnologue] kung sain iminukna niya na gamiton an ngaran na “[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9 Boie’nen]” bilang taal na apod sa tataramon kan banuan nin [[Buhi]].]]
Kabali an [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entries Boie’nen] sa grupo nin [[Kadagaan na Bikol|mga tataramon sa Kadagaan na Bikol]] sagkod an [[Rinconada Bikol]], Mt. Iriga Agta, [[Libon Bikol]], [[Bikol Sulnopan na Albay|West Albay Bikol]] asin [[Miraya Bikol]]

==Mga pagsaligsig asin klasipikasyon kan tataramon==
[[Ladawan:Buhi Signage.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Paisi na nakasurat sa tataramon na Buhinon]]
Sa pagsaligsig ninda Barbara Anderson asin Frank Lynch kan [[1956]], an diyalekto na ginagamit sa [[Buhi,_Camarines_Sur|Buhi]], [[Camarines Sur]] asin sa [[Oas,_Albay|Oas]], [[Albay]] na igwa nin nadagdag na tanog na /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) klasipikado sa grupong '''Interior Bikol''' kaiba an duwa (2) pang diyalekto. Sa pag-adal na ini, igwa nin apat na [[mga tataramon na Bikol]] kabilang an Interior Bikol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Ang Wikang Rinconada sa Bikol'' dai nin awtor gikan sa '''Scribd''' (pighugot 2014-04-19)
&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagluwas sa pag-adal ni Jon Epstein kan [[1967]] na kabilang sa '''diyalektong Rinconada''' an tataramon na ginagamit sa Buhi siring man an tataramon na ginagamit sa Bula, Baao, Iriga, Nabua asin Bato na anas yaon sa Camarines Sur mantang dai kabali sa pag-adal an Balatan asin mayong sinambit na susogan an saiyang klasipikasyon. Alagad sa pagsaligsig ni [[Malcolm Mintz]] kan [[1973]] sa kaso asin semantikong panugpon sa mga berbo, suway an '''tataramon na Buhi''' sa [[Tataramon_na_Rinconada_Bikol|tataramon na Rinconada]] dawà sa pagsaligsig na ini ninda Anderson sagkod Lynch (1956) asin Mintz (1973), kadikit an datos na ginamit asin susog sana sa obserbasiyon an pag-adal. 

Sa urog na siyentipikong pag-aadal ni Curtis Daniel Mcfarland kan [[1974]], igwa nin kagsarong (11) klasipikasyon nin diyalekto sa rawis kan Bikol sagkod Catanduanes. Kabilang digdi bilang suhay na diyalekto an '''diyalektong Buhi''' asin diyalektong Rinconada na ibinali sa sarô sa apat na mga grupo, an '''Inland Dialect'''. Sa ginibong pagsaligsig, ikinumpara an mga diyalekto sa tanog asin mga relasyon kaini, tataramon asin pagbilog nin mga tataramon. Dai ibinali an mga banwaan na Tagalog an ginagamit sa Camarines Norte sagkod Camarines Sur asin an mga isla nin Masbate sagkod Ticao.&lt;ref&gt;Mc Farland, Curtis Daniel ''The dialects of the Bikol area'' PhD dissertation, Yale University (1974)&lt;/ref&gt;

Siring man sa pagsaligsig ninda Jason William Lobel, Wilmer Joseph Tria asin Jose Maria Carpio kan [[2000]], kun sain naidugang pa an diyalektong Partido sa kagsarong (11) diyalekto na nainot nang iklinasipikar ni Mcfarland (1974), an '''diyalektong Buhinon''' kabilang sa grupong '''Southern Coastal and Inland Bikol'''. Kaiba sa grupong ini an lima (5) pang diyalektong Rinconada, Buhinon, Libon, West Miraya asin East Miraya.&lt;ref&gt;Lobel, Jason William, Tria, Wilmer Joseph S., and Carpio, Jose Maria Z. ''An satuyang tataramon / A Study of the Bikol Language'' Naga City, Philippines: Lobel &amp; Tria Partnership, Co.: Holy Rosary Minor Seminary (2000)
&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bilang sarong suway na tataramon==
[[File:Bikol_languages.jpg|150px|thumb|Sakop kan tataramon na Buhi Bikol sa palibot kan Danaw nin Buhi]]
Susog sa pag-adal nin [[Jason Lobel]], tinàwan kan Ethnologue nin identipikasyon na ISO 639-3 na &quot;ubl&quot; an '''Buhinon Bikol''' kan [[2009]]. Igwa ining kasanglíng apod na Buhi Bikol asin Buhinon. Ginagamit ini kan 73,600 na parataram kan [[2009]] sa banwaan nin Buhi. Klasipikado ini sa '''Inland Bikol''' kabilang an mga tataramon na [[Rinconada Bikol]], [[Libon Bikol]], Mt. Iriga Agta, [[Libon Bikol]], [[Bikol Sulnopan na Albay|West Albay Bikol]] asin [[Miraya Bikol]].


Sa ginibong pag-adal ni Dominga Portugal kan [[2000]], nakalikom siya nin 108 tataramon na Buhinon na magkaagid para sa 71 kahulogan kaiba an mga [[rapsak na tataramon]].&lt;ref&gt;Portugal, Dominga L. J. ''Buhi dialect (Boînen)'' San Francisco: D. J. Portugal Publications (2000)
&lt;/ref&gt; Kabali man an mga rapsak na tataramon sa pag-adal ni Jason Lobel kan [[2005]] sa ''The Angry Register of the Bikol Languages of the Philippines'' kun sain iklinasipikar kaini bilang '''diyalekto '''an Buhi Bikol kan '''Southern Bikol''' o haros siring sa ''Interior Bikol'', ''Inland Dialect'' asin ''Inland Bikol ''na sakop.&lt;ref&gt;Lobel, Jason William. ''The Angry Register of the Bikol Languages of the Philippines'' University of Hawai‘i (2005)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hsiu-chuan Liao and Carl R. Galvez Rubino, eds. Current issues in Philippine linguistics and anthropology: Parangal kay Lawrence A. Reid. Manila: LSP and SIL. pp. 149-166 (2005)&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2009, idinokumento ninda Nilo Borromeo asin pag-iriba an 207 na tataramon sa Buhinon.&lt;ref&gt;Buhi’non (Bikol) Digital Wordlist Vol. 3, No. 2 (December 2009), pp. 213-225
&lt;/ref&gt;

Bago kan mga ini, may nainot nang pag-adal si Yukihiro Yamada kan [[1972]] sa mga bokabularyo sa Buhi Bikol asin an librong &lt;em&gt;Boinen, Tao ag Sasabyen &lt;/em&gt;ni Judith Noble-Claveria. An gibo ni Yamada, sarong Hapones, susog sa bokabularyo ni Valerio Yaguel, sarong propyeng Buhinon siring ninda Portugal asin Claveria.&lt;ref&gt;Yamada, Yukihiro. ''A Buhi Bikol vocabulary'' Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Kochi University, No. 24, Series I. Kochi: Faculty of Education, Kochi University (1972)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Claveria, Benjamin A. ''Our Buhi Language'' [http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com The Claveria Heritage]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (pighugot 2014-04-19)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ortograpiyang Boie'nen ===
[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/grammar Toltolan kan KATON BOIE'NEN]

===Mga prominenteng parataram===
Duwa sa mga midbid na tao na nakakataram nin Buhinon iyo sinda Rez Cortez na sarong aktor sa pelikula asin si Victor Wood na sarong parakanta.

==Literatura==
Kan 2016, ipinublikar an ''KAAYUPAN'', sarong surusadiring publikasyon ni [[Ryan Cuatrona]] na pagpalis sa tataramon na ini kan mga pabula ni Esopo. Ibinungsod an babasahon sa [[Better Living Through Xeroxography Naga]] kan Disyembre 10, 2016 sa Anthosia Cafe sa [[Syudad nin Naga]].
Kansyon na ginibo saka kinanta ni [https://www.facebook.com/share/v/19qUgPrdFy/ Elmer Caparanga] na ipinublikar Facebook websayt kan Oktobre 8, 2022 na ginibohan ni interpretasyon sa Inglis ni Alfonso Claveria na “Twilight&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Bokabularyo==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Bikol Buhi !! Bikol Sentral
|-
| ʔaˈko || akó
|-
| ʔiˈka || iká
|-
| ʔiˈja || siyá
|-
| kiˈta || kitá
|-
| siˈra || sindá
|-
| ʔamwaˈdi (literal na ‘Ining ini (harani sa parataram)’;&lt;br/&gt; cf. [ʔaˈdi] ) || iní
|-
| ʔamwaˈʔan ( literal na ‘Uning uni (harani sa pinapadarahan)’; &lt;br/&gt; cf. [ʔaˈʔan] ) || uni
|-
| diˈdi || d(igdí)
|-
| ʔadˈto (harayuon gikan sa parehas na parataram asin pinapadar(a)han) || dumán
|-
| siʔiˈsai || si isáy
|-
| ʔoˈno || áno
|-
| saʔˈri || sàin (kun matukdô nin direksiyon) &lt;br/&gt; háin, nasàin (kun mahanap nin bagay/gamit/tao)
|-
| kinaʔoˈno || nùarin
|-
| paʔoˈno || pâno
|-
| ʔinˈdiʔ || dài
|-
| ŋaʔˈmin || gabós, ánas
|-
| mariˈɡən^  || dakól
|-
| naŋaɡˌkapiˈra || nagkapirá
|-
| ʔaɡˈbai || (ka)dikít, (ka)dìit
|-
| ʔiˈba || ibá
|-
| ʔәˈsad^^|| sarô
|-
| doˈwa || duwá
|-
| toˈlo || tuló
|-
| ʔәˈpat || apát
|-
| liˈma || limá
|-
| dakəˈɣəʔ || dakulà
|-
| ʔalaˈbaʔ || halabà
|-
| maʔiˈwas || mahiwas, halakbáng
|-
| maiʔˈbәɡ || mahìbog
|-
| mabәʔˈɡat || magabát
|-
| saˈdai || sadít, sadáy
|-
| ʔaliʔˈpot || halìpot
|-
| piɡiˈpit || piot, hayàpit
|-
| maniˈpis (kahibugan talaga; e.g. manipis na libro; manipis na buhok)  || mahimpís, manipís
|-
| babaˈji || babayi
|-
| laɣaˈki || lalaki
|-
| taˈwo || tawo
|}
[[Ladawan:A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary by Yukihiro Yamada Screenshots of pages 13 &amp; 14.jpg|thumb|Kopya kan pagina 12-13 kan sinorat na pag adal ni Propisor Yamada kung sain sinorat niya an pagliwat kan pagsorat kan tataramon na Boie’nen na gamit sana an sarong manwal na makinilya asin pinadara niya sa koreo ki Alfonso Claveria, sarong taga Buhi na namundag kan 1953, na iyo man an nagpublikar na kan parti kan listahan kan tataramon na Boie'nen ni Propisor Yamada sa www.buhi.com/yamada/ ]]
An tataramon na [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/about Boie’nen o Binoie’nen] dai minagamit kan tanog kan letrang /h/ na kinompirma ini ni Propisor Yamada kan taon 1972&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/share/19tkqMZJh7/?mibextid=wwXIfr Buhi Vocabulary List, Yamada 1972]&lt;/ref&gt;

*Si Popisor Yukihiro Yamada an nagsorat kan pinakaenot na pagadal kan tataramon na Boie’nen kan 1972: (''[https://www.buhi.com/yamada/ A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary]'') na igwang 513 tataramon (lexemes) na pinubnlikar sa ''Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Kochi University, No. 24, Series 1''  (pagina 12-41) na sinoratan niya nin mga pagliwat kan inapod niyang “ordinary writing” asin pindara ki Alfonso Claveria.[[Ladawan:Copy of the Mailing Envelope of Professor Yamada for Alfonso Claveria.jpg|thumb|Kopya kan sobre sa pinadarang kopya ni Propisor Yamada ki Alfonso Claveria kan artikulo niyang “A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary (1972) kung sain sinorat niya an mga pagliwat para sa “ordinaryong pagsorat” sa tataramon na Boie’nen kung sain pweding gamiton sana an sarong ordinaryong makinilya.]]
*^- intensifier; 'Napaka' pag igwang kaibang saróng pang-uri o pantipo; '(Ka)dakol' pag kaiba an saróng numero kan pangngaran.
* ^^ - naproprodusir kan parataram iyo an [ʔiˈsad]

==Toltolan==
&lt;small&gt;{{reflist|2}}&lt;/small&gt;

==Mga panluwas na takod==
*[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/about Boie'nen (Old-Buhi Language)]
*[http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/language.htm Our Buhi Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830122155/http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/language.htm |date=2014-08-30 }} ni Benjamin A. Claveria
*[https://marayum.ph/front_matter/bikol-boienen-english/ Old Boie'nen Dictionary Project]
*[https://www.buhi.com/yamada/ A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary by Yukihiro Yamada] sa websay na [https://buhi.com Buhi Online (BOL)]
*[http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/yamada A Buhi Bicol Vocabulary ni Yukihiro Yamada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409122159/http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/yamada/ |date=2014-04-09 }} sa websayt na [http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com The Claveria Heritage]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ubl Buhi Bikol] sa [http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue][[Kategorya:Mga tataramon sa Bikol]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/1403229279894975 Banwaang Mauyay] - sarong grupo nin parataram sa Buhi Bikol sa [http://www.facebook.com Facebook]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXqZB2J8oxk Buhi, Banwaan Ko BANWAAN] (tataramon asin musika ni Bides asin dugang na rap ni Reddzmack) - sarong kanta sa [http://www.youtube.com Youtube]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjE3axlw2Mg Sarong klasikong kantang Buhinon] sa sa [http://www.youtube.com Youtube]

{{Mga tataramon na Filipino}}
{{Mga tataramon kan Filipinas}}
{{Mga tataramon na Bikol}}
{{tataramon-saringsing}}
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon sa Bikol]]</text>
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|name=Bikol Buhi
| altname          = '''Boinën''' o '''Boië’nën'''
|familycolor=Austronesyo
|states=[[Filipinas]]
|region=[[Rehiyon Bikol]]
|speakers= 73,600 (2009)
|fam2=[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]]
|fam3=[[Mga tataramon na Borneo-Filipino|Borneo-Filipino]]
|fam4=[[Mga tataramon na Sentral Filipino|Sentral Filipino]]
|fam5=[[Mga tataramon na Bikol]]
|fam6=[[Kadagaan na Bikol]]
|script=[[Alpabetong Latin|Latin]] ([[w:Filipino orthography|Baryanteng Filipino]]);&lt;br&gt;''Nakasurat sa [[Baybayin|Basahan]] kan panahon''
|agency=[[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]&lt;br&gt;(Commission on the Filipino Language)
|iso3=ubl
|lc1=|ld1=|ll1=}}

[[File:Nakabuhi statue.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Monumentong &quot;Nakabuhi,&quot; an ginikanan kan ngaran kan banwaan susog sa uusipon]]

An '''Bikol Buhi''' o '''[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9?q=%7B%22query%22%3A%22boie%22%7D Boie’nen]''' (Bikol Buhi na tataramon: [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9?q=%7B%22query%22%3A%22boie%22%7D '''&lt;nowiki&gt;Boie’nen [bɔ̆ɪ̆ɛ̋’n̆ə̆n],&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''] '''Boinën''' o '''Boië’nën''')&lt;ref&gt;''Bikol, Buhi’non''. Simons, Gary F. asin Charles D. Fennig (mga editor). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. Ginuno 2017-11-12&lt;/ref&gt;(mga alternatibong apod: Bikol Buhi, [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entries Boie’nen], Boînan, Buhi, Buhi’non, Buhi-non) sarô sa [[mga tataramon na Bikol]] na pigtataram sa banwaan nin [[Buhi, Camarines Sur|Buhi]], [[Camarines Sur]]. Igwa ini nin haros 73,600 na parataram kan [[2009]]. Haros nakakaagid ini sa [[Rinconada Bikol]]. Inot ining iklinasipikar bilang suway na tataramon ni [[Malcolm Mintz]] kan [[1973]] asin inuyonan sa pag-adal nin [[Jason Lobel]] kan 2009.
[[Ladawan:Boie'nen in 20th Edition of Ethnologue Database 160920 2.jpg|alt=Ethnologue inclusion of “Boie’nen” in its 20th Edition of Ethnologue Database of 2016.|thumb|Parte kan [https://www.ethnologue.com/contribution/203611 urulay ni Alfonso Claveria sa websayt kan Ethnologue] kung sain iminukna niya na gamiton an ngaran na “[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9 Boie’nen]” bilang taal na apod sa tataramon kan banuan nin [[Buhi]].]]
Kabali an [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entries Boie’nen] sa grupo nin [[Kadagaan na Bikol|mga tataramon sa Kadagaan na Bikol]] sagkod an [[Rinconada Bikol]], Mt. Iriga Agta, [[Libon Bikol]], [[Bikol Sulnopan na Albay|West Albay Bikol]] asin [[Miraya Bikol]]

==Mga pagsaligsig asin klasipikasyon kan tataramon==
[[Ladawan:Buhi Signage.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Paisi na nakasurat sa tataramon na Buhinon]]
Sa pagsaligsig ninda Barbara Anderson asin Frank Lynch kan [[1956]], an diyalekto na ginagamit sa [[Buhi,_Camarines_Sur|Buhi]], [[Camarines Sur]] asin sa [[Oas,_Albay|Oas]], [[Albay]] na igwa nin nadagdag na tanog na /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) klasipikado sa grupong '''Interior Bikol''' kaiba an duwa (2) pang diyalekto. Sa pag-adal na ini, igwa nin apat na [[mga tataramon na Bikol]] kabilang an Interior Bikol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Ang Wikang Rinconada sa Bikol'' dai nin awtor gikan sa '''Scribd''' (pighugot 2014-04-19)
&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagluwas sa pag-adal ni Jon Epstein kan [[1967]] na kabilang sa '''diyalektong Rinconada''' an tataramon na ginagamit sa Buhi siring man an tataramon na ginagamit sa Bula, Baao, Iriga, Nabua asin Bato na anas yaon sa Camarines Sur mantang dai kabali sa pag-adal an Balatan asin mayong sinambit na susogan an saiyang klasipikasyon. Alagad sa pagsaligsig ni [[Malcolm Mintz]] kan [[1973]] sa kaso asin semantikong panugpon sa mga berbo, suway an '''tataramon na Buhi''' sa [[Tataramon_na_Rinconada_Bikol|tataramon na Rinconada]] dawà sa pagsaligsig na ini ninda Anderson sagkod Lynch (1956) asin Mintz (1973), kadikit an datos na ginamit asin susog sana sa obserbasiyon an pag-adal. 

Sa urog na siyentipikong pag-aadal ni Curtis Daniel Mcfarland kan [[1974]], igwa nin kagsarong (11) klasipikasyon nin diyalekto sa rawis kan Bikol sagkod Catanduanes. Kabilang digdi bilang suhay na diyalekto an '''diyalektong Buhi''' asin diyalektong Rinconada na ibinali sa sarô sa apat na mga grupo, an '''Inland Dialect'''. Sa ginibong pagsaligsig, ikinumpara an mga diyalekto sa tanog asin mga relasyon kaini, tataramon asin pagbilog nin mga tataramon. Dai ibinali an mga banwaan na Tagalog an ginagamit sa Camarines Norte sagkod Camarines Sur asin an mga isla nin Masbate sagkod Ticao.&lt;ref&gt;Mc Farland, Curtis Daniel ''The dialects of the Bikol area'' PhD dissertation, Yale University (1974)&lt;/ref&gt;

Siring man sa pagsaligsig ninda Jason William Lobel, Wilmer Joseph Tria asin Jose Maria Carpio kan [[2000]], kun sain naidugang pa an diyalektong Partido sa kagsarong (11) diyalekto na nainot nang iklinasipikar ni Mcfarland (1974), an '''diyalektong Buhinon''' kabilang sa grupong '''Southern Coastal and Inland Bikol'''. Kaiba sa grupong ini an lima (5) pang diyalektong Rinconada, Buhinon, Libon, West Miraya asin East Miraya.&lt;ref&gt;Lobel, Jason William, Tria, Wilmer Joseph S., and Carpio, Jose Maria Z. ''An satuyang tataramon / A Study of the Bikol Language'' Naga City, Philippines: Lobel &amp; Tria Partnership, Co.: Holy Rosary Minor Seminary (2000)
&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bilang sarong suway na tataramon==
[[File:Bikol_languages.jpg|150px|thumb|Sakop kan tataramon na Buhi Bikol sa palibot kan Danaw nin Buhi]]
Susog sa iminokna ni Alfonso Claveria na pagbabago kan taal na apod sa tataramon kan Buhi, ipinublikar kan SIL an ISO 639-3 Change request 2026-002 kan 2026-07-15&lt;ref&gt;https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2026/2026-002.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Susog sa pag-adal nin [[Jason Lobel]], tinàwan kan Ethnologue nin identipikasyon na ISO 639-3 na &quot;ubl&quot; an '''Buhinon Bikol''' kan [[2009]]. Igwa ining kasanglíng apod na Buhi Bikol asin Buhinon. Ginagamit ini kan 73,600 na parataram kan [[2009]] sa banwaan nin Buhi. Klasipikado ini sa '''Inland Bikol''' kabilang an mga tataramon na [[Rinconada Bikol]], [[Libon Bikol]], Mt. Iriga Agta, [[Libon Bikol]], [[Bikol Sulnopan na Albay|West Albay Bikol]] asin [[Miraya Bikol]].


Sa ginibong pag-adal ni Dominga Portugal kan [[2000]], nakalikom siya nin 108 tataramon na Buhinon na magkaagid para sa 71 kahulogan kaiba an mga [[rapsak na tataramon]].&lt;ref&gt;Portugal, Dominga L. J. ''Buhi dialect (Boînen)'' San Francisco: D. J. Portugal Publications (2000)
&lt;/ref&gt; Kabali man an mga rapsak na tataramon sa pag-adal ni Jason Lobel kan [[2005]] sa ''The Angry Register of the Bikol Languages of the Philippines'' kun sain iklinasipikar kaini bilang '''diyalekto '''an Buhi Bikol kan '''Southern Bikol''' o haros siring sa ''Interior Bikol'', ''Inland Dialect'' asin ''Inland Bikol ''na sakop.&lt;ref&gt;Lobel, Jason William. ''The Angry Register of the Bikol Languages of the Philippines'' University of Hawai‘i (2005)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hsiu-chuan Liao and Carl R. Galvez Rubino, eds. Current issues in Philippine linguistics and anthropology: Parangal kay Lawrence A. Reid. Manila: LSP and SIL. pp. 149-166 (2005)&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2009, idinokumento ninda Nilo Borromeo asin pag-iriba an 207 na tataramon sa Buhinon.&lt;ref&gt;Buhi’non (Bikol) Digital Wordlist Vol. 3, No. 2 (December 2009), pp. 213-225
&lt;/ref&gt;

Bago kan mga ini, may nainot nang pag-adal si Yukihiro Yamada kan [[1972]] sa mga bokabularyo sa Buhi Bikol asin an librong &lt;em&gt;Boinen, Tao ag Sasabyen &lt;/em&gt;ni Judith Noble-Claveria. An gibo ni Yamada, sarong Hapones, susog sa bokabularyo ni Valerio Yaguel, sarong propyeng Buhinon siring ninda Portugal asin Claveria.&lt;ref&gt;Yamada, Yukihiro. ''A Buhi Bikol vocabulary'' Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Kochi University, No. 24, Series I. Kochi: Faculty of Education, Kochi University (1972)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Claveria, Benjamin A. ''Our Buhi Language'' [http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com The Claveria Heritage]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (pighugot 2014-04-19)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ortograpiyang Boie'nen ===
[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/grammar Toltolan kan KATON BOIE'NEN]

===Mga prominenteng parataram===
Duwa sa mga midbid na tao na nakakataram nin Buhinon iyo sinda Rez Cortez na sarong aktor sa pelikula asin si Victor Wood na sarong parakanta.

==Literatura==
Kan 2016, ipinublikar an ''KAAYUPAN'', sarong surusadiring publikasyon ni [[Ryan Cuatrona]] na pagpalis sa tataramon na ini kan mga pabula ni Esopo. Ibinungsod an babasahon sa [[Better Living Through Xeroxography Naga]] kan Disyembre 10, 2016 sa Anthosia Cafe sa [[Syudad nin Naga]].
Kansyon na ginibo saka kinanta ni [https://www.facebook.com/share/v/19qUgPrdFy/ Elmer Caparanga] na ipinublikar Facebook websayt kan Oktobre 8, 2022 na ginibohan ni interpretasyon sa Inglis ni Alfonso Claveria na “Twilight&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Bokabularyo==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Bikol Buhi !! Bikol Sentral
|-
| ʔaˈko || akó
|-
| ʔiˈka || iká
|-
| ʔiˈja || siyá
|-
| kiˈta || kitá
|-
| siˈra || sindá
|-
| ʔamwaˈdi (literal na ‘Ining ini (harani sa parataram)’;&lt;br/&gt; cf. [ʔaˈdi] ) || iní
|-
| ʔamwaˈʔan ( literal na ‘Uning uni (harani sa pinapadarahan)’; &lt;br/&gt; cf. [ʔaˈʔan] ) || uni
|-
| diˈdi || d(igdí)
|-
| ʔadˈto (harayuon gikan sa parehas na parataram asin pinapadar(a)han) || dumán
|-
| siʔiˈsai || si isáy
|-
| ʔoˈno || áno
|-
| saʔˈri || sàin (kun matukdô nin direksiyon) &lt;br/&gt; háin, nasàin (kun mahanap nin bagay/gamit/tao)
|-
| kinaʔoˈno || nùarin
|-
| paʔoˈno || pâno
|-
| ʔinˈdiʔ || dài
|-
| ŋaʔˈmin || gabós, ánas
|-
| mariˈɡən^  || dakól
|-
| naŋaɡˌkapiˈra || nagkapirá
|-
| ʔaɡˈbai || (ka)dikít, (ka)dìit
|-
| ʔiˈba || ibá
|-
| ʔәˈsad^^|| sarô
|-
| doˈwa || duwá
|-
| toˈlo || tuló
|-
| ʔәˈpat || apát
|-
| liˈma || limá
|-
| dakəˈɣəʔ || dakulà
|-
| ʔalaˈbaʔ || halabà
|-
| maʔiˈwas || mahiwas, halakbáng
|-
| maiʔˈbәɡ || mahìbog
|-
| mabәʔˈɡat || magabát
|-
| saˈdai || sadít, sadáy
|-
| ʔaliʔˈpot || halìpot
|-
| piɡiˈpit || piot, hayàpit
|-
| maniˈpis (kahibugan talaga; e.g. manipis na libro; manipis na buhok)  || mahimpís, manipís
|-
| babaˈji || babayi
|-
| laɣaˈki || lalaki
|-
| taˈwo || tawo
|}
[[Ladawan:A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary by Yukihiro Yamada Screenshots of pages 13 &amp; 14.jpg|thumb|Kopya kan pagina 12-13 kan sinorat na pag adal ni Propisor Yamada kung sain sinorat niya an pagliwat kan pagsorat kan tataramon na Boie’nen na gamit sana an sarong manwal na makinilya asin pinadara niya sa koreo ki Alfonso Claveria, sarong taga Buhi na namundag kan 1953, na iyo man an nagpublikar na kan parti kan listahan kan tataramon na Boie'nen ni Propisor Yamada sa www.buhi.com/yamada/ ]]
An tataramon na [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/about Boie’nen o Binoie’nen] dai minagamit kan tanog kan letrang /h/ na kinompirma ini ni Propisor Yamada kan taon 1972&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/share/19tkqMZJh7/?mibextid=wwXIfr Buhi Vocabulary List, Yamada 1972]&lt;/ref&gt;

*Si Popisor Yukihiro Yamada an nagsorat kan pinakaenot na pagadal kan tataramon na Boie’nen kan 1972: (''[https://www.buhi.com/yamada/ A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary]'') na igwang 513 tataramon (lexemes) na pinubnlikar sa ''Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Kochi University, No. 24, Series 1''  (pagina 12-41) na sinoratan niya nin mga pagliwat kan inapod niyang “ordinary writing” asin pindara ki Alfonso Claveria.[[Ladawan:Copy of the Mailing Envelope of Professor Yamada for Alfonso Claveria.jpg|thumb|Kopya kan sobre sa pinadarang kopya ni Propisor Yamada ki Alfonso Claveria kan artikulo niyang “A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary (1972) kung sain sinorat niya an mga pagliwat para sa “ordinaryong pagsorat” sa tataramon na Boie’nen kung sain pweding gamiton sana an sarong ordinaryong makinilya.]]
*^- intensifier; 'Napaka' pag igwang kaibang saróng pang-uri o pantipo; '(Ka)dakol' pag kaiba an saróng numero kan pangngaran.
* ^^ - naproprodusir kan parataram iyo an [ʔiˈsad]

==Toltolan==
&lt;small&gt;{{reflist|2}}&lt;/small&gt;

==Mga panluwas na takod==
*[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/about Boie'nen (Old-Buhi Language)]
*[http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/language.htm Our Buhi Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830122155/http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/language.htm |date=2014-08-30 }} ni Benjamin A. Claveria
*[https://marayum.ph/front_matter/bikol-boienen-english/ Old Boie'nen Dictionary Project]
*[https://www.buhi.com/yamada/ A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary by Yukihiro Yamada] sa websay na [https://buhi.com Buhi Online (BOL)]
*[http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/yamada A Buhi Bicol Vocabulary ni Yukihiro Yamada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409122159/http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/yamada/ |date=2014-04-09 }} sa websayt na [http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com The Claveria Heritage]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ubl Buhi Bikol] sa [http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue][[Kategorya:Mga tataramon sa Bikol]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/1403229279894975 Banwaang Mauyay] - sarong grupo nin parataram sa Buhi Bikol sa [http://www.facebook.com Facebook]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXqZB2J8oxk Buhi, Banwaan Ko BANWAAN] (tataramon asin musika ni Bides asin dugang na rap ni Reddzmack) - sarong kanta sa [http://www.youtube.com Youtube]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjE3axlw2Mg Sarong klasikong kantang Buhinon] sa sa [http://www.youtube.com Youtube]

{{Mga tataramon na Filipino}}
{{Mga tataramon kan Filipinas}}
{{Mga tataramon na Bikol}}
{{tataramon-saringsing}}
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon sa Bikol]]</text>
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|name=Bikol Buhi
| altname          = '''Boinën''' o '''Boië’nën'''
|familycolor=Austronesyo
|states=[[Filipinas]]
|region=[[Rehiyon Bikol]]
|speakers= 73,600 (2009)
|fam2=[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]]
|fam3=[[Mga tataramon na Borneo-Filipino|Borneo-Filipino]]
|fam4=[[Mga tataramon na Sentral Filipino|Sentral Filipino]]
|fam5=[[Mga tataramon na Bikol]]
|fam6=[[Kadagaan na Bikol]]
|script=[[Alpabetong Latin|Latin]] ([[w:Filipino orthography|Baryanteng Filipino]]);&lt;br&gt;''Nakasurat sa [[Baybayin|Basahan]] kan panahon''
|agency=[[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]&lt;br&gt;(Commission on the Filipino Language)
|iso3=ubl
|lc1=|ld1=|ll1=}}

[[File:Nakabuhi statue.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Monumentong &quot;Nakabuhi,&quot; an ginikanan kan ngaran kan banwaan susog sa uusipon]]

An '''Bikol Buhi''' o '''[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9?q=%7B%22query%22%3A%22boie%22%7D Boie’nen]''' (Bikol Buhi na tataramon: [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9?q=%7B%22query%22%3A%22boie%22%7D '''&lt;nowiki&gt;Boie’nen [bɔ̆ɪ̆ɛ̋’n̆ə̆n],&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''] '''Boinën''' o '''Boië’nën''')&lt;ref&gt;''Bikol, Buhi’non''. Simons, Gary F. asin Charles D. Fennig (mga editor). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. Ginuno 2017-11-12&lt;/ref&gt;(mga alternatibong apod: Bikol Buhi, [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entries Boie’nen], Boînan, Buhi, Buhi’non, Buhi-non) sarô sa [[mga tataramon na Bikol]] na pigtataram sa banwaan nin [[Buhi, Camarines Sur|Buhi]], [[Camarines Sur]]. Igwa ini nin haros 73,600 na parataram kan [[2009]]. Haros nakakaagid ini sa [[Rinconada Bikol]]. Inot ining iklinasipikar bilang suway na tataramon ni [[Malcolm Mintz]] kan [[1973]] asin inuyonan sa pag-adal nin [[Jason Lobel]] kan 2009.
[[Ladawan:Boie'nen in 20th Edition of Ethnologue Database 160920 2.jpg|alt=Ethnologue inclusion of “Boie’nen” in its 20th Edition of Ethnologue Database of 2016.|thumb|Parte kan [https://www.ethnologue.com/contribution/203611 urulay ni Alfonso Claveria sa websayt kan Ethnologue] kung sain iminukna niya na gamiton an ngaran na “[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9 Boie’nen]” bilang taal na apod sa tataramon kan banuan nin [[Buhi]].]]
Kabali an [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entries Boie’nen] sa grupo nin [[Kadagaan na Bikol|mga tataramon sa Kadagaan na Bikol]] sagkod an [[Rinconada Bikol]], Mt. Iriga Agta, [[Libon Bikol]], [[Bikol Sulnopan na Albay|West Albay Bikol]] asin [[Miraya Bikol]]

==Mga pagsaligsig asin klasipikasyon kan tataramon==
[[Ladawan:Buhi Signage.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Paisi na nakasurat sa tataramon na Buhinon]]
Sa pagsaligsig ninda Barbara Anderson asin Frank Lynch kan [[1956]], an diyalekto na ginagamit sa [[Buhi,_Camarines_Sur|Buhi]], [[Camarines Sur]] asin sa [[Oas,_Albay|Oas]], [[Albay]] na igwa nin nadagdag na tanog na /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) klasipikado sa grupong '''Interior Bikol''' kaiba an duwa (2) pang diyalekto. Sa pag-adal na ini, igwa nin apat na [[mga tataramon na Bikol]] kabilang an Interior Bikol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Ang Wikang Rinconada sa Bikol'' dai nin awtor gikan sa '''Scribd''' (pighugot 2014-04-19)
&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagluwas sa pag-adal ni Jon Epstein kan [[1967]] na kabilang sa '''diyalektong Rinconada''' an tataramon na ginagamit sa Buhi siring man an tataramon na ginagamit sa Bula, Baao, Iriga, Nabua asin Bato na anas yaon sa Camarines Sur mantang dai kabali sa pag-adal an Balatan asin mayong sinambit na susogan an saiyang klasipikasyon. Alagad sa pagsaligsig ni [[Malcolm Mintz]] kan [[1973]] sa kaso asin semantikong panugpon sa mga berbo, suway an '''tataramon na Buhi''' sa [[Tataramon_na_Rinconada_Bikol|tataramon na Rinconada]] dawà sa pagsaligsig na ini ninda Anderson sagkod Lynch (1956) asin Mintz (1973), kadikit an datos na ginamit asin susog sana sa obserbasiyon an pag-adal. 

Sa urog na siyentipikong pag-aadal ni Curtis Daniel Mcfarland kan [[1974]], igwa nin kagsarong (11) klasipikasyon nin diyalekto sa rawis kan Bikol sagkod Catanduanes. Kabilang digdi bilang suhay na diyalekto an '''diyalektong Buhi''' asin diyalektong Rinconada na ibinali sa sarô sa apat na mga grupo, an '''Inland Dialect'''. Sa ginibong pagsaligsig, ikinumpara an mga diyalekto sa tanog asin mga relasyon kaini, tataramon asin pagbilog nin mga tataramon. Dai ibinali an mga banwaan na Tagalog an ginagamit sa Camarines Norte sagkod Camarines Sur asin an mga isla nin Masbate sagkod Ticao.&lt;ref&gt;Mc Farland, Curtis Daniel ''The dialects of the Bikol area'' PhD dissertation, Yale University (1974)&lt;/ref&gt;

Siring man sa pagsaligsig ninda Jason William Lobel, Wilmer Joseph Tria asin Jose Maria Carpio kan [[2000]], kun sain naidugang pa an diyalektong Partido sa kagsarong (11) diyalekto na nainot nang iklinasipikar ni Mcfarland (1974), an '''diyalektong Buhinon''' kabilang sa grupong '''Southern Coastal and Inland Bikol'''. Kaiba sa grupong ini an lima (5) pang diyalektong Rinconada, Buhinon, Libon, West Miraya asin East Miraya.&lt;ref&gt;Lobel, Jason William, Tria, Wilmer Joseph S., and Carpio, Jose Maria Z. ''An satuyang tataramon / A Study of the Bikol Language'' Naga City, Philippines: Lobel &amp; Tria Partnership, Co.: Holy Rosary Minor Seminary (2000)
&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bilang sarong suway na tataramon==
[[File:Bikol_languages.jpg|150px|thumb|Sakop kan tataramon na Buhi Bikol sa palibot kan Danaw nin Buhi]]
Susog sa iminokna ni Alfonso Claveria na pagbabago kan taal na apod sa tataramon kan Buhi na Boie'nen, ipinublikar kan SIL an ISO 639-3 Change request 2026-002 kan 2026-07-15&lt;ref&gt;https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2026/2026-002.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Susog sa pag-adal nin [[Jason Lobel]], tinàwan kan Ethnologue nin identipikasyon na ISO 639-3 na &quot;ubl&quot; an '''Buhinon Bikol''' kan [[2009]]. Igwa ining kasanglíng apod na Buhi Bikol asin Buhinon. Ginagamit ini kan 73,600 na parataram kan [[2009]] sa banwaan nin Buhi. Klasipikado ini sa '''Inland Bikol''' kabilang an mga tataramon na [[Rinconada Bikol]], [[Libon Bikol]], Mt. Iriga Agta, [[Libon Bikol]], [[Bikol Sulnopan na Albay|West Albay Bikol]] asin [[Miraya Bikol]].


Sa ginibong pag-adal ni Dominga Portugal kan [[2000]], nakalikom siya nin 108 tataramon na Buhinon na magkaagid para sa 71 kahulogan kaiba an mga [[rapsak na tataramon]].&lt;ref&gt;Portugal, Dominga L. J. ''Buhi dialect (Boînen)'' San Francisco: D. J. Portugal Publications (2000)
&lt;/ref&gt; Kabali man an mga rapsak na tataramon sa pag-adal ni Jason Lobel kan [[2005]] sa ''The Angry Register of the Bikol Languages of the Philippines'' kun sain iklinasipikar kaini bilang '''diyalekto '''an Buhi Bikol kan '''Southern Bikol''' o haros siring sa ''Interior Bikol'', ''Inland Dialect'' asin ''Inland Bikol ''na sakop.&lt;ref&gt;Lobel, Jason William. ''The Angry Register of the Bikol Languages of the Philippines'' University of Hawai‘i (2005)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hsiu-chuan Liao and Carl R. Galvez Rubino, eds. Current issues in Philippine linguistics and anthropology: Parangal kay Lawrence A. Reid. Manila: LSP and SIL. pp. 149-166 (2005)&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2009, idinokumento ninda Nilo Borromeo asin pag-iriba an 207 na tataramon sa Buhinon.&lt;ref&gt;Buhi’non (Bikol) Digital Wordlist Vol. 3, No. 2 (December 2009), pp. 213-225
&lt;/ref&gt;

Bago kan mga ini, may nainot nang pag-adal si Yukihiro Yamada kan [[1972]] sa mga bokabularyo sa Buhi Bikol asin an librong &lt;em&gt;Boinen, Tao ag Sasabyen &lt;/em&gt;ni Judith Noble-Claveria. An gibo ni Yamada, sarong Hapones, susog sa bokabularyo ni Valerio Yaguel, sarong propyeng Buhinon siring ninda Portugal asin Claveria.&lt;ref&gt;Yamada, Yukihiro. ''A Buhi Bikol vocabulary'' Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Kochi University, No. 24, Series I. Kochi: Faculty of Education, Kochi University (1972)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Claveria, Benjamin A. ''Our Buhi Language'' [http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com The Claveria Heritage]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (pighugot 2014-04-19)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ortograpiyang Boie'nen ===
[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/grammar Toltolan kan KATON BOIE'NEN]

===Mga prominenteng parataram===
Duwa sa mga midbid na tao na nakakataram nin Buhinon iyo sinda Rez Cortez na sarong aktor sa pelikula asin si Victor Wood na sarong parakanta.

==Literatura==
Kan 2016, ipinublikar an ''KAAYUPAN'', sarong surusadiring publikasyon ni [[Ryan Cuatrona]] na pagpalis sa tataramon na ini kan mga pabula ni Esopo. Ibinungsod an babasahon sa [[Better Living Through Xeroxography Naga]] kan Disyembre 10, 2016 sa Anthosia Cafe sa [[Syudad nin Naga]].
Kansyon na ginibo saka kinanta ni [https://www.facebook.com/share/v/19qUgPrdFy/ Elmer Caparanga] na ipinublikar Facebook websayt kan Oktobre 8, 2022 na ginibohan ni interpretasyon sa Inglis ni Alfonso Claveria na “Twilight&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Bokabularyo==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Bikol Buhi !! Bikol Sentral
|-
| ʔaˈko || akó
|-
| ʔiˈka || iká
|-
| ʔiˈja || siyá
|-
| kiˈta || kitá
|-
| siˈra || sindá
|-
| ʔamwaˈdi (literal na ‘Ining ini (harani sa parataram)’;&lt;br/&gt; cf. [ʔaˈdi] ) || iní
|-
| ʔamwaˈʔan ( literal na ‘Uning uni (harani sa pinapadarahan)’; &lt;br/&gt; cf. [ʔaˈʔan] ) || uni
|-
| diˈdi || d(igdí)
|-
| ʔadˈto (harayuon gikan sa parehas na parataram asin pinapadar(a)han) || dumán
|-
| siʔiˈsai || si isáy
|-
| ʔoˈno || áno
|-
| saʔˈri || sàin (kun matukdô nin direksiyon) &lt;br/&gt; háin, nasàin (kun mahanap nin bagay/gamit/tao)
|-
| kinaʔoˈno || nùarin
|-
| paʔoˈno || pâno
|-
| ʔinˈdiʔ || dài
|-
| ŋaʔˈmin || gabós, ánas
|-
| mariˈɡən^  || dakól
|-
| naŋaɡˌkapiˈra || nagkapirá
|-
| ʔaɡˈbai || (ka)dikít, (ka)dìit
|-
| ʔiˈba || ibá
|-
| ʔәˈsad^^|| sarô
|-
| doˈwa || duwá
|-
| toˈlo || tuló
|-
| ʔәˈpat || apát
|-
| liˈma || limá
|-
| dakəˈɣəʔ || dakulà
|-
| ʔalaˈbaʔ || halabà
|-
| maʔiˈwas || mahiwas, halakbáng
|-
| maiʔˈbәɡ || mahìbog
|-
| mabәʔˈɡat || magabát
|-
| saˈdai || sadít, sadáy
|-
| ʔaliʔˈpot || halìpot
|-
| piɡiˈpit || piot, hayàpit
|-
| maniˈpis (kahibugan talaga; e.g. manipis na libro; manipis na buhok)  || mahimpís, manipís
|-
| babaˈji || babayi
|-
| laɣaˈki || lalaki
|-
| taˈwo || tawo
|}
[[Ladawan:A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary by Yukihiro Yamada Screenshots of pages 13 &amp; 14.jpg|thumb|Kopya kan pagina 12-13 kan sinorat na pag adal ni Propisor Yamada kung sain sinorat niya an pagliwat kan pagsorat kan tataramon na Boie’nen na gamit sana an sarong manwal na makinilya asin pinadara niya sa koreo ki Alfonso Claveria, sarong taga Buhi na namundag kan 1953, na iyo man an nagpublikar na kan parti kan listahan kan tataramon na Boie'nen ni Propisor Yamada sa www.buhi.com/yamada/ ]]
An tataramon na [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/about Boie’nen o Binoie’nen] dai minagamit kan tanog kan letrang /h/ na kinompirma ini ni Propisor Yamada kan taon 1972&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/share/19tkqMZJh7/?mibextid=wwXIfr Buhi Vocabulary List, Yamada 1972]&lt;/ref&gt;

*Si Popisor Yukihiro Yamada an nagsorat kan pinakaenot na pagadal kan tataramon na Boie’nen kan 1972: (''[https://www.buhi.com/yamada/ A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary]'') na igwang 513 tataramon (lexemes) na pinubnlikar sa ''Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Kochi University, No. 24, Series 1''  (pagina 12-41) na sinoratan niya nin mga pagliwat kan inapod niyang “ordinary writing” asin pindara ki Alfonso Claveria.[[Ladawan:Copy of the Mailing Envelope of Professor Yamada for Alfonso Claveria.jpg|thumb|Kopya kan sobre sa pinadarang kopya ni Propisor Yamada ki Alfonso Claveria kan artikulo niyang “A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary (1972) kung sain sinorat niya an mga pagliwat para sa “ordinaryong pagsorat” sa tataramon na Boie’nen kung sain pweding gamiton sana an sarong ordinaryong makinilya.]]
*^- intensifier; 'Napaka' pag igwang kaibang saróng pang-uri o pantipo; '(Ka)dakol' pag kaiba an saróng numero kan pangngaran.
* ^^ - naproprodusir kan parataram iyo an [ʔiˈsad]

==Toltolan==
&lt;small&gt;{{reflist|2}}&lt;/small&gt;

==Mga panluwas na takod==
*[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/about Boie'nen (Old-Buhi Language)]
*[http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/language.htm Our Buhi Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830122155/http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/language.htm |date=2014-08-30 }} ni Benjamin A. Claveria
*[https://marayum.ph/front_matter/bikol-boienen-english/ Old Boie'nen Dictionary Project]
*[https://www.buhi.com/yamada/ A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary by Yukihiro Yamada] sa websay na [https://buhi.com Buhi Online (BOL)]
*[http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/yamada A Buhi Bicol Vocabulary ni Yukihiro Yamada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409122159/http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/yamada/ |date=2014-04-09 }} sa websayt na [http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com The Claveria Heritage]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ubl Buhi Bikol] sa [http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue][[Kategorya:Mga tataramon sa Bikol]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/1403229279894975 Banwaang Mauyay] - sarong grupo nin parataram sa Buhi Bikol sa [http://www.facebook.com Facebook]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXqZB2J8oxk Buhi, Banwaan Ko BANWAAN] (tataramon asin musika ni Bides asin dugang na rap ni Reddzmack) - sarong kanta sa [http://www.youtube.com Youtube]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjE3axlw2Mg Sarong klasikong kantang Buhinon] sa sa [http://www.youtube.com Youtube]

{{Mga tataramon na Filipino}}
{{Mga tataramon kan Filipinas}}
{{Mga tataramon na Bikol}}
{{tataramon-saringsing}}
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon sa Bikol]]</text>
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      <text bytes="13974" sha1="937ja4j7jcgdvievu076a7esw30qhpk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Tataramon
|name=Bikol Buhi
| altname          = '''Boinën''' o '''Boië’nën'''
|familycolor=Austronesyo
|states=[[Filipinas]]
|region=[[Rehiyon Bikol]]
|speakers= 73,600 (2009)
|fam2=[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]]
|fam3=[[Mga tataramon na Borneo-Filipino|Borneo-Filipino]]
|fam4=[[Mga tataramon na Sentral Filipino|Sentral Filipino]]
|fam5=[[Mga tataramon na Bikol]]
|fam6=[[Kadagaan na Bikol]]
|script=[[Alpabetong Latin|Latin]] ([[w:Filipino orthography|Baryanteng Filipino]]);&lt;br&gt;''Nakasurat sa [[Baybayin|Basahan]] kan panahon''
|agency=[[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]&lt;br&gt;(Commission on the Filipino Language)
|iso3=ubl
|lc1=|ld1=|ll1=}}

[[File:Nakabuhi statue.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Monumentong &quot;Nakabuhi,&quot; an ginikanan kan ngaran kan banwaan susog sa uusipon]]

An '''Bikol Buhi''' o '''[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9?q=%7B%22query%22%3A%22boie%22%7D Boie’nen]''' (Bikol Buhi na tataramon: [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9?q=%7B%22query%22%3A%22boie%22%7D '''&lt;nowiki&gt;Boie’nen [bɔ̆ɪ̆ɛ̋’n̆ə̆n],&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''] '''Boinën''' o '''Boië’nën''')&lt;ref&gt;''Bikol, Buhi’non''. Simons, Gary F. asin Charles D. Fennig (mga editor). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. Ginuno 2017-11-12&lt;/ref&gt;(mga alternatibong apod: Bikol Buhi, [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entries Boie’nen], Boînan, Buhi, Buhi’non, Buhi-non) sarô sa [[mga tataramon na Bikol]] na pigtataram sa banwaan nin [[Buhi, Camarines Sur|Buhi]], [[Camarines Sur]]. Igwa ini nin haros 73,600 na parataram kan [[2009]]. Haros nakakaagid ini sa [[Rinconada Bikol]]. Inot ining iklinasipikar bilang suway na tataramon ni [[Malcolm Mintz]] kan [[1973]] asin inuyonan sa pag-adal nin [[Jason Lobel]] kan 2009.
[[Ladawan:Boie'nen in 20th Edition of Ethnologue Database 160920 2.jpg|alt=Ethnologue inclusion of “Boie’nen” in its 20th Edition of Ethnologue Database of 2016.|thumb|Parte kan [https://www.ethnologue.com/contribution/203611 urulay ni Alfonso Claveria sa websayt kan Ethnologue] kung sain iminukna niya na gamiton an ngaran na “[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entry/44c51c16-ea6b-48df-b0ca-a0b4346aa1b9 Boie’nen]” bilang taal na apod sa tataramon kan banuan nin [[Buhi]].]]
Kabali an [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/entries Boie’nen] sa grupo nin [[Kadagaan na Bikol|mga tataramon sa Kadagaan na Bikol]] sagkod an [[Rinconada Bikol]], Mt. Iriga Agta, [[Libon Bikol]], [[Bikol Sulnopan na Albay|West Albay Bikol]] asin [[Miraya Bikol]]

==Mga pagsaligsig asin klasipikasyon kan tataramon==
[[Ladawan:Buhi Signage.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Paisi na nakasurat sa tataramon na Buhinon]]
Sa pagsaligsig ninda Barbara Anderson asin Frank Lynch kan [[1956]], an diyalekto na ginagamit sa [[Buhi,_Camarines_Sur|Buhi]], [[Camarines Sur]] asin sa [[Oas,_Albay|Oas]], [[Albay]] na igwa nin nadagdag na tanog na /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) klasipikado sa grupong '''Interior Bikol''' kaiba an duwa (2) pang diyalekto. Sa pag-adal na ini, igwa nin apat na [[mga tataramon na Bikol]] kabilang an Interior Bikol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Ang Wikang Rinconada sa Bikol'' dai nin awtor gikan sa '''Scribd''' (pighugot 2014-04-19)
&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagluwas sa pag-adal ni Jon Epstein kan [[1967]] na kabilang sa '''diyalektong Rinconada''' an tataramon na ginagamit sa Buhi siring man an tataramon na ginagamit sa Bula, Baao, Iriga, Nabua asin Bato na anas yaon sa Camarines Sur mantang dai kabali sa pag-adal an Balatan asin mayong sinambit na susogan an saiyang klasipikasyon. Alagad sa pagsaligsig ni [[Malcolm Mintz]] kan [[1973]] sa kaso asin semantikong panugpon sa mga berbo, suway an '''tataramon na Buhi''' sa [[Tataramon_na_Rinconada_Bikol|tataramon na Rinconada]] dawà sa pagsaligsig na ini ninda Anderson sagkod Lynch (1956) asin Mintz (1973), kadikit an datos na ginamit asin susog sana sa obserbasiyon an pag-adal. 

Sa urog na siyentipikong pag-aadal ni Curtis Daniel Mcfarland kan [[1974]], igwa nin kagsarong (11) klasipikasyon nin diyalekto sa rawis kan Bikol sagkod Catanduanes. Kabilang digdi bilang suhay na diyalekto an '''diyalektong Buhi''' asin diyalektong Rinconada na ibinali sa sarô sa apat na mga grupo, an '''Inland Dialect'''. Sa ginibong pagsaligsig, ikinumpara an mga diyalekto sa tanog asin mga relasyon kaini, tataramon asin pagbilog nin mga tataramon. Dai ibinali an mga banwaan na Tagalog an ginagamit sa Camarines Norte sagkod Camarines Sur asin an mga isla nin Masbate sagkod Ticao.&lt;ref&gt;Mc Farland, Curtis Daniel ''The dialects of the Bikol area'' PhD dissertation, Yale University (1974)&lt;/ref&gt;

Siring man sa pagsaligsig ninda Jason William Lobel, Wilmer Joseph Tria asin Jose Maria Carpio kan [[2000]], kun sain naidugang pa an diyalektong Partido sa kagsarong (11) diyalekto na nainot nang iklinasipikar ni Mcfarland (1974), an '''diyalektong Buhinon''' kabilang sa grupong '''Southern Coastal and Inland Bikol'''. Kaiba sa grupong ini an lima (5) pang diyalektong Rinconada, Buhinon, Libon, West Miraya asin East Miraya.&lt;ref&gt;Lobel, Jason William, Tria, Wilmer Joseph S., and Carpio, Jose Maria Z. ''An satuyang tataramon / A Study of the Bikol Language'' Naga City, Philippines: Lobel &amp; Tria Partnership, Co.: Holy Rosary Minor Seminary (2000)
&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bilang sarong suway na tataramon==
[[File:Bikol_languages.jpg|150px|thumb|Sakop kan tataramon na Buhi Bikol sa palibot kan Danaw nin Buhi]]
Susog sa iminokna ni [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/about Alfonso Claveria] na pagbabago kan taal na apod sa tataramon kan Buhi na Boie'nen, ipinublikar kan SIL an ISO 639-3 Change request 2026-002 kan 2026-07-15&lt;ref&gt;https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2026/2026-002.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Susog sa pag-adal nin [[Jason Lobel]], tinàwan kan Ethnologue nin identipikasyon na ISO 639-3 na &quot;ubl&quot; an '''Buhinon Bikol''' kan [[2009]]. Igwa ining kasanglíng apod na Buhi Bikol asin Buhinon. Ginagamit ini kan 73,600 na parataram kan [[2009]] sa banwaan nin Buhi. Klasipikado ini sa '''Inland Bikol''' kabilang an mga tataramon na [[Rinconada Bikol]], [[Libon Bikol]], Mt. Iriga Agta, [[Libon Bikol]], [[Bikol Sulnopan na Albay|West Albay Bikol]] asin [[Miraya Bikol]].


Sa ginibong pag-adal ni Dominga Portugal kan [[2000]], nakalikom siya nin 108 tataramon na Buhinon na magkaagid para sa 71 kahulogan kaiba an mga [[rapsak na tataramon]].&lt;ref&gt;Portugal, Dominga L. J. ''Buhi dialect (Boînen)'' San Francisco: D. J. Portugal Publications (2000)
&lt;/ref&gt; Kabali man an mga rapsak na tataramon sa pag-adal ni Jason Lobel kan [[2005]] sa ''The Angry Register of the Bikol Languages of the Philippines'' kun sain iklinasipikar kaini bilang '''diyalekto '''an Buhi Bikol kan '''Southern Bikol''' o haros siring sa ''Interior Bikol'', ''Inland Dialect'' asin ''Inland Bikol ''na sakop.&lt;ref&gt;Lobel, Jason William. ''The Angry Register of the Bikol Languages of the Philippines'' University of Hawai‘i (2005)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hsiu-chuan Liao and Carl R. Galvez Rubino, eds. Current issues in Philippine linguistics and anthropology: Parangal kay Lawrence A. Reid. Manila: LSP and SIL. pp. 149-166 (2005)&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2009, idinokumento ninda Nilo Borromeo asin pag-iriba an 207 na tataramon sa Buhinon.&lt;ref&gt;Buhi’non (Bikol) Digital Wordlist Vol. 3, No. 2 (December 2009), pp. 213-225
&lt;/ref&gt;

Bago kan mga ini, may nainot nang pag-adal si Yukihiro Yamada kan [[1972]] sa mga bokabularyo sa Buhi Bikol asin an librong &lt;em&gt;Boinen, Tao ag Sasabyen &lt;/em&gt;ni Judith Noble-Claveria. An gibo ni Yamada, sarong Hapones, susog sa bokabularyo ni Valerio Yaguel, sarong propyeng Buhinon siring ninda Portugal asin Claveria.&lt;ref&gt;Yamada, Yukihiro. ''A Buhi Bikol vocabulary'' Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Kochi University, No. 24, Series I. Kochi: Faculty of Education, Kochi University (1972)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Claveria, Benjamin A. ''Our Buhi Language'' [http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com The Claveria Heritage]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (pighugot 2014-04-19)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ortograpiyang Boie'nen ===
[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/grammar Toltolan kan KATON BOIE'NEN]

===Mga prominenteng parataram===
Duwa sa mga midbid na tao na nakakataram nin Buhinon iyo sinda Rez Cortez na sarong aktor sa pelikula asin si Victor Wood na sarong parakanta.

==Literatura==
Kan 2016, ipinublikar an ''KAAYUPAN'', sarong surusadiring publikasyon ni [[Ryan Cuatrona]] na pagpalis sa tataramon na ini kan mga pabula ni Esopo. Ibinungsod an babasahon sa [[Better Living Through Xeroxography Naga]] kan Disyembre 10, 2016 sa Anthosia Cafe sa [[Syudad nin Naga]].
Kansyon na ginibo saka kinanta ni [https://www.facebook.com/share/v/19qUgPrdFy/ Elmer Caparanga] na ipinublikar Facebook websayt kan Oktobre 8, 2022 na ginibohan ni interpretasyon sa Inglis ni Alfonso Claveria na “Twilight&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Bokabularyo==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Bikol Buhi !! Bikol Sentral
|-
| ʔaˈko || akó
|-
| ʔiˈka || iká
|-
| ʔiˈja || siyá
|-
| kiˈta || kitá
|-
| siˈra || sindá
|-
| ʔamwaˈdi (literal na ‘Ining ini (harani sa parataram)’;&lt;br/&gt; cf. [ʔaˈdi] ) || iní
|-
| ʔamwaˈʔan ( literal na ‘Uning uni (harani sa pinapadarahan)’; &lt;br/&gt; cf. [ʔaˈʔan] ) || uni
|-
| diˈdi || d(igdí)
|-
| ʔadˈto (harayuon gikan sa parehas na parataram asin pinapadar(a)han) || dumán
|-
| siʔiˈsai || si isáy
|-
| ʔoˈno || áno
|-
| saʔˈri || sàin (kun matukdô nin direksiyon) &lt;br/&gt; háin, nasàin (kun mahanap nin bagay/gamit/tao)
|-
| kinaʔoˈno || nùarin
|-
| paʔoˈno || pâno
|-
| ʔinˈdiʔ || dài
|-
| ŋaʔˈmin || gabós, ánas
|-
| mariˈɡən^  || dakól
|-
| naŋaɡˌkapiˈra || nagkapirá
|-
| ʔaɡˈbai || (ka)dikít, (ka)dìit
|-
| ʔiˈba || ibá
|-
| ʔәˈsad^^|| sarô
|-
| doˈwa || duwá
|-
| toˈlo || tuló
|-
| ʔәˈpat || apát
|-
| liˈma || limá
|-
| dakəˈɣəʔ || dakulà
|-
| ʔalaˈbaʔ || halabà
|-
| maʔiˈwas || mahiwas, halakbáng
|-
| maiʔˈbәɡ || mahìbog
|-
| mabәʔˈɡat || magabát
|-
| saˈdai || sadít, sadáy
|-
| ʔaliʔˈpot || halìpot
|-
| piɡiˈpit || piot, hayàpit
|-
| maniˈpis (kahibugan talaga; e.g. manipis na libro; manipis na buhok)  || mahimpís, manipís
|-
| babaˈji || babayi
|-
| laɣaˈki || lalaki
|-
| taˈwo || tawo
|}
[[Ladawan:A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary by Yukihiro Yamada Screenshots of pages 13 &amp; 14.jpg|thumb|Kopya kan pagina 12-13 kan sinorat na pag adal ni Propisor Yamada kung sain sinorat niya an pagliwat kan pagsorat kan tataramon na Boie’nen na gamit sana an sarong manwal na makinilya asin pinadara niya sa koreo ki Alfonso Claveria, sarong taga Buhi na namundag kan 1953, na iyo man an nagpublikar na kan parti kan listahan kan tataramon na Boie'nen ni Propisor Yamada sa www.buhi.com/yamada/ ]]
An tataramon na [https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/about Boie’nen o Binoie’nen] dai minagamit kan tanog kan letrang /h/ na kinompirma ini ni Propisor Yamada kan taon 1972&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/share/19tkqMZJh7/?mibextid=wwXIfr Buhi Vocabulary List, Yamada 1972]&lt;/ref&gt;

*Si Popisor Yukihiro Yamada an nagsorat kan pinakaenot na pagadal kan tataramon na Boie’nen kan 1972: (''[https://www.buhi.com/yamada/ A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary]'') na igwang 513 tataramon (lexemes) na pinubnlikar sa ''Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Kochi University, No. 24, Series 1''  (pagina 12-41) na sinoratan niya nin mga pagliwat kan inapod niyang “ordinary writing” asin pindara ki Alfonso Claveria.[[Ladawan:Copy of the Mailing Envelope of Professor Yamada for Alfonso Claveria.jpg|thumb|Kopya kan sobre sa pinadarang kopya ni Propisor Yamada ki Alfonso Claveria kan artikulo niyang “A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary (1972) kung sain sinorat niya an mga pagliwat para sa “ordinaryong pagsorat” sa tataramon na Boie’nen kung sain pweding gamiton sana an sarong ordinaryong makinilya.]]
*^- intensifier; 'Napaka' pag igwang kaibang saróng pang-uri o pantipo; '(Ka)dakol' pag kaiba an saróng numero kan pangngaran.
* ^^ - naproprodusir kan parataram iyo an [ʔiˈsad]

==Toltolan==
&lt;small&gt;{{reflist|2}}&lt;/small&gt;

==Mga panluwas na takod==
*[https://livingdictionaries.app/boienen-old-buhi-langua/about Boie'nen (Old-Buhi Language)]
*[http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/language.htm Our Buhi Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830122155/http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/language.htm |date=2014-08-30 }} ni Benjamin A. Claveria
*[https://marayum.ph/front_matter/bikol-boienen-english/ Old Boie'nen Dictionary Project]
*[https://www.buhi.com/yamada/ A Buhi Bikol Vocabulary by Yukihiro Yamada] sa websay na [https://buhi.com Buhi Online (BOL)]
*[http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/yamada A Buhi Bicol Vocabulary ni Yukihiro Yamada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409122159/http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com/yamada/ |date=2014-04-09 }} sa websayt na [http://buhiclaveria.tripod.com The Claveria Heritage]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ubl Buhi Bikol] sa [http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue][[Kategorya:Mga tataramon sa Bikol]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/1403229279894975 Banwaang Mauyay] - sarong grupo nin parataram sa Buhi Bikol sa [http://www.facebook.com Facebook]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXqZB2J8oxk Buhi, Banwaan Ko BANWAAN] (tataramon asin musika ni Bides asin dugang na rap ni Reddzmack) - sarong kanta sa [http://www.youtube.com Youtube]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjE3axlw2Mg Sarong klasikong kantang Buhinon] sa sa [http://www.youtube.com Youtube]

{{Mga tataramon na Filipino}}
{{Mga tataramon kan Filipinas}}
{{Mga tataramon na Bikol}}
{{tataramon-saringsing}}
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon sa Bikol]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nahuatl</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7088" sha1="kxy1153by0imj9x79t6t9ofptmfl38n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox language
|name         = Nahuatl 
|altname      = Aztec
|nativename   = Nawatlahtolli, Mexihkatlahtolli, Mexkatl, Mexikanoh, Masewaltlahtol
|states       = [[Mexico]]
|region       = [[Estado nin Mehiko]], [[Puebla]], [[San Luis Potosi]], [[Veracruz]], [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]], [[Guerrero]], [[Morelos]], [[Tlaxcala]], [[Oaxaca]], [[Michoacán]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Durango]],&lt;br/&gt; asin mga imigrante sa [[Estados Unidos]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], asin [[Kanada]]
|ethnicity    = [[Nahuas|Mga  banwang Nahuan]]
|speakers     = 1,740,000
|date         = 2010
|familycolor  = Uto-Aztecan
|fam1         = [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
|fam2         = [[Nahuan languages|Nahuan]]
|dia1         = [[Western Peripheral Nahuatl]]
|dia2         = [[Eastern Peripheral Nahuatl]]
|dia3         = [[Huasteca Nahuatl]]
|dia4         = [[Central Nahuatl languages]]
|nation       = Mehiko (through the General Law of Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/257.pdf |title=General Law of Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611011220/http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/257.pdf |archivedate=11 June 2008 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|agency       = [[Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas homepage}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|iso2         = nah
|iso3         = nhe
|iso3comment  = [[Huasteca Nahuatl language|Huasteca Nahuatl]]&lt;br /&gt;For other varieties, see [[Nahuan languages]]
|image        = Aztec woman speaking.jpg
|imagesize    = 100px
|imagecaption = Nahua'ng babae sa ''[[Florentine Codex]]''. An [[speech scroll]] nagmomostra na an babae nagtataram.
|notice       = IPA
|protoname    = [[Proto-Nahuan language|Proto-Nahuan]]
|glotto       = azte1234
|glottoname   = Aztec
}}
[[Ladawan:Tlamantlahtolli itlalmachiyo.png|thumb|269x269px|Mga lugar kun saen pinagtataram an Nahuatl (pinutian)]]
An '''Nahuatl''', (/ˈnɑːwɑːtəl/; Nahuatl pronunciation: [ˈnaːwatɬ], kun sayodon, 'nawats') sarong lenggwahe sa Mehiko Sentral, sa komun na arapodan sinasabing Aztec,&lt;ref&gt;http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/azte1234 Kinua 17-10-15&lt;/ref&gt; yaon sa lindong kan Uto-Aztecan na pamilya nin mga tataramon. Magkapipirang mga lenggwaheng Nahuatl na magkaaragidan an tinataram nin ginagaom 1.5 milyon kan banwang Nahua, na kadakulan yaon nag'eerok sa Mehiko Sentral. Gabos ining magkaaragidan na lenggwaheng Nahuatl tal na tubo sa Mesoamerika.

An tataramon na ini tinataram na sa Mehiko Sentral poon pa kan ika-7ng siglo. Iyo ini an lenggwahe kan mga Aztec na dominado an kahiwasan kan Mehiko Sentral durante kan Periodo Late Postclassic sa historya kan Mesoamerika. Sa mga siglong dai pa nadatong an Espanyol, an  Imperyong Aztec naglakop na gayo sa Mehiko Sentral asin an lenggwahe kaini nakaimpluensyang maray sa mga residente kan Tenochtitlan na nagin lenggwaheng prestihyoso sa lugar na idto asin iyo an nangingimbabaw sa Mesoamerika. Kan makalaog an alpabetong Latin sa Amerika, an Nahuatl nagbu'kad nanggad asin  nagin sarong lenggwaheng literaryo asin dakul na kasaysayan, mga gramar, mga obra  nin rawitdawit, mga dokumento administratibo, asin pagsonson nasusurat na igdi durante kan ika-16 abot ika-17ng siglo.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/etexts/nahuatl/Kinua{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 17-10-15&lt;/ref&gt; An lenggwahengn ini batay sa Nahuatl nin Tenochtitlan inapod nang Nahuatl Klasiko asin iyo an naadalan na gayo asin  pinaka-dokumentadong lenggwahe.

==Pag'abot kan Espanyol==

An kolonyalismo nagdara kan mga Espanyol sa Amerika asin nangyari an pagsarabatan kan mga lenggwahe sa Mesoamerika asin kan lenggwahe kan tagakolonya. Gibo kan an bugtak kan Nahuatl medyo api asin an Espanyol nakakapangimbabaw, nagresulta sa paghira sa modernong Nahuatl asin an mga kaaragidan kaini, mala ta dakulon na mga katagang Espanyol an nakalaog sa Nahuatl asin man nagkaigwa nin mga bagong sintaktikong konstruksyon asin gramatikal na mga kategorya.

Totoo, dakul man an nakalaog mga katagang Nahuatl sa Espanyol orog na idtong mga pangaran kan mga tinanom, mga hayop asin iba pa, na tal nagtalubo sa Latin Amerika, asin sa ibang mga lenggwahe kan kinaban paagi sa pagbulos hale sa Espanyol pasiring sa ibang mga tataramon sa Europa siring kan mga Nahuatl na [[cataga|kataga]]  na yaon sa Ingles arog kan &quot;avocado&quot;, &quot;chayote&quot;, &quot;chili&quot;, &quot;chocolate&quot;, &quot;atlatl&quot;, &quot;coyote&quot;, &quot;peyote&quot;, &quot;axolotl&quot; saka &quot;tomato&quot; asin iba man ngane kaini nasubli kan mga lenggwahe sa Filipinas pero direkta nakua sa Espanyol arog kan &quot;[[kamatis]]&quot;, &quot;[[tsiko]]&quot;, &quot;tsokolate&quot;, &quot;[[abukado]]&quot;, &quot;[[kakaw]]&quot;, &quot;[[kamote]]&quot;, &quot;[[mais]]&quot;, &quot;[[atsuwete|achuete]]&quot;, &quot;marijuana&quot;, &quot;[[sakate]]&quot;, &quot;sili&quot;, &quot;pitaka&quot;, &quot;tyangge&quot;, asin &quot;[[tiesa|tisa]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Nahuatl_origin Kinua 18-10-15&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.translationdirectory.com/glossaries/glossary234.php#Animals Kinua 18-10-15&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa presente, an magkaaragidan na mga Nahautl na mga tataramon tinataram sa mga warak-warak na komunidad, kadaklan kaini sa Mehiko Sentral asin sa mga kosa; igwang pagkairiba sa mga magkaaragidan na mga dila, na kun minsan ngane dai magkasinarabotan. Sa mga magkaaragidan na mga tinataram, an Huasteca Nahuatl igwa nin sarong milyon na parataram asin ini an pinakagamit. Gabos ining mga magkaaragidan na Nahuatl napairarom sa magabat na impluensya nin Espanyol. Mayo sa mga modernong Nahuatl an nakakaagid na sa Nahuatl Klasiko alagad idtong yaon sa palibot asin sa laog kan M
Valley of Mexico mas nakaka'agid kisa idtong yaon sa hararayo igdi. 

Susog sa Ley General de Derechos Linguisticos de los Pueblos Indigenas (&quot;An Mga Linggwistikong Katanosan kan mga Banwang Tal&quot;) na pinari'gon kan taon 2003, an Nahuatl asin an 63 na mga lenggwaheng tal sa Mehiko minimidbd &quot;lenguas nacionales&quot; duman sa mga rona kun saen ini tinataram, kapantay sa estado an Espanyol sa laog kan saindang rona.&lt;ref&gt;http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/esletra/pdf/04/045_giovine.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315110719/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/esletra/pdf/04/045_giovine.pdf |date=2017-03-15 }} Ki9nua 18-10-15&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054016/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Edespig/diagnostico_y_perspectivas/leyes_declaraciones/2%20LENGUA%20Y%20CULTURA/Ley%20general%20de%20derechos%20linguisticos.pdf Kinua 18-10-15&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.inegi.org.mx/rne/docs/Pdfs/Mesa5/20/EnriqueNava.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120003026/http://www.inegi.org.mx/rne/docs/Pdfs/Mesa5/20/EnriqueNava.pdf |date=2013-01-20 }} Kinua 18-10-15&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bookfinder4u.com/detail/3110185970.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924182750/http://www.bookfinder4u.com/detail/3110185970.html |date=2015-09-24 }} Kinua 18-10-15&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
{{tataramon-poon}}
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon sa Latin Amerika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tataramon na Ainu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18068</id>
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      <text bytes="9509" sha1="ayj37p5196fvaikiu30zpudfm6sf1fm" xml:space="preserve">{{distinguish|tataramon na Äynu}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Ainu
| nativename = {{lang|ain|アイヌ・イタㇰ}} ''Aynu=itak''
| pronunciation = {{IPA-ain|ˈainu iˈtak|}}
| states = [[Hapon]]
| region = [[Hokkaido]], kaidto [[Rusya]]
| ethnicity = 15,000 na [[mga tawo nin Ainu]] sa Hapon (mayóng petsa)&lt;ref name=e08&gt;{{e08|ain}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--change to ethn. pop. later--&gt;
| speakers = 10
| date = 2007
| ref = &lt;ref&gt;D. Bradley, &quot;Languages of Mainland South-East Asia,&quot; in O. Miyaoka, O. Sakiyama, and M. E. Krauss (eds), ''The vanishing languages of the Pacific Rim'', Oxford: Oxford University Press (2007),  pp. 301–336. .&lt;/ref&gt;
| familycolor = isolate
| family = [[suway na tataramon]]
| script = [[Katakana]] (sa ngunyan), [[Iskriturang Latin|Latin]] (sa ngunyan), [[Iskriturang Siriliko|Siriliko]] (Rusya, obsolete)
| iso3 = ain
| image = Multilingual sign at Ainu Museum (Shiraoi).JPG
| map = Historical expanse of Ainu.png
|mapcaption=Historically attested range of the Ainu (solid red) and suspected former range (pink) based on toponymic evidence (red dots) [Vovin 1993], [[Matagi]] villages (purple dots), and [[Japanese dialects#Eastern Japanese|Japanese isoglosses]]
| imagecaption = Multilingguwal na sinyal sa [[Tataramon na Hapones|Hapones]], Ainu, [[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]], [[Tataramon na Koreano|Koreano]] asin [[Tataramon na Intsik|Intsik]]. Panduwa poon sa itaas kan toóng gilid kan sinyal an Ainu
| notice = IPA
| glotto = hokk1243
| glottorefname = Ainu (Japan)
}}


An tataramon na '''Ainu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|n|uː}};&lt;ref&gt;Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh&lt;/ref&gt; Ainu: {{lang|ain|アイヌ・イタㇰ}} ''Aynu=itak''; [[Tataramon na Hapones|Hapones]]: {{lang|ja|アイヌ語}} ''Ainu-go'') saróng tataramon na pigtataram kan mga miembro kan [[etnikong grupo]] na [[Mga tawo nin Ainu|Ainu]] sa norteng isla nin Hapones kan [[Hokkaido]].

Hasta kan ika-20 siglo, pigtataram man an mga tataramon na Ainu sa enterong kabangâ na Sur kan isla kan [[Ainu sa Rusya|Sakhalin]] dangan mga sararadit na numero nin mga tawo sa [[mga isla nin Kuril]]. Igwa ining tolóng mayoriyang mga diyalektos&lt;ref name = martin&gt;Martin, K. (2011). Aynu itak. On the Road to Ainu Language Revitalization. Media and Communication Studies. 60: 57-93&lt;/ref&gt; kaiba an 19 iba pang mga diyalektos kan mga tataramon na Ainu. Sa Hokkaido lang na mga barayti an nakaligtas, an huring parataram kan Ainu na Sakhalin, nagadan kan 1994. Naghihingagdan na an Ainu na Hokkaido, dawa magkapirang mga pigsagibo na gibuhon tanganing mabuhay ini. Naggibo nin desisyon an gobierno kan Hapon na tanggapon an Ainu bilang katutubó kadtong Hunyo 2008.&lt;ref name = martin/&gt; Sa ngunyan, nagpapatindog an gobierno kan Hapon nin pasilidad na pigdedekar tanganing mapreserbar an kulturang Ainu, kabali an tataramon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2017/07/28/land-of-the-human-beings-the-world-of-the-ainu-little-known-indigenous-people-of-japan/|title=Perspective {{!}} ‘Land of the Human Beings’: The world of the Ainu, little-known indigenous people of Japan|last=Lam|first=May-Ying|date=27 July 2017|website=Washington Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mayong pankagabsang pagtanggap an Ainu sa panhenealokikal na relasyon sa arinman na iba pang pamilya nin tataramon.

== Hilingon man ==
* [[Musikang Ainu]]
* [[Kannari Matsu]]
* [[Kyōsuke Kindaichi]]
* [[Bronisław Piłsudski]]
* [[Mga tataramon na Austronesyo]]
* [[Mga tataramon na Austro-Tai]]
* [[Mga tataramon na Haponiko]]

== Mga Talá ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Mga Toltolan==
* {{cite journal|last1=Bugaeva|first1=Anna|title=Internet applications for endangered languages: A talking dictionary of Ainu|journal=Waseda Institute for Advanced Study Research Bulletin|date=2010|volume=3|pages=73–81}}
* {{e18|code=ain}}
* {{cite book | last=Refsing |first=Kirsten | title=The Ainu Language: The Morphology and Syntax of the Shizunai Dialect | publisher=Aarhus University Press | location=Aarhus | year=1986 | isbn=87-7288-020-1}}
* {{cite book | last=Refsing |first=Kirsten | title=Early European Writings on the Ainu Language | publisher=Routledge | location=London | year=1996 | isbn=0-7007-0400-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Shibatani |first=Masayoshi | title=The Languages of Japan | url=https://archive.org/details/languagesofjapan0000shib | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | year=1990 |isbn=0-521-36918-5 }}
* {{cite book | last=Tamura |first=Suzuko | title=The Ainu Language | publisher=Sanseido | location=Tokyo | year=2000 | isbn=4-385-35976-8}}

==Mababasa pa lalo==
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0hAAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false
|title=An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary, including A Grammar of the Ainu Language
|volume=
|year=1905
|author=John Batchelor
|editor=
|publisher=Methodist Publishing House; London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner &amp; Co.
|edition=2, reprint
|location=Tokyo
|isbn=
|quote=
|page=525
|date=
|accessdate=March 1, 2012 }} (Digitized by the University of Michigan December 8, 2006)
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBISAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false
|title=Ainu grammar
|issue=Issue 1 of ''Memoirs of the Literature College'', Imperial University of Japan
|volume=
|year=1887
|author1=Basil Hall Chamberlain
|author2=John Batchelor
|editor=
|publisher=Imperial University
|edition=
|location=Tokyo
|isbn=
|quote=
|page=174
|date=
|accessdate=March 1, 2012}} (Digitized by Harvard University November 30, 2007) 
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi0uAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false
|title=聖書・新約: アイヌ
|volume=
|year=1897
|author=John Batchelor
|editor=
|publisher=Yokohama Bunsha
|edition=
|location=
|isbn=
|quote=
|page=706
|date=
|accessdate=March 1, 2012}} (Harvard University) (Digitized October 8, 2008)
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qywuAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false
|title=聖書・新約: アイヌ
|volume=
|year=1896
|author=John Batchelor
|editor=
|publisher=Yokohama Bunsha
|edition=
|location=
|isbn=
|quote=
|page=313
|date=
|accessdate=March 1, 2012}} (Harvard University) (Digitized October 8, 2008 )
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fsnAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false
|title=St Mark, St Luke and St John in Ainu
|volume=
|year=1891
|author=British and Foreign Bible Society
|editor=
|publisher=British and Foreign Bible Society
|edition=
|location=London
|isbn=
|quote=
|page=348
|date=
|accessdate=March 1, 2012}} (Harvard University) (Digitized June 9, 2008)
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiwFAAAAMAAJ
|title=アイヌ語法概說
|volume=
|year=1936
|author=Kyōsuke Kindaichi
|editor=
|publisher=岩波書店
|edition=
|location=
|isbn=
|quote=
|page=230
|date=
|accessdate=March 1, 2012}} (Compiled by Mashiho Chiri) (University of Michigan) (Digitized August 15, 2006)
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2010. [http://www.amritas.com/090725.htm#07232359 Is the ''itak'' an isolate?]

== Mga Panluwas na Takod ==
{{Incubator|prefix=Wp|code=ain}}
{{wikivoyage|Ainu phrasebook}}
* [http://jinbunweb.sgu.ac.jp/~ainu/biblio/european.html#AinuLib1 Literature and materials for learning Ainu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917151117/http://jinbunweb.sgu.ac.jp/~ainu/biblio/european.html#AinuLib1 |date=2008-09-17 }}
* [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Japan/ainu.htm The Book of Common Prayer in Ainu], translated by John Batchelor, digitized by Richard Mammana and Charles Wohlers
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070209083737/http://city.hokkai.or.jp/~ayaedu/ Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Ainu] in [[Samani, Hokkaido]]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A17278257 ''A Grammar of the Ainu Language''] by [[John Batchelor (missionary)|John Batchelor]]
* [https://archive.org/details/ainuenglishjapan00batcuoft ''An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary'', including ''A Grammar of the Ainu Language''] by John Batchelor
* [http://jdbengt.net/articles/Austric.pdf &quot;The 'Greater Austric' hypothesis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030195658/http://jdbengt.net/articles/Austric.pdf |date=2008-10-30 }} by John Bengtson (undated)
* [http://www.unilang.org/course.php?res=58 ''Ainu for Beginners''] by Kane Kumagai, translated by Yongdeok Cho
* {{ja icon}} [http://www.stv.ne.jp/radio/ainugo/index.html Radio lessons on Ainu language presented by Sapporo TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105011134/http://www.stv.ne.jp/radio/ainugo/index.html |date=2005-01-05 }}
* {{ja icon}} [http://www.geocities.jp/ainuitak/aynu.htm Ainu word list]( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520161639/http://www.geocities.jp/ainuitak/aynu.htm |date=2009-05-20 }} 2009-10-24)
* ''[https://elar.soas.ac.uk/Collection/MPI585111 A talking dictionary of Ainu: a new version of Kanazawa's Ainu conversational dictionary]'', with recordings of Mrs. Setsu Kurokawa

{{Mga tataramon kan Hapon}}
{{Mga tataramon na Paleosiberiyano}}

{{Poon}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT: Tataramon na Ainu}}
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na Ainu]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na subhetibo–obhetibo–berba]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Hapon]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tirana</title>
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      <text bytes="11388" sha1="0xsw94l2ax52jlbk8q1rrmgioiqz6o0" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Kapitolyo kan Albanya}}
{{Infobox settlement 
| name                          = Tirana 
| settlement_type               = [[Mga banwaan kan Albanya|Banwaan]]
| image_skyline                 = {{Photomontage|position=center |photo1a = Skanderbeg square tirana 2016.jpg |photo2a = Toptani Shopping Mall Tirana 2016.jpg |photo2b = Tirana_Kapllan_Pasha_Tomb.jpg |photo3a = Catedral de la Resurección de Cristo, Tirana, Albania, 2014-04-17, DD 13.JPG |photo3b = Tirana 33.jpg |photo4a = Castillo de Petrela, Petrela, Albania, 2014-04-17, DD 07.JPG |photo4b = City Hall of Tirana.jpg |photo5a = Tirana_from_South.jpg |size = 290 |spacing = 2 |color = #FFFFFF |border = 0 |foot_montage = Clockwise from top: The [[Skanderbeg Square]], [[Kapllan Pasha Tomb]], Post Block memorial, Ministry of Internal Affairs, [[Dajti National Park|Dajt]] and [[Grand Park of Tirana]], [[Petrelë Castle]], [[Resurrection Cathedral, Tirana|Resurrection Cathedral]] and [[Toptani Shopping Center]].}}
| image_alt                     = Photomontage kan Tirana 
| image_flag                    = [[File:Flag of Tirana.svg|130px|center]]
| flag_alt                      = Wagayway kan Tirana
| image_seal                    = [[File:Stema e Bashkisë Tiranë.svg|50px|center]]
| seal_alt                      = Selyo kan Tirana
| pushpin_map                   = Albanya#Europa 
| pushpin_relief                = 1
| coordinates                   = {{coord|41|19|44|N|19|49|04|E|type:adm1st_region:AL_dim:100000|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type              = Nsyopn
| subdivision_name              = [[Albanya]]
| subdivision_type1             = Rehiyon
| subdivision_name1             = [[Katahawan na Albanya]]
| subdivision_type2             = [[Mga Probinsiya kan Albanya|Probinsiya]]
| subdivision_name2             = [[Probinsiya nin Tirana|Tirana]]
| established_title             = Pig-eerokan
| established_date              = 1614
| government_type               = Pinamahalaan
| leader_party                  = [[Partido Sosyalista kan Albanya|Partido Sosyalista]]
| leader_title                  = [[Alkalde kan Tirana|Alkalde]]
| leader_name                   = [[Erion Veliaj]] 
| leader_title1                 = Council Chairman
| leader_name1                  = Aldrin Dalipi
| area_total_km2                = 1,110.03 
| area_urban_km2                = 41.8  
| elevation_m                   = 110
| population_as_of              = 2011
| population_blank1_title       = Banwaan
| population_blank1             = 557,422&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://zgjedhje2015.reporter.al/profili-i-bashkise-tirane/|title=Profili i bashkisë Tiranë|date=11 May 2015|access-date=8 February 2018|quote=Popullsia: Sipas censusit të vitit 2011, në territorin e bashkisë së re Tiranë banojnë 557,422 banorë, ndërsa sipas Regjistrit Civil banojnë 757,361 banorë. Me një sipërfaqe prej 1,110.03 kilometrash katrorë, densiteti i popullsisë sipas të dhënave të Censusit është 502 banorë/ km2 ndërsa sipas Regjistrit Civil, densiteti është 682 banorë km2.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 502&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;/&gt;   
| population_demonym            = Tiranas ''(m)'' Tiranase ''(f)''&lt;br&gt;Tirons'' (m)'' Tironse ''(f)'' ''(local dialect)''
| timezone                      = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset                    = +1
| timezone_DST                  = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST                = +2
| postal_code_type              = Postal code
| postal_code                   = 1001–1028, 1031  
| area_code                     = 04 
| blank_name                    = [[Vehicle registration plates of Albania|Vehicle registration]]
| blank_info                    = TR
| blank2_name                   = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{Small|(2018)}}
| blank2_info                   = 0.847{{Small|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Global Data Lab |title=Subnational Human Development Index (2.1) |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} – &lt;span style=&quot;color:#090;&quot;&gt;very high&lt;/span&gt;
| website                       = {{URL|http://www.tirana.gov.al|Opisyalmenteng Websityo}}
}}
An '''Tirana''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Tirana.ogg|t|ᵻ|ˈ|ɹ|ɑː|n|ə}}; {{IPA-sq|tiˈɾaːna}}; {{lang-aln|Tirona}}) an kapitolyo nin siyudad kan [[Albanya|Republic of Albania]].

An Tirana manunumpungan sa sentro nin is located in the  Albania asin napapalibutan nin kabundukan asin hills, na Dajt sa subangan asin lambak sa norteng sulnopan na mahihiling an Adriatic Sea sa harayo. Nin huli sa llokasyon kaini na nasa  Plain of Tirana asin harani sa  [[Dagat Mediterraneo|Mediterranean Sea]],an siyudad igwa nin mediterranean seasonal climate. Ini an pinakabasa asin pinakamainit na mga siyudad sa  [[Europa|Europe]], na igwang 2,544 oras nin saldang kada taon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunniest Cities in Europe|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Europe/sunniest-cities.php|page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;currentresults.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=European Cities With the Wettest, Rainiest Weather|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Europe/wettest-rainiest-cities.php|page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toltolan ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Mababasa pa lalo ==
* {{cite news |title=The Capital of Albania Has Transformed Into a Lively, Affordable Destination |first=Alia |last=Akkam |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/where-to-go-in-tirana-albania|newspaper=Vogue |date=13 October 2017  }}
* {{cite news |title=The European capital you'd never thought to visit (but really should) |first=Mark |last=Hillsdon |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/albania/articles/tirana-albania-what-to-see-and-do-on-a-weekend-break/ |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=27 February 2017  }}
* {{cite news |title=Tirana, Breaking Free From Communist Past, Is a City Transformed |first=Alex |last=Crevar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/travel/tirana-restaurants-bars.html|newspaper=The New York Times |date=28 August 2015  }}
* {{cite news |title=Tirana's colorful buildings |first=Giulia |last=Blocal |url=http://www.blocal-travel.com/road-trip/tiranas-colorful-buildings-html/ |newspaper=Blocal Travel blog |date=16 September 2014  }}
* {{cite news |title=Tirana fights to beat its addiction to cars and get its residents cycling |first=Sean |last=Williams |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/jul/11/tirana-addiction-cars-residents-cycling-albania-capital-bicycle-communist-image |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 July 2014  |accessdate=12 July 2014}}
* {{cite news |title=Albania: Charmed by Tirana |first=Hamish |last=McRae |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/albania-charmed-by-tirana-928159.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=13 September 2008  }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120425150635/http://rudar.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/2321/1/Post-socialist%20city%20development%20in%20Tirana.pdf Abitz, Julie. ''Post-Socialist Development in Tirana.'' Roskilde: Roskilde Universitetscenter, 2006.]
*{{cite journal |last1 = Agorastakis |first1 = Michalis |last2 = Sidiropoulos |first2 = Giorgos |year = 2007 |title = Population change due to geographic mobility in Albania, 1989–2001, and the repercussions of internal migration for the enlargement of Tirana |journal = Population, Space and Place |volume = 13 |issue = 6|pages = 471–481 |doi=10.1002/psp.463}}
*Aliaj, Besnik; Keida Lulo and Genc Myftiu. ''Tirana: the Challenge of Urban Development'', Tirana: Cetis, 2003 {{ISBN|99927-880-0-3}}
*[http://tiranaworkshop10.pbworks.com/f/besnik%2Baliaj%2Bhistory%2Bhousing%2Balbania%202.pdf Aliaj, Besnik. ''A Short History of Housing and Urban Development Models during 1945–1990'', Tirana 2003.]
*[http://alain-bertaud.com/AB_Files/AB_Albania%20Urban%20informal%20Sector%20paper.pdf Bertaud, Alain. ''Urban Development in Albania: the Success Story of the Informal Sector'', 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011181142/http://alain-bertaud.com/AB_Files/AB_Albania%20Urban%20informal%20Sector%20paper.pdf |date=2011-10-11 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110815203802/http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612184/index.pdf Bleta, Indrit. ''Influences of Political Regime Shifts on the Urban Scene of a Capital City, Case Study: Tirana.'' Turkey, 2010.]
*{{cite journal |last1 = Capolino |first1 = Patrizia |year = 2011 |title = Tirana: A Capital City Transformed by the Italians |journal = Planning Perspectives |volume = 26 |issue = 4|pages = 591–615 |doi=10.1080/02665433.2011.601610}}
*[http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/12806/1/ltcwp31.pdf Felstehausen, Herman. ''Urban Growth and Land Use Changes in Tirana, Albania: With Cases Describing Urban Land Claims.'' University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1999]
*Galeteanu, Emira. ''Tirana: the Spectacle of the Urban Theatre''. MA Dissertation. Carleton University: Ottawa, 2006.
*[http://eprints.qut.edu.au/45654/1/2011010941_Guaralda_ePrints.pdf Guaralda, Mirko (2009). Urban Identity and Colour : the Case of Tirana, Albania. ''Spectrum e-news'', 2009(Dec), pp. 13–14.]
*Jasa, Skënder. ''Tirana në shekuj: Terona, Theranda, Tirkan, Tirannea, Tirana: monografi, disa artikuj e materiale arkivore kushtuar historisë së Tiranës'', Tirana 1997.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120325151138/http://library.panteion.gr:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/444/1/KERA.pdf Kera, Gentiana. ''Aspects of the Urban Development of Tirana: 1820–1939'', Seventh International Conference of Urban History. Athens, 2004.]
*{{cite journal |last1 = Nase |first1 = Ilir |last2 = Ocakci |first2 = Mehmet |year = 2010 |title = Urban Pattern Dichotomy in Tirana: Socio-spatial Impact of Liberalism |journal = European Planning Studies |volume = 18 |issue = 11|pages = 1837–1861 |doi=10.1080/09654313.2010.512169}}
*[http://www.tema.unina.it/index.php/tema/article/download/248/515 Pojani, Dorina (2011). Mobility, Equity and Sustainability Today in Tirana, ''TeMA'' 4, no. 2, pp.99–109] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210071503/http://www.tema.unina.it/index.php/tema/article/download/248/515 |date=2019-12-10 }}
*{{cite journal |last1 = Pojani |first1 = Dorina |year = 2010 |title = Tirana |journal = Cities |volume = 27 |issue = 6|pages = 483–495 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2010.02.002}}
*{{cite journal |last1 = Pojani |first1 = Dorina |year = 2011 |title = From Carfree to Carfull: the Environmental and Health Impacts of Increasing Private Motorisation in Albania |journal = Journal of Environmental Planning and Management |volume = 54 |issue = 3|pages = 319–335 |doi=10.1080/09640568.2010.506076}}
*{{cite journal |last1 = Pojani |first1 = Dorina |year = 2011 |title = Urban and Suburban Retail Development in Albania's Capital After Socialism |journal = Land Use Policy |volume = 28 |issue = 4|pages = 836–845 |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.02.001}}

== Mga panluwas na takod==
{{Wikivoyage|Tirana}}
{{Commons category|Tirana}}
*[http://www.tirana.gov.al/ Municipality of Tirana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414082050/http://www.tirana.gov.al/ |date=2011-04-14 }}
*[http://www.visit-tirana.com/ Visit Tirana Tourism Portal]
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Tirana|short=x}}

{{stub}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Tirana| ]]&lt;!--please leave the empty space as standard--&gt;
[[Kategorya:Mga kapitolyo sa Europa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naomi Scott</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Infobox tawo|name=Naomi Scott|image=Naomi Scott.jpg|caption=Scott at the 2016 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|5|6|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Hounslow]], [[London]], England&lt;!--No boroughs/neighborhoods, just cities per format.--&gt;|birth_name=Naomi Grace Scott|website={{URL|naomiscottmusic.com/}}|occupation=Actress, singer|yearsactive=2008–present|spouse={{marriage|[[Jordan Spence]]|2014}}}}
Si '''Naomi Grace Scott''' (namundag kan Mayo 6, 1993) sarong artista asin parakantang Ingles. Bistado siyang pinagbidahan si Princess Jasmine sa musical fantasy na pelikula kan Disney na ''Aladdin'' (2019). Si Scott nabistado sa pag arte puon sa sarong science fiction na dramang serye na ''Terra Nova'' (2011) sagcod sa Disney Channel na pelikulang pang tinedyer na ''Lemonade Mouth'' (2011). Nagin bida man siya sa sarong  superherong pelikula na ''Power Rangers'' (2017) sagcod kan aksyon-komeding pelikula na ''Charlie's Angels'' (2019).

== Agi-agi ==
Si Scott namundag kan ika-6 kan Mayo 1993 sa Hounslow, [[Londres|London]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130|title=Everything You Need To Know About Naomi Scott|last=Eksouzian-Cavadas|first=Ana|date=31 May 2019|accessdate=15 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Metro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/12/naomi-scott-plays-jasmine-in-aladdin-2019-heres-her-age-previous-roles-husband-and-background-8031957/|title=Naomi Scott plays Jasmine in Aladdin 2019|accessdate=10 May 2019|date=12 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saiyang magurang na si Usha Joshi ipinangaki sa [[Uganda]], na hali sa Indian Gujarati, asin imigrante sa United Kingdom sa hoben na edad. An ama ni Naomi na si Christopher sarong Ingles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Metro&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DisneyChannelMedianet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|title=NAOMI SCOTT 'Mohini (Mo) Banarjee'|accessdate=17 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kidzworld.com/article/25520-lemonade-mouth-actors-talk-music-and-more|title=Lemonade Mouth Actors Talk Music and More!|last=Barker|first=Lynn|date=11 April 2011|accessdate=20 October 2016|archive-date=23 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323071810/http://www.kidzworld.com/article/25520-lemonade-mouth-actors-talk-music-and-more|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Scott igwang nakakagurang na tugang na lalaki na si Joshua Scott.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thebridgechurch.org.uk/about-us/leadership/|title=Leadership - The Bridge Church|accessdate=30 April 2017|archive-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329215841/http://thebridgechurch.org.uk/about-us/leadership/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parehong pastor an saiyang mga magurang sa Bridge Church, Woodford  sa Redbridge, North East London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|title=The Bridge Church Woodford|access-date=2020-03-25|archive-date=2011-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907054651/http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Scott nakikiiba sa mga misyonero asin sa mga aktibidades na pan komunidad. Siya nag adal sa Davenant Foundation School sa Loughton, Essex.

== Karera ==
Nagpuon an karera ni Scott sa pagkanta kaibahan an Bridge Church Youth Band. Nag-adal siya sa Davenant Foundation School asin pirming kaibahan sa mga school musicals asin drama productions. Sa dai kahaluyan, nadiskubre siya kan sarong Briton na parakanta na si Kéllé Bryan hale sa grupong Eternal, na nag pirma saiya bilang sarong kliyente. Nakatrabaho niya an Xenomania, sarong grupo kan mga Briton na parasurat nin kanta asin prodyuser&lt;ref name=&quot;DisneyChannelMedianet&quot;/&gt; Kan 2014, an YouTube tsanel na &quot;Reload&quot;,  nag-publish nin duwang bidyo tampok si Scott, bilang parte kan &quot;Reload Sessions&quot; na serye.

An saiyang primerong dakulang papel sa pag-arte iyo an serye kan Disney Channel UK na ''Life Bites''. Kan 2010, napasaiya ang karakter ni Mohini &quot;Mo&quot; Banjaree sa orihinal na pelikula kan Disney Channel kan 2011 na ''Lemonade Mouth'' na iyo ang saiyang primerong pinapelan sa sarong American production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/industry/blogs/entertainment/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|title=Meet the Girls of Lemonade Mouth: Naomi Scott|last=Wesley|first=Tommy|date=14 April 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=4 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004003448/http://www.teenvogue.com/blog/teen-vogue-daily/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa parehong taon man napasaiya ang papel bilang si Maddy Shannon sa science-fiction na seryeng''Terra Nova'' na nagpuon kan Setyembre taon 2011 sa Fox.&lt;ref name=&quot;promopics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|title=FOX Unleashes Terra Nova Promo Pics|last=Lachonis, Jon|date=11 January 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=8 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408163810/http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; An serye dai na nautro sa ikaduwang beses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|title=Terra Nova Cancelled by Fox - Ratings|date=6 March 2012|accessdate=7 March 2012|archive-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715082949/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2013, si Scott nagluwas sa sarong music video sa kantang &quot;Hurricane&quot; kan saiyang kaparehong aktres sa ''Lemonade Mouth'' na si  Bridgit Mendler. Kan Agosto 2014, iniluwas ang sadiri niyang debut na EP ''Invisible Division''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Invisible Division iTunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/id904242224|title=Invisible Division - EP|date=30 May 2011|accessdate=4 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Scott nagin cast bilang si Ryoko sa pelikula ni Ridley Scott na ''The Martian''. Kinuanan an saiyang eksena alagad hinali ini sa pinal na rebisyon kan pelikula.Pinili kan Screen International si Scott na saro sa saindang 2015 Stars of Tomorrow. Kan Oktubre 2015, pinapelan niya si Kimberly Hart, an Pink Ranger sa ''Power Rangers'' (2017), an pelikulang pinag-adaptar an TV series kan parehong ngaran. An pelikula ipinaluwas kan Marso 24, 2017, kun sain nakua ni Scott an primero niyang nominasyon sa Teen Choice Award .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/620613-naomi-scott-is-the-pink-ranger-in-lionsgates-power-rangers-reboot|title=Naomi Scott is the Pink Ranger in Lionsgate's Power Rangers Reboot!|last=Perry|first=Spencer|date=8 October 2015|accessdate=9 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; An pelikula nakakua nin manlaen-laen na rebyu asin dakulang pagkadismaya sa nakuang $142 milyon sa ibong kan budget na $105 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/24/power-rangers-rating-suffered-dean-israelite/|title=Power Rangers director says film suffered from PG-13 rating|date=23 June 2017|last=Romano|first=Nick}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/|title=‘Power Rangers’ Reboot Has Critics Mixed, But Its Performances Pop|last=Velocci|first=Carli|date=20 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Ladawan:Charlie's_Angels_cast_during_interview_01.png|thumb|An mga bida sa pelikulang Charlie's Angels mantang iniinterbyu, Nobyembre 2019]]
Kan 2019, nagin bida si Scott bilang si Princess Jasmine sa pinag-adaptar na live-action na pelikula kan Disney na ''Aladdin'' na idinerekta ni Guy Ritchie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety: Disney Casts Aladdin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|work=Variety|accessdate=16 July 2017|date=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/869385-disneys-live-action-aladdin-cast-revealed|title=Disney's Live-Action Aladdin Cast Revealed!|date=15 July 2017|accessdate=16 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;accesshollywood1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accesshollywood.com/articles/aladdin-disney-announces-live-action-cast-including-will-smith-as-genie-/|title='Aladdin': Disney Announces Live-Action Cast Including Will Smith As Genie|work=Access Hollywood|accessdate=15 July 2017|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717013528/http://www.accesshollywood.com/articles/aladdin-disney-announces-live-action-cast-including-will-smith-as-genie-/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saiyang pag-arte marhay na ikako kan mga kritiko. Si Tom Jorgensen kan ''IGN'' nahiling an pag arte ni Scott bilang si Jasmine na &quot;sarong malinaw asin marhay na bersyon puon kan 1992&quot; asin dagdag pa niya na an karakter, &quot;namate an orog pa sa three-dimensional (bakong intensyonal... o dapat na ihagad nin pasensya) asin tinawan siya nin orog pa asin magaya-gayang ambisyon sa oras na ini. Tinawan ni Scott an karakter na may digdidad na iyo an nagdara saiya na magin marhay orog pa kan dati.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/05/22/aladdin-review|title=Aladdin Review|date=22 May 2019|work=IGN|accessdate=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Johnny Oleksinski kan ''The New York Post'' nahiling na an bersyon ni Scott ki Jasmine, &quot;kamuot-moot&quot; asin &quot;mas may kapasidad sagcok daing gayo basta nagpapamidbid nin impresyon&quot; bakong arog kan orihinal na bersyon&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/05/22/live-action-aladdin-is-way-better-than-its-awful-trailer/|title=Live-action 'Aladdin' is way better than its awful trailer|date=22 May 2019|work=The New York Post|accessdate=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kritiko kan The San Francisco Chronicle na si Mick LaSalle fnahihiling si Scott na &quot;real star&quot; kan pelikula asin siya &quot;pursigido asin itinatao an gabos sa anumang itao saiyang hamon” na iyo an nasusurat sa pelikula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original|title=Review: Disney's new live-action 'Aladdin' improves on original|date=22 May 2019|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Sa The Washington Post, Inomaw ni Michael O'Sullivan an pag ganap ni Scott bilang sarong taong &quot;dai lang nangingiturugan na makautas sa mga kamuyahan kan saiyang ama manungod sa kun siisay an saiyang mapapangagom,”   ini sarong “super-feminist&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/the-best-things-about-the-new-aladdin-a-super-feminist-jasmine-and-will-smiths-street-smart-genie/2019/05/22/6dc9aa44-7989-11e9-b3f5-5673edf2d127_story.html|title=The best things about the new 'Aladdin'? A super-feminist Jasmine, and Will Smith's street-smart Genie.|date=22 May 2019|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Richard Roeper kan ''Chicago Sun-Times'' sinabing &quot;matibay&quot; an pag-arte ni Scott. Dagdag pa niya, &quot;nakakua pa siyang tyansa na dagos na mabisto sa saiyang bagong kantang &quot;Speechless&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie|title='Aladdin': Will Smith's blue Genie is pretty cool, once you get to know him|date=22 May 2019|work=Chicago Sun Times|accessdate=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa saiyang pag-arte, napangganahan ni Scott an Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Sci-Fi/Fantasy asin nakaresibi siya nin nominasyon sa Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=11 August 2019|accessdate=11 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|title='Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ''Aladdin'' nagin matagumpay na nakakua nin $1 bilyon sa the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/|title='Aladdin' Flying Past $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=26 July 2019|accessdate=30 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/|title=Cat &amp; Mouse: 'The Lion King's $963M WW Through Sunday Pushes Disney To Record $7.67B Global B.O.; 1st Studio To Pass $5B Overseas – International Box Office|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=28 July 2019|accessdate=28 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal na buhay ==
Kan Hunyo 2014, ikinasal si Scott sa footbal player na si Jordan Spence makalihis an apat na taong pag ibanan.

== Filmograpiya ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Film roles
!Year
!Title
!Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Notes
|-
|2015
|''The 33''
|Escarlette Sepulveda
|
|-
|2015
|''The Martian''
|Ryoko
|Deleted scene; extended version only
|-
|2017
|''Power Rangers''
|Kimberly &quot;Kim&quot; Hart / Pink Ranger
|
|-
|2019
|''Aladdin''
|Princess Jasmine
|
|-
|2019
|''Charlie's Angels''
|Elena Houghlin
|
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Television roles
!Year
!Title
!Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Notes
|-
|2008–2009
|''Life Bites''
|Megan
|Main role
|-
|2011
|''Lemonade Mouth''
|Mohini &quot;Mo&quot; Banjaree
|Television film
|-
|2011
|''Terra Nova''
|Maddy Shannon
|Main role
|-
|2013
|''By Any Means''
|Vanessa Velasquez
|Episode: &quot;3&quot;
|-
|2015–2016
|''Lewis''
|Sahira Desai
|Recurring role (season 9)
|-
|2019
|''Ru's Angels''
|Elena Houghlin
|Short film&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/11/08/rupauls-drag-race-charlies-angels-crossover-video/|title=Kristen Stewart, Charlie's Angels fight evil with RuPaul's Drag Race queens in new short film|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=8 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+List of EPs
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; |Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Details
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Invisible Division''&lt;ref name=&quot;Invisible Division iTunes&quot;/&gt;
|
* Release date: 25 August 2014
* Format: Digital download
* Label: Independent
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Promises''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/promises-ep/id1139221992|title=Promises - EP|publisher=iTunes Store|date=30 May 2011|accessdate=4 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
* Release date: 5 August 2016
* Format: Digital download
* Label: Independent
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot; |Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Album
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Say Nothing&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2014
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Invisible Division''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Motions&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Lover's Lies&quot;
|2016
|''Promises''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Vows&quot;
|2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{n/a|non-album single}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Irrelevant&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(featuring Nick Brewer)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;So Low / Undercover&quot;
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+List of singles, with selected chart positions
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot; |Title
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Peak chart positions
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |US&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bridgit-mendler-p2101370/charts-awards/billboard-singles|title=Billboard Chart History: Bridgit Medler|work=Billboard|accessdate=13 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |US Heat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |UK&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/111001cluk.txt|title=UK Singles Chart - Breakthrough|accessdate=13 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Breakthrough&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(as part of Lemonade Mouth cast)
|2011
|88
|11
|200
|''Lemonade Mouth''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Fall From Here&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a592715/premiere-nick-brewer-and-naomi-scott-in-fall-from-here-music-video.html#~oWEDXlLFaUDY50|title=Premiere: Nick Brewer and Naomi Scott in 'Fall From Here' music video|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=13 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Nick Brewer featuring Naomi Scott)
|2014
|—
|—
|—
|''Four Miles Further''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;You Say&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-say-single/1465173990|title=You Say - Single by FAVELA &amp; Naomi Scott on Apple Music|accessdate=8 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Favela featuring Naomi Scott)
|2019
|—
|—
|—
| {{n/a|non-album single}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:8pt;&quot; |&quot;—&quot; denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+List of singles, with selected chart positions
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot; |Title
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Year
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Peak chart positions
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |US Bub.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/naomi-scott/chart-history/bubbling-under-hot-100|title=Naomi Scott Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100|work=Billboard|accessdate=4 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;She's So Gone&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2011
|3
|''Lemonade Mouth''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;More Than a Band&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(as part of Lemonade Mouth cast)
|—
|''Lemonade Mouth''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Livin' on a High Wire&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(as part of Lemonade Mouth cast)
|—
|''Lemonade Mouth''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Speechless (Part 1)&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2019
|—
|''Aladdin (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;A Whole New World&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(with Mena Massoud)
|—
|''Aladdin (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Speechless (Part 2)&quot;
|—
|''Aladdin (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Speechless (Full)&quot;
|23
|''Aladdin (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
|-
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:8pt;&quot; |&quot;—&quot; denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot; |Title
!Year
!Artist(s)
!Director
!Ref.
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |As lead artist
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Motions&quot;
|2014
|Naomi Scott
|Peter Szewczyk
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2014/11/27/naomi-scott-motions-peter-szewczyk|title=Naomi Scott 'Motions' by Peter Szewczyk|publisher=Promo News|date=30 May 2011|accessdate=4 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Lover's Lies&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|Naomi Scott
|Daniel Cummings
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTMsBnMlFOg|title=Naomi Scott - Lover's Lies|publisher=VEVO|date=19 February 2017|accessdate=7 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Vows&quot;
|Naomi Scott
|Naomi Scott
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/naomi-scott/vows/GBLFP1774657|title=Naomi Scott - Vows|publisher=VEVO|accessdate=15 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Speechless&quot;
|2019
|Naomi Scott
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw5VIEIvuMI|title=Naomi Scott - Speechless|publisher=DisneyMusicVEVO|date=23 May 2019|accessdate=27 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |As featured artist
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Fall From Here&quot;
|2014
|Nick Brewer
|Matthew Walker
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/nick-brewer/Fall-From-Here/GBUV71400853|title=Nick Brewer - Fall From Here ft. Naomi Scott|publisher=VEVO|date=30 May 2011|accessdate=4 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Guest appearances
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Hurricane&quot;
|2013
|Bridgit Mendler
|Robert Hales
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-njAuS7eTQ|title=Bridgit Mendler - Hurricane (Official Video) - YouTube|accessdate=10 June 2016|date=12 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Nominated work
!Award
!Category
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2017
|''Power Rangers''
|Teen Choice Awards
|Choice Sci-Fi Movie Actress
|{{Nominated}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;screenrant&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Teen Choice 2017 Award Nominees Include A Few Duds|url=http://screenrant.com/teen-choice-awards-2017-nominees/|accessdate=20 June 2017|work=Screen Rant|date=19 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Aladdin''
|Teen Choice Awards
|Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy Movie Actress
|{{won}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: The Complete Winners List|url=https://www.thewrap.com/teen-choice-awards-2019-winners-list-riverdale/|accessdate=13 August 2019|work=[[The Wrap]]|date=11 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Saturn Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Nominated}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations|url=http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|accessdate=15 July 2019|work=Collider|date=17 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Mga Tultulan ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="7683" sha1="8xowpmm8dhb4f9razk5si5ilwbqi1jg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox book|name=the catcher in the rye|genre=Realistic fiction&lt;br /&gt;Coming-of-age fiction|dewey=813.54|isbn=|pages=234 (may vary)|media_type=Print|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|published=July 16, 1951|language=English|border=no|country=United States|cover_artist=[[E. Michael Mitchell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CalArts Remembers Beloved Animation Instructor E. Michael Mitchell |publisher=Calarts.edu |url=http://calarts.edu/news/11-sep-2009/calartsremembersbelovedanimationinstructoremichaelmitchell |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928013312/http://calarts.edu/news/11-sep-2009/calartsremembersbelovedanimationinstructoremichaelmitchell |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 28, 2009 |accessdate=January 30, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=50 Most Captivating Covers |publisher=Onlineuniversities.com |url=http://www.onlineuniversities.com/blog/2010/01/judging-the-book-50-most-captivating-covers-of-all-time/ |accessdate=January 30, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;|author=[[J. D. Salinger]]|caption=First edition cover|alt=Cover features a drawing of a carousel horse (pole visible entering the neck and exiting below on the chest) with a city skyline visible in the distance under the hindquarters. The cover is two-toned: everything below the horse is whitish while the horse and everything above it is a reddish orange. The title appears at the top in yellow letters against the reddish orange background. It is split into two lines after &quot;Catcher&quot;. At the bottom in the whitish background are the words &quot;a novel by J. D. Salinger&quot;.|image=The Catcher in the Rye (1951, first edition cover).jpg|oclc=287628}}
An '''The Catcher in the Rye''' sarong istoryang pigsurat ni [[J. D. Salinger|J.D. Salinger]] na parsyal na naipublikar sa mas halipot na porma kan taon 1945-1946 hasta bilang sarong nobela kan taon 1951. Pigsurat man talaga ini para sa mga mas nakakagurang alagad pigbabasa man ini kan mga hobenes huli sa mga tema kaini manungod sa ''angst'' asin man ''alienation,'' asin sa pagtutukar kun pano kababaw an sosyodad. Kada taon, haros nasa sarong milyon na kopya an naipapabakal asin an kagabsan man na kabakalan kan libro, nag aabot na sa 65 milyon na kopya. An bida na si '''[[Holden Caulfield]]''' nagin bantog na imahen na para sa mga pagrerebelde kan mga hobenes. Pigtutukar man sa nobela an manungod sa pagigin inosente kan mga hoben, identidad, pakikisaro, kawaran, koneksyon, ''sex'', asin man ''depression''.

Kaayon man an nobels sa ''Time Magazine's 2005 list of the best English-language novels'' na ipigsururat magpoon pa kan taon 1923, asin pigmidbid man ini kan ''Modern Library'' bilang saro sa ''100 best English-language novels of the 20th'' ''century''. Kan taon 2003, ipiglista ini bilang ika-15 sa BBC survey na ''The Big Read''.

== Kasaysayan ==
Pira sa mga dati nang usipon ni Salinger makukua na an mga karakter na yaraon sa The Catcher in the Rye. Mantang sya yaon pa kaidto sa ''Columbia University,'' pigsurat ni Salinger an halipot na usipon na an titulo '''''&quot;The Young Folks&quot;''''' sa klase nya ko Whit Burnett; saro sa mga karakter igdi pinagpabisto nya bilang ''&quot;thinly penciled prototype of Sally Hayes&quot;.'' Kan Nobyembre 1941, pigpabakal nya an usipon na '''''&quot;Slight Rebellion off Madison&quot;''''', kun sain yaon na si Holden Caufield, sa ''The New Yorker.'' Alagad huli sa ika-duwang gerang pankinaban, dai man ini naipublikar hasta kan Disyembre 21, 1946. Makukua man sa usipon na '''''&quot;I'm Crazy&quot;''''' an pirang partesa The Catcher in the Rye, kun sain ipigpublikar man ini sa ''Collier's''  kan Disyembre 22, 1945.

Kan, 1946, pig-aku kan The New Yorker an saiyang manuskritong igwa nin 90 na pahina kun hain yaon na manungod ki Holden Caufield alagad pigbawi nya man giraray ini.

== Istilo nin pagsurat ==
An The Catcher in the Rye pig-istorya sa paagi nin subjective style gikan sa perserpsyon kan mayor na karakter na si [[Holden Caulfield]], susog sa kun pano sya mag-isip. Igwa nin duroderetso sana asin takod-takod na ideya asin pangyarari an makukua igdi; arog halimbawa kun nakatukaw si Holden sa saiyang dormitoryo, nagkua sya nin libro o naghiling sya sa lamesa, asin magpoon igdi magkakaigwa nin mga diskurso manungod sa saiyang mga eksperyensya.

Susog naman sa mga kritikal na pagsuysoy sa nobela, makukua daa igdi an mga panghoben na lenggwahe kaidtong mismong panahon na ipigsurat ini. Kaayon sa mga nagruluwas duman na mga tataramon iyo an mga ini:

* &quot;Old&quot; – term of familiarity or endearment.
* &quot;Phony&quot; – superficially acting a certain way only to change others’ perceptions
* &quot;That killed me&quot; – one found that hilarious or astonishing
* &quot;Flit&quot; – homosexual
* &quot;Crumbum&quot; or &quot;crumby&quot; – inadequate, insufficient, disappointing
* &quot;Snowing&quot; – sweet-talking
* &quot;I got a bang out of that&quot; – one found it hilarious or exciting
* &quot;Shoot the bull&quot; – have a conversation containing false elements
* &quot;Give her the time&quot; – [[Pagkikitoan|sexual intercourse]]
* &quot;Necking&quot; – passionate kissing especially on the neck. (clothes on)
* &quot;Chew the fat&quot; or &quot;chew the rag&quot; – small-talk
* &quot;Rubbering&quot; or &quot;rubbernecks&quot; – idle onlooking/onlookers
* &quot;The Can&quot; – the bathroom
* &quot;Prince of a guy&quot; – fine fellow (however often used sarcastically)
* &quot;Prostitute&quot; – sellout or phony (e.g. in regard to his brother D.B. who is a writer: &quot;Now he's out in Hollywood being a prostitute&quot;)

== Mga Biyolenteng reaksyon ==
Pira sa mga insedente nin pambabadil pigtatakod sa nobelang ini ni Salinger, arog kan paggadan ni Robert John Bardo ki Rebecca Schaeffer asin man an pagpulbar na paggadan ni John Hinckley, Jr. ki Ronald Reagan. Dugang pa igdi iyo man an panggagadan ki John Lennon ni Mark David Chapman. Nakua saiya an nobela ni Salinger na pigbakal nya man mismo kan aldaw na idto kun hain man nakasurat sa pahina kaini iyo an:''&quot;To Holden Caulfield, From Holden Caulfield, This is my statement&quot;.''

== Hilingon man ==

* Book censorship in the United States
* Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
* Vision Quest (novel)

== Toltolan ==

=== Mga Tala ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliograpiya ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Graham |first=Sarah |year=2007 |title=J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye |url=https://archive.org/details/jdsalingerscatch0000grah |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-34452-2}}
* {{cite news |last=Rohrer |first=Finlo |date=June 5, 2009 |title=The why of the Rye |work=BBC News Magazine |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8084931.stm}}
* {{ citation | last1 = Salinger | first1 = J. D. | title = The Catcher in the Rye | location = New York | publisher  = [[Bantam Books|Bantam]] | year = 1969 }}
{{refend}}

 
=== Iba pang mga babasahon ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Steinle |first=Pamela Hunt |year=2000 |title=In Cold Fear: ''The Catcher in the Rye'' Censorship Controversies and Postwar American Character |publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]] |url=http://www.ohiostatepress.org/index.htm?/books/book%20pages/steinle%20in.html |access-date  = March 29, 2018 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160331042330/https://ohiostatepress.org/index.htm?%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2520pages%2Fsteinle%2520in.html |archive-date = March 31, 2016 |url-status     = dead }}
{{refend}}
 

== Panluwas na takod ==

* [http://www.bookdrum.com/books/the-catcher-in-the-rye/9780140237504/index.html Book Drum illustrated profile of ''The Catcher in the Rye'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112122332/http://www.mansionbooks.com/BookDetail.php?bk=213 Photos of the first edition of ''Catcher in the Rye'']
* [http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/books/06/03/salinger.catcher.lawsuit/index.html Lawsuit targets &quot;rip-off&quot; of &quot;Catcher in the Rye&quot;] – ''CNN''</text>
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    <title>Tataramon na Lachi</title>
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      <text bytes="8133" sha1="ol447dssves77nuegpcmx4fug99zqr2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox language
|name=Lachi
|region=[[Biyetnam]]
|ethnicity=[[Mga tawong Lachi|Lachi]]
|speakers={{sigfig|6,600|1}}
|date=1990–2007
|ref = e18
|familycolor=Kradai
|fam2=[[Mga tataramon na Kra|Kra]]
|fam3=Ge–Chi
|lc1=lbt|ld1=Lachi
|lc2=lwh|ld2=White Lachi
|glotto=lach1247
|glottorefname=Lachic
}}

An '''tataramon na Lachi''' ({{zh|c=拉基|p=lājī}}, Biyetnamis: '''La Chí'''; [[Endonym|autonym]] sa Tsina: ''{{IPA|li35 pu44 ljo44}}''; autonym sa Biyetnam: ''{{IPA|qu32 te453}}'', sain ''{{IPA|qu32}}'' an boot sabihon &quot;sarong tawo&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Edmondson2003&quot;/&gt;) sarong [[tataramon na Kra]] na ipinagtataram sa  [[Yunnan]], [[Tsina]] asin sa amihanan na Biyetnam. Igwa ining 9,500 na mga parataram kaini nin [[mga tawong Lachi|Lachi]] sa Biyetnam kan 1990. Pigbareta ni Edmondson (2008) na igwa pa nin lain na 2,500 sa [[Maguan County]], Yunnan, Tsina kan 1995, alagad pigbareta ni Li Yunbing (2000) na 60 na mga parataram sa Maguan gikan sa sarong populasyon nin etniko na 1,600.

==Mga pang-irarom na pagkakabaranga==
Pigpanukala ni Weera Ostapirat&lt;ref&gt;Ostapirat, Weera (2000). &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/weera2000proto.pdf Proto-Kra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006114419/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/weera2000proto.pdf |date=2018-10-06 }}&quot;. ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' '''23''' (1): 1-251&lt;/ref&gt; an tolong mayor na mga pang-irarom na pagkakabarangaan para sa tataramon na Lachi.

*'''Amihanan''' (Intsik o Maburak na Lachi)
*'''Katahawan''' (Puting Lachi)
*'''Habagatan''' (Halabang mabuhok asin Itom na Lachi)

Sinabi ni Jerold A. Edmondson na dai pa nakakahanap an mga parasaligsig kan Vietnam nin mga nagtataram kan Puting (Katahawan) Lachi. Inin man an dai masyadong pinag-adalan na pagkakalain-lain kan Lachi.

Piglista kan ''Maguan County Gazetteer'' 马关县志 (1996) an mga minasunod na mga pang-irarom na pagkakabarangaan nin etnikong Lachi.
* Namumurak na Lachi 花 拉基
* Puting Lachi 白 拉基
* Itom na Lachi 黑 拉基
* Intsik Lachi 汉拉基
* Manyou Lachi 曼 忧 拉基
* Manpeng Lachi 曼 棚 拉基

Naglilista man an Maguan County Gazetteer 1996 关 县志 (1996) nin minasunod awtonomiya para sa Lachi.
*She 舍
*Laguo 拉果
*Heitu 黑土
*Gudai 古逮
*Yibi 依比
*Yimei 依梅
*Yiduo 依多
*Yibeng 依崩

Nagtao an Republic of China-era ''Maguan County Gazetteer'' 马关县志 nin pangaran na Labo 剌僰 (na may sarong radikal na ido na 犭para La 剌) asin Laji 拉鸡 (Li 2000: 5).

==Heograpikong Pagkakabariwas==
Pigsabi ni Kosaka (2000) na igwa nin 6,000–8,000 na mga parataram nin Lachi sa nasyon na Biyetnam, asin igwa man nin 2,000 sa nasyon na Tsina. Pigkaklasipikar sa ngunyan an Lachi kan [[Maguan County]], Tsina bilang [[mga tawo nin Zhuang|Zhuang]] (Li 2000), mantang pigkaklasipikar an Lachi kan [[Malipo County]], Tsina, kabali an Qabiao, bilang [[Mga tawo nin Yi|Yi]]. Igwang opisyal na estado an Lachi kan  Biyetnam bilang saro man na suway na etnikong grupo.

==Balanghayan==
Arog man ka lain pang  [[mga tataramon na Kra]] arog kan [[Tataramon na Gelao|Gelao]] asin [[Tataramon na Buyang|Buyang]], nagpapahiling an Lachi nin clause-final negation (Li 2000).

==Ponolohiya==

=== Mga katanog ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo]]-)[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|&lt;br&gt;palatal]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!&lt;small&gt;plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;[[Labialization|lab.]]&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/&lt;br&gt;[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!&lt;small&gt;[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]&lt;/small&gt;
|{{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA|pʲ}}
|{{IPA|t}}
|{{IPA|tʲ}}
|{{IPA|tɕ}}
|{{IPA|k}}
|{{IPA|kʷ}}
|{{IPA|q}}
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
!&lt;small&gt;[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;
|{{IPA|pʰ}}
|{{IPA|pʰʲ}}
|{{IPA|tʰ}}
|{{IPA|tʲʰ}}
|
|{{IPA|kʰ}}
|{{IPA|kʰʷ}}
|{{IPA|qʰ}}
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]&lt;/small&gt;
|{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|bʲ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |({{IPA|d}})
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|f}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |({{IPA|s}})
|{{IPA|ɕ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
|{{IPA|h}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|w}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|{{IPA|j}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA|mʲ}}
|{{IPA|n}}
|{{IPA|nʲ}}
|{{IPA|ɲ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|ŋʷ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|{{IPA|l}}
|{{IPA|lʲ}}
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]]
![[Voice (phonetics)|&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|m̩}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|ŋ̍ʷ}}
|
|
|-
![[Glottalization|&lt;small&gt;glottalized&lt;/small&gt;]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|ˀm̩}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|ˀŋ̍ʷ}}
|
|
|}

*Nagbubutwa an {{IPA | /d/}} sa mga subli-taramon na gikan sa Vietnam.
* Harani na mga tanog na {{IPA | / j w /}} kapag nagaganap bago an {{IPA | / i /}}, siguro, maisasakatupadan man bilang {{IPA | [ʑ ʊ̯]}}. An parehong mga tanog, pwede man napagtanto bilang sarong tinining na tanog na glottal {{IPA | [ɦ]}}.

=== Mga patanog ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA|i}}
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|u}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA|e}}
|
|{{IPA|ɤ}}
|{{IPA|o}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA|ɛ}}
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|ɔ}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| 
|{{IPA|a}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|ɑ}}
|}

* An mga ordinaryong tanog kan patanov na {{IPA | [i]}} asin {{IPA | [ɛ]}}, nagaganap sana kan pagkatapos kan palatal, velar, palatalized asin labialized initials. Matapos an lain pang mga inisyal sa ibang lugar, naging velarized an mga ini bilang {{IPA | [-ˠi]}}, {{IPA | [-ˠɛ]}}.

==Mga toltolan==
{{reflist}}
*Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. ''The Tai–Kadai Languages''. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.
*Hoàng Thanh Lịch. 2012. ''Người La Chí ở Việt Nam / The La Chi in Vietnam''. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản thông tấn.
*李云兵 / Li Yunbing. 2000. 拉基语硏究 / Laji yu yan jiu (A Study of Lachi). Beijing: 中央民族大学出版社 / Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she.

==Mababasa pa lalo==
*Duong, Thu Hang. 2019. ''[http://cala2019.puc.edu.kh/68-2/ Language of La Chi People in Ban Diu, Ha Giang, Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329153211/http://cala2019.puc.edu.kh/68-2/ |date=2019-03-29 }}''. Presentation at the Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology, the CALA 2019, Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia.
*Kosaka, Ryuichi [小坂, 隆一]. 2000. [http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/handle/10108/35586 A descriptive study of the Lachi language: syntactic description, historical reconstruction and genetic relation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024021951/http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/handle/10108/35586 |date=2019-10-24 }}. Ph.D. dissertation. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS). http://hdl.handle.net/10108/35586
*Nguyễn Văn Huy (1975). &quot;Vài nét về người La Chí&quot;. In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 389–414. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.

==Mga panluwas na takud==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002223/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&amp;op=details&amp;mid=511

{{Mga tataramon kan Biyetnam}}
{{Mga tataramon na Tai-Kadai}}

[[kategorya:Mga tataramon na Kra]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Tsina]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Bietnam]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tataramon na Kuy</title>
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{{Infobox language
|name=Kuy
|altname=Kui, Kuay
|nativename=''Cuoi''
|states= [[Tailandiya]], [[Laos]], [[Kambodya]]
|speakers= ca. 450,000 
|date=2005–2006
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austro-Asyatiko
|fam2 = [[Mga tataramon na Katuiko|Katuiko]]
|fam3 = Sulnupan na Katuiko
|fam4 = 
|lc1=kdt|ld1=Kuy (Kuay)
|lc2=nyl|ld2=Nyeu (Yoe)
|glotto=kuys1235
|glottorefname=Kuy–Souei
|script=[[Alpabetong Lao|Lao]]&lt;br&gt;[[Alpabetong Khmer|Khmer]]&lt;br&gt;[[Alpabetong Thai|Thai]]
}}

An '''Kuy''', urog na midbid sa '''Kui'''  o '''Kuay''' ({{lang-th|ภาษากูย}}; {{lang-km|ភាសាកួយ}}), sarong [[Mga tataramon na Katuiko|tataramon na Katuiko]] na parte kan urog na dakulang [[Mga tataramon na Austroasyatiko|pamilya nin Austroasyatiko]] na ipinagtataram kan [[mga tawo nin Kuy]] kan Habagatan Subangan na Asya.

Saro an Kuy sa [[mga tataramon na Katuiko]] na yaon sa [[Mga tataramon na Austroasyatiko|pamilya nin Austroasyatiko]]. Ipinagtataram ini sa [[Isan]], Tailandiya kan haros 300,000 katawo, sa mga [[Probinsya nin Salavan]], [[Probinsya nin Savannakhet|Savannakhet]] asin [[Probinsya nin Sekong|Sekong]] kan Laos nin haros 64,000; asin sa mga [[Probinsya nin Preah Vihear]], [[Probinsya nin Stung Treng|Stung Treng]] asin [[Probinsya nin Kamponh Thom|Kampong Thom]] kan amihanan na Kambodya nin 15,500 katawo.

==Mga pangaran==
Kaiba sa mga minasunod an mga pagkakalainlain asin tipo kan pagbaybay (Sidwell 2005:11).
*Kui
*Kuy
*Kuay
*Koay
*Souei. Magagamit man an terminong &quot;Souei&quot; sa iba pang mga grupo, arog na sana kan komunidad kan [[Mga tataramon na Peariko|Peariko]] sa [[Kambodya]].
*Soai
*Yeu
*Nanhang
*Kouy. Sarong librong-teksto sa Pranses an naipublikar para sa arog kaining tipo ([http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=fr&amp;to=en&amp;a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.editions-harmattan.fr%2Findex.asp%3Fnavig%3Dcatalogue%26obj%3Dlivre%26no%3D20692 Parlons Kouy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405224625/http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=fr&amp;to=en&amp;a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.editions-harmattan.fr%2Findex.asp%3Fnavig%3Dcatalogue%26obj%3Dlivre%26no%3D20692 |date=2017-04-05 }}).

==Mga diyalekto==
Pigbisto ninda Van der haak &amp; Woykos (1987-1988) an duwang panginot na tipo nin Kui sa mga probinsya nin Surin asin Sisaket kan subangan na Tailandiya, an '''Kuuy''' asin '''Kuay'''. Pigbisto man ninda Van der haak &amp; Woykos an ''pagkakalainlain'' kan mga tipo nin Kui  sa [[Probinsya nin Sisaket]], Tailandiya.&lt;ref&gt;Van der haak, F. and Woykos, B. (1987-1988). &quot;Kui dialect survey in Surin and Sisaket&quot;, in ''The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal'', vol. 16-17, pp. 109–142. http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/vanderhaak1987-1988kui.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523015028/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/vanderhaak1987-1988kui.pdf |date=2021-05-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Kui Nhə''': [[Distrito nin Mueang Sisaket|Distrito nin Sisaket]] (10 mga baryo), [[Distrito nin Phrai Bueng|Distrito nin Phraibung]] (5 mga baryo), [[Distrito nin Rasi Salai|Distrito nin Rasisalai]] (4 mga baryo). Haros 8,000 katawo.
*'''Kui Nthaw''' ('''Kui M'ai'''): [[Distrito nin Rasi Salai|Distrito nin Rasisalai]] (5 mga baryo), [[Distrito nin Uthumphon Phisai|Distrito nin Uthumphornphisai]] (9 na mga baryo). Halo sa Lao/Isaan an gabos na mga baryo.
*'''Kui Preu Yai''': subdistrito nin Prue Yai, [[Distrito nin Khukhan]]. 

Binarita ninda Mann &amp; Markowski (2005) an minasunod na apat na mga diyalekto nin Kuy na ipinagtataram sa habagatan-katahawan nin [[mga probinsya nin Kambodya|Kambodya]].
*'''Ntua'''
*'''Ntra''':kaiba an mga subdiyalekto na  '''Auk''' asin '''Wa'''
*'''Mla''': 567 na mga parataram sa sarong nagsosolong baryo kan Krala Peas, [[Distrito nin Choam Khsant|tataramon na Choam Ksan]], [[Probinsya nin Preah Vihear]]
*&quot;'''Thmei'''&quot;

An tipo kan Kui/Kuy na inaapod na '''Nyeu''' (''ɲə''), ipinagtataram sa mga baryo kan Ban Phon Kho, Ban Khamin, Ban Nonkat, Ban Phon Palat, and Ban Prasat Nyeu sa [[Probinsya nin Sisaket]], Tailandiya.&lt;ref&gt;Taweeporn Suwannaraj. 1980. [http://www.sealang.net/archives/mahidol/Taweeporn.pdf ''The phonology of the Nyeu language'']. MA thesis, Mahidol University.&lt;/ref&gt; Inaako an Nyeu kan Ban Phon Kho na an saindang ginikanannl luminipad poon sa migrated from Muang Khong, [[Distrito nin Salai |Amphoe Rasisalai]], probinsya ni Sisaket.
Sa [[Probinsya nin Buriram]], ipigtataram an Kuy sa 4 na mga distrito kan [[Distrito nin Nong Ki|Nong Ki]], [[Distrito nin Prakhon Chai|Prakhon Chai]], [[Distrito nin Lam Plai Mat|Lam Plai Mat]], asin [[Distrito nin Nong Hong|Nong Hong]] (Sa-ing Sangmeen 1992:14).&lt;ref&gt;Sa-ing Sangmeen. 1992. ''[http://www.thaithesis.org/detail.php?id=56284&amp;amp%3Blanguage=english The Kooy language of Tambon Yoeyprasat, Amphoe Nongki, Burirum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405223332/http://www.thaithesis.org/detail.php?id=56284&amp;amp%3Blanguage=english |date=2017-04-05 }}''. M.A. dissertation. Nakhon Pathom: Silpakorn University.&lt;/ref&gt; Sa laog kan [[Distrito nin Nong Ki]], nakamugtak an mga baryo kan Kuy sa kahabagan na parte kan pang-irarom na distrito nin Yoei Prasat (เย้ยปราสาท) asin sa sulnupan na parte kan pang-irarom na distrito nin Mueang Phai (เมืองไผ่) (Sa-ing Sangmeen 1992:16).

==Mga kinamumugtakan==
An mga minasunod na listahan nin mga lugar kun sain nakamugtak an mga baryo nin Kuy sa [[Probinsya nin Sisaket]] gikan kina Van der haak &amp; Woykos (1987-1988:129).  An mga asteris (inilaag bago an mga pangaran kan baryo) nagpapahiwatig nin mga halo-halong etniko na mga baryo, kung sain nag-iirok an etnikong Kuy kaagid sa etniko nin [[Mga tawo nin Lao |Lao]] o [[Mga tawo nin Khmer|Khmer]].

===Kui Nhə===
*[[Distrito nin Mueang Sisaket|Distrito nin Mueang]] เมือง
**''Tambon Phonkho'' โพนค้อ: Phonkho โพนค้อ, Nong, Yanang, Klang, Non
**''Tambon Thum'' ทุ่ม: Khamin
*[[Distrito nin vPhayu]] พยุห์
**''Tambon Phayu'' พยุห์: *Nongthum
**''Tambon Phromsawat'' พรหมสวัสดิ์: Samrong, Khothaw
**''Tambon Nongphek'' โนนเพ็ก: *Khokphek โคกเพ็ก
*[[Distrito nin Phrai Bueng|Distrito nin Phraibung]] ไพรบึง
**''Tambon Prasatyae'' ปราสาทเยอ: Prasatyaenua ปราสาทเยอเหนือ, Prasatyaetai ปราสาทเยอใต้, Khawaw, Phonpalat, Cangun
*[[Distrito nin Rasi Salai|Distrito nin Rasisalai]] ราษีไศล
**''Tambon Mueangkhong'' เมืองคง: Yai ใหญ่
*[[Distrito nin Sila Lat]] ศิลาลาด
**''Tambon Kung'' กุง: Kung กุง, Muangkaw เมืองเก่า, *Chok

===Kui Nthaw/M'ai===
Nag-iirok an gabos na Kui Nthaw/M'ai sa halo-halong mga baryo.

*[[Distrito nin Rasi Salai|Distrito nin Rasisalai]] ราษีไศล
**''Tambon Nong Ing'' หนองอึ่ง: *Tongton, *Huai Yai ห้วยใหญ่, *Dnmuang, *Kokeow, *Hang
*[[Distrito nin Uthumphon Phisai|Distrito nin Uthumphornphisai]] อุทุมพรพิสัย
**''Tambon Khaem'' แขม: *Phanong, *Sangthong, *Sawai, *Nongphae, *Phae
*[[Distrito nin Pho Si Suwan]] โพธิ์ศรีสุวรรณ
**''Tambon Naengma'' หนองม้า: *Nongma หนองม้า, *Songhong, *Songleng, *Nongphae

===Kuay Prue Yai===
*[[Distrito nin Khukhan]] ขุขันธ์
**''Tambon Prueyai'' ปรือใหญ่: Preu Yai, Makham, Pruekhan, asin blg.12 na baryo

==Mga tala==
{{Reflist}}

==Mga toltolan==
*Mann, N., &amp; Markowski, L. (2004). ''A rapid appraisal survey of Kuy dialects spoken in Cambodia''. Chiang Mai: Dept. of Linguistics, Graduate School, Payap University.
*Mann, N., &amp; Markowski, L. (2005). [http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/901 ''A rapid appraisal survey of Kuy dialects spoken in Cambodia'']. SIL International.
*Sidwell, Paul. (2005). ''[https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204214526/https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon |date=2020-12-04 }}''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-802-7}}

{{Mga tataramon kan Kambodya}}
{{Mga tataramon kan Laos}}
{{Mga tataramon kan Tailandya}}
{{Mga tataramon na Austro-Asyatiko}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Kambodya]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Laos]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Tailandya]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tatatamon na Katuiko]]
[[Kategorya:Mga etnikong grupo sa Kambodya]]
[[Kategorya:Mga etnikong grupo sa Laos]]
[[Kategorya:Mga etnikong grupo sa Tailandya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tataramon na Bru</title>
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      <text bytes="8103" sha1="gtpcy9ur5pzsnn9gfezd2wwx58wng2w" xml:space="preserve">{{distinguish|tataramon na Brao}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Bru
|nativename=''Bruu''
|states=[[Laos]], [[Biyetnam]], [[Tailandya]]
|ethnicity=[[Mga tawo nin Bru|Bru]], [[Mga tawo nin Katang|Katang]]
|speakers= {{sigfig|295,300|2}}
|date=1991–2006
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austro-Asyatiko
|fam2=[[Mga tataramon na Katuiko|Katuiko]]
|fam3=[[Mga tataramon na Sulnupan na Katuiko|Sulnupan]]
|fam4=Brou–So
|lc1=bru|ld1=Subangan na Bru
|lc2=brv|ld2=Sulnupan na Bru
|lc3=sss|ld3=Sô
|lc4=xhv|ld4=Khua
|lc5=ncq|ld5=Amihanan na Katang
|lc6=sct|ld6=Habagatan na Katang
|glotto=brou1236
|glottorefname=Brou–So
}}

An '''Bruu''' (pigbabaybay man na '''Bru''', '''B'ru''', '''Baru''', '''Brou''') sarong [[dialect continuum]] na [[Mon–Khmer]] na ipinagtataram kan [[mga tawo nin Bru]] kan Kadagaan na Habagatan Subangan na Asya.

An Sô asin Khua an mga diyalekto kaini.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sealang.net/sala/mk-class.htm]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mga pangaran==
Igwang mga manlain-lain na mga lokal asij pigtagama na diyalekto para sa Bru (Sidwell 2005:11).

*So ~ Sô
*Tri (So Tri, Chali)
*Van Kieu
*Leu ~ Leung (Kaleu)
*Galler
*Khua
*Katang (bako man na kaparehas sa [[Tataramon na Kataang|Kataang]])

==Distribusyon==
An paghihiras kan tataramon na Bru, wumimarak sa amihanan asin amihanan-subangan poon sa [[Probinsya nin Salavan | Salavan]], [[Laos]], sa paagi kan [[Savannakhet]], [[Khammouane]], asin [[Bolikhamsai]], dangan sagkod sa kataid na [[Tailandya]] asin [[Biyetnam]] (Sidwell 2005: 11). Sa Biyetnam, ipinagtataram an Brâu (Braò) sa Đắk Mế, komite kan B, Y, Distrito nin [[Đắk Tô]], [[Probinsya nin Kon Tum]].&lt;ref&gt;Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et. al; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. ''Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam''. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. {{ISBN|978-604-90-2436-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa irarom iyo an mga komparatibong bokabularyo kan Vân Kiêu, Măng Coong, Tri, asin Khùa gikan sa Phan (1998:479-480),&lt;ref name=&quot;Phan1998&quot;/&gt; na may mga kataga na pigtranskriba sa [[Ortograpiyang Biyetnamita]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Gloss !! Vân Kiêu !! Măng Coong !! Tri !! Khùa
|-
| Saro || mui || muôi || muôi || muôi
|-
| Duwa || bar || bar || bar || bar
|-
| Tolo|| pei || pei || pei || pei
|-
| Apat|| pon || pon || pon || pon
|-
| Lima || Shăng || Shăng || t'shăng || t'shăng
|-
| Buhok || sok || sok || sok || sok
|-
| Mata || mat || mat || mat || mat
|-
| Dungi || lyu || mu || mu || mu
|-
| Langit || plang || plang || plang || giang
|-
| Daga || kute || katek || katek || k'tek
|-
| Tubig || dơ || dơ || dơ || do
|-
| Sira || sia || sia || sia || sia
|-
| Gamgam || cham || cham || cham || cham
|-
| Damulag || trick || trick || trick || trick
|-
| Baka || ntro || tro || tro || tro
|}

==Mga toltolan==
{{Reflist}}

==Mga panluwas na takod==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160920025557/http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/bru/bru.html UCLA phonetics lab data]
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-AD64-5@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-AD64-5@view]] Bru in RWAAI Digital Archive

==Mababasa pa lalo==
*Choo, Marcus, Jennifer Herington, Amy Ryan and Jennifer Simmons. 2012. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/sociolinguistic_survey_of_bru_in_thailand.pdf ''Sociolinguistic Survey Of Bru In Phang Khon And Phanna Nikhom Districts, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719114435/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/sociolinguistic_survey_of_bru_in_thailand.pdf |date=2020-07-19 }}. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2012. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So_RTT_Report.pdf ''An investigation of intelligibility between So varieties in Northeast Thailand: the Bru in Khok Saat''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720004630/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So_RTT_Report.pdf |date=2020-07-20 }}. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2008. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So%20in%20NE%20Thailand%20report%20%28FINAL%29.pdf ''Sociolinguistic survey of So in Northeastern Thailand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719100334/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So%20in%20NE%20Thailand%20report%20(FINAL).pdf |date=2020-07-19 }}. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*Khồng Diễn (1975). &quot;Về nhóm người Khùa (Bru) ở Quảng Bình&quot;. In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thành phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 538-548. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*Migliazza, Brian. 2002. [https://sil.academia.edu/BrianMigliazza Multilingualism Among the So People of Issan].
*Phạm Đức Dương (1975). &quot;Về mối quan hệ cộng đồng tộc người giữa các ngôn ngữ thuộc nhóm Việt - Mường miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình&quot;. In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 500-517. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*Phan Hữu Dật (1975). &quot;Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn - Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình&quot;. In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 531-537. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*[[Paul Sidwell|Sidwell, Paul]]. (2005). ''[https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204214526/https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon |date=2020-12-04 }}''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-802-7}}

{{Mga tataramon kan Laos}}
{{Mga tataramon kan Tailandya}}
{{Mga tataramon kan Biyetnam}}
{{Mga tataramon na Austro-Asyatiko}}

[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na Katuiko]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Laos]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Tailandya]]
[[Kategorya:mga tataramon kan Biyetnam]]

==Mga diyalekto==
Igwa an Tailandya nin mga minasunod na mga diyalekto nin Sulnupan na Bru (Choo, et al. 2012).
*'''Bru Khok Sa-at'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Engelkemier |first=Jennifer M. |title=Aspects of Bru Khok Sa-at grammar based on narrative texts |date=2010 |degree=M.A. |publisher=Payap University |url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Jennifer_Engelkemier_Thesis.pdf |accessdate=2015-11-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034223/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Jennifer_Engelkemier_Thesis.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; kan [[Distrito nin Phang Khon]] asin [[Distrito nin Phanna Nikhom]], [[Probinsya nin Sakon Nakhon]]
*'''Bru Woen Buek''' kan Woen Buek (Wyn Buek), [[Probinsya nin Ubon Ratchathani]] (urog na kaparehas sa Katang)
*'''Bru Dong Luang''' kan [[Distrito nin Dong Luang]], [[Probinsya nin Mukdahan]]

Mahihiling an mga minasunod na mga pang-irarom na grupo nin Bru sa [[Probinsya nin Quảng Bình]] (Phan 1998).&lt;ref name=&quot;Phan1998&quot;&gt;Phan Hữu Dật. 1998. &quot;Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn-Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình.&quot; In ''Một số vấn đề về dân tộc học Việt Nam'', p.476-482. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Vân Kiêu''': 5,500 katawo sa [[Distrito nin Lệ Thủy]] asin [[Distrito nin Vĩnh Linh]] (sa [[Probinsya nin Quảng Trị]])
*'''Măng Coong''': 600 katawo sa [[Distrito nin Bố Trạch]]
*'''Tri''': 300 katawo sa [[Distrito nin Bố Trạch]]
*'''Khùa''': 1,000 katawo sa [[Distrito nin Tuyên Hóa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tag-alang</title>
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      <text bytes="40923" sha1="hji9hfhuaxebuqh9k70i0rdo4pzf3k7" xml:space="preserve">[[Ladawan:Drought.jpg|thumb|An pagkakakontrahan kan LaDescication nagrururo sa marang daga (Regatibong desiyerto, Mejico).]]
[[Ladawan:Drought-severity.jpg|thumb|Darahon an grabeng mapa kan kinaban]]
An '''tag-alang''' sarong pangyayari nin halawig na mga kakulangan sa suplay nin tubig, baga man atmospera (sa ibaba nin eksibit sa atmospera), tubig sa luwas o tubig. Antag-alang puwedeng lumawig nin mga bulan o taon, o puwedeng ideklarar pakalihis nin sagkod sa mayo pang 15 aldaw.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/its-a-scorcher-and-ireland-is-officially-in-drought-29431138.html It's a scorcher - and Ireland is officially 'in drought'] Irish Independent, 2013-07-18.&lt;/ref&gt; Iyan an puwedeng magkaigwa nin dakulang epekto sa sistema nin ekolohiya asin agrikultura kan apektadong rehiyon asin danyos sa lokal na ekonomiya.  An taonan na mga panahon nin tag-alang sa tropiko nakakadagdag na marhay sa posibilidad na magkaigwa nin tag-alang asin masunod na mga kasulo sa kadlagan.  An mga panahon nin init puwedeng maggrabeng marhay huli sa paghumari sa alisngaw nin tubig.

An tag-alang sarong pauro-otrong kabtang kan klima sa kadaklan na parte kan kinaban. Minsan siring, an regular na tag-alang na ini paurog nang paurog asin mas dai masabi huli sa pagbabago sa klima. Sa katunayan, pinapatunayan kan mga pag-adal basado sa dendrochronology, o mga singsing sa kahoy na may petsa, na an tag-alang apektado kan pag-init kan globo minabalik sa 1900.

An dakol na klase nin tinanom, arog baga kan mga yaon sa pamilyang Cackade (o ccacti), pinaalang an mga akada nin pagpabaya sa ibang paniniwala arog kan iniinaan na lugar asin mahimpis na mga taktika tanganing mapauswag an saindang kakayahan na pabayaan an tag-alang. May iba pang nakaligtas sa marang mga panahon bilang nakatalbong na mga banhi. An Semi-permanenteng tag-alang nagbubunga nin marang mga bomba na arog baga kan mga desiyerto asin duot na mga lugar. An halawig na mga tag-alang nagin dahilan nin lagduan na mga pagbalyo asin krisis na humanitariyo.  An kadaklan na marang sistema nin ekolohiya natural nang hababang klase. An pinakahalawig na tag-alang sa kinaban sa nakarekord na kasaysayan nangyari sa Desierto nin Atacama sa Chile (400 na Taon).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.extremescience.com/driest.htm|title=Driest Place: Atacama Desert, Chile|publisher=Extreme Science}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

An tag-alang nakaapektar sa produksiyon nin kakanon asin sa sosiyedad nin tawo, kaya ibinibilang sindang kalamidad, lihis sa natural, o sa tawo (na puwedeng magin lihis sa natural na mga dahilan, maldisiyon, kasalan.....). Kabilang iyan sa kainot - inot na dokumentadong mga pangyayari, na yaon sa Epic of Gilgames asin konektado sa istoriya sa Biblia manungod sa pagdatong ni Jose asin sa huring Exodo hale sa Ancient Egipto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/bible_drought.shtml|title=BBC - Weather Centre - Features - History and Religion - Weather in the Bible - Drought and Famine&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2004-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040110002457/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/bible_drought.shtml|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; An entusiyastikong mga pagbalyo nin lugar kan 9,500 BC Chile ikinonektar sa pangyayari, arog kan pagluwas kan inot na mga tawo sa Aprika asin sagkod sa iba pang parte kan kinaban kaidtong mga 135,000 na taon na an nakaagi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html|title=Ancient Chile Migration Mystery Tied to Drought|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2002-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021028200916/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igwa nin mga rituwal na maulang o makauulang sa tag-alang, an pag-oran puwedeng magpuon sa mga bayle sagkod sa mga pag-atang nin tawo. Ngunyan na mga aldaw, an suanoy na mga kaugalian na iyan para sa kadaklan ginibong iri-istorya sana asin nasalidahan nin mas rasonableng pagpadalagan nin tubig.

== Mga kategorya ==

# Nangyayari an tag-alang sa Meteorolohiya kun igwa nin halawig na panahon na mayo pang ordinaryong pagkaeksakto.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGARSS2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tag-alang sa meteorolohiya parateng naeenot sa iba pang klase nin tag-alang.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAAsurprise&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|title=What is a Drought?}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# An mga tag-alangng agrikultura nakaapektar sa produksion nin pananom o sa ekolohiya kan radyo. An kamugtakan na ini puede man na lumataw nin independiente sa ano man na pagbabago sa sokol nin pagkaeksakto na magsalang nag - oorog na pagkairitar o mga kamugtakan sa daga na pinoponan nin maluya an pagkaplanong agrikultural na mga paghihingoa na nagigin dahelan nin pagkahulog sa tubig na makukua kan mga pananom. Minsan siring, sa sarong pinagkatodan nang tag-alang, iyan resulta nin halawig na peryodo nin promedyong pagkaeksakto.
# Pinangyari an tag-alangng Hydrological kan an mga reserbang tubig na makukua bilang mga reperensia na arog baga nin mga paraangksing, danaw asin reserbador nahuhulog sa ibaba nin sarong lugar na makahulogan. An tag-alang sa Hydrolohiko may tendensiang lumataw nin mas luway - luway huli ta kalabot dian an tinipon na tubig na ginagamit alagad dai pinalilimanlimanan. Siring sa tag-alangng agrikultura, ini puedeng ponan nin bako sanang pagkawara nin oran. Halimbawa, kan mga 2007 an Kazakhstan tinawan nin dakulang kantidad nin kuarta kan World Bank tanganing ibalik an tubig na irinayo sa ibang nasyon hale sa Dagat Aral sa irarom kan pamamahala kan Sobyet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Dam project aims to save Aral Sea}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kaagid na mga kamugtakan ibinubugtak man an saindang pinakadakulang danaw, si Balkha, na namemeligrong biyong maalang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Kazakh lake 'could dry up'}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mantang nagpapadagos an tag-alang, luway - luway na naggagrabe an mga kamugtakan sa palibot kaiyan asin luway - luway na nag - oorog an epekto kaiyan sa lokal na populasyon.

== Mga kawsa nin tag-alang ==

=== Diperensia an pag-andam ===
Kabale sa mga Mechanismo nin pagprodusir nin eksaktong orasyon an nakaoolang, estratehiya, asin orograpikong pag - oran.Kalabot sa mga proseso nin pangongombertir an makosog na bertimiento na puedeng magin dahelan na matumba an atmospera sa lugar na iyan sa laog nin sarong oras asin magcausa nin grabeng pag - areglar, mantang an mga proseso nin estruktura mas maluya an mga paghiro kisa sa paghiro asin bakong gayong grabeng pagkaeksakto sa mas halawig na lawig nin lawig.  An pag - andam puedeng bangaon sa tolong kategoriya, basado sa kun baga iyan nahoholog na siring sa malaking tubig, matunawon na tubig na nagyelo sa ibabaw, o yelo. An mga tag-alang sa pangenot nangyayari sa mga lugar na an normal na oran mismo hababa. Kun an mga bagay na ini dai nagsusuportar nin igo sa pagkaeksakto tanganing makaabot sa ibabaw sa laog nin supisyenteng panahon, an resulta tag-alang. An tag-alang puedeng ponan nin halangkaw na grado nin maliwanag na sirang nin saldang asin orog sa ordinaryong pagigin lakop nin haralangkaw na sistema nin pangigipit, doros na may kontinente, imbes na mga aire sa kadagatan, asin an mga palabang lugar na may halangkaw na presyon puedeng olangon o limitaran an pag - oswag nin aktibidad sa bagyo o o o oran sa sarong rehion. Oras na an sarong rehion nasa laog nin tag-alang, an mga mekanismong pakakan arog baga nin lokal na marang aire, mainit na mga kamugtakan na puedeng magpaoswag nin mainit na pangangabayo, asin an pinakakadikit na estrapresyasyon puedeng maggrabe sa mga kamugtakan nin tag-alang. 
[[Ladawan:Barack_Obama_speaks_with_farmers_about_California_drought,_2014.jpg|thumb|Ipinapaliwanag ni Presidente Barack Obama an tag-alang sa California sa mga paraoma, 2014.]]

==== Kapanahunan ====
Sa laog kan tropiko, an mabasa asin marang mga kapanahonan luminataw huli sa mobimiento kan Intertropikong Komberensia na Zone o Monsoon. An tag-alang nag - oorog na marhay sa tag-alang, asin midbid sa hababang harasahas kaiyan, na may nagbabaribing mga labot asin salog na nagkakamara.  Huli sa kadaihan kan nagbabaribing mga labot na ini, dakol na nagsasabsab na hayop an napipiritan na mag - imigrar huli sa kakulangan nin tubig sa paghanap sa mas mabungang kadagaan. An mga halimbawa nin siring na mga hayop mga sebra, elepante, asin layas na layas na mga layas. Huli sa kadaihan nin tubig sa mga tinanom, ordinaryo na sana an mga palongpong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet &amp; Dry Seasons|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2012-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mantang an alisngaw nin tubig nagigin mas mabagsik sa nag - oorog na temperatura, mas dakol na alisngaw an kaipuhan tanganing madugangan an limitadong harasahas nin tubig sagkod sa 100% sa mas halangkaw na temperatura (o tanganing maholog an temperatura sagkod sa ambon).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadClouds.html|title=Bad Meteorology: The reason clouds form when air cools is because cold air cannot hold as much water vapor as warm air}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An mga panahon nin init minarikas sa rikas nin prutas asin marambong na produksion, nagpapadakol nin pag - ati asin pagbalyo hale sa mga tinanom, asin naggagrabeng mga kamugtakan nin tag-alang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2015-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== El Niño ====
[[Ladawan:El_Nino_regional_impacts.png|alt=|wala|thumb|Mga rehiyonal na epekto nin mahimbong na mga pangyayari (El Niño).]]
An Drier asin mainit na panahon nangyayari sa mga parte kan Salog nin Amazon Basin, Colombia, asin Amerika Sentral durante kan mga pangyayari.  An mga website durante kan El Niño mas mainit asin mas malipot kisa sa ordinaryong mga kamugtakan sa Amihanan, amihanan na Midwest, asin amihanan na Mideast Estados Unidos, kaya ininaan kan mga rehion na idto an mga busay.  An mga kamugtakan bako sanang normal poon Disyembre sagkod Pebrero sa timog na Aprika, sa pangenot sa Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, asin Botswana.  An direktang mga epekto kan El Niño nagresulta sa mas masakit na mga kamugtakan nangyayari sa mga parte kan Timog - Sirangan na Asia asin Northern Australia, nag - oorog na mga kasolo, naggagrabeng karingisan, asin nagluluyang kualidad sa aire. Naobserbaran man sa pangkagabsan sa Queensland, Victoria, landingan nin New South Wales, asin sirangan na Tasmania puon Hunyo sagkod Agosto.  Mantang an mainit na tubig minalakop hale sa solnopan na Dagat Pasipiko asin Indian pasiring sa sirangan na Pasipiko, iyan nagigin dahelan nin grabeng tag-alang sa solnopan na Pasipiko. Naeksperyensiahan ni Singapore an pinakamakosog na Pebrero kan 2014 poon kan pumoon an mga rekord kan 1869, na 6.3 milyas na oran na sana an minaabot sa bulan asin uminabot an temperatura na minaabot sagkod sa 35 $C kan Pebrero 26. Kan mga taon nin 1968 asin 2005 nagkaigwa kan sunod na pinakamakosog na mga February, kan bumagsak an 8.4 mulang oran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1040778/1/.html|title=channelnewsasia.com - February 2010 is driest month for S'pore since records began in 1869|date=3 March 2010|access-date=29 January 2021|archive-date=3 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303222328/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1040778/1/.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pagbuhay asin mga aktibidad nin tawo ===
An aktibidad nin tawo puedeng direktang magpaluwas nin mga dahelan na arog baga nin pag - oma, sobrang pag - iiwal, pagpalod nin mga kadlagan, asin pagtupas na bakong paborable sa kakayahan kan daga na mabihag asin magkapot nin tubig.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galilee&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/a-biblical-tragedy-as-sea-of-galilee-faces-drought-13956116.html|title=A biblical tragedy as Sea of Galilee faces drought}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://forests.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=63511&amp;keybold=climate%20drought%20water%20catchment|title=Kenya: Deforestation exacerbates droughts, floods|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024422/http://forests.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=63511&amp;keybold=climate%20drought%20water%20catchment|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Sa marang mga klima, an pangenot na gikanan nin pagtuga iyo an doros.&lt;ref name=&quot;Erosion&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Vern Hofman|author2=Dave Franzen|year=1997|url=http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/disaster/drought/emergencytillagetocontrolerosion.html|title=Emergency Tillage to Control Wind Erosion|publisher=[[North Dakota State University]] Extension Service|access-date=2009-03-21|archive-date=2012-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417232250/http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/disaster/drought/emergencytillagetocontrolerosion.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;   An pagtuga puedeng bunga nin materyal na mobimiento paagi sa doros.  An doros puedeng magin dahelan na ikaitaas an saradit na partikula asin kun siring bumalyo sa ibang rehion (pagdepensa).  An daing ontok na mga partikula sa laog kan doros puedeng makaapektar sa solidong mga bagay na ginigikanan nin pagluya (ekolohikong pagkasunodsunod). An pagtupas nin doros sa pankagabsan nangyayari sa mga lugar na kakadikit o mayo ngani nin pananom, na sa parate sa mga lugar na igwa nin bastanteng oran tanganing suportaran an mga pananom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/coast/dunes/index.html|title=Dunes&amp;nbsp;– Getting Started}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Ladawan:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|too|thumb|Mga naglalaad sa luwas kan Benambra, Victoria, Australia na igwa nin mga kamugtakan sa tag-alang kan 2006.ה.]]
An pagkawara homos sarong mahamot, tipikong daing pakundangan, rueda, makinis, medyo katalidongan, parateng kaakit - akit, pinong [agresibo, malungsi, male yellow o budyak, madoros (Aeolian) na katalidongan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=F. von Richthofen|year=1882|title=On the mode of origin of the loess|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1880729}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyan sa pankagabsan nangyayari bilang lakop na deposito sa tamong na nakatatahob sa mga lugar na may ginatos na kilometro asin sampulong metro an hibog. An kapungawan parateng nakatindog magsalang sa magaspang o sa aktuwal na mga lalauogon. An pagkagadan may tendensiang tumubo na magin mayaman na marhay na mga daga. Sa irarom nin angay na kulminasyon na mga kamugtakan, an mga lugar na may mga tinapay kabilang sa mga pinakamabungang marhay sa kinaban. An mga deposito sa pagkawara daing kasegurohan sa geolohikong paagi, asin madalion na malalaglag. Kun siring, an doros (siring baga sa darakulang kahoy asin palongpong) parateng itinatanom nin mga paraoma tanganing inaan an pagtupas nin doros.&lt;ref name=&quot;Erosion2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=1997|url=http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/disaster/drought/emergencytillagetocontrolerosion.html|title=Emergency Tillage to Control Wind Erosion|publisher=[[North Dakota State University]] Extension Service|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2012-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417232250/http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/disaster/drought/emergencytillagetocontrolerosion.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An pagtupas nin doros mas grabe nanggad sa marang mga lugar asin durante nin mga panahon nin tag-alang. Halimbawa, sa Dakulang Kaplanodohan, kinakarkulo na an pagkawara kan daga huli sa pagtuga nin doros puwedeng magin sagkod sa 6100 na beses na mas grabe sa mga taon nin tag-alang kisa sa basang mga taon.

=== Mga pagbabago sa kulminasyon ===
Sa kabilogan, an panglobong pag - init magbubunga nin nag - ooran sa kinaban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2008/11/02-2|title=Is Water the New Oil?}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mga aktibidad na nagreresulta sa lakop sa globong pagbabago linalaoman na mapoon nin mga tag-alang na may dakulang epekto sa agrikultura sa bilog na kinaban, asin nangorogna sa nagpoprogreso pa sanang mga nasyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/docs/smith-and-katz-2013.pdf|title=Smith A.B. and R. Katz, 2013: U.S. Billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Data sources, trends, accuracy and biases|access-date=5 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_1011078.shtml|title=Finfacts: Irish business, finance news on economics|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115211628/http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_1011078.shtml|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/af/Archive/2005/Oct/26-779234.html|title=Nigerian Scholar Links Drought, Climate Change to Conflict in Africa - US Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaiba nin tag-alang sa nagkapirang lugar, an pagbaha asin pagtupas puedeng dumakol sa iba. An nagkapira nagproponer nin mga solusyon sa pag - init kan globo na nakasentro sa mas aktibong mga pamamaagi, an solar na radyasyon paagi sa paggamit nin sarong espasyo para sa saro, puede man na magdara sa sainda nin mas dakol na posibilidad na tag-alang.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewScientist&quot;&gt;[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12397 ''Sunshade' for global warming could cause drought''] 2 August 2007 [[New Scientist]], Catherine Brahic&lt;/ref&gt;

Sono sa Espesyal na Report sa Clima Clime Cange and Land of the Intergomental Pantel sa Clima Clige Clige Clige nagbabago an tag-alang asin pagdisyerto. Ginatos na milyon katawo an apektado. Kaiba sa apektadong lugar an darakulang teritoryo sa Aprika, Asia, Australia, asin Amerika del Sur.

== Mga resulta nin tag-alang ==
[[Ladawan:Global_Drought_Total_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_(5457316295).jpg|thumb|Peligroso an panglobong tag-alang]]
[[Ladawan:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|too|thumb|Par kan gadan nang orbia sa Namibia durante kan tag-alang sa Aprika del Sur kan 2018.]]
Puedeng bangaon nin saro an mga epekto nin tag-alang asin kakulangan nin tubig sa tolong grupo: palibot, ekonomiko asin sosyal.

* Kun manongod sa mga epekto sa palibot: Mas hababa sa ibabaw asin subteban nin tubig [levels], mas hababang mga burak (na may mas darakulang kasolo sa ibaba kan pinakahababang bilang nin mga tawo na pasiring sa direktang peligro para sa buhay nin mga ampibiano), nag - orog na polusyon sa ibabaw nin tubig, an pagkaalang sa ibabaw nin mga doot, an mas darakula asin mas darakulang kalayo, mas grabeng kalapaan, pagkawara nin bioditoridad, mas grabeng salud nin mga kahoy asin an itsura nin mga peste asin mamondong mga helang.
* Kaiba sa mga kapierdihan sa ekonomiya an mas hababang gastos sa agrikultural, kadlagan, kawat asin paninira, mas halangkaw na gastos sa pagkakan asin mas hababang gastos sa teknolohiya, mas hababang grado nin enerhiya sa mga planta sa hidro, mga kapierdihan na bunga nin alang na turnismo asin paninira, mga problema na may suplay nin tubig para sa sekta asin para sa teknikal na mga proseso sa metalguralgura, kemikal, mga kemikal, mga kakanon, mga industriya nin kakanon, diperensia para sa mga pagtupas. 
* Kabale sa mga gastos sosyal an negatibong epekto sa salud nin mga tawo na direktang nalantad sa pangyayaring ini (labi - labi kainit na mga alon), posibleng paglimitar sa mga suplay nin tubig, nag - orog na polusyon, halangkaw na mga kakanon, tension na bunga nin bakong mapangganang mga ani, abp. Ipinaliliwanag kaini kun taano ta nagpupunsionar an mga tag-alang asin bagong mga kakulangan sa tubig bilang sarong bagay na nakakadugang sa siwang sa nagprogreso asin nagpoprogreso pa sanang mga nasyon.

An mga epekto nagkakalaenlaen segun sa pagigin madaling mabiktima. Halimbawa, an mga paraoma sa sustitusyon mas posibleng marhay na magbalyo sa ibang lugar durante nin tag-alang huli ta mayo sinda nin ibang kakanon. An mga populasyon na nagdedepende sa mga gikanan nin tubig bilang mayor na lugar nin kakanon mas madaling maapektaran nin tiggutom.

Puwede man na mabawasan kan tag-alang an kalidad nin tubig, huli ta iniinaan kan mas hababang tubig an digta nin mga ati asin dugangan an kontaminasyon kan natatada pang mga parte nin tubig.&lt;ref&gt;10.	Mosley LM, Zammit B, Leyden E, Heneker TM, Hipsey MR, Skinner D, and Aldridge KT (2012). The Impact of Extreme Low Flows on the Water Quality of the Lower Murray River and Lakes (South Australia). Water Resources Management 26: 3923–3946.&lt;/ref&gt; Kabale sa ordinaryong mga resulta nin tag-alang an:

* Nainaan an pagtalubo nin mga pananom o namumunga nin mga produksion asin may kapasidad para sa ataman na mga hayop 
* An mga mangko nin Dust, na mismo sarong tanda nin pagluya, na orog pang luway - luway na nakararaot sa tanawon 
* Mga bagyo nin Dust, kun tag-alang minatama sa lugar na may desierto asin pagruro
* Tiggutom
* Nadanyaran si Habitate, na nakakaapektar kapwa sa mga hayop na layas sa daga sagkod sa layas na lugar 
* An tag-alangng gutom kakadikit kan itinataong tubig tanganing suportaran an mga pananom sa kakanon.
* Malnutrisyon, pagraot sa hawak asin konektadong mga helang 
* An pagbalyo nin pasan, na nagreresulta sa paghale sa laog asin internasyonal na mga dulag 
* Inaan an produksion sa elektrisidad huli sa pagpabawas sa tubig paagi sa mga dramang hydroelectrical 
* Mga pagkukulang sa suplay nin tubig para sa mga pribadong industriya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/03/06/MNGE2BL7161.DTL|title= Parched village sues to shut tap at Coke / Drought-hit Indians say plant draining groundwater|work= SFGate|date= 2005-03-06|access-date= 2021-01-29|archive-date= 2012-05-15|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120515214634/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2005%2F03%2F06%2FMNGE2BL7161.DTL|dead-url= yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/sweden-nuclear-closure-040806|title= Sweden closes nuclear plants over safety fears|work= Greenpeace International|access-date= 2016-02-06|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090110184749/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/sweden-nuclear-closure-040806|archive-date= 2009-01-10|}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pagbalyo nin halas, na minaresulta sa pagdagat nin halas &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6282075.stm|date=2007-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sosyal na Kariribokan 
*Guerra sa natural na mga rekurso, kabale an tubig asin kakanon &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://txforestservice.tamu.edu/shared/article.asp?DocumentID=406&amp;mc=fire|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030711082443/http://txforestservice.tamu.edu/shared/article.asp?DocumentID=406&amp;mc=fire|title= TFS Article|archive-date= 11 July 2003|work= tamu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ibinubuyagyag asin sinalakay an maadornong maating mga daga huli sa pagkaholog sa ibabaw nin mga grado sa tubig. 
* An pagtipon ni Cyanotoxin sa laog nin mga kadena nin kakanon asin suplay nin tubig (na an nagkapira kaiyan kabilang sa pinakamakosog na mga tolang na aram sa siensia) puedeng magcausa nin kanser na daing digta sa halawig na panahon.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url= http://news.ucsc.edu/2016/10/microcystin-toxin.html
|title= Toxins from freshwater algae found in San Francisco Bay shellfish
|access-date= 5 November 2017
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Halangkaw na grado nin mikrosikstin an nagluwas sa San Francisco Bay Area asin shellfish asin preskong tubig sa bilog na estado nin California kan 2016.

== Mga tag-alang sa kasaysayan ==
[[Ladawan:Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas,_South_Dakota_1936.jpg|thumb|Sarong oma sa South Dakota durante kan Dust Bowl, 1936.Dust Bowl]]

=== Mga Halimbawa ===
Kabale sa depinidong mga tag-alang [sa kasaysayan] an:

* 1540 Central Europeo, na sinasabing iyo an &quot;enot na tag-alang kan milenyo &quot; na may onseng bulan na mayo nin oran asin temperatura na 57 $C na mas halangkaw sa promedyo kan ika - 20 siglo.1540 Sentral na Europa.&lt;ref&gt;Oliver Wetter et al: ''The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case''. In: ''[[Climatic Change]]'', June 2014, [[doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Elf Monate ohne Regen: Die Angst vor der Megadürre des Jahres 1540 geht um|newspaper=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]|url=https://nzzas.nzz.ch/wissen/elf-monate-ohne-regen-angst-vor-megaduerre-jahres-1540-geht-um-ld.1408708|last=Andreas Frey|date=2018-08-04|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1900 India na guminadan nin 250,000 sagkod 3.25 milyones.
* 19212 Unyon Sobyet na labing 5 milyones an nagadan sa gutom huli sa tag-alang.
* 1928-30 Northest Tsina na nagresulta sa labing 3 milyones na pagkagadan huli sa gutom.
* 1936 asin 1941 an Probinsia nin Suico na nagresulta sa 5 milyones asin 2.5 milyones na kagadanan.
* An 1997-2009 Milenyong Drow sa Australia nagbunga nin krisis sa tubig sa kadaklan na parte kan nasyon.  Bilang resulta, dakol na pananom na pangadan an ginibo sa kaenot - enote (kan listahan nin mga bene).
* Kan 2006, naeksperyensiahan kan Probinsia nin Sichua na an pinakagrabeng tag-alang sa presenteng mga panahon iyo an haros 8 milyones katawo asin labing 7 milyones na baka na napapaatubang sa mga kakulangan nin tubig.
* 12 alang - alang na tag-alang na nandestroso nin grabe sa timog - solnopan na Solnopan na Australia, sa timog - sirangan nin Timog na Australia, an Victoria asin amihanan na Tasmania &quot;grabeng marhay asin mayo nin historikong arogan. &quot;
* 2015 Cape Town rasis nin tubig. An posibilidad na ini triple nin pagbago sa klima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Climate change tripled likelihood of drought that pushed Cape Town water crisis to 'Day Zero' brink, say scientists|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-africa/climate-change-tripled-likelihood-drought-pushed-cape-town-water-crisis-day-zero|date=16 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ladawan:Sahel_Map-Africa_rough.png|too|thumb|An apektadong mga lugar sa solnopan na paha sa Sahel durante kan 2012 tag-alang.]]
An ralaban nin Darfur sa Sudan, na nakaaapektar man ki Chad, ginatongan nin dakol na dekada nin tag-alang; An kombinasyon nin tag-alang, na an disyerto asin sobrang populasyon kabilang sa mga causa kan ralaban nin mga Darfur, huli ta an mga Arab Baggaria na naghahanap nin tubig kaipuhan na kumua nin tubig kaipuhan na darahon an saindang mga hayop sa timog, sa pangenot mag - okupar sa mga tawong bakong probinsiano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/blogs/1265/2007/06/30-100806-1.htm|title=Thomson Reuters Foundation|last=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2007-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213132239/http://www.alertnet.org/db/blogs/1265/2007/06/30-100806-1.htm|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Ladawan:Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka,_India,_2012.jpg|alt=|wala|thumb|Dromang lugar sa Karnataka, India kan 2012.]]
Mga 2.4 bilyones katawo an nag - iistar sa planggana kan mga salog sa Himalayas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|title=People &amp; the Planet &gt; climate change &gt; newsfile &gt; big melt threatens millions, says un|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2007-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa India, an Tsina, Pakistan, Banglades, Nepal asin Myanmar nakaeeksperyensia nin mga pagbaha na sinundan nin mga tag-alang sa maabot na mga dekada. Nangorognang mahalaga an tag-alang sa India na nakaaapektar sa mga Ganges, mantang iyan nagtatao nin tubig asin agrikultural na irigasyon para sa labing 500 milyones katawo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|title=People's Daily Online - Glaciers melting at alarming speed}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Science/Nature - Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|newspaper=bbc.co.uk|date=2004-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; An solnopan na baybayon nin Amerika del Norte, na nagkukua kan dakol na tubig kaiyan sa mga glesyer sa kabukidan arog baga kan Gacky Mountains asin Sierra Nevada, maaapektaran man.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080317154235.htm|title=Glaciers Are Melting Faster Than Expected, UN Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/02/local/me-snowpack2 Water shortage worst in decades, official says], Los Angeles Times&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan 2005, naeksperyensiyahan kan mga parte kan planggana nin Amazon an pinakamaraot na tag-alang sa laog nin 100 na taon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years|last=staff}}&lt;/ref&gt; An 23 na artikulo na Hulyo 2006 nagreport nin Woods Hole Research Sentro nin Pagsiyasat nagpapaheling na an kadlagan sa presenteng porma kaiyan makakaligtas sana nin tolong taon na tag-alang.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html ''Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert' ''], [[The Independent]], July 23, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html ''Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon''], [[The Independent]], July 23, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; An mga sientista sa Nasyonal na Institusyon nin Amazonian Research nakikidiskutir sa artikulo na an simbag na ini sa tag-alang, kaiba an mga epekto nin pagpadusa sa rehiyonal na klima, itinutulod an kadlagan pasiring sa &quot;grabeng punto&quot; kun saen iyan mapoon na magadan. Iyan nagkonklusyon na an kadlagan nin oran nasa gati nin pagigin savana o disyerto, na may kapahapahamak na mga resulta sa klima kan kinaban. Sono sa WWF, an kombinasyon nin klima naliliwat asin pagpalod nin mga kadlagan nagpapaorog sa marang epekto nin gadan nang mga kahoy na nagpapalaad nin mga solo sa kadlagan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192545/http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=64220 ''Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF''], [[World Wide Fund for Nature]], March 9, 2996. Retrieved September 28, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Ladawan:ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg|too|thumb|Danaw nin Chad sa sarong satelayt kan 2001. An danaw yinugyug nin 95% poon kan mga 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/index.php?/plan_b_updates/2005/update47|title=Plan B Updates - 47: Disappearing Lakes, Shrinking Seas - EPI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/04/0426_lakechadshrinks.html|title=Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
An pinakadakulang parte kan Australia iyo an disyerto o semid-arid na kadagaan na inaapod kan kadaklan na puwerang mga lugar. An sarong pag - adal kan mga parasiyasat na Australiano asin Amerikano siniyasat an desierto kan interior, asin nagsuherir na an sarong paliwanag konektado sa mga tawong nag - istar kaidtong mga 50,000 na taon na an nakaagi. An regular na pagsolo kan mga dayong ini puede kutanang makaolang sa mga bulan na makaabot sa interior na Australia. Kan Hunyo 2008 naaraman na sarong ekspertong grupo an nagpatanid dapit sa halawig na termino, tibaad dai na mababaliktad, grabeng danyos sa ekolohiya para sa bilog na planggana nin Murray-Darsing kun dai iyan nag - ako nin supisyenteng tubig kan Oktubre 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm Australian rivers 'face disaster'], BBC News&lt;/ref&gt; An Australia puwedeng makaeksperyensia nin mas grabeng tag-alang asin iyan puedeng magin mas parate sa ngapit, sarong report kan gobyerno na kinompanya kan Hulyo 6, 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707 Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study], Reuters&lt;/ref&gt; An ekolohiya sa Australia na si Timm Flannery, naghula na kun dai iyan gumibo nin biglang mga pagbabago, si Perth sa Solnopan na Australia puedeng magin an enot na pinakaprimerang metropolis sa kinaban, sarong abandonadong siudad na mayo na nin tubig na masustenir sa populasyon kaiyan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm Metropolis strives to meet its thirst], BBC News&lt;/ref&gt;  An halawig na tag-alang sa Australia nag - abot kan 2010.

An paorootrong tag-alang na suminagkod sa desierto sa Sirangan na Aprika nagbunga nin grabeng mga kalamidad sa ekolohiya, na nagin dahelan nin kakulangan nin kakanon kan 1984-85, 2006 asin 2011. Durante kan 2011 tag-alang, kinakarkulong 50,000 sagkod 150,000 katawo an nabaretang nagadan, dawa ngani pinagdiskutiran an mga numerong ini asin kun sagkod saen an krisis.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://world.time.com/2012/01/18/fatal-failure-did-aid-agencies-let-up-to-100000-somalis-die-in-2011/ Fatal Failure: Did Aid Agencies Let Up To 100,000 Somalis Die in 2011?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225200950/http://world.time.com/2012/01/18/fatal-failure-did-aid-agencies-let-up-to-100000-somalis-die-in-2011/ |date=2013-12-25 }}&quot;. ''Time''. January 18, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mafhscbafro&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Warah|title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/oe8n10/-/index.html|newspaper=The East African|date=2 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan Pebrero 2012, ipinaisi kan NU na tapos na an krisis huli sa pagkawara nin mga pag - ayuda asin pag - ani nin mga mumbles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unsfisiobrr&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|title=U.N. Says Somalia Famine Has Ended, but Crisis Isn't Over|last=Gettleman|date=3 February 2012|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangan liniwat kan mga ahensia sa pag - ayuda an saindang pagdodoon tanganing maomayan an mga paghihingoa, kabale an pagkalot nin mga kanal sa irigasyon asin pagdistribwir nin mga banhi nin tinanom.

Kan 2012, nagkaigwa nin grabeng tag-alang sa sulnupan na Sahel. An Metodistang si Relief &amp; Development Fund (MRDF) nagbareta na labing 10 milyones katawo sa rehion an namemeligrong magutom huli sa sarong bulan na init na naglalayoglayog sa Niger, Mali, Mauritania asin Burkina Faso. Mga $20,000 an idinistribwir sa alang na mga nasyon.

== Proteksion, pag - imigrar asin pakaginhawa ==
[[Ladawan:Huntington_Desert_Garden_Cactus_(etc).jpg|alt=|wala|thumb|An mga tinanom na may sukulado tamang - tama tanganing makaligtas sa haralawig na panahon nin tag-alang.]]
[[Ladawan:FEMA_-_917_-_Photograph_by_Angel_Santiago_taken_on_04-03-1998_in_Marshall_Islands.jpg|thumb|An pagdistribwir nin tubig sa Marshall Islands durante kan El Niño.ה. Marshall Islands.]]
Agrikulturalmente, an mga tawo epektibong makaiina sa kadaklan na epekto nin tag-alang paagi sa irigasyon asin pag - itok nin mga pananom. An dai pakagibo nin bastanteng estratehiya sa tag-alang may darang grabeng gastos nin tawo sa modernong kapanahonan, na nakotkot nin padakol nang padakol na populasyon.  Presidente Roosevelt kan Abril 27, 1935, nagpirma nin mga dokumento na naglalang kan Service Service (SSSCS) - ngunyan an Natural na Resuursations Service (NRCS).  An mga susundon sa ley ipinadara sa lambang kamugtakan kun saen iyan ginibo.  An mga ini an enot na nagtatagal na praktikal na mga programa na nakaoolang sa maabot na panahon na tag-alang, na nagpoprodusir nin mga ahensia na enot na nagpoon na magtao nin tension sa konserbasyon kan daga tanganing protehiran an mga kadagaan sa oma ngonyan.  Kaidto sanang 1950 na nagkaigwa nin importansia sa konserbasyon nin tubig an ibinugtak sa nag - eeksister na mga ley (NRUCAS 2014).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/newsroom/contacts/?cid=nrcs143_014208|title=State Conservation District Laws Development and Variations – NRCS|work=usda.gov|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164549/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/newsroom/contacts/?cid=nrcs143_014208|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabale sa mga estratehiya para sa proteksion na tag-alang, an pag - imigrar o pakaginhawa:

* An mga dams - dakol na dam asin an saindang asosyadong mga reserbang daga nagtatao nin dagdag na tubig sa mga panahon nin tag-alang.
* Pagbago nin panahon tanganing mag - oran. Ini nagdadanay na mainit na pinagdedebatehan na tema, mantang ilinuwas kan Konseho Nasyonal kan Estados Unidos an sarong report kan 2004 na nagsasabing sagkod sa petsa, mayo pa man giraray nin nakakokombensir na sientipikong prueba kan pagkaepektibo nin tuyong pagliwat nin panahon. 
* An destinasyon na tubig sa dagat para sa irigasyon o pagkakan. 
* An daing ontok na pag - oran asin pagkokomparar sa mga grado ngonyan makatatabang na maolang an tag-alang nin tawo.Halimbawa, an pag - analisar sa paggamit nin tubig sa Yemen naghayag na an saindang lamesa sa tubig (na nasa irarom kan katubigan) namemeligrong marhay paagi sa sobrang pag - usyoso tanganing pertilisaron an saindang pananom na Khat. An maingat na pagsubaybay sa alumaad nin alumaad makatatabang man na maghula nin orog na peligro para sa mga layas na hayop, na ginagamit an mga metriko na arog baga kan Index o Palmer Droward Index.
* An pagplano nin mga pananom puedeng makatabang na inaan an pagtupas asin togotan an mga paraoma na magtanom nin dikit na tubig sa mas marang mga taon .
* Pagkontrol sa paggamit nin mga pabrika, alahas o balde sa panluwas na mga tinanom, pagbolos nin mga tiponan nin tubig, asin iba pang trabaho sa pagmantenir kan tubig. An nakahihilong mga natad dakula an puedeng makaina sa dai kinakaipuhan na tubig na ginagamit kan mga residente sa mga banwaan asin siudad. 
* An tubig para sa pag - ani asin pagsakdo nin oran hale sa atop o iba pang angay na dakopan.
* Tinatrato asin dinalisay para sa pag - oroorogma an tubig na Former. 
* An mga kanal sa pagtogdok nin transpigurasyon o pagrehistro nin mga salog bilang darakulaon na pagprobar na paanggoton sa mga lugar na may tag-alang.

== Toltolan ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Mababasa pa lalo ==

* Si Christopher de Bellaigue, &quot;An Salog&quot; (an mga Ganges; Repasohon an Amon na Sunil, Dai Mapugolan na Katubigan: Kun Paano Nakaimpluwensia sa Kasaysayan nin Asia an mga Oran, Salog, Baybayon, Asin Dagat; An Suditta Senentien, Nag - aagrangay: An Dakol na Lugar nin Salog nin India; asin Victor Malet, Salog nin Buhay, Salog nin Kagadanan: The Ganges and Indian's Future), The New York Review of Books, Vol.ה. Christopher de Bellaigue./. Kun Paano Nakaimpluwensia sa Kasaysayan kan Asia an mga Oran, Salog, Baybayon, Baybayon, Asin Dagat. An Dakol na Lugar nin Salog nin India. An Ganges Asin an Ngapit nin India. LXVI, dai. 15 (10 Oktubre 2019), p. 3436. &quot;[In 1951] an promedyong Indian [inistaran nin India] nakakaduman taon - taon sa 5,200 na paratogtog nin tubig. An numero ngonyan 1,400... asin posibleng matumba nin mayo pang 1,000 metro kubiko - an pakahulogan kan NU sa pakahulogan kan kaorogmahan nin tubig sa masunod na pirang dekada. Pagkompleto sa problema nin pag - oran sa tig - init..... An lamesa nin tubig sa India nararakdag [nin tubig] sa pagdakol nin tubo..... An iba pang nagkokontribwir sa panahon nin tubig sa India iyo an kanal na mga puro [asin] an padagos na pagsabwag nin napapahang mga pananom...... &quot;)

== Mga panluwas na takod ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Drought}}

* {{wiktionary-inline|Drought}}
* {{wikibooks-inline|Drought}}

* INInterbio kan Global Drown Monnitory and Prediksion System, Unibersidad nin California, Irvine.
* Kaorogmahan nin Tubig hale sa FAO Water (Kakanon Asin Agrikultura na Organisasyon kan Naciones Unidas).
* [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41536 Pagpangana: Pakadangog sa Komite sa Energy and Natural na mga Resulta, Senado kan Estados Unidos, Sarong Ginatos na Treed Trinseenth Congress, Enot na Sesyon, sa Pagsiyasat sa mga Epekto nin Pag - oran sa Enerhiya Asin Pamamahala nin Tubig, Abril 25, 2013]
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions Mga Kalamidad sa Tahaw kan E.U.]
* [http://eventregistry.org/concept/Drought An Panglobong Real-ime Drod Media Monitor]
* Prokurat S., &quot;nagkakadikit an tubig sa Asia bilang huma asin problema sa pagbuhay,&quot; sa: &quot; Journal of Modern Science, &quot; 26 na Marso 2015, p. 2350.-250.
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{{Infobox academic|honorific_prefix=|discipline=Climatologist, Physicist&lt;!--major academic discipline – --&gt;|education=|alma_mater=Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (Diplôme national de doctorat)|thesis_title=|thesis_url=|thesis_year=|school_tradition=|doctoral_advisor=[[Hervé Le Treut]]|influences=&lt;!--must be referenced from a third party source--&gt;|era=|sub_discipline=&lt;!--academic discipline specialist area – --&gt;|awards=&lt;!--notable national level awards only--&gt;|workplaces=The Sorbonne,  [[National Centre for Scientific Research|Centre national de la recherche scientifique]]|doctoral_students=|notable_students=&lt;!--only those with WP articles--&gt;|main_interests=[[Clouds]], Climate changes because of human activity|notable_works=|notable_ideas=|influenced=&lt;!--must be referenced from a third party source--&gt;|signature=|signature_alt=|signature_size=|website=|children=|name=Sandrine Bony-Léna|birth_place=|honorific_suffix=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|native_name=|native_name_lang=|birth_name=Sandrine Bony&lt;!-- use only if different from full/othernames --&gt;|birth_date=&lt;!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}  --&gt;|death_date=&lt;!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;|spouse=|death_place=|death_cause=|region=|nationality=French|other_names=|occupation=|period=|known_for=|title=|boards=&lt;!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation--&gt;|footnotes=}}
[[Ladawan:Sandrine Bony 21 November 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|2023]]
Si Sandrine Bony-Léna, ne Bony sarong Pranses na klimologo, na iyo an presente na Directeur de rechercherch (Director nin pagsiyasat) sa Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique sa Universitaire Sorbonne, Paris. [Sandrine Bony-Lé.Bonecurecher. Mahalagang marhay na si Bony sarong panginot na awtor kan Nobel Prize (2007) Report kan ''Fourth Assessment Report'' of the [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/jurado/sandrine-bony-2/#:~:text=Sandrine%20Bony%20is%20Director%20of%20Research%20with%20the,response%20of%20the%20climate%20system%20to%20human%20activity|title=Frontiers of Knowledge Awards|accessdate=8 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Mga Pagkakalain ==

** [[:en:2018|2018]] : Silver medal kan CNRS.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|language=fr|author=&lt;small&gt;ARTIFICA&lt;/small&gt;|title=82 nouveaux Talents du CNRS - Communiqués et dossiers de presse -CNRS|url=http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/communique/5493.htm?theme1=5|website=www2.cnrs.fr|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428011635/http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/communique/5493.htm?theme1=5|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|language=fr|title=Sandrine Bony {{!}} CNRS|url=http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/personne/sandrine-bony|website=www.cnrs.fr|access-date=2018-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[:en:2017|2017]] :  Gérard-Mégie prize kan  [[:en:Académie_des_sciences_(France)|Académie des Sciences]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|language=fr-fr|title=Lauréate 2017 du prix Gérard Mégie : Sandrine Bony {{!}} Lauréats {{!}} Prix et médailles {{!}} Encourager la vie scientifique|url=http://www.academie-sciences.fr/fr/Laureats/laureat-2017-prix-gerard-megie.html|website=www.academie-sciences.fr|access-date=2018-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Académie des sciences|title=Lauréate 2017 du prix Gérard Mégie : Sandrine Bony|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmXV8J7RTxo|date=2017-12-20|access-date=2018-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|language=fr|title=Sandrine Bony {{!}} ENS|url=http://www.ens.fr/actualites/sandrine-bony|website=www.ens.fr|access-date=2018-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[:en:2012|2012]] :  Bernard Haurwitz Memorial Lecture prize awarded na tinao kan[[:en:American_Meteorological_Society|American Meteorological Society]] (AMS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|language=fr|format=pdf|title=&lt;small&gt;PRIX &amp; DISTINCTIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ET PÉDAGOGIQUES&lt;/small&gt; 2012|url=http://www.univ-paris-est.fr/fichiers/Prix%26distinctions_2012-2.pdf|website=www.univ-paris-est.fr|date=2012|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2017-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709052726/http://www.univ-paris-est.fr/fichiers/Prix%26distinctions_2012-2.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[:en:2017|2017]] : [[:en:Chevalier_de_la_Légion_d'honneur|Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur]].
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur|url=http://www.france-phaleristique.com/lh_promo_12-07-17.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 
== Gunuan ==
[https://www.ipcc.ch/ Mga payag - payag: / Lawigw.c.]

== Mga reperensya ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Natural gas</title>
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      <text bytes="8029" sha1="o6zsf48n5302p6afjbfwqb2poribunx" xml:space="preserve">[[Ladawan:Global_Gas_trade_both_LNG_and_Pipeline.png|thumb|An pankinabang pagbenta nin natural gas kaidtong 2013. An mga numero iyo yaon sa bilyong kubikong metro kada taon&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Natural Gas – Exports|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html|encyclopedia=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=11 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;|268x268px]]
[[Ladawan:World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png|thumb|An ekstraksyon nin natural gas kan kada nasyun sa kubikong metro kada taon kaidtong 2013.|269x269px]]

An '''natural gas''' (inaapod man na '''''fossil gas'''''; minsan '''gas''' sana) iyo sarong natural na pigsaralak-salak na [[hidrokarburo]] na [[gas]] na pangenot na pigbibilog nin [[metano]], pero harus igwa man nin baryenteng bilang nin iba pang mga halangkaw na [[alkane]], asin minsan dikit na porsyento nin [[karbon dioksido]], [[nitroheno]], hidrohenong sulpido, o [[elyo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/background|title=Background|publisher=Naturalgas.org|access-date=2012-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709040340/http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/background|archive-date=2014-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naporma ini kan an mga libel nin nalapang tinanom asin hayop na [[materya]] na iyo napasairarom sa labing [[init]] asin [[presyon]] sa irarom kan kadagaan sa haloyon na mga taon.&lt;ref name=&quot;eiaex&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/|title=Natural gas explained|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=2020-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; An orihinal na [[enerhiya]] na naguno kan mga tinanom hale sa Saldang iyo pigtatago sa porma nin mga sugpong kimikal sa gas.&lt;ref name=&quot;epa_ng&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/natural-gas.html|title=Electricity from Natural Gas|access-date=2013-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215324/http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/natural-gas.html|archive-date=2014-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; An natural gas iyo sarong [[fossil fuel]].

Dae nababagong hidrokarburo an natural gas na ginagamit sa pag-init, pagluto, asin paghimo nin kuryente.&lt;ref name=&quot;epa_ng&quot; /&gt; Ginagamit man ini bilang panggatong sa mga behikulo asin bilang kimikal na materyales sa paggibo nin mga [[plastik]] asin iba pang importanteng [[Organikong kompuwesto|organikong kimikal]] sa komersyo.

An ekstraksyon asin pagkonsumo nin natural na gas iyo sarong mayor asin nagpapa-urog sa [[pagbabago nin klima]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-gas-climatebox-explainer-idUSKCN25E1DR|title=Cleaner but not clean - Why scientists say natural gas won't avert climate disaster|publisher=Reuters|author=Valerie Volcovici, Kate Abnett, and Matthew Green|date=2020-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ieaco2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=WORLD&amp;fuel=CO2%20emissions&amp;indicator=CO2%20emissions%20by%20energy%20source|title=Data and Statistics: CO2 emissions by energy source, World 1990-2017|publisher=International Energy Agency (Paris)|access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;owidebf&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#co2-emissions-by-fuel|title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CO₂ Emissions by Fuel|author=Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser|journal=Our World in Data|publisher=Published online at OurWorldInData.org.|year=2020|access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Potensyal ini na [[greenhouse gas]] kapag linuwas sa [[atmospera]], asin naghihimo nin karbon dioksido kapag sinulo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why carbon dioxide isn't the only greenhouse gas we must reduce – Dr Richard Dixon|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/climate-change-carbon-dioxide-main-greenhouse-gas-cutting-methane-emissions-crucial-too-dr-richard-dixon-2925261|access-date=2020-08-17|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AGI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methane Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry|url=https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/factsheet/pe/methane-emissions-oil-gas-industry|publisher=American Geosciences Institute|access-date=1 May 2019|date=16 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; An natural gas pwedeng suluon para makagibo nin init asin kuryente; na nagluluwas nin mas kadikit na ati asin lason sa punto nin paggamit na relatibo sa ibang fossil asin biyomas na panggatong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/natural-gas-and-the-environment.php|title=Natural gas and the environment|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=2020-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alagad, an gas venting asin flaring, kaiba an mga dae pigtutuyong pugitibong emisyon sa kahiwasan nin suplay na kadena, iyo pwedeng magresulta sa similar na pankagabsang carbon footprint.&lt;ref&gt;Moniz, E.J. (2011). [http://energy.mit.edu/research/future-natural-gas/ &quot;The Future of Natural Gas: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414014223/https://energy.mit.edu/research/future-natural-gas/ |date=2021-04-14 }}. MIT Press. Retrieved 8 January 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/publications/Howarth_2014_ESE_methane_emissions.pdf|title=A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas|author=Howarth, R.W.|journal=Energy Science &amp; Engineering|publisher=Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.|volume=2|issue=2|pages=47–60|year=2014|doi=10.1002/ese3.35|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121193215/http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/publications/Howarth_2014_ESE_methane_emissions.pdf|archivedate=2021-11-21|access-date=2021-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/MethaneMatters|title=Methane Matters|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|author=Adam Voiland and Joshua Stevens|access-date=2020-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An natural gas iyo nahahanap sa irarom kan kadagaan o naka-asosyar sa iba pang hidrokarburong gunuan sa coal beds asin bilang methane clathrates. An [[petrolyo]] iyo saro man na fossil fuel na nahihiling harani sa natural gas. Kadaklan sa mga natural gas iyo namomokna sa haloy nin panahon sa paagi nin duwang mekanismo: biyoheniko asin termoheniko. An biyohenikong gas iyo namokna nin mga metanohenikong organismo sa mga marshes, bogs, landfills, asin hababaw na sedimento. Sa kairaroman kan [[Kinaban]], sa halangkawon na [[temperatura]] asin [[presyon]], an termohenikong gas iyo namomokna sa nasulong organikong materyal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=US Geological Survey|url=http://energy.er.usgs.gov/gg/research/petroleum_origins.html|title=Organic Origins of Petroleum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093933/http://energy.er.usgs.gov/gg/research/petroleum_origins.html|archive-date=27 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eiaex&quot; /&gt;

Sa produksyon kan [[petrolyo]], an gas iyo minsan pigsusulo bilang flare gas. Bago an natural gas pwedeng gamiton bilang panggatong, kadaklan, pero dae gabos, iyo dapat maproseso para mahali an mga impuridad, kaiba an tubig, para makua an ispesipikasyon kan nabebentang natural gas. An mga lain na produkto sa pagprosesong ini iyo kabali an mga [[etano]], [[propano]], [[butano]], [[pentano]], mga hidrokarburo na may halangkaw na molekular na gabat, hidrohenong sulpido (na pwedeng maliwat sa purong [[asupre]]), [[karbon dioksido]], tubig-sangaw, asin minsan [[elyo]] sagkod [[nitroheno]].

An natural gas iyo minsan simple asin dae-pormal na inaapod bilang &quot;gas&quot;, urog na kun pigkokompara sa iba pang gunuan nin enerhiya, arug kan lana o [[coal]]. Alagad, dae dapat maribong sa gasolina, na harus pigpapalipot man sa terminong &quot;gas&quot;, urog na sa Norteng Amerika.

== Hilingon man ==

* [[Petrolyo]]
* [[Metano]]
* [[Fossil fuel]]

== Mga panluwas na takod ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210303182930/https://ggon.org/fossil-tracker/ Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{agham-poon}}
[[Kategorya:Organikong kimika]]
[[Kategorya:Enerhiya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pierre de Fermat</title>
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      <text bytes="3684" sha1="1cb2f5b42xl1qdolhx9wd4zbuksropp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox scientist|name=Pierre de Fermat|image=Pierre de Fermat.jpg|caption=|birth_date=Katahawan nin 31 October asin 6 December 1607|birth_place=Beaumont-de-Lomagne, [[Pransya]]|death_date={{death date|1665|01|12|df=y}}&lt;br /&gt;(edad 57)|death_place=Castres, [[Pransya]]|education=University of Orléans (LL.B., 1626)|field=[[Matematika]] asin [[abogasya]]|influences=[[François Viète]], [[Gerolamo Cardano]], [[Diophantus]]|known_for=Mga kontribusyon sa [[teorya nin bilang]], [[analitikong heometriya]], [[teorya nin probabilidad]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Folium of Descartes]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Fermat's principle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Fermat's little theorem]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Fermat's Last Theorem]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Adequality]]&lt;br /&gt;Fermat's &quot;[[difference quotient]]&quot; method&lt;ref&gt;Benson, Donald C. (2003). ''A Smoother Pebble: Mathematical Explorations'', Oxford University Press, p. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;}}

Si '''Pierre de Fermat''' (katahawan kan 31 Oktobre asin 6 Disyembre 1607 – 12 Enero 1665) sarong Pranses na abogado&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ca/books?id=59ITUOLbVkoC&amp;pg=PA101&amp;lpg=PA101&amp;dq=%22French+lawyer%22+%22Pierre+de+Fermat%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=v-jtfjFWWj&amp;sig=h9mle_FEkazDC83rNnAims3rbSY&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjlj5i8hu_WAhXDWRQKHcyzDZIQ6AEIZzAO#v=onepage&amp;q=%22French%20lawyer&amp;f=false W.E. Burns, The Scientific Revolution: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2001, p. 101]&lt;/ref&gt; sa ''Parlement'' kan Toulouse, [[France|Pransiya]], asin matematiko na natanawan kredito sa enot na mga pagbabago sa pagkakaigwa nin [[infinitisimong kalkulus]], kabali na an adekwalidad. 

Nagkaigwa siya nin mga notableng kontribusyon sa [[analitikong heometriya]], [[probabilidad]], asin [[optika]]. Midbid siya sa ''Fermat's principle'' para sa propagasyon nin [[liwanag]] asin ''Fermat's Last Theorem'' sa [[teorya nin bilang]], na kun saen niladawan sa kopya nin ''Arithmetica'' ni Diophantus.                                                                                                                                   

== Mga toltolan ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Nasambit na mga kagibohan ===

* {{cite book|title=Number Theory: An approach through history From Hammurapi to Legendre|url=https://archive.org/details/numbertheoryappr0000weil|last=Weil|first=André|publisher=Birkhäuser|year=1984|isbn=978-0-8176-3141-3}}

== Magbasa pa lalo ==

* {{cite journal|author=Barner, Klaus|title=Pierre de Fermat (1601?–1665): His life besides mathematics|journal=Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society|date=December 2001|pages=12–16}}
* {{cite book|title=The mathematical career of Pierre de Fermat, 1601–1665|url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcare0000maho_v3t6|author=Mahoney, Michael Sean|publisher=Princeton Univ. Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-03666-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Fermat's Last Theorem|last=Singh|first=Simon|publisher=Fourth Estate Ltd|year=2002|isbn=978-1-84115-791-7}}

== Panluwas na takod ==
{{Commons category|Pierre de Fermat}}
* [http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/05/fermats-achievements.html Fermat's Achievements]
* [http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath195/kmath195.htm Fermat's Fallibility] sa MathPages
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161113124837/http://emlo-portal.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/collections/?catalogue=pierre-de-fermat The Correspondence of Pierre de Fermat] in [http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ EMLO]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617221136/http://ns33717.ovh.net/spokus/default/EN/all/tpe_felix/ History of Fermat's Last Theorem (French)]
* An [https://web.archive.org/web/20110111162140/http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Fermat/RouseBall/RB_Fermat.html Life and times of Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665)] gikan sa ''History of Mathematics'' ni W. W. Rouse Ball's
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  <page>
    <title>Trapesoyd</title>
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Sa Euclideyanong [[heometriya]], an '''trapesoyd''' iyo sarong konbeksong [[kwadrilatero]] na igwang dae mababa sa sarong pares nin paralelong gilid. Sa tataramong Ingles, inaapod ini bilang '''trapezium''' ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ə|ˈ|p|iː|z|i|ə|m}}) sa luwas kan Norteng Amerika, pero bilang '''trapezoid'''&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mathopenref.com/trapezoid.html Mathopenref definition&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. D. Gardiner &amp; C. J. Bradley, ''Plane Euclidean Geometry: Theory and Problems'', UKMT, 2005, p. 34.&lt;/ref&gt; ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɹ|æ|p|ə|z|ɔɪ|d}}) sa Amerikano asin Kanadyong Ingles. 

An paralelong mga gilid iyo inaapod bilang ''bases'' kan trapesoyd asin an ibang duwang gilid iyo inaapod na ''legs'' o an lateral na mga gilid (kun bako sindang paralelo; luwas kaini igwa nin duwang pares nin mga base). An ''scalene trapezoid'' iyo sarong trapesoyd na mayo nin mga gilid na igwang magkaparehas nin sukol.&lt;ref&gt;
[http://www.basic-mathematics.com/types-of-quadrilaterals.html Types of quadrilaterals]
&lt;/ref&gt;

==Panluwas na takod==
* [https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Trapezium ''Trapezium''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012150723/https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Trapezium |date=2017-10-12 }} sa Encyclopedia of Mathematics.
* {{MathWorld |title=Right trapezoid |urlname=RightTrapezoid}}
* [http://www.mathopenref.com/trapezoid.html Trapezoid definition] &amp;nbsp; [http://www.mathopenref.com/trapezoidarea.html Area of a trapezoid] &amp;nbsp; [http://www.mathopenref.com/trapezoidmedian.html Median of a trapezoid] Igwa nin mga inter-aktibong animasyon
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081028170327/http://www.elsy.at/kurse/index.php?kurs=Trapezoid+%28North+America%29&amp;status=public Trapezoid (North America)] at elsy.at: Animated course (construction, circumference, area)
* [http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/topics/trapezoidal_rule.html Trapezoidal Rule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203200941/http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/topics/trapezoidal_rule.html |date=2009-02-03 }} sa ''Numerical Methods for Stem Undergraduate''
* Autar Kaw and E. Eric Kalu, ''[http://www.autarkaw.com/books/numericalmethods/index.html Numerical Methods with Applications]'', (2008)

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
{{matematika-tamboan}}
[[Kategorya:Mga kwadrilatero]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tataramon na Bai</title>
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      <text bytes="18671" sha1="rms2mwcinozvvviabsr02bp8zhc988c" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|tataramon na Sino-Tibetano kan Yunnan, Kahabagatan-sulnopan na Tsina}}
{{Distinguish|Tataramon na Bai (Habagatan na Sudan)|Tataramon na Enets}}
{{Infobox tataramon
| name             = Bai
| nativename       = Baip‧ngvp‧zix
| altname          = {{lang|zh-hans|白语}}, ''Báiyǔ''
| states           = [[Yunnan]], [[People's Republic of China|Tsina]]
| region           = 
| ethnicity        = [[Bainon|Bai]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|1.27|2}} million
| date             = 2003
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Sino-Tibetano
| fam2             = [[Mga tataramon na Sinitiko|Sinitiko]]?{{sfn|Ramsey|1987|p=290}}
| fam3             = [[Mas pinadakula na mga tataramon na Bai|Mas pinadakula na Bai]]?
| dia1             = Jianchuan-Dali
| dia2             = Panyi–[[tataramon na Lama (Burma)|Lama]]
| lc1              = bca
| ld1              = Katahawan na Bai, diyalektong Jianchuan m
| lc2              = bfs
| ld2              = Kahabagatan na Bai, diyalektong [[Dali, probinsya nin Yunnan|Dali]]
| lc3              = bfc
| ld3              = Panyi Bai
| lc4              = lay
| ld4              = [[Tataramon na Lama (Bai)|Lama Bai]]
| iso6             = bicr
| glotto           = baic1239
| glottorefname    = Baic
}}
An '''tataramon na Bai''' (Bai: {{lang|bca|Baip‧ngvp‧zix}}; {{zh|s=白语|t=白語|p=Báiyǔ}}) sarong tataramon na ipigtataram sa [[Tsina]], panginot sa [[Yunnan|Probinsya nin Yunnan]], kan mga [[Mga tawong Bai|Bai]]. An tataramon igwa nin lagpas sa sarong milyong parataram asin nababanga sa tolo o apat na panginot na [[diyalekto]]. Parating bukas an mga pantig kan Bai, na igwang kadakol na linyada nin mga [[patanog]] asin walong [[tono (linggwistika)|tono]].

An pinaghalian kan ng Bai, natakupan kan masinsinang impluwensyang Intsik sa halabang panahon. Isinuhesyon kan manlainlain na iskolar na ini sarong amay na tangkay o tugang na tataramon kan [[Mga barayti kan Intsik|Intsik]] na parte kan [[Mga tataramon na Loloi|angkay nin Loloish]] o sarong suway na tataramon sa irarom kan [[Mga tataramon na Sino-Tibetano|pamilya nin Sino-Tibetano]].

==Mga barayti==
{{location map+|Yunnan|caption=Mga survey site ni Wang sa [[Yunnan]], asin sa syudad nin [[Dali City|Dali]]|width=400|float=right|places=
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=27.034|lon_deg=99.145|position=left|label_size=75|mark=Blue pog.svg|label=Tuoluo}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.873|lon_deg=99.348|position=right|label_size=75|mark=Blue pog.svg|label=Gongxing}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.474|lon_deg=99.128|position=right|label_size=75|mark=Blue pog.svg|label=Enqi}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.489|lon_deg=98.867|position=left|label_size=75|mark=Blue pog.svg|label=Ega}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.415|lon_deg=99.137|position=bottom|label_size=75|mark=Blue pog.svg|label=Jinman}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.517|lon_deg=99.922|position=right|label_size=75|mark=Red pog.svg|label=Jinxing}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=25.896|lon_deg=100.09|position=right|label_size=75|mark=Red pog.svg|label=Zhoucheng}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.313|lon_deg=100.227|position=right|label_size=75|mark=Red pog.svg|label=Dashi}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=24.168|lon_deg=104.204|position=bottom|label_size=75|mark=Red pog.svg|label=Mazhelong}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=25.6|lon_deg=100.26|position=bottom|label_size=100|mark=Point carte.svg|label=Dali}}
}}
Binanga ninda Xu asin Zhao (1984) an Bai sa tolong diyalekto, na pwedeng aktwal na magkakalain na mga tataramon: [[Jianchuan County|Jianchuan]] (Sentral), [[Syudad nin Dali|Dali]] (Kahabagatan) asin Bijiang (Kaamihanan).{{sfn|Wang|2006|p=115}} Niribayan nin pangaran an Bijiang County bilang [[Lushui|Lushui County]].{{sfn|Allen|2007|p=6}} Haraning magkamag-anak an Jianchuan asin Dali asin ipigbareta an mga nagtataram na magkakasinabutan sa lambang saro pagkatapos kan pag-iiribahan sa laog kan sarong bulan.

An urog na magkakalain na mga diyalekto sa Amihanan, ipigtataram nin dai masobra sa 15,000 Laemae (''{{IPA|lɛ21 mɛ21}}'', Lemei, Lama), sarong angkan na may bilang na 50,000 katawo na bahagyang nalubog sa laog kan [[Mga tawong Lisu|Lisu]]{{sfn|Bradley|2007|pp=363, 393–394}} Ipigtataram an mga ini sa ngunyan bilang duwang tataramon kan [[ISO 639-3]]:
* Panyi, pigtataram kan mga tawo na inaapod na ''Lemo'' ({{lang|zh-hans|勒墨}}) sa Salog Nu (sa itaas kan [[Salog Salween|Salween]]) sa Lushui County.{{sfn|Wang|2006|p=31}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Change Request Documentation: 2013-006 | given = Eric | surname = Johnson | publisher = ISO 639-3 Registration Authority | year = 2013 | url = https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2013-006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Tataramon na Lama (Bai)|Lama]], ipinagtataram kan mga tawong inaapod na ''Lama'' ({{lang|zh-hans|拉玛}}) sa Salog Lancang (sa itaas kan [[Mekong]]) sa [[Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County|Lanping County]] asin [[Weixi Lisu Autonomous County|Weixi County]].{{sfn|Wang|2006|p=31}}&lt;ref name=&quot;change request&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Change Request Documentation: 2013-007 | given = Eric | surname = Johnson | publisher = ISO 639-3 Registration Authority | year = 2013 | url = https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2013-007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Sagkod sa ika-16 na edisyon kan ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (2009), an kodigong ISO 639-3 &lt;code&gt;lay&lt;/code&gt; iyo an itinalaga sa &quot;Lama (Myanmar)&quot;, na nakalista sa index kan mga tataramon ni [[Charles F. Voegelin|C. F. Voegelin]] asin [[Florence M. Voegelin|F. M. Voegelin]] (1977) bilang sarong tataramon na [[Nungish]] kan Myanmar. Kadtong 2013 an reperensiya na pangaran para sa kodigo, niribayan nin &quot;Bai, Lama&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;change request&quot;/&gt;}}

Nagtao si Wang Feng (2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang2012&quot;&gt;Wang Feng [汪锋]. (2012). ''Language Contact and Language Comparison: The Case of Bai'' [语言接触与语言比较:以白语为例 ]. Beijing: Commercial Press [商务印书馆]. 92–94&lt;/ref&gt; nin mga minasunod na mga pagtitipo para sa siyam na mga diyalekto:

;Bai 
*Kasulnopan
**Gongxing ({{lang|zh-hans|共兴}}), [[Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County|Lanping County]]
**('' panginot na sangay'')
***Enqi ({{lang|zh-hans|恩棋}}), [[Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County|Lanping County]]; Jinman (金满), [[Lushui|Lushui County]]
***Tuoluo ({{lang|zh-hans|妥洛}}), [[Weixi Lisu Autonomous County|Weixi County]]
***Ega ({{lang|zh-hans|俄嘎}}), [[Lushui|Lushui County]]
*Kasubangan
**Mazhelong ({{lang|zh-hans|马者龙}}), [[Qiubei County]]
**(''panginot na sangay'')
***Jinxing ({{lang|zh-hans|金星}}), [[Jianchuan County]]
***Dashi ({{lang|zh-hans|大石}}), [[Heqing County]]
***Zhoucheng ({{lang|zh-hans|周城}}), [[Syudad nin Dali]]

Pigdokumento man ni Wang (2012)&lt;ref&gt;Wang Feng [王锋]. 2012. A study of the Bai language of Shalang [昆明西山沙朗白语研究]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press p中国社会科学出版社].&lt;/ref&gt; an sarong diyalektong Bai sa Xicun, Dacun Village, Shalang Township, Syudad nin [[Kunming]] (昆明市沙朗乡大村西村).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=45388 |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2016-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010042216/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=45388 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Iskriturang Bowen===
[[File:The_Shanhua_Tablet.jpg|thumb|Tabletang Shanhua (山花碑), na nakasurat sa iskriturang Bowen.]]
Iskriturang Bowen ({{Lang-zh|c=僰文|p=bówén}}), na midbid man sa Iskriturang Kwadradong Square Bai ({{Lang-zh|c=方块白文}}), Iskriturang [[Hanzi]] Bai ({{Lang-zh|s=汉字白文|t=漢字白文}}), Iskriturang estilong Hanzi na Bai ({{Lang-zh|s=汉字型白文|t=漢字型白文}}), o Suanoy na Iskriturang Bai ({{Lang-zh|c=古白文}}), sarong [[iskriturang logograpiko]] na kaidto piggagamit kan [[mga tawong Bai]], pigangkop gikan sa [[Hanzi]] tanganing magsakto sa tataramon na Bai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://iea.cass.cn/mzwz/02.htm|title=方块白文简介及字符集|access-date=2008-11-18&lt;!--|date=2003-09--&gt;|publisher=中国少数民族文字数据库|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.is/20060524064600/http://iea.cass.cn/mzwz/02.htm|archive-date=2006-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Piggagamit an iskritura na iin kan panahon nin [[Nanzhao]] sagkod sa kapinunan kan [[Dinastiyang Ming]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=赵衍荪 |date=1987 |title=白文(中国民族古文字) |url=http://103.247.176.245/iea/acaddetail-5560.htm |journal=中国民族古文字 |language=zh }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An Shanhua tablet (山花碑), gikan [[Dali Town]] sa [[Yunnan]], naglalaog nin mga rawit dawit na nakasurat gamit an tekstong Bowen text hali sa [[Dinastiyang Ming]] kan pararawit na Bai na si Yang fu (杨黼),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=徐琳 |author2=赵衍荪 |date=1980 |title=白文《山花碑》释读 |url=https://www.ixueshu.com/document/cf576742b2e4e935affa268083b8c420318947a18e7f9386.html |journal=民族语文 |issue=3 |pages=50–57 |language=zh |access-date=2021-11-12 |archivedate=2021-11-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112065248/https://www.ixueshu.com/document/cf576742b2e4e935affa268083b8c420318947a18e7f9386.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;  《詞記山花·詠蒼洱境》.&lt;Ref name=&quot;杨政业&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal|title=论&quot;白（僰）文&quot;的形态演化及其使用范围|author=杨政业|date=April 1997|url=http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD1997-DLSZ199704016.htm|publisher=大理学院学报（社会科学版）|access-date=2008-11-18|language=zh|archivedate=2019-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606133927/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD1997-DLSZ199704016.htm}}
&lt;/Ref&gt;

==Mga halimbawa==
Nge, no - Ako&lt;br&gt;
Ne, no - Ika

Cai ho - Pulang manok&lt;br&gt;
Gei bo - Tandang &lt;br&gt;
A de gei bo - sarong Tandang

Ne mian e ain hain? - Anong pangaran mo?&lt;br&gt;
Ngo mian e A Lu Gai. - An pangaran ko iyo si A Lu Gai.&lt;br&gt;
Ngo ze ne san se yin a biu. - dai taka bistado.

Ngo ye can. - Nagkakakan ako.&lt;br&gt;
Ne can ye la ma? - Nagkakan kana?&lt;br&gt;
Ne ze a ma yin? - Siisay ka?&lt;br&gt;
Ne ze nge mo a bio. - Bako ika an sakong ina&lt;br&gt;
Ngo zei pi ne gan. - Mas halangkaw ako saimo.&lt;br&gt;
Ne nge no hha si bei. - Dai mo ako papabuhian.

==Mga tala==
{{notelist}}

==Mga gunuan==
{{Reflist}}

'''Pigsambit na mga gibo'''
{{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* {{cite report | surname = Allen | given = Bryan | title = Bai Dialect Survey | series = SIL Electronic Survey Report | volume = 2007-012 | publisher = SIL International | year = 2007 | url = http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2007/silesr2007-012.pdf | access-date = 2015-01-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329055220/http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2007/silesr2007-012.pdf | archive-date = 2017-03-29 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite book | surname = Bradley | given = David | author-link = David Bradley (linguist) | chapter = East and Southeast Asia | pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700711970/page/349 349]–422 | title = Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700711970 | editor-surname = Moseley | editor-given = Christopher | publisher = Routledge | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1197-0 }}
* {{cite web | surname = Gong | given = Xun | title = How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái under the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction | work = Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology Workshop | publisher = SOAS | location = London | year = 2015 | url = https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/asia-beyond-boundaries/file125224.pdf | access-date = 2021-11-12 | archive-date = 2021-03-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212734/https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/asia-beyond-boundaries/file125224.pdf | dead-url = yes }}
* {{cite conference | surname1 = Lee | given1 = Yeon-ju | surname2 = Sagart | given2 = Laurent | year = 1998 | chapter = The strata of Bai | title = 31st ICSTLL | location = University of Lund, Sweden | chapter-url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00250200v1 }}
* {{cite journal | surname1 = Lee | given1 = Yeon-Ju | author1-mask = 3 | surname2 = Sagart | given2 = Laurent | author2-mask = 3 | title = No limits to borrowing: The case of Bai and Chinese | journal = Diachronica | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | year = 2008 | pages = 357–385 | doi = 10.1075/dia.25.3.03yeo | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00781005 }}
* {{cite conference | surname = List | given = Johann-Mattis | year = 2009 | url = http://lingulist.de/documents/mickeln_basic_vocabulary_handout.pdf | title = How Basic is Basic Vocabulary? The Problematic Case of Bai | conference = Evolution and Classification in Biology, Linguistics and the History of Science, Heinrich Heine University, June 11–12, 2009 }}
* {{cite conference | surname = Matisoff | given = James A. | year = 2001 | chapter = On the genetic position of Bai within Tibeto-Burman | chapter-url = http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/JAM/Bai.pdf | title = 34th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan languages and linguistics | publisher = Yunnan minzu xueyuan }}
* {{cite book | surname = Norman | given = Jerry | author-link = Jerry Norman (sinologist) | chapter = The Chinese dialects: phonology | pages = 72–83 | editor-given1 = Graham | editor-surname1 = Thurgood | editor-link1 = Graham Thurgood | editor-given2 = Randy J. | editor-surname2 = LaPolla | editor-link2 = Randy LaPolla | title = The Sino-Tibetan languages | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1 }}
* {{cite book | given = S. Robert | surname = Ramsey | title = The Languages of China | year = 1987 | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-01468-5 }}
* {{cite journal | given = Sergej | surname = Starostin | author-link = Sergei Starostin | title = The historical position of Bai | url = http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/bai.pdf | journal = Moskovskij Lingvisticheskij Zhurnal | year = 1995 | volume = 1 | pages = 174–190 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718200752/http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/bai.pdf | archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}
* {{cite book | surname = Wang | given = Feng | chapter = Language policy for Bai | pages = 278–287 | title = Language policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and practice since 1949 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-1-4020-8039-5 | editor-surname = Zhou | editor-given = Minglang | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-4020-8038-8 }}
* {{cite journal | surname = Wang | given = Feng | author-mask = 3 | title = On the genetic position of the Bai language | journal =  Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale | year = 2005 | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 101–127 | doi = 10.3406/clao.2005.1728 }}
* {{cite book | surname = Wang | given = Feng | author-mask = 3 | title = Comparison of languages in contact: the distillation method and the case of Bai | series = Language and Linguistics Monograph Series B: Frontiers in Linguistics III | location = Taipei | publisher = Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-986-00-5228-2 | url = http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/LL/en/monographs.Contect/Comparison_of_Languages_in_Contact__The_Distillation_Method_and_the_Case_of_Bai | access-date = 2021-11-12 | archive-date = 2021-07-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210730132726/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/LL/en/monographs.Contect/Comparison_of_Languages_in_Contact__The_Distillation_Method_and_the_Case_of_Bai | dead-url = yes }}
* {{cite thesis | surname = Wiersma | given = Grace Claire | title = A study of the Bai (Minjia) language along historical lines | type = PhD thesis | publisher = University of California at Berkeley | year = 1990 | oclc = 31052150 }}
* {{cite book | surname = Wiersma | given = Grace | author-mask = 3 | chapter = Yunnan Bai | pages = 651–673 | editor-given1 = Graham | editor-surname1 = Thurgood | editor-link1 = Graham Thurgood | editor-given2 = Randy J. | editor-surname2 = LaPolla | editor-link2 = Randy LaPolla | title = The Sino-Tibetan languages | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1 }}
* {{cite book | title = Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages 1949–2002 | given = Minglang | surname = Zhou | publisher = de Gruyter | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-3-11-092459-6 }}
{{refend}}

==Mababasa pa lalo==
* Allen, Bryan and Zhang Xia. 2004. ''Bai Dialect Survey''. Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House. {{ISBN|7-5367-2967-7}}. [https://cldf.clld.org CLDF] Dataset at [https://zenodo.org Zenodo]: {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.3534931}}.
* {{cite journal | surname1 = Edmondson | given1 = Jerold A. | surname2 = Li | given2 = Shaoni | title = Voice quality and voice quality change in the Bai language of Yunnan Province | journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 49–68 | url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson1994voice.pdf | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083813/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson1994voice.pdf | archivedate = 2016-03-04 | access-date = 2021-11-12 }}
*Wāng, Fēng. 2013. Báiyǔ yǔ báizú de liúbiàn: Duōjiǎodù jiéhé de shìyě 白語與白族的流變：多角度結合的視野. In Fēng Shí and Gāng Péng, editors, Dàjiāng Dōngqù: Wāng Shìyuán Jiàoshòu Bāshísuì Hèshòu Wénjí. 大江東去：王士元教授八十歲賀壽文集. City University of Hong Kong Press.
*Xú, Lín and Yǎnsūn Zhào. 1984. Báiyǔ Jiǎnzhì 白语简志. Mínzú Chūbǎnshè.
*Yuán, Míngjūn. 2006. Hànbáiyǔ diàochá yánjiū 汉白语调查研究. Zhōngguó Wénshǐ Chūbǎnshè.
*Zhào, Yǎnsūn and Lín Xú. 1996. Bái-Hàn Cídiǎn 白汉词典. Sìchuān Mínzú Chūbǎnshè.
*Dali Prefecture Bai Cultural Studies Editorical Committee [大理白族自治洲白族文化研究所编]. 2008.'' Dali series: Bai language, vol. 3: Vocabulary of the dialects of the Bai people'' [大理丛书·白语篇 卷3 白族方言词汇]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南民族出版社]. {{ISBN|9787536738799}} [Contains word lists of 33 Bai language datapoints.]

==Mga panluwas na takod==
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&amp;morpho=0&amp;basename=new100\stb\bai&amp;limit=-1 Bai basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]

{{Mga tataramon kan Tsina}}
{{Mga sanga kan Sino-Tibetano}}

{{authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na Sino-Tibetano]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na Tonal]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Yunnan]]</text>
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    <title>The Abbot Constantine (pelikula kan 1933)</title>
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{{Infobox film
| name = The Abbot Constantine 
| image = The Abbot Constantine (1933 film).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| director = [[Jean-Paul Paulin]]
| producer =  
| writer = {{ubl|[[Ludovic Halévy]] (novel)|[[Charles Spaak]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Léon Belières]]|[[Françoise Rosay]]|[[Claude Dauphin (actor)|Claude Dauphin]]|[[Betty Stockfeld]]}}
| music = [[Michel Michelet]]  
| cinematography = [[Léonce-Henri Burel]]  
| editing = [[Marguerite Beaugé]]
| studio = {{ubl|Aster-Film|Films P.A.P.}}
| distributor = 
| released = 20 October 1933 
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = France
| language = French 
| budget =
| gross =
}}
An '''''The Abbot Constantine''''' (Pranses: '''''L'abbé Constantin''''') sarong 1933 na komedyang pelikulang Pransess pigdirihe ni [[Jean-Paul Paulin]] asin an mga nagbida igdi iyo sinda [[Léon Belières]], [[Françoise Rosay]] asin [[Claude Dauphin (aktor)|Claude Dauphin]]. Ini pigbase sa nobelang ''[[The Abbot Constantine (novel)|The Abbot Constantine]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3957/3957-h/3957-h.htm|title=The Abbe Constantin, by Ludovic Halevy|website=www.gutenberg.org|access-date=30 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[Ludovic Halévy]]. An nobela dati nang ginibong pelikulang daing-girong kan 1925, na may parehong pangaran.&lt;ref&gt;Goble p.661&lt;/ref&gt;

==Cast==
* [[Léon Belières]] bilang L'abbé Constantin  
* [[Françoise Rosay]] bilang La comtesse de Laverdens  
* [[Claude Dauphin (aktor)|Claude Dauphin]] bilang Paul de Laverdens  
* [[Betty Stockfeld]] bilang  Mrs. Scott  
* [[Jean Martinelli]] bilang Jean Reynaud  
* [[Josseline Gaël]] bilang Bettina Perceval  
* [[Pauline Carton]] bilang Pauline  
* [[Robert Moor]] bilang Comte de Larnac  
* [[Anthony Gildès]] bilang Le créancier 
* [[Marcel Barnault]] 
* [[George André Martin]]

== Toltolan ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliograpiya==
* Goble, Alan. ''The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film''. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

== Mga panluwas na takod ==
* {{IMDb title|0142065}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20211208064846/http://cinema.encyclopedie.films.bifi.fr/index.php?pk=52311 ''L'Abbé Constantin''] on [[Ciné-Ressources]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbot Constantine (1933 film), The}}
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[[Kategorya:Mga pelikulang pigdirihe ni Jean-Paul Paulin]]

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      <text bytes="30943" sha1="pmld2fh9ez3ikx9ybvslf0th2c1c84s" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Transformers character}}{{For|the comic book series featuring the character|Optimus Prime (comics)}}{{For|the Tesla prototype|Optimus (robot)}}{{multiple issues|{{In-universe|date=December 2021}}
{{overly detailed|date=March 2025}}
{{original research|date=April 2025}}}} {{Infobox character|image=optimusprime-originaltoy.jpg|alt=|caption=Optimus Prime box art showing his original G1 toy design|voice={{collapsible list|title=English|
 |[[Peter Cullen]] (''[[The Transformers (TV series)|The Transformers]]'', ''[[Rise of the Dark Spark]]'', ''[[Transformers: Devastation]]'', ''[[Transformers: Prime]]'', ''[[Transformers: Rescue Bots]]'', ''[[Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015 TV series)]]'', ''[[Transformers: Titans Return]]'')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Peter Cullen Interview |url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/795/795203p1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311104725/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/795/795203p1.html |archive-date=2012-03-11 |access-date=2010-10-12 |work=IGN |accessdate=2025-07-14 |archivedate=2012-03-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311104725/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/795/795203p1.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Ron Hayden (20th Anniversary toy sound base, ''Universe'' Flash cartoon)
 |  [[Neil Kaplan]] (''[[Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2001 TV series)]]'')
 |  [[Garry Chalk]] (Unicron Trilogy)
 |  [[Robert Belgrade]] (''[[Transformers (2003 video game)]]'')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Narration – Belgrade Music |url=https://www.belgrademusic.com/narration/ |access-date=2019-07-11 |website=belgrademusic.com |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224220325/https://www.belgrademusic.com/narration/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |  [[David Kaye (voice actor)|David Kaye]] (''[[Transformers: Animated]]'')
 |  [[Jon Bailey]] (''[[Transformers: Combiner Wars]]'', Transformers: Tactical Arena, Transformers: Beyond Reality)
 |  [[Alan Tudyk]] (''[[Transformers: EarthSpark]]'')
 |  Jake Foushee (''[[Transformers: Cyberverse]]'', ''[[Transformers: Rescue Bots Academy]]'', ''[[Transformers: War for Cybertron Trilogy]]'', ''Transformers: Battlegrounds'')
|   [[Chris Hemsworth]] (''[[Transformers One]]'')}}
{{collapsible list|title=Japanese| [[Tesshō Genda]]
 | [[Satoshi Hashimoto]]
 | [[Toru Ohkawa]]
 | [[Katsuyuki Konishi]]
 | [[Taiten Kusunoki]]
 | [[Hiroki Takahashi]]
 | [[Toshiyuki Morikawa]]
 | [[Yuichi Nakamura (voice actor)|Yuichi Nakamura]]}}|affiliation=[[Autobot]]/Maximal|lbl21=Japanese name|data21=Convoy|lbl22=Sub-group|data22=Action Masters, Autorollers, Combat Heroes, Deluxe Vehicles, Go-Bots, Masterpiece, Primes, Powermasters, Voyagers|lbl23=Function|data23=Autobot Leader, Supreme Commander, Chief Commander|lbl24=Rank|data24=10|lbl31=Partner|data31=Roller, Hi-Q|lbl32=Motto|data32={{ubl|&quot;Freedom is the right of all sentient beings.&quot; (Generation 1)|&quot;No sacrifice is too great in the service of freedom.&quot; (Classics)}}|lbl33=Alternate modes|data33=Freightliner Cab-over-engine [[truck classification|Class 8]] [[truck]], Cybertronian truck, COBRA Sentry &amp; Missile System tank, 1920s style truck, [[Peterbilt]] Truck, Mid-90s Peterbilt 4964EX Tanker Truck, [[Lamborghini Diablo]], Dump truck, [[Dodge Ram SRT-10]], [[Nissan GT-R]], Bat}}[[Ladawan:Optimus Prime.jpg|thumb|'''Optimus Prime''']]
Si '''Optimus Prime''', na midbid sa [[Hapon]] bilang '''Convoy''' (コンボイ, ''Konboi''), sarong imbentong karakter na minukna kan mga Transformers franchise. Optimus Prime. midbid sa Hapon as. Convoy. Siya sarong Cybertroniano, sarong fictional extraterrestrial na species nin nagpadarang mga sadiring-tawo na nagmomostra nin mga robotikong mga buhay (e.g.:  ) Mga kotse asin iba pang bagay), sarong signipikanteng kombinasyon nin biolohikal na ebolusyon asin teknolohikong inhenyeriya. Sa haros gabos na bersion kan mga osipon, si Optimus iyo an namomoon sa mga Autobot, sarong grupo nin mga Transformer na karibal kan mga Decepticon, saro pang grupo. Autobots. Decepticons Pigtatawan siyang kahulugan kan saiyang makusog na moral na karakter asin haros pirmi siyang ilinaladawan bilang an panginot na heroe kan istorya, na kinokontra an maraot na lider kan Decepticon na si Megatron. mo. Megatrron.

Sa kasaysayan kan Transformers franchise, si Optimus ilinadawan nin laen - laen na aktor, arog ni Peter Cullin, Garry Chalk, Neil Kapillan, David Kaye asin Jake Tillman. Peter Cullin. Garry Chalak. Neil Kapplan. Siya konsideradong ladawan kan popular na kultura asin natampok sa dai mabilang na porma nin media.
[[Kategorya:Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields|5Optimus Prime]]
== An buhay na biograpiya sa karakter ==
[[File:Reagan-transformers.jpg|too|thumb|Si Optimus Prime nabisto si Ronald Reagan sa Transformers Marvel UK komiks. Ronald Reagan. Transformers]]

=== Kapag - arakian 1 ===
An orihinal na espesye kan Generation 1 Optimus Prime pig-eestima na si Optimus Prime binibilog nin tulong elemento: An Humanoid &quot;Brain Center&quot; (na minaliwat sa truck cab), an &quot;Combat Deck&quot; (na minaliwat sa aircraft trailer) asin an &quot;Scut Car,&quot; sarong daing-boses na anom-na-waheleng buggy na an apod Roller, na pwedeng magsakay sa laog kan trailer sa trak. An gabos na tolong elemento puedeng magpunsionar nin independiente, alagad an danyos sa saro namamatean kan duwa pa. Minsan siring, sa kadaklan na kabtang kan eroestorya, an gubing na gibo sa tawo sa katunayan iyo an Optimus Prime, na an duwa pang elemento tinatratar na madali sanang mawara an eksena kun an Optimus Primer mga pagbabago sa trak maghabon.

=== ''Transformers: Robots in Disguise'' ===
 
[[Kategorya:Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields|5Optimus Prime]]
Optimus Prime iyo an final protagonist kan mga Transformer: Si Robots in Disguise (Fire Convoy sa orihinal na bersyon nin Hapon) sanga kan unibersong Transformers. Transformers: Transformers. Robots in Disguise. Fire Convoy. Transformers uniberso&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=TRANSFORMERS ROBOTS IN DISGUISE Returns! Hasbro Launches Product Line Based on Original '80s Theme; Fox Kids Series to Debut September 8th|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Sept_5/ai_77846707/|accessdate=2022-03-03|archivedate=2005-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510043139/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Sept_5/ai_77846707}}&lt;/ref&gt; Base sa karakter kan parehong pangaran, si Primer naman an nangenot sa mga Autobot laban sa mga Decticon. An saiyang boses na aktor, si Neil Kaplan, naggigibo kan saiyang boses sa sarong estilo na nagpapagirumdom kan boses ni Peter Cullin, an boses kan orihinal na Optimus Prime. Neil Kapplan. Peter Cullin An Walang Magasin namuno sa Fire Convoy bilang saro sa 12 pinakamaribok na mga ideyang Transformers sa gabos na panahon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Less Than Meets the Eye: The 12 Most Ridiculous Transformers of All Time|url=https://www.wired.com/geekdad/2008/08/less-than-meets/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826044555/http://www.wired.com/geekdad/2008/08/less-than-meets/|archivedate=2010-08-26|accessdate=2022-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nakatago sa Daga bilang ordinaryo, pan - aroaldaw na mga behikulo, an mga Autobot napiritan na lumuwas kun mag - abot na an Megatron asin an saiyang mga Presidon asin humiro nin grabe sa saindang mga pagprobar na maabot an kapangyarihan kan manlaenlaen na gikanan nin enerhiya kan Daga. Sa unibersong ini, an Primerong Optimus ginigibong makina sa kalayo. Ini man an pinakaenot na nacion nin Optimus Prime na ginibong Fire Engine. 

=== Tampok na mga Kabtang sa Barko ===
 
[[Kategorya:Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields|5Optimus Prime]]
Si Optimus Prime nagluwas sa Transformers Anied series kan 2008 bilang sarong pulang trak nin semi-trailer, na kayang iangay sa dakol na &quot;trailer&quot; na relasyon, nangorogna saro na epektibong minagibo sa saiya na trak sa kalayo. Transformers Animed. semi-trailer boarder Bakong arog kan ibang mga Primera hayop na Optimus, an sarong ini mas hoben na gayo.

May kakayahan si Optimus na baguhon an arin man na parte kan saiyang malagong hawak na magin kasangkapan o gadget. tool. Igwa siyang mga kinamumugtakan na mga linya sa saiyang mga patos. An saiyang mga ulod puede man na makadakop nin mga buskay. boslas Kaiba sa saiyang arsenal an pagkaigwa nin gripler, pagparong nin kalayo asin negatibong dai pagkakaoyon. Bakong arog sa gabos na nakaaging serye, an saiyang lalawgon haros pirming mahihiling, nin huli ta an saiyang nguso reremedyo arog kan sa 2007 na buhay-liwat na pelikula.

An anggot na si Optimus Prime, sa sarong motor na kalayo sa Daga, minalataw bilang sarong bantog na karakter sa dramang Transformers Netjet kan Hasbro. Transformers Imbes na siya an lider kan mga Autobot, si Primer talagang sarong hadoyan hale sa Bantay Elita. Apesar bako na siyang myembro, pinamantener niya an ranggo niya sa militar na &quot;Prime.&quot; An tsart sa timbangan na ilinuwas para sa serye nagpaparisa na si Optimus Prime nagtitindog na mga 22 metros an langkaw.

Sa anóm na serye, si Optimus Prime orihinal sa Autobot Academy asin mga katood kaiba si Sentinel Prime asin Elita One. Kan an Elita mawara sa sarong planeta na dominado nin sarong higanteng mga dayong arog - lawa, binasol nia an saiyang sadiri huli sa pagbaya sa saiya, kun saen sia nagadan daa sa pagputok nin naraot na Decepticon warship na kargado ni Emergon. spider. Dai siya pinatawad ni Sentinel sa pagkawara kaini asin lubos na responsibilidad ni Optimus sa pagkagadan ni Elita. Ini an nagkawsa ki Optimus Prime na makahubo' sa Autobot Academy. Minsan siring, binubuo ni Ultra Magno an nagkapirang bagay tanganing an Optimus Prime magin kapitan nin sarong pambihirang Tulay nin Space rehicted crew na kinomponer nin sarong vet na an ngaran Ratchet, sarong nagdulag nang kadeta na an ngaran Bumblebee, asin an saiyang kapwa kadet Bulkhead. Bumblebee. Si Optimus iyo an nagtaong pagboot sa kabitoonan na iyo an sasakyan mode kan Omega Supremo. Omega Supremo.

Si Optimus Prime nagluwas sa mga karakter sa Re-Unification, an 2010 TFCon ▁voice aktor play prelude komedya. Re-Unificationification.

=== ''Marigon na Padagos na Pagpadagos'' ===
 
[[Kategorya:Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields|5Optimus Prime]]
Si Optimus Prime iyo an lider kan mayor na grupo nin mga Autobot sa ispeling kan Transformers franchise na pangenot na pigmarkahan kan 2010 computer-animed series na Transformers: Prime in The Hub. Transformers: Prime.  Si Optimus Prime pigmukna bilang huri kan Thite Primes, an inot na henerasyon nin Transformers, na an lambang saro direktang minukna ni Primus bilang sarong banda nin napapalaen na mga parapakilaban tanganing malabanan asin madaog an Unicron. Kan sia lalangon, pinagsaro ni Optimus an Toiren paagi kan saiyang pataratara na saro sana an gabos. Minsan ngani an gabos na iba pang miembro kan Torene igwa nin pambihirang mga abilidad asin gibo nin tawo, si Optimus dai naggamit nin espesyal na mga kapangyarihan o armas. An saiyang bisyon asin kosog nin boot sana an nagtogot na sa katapustapusi madaog kan Thorne si Unicron. Pinangaki sa paagi kan Bantog sa Gabos na Sparks, si Orion Pax nagin Optimus Prime, sarong beteranong komandante militar asin ikaduwa sa pagbuot na nagkapot nin son blaster asin may dobleng bilang nin Enerogon na patok. Siya an nagin lider kan Autobots matapos si Sentinel Zeta Prime nahulog sa ralaban, alagad bakong segurado na gusto niya an responsibilidad.

Sa mga Paratradusir: An sunod - sunod na serye, puede siang magbilog nin mga armas na may tarom o putok hale sa saiyang kamot. Transformers: Primer Igwa siyang bisyon sa telescopiko asin ginigibong halabang syudad na semi-trailer. Bago an Dakulang Guerra, si Optimus Prime orihinal na inapod na Orion Pax; sarong hoben na klerk na dae nagtatrabaho sa Iacon, sa irarom kan pakpak ni Alpha Trion. Si Orion pinagpili kan Halangkaw na Konseho asin nagin &quot;Optimus Prime,&quot; kan siya pinagkatiwalaan kan Matrix of Lidership ni Primus mismo. 

=== Mga aktor sa Tingog ===
An Optimus Prime pangenot na tinatawan nin boses ni Peter Cullen sa kadaklan kan saiyang mga nacion, na iyo an nagpataram saiya sa orihinal na serye. Sunod sa produksyon kan 2007 na pelikula, si Cullen nagganap kan saiyang papel para sa mga sequel asin tagasuportang media asin maboses pa ngani si Optimus sa mga huring serye arog kan Transformers: Prime. Transformers: Primer Si Optimus naboses kan magkapira pang mga aktor sa boses sa ibang serye arog kan Neil Kaplan, Garry Chalk, asin David Kaye sa seryeng Transformers: Si Robots sa Disguise, an Unicron Trilogy, asin Transformers Animed.Garry Chalk. David Kaye. Transformers:  Robots in Disguise. Unicron Trilogy. Transformers Animed

== Comics ==

=== Marvel Comics ===
Kaidtong apat na milyon na taon na an nakaagi, si Cybertron, nagtanyog hale sa orbita kaiyan asin nag - agi sa espasyo, nameligro kan iyan lumataw sa dalan nin sarong omang asteroid. Si Primer namoon sa sarong grupo nin piling Autobot na mga parapakilaban sa Kaban, an Autobot starship, sa sarong misyon na laglagon an mga asteroid. Minsan ngani mapanggana an misyon, durante kan pagkatapos kan misyon na ini, an Kaban sinalakay nin mga Decapticon na naglalaom na madaog an saindang nanluluyang mga kaiwal. Desididong itago an mga hilom kan Kaban hale sa mga Decaptiko, ibinugtak ni Primer daga an baroto sa paagi nin paghugot, na ibagsak iyan sa prehistorikong planeta kan panahon na idto.

Kan huri, an mga Transformer gabos dinara sa Cybertron ni Primus tanganing labanan an Unicron. Uicron Maski na ngani na si Unicron pinagtokahan an Matrix pakatapos na gadanon si Thunding, si Primer nakaresibe asin nagdalisay kan Matrix. Dangan isinakripisyo ni Prime an saiyang buhay nin saro pang beses tanganing laglagon an Unicron paagi sa pag - apon kan Matrix sa saiyang ambon. Minsan siring, an proseso kan Pomaster nagtatrabaho na sa lubos na bogkos na Prime asin Hi-Q. An kagadanan ni Prime natapos an proseso, asin an duwang isip asin kalag nagin saro. An hawakg biomechanical ni Hi-Q hinalean asin pigsulit kan Huring Autobot, na binuhay liwat si Optimus Prime nin saro pang beses kaiba an duwang isip ngonyan. Last Autobot. Si Primerahan liwat an iba pang mga Transformer sa planetang Klo asin dinaog an mga Decticon ni Blumentritt.

Si Simon Furman's &quot;Alignment,&quot; sarong estorya sa teksto na makukua sa Transforce, sarong kombension sa British Transformers, nasambitan an Primer pagbagsak durante kan tuyong pinal na pakikilaban sa mga Decapticon sa Pinea Omicron, haloy na pakatapos kan mga pangyayari sa librong Generation 2 komiks. Simon Furman. Generation 2 Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini. Nadaog nia an Galvatron II, alagad sa paggibo kaiyan, naraot an siring kaya kinaipuhan ni Grimlo na gumibo nin sarong oma sa palibot nia tanganing iligtas an saiyang naglalaad na Spark, na ginigibong sarong nabubuhay na monumento de guerra si Prime. Grimock

Minsan ngani an ultimong kapaladan ni Prime dai aram, sa sarong estorya na may titulong &quot;Mga Banal sa Huring Aldaw nin Optimus Prime,&quot; gikan man sa Transforce, si Primer nag'aayog sa bagong Transformers edad na mayong gera asin naagi sa sarong Transformers pakatapos nin buhay, na pinag-aapod na &quot;J'wan..&quot; pakalihis nin buhay..&quot; Minsan siring, malibog an estorya, asin tibaad sarong metapora para ki Primer pag - iba giraray sa Matrix, siring kan saiyang panahon. Sa ronang ini, pigdulok siya kan Presdacon Sandstorm, na naghingoang makiulay sa tabang ni Primer asin kan iba pang osipon na Transformers sa pag'atubang sa sarong mestisong Unicron/Predacon na an pangaran Shokarct. Predacon. Sandstorm. Unicron. Si Prime nagsayuma, alagad kan huri pinangenotan an sarong grupo nin mga Transformer, kaiba an Megatron, Grimlock, asin Soundwave), tanganing irayo an atension kan linalang mantang inaatubang ni Primus an pangultimong hampak. .

=== Nagbubunga nin mga Pagbabago sa Pangarap ===
Kan ika - 21 siglo, sa pag - imahinar giraray kan orihinal na pagpapadagos kan Dreamwave Productions, pinonan ni Optimus Prime an buhay bilang sarong dae archive na midbid bilang Ostronix o Orion sa saiyang mga katood. Dreamwave. Paka'ako nin sarong laban kun saen an lider kan Autobot na si Sentinel Prime nagadan na kan Megatron, siya ipinaapod sa Konseho nin Kagurangan asin pinaisi na an Matrix pinili na siya an sunod na lider kan Autobots. Inako nia an Matrix of Lidership dai nahaloy pakatapos kaiyan asin iinareglo an pag - ebakwit nin Autobot sa Cybertron. Katuyohan niang bayaan an mga Decepticon sa sadiri nindang mga kasangkapan, alagad an pakikilaban ki Megatron sa irarom kan ibabaw kan planeta, kaiba an mga bisyon hale sa Matrix, nagpahiro sa saiya na makilaban para sa kaligtasan kan saiyang kinaban.

Sarong beses sa saiyang papel bilang lider, si Prime nawara kaiba ni Megatron sa sarong eksperimento sa espasyo, na naggagamit nin peryodo nin panahon sa Quintessa, alagad nagbalik paghaloyhaloy. Quintessa. An mga pangyayari sa panahon na ini dai pa naresolberan bilang resulta kan pagbugtak ni Dreamwave.

An aktuwal na mga pangyayari sa Autobots asin Decapticon na nag - abot sa Daga nungkang inimprenta ni Dreamwave mga komiks, alagad an mga kilyab kan mga pangyayari inimprenta kan huri. An mga kilyab na ini nagsusuherir na an mga Autobot nag - aalyado sa katawohan asin dinaog an mga Dekaptiko sa kapinonan kan siglo. Plano nindang magbalik sa Cybertron lunad sa bagong itogdok na Kaban II, alagad an barko linaglag bilang kabtang nin sarong labanan militar tanganing kontrolon an mga Transformers.  Arrk II. Sarong teroristang organisasyon, na pinapadalagan kan enigmatikong si Lazaro, an nakaagaw sa kontrol kan magkapira sa mga Transformers na naglusob sa Daga mantang an militar kan E.U. sinakop na an hawak ni Primer. Bago siya magharale, si Prime pinagkatiwalaan nin sadit na kabtang kan Matrix pasiring sa Spike Witwicky, na napiritan kan produktong hepe, si Heneral Hallo, na gamiton ini sa pagreak ki Primer. Sa giraray, ginamit ni Prime an Matrix tanganing humiro nin orog pa manongod sa saiyang makasalan na mga kairiba, dangan napaatubang sia sa Megatron sa San Francisco.

Kasunod kan ralaban, si Prime nagpoon na makaeksperyensia nin subconscious na mga pagsadol, na minagiya kapwa sa mga Autobots asin sa mga Decepticon pasiring sa Arctic Circle. Pag - abot ninda, yaon an Shockwave tanganing arestaron sinda bilang mga kriminal sa guerra. Nagin mapanggana si Shockwave sa pagtapos kan gera sa Cybertron, alagad dai nahaloy si Prime nahulog sa sarong rebeldeng grupo nin Autobot na nadiskobre na si Shockwave mas dakol nang agenda. Binawal an mga Transformer paibong sa Cybertron sa pangyari, si Primer nakahampang si Shockwave, alagad nadaog asin ipinangisi saiya kan Matrix asin dati iyo an nag'aakto sa Vector Sigma. Minsan siring, bago lubos na magagamit ni Shockwave an mega komputer na dae ginagamit ni Ultra Magno, an tugang ni Prime, nag - abot asin nagpaogma sa saiya. Ultra Magno An anggot na si Prime nag - agi durante kan ralaban na ini kinaipuhan an halawig na peryodo nin pagbabalik sa dati sa mga estasis, alagad an trusture ni Dreamwave nangahulogan na si Prime nungka nang naglataw giraray sa saindang mga pahina.

An Arte hale sa mga isyu na dai pa nakabutas kan huri nagpaheling ki Optimus Prime na napukawan nin lugar para sa pagkamundag liwat asin pinapatalingkas si Alpha Trion sa lab kan Shockwave.

Si Prime magibo nin dugang pang sorpresa sa mga Paratradusir kan Dreamwave: Armadas na serye, maski ngani bako man ini an Primero kan enot na serye ni Dreamwave.Transformers: Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini. Armadada Kan mawara an Optimus Prime of the Armadada, nagbungsod nin saro pang dingkilan kan kapangyarihan nin Unicron, an Chaos-Bringer nagpadara nin sarong pabalik sa saiyang sadire: An haros gadan nang si Optimus Prime hale sa unibersong iyan, na nagpatanid sa mga Paraliwat kan pag - abot ni Unicron sa saindang uniberso bago magadan.

=== IDW Pagpublikar ===
An mga nabawi na file ni Buldgeon nagdadara ki Optimus Prime to Earth, kun saen nadiskobre nin sarong Autobot det detachment na pinangengenotan ni Prowww na an sarong grupong Deepticon na pinangengenotan kan Starscram nagbari na nin pamantayan na proto pakatapos na madiskobre an sarong bagong porma nin Engrgon. Sörscrarsm. An Ore-13ng ini garo mansana &quot;Ultra-Energon&quot; na si Blumentritt dati binuhay liwat an Tundering, na dormant na para sa millennium pakatapos kan apocalipsis. Ginamit na iyan kan mga bitoon tanganing maggatong nin dai nagin mapangganang pagprobar na mag - erurp sa pamomoon ni Megatron, siring kan detalyadong detalyado sa mga pagmina nin Infiltreation.

Sa mga misionerong Escalation, si Megatron nagtratong Prime asin, binutsan kan Ore-13, nadadaog siya. Escalation. Huling naniniwala na gadan na an namomoon sa sainda, an iba pang miembro kan Autobots nagprobar na bakalon an bagong abot na si Hot Rod an panahon na tiponon an koro. Si Primer, na ibinalyo an saiyang pag'iisip sa sarong talikodan na memorya sa saiyang pwesto sa trailer, sinadol sinda na aprobetsaran an kaluyahan ni Ore-13 asin atsara an Megatron gabos, nata'wan nin kalapastanganan kan lider Decapticon na nagsuplay asin nagsabrit saiya.

Bumblebee, Jazz, Optimus Prime, Prowl, asin Ratchet nagluwas sa sarong New Avengers/Transformers na binalyo ni Marvel Comics asin IDW Publishing kan 2007. News Avengers/Transformers

Si Optimus Prime iyo an namoon sa Bumblebee, Drift, Kup, Prowll, Ratchet, asin Wheeljack sa Las Vegas kan maglusob an sarong barko sa Cybertronian, na igwa nin Galvatron, Cyclonus, Scourge, asin sarong pagsalakay nin mga zampies hale sa ibang uniberso. Las Vegas An mga pagprobar kan Galvatron na magboot sa mga Autobot asin, pakatapos na labanan iyan, ipinaliliwanag an saiyang misyon na pumondo sa daing kagadanan na pag - atake. An Wheeljack nagbubugtak nin kalasag nin enerhiya sa palibot kan siudad tanganing papagdanayon na yaon an kariribokan, alagad iyan nagdanay sana sa laog nin 24 oras. Sa ibong kan paghihingoang magkaigwa kaiyan, narealisar ni Kup na an Bayonet, sarong Decepticon sa pagboot ni Galvatron, bakong iyo sana an itsura nia. Siya palan an extradimensional na humimpire Britt.

== Mga kawat na Video ==
An Kapag-arakian 1 Optimus Prime pig-alok man na maging nakaka-loverableng laog para sa pirang bersyon kan 2009 pantolong-person na paraarte na Transformers: Repekto kan Fallen. Generasyon 1. Transformers: Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini. Pagbawi kan Pagkadakop

Si Unicron Trilogy Optimus Prime kabilang sa mga karakter na nagluwas sa 2004 Transformers video game for the PlayStation 2. Uicron Trilogy. Transformers. PlayStation 2&lt;ref&gt;Atari Begins the Ultimate Conflict with Worldwide Release of TRANSFORMERS Video Game, Business Wire, May 12, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;VIDEO GAME REVIEWS: You can swerve to avoid 'Driv3r', Charleston Gazette; August 21, 2004; by Jeb Haught&lt;/ref&gt;

Movie Optimus Prime nagluwas sa dakol na kawat sa video na Transformers. Movie. Transformers

Si Optimus Prime kaiba man sa mga karakter na nagluwas sa kilyab na TRSFRMERS CVBERSERSERSTter Game. TRSERMERS CVBERSARSTH Gumer Gomme. An Optimus Prime saro sa mga Autobot na pigtatampok sa mga Transformer: An Ride sa Universal Studios theme parks. Transformers: The Ride. Universal Studios Sa pagsakay, si Optimus luminaban tumang sa nananakyadang mga Deepticon sa opisina prinsipal kan N.E.T. mantang sinasabihan si Evac na dumulag kaiba an shard kan AllSpark. Piglalaban niya an Megatron sa bilog na pagsakay sagkod na magadan si Megatron ni Evac. Dangan, si Optimus ikinokonsentrar si Evac asin an mga nakasakay sa pagprotehir sa AlSpark.

An sinasabing Optimus Prime iyo an saro sa mga makarawat na karakter sa 2008 Transformers Anited video game for the Nintendo DS. Animed. Transformers Animed. Nintendo DS.

Dangan an Optimus Prime naiisihan na an Megatron nakaulakit na sa pinakaugat kan Cybertron na may maitom na nergon asin itinatao an trabaho na mahale an danyos na ginibo. Pakasalbara ki Omega Supremo, Optimus, Ironhide, asin si Prowwwar nakipaglaban sagkod sa pinakasentro, alagad huri nang marhay. Omega Supremo. An pinakalaog na informon iyo si Optimus na iyan sobrang marhay. Iyan kayang hirahayon an sadiri paagi sa pagpinto, alagad iyan maabot nin minilyon na taon. Kan panahon na iyan, si Cybertron kaipuhan na magin malipot, baog, asin dai maeerokan. An laog kaiyan nagtatao ki Optimus nin sadit na pidaso mismo, na sinasabi na iyan magdadanay sagkod na yaon pa iyan. Inako ni Optimus an pagabat asin binutasan nia an Autobot Matrix of Lidership.

Sa pakaaram na nagagadan an planeta, ipinagboot ni Optimus an lagdoan na pag - ebakwit sa gabos na siudad nin Autobot, alagad dakol na bapor an lalaglagon kan Decepton satelayt Trypticon, sa pagboot hale sa Megatron na mayo nin siisay man na mahale sa planeta. Trypticon Pinagbotan nia an Aerialbots na si Jetfire, Silverbolt asin Air Raid na maglayog asin laglagon an Trypticon. Aerialbots. Silverbolt. Air Raid An aeryal na tribu kayang raoton an jet pote ni Tryption asin ipadara an beheth beheth sa Cybertron, kun saen si Optimus Prime asin an bandang Autobots magkasabay na daog-daog saiya, na pinapadara siya sa sarong pool nin hilaw na energon. Si Optimus asin an mga natatadang Autobot nagboluntaryo na magdagos asin magsurog ki Cybertron sa Megatron sagkod na posible mantang an iba pa nag'eestar sa planeta. Isinugo niya an sarong dakulaon na sakayan na inaapod na Kaban tanganing darahon sa espasyo an natatadang mga Autobot pag - abot nin panahon.

Sa Gerang Nintendo DS para sa Cybertron: Autobots, Optimus Prime asin Bumblebee an primerong duwang karakter na nakakarawat sa kawat. Nintendo DS. War for Cybertron:  Abot Optimus Prime nagluwas sa sunod na kawat, an mga Paratradusir: Fall of Cybertron. Transformers: Pagbagsak nin Cybertron

== Mga kawatan ==
[[Ladawan:Optimus_Prime_patent.png|too|thumb|An orihinal na Optimus Prime kawatan pait design. Arte ni Hiroyuki Obama.]]
Sa mga nag'aging mga taon, dakul nang mga pigurang aksyon gibo sa pagkaagid sa orihinal na nacion nin Optimus Prime, na an iba kaini natampok sa osipon, na an iba kaini dai pa. Dugang pa, an nagkapirang kawatan naggibo nin bakong komplikadong mga kawatan sa saiyang ladawan o mga teoriya para sa nag - eeksister na mga kawatan. An orihinal na 1984 Optimus Prime kawatan kabtang kan 1983 Diaclone toy line na an ngaran &quot;Batle Convoy..&quot; Takara. Diaclone. Dinisenyo iyan kan grupo nin mga disenyo nin disenyo kan Hiroyuki Obra, Shoji Kawamori, bantog sa saiyang isinurat sa Macross, asin Kohjin Ono. Shoji Kawamori. Macross. Kohjin Ohno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=タカラSFランド大全集|last=Igarashi|first=Kouji|date=1999-11-25|publisher=Kodansha|isbn=978-4-06-330086-4|location=Tokyo|author-link=Kouji Ogarashi}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mga karakteristiko kan kawatan, arog kan disenyo nin payo asin an paggamit kan cab sa atubangan bilang nasabing torso, nagin nang mga elemento nin disenyo sa haros gabos na nacion asin tradisyunal na Optimus Prime. An partikular na kawatan na ini naresibe nin dakol na beses, na sa kadaklan ginigirumdom an anibersaryo kan The Transformers franchise. Si Optimus Prime pinaluwas man bilang Action Master asin Powermaster na kawatan sa orihinal na Transformers tongod.

=== Paghiling ===
An 2000 na serye nin pelikula sa pelikula na nacion nin Optimus Prime nakaguno nin maimbong na pag-ako. Pigngaranan ini na ika-30ng pinakadakulang pelikula na superhero kan &quot;Total Film Magazine..&quot; Total Film Magazine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/goodies-baddies-get-sorted/story-e6frfmq9-1111114966889|title=Top heroes and villains named in movie list|publisher=News.com.au|accessdate=2022-03-03|archivedate=2011-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804010059/http://www.news.com.au/goodies-baddies-get-sorted/story-e6frfmq9-1111114966889}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kalabot sa mga pelikula ===
[[Ladawan:Optimusprimealtmoviemode.jpg|wala|thumb|250x250px|An sarong Peterbilt 379 ginamit sa Transformers tanganing iladawan an tradisyunal na paagi ni Optimus Prime. Peterbilt 379]]
[[Ladawan:Truck_at_IAA_2014.JPG|thumb|Sarong Sulnupan na Bitoon na Truck an naggamit sa Transformers tanganing iladawan an nasyunal na mode ni Optimus Prime. Western Star Truck.]]
Inot na nagluwas an karakter ni Optimus Prime sa 2007 Transformers film bilang lider kan Autobots sa paghanap kan AllSpark. Transformers. Katuyohan niang raoton iyan, dawa kun iyan nangangahulogan nin pagsakripisyo kan saiyang sadiri, bago iyan magamit kan mga Decapticon tanganing gumibo nin bagong hukbo tanganing daogon an uniberso. Pag - abot asin pakasirra sa sarong trak na Peterbilt, tinaratara ni Optimus si Sam Witwicky asin Mikaela Banes, na iiniintrodusir an saiyang mga tawohan asin ipinaliliwanag kun taano ta nagdigdi sinda sa Daga. Durante kan ultimong ralaban, ginadan ni Optimus an naoongis na Decepticon Bonecrusher asin inatubang an saiyang suanoy na kaiwal, si Megatron. Bonecrusher. Huling dai nakakapantay sa Megatron sa pakikilaban, sinasadol ni Optimus si Sam na itulod sa saiyang daghan an AlSpark, na iyo an malaglag sa sainda pareho. Imbes, pinagalan ni Sam an AllSpark sa daghan ni Megatron, na rinaraot ini asin ginadan an lider kan Decticon. An pelikula nagtatapos sa Optimus na magpadara nin signal na hararom, na iniimbitaran an iba pang mga Autobot na makiayon sa sainda sa Daga.

Si Optimus Prime nagbalik sa mga Paratradusir: Repekto kan Fallen. Transformers: Pagbawi kan Pagkadakop Ginigiyahan nia an mga Autobot bilang kabtang kan NEST sa paghanap sa natatadang mga Paradaya sa Daga. Kan huri nakikilaban sia sa Starscrarm, Gridor, asin binuhay liwat na Megatron.  Dawa ngani si Optimus nakakaerido nin Starscre asin ginadan si Grindor, sa kahurihurihi ipinako siya asin ginadan ni Megatron. Minsan siring, si Optimus binuhay liwat durante kan ralaban sa Egipto ni Sam na ginagamit an Matrix of Lidership. Dangan siya tinagaan kan bangkay ni Jetfire, na tinawan siya nin sobra kakusog na mode.  Pakatapos nin makuring pagmomostra sa Megatron, ginadan niya an The Fallen, napiritan nang magsibog an Megatron asin si Stars. Sa katapusan kan pelikula, si Optimus nagpasalamat ki Sam sa pagligtas sa saiya asin sa giraray nagpapaabot nin mensahe sa espasyo, na naglalaom na makakua pa nin mga Autobot.

== Toltolan ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliyograpiya ==

* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBXGSPw3fjYC|title=Transformers: The Ultimate Guide|last=Furman|first=Simon|publisher=DK Publishing (Dorling Kindersley)|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4053-0461-0|location=London|pages=110, 118|oclc=223988192}}

== Panluwas na mga takod ==

* {{Official website|http://www.transformers.com}}
* {{Curlie|Arts/Animation/Cartoons/Titles/T/Transformers/Generation_1_and_2/Characters/Autobots/Optimus_Prime|Optimus Prime}}
* [[tfwiki:Optimus_Prime|Mga Pahina sa Optimus Prime sa Transformers Wiki]]
{{Poon}}
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    <title>Susan Wojcicki</title>
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[[Kategorya:Articles with hCards]]
{{Infobox person
| name                = Susan Wojcicki
| image               = Susan Wojcicki (29393944130) (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Wojcicki at [[TechCrunch Disrupt]] 2016
| birth_name          = Susan Diane Wojcicki
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1968|7|5}}
| birth_place         = [[Santa Clara County, California]], Estados Unidos
| known_for           = CEO of [[YouTube]]
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| citizenship         = Amerikano, Polako
| spouse              = {{marriage|Dennis Troper|1998}}
| children            = 5
| parents             = [[Stanley Wojcicki]]&lt;br&gt;[[Esther Wojcicki]]
| relatives           = [[Janina Wójcicka Hoskins]] (grandmother)&lt;br/&gt;[[Anne Wojcicki]] (sister)
| education           = [[Harvard University]] (BA)&lt;br&gt;[[University of California, Santa Cruz]] (MS)&lt;br&gt;[[University of California, Los Angeles]] (MBA)
}}
Si '''Susan Diane Wojcicki''' (namundag kan Hulyo 5, 1968) sarong Amerikanong ehekutibo sa negosyo na iyo an CEO kan YouTube. &lt;ref&gt;{{Youtube|a07s88y7f-k|&quot;#DearMe: Susan Wojcicki, CEO of YouTube&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Google Ad Chief Susan Wojcicki: 'The Book Isn't Finished'|url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/05/susan-wojcicki/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906185040/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/05/susan-wojcicki/|archivedate=2011-09-06|accessdate=2022-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labing 20 taon na siyang nasa industriya nin teknolohiya.

Kalabot si Wojcicki kan matugdas an Google, asin nagin inot na manager kan marketing kan 1999. Kan huri pinangenotan niya an negosyo sa pag - anunsyo kan kompanya asin pinangenotan niya an orihinal na serbisyo sa video ni Google. Pakatapos maobserbaran an kapangganahan kan YouTube, si Wojcicki nagproponer kan pagkua sa YouTube kan Google kan 2006, asin nagserbi nang CEO kan YouTube poon pa kan 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Orescovic|first=Alexi|title=Google taps longtime executive Wojcicki to head YouTube|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/us-google-youtube-idINBREA141Y420140205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2022|archivedate=April 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406005302/https://in.reuters.com/article/us-google-youtube-idINBREA141Y420140205}}&lt;/ref&gt;                                                                                                                                                                            

Si Wojcicki may pigtatatyang yaman na nagkakahalagang $815 milyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/susan-wojcicki/?sh=56c712023ae33|title=#34 Susan Wojcicki|website=Forbes|access-date=2021-08-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaamayi kan buhay asin edukasyon ==
Si Susan Diane Wojcicki namundag kan Hulyo 5, 1968, ki Ester Wojcicki, sarong edukador sa Judiong ginikanan, asin si Stanley Wojcicki, sarong propesor na Polish-Amerikano sa pisiko sa Unibersidad nin Stanford. Igwa siya nin duwang tugang na babae: Janet Wojcicki, (PhD, antropologo asin epidemiologist) asin Anne Wojcicki, kagtogdas kan 23andMe. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/08/i-raised-2-successful-ceos-and-a-doctor-here-is-one-if-the-biggest-mistakes-parents-make.html I raised 2 successful CEOs and a doctor—here’s one of the biggest mistakes I see parents making], Esther Wojcicki, Published Wed, May 8, 2019, cnbc.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Nagdakula siya sa kampus kan Stanford kaiba si George Dantzig bilang kataid.  Nagklase siya sa Gunn High School sa Palo Alto, California, asin nagsurat para sa peryodikong kan eskwelahan. 
[[Ladawan:Mateusz_Morawiecki_wraz_z_Susan_Wojcicki_prezesem_YouTube_odwiedzili_Centrum_Nauki_Kopernik.jpg|thumb|260px|Si Wojcicki sunod sa Polish Primer Minister na si Mateusz Morawicki sa Warsaw, Polandi kan 11 Nobyembre 2018.]]

Enot na negosyo ni Wojcicki iyo an pagbalidya kan inaapod na &quot;spice ropes&quot; sa edad pa lang na 11. Sarong humanities major sa kolehiyo, nag'entra siya sa enot niyang klase sa computer science kan senior na siya.

Si Wojcicki nag'adal nin historya asin literatura sa [[Harvard University]] asin nagtapos na may dakulang 
honra kan 1990. Iniisip niya kuta na magkua nin Ph.D. sa ekonomiks asin magkaigwang karera sa academia alagad naghira isip niya ta mas grabe an interes niya sa teknolohiya.

Siya nakua niya man an saiyang Master's of Sciences sa ekonomiks sa [[University of California, Santa Cruz]] kan 1993 asin an [[Master of Business Administration]] sa [[UCLA Anderson School of Management]] kan 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;mercurynews2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_17286427 |title=Susan Wojcicki: The most important Googler you've never heard of |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |date=February 7, 2011 |first=Mike |last=Swift |access-date=October 4, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga toltolan ==
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    <title>Premyo Camões</title>
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      <text bytes="1183" sha1="nd56pkjs4yuerqm3hskv0uh7sq05xwo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Camões Prize.png|right|thumb|250px|Medalya sa Premyo Camões]]

An '''Premyo Camões''' (Portuges, Prémio Camões, Portuges pakasayod: [ˈpɾɛmju kaˈmõĩ̯ʃ]), ipigngaran ki Luís de Camões, iyo an pinaka-importanteng premyo sa literatura sa tataramon na Portuges. Ini taonan iginagawad kan Direção-Geral do Livro, dos Arquivos e das Biblioteca&lt;ref&gt;https://dglab.gov.pt/category/premios/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103165827/https://dglab.gov.pt/category/premios/ |date=2023-01-03 }}. Kinua 2023-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; asin kan Brasilyanong Fundação Biblioteca Nacional sa siisayman na autor nin mahusay na trabaho nasusurat sa Portuges. An papremyong kwarta nagkakahalagang €100,000, kaya ini an saro sa pinakamayaman na premyo sa  kinaban.

Ini minukna kan taon 1989 kan [[Portugal]] asin [[Brazil]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bing.com/search?q=Portuvuese%20Cam%C3%B5es%20Prize&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;=%25eManage%20Your%20Search%20History%25E&amp;sp=-1&amp;pq=portuvuese%20cam%C3%B5es%20prize&amp;sc=8-23&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=82999EDA1104486990BF181C39D7231C&amp;ghsh=0&amp;ghacc=0&amp;ghpl=. Kinua 2023-01-04&lt;/ref&gt;

==Toltolan==

{{reflist}}{{Tamboan}}
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    <title>Tracy Huang</title>
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      <text bytes="1911" sha1="fo5i5gmnztkqp5vm6hkmnj2ejmqb3nz" xml:space="preserve">'''Tracy Huang''' ( namundag  kan  Agosto 29, 1951) sarong Taiwanesenang parakanta.

Huang nagpoon kan saiyang karera sa musika kaiba an Tunderbird Choir, kay Su [[Rui]]. hali niya sa grupo, si Huang duwang taon na nasa Taichung, sa sarong base militar kan Amerika, kun sain siya nag-adal asin naggibo nin Ingles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=金曲27／黃鶯鶯獲特別貢獻獎 盤點10首經典歌回味天籟|url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=155232|date=13 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Huang nagpaluwas kan saiyang pinakainot na album kan 1974 sa irarom kan pangaran na Huang Lu-yi.[1]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=【如意安详】翦翦风/何国忠|url=https://www.sinchew.com.my/content/content_2240881.html|date=25 March 2020}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=黃鶯鶯歌迷跨世代 選歌難兩全|url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20150518000574-260112?chdtv|date=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;, inako niya an Ingles na pangaran na Tracy Huang. panginot para sa saiyang mga kantang Man[[dopop]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=MUSIC: Vinyl is back (again)|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2010/03/05/2003467231|date=5 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Huang nagkanta man sa Cantonese asin nagpaluwas nin nagkapirang English-language sook.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Taiwanese band Sodagreen's album leads Golden Melody nominees|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2016/07/01/2003650057|date=1 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sodagreen tops Golden Melody nominations|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/05/16/2003646391|date=16 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;-[[Golden Melody Award|Melody Award]]&quot; sa ika-27 na Golden Melody Awards kan 2016, si Huang nagresibi nin Bulawan na Melody Award para sa bilog na buhay na kontribusyon.


== &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Toltolan&quot;&gt;Toltolan&lt;/span&gt; ==
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    <title>Unibersidad nin Perugia</title>
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      <text bytes="3073" sha1="ekldvs9cny325pvqhdihjo84l27c48h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox university
|name         = University of Perugia
|native_name  = Università degli Studi di Perugia
|latin_name   = Studium Generale Civitatis Perusii
|image        = Logo unipg.svg
|image_size   = 150px
|motto        = 
|established  = {{start date and age|1308}}
|type         = [[Public university|Public]]
|endowment    = 
|administrative_staff        = 1,200
|rector       = Prof. Maurizio Oliviero&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.unipg.it/ateneo/organizzazione/organi-di-governo/rettore |title=Rettore - Università degli Studi di Perugia |access-date=2020-02-20 |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610145030/https://www.unipg.it/ateneo/organizzazione/organi-di-governo/rettore |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|students     = 26,732 (2017/18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MIUR statistical office, academic year 2015/2016 |url=http://statistica.miur.it/ustat/Statistiche/IU_home.asp |access-date=2023-12-21 |archive-date=2017-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718013034/http://statistica.miur.it/ustat/Statistiche/IU_home.asp |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|undergrad    = 12,868
|postgrad     = 8,670
|doctoral     = 470 (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MIUR statistical office, academic year 2014/2015 |url=http://statistica.miur.it/ustat/Statistiche/IU_home.asp |access-date=2023-12-21 |archive-date=2017-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718013034/http://statistica.miur.it/ustat/Statistiche/IU_home.asp |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|faculty      = 1,088 (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CINECA |url=http://cercauniversita.cineca.it/php5/docenti/cerca.php |access-date=2023-12-21 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401181957/https://cercauniversita.cineca.it/php5/docenti/cerca.php |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|city         = [[Perugia]]
|country      = [[Italy]]
|campus       = Both urban and rural
|free_label   = Sports teams
|free         = CUS Perugia [http://www.unipg.it/cusperugia/]
|affiliations = [[AlmaLaurea]], [[Compostela Group of Universities]]
|website      = [http://www.unipg.it/ www.unipg.it/]
|address      = Piazza dell'Università, 1 - 06121 Perugia
|colours      = blue and red
}}
An '''Unibersidad nin Perugia''' ([[Italian language|Italian]] ''Università degli Studi di Perugia'') sarong univbersidad na pampubliko sa [[Perugia]], [[Italya]]. Ini natugdas kan 1308, siring sa pagpari'gon kan Bull pinaluwas ni [[Papa Clemente  V]] na nagpapatotoo kan pagkamundag kan [[Studium Generale]].

An selyong opisyal kan unibersidad naglaladawan ninsi [[Herculanus ni Perugia|Santa Herculan]], saro sa santong patrona, asin an rampant kinoronahan na [[griffin]], na iyo an simbolo kan siyudad; an duwa nagrerepresentar kan eklesiyastiko asin sibil na poderes, na iyo an nagtaong pwersa sa pagkamundag kan unibersidad sa [[Tangang Anoy]].

==Toltolan==

{{reflist}}

{{Tamboan}}

[[Kategorya:Unibersidad nin Perugia]]
[[Kategorya:Mga 1308 na establisyemento sa Europa]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Institusyon akademiko natugdas kan ika-14ng siglo]]
[[Kategorya:Edukasyon sa Umbria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Piktosekswalidad</title>
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      <text bytes="5703" sha1="6a16sl2hlza9hglhy4qug4qtb76rc2a" xml:space="preserve">An '''piktosekswalidad''' iyo an karakterisado nin [[pagkadagkang sekswal]] pasiring sa [[fictional characters]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Liao-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=SH Liao (廖 希文)|year=2023|title=Fictosexual Manifesto: Their Position, Political Possibility, and Critical Resistance|url=https://vocal.media/humans/fictosexual-manifesto|access-date=2023-05-09|website=NTU-OTASTUDY GROUP}}{{Self-published source|reason:Hosted on self-publishing website by a group of students at the University of Taiwan with a shared interested in otaku.|date=June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsuura-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Matsuura|first=Yuu|year=2021|script-title=ja:日常生活の自明性によるクレイム申し立ての「予めの排除／抹消」――「性的指向」概念に適合しないセクシュアリティの語られ方に注目して|trans-title=&quot;Foreclosure/Erasure&quot; of Claims-Making by the Everyday Life as Taken for Granted: Discourse Analysis about &quot;Fictosexual&quot; as Sexuality that does not Conform to &quot;Sexual Orientation&quot;|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/shabyo/36/0/36_67/_article/-char/en|journal=Journal of Social Problems|language=ja|volume=36|pages=67–83|doi=10.50885/shabyo.36.0_67}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yule-2017&quot; /&gt; An [[Split attraction model|romantikong atraksyon]] sa fictional characters pig-aapod na fiktoromantiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yule-2017&quot; /&gt;

An mga piktosekswal nakapormular nin konsepto nin human-oriented sexualism naggikan sa mga paskil sa online kan mga indibidwal na by piktosekswal sa Hapon asin trinadusir sa kabtang bilang ''interpersonal sexuality centrism.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title=Basic Terms of Fictosexuality Studies |url=https://researchmap.jp/blogs/blog_entries/view/385284/a130954bf13ad97999b07b72844be161?frame_id=841678 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=researchblog (researchmap) |archive-date=2023-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110163727/https://researchmap.jp/blogs/blog_entries/view/385284/a130954bf13ad97999b07b72844be161?frame_id=841678 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bilang iyo an nag-uurog na normatibong sekswalidad na nakasentro sa sekswal na atraksyon pasiring sa mga tawong laman-asin-dugo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsuura-2021&quot; /&gt; An terminong ini naggamit nin pagladawan sa marginalization kan piktosekswalidad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liao-2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsuura-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Matsuura|first=Yuu|year=2022|script-title=ja:アニメーション的な誤配としての多重見当識：非対人性愛的な「二次元」へのセクシュアリティに関する理論的考察|trans-title=Multiple Orientations as Animating Misdelivery: Theoretical Considerations on Sexuality Attracted to Nijigen (Two-Dimensional) Objects|url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/37150884?lang=en|journal=Gender Studies|language=ja|publisher=Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University|issue=25|pages=139–157|doi=10.24567/0002000551|access-date=2024-01-10|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117143155/https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/37150884?lang=en|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Matsuura|first=Yuu|year=2023|title=Basic Terms of Fictosexuality Studies|url=https://researchmap.jp/blogs/blog_entries/view/385284/a130954bf13ad97999b07b72844be161?frame_id=841678|access-date=2023-10-21|website=researchblog (researchmap)|archive-date=2023-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110163727/https://researchmap.jp/blogs/blog_entries/view/385284/a130954bf13ad97999b07b72844be161?frame_id=841678|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; An konsepto kan human-oriented sexualism pwedeng masabotan bilang sarong kombinasyon kan ideya kan kompulsaryong sekswalidad&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pryzybylo |first=Era |title=Introducing the New Sexuality Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |editor-last=Fischer |editor-first=Nancy L. |edition=4th |chapter=Unthinking compulsory sexuality: Introducing asexuality |editor-last2=Westbrook |editor-first2=Laurel |editor-last3=Seidman |editor-first3=Steven}}&lt;/ref&gt; gikan sa [[Asekswalidad|asekswal]] na pagsaligsig asin an nosyon kan humanonormatibidad&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Motschenbacher |first=Heiko |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/40908809 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Kira |chapter=Language and Sexual Normativity |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.14 |isbn=978-0-19-021292-6 |editor-last2=Barrett |editor-first2=Rusty}}&lt;/ref&gt; gikan sa [[Object sexuality|objectum sexuality]] research.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Matsuura|first=Yuu|year=2023|title=|script-title=ja:対人性愛中心主義批判の射程に関する検討――フェミニズム・クィアスタディーズにおける対物性愛研究を踏まえて|trans-title=Humanonormativity and Human Oriented Sexualism: A Discussion Based on Objectum Sexuality Studies from a Feminist and Queer Perspective|url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/40398528?lang=en|journal=Human Science Sociology and Anthropology|volume=12|language=ja|publisher=Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University|issue=13|doi=10.15017/7151776|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508134910/https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/40398528?lang=en|archivedate=2023-05-08|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An mga bagay kan sekswal na atraksyon para sa mga piktosekswal iyo an mga bakong totoong tawo o mga panangli para sa mga totoong tawo, alagad mga bakong tawong artifacts, urog na an mga fictional characters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liao-2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsuura-2022&quot; /&gt;

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}
{{stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nihon Hidankyo</title>
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      <text bytes="12817" sha1="594ugqcb00pyeucivz84cv47x2rydw8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
|name=Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations
|image=  
|logo=
|type=
| leader_title = Executive director
| leader_name = [[Sueichi Kido]]
|founded_date={{start date and age|1956|8|10|df=yes}}
|headquarters=[[Shibadaimon]], Minato, Tokyo
|origins=
|key_people=
|area_served=Japan
|focus=[[Nuclear disarmament|Abolition]] of [[nuclear weapon]]s
|method=[[Lobbying]] 
|homepage={{url|http://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/}}
}}

An {{nihongo|'''Kaayonan nin mga organisasyon sa Hapon nagsapo kan bomba atomika asin hidroheno'''|日本原水爆被害者団体協議会|Nihon gensuibaku higaisha dantai kyōgi-kai}}, na pinalipot sa  {{nihongo|'''Nihon Hidankyō'''|日本被団協|Nihon Hidankyō}}, sarong grupo pinagbilog kan mga ''[[hibakusha]]'' kan 1956 na may katuyohan na piriton an gobyerno Hapones na toltolon an suporta sa mga biktima asin [[pagdoonan]] an gobyerno [[disarmamento nuklear|sa paghale kan  mga armas nuklear]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/rn_page/english/index_english/index_english.html|title=Welcome to HIDANKYO|publisher=Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organization (Nihon Hidankyo) website|accessdate=31 August 2007|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907193450/http://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/rn_page/english/index_english/index_english.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An mga aktibidad kan organisasyon an pagtipon asin pagdokumento kan mga rinibong istorya kan mga testigo, pagpaluwas mga resolusyon asin paghuhurot sa publiko, asin pagpadara nin taonan na delegasyon sa mga pagtiripon kan mga organisasyon internasyonal, kaiba an [[Nasyon Unido]], asin man pagtolod kan pangkinaban na hiron sa disarmamento nuklear.&lt;ref name=&quot;NobelPrizeorg-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2024 – Press release|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2024/press-release/ |date=11 October 2024 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
	
An organisasyon piggawadan kan [[2024 Premyo Nobel sa Katoninongan]] &quot;para sa mga paghihingowa na makamit an kinaban na libre sa armas nuklear asin sa pagpahiling kaini paagi nin pagsaksi nin mga testigo na an armas nuklear dai nanggad paggamiton liwat&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NobelPrizeorg-2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/nobel-peace-prize-awarded-to-the-japanese-organisation-nihon-hidankyo-of-survivors-of-the-world-war-ii-atomic-bombings/cid/2054712|title=Nobel Peace Prize awarded to the Japanese organisation Nihon Hidankyo of survivors of the World War II atomic bombings|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=2024-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historya ==
An Nihon Hidankyo lakopan na organisasyon pigbilog kan mga grupong nagsapo sa bomba nuklear asin nagkaburuhay maski siring na nangyari sa [[pagbomba atomika sa Hiroshima asin Nagasaki|Hiroshima asin Nagasaki]] sa mga [[Prefectures of Japan|prefectura]] kaini.&lt;ref name=&quot;西日本新聞me&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=被団協機能不全に 「はっちゃん」の努力 原爆を背負って(42) |url=https://www.nishinippon.co.jp/item/n/630110/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=西日本新聞me |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fallout sa [[Castle Bravo]], sarong thermonuclear weapon test pigkondukta sa [[Bikini Atoll]] kan Estados Unidos kan 1954, nagkawsa nin natnat na radiation syndrome sa mga residente sa mga hararani asin  kataraid na mga atoll asin sa 23 na tripulante sa sasakyan nin pagsisirang Hapones na ''[[Daigo Fukuryū Maru]]''. Ini nagtolod sa pag'organisar kan inapod na  [[Japan Council against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs]] sa Hiroshima kan sunod na taon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ヒロシマの記録１９５５ ９月 |trans-title=Hiroshima Records of September 1955 |url=https://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=26316 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=中国新聞ヒロシマ平和メディアセンター |language=ja |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110174133/https://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=26316 |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Napasabngan asin nasuportahan kan hiron na ini, an mga survivor sa pagbomba atomik nagporma sinda kan Nihon Hidankyo kan 10 Agosto 1956, sa ikaduwang taonan na komperensya kan council sa Nagasaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=日本被団協 |title=被爆者の願いの実現をめざして、どのような運動をしてきたか |trans-title=What tyWhat kind of campaigns have been carried out to realize the wishes of atomic bomb survivors? |url=https://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/about/about2-02.html |language=ja |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=www.ne.jp |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127054440/https://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/about/about2-02.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Alagad, an mobimyentong pagkaburunyog nataya' sa peligro kan an council aktibong nagtapsok sa [[Anpo mga protesta|anti-U.S.-Japan Security Treaty]] na hiron kaabay an makawalang [[Japan Socialist Party]] kan 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ヒロシマの記録１９５９ ３月 |trans-title=Hiroshima Records of March 1959 |url=https://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=26262 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=中国新聞ヒロシマ平和メディアセンター |language=ja |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110174131/https://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=26262 |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dakul na mga suportador an naglitik sa council, asin sa suporta kan konserbatibong mga [[Liberal Democratic Party (Hapon)|Liberal Democrats]], bagong organisasyon, pinangenotan ni Masatoshi Matsushita, lider kan toriyok na anti-komunistang [[Democratic Socialist Party (Hapon)|Democratic Socialist Party]], natugdas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ヒロシマの記録１９６１ １１月 |trans-title=Hiroshima Records of November 1961 |url=https://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=26246 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=中国新聞ヒロシマ平和メディアセンター |language=ja |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004033017/https://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=26246 |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 1961, kan an [[Unyon Sobyet]] nagpadagos naman kan mga nuklear test, an sangang komunista kan council nagsayumang magkondenar sa mga siring na aktibidad, na nagbunga nin makuring siriplingan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ヒロシマの記録１９６１ ９月 |trans-title=Hiroshima Records of September 1961 |url=https://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=26244 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=中国新聞ヒロシマ平和メディアセンター |language=ja |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702005256/https://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=26244 |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ini nagresulta sa pagsiriblagan pa kan movimiento, na an grupong suportado kan Japan Socialist Party na nagkondenar kan anoman na pagpaputok nin bomba nuklear kan arinman na nasyon, an grupong ini logod naglitik asin nagporma nin bagong council.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=原水禁とは – 原水禁 |trans-title=What is Gensuikin? |url=http://gensuikin.peace-forum.com/about_gensuikin/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=原水禁 – 核と人類は共存できない}}&lt;/ref&gt; An hirignitan sa [[anti-nuclear movement]] nagkawsa na an ibang  prefectural na Hidankyos magsiriblagan maski sa lebel na lokal, na arog kan sa Hiroshima, kun saen may duwang grupo, saro suportado kan Socialist Party asin saro kan Partido Komunista, alagad pareho dara an sarong pangaran na Hidankyo. An organissasyon nasyonal nagdesider na dai na logod makikampi sa anoman na hirong politikal kan 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;西日本新聞me&quot; /&gt;

== Mga Aktibidad==
Sa kan Oktobre 2024, an mga sibot kan Nihon Hidankyo iyo an mga minasunod:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=日本被団協 |url=https://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/about/about1-01.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=www.ne.jp |language=ja |trans-title=Introduction |title=紹介 |archive-date=1 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101212140/https://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/about/about1-01.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Adbokasuya sa pagpawara kan mga armas nuklear asin sa paghurot nin kompensasyon kan estado
* Pagpetisyon sa gobyernong Hapones, sa Nasyon Unido asin iba pang gobyerno na haleon an mga arm mga armas nuklear
* Pagtugdas nin internasyonal na tratadopara sa disarmamento nuklear, paggibo nin mga komperensya internasyonal, pagpaaprobar nin non-nuklear na leyes, asin pagsuporta sa mga hibakusha 
* Pagpalakop ninptunay na pagkagamiaw kan tunay na darang ratak nin bomba nuklear sda ;ladp domestiko asin internasyonal
* Pag'adal nin hararom kan mga dinadarang ratak asin maraot na epekto kan bomba nuklear
* Pagsuporta sa mga aktibidad kan mga hibakusha

== Mgas Pigurang mayor ==

=== Mga opisyales sa presente&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=welcome to HIDANKYO in Japanese |url=https://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/english/about/about1-01.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=www.ne.jp |archive-date=25 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260825034823/https://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/english/about/about1-01.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ===

==== Mga Katuwang na Chair ====
* [[Terumi Tanaka]]: Exposed to radiation 3.2 km away from the Nagasaki hypocentre at the age of 13; assumed office on 14 June 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;NS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=被団協 代表委員に田中重光氏 総会で選出 故谷口氏の |url=https://nordot.app/380181374566712417 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=長崎新聞 |language=ja-JP |trans-title=Shigemitsu Tanaka elected as representative committee member of the Hidankyo at general meeting, succeeding the late Mr. Taniguchi |archive-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109172329/https://nordot.app/380181374566712417 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Shigemitsu Tanaka]]: Exposed to radiation 6 km away from the Nagasaki hypocentre at the age of 4;&lt;ref name=&quot;Messages&quot;/&gt; assumed office on 14 June 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;NS2018&quot;/&gt;
* [[Toshiyuki Mimaki]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-2024-1.7348355|title=Japan's Nihon Hidankyo, organization of atomic bomb survivors, awarded the Nobel Peace Prize|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=11 October 2024|access-date=11 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;: Exposed to radiation at his home in Hiroshima at the age of 3;&lt;ref name=&quot;Messages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=広島の声 – 広島・長崎の記憶～被爆者からのメッセージ |publisher=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |trans-title=Voices of Hiroshima: Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Messages from atomic bomb survivors|url=https://www.asahi.com/hibakusha/hiroshima/h02-00003j.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=www.asahi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; assumed office on 9 June 2022&lt;ref name=&quot;Face&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=日本被団協の代表委員に箕牧さん 大きな壁に挑む新たな「顔」|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASQ696WVMQ67PITB00M.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |publisher=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |website=朝日新聞デジタル |language=ja |trans-title=Minomaki appointed as representative committee member of the Japan Confederation of A-bomb Victims Organizations: A new &quot;face&quot; tackling a big challenge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sekretaryo heneral ====
* [[Sueichi Kido]]: Natambara sa Nagasaki sa radiation sa edad na 5; nagtukaw sa opisyo 7 June 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;Face&quot;/&gt;

==== Mga Katuwang na Sekretaryo heneral ====
* Toshiko Hamanaka
* Jiro Hamasumi
* Michiko Kodama
* [[Masako Wada]]


==Hilnga man==
*[[Anti-nuclear movement]]
*[[Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan]]
* [[International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons]]
* [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]]

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist}}

==Mga panluwas na takod==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q1989908|c=Category:Nihon Hidankyo|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/ Nihon Hidankyō] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050804022817/http://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/ |date=2005-08-04 }}
* [https://www.un.org/disarmament/content/slideshow/hibakusha/ HIBAKUSHA – Atomic Bomb Survivors]
* [https://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=8885 United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Statements]
* {{Nobelprize}}

{{Nobel Peace Prize}}
{{2024 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Japanese Nobel laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Mga Organisasyon Anti-nuklear]]
[[Category:Hiron laban sa nuklear na armas]]
[[Kategorya:Hibakusha]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Organisasyon natugdas kan 1956]]
[[Kategorya:Mga 1956 establisyemento sa Haon]]
[[Kategorya:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Kategorya:Japanese Nobel laureates]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Élisabeth Thible</title>
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      <text bytes="5509" sha1="t3653t8yvs2cmmhiymovv3vu8k5e51m" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Elisabeth Tible à Lyon le 4 juin 1784 par Boily.jpg|thumb|Elisabeth Tible sa Lyon kadtong Hunyo 4, 1784 ni Boily]]
Si '''Élisabeth Thible''', o '''Elizabeth Tible''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tible|first=Elizabeth|date=1784|title=Lettre à Mme ***[relatant les détails du voyage que j'ai fait dans les airs le 4 juin]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zBn0Dkmqa0C&amp;q=elisabeth+estrieux+lyon&amp;pg=PA289|journal=Journal encyclopédique ou universel, dédié à Son Alt. Sérénissime MGR. Le Duc de Bouillon Etc. Etc. Etc.|language=fr|volume=7|issue=1|pages=289–294|accessdate=10 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ( née Si Estrieux, 8 Marso 1757 – 13 Pebrero 1785), iyo an pinakaenot na babae na naglayog sa sarong daing higot [[Hot air balloon|na hot air balloon]] . &lt;ref&gt;Gene Nora Jessen, ''The Powder Puff Derby of 1929'', pg xi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Ernst Probst, – ''Königinnen der Lüfte in Frankreich '' (''Queens of the skies''), France 2010, Page 61 &quot;Élisabeth Thible (Tible) The first passenger of a Montgolfier&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Justin D. Murphy – ''Military Aircraft, Origins To 1918'' 2005 – Page 6 &quot;In February 1784, Paolo Andreani, Agostino Gerli, and Carlo Gerli ascended in a Montgolfière outside Milan. On 4 June 1784, Élisabeth Thible became the first female aeronaut when she ascended over Lyons.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Namundag siya sa Pransya sa [[Lyon]] kan 8 Marso 1757. Kan ika-4 nin Hunyo 1784, walong bulan pagkatapos kan enot na pagbiahe nin lobo na may tripulante, si Thible naglayog kaiba si G. Fleurant sa laog nin sarong lobo na may mainit na aire na nginaranan na ''La Gustave'' bilang pag-onra sa pagbisita ni Hadeng [[Gustav III|Gustav III kan Sweden]] sa Lyon.

== Pagbalon ==
Kan an lobo maghale sa daga si Thible na nakagubing bilang an diosa kan Roma [[Minerva|na si Minerva]], asin si Fleurant nagkanta nin duwang duet gikan sa ''[[La Belle Arsène]]'' ni [[Monsigny]], sarong bantog na opera kan panahon na idto. An pagbiahe naglawig nin 45 minutos, nasakop nin {{Convert|4|km|mi}}, asin nakamit an pigkakarkulong langkaw na {{Convert|1500|m|ft}} . Nasaksihan ini ni Hadeng [[Gustav III of Sweden|Gustavo III kan Sweden]] na sa saiyang onra nginaranan an lobo. Durante kan mabagsik na pagduong si Thible nagbirik nin sarong buol kan an basket tumama sa daga. Siya an tinawan nin kredito ni Fleurant sa kapangganahan kan pagbiahe huli ta pinakakan niya an kahon nin kalayo kan lobo sa dalan asin sa pagpahiling kan saiyang pambihirang kusog nin boot. &lt;ref name=&quot;Amsterdam 1784&quot;&gt;Gazette d'Amsterdam, 25 June 1784 and Journal des savants, November 1784, pp. 760–762.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pribadong buhay ==
Dikit an aram manungod ki Madame Thible; siya ilinaladawan bilang an inabandonang agom ( ''épouse délaissée'' ) kan sarong negosyante sa Lyon. &lt;ref&gt;Philippe Buron Pilâtre ''Pilâtre de Rozier: un Lorrain d'exception, 1754–1785'' 2006 – &quot;Visiblement encore choqué par sa première expérience, Laurencin trouve habile de proposer à la très belle Madame Elisabeth Thible, épouse délaissée d'un grand commerçant de Lyon, de devenir la première femme aéronaute.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Mayo nin rekord saiya na natatada bilang sarong propesyonal na parakanta nin opera. Nagadan siya sa Paris kan 13 Pebrero 1785. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sine ==
''[[Venus im Wolkenschiff]]'' (Venus sa Cloud-ship) – [[WDR Fernsehen]] na pelikula ni A. Reeker kaiba si [[Anouk Plany]] bilang Élisabeth Thible &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hilingon man ==
{{Annotated link|Sophie Blanchard}}

== Mga Reperensya ==

# {{cite journal|last=Tible|first=Elizabeth|date=1784|title=Lettre à Mme ***[relatant les détails du voyage que j'ai fait dans les airs le 4 juin]|trans-title=Letter to Mrs *** [about my air travel the 4th of June]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zBn0Dkmqa0C&amp;q=elisabeth+estrieux+lyon&amp;pg=PA289|journal=Journal encyclopédique ou universel, dédié à Son Alt. Sérénissime MGR. Le Duc de Bouillon Etc. Etc. Etc.|language=fr|volume=7|issue=1|pages=289–294|accessdate=10 August 2018}}
# Gene Nora Jessen, ''The Powder Puff Derby of 1929'', pg  xi.
# Ernst Probst, – ''Königinnen der Lüfte in Frankreich''  (''Queens of the skies''), France 2010, Page 61 &quot;Élisabeth Thible (Tible) The first passenger of a Montgolfier&quot;.
# Justin D. Murphy – ''Military Aircraft, Origins To 1918'' 2005 – Page 6 &quot;In February 1784, Paolo Andreani, Agostino Gerli, and Carlo Gerli ascended in a Montgolfière outside Milan. On 4 June 1784, Élisabeth Thible became the first female aeronaut when she ascended over Lyons.&quot;
# Gazette d'Amsterdam, 25 June 1784 and Journal des savants, November 1784, pp. 760–762.
# Philippe Buron Pilâtre ''Pilâtre de Rozier: un Lorrain d'exception, 1754–1785'' 2006 – &quot;Visiblement encore choqué par sa première expérience, Laurencin trouve habile de proposer à la très belle Madame Elisabeth Thible, épouse délaissée d'un grand commerçant de Lyon, de devenir la première femme aéronaute.&quot;
# {{Cite web|title=PERSONNAGE/Élisabeth Tible, une Lyonnaise en montgolfière|url=https://lyonnais.hypotheses.org/7025|access-date=13 June 2024|website=lyonnais.hypotheses.org|date=2024|doi=10.58079/11rzw|last1=mariehelenelaplace}}
# {{Cite web|title=Venus im Wolkenschiff. Ein Frauen-Traum vom Fliegen {{!}} Film|url=https://kinematoscope.org/Corpus/Films?ID=2319|access-date=4 June 2022|website=kinematoscope.org|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425041844/https://kinematoscope.org/Corpus/Films?ID=2319|dead-url=yes}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polly Sy</title>
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      <text bytes="2572" sha1="ogduo3hb2rdi5zf5mwbuw4gvdi4zqmw" xml:space="preserve">Si '''Polly Wee Sy''' sarong Pilipino na matematiko na nag-espesyalisar sa functional analysis. Siya sarong propesor emeritus nin matematika sa [[Unibersidad kan Filipinas, Diliman|Unibersidad kan Filipinas Diliman]], an dating pamayo kan departamento nin matematika sa unibersidad, asin an dating presidente kan Southeast Asia Mathematical Society.

Si Sy igwa nin bachelor's degree, master's degree, asin Ph.D. sa matematika gikan sa [[Unibersidad kan Filipinas, Diliman|Unibersidad kan Filipinas Diliman]], nakua kan 1974, 1977, asin 1982 sunod-sunod.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Jadloc, Mariamme D. (July 9, 2019), “[[:en:Polly_Sy#cite_note-em-1|Sy is Professor Emeritus in Mathematics]]”, ''Update Diliman'', University of the Philippines Diliman, retrieved 2019-09-08&lt;/ref&gt; An saiyang disertasyon sa doktoral, an ''Köthe duals and matrix transformations'', pinamamahalaan kan matematiko na taga-Singapore na si Peng Yee Lee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=50998 Polly Sy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217080738/https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=50998 |date=2024-12-17 }} at the Mathematics Genealogy Project&lt;/ref&gt; Igwa man siya nin ikaduwang doktorado, an 1992 D.Sc. gikan sa Unibersidad nin Nagoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;“[https://www.mathunion.org/cdc/icm/menao/program/program-details-speaker Speaker profiles]”, ''Mathematics in Emerging Nations: Achievements and Opportunities, Korea, 2014,'' International Mathematical Union Commission for Developing Countries, retrieved 2019-09-08

&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Si Sy iyo an pamayo kan departamento nin matematika sa Unibersidad kan Filipinas Diliman nin duwang beses, poon 1994 sagkod 1996 asin 1999 sagkod 2002, asin nagin presidente kan Southeast Asia Mathematical Society poon 1998 sagkod 1999. Nagin siyang sarong bilog na propesor sa unibersidad kan 2000, asin nagretiro tanganing magin sarong propesor emeritus kan 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kan 1988 an Philippine [[Nasyunal na Akademya kan Siyensya asin Teknolohiya|National Academy of Science and Technology]] tinawan si Sy kan saindang Outstanding Young Scientist Award asin kan 1992 tinawan ninda siya kan saindang Science Prize.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kan taon 2013 an Institute of Mathematics kan Unibersidad kan Pilipinas Diliman nagkaigwa nin sarong workshop sa pag-onra sa ika-sitentang kumpleanyo ni Sy.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://sites.google.com/site/drsyworkshop/ The Diliman Mathematics Research Workshop]'', Institute of Mathematics of the University of the Philippines Diliman, 2013, retrieved 2019-09-08&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toltolan ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yoko Ono</title>
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      <text bytes="10013" sha1="c6r4ngj83ejhyy0zhx301efj66z5ecr" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Japanese artist and activist (born 1933)}}{{About|the Japanese multimedia artist and peace activist|the Japanese judoka|Yoko Ono (judoka)|the song|Yoko Ono (song)}}{{Eastern name order|Ono Yōko}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}{{Infobox person|name=Yoko Ono|native_name={{nobold|{{lang|ja|小野 洋子}}{{br}}{{lang|ja|オノ・ヨーコ}}}}|image=MEX MM CONFERENCIA YOKO ONO (cropped).jpg|caption=Ono in 2016|other_names=Yoko Ono Lennon|birth_date={{birth date and age|1933|2|18}}|birth_place=[[Tokyo City]], Japan|death_date=|death_place=|signature=Yoko Ono signature, Billboard Open Letter 2016.png|alma_mater=[[Gakushuin University]] &lt;br&gt; [[Sarah Lawrence College]]|occupation={{hlist|Artist|singer|songwriter|peace activist}}|spouses={{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Toshi Ichiyanagi]]|1956|1963|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Anthony Cox (producer)|Anthony Cox]]|1962|1963|end={{abbr|ann.|annulled}}}}&lt;br /&gt;{{marriage||1963|1969|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[John Lennon]]|1969|1980|reason=[[Murder of John Lennon|died]]}}
}}|children=Kyoko Cox, [[Sean Ono Lennon]]|module={{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background     = solo_singer
| years_active   = 1961–2021
| genre          = {{hlist|[[Avant-garde music|Avant-garde]]|[[Neo-Dada]]|[[Downtown music|downtown]]|[[performance art]]|[[experimental music|experimental]]|[[Rock music|rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[electronic music|electronic]]|[[Noise music|noise]]|[[Abstract music|abstract]]}}
| instrument     = {{hlist|Vocals|percussion|piano|keyboards}}
| discography    = [[Yoko Ono discography|Full list]]
| label          = {{hlist|[[Apple Records|Apple]]|[[Geffen Records|Geffen]]|[[Polydor Records|Polydor]]|[[Rykodisc]]|[[Twisted Records (U.S.)|Twisted]]|[[Manimal Vinyl]]|[[Astralwerks]]|Chimeras|[[Secretly Canadian]]}}
| past_member_of = [[Plastic Ono Band]]
| website        = {{URL|imaginepeace.com}}
}}}}Si '''Yoko Ono''' (Hapon: 小野 洋子, romanisado: Ono Yōko, parati pigbabaybay sa katakana bilang オノ・ヨーコ; namundag kan Pebrero 18, 1933) sarong Hapon na multimedia na artista, parakanta, parasurat nin kanta, asin aktibista sa katoninongan. An saiyang trabaho minasakop man nin arte sa pagganap asin paggibo nin pelikula.&lt;ref name=&quot;my.entertainment.yahoo.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://my.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/yoko-ono-retrospective-opens-frankfurt-164740038.html|title=Yoko Ono retrospective opens in Frankfurt|date=February 16, 2013|publisher=Yahoo Malaysia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912052307/http://my.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/yoko-ono-retrospective-opens-frankfurt-164740038.html|archive-date=September 12, 2013|access-date=February 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si Ono nagdakula sa Tokyo asin nagbalyo sa Siyudad nin Nueva York kan 1952 tanganing umiba sa saiyang pamilya. Nagin imbuelto siya sa eksena kan mga artista sa sentro kan Siyudad nin Nueva York kan amay na mga taon nin 1960, na kabali an grupong Fluxus, asin nagin midbid na gayo kan 1969 kan siya nagpakasal sa musikerong Ingles na si John Lennon kan [[The Beatles|Beatles]], na saiyang kaiba sa pagrekord bilang sarong duo sa Plastic Ono Band . Ginamit kan mag-agom an saindang honeymoon bilang entablado para sa mga protesta kan publiko laban sa Gera sa Vietnam na may inaapod nindang bed-in . Siya asin si Lennon nagdanay na kasal sagkod na siya ginadan sa atubangan kan edipisyo kan apartment kan mag-agom, an Dakota, kan Disyembre 8, 1980. Magkaibanan, nagkaigwa sinda nin sarong aking lalaki, si Sean, na kan huri nagin man sarong musikero.

Si Ono nagpoon nin karera sa popular na musika kan 1969, na nagbilog kan Plastic Ono Band kaiba si Lennon asin nagprodusir nin nagkapirang mga album nin musikang avant-garde kan mga taon 1970. Nagkamit siya nin komersyal asin kritikal na kapangganahan kan 1980 sa paagi kan chart-topping album na ''Double Fantasy'', sarong kolaborasyon ki Lennon na pinaluwas tolong semana bago an saiyang paggadan, na nanggana kan Grammy Award para sa Album of the Year . Sagkod ngonyan, igwa na siyang doseng numero unong singles sa US Dance charts, asin kan 2016 siya nginaranan na ika-11 pinakamatrayumpong dance club artist sa gabos na panahon kan ''Billboard'' magazine. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists : Page 1|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-top-dance-club-artists|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707003540/http://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-top-dance-club-artists|archive-date=July 7, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dakul na mga musikero an nagtao nin pag-omaw ki Ono bilang sarong artista sa saiyang sadiring deretso asin bilang sarong musa asin icon, kaiba si Elvis Costello na nagrekord kan saiyang bersyon kan &quot; Walking on Thin Ice &quot; sa The Attractions for the ''Every Man Has a Woman'' tribute album ki Yoko Ono, an B-52's, &lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Yoko Ono – Charts &amp; Awards – Billboard Singles|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/yoko-ono-p19685/charts-awards/billboard-singles|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=January 12, 2014}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sonic Youth &lt;ref name=&quot;NME&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=SYR4 – Goodbye 20th Century|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/artistKeyname/1664}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin Monk Mere &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Meredith Monk: Songs That Defy Time and Country {{!}} New Sounds {{!}} Hand-picked music, genre free|url=https://www.newsounds.org/story/meredith-monk-portal/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=newsounds|language=en|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107054742/https://www.newsounds.org/story/meredith-monk-portal/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bilang balo ni Lennon, si Ono nagtatrabaho tanganing mapreserbar an saiyang legasiya. Siya an nagpondo kan Strawberry Fields memorial sa Central Park kan Manhattan, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Strawberry Fields|url=https://www.centralpark.com/api/content/859e12ac-e06e-5b68-9da1-c91f65c467a2/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=www.centralpark.com|language=en-us|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202193612/https://www.centralpark.com/things-to-do/attractions/strawberry-fields/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; an Imagine Peace Tower sa Iceland, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ono|first=Yoko|title=IMAGINE PEACE TOWER|url=http://imaginepeacetower.com/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=IMAGINE PEACE TOWER|language=en-US|archive-date=October 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003210434/http://imaginepeacetower.com/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin an John Lennon Museum sa Saitama, Japan (na nagsara kan 2010). &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=John Lennon Museum|url=https://www.japanvisitor.com/japan-city-guides/japan-museums/john-lennon-museum|url-status=|access-date=November 7, 2021|website=JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107054751/https://www.japanvisitor.com/japan-city-guides/japan-museums/john-lennon-museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nagkaigwa siya nin mga mahalagang kontribusyon sa arte, [[katoninongan]] asin pagtabang sa mga kalamidad sa Hapon asin sa [[Filipinas|Pilipinas]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last1=Vozick-Levinson|first1=Simon|last2=Vozick-Levinson|first2=Simon|date=2011-03-18|title=Yoko Ono Talks Japan Disaster and Relief Concert|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/yoko-ono-talks-japan-disaster-and-relief-concert-186294/|access-date=2021-11-07|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107054739/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/yoko-ono-talks-japan-disaster-and-relief-concert-186294/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=¥5 Million New Year's Gift from Yoko Ono to Ondoy Victims {{!}} Philippine Embassy – Tokyo, Japan|url=https://tokyo.philembassy.net/02events/%c2%a55-million-new-years-gift-from-yoko-ono-to-ondoy-victims/|access-date=2021-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107054746/https://tokyo.philembassy.net/02events/%C2%A55-million-new-years-gift-from-yoko-ono-to-ondoy-victims/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin iba pang siring na mga kawsa. Kan 2002, pig-inagurar niya an sarong biennial na $50,000 na LennonOno Grant para sa Katoninongan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2006-10-09|title=Lennon Ono peace grants awarded|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6033009.stm|access-date=2021-11-07|archive-date=May 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529120935/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6033009.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2012, nakaresibe siya kan Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Yoko Ono Awarded Germany's Highest Human Rights Medal|url=https://www.artlyst.com/news/yoko-ono-awarded-germanys-highest-human-rights-medal/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Artlyst|language=en-GB|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107054740/https://www.artlyst.com/news/yoko-ono-awarded-germanys-highest-human-rights-medal/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin nagin kaiba sa pagmukna kan grupong Artists Against Fracking . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Waxman|first=Olivia B.|date=2012-08-31|title=The Celebrity Campaign Against Fracking: How Yoko Ono and Sean Lennon Rallied an Outcry|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/08/31/yoko-ono-sean-lennon/|access-date=2021-11-07|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107054739/https://entertainment.time.com/2012/08/31/yoko-ono-sean-lennon/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;                                                                                                                                                                                             

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}{{tamboan}}
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  <page>
    <title>Umeboshi</title>
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'''''An Umeboshi''''' (Hapon: 梅干し, tinataram na [ɯmeboɕi], literal na kahulugan: “pinaalang na ume”) iyo mga atsarang (brined) prutas na ume na dakol sa Hapon. An tataramon na umeboshi kadaklan tinataram sa Ingles bilang &quot;mga plum na may asin&quot;, &quot;mga plum na Hapon&quot;, o &quot;preserbadong plum&quot;. An ume (Prunus mume) sarong klase nin kahoy na namumunga sa genus na Prunus, na pirang beses tinatawagan na “plum”, alagad sa totoo mas harani ini sa apricot. An mga atsarang ume na dai pinatuyô tinatawagan na umezuke (梅漬け).   

An mga ''umeboshi'' sarong popular na klase nin Hapon na ''tsukemono'' (&quot;bagay na atsara&quot;; preserbado o pinaalsa) na grabe an kaaslom asin kaasin. Igwa man nin mahamis na bersyon kan ''umeboshi'' na gibo gamit an pulot.

Pirmi ini pigsisirbe bilang side dish sa bagas o kaipuhan sa mga bola nin bagas (na permi dai tinatanggal an labot) para sa pamahaw o pangudtohan. Paminsan-minsan, ini man pigsisirbe na linuto o tinimplahan bilang pangsawsawan. 

== Mga pisikal na karakteristiko ==
An mga ''umeboshi'' pirming bilog an porma asin nagkakaiba-iba hali sa makinis sagkod sa makulubot na itsura. Kasagaran, maasin an namit kaini asin grabe an kaaslom huli sa dakulang laog nin citric acid. Alagad, igwa man nin mga mas mahamis na bersyon. 

== Produksiyon ==
[[Ladawan:Umebosi_Doyobosi.jpg|wala|thumb|''Umeboshi'' na pinapamara sa saldang]]
An sentral na lugar kan prepekturang Wakayama midbid sa bilog na Hapon huli sa kantidad asin kalidad kan ume asin umeboshi kaini. An banwaan nin Minabe, Wakayama, partikularmente, nagtatanom nin mas dakol na ume asin nagpoprodusir nin mas dakol na umeboshi kisa sa arin man na ibang banwaan sa Hapon.  An mga Umeboshi tradisyonal na ginigibo sa paagi nin pag-ani nin prutas na ume kun sinda hinog na sa mga Hunyo asin pigpapatos ini sa mga bariles na may 20% na asin kada gabat kan prutas. An asin nagkukua nin dagta, na dangan ibinababad kan ume sa laog nin mga duwang semana. An maasin, maasim na likidong ini pigbabakal bilang ''umezu'' ([[wiktionary:梅|梅]][[wiktionary:酢|酢]]; perming inaapod na 'ume vinegar', dawa ngani bako ining tunay [[Suka|na suka]] .) &lt;ref name=&quot;Brachfeld&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2I-5QnTAeoC&amp;pg=PA303|title=At Home in Nature, a user's guide|last=Mary Choate and Aaron Brachfeld|date=31 August 2015|publisher=Coastalfields Press|page=303|id=GGKEY:K5213DDZJD2|access-date=21 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dakul na klase nin umeboshi na ipinapabakal sa merkado an pigdedesalinate sagkod sa sarong sokol asin pigbabad giraray sa sarong likido na pampalasa. Minsan sinda tinina nin pula gamit an mga herba na perilla na lila (na inaapod na ''akajiso'' ) o inaapod man  nin namit na ''katsuobushi'', ''kombu'' o pinahamis pa ngani nin [[Tangguli|pulot]] . Nin huli ta an mga klaseng ini na may namit igwa nin 3% sagkod 15% na laog nin asin, ini parati igwa nin natural o artipisyal na preserbatibo tanganing mapalawig an buhay sa estante. An mga natural na preserbatibo kabali an suka, alkohol asin bitamina B1.

== Konsumo ==
[[Ladawan:Umeboshi_20101209_c.jpg|thumb|Plato namay umeboshi]]
An mga Umeboshi per,img kinakakan sa dikit na kantidad na may [[bagas]], para sa dagdag na namit. Ini man sarong komun na sangkap sa ''onigiri'', mga bola nin bagas na pinatos nin ''[[nori]]'' asin pwede man ining gamiton sa ''[[Sushi|makizushi]]'' . ''An Makizushi'' na gibo sa umeboshi pwedeng gibohon gamit an pitted umeboshi o umeboshi paste (na mas barato), na perming kaiba an mga tinadtad na preskong berdeng dahon nin perilla ( ''shiso'' ). An pamantayan na bulong kan mga Hapon para sa [[sipon]] asin trangkaso iyo an ''okayu'' (rice congee ) na may umeboshi. An saro pang paggamit kan umeboshi iyo an ume chazuke, sarong putaheng bagas na may binubo na berdeng tsaa na may umeboshi sa ibabaw.
[[Ladawan:0_series_commemorative_lunch_box_(2).jpg|thumb|''[[Bandera kan Hapon|Hinomaru]] bentō'', na may sarong umeboshi sa ibabaw kan puting bagas, na nagrerepresentar kan bandera kan Hapon]]
An mga Umeboshi pigpapahalagahan kan mga samurai tanganing labanan an kapagalan sa ralaban, sarong pagpunsyon kan saindang laog na asin asin citric acid, kaiba an iba pang mga bagay. An asin, citric acid, asin polyphenols nagkokontribwir man sa saindang antimicrobial na aktibidad, kaya sinda sarong natural na preserbatibo para sa mga kakanon asin nakakatabang na malikayan an pagkahilo sa kakanon asin iba pang mga problema sa tulak na huli sa bakterya.

An Umeboshi ginagamit bilang accent sa pagluto tanganing mapakarhay an namit asin presentasyon. Pwede man ining iserbing pandagdag sa inomon na may ''shōchū'' asin mainit na tubig.

An mga Umeboshi perming kinakakan bilang meryenda; sa Estados Unidos asin Australia, kadakol na mga tindahan nin kakanon na Hapon an nag-iistar kaini. An pagkakan nin umeboshi sa Hapon katumbas kan ekspresyon sa Ingles na &quot;sarong mansanas kada aldaw&quot;.  An mga tindahan nin kendi para sa mga aki minsan nagdadara nin ''[[Karikari ume|ari ume]]'', o nakapatos na, maragamong na atsara na ume, asin pinaalang na umeboshi.

An mga kahon nin bento na igwa nin sarong umiboshi sa ibabaw kan bagas inaapod na ''[[Bandera kan Hapon|Hinomaru]] bentō'', huli ta an pulang ume sa puting bagas nakakaagid sa bandera kan Hapon. Huli sa hababang kantidad kan mga sangkap, ''an Hinomaru bentō'' tradisyonal na pighihiling na sarong baratong kakanon.&lt;gallery widths=&quot;160px&quot; heights=&quot;160px&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Ladawan:Cold_Udon_with_Plum_and_Seaweed_at_Muguinbō,_Shinagawa_Kitchen_(20230801172642).jpg|alt=With udon| Sa udon
Ladawan:Yaki-onigiri_and_umeboshi_by_Ms_President.jpg|alt=With grilled onigiri| Sa inihaw na onigiri
Ladawan:Ume_shiso_soba,_negitoro_rice_(30337331526).jpg|alt=With soba and negitoro| Sa soba asin negitoro
Ladawan:しそかつお梅_(281888083).jpg|alt=Pickled with red shiso| Inasal na may pulang shiso
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Salud ==
[[Ladawan:Ume_(34924236362).jpg|thumb|Pagpamara nin umeboshi]]
An tradisyonal na rekado na ini na estilo kan Hapon pigtutubodan na pantabang sa pagtunaw, para sa pag-iingat sa pagluwa asin sistematikong pagkahilo, kaiba an mga hangover. An green ume extract ginagamit bilang tonic sa Hapon. An citric acid pigtutubodan na nagseserbing antibacterial, nakakatabang na dagdagan an produksyon kan laway asin nakakatabang sa pagtunaw kan bagas. Dugang pa, an umeboshi sinasabing nakakalaban sa kapagalan (na sa kasaysayan itinatao bilang parte kan rasyon sa langtad kan sarong samurai) asin nagpoprotehir laban sa paggurang. 

Susog sa sarong pag-aadal kan 2018, an umeboshi pwedeng igwa nin mga epekto na anti- [[Alerhiya|allergic]], asin &quot;nagsuherir na an ''ume'' igwa nin potensyal na makapugol sa mast cell degranulation asin pwedeng may koneksyon sa nabawasan na peligro nin mga sintomas nin alerhiya sa mga babae.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2018-08-03|title=Biological and epidemiological evidence of anti-allergic effects of traditional Japanese food ume (Prunus mume)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nutrisyon ===
Pitted traditional umeboshi kada 100&amp;nbsp;g igwa nin: 

* Kusog 138&amp;nbsp;kJ
* Protina 0.9&amp;nbsp;g
* Taba 0.2&amp;nbsp;g
* Karbohidrato 10.5&amp;nbsp;g
* Sodium 8700&amp;nbsp;mg 
* Potassium 440&amp;nbsp;mg
* Manganese 0.23&amp;nbsp;mg
* BitaminaA 7&amp;nbsp;μg
* BitaminaB &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; 0.02&amp;nbsp;mg
* BitaminaB &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 0.01&amp;nbsp;mg
* Kolesterol 0&amp;nbsp;mg
* Hibla sa pagkakan 3.6&amp;nbsp;g
* Tubig 65.1&amp;nbsp;g

An tradisyonal (mga bersyon na bakong nabawasan an sodium) umeboshi mga sarong ikaapat na asin.

== Mga kaparehong kakanon ==
An estilo nin umeboshi nin pag-atsara lakop sa Hapon asin kapareho an estilo sa ibang mga paagi nin pag-atsara na preserbado sa Asya na makukua sa Tsina, Vietnam, asin Korea. 

Sa Vietnam, an sarong kaparehong marhay na klase nin atsara na ume inaapod na ''xí muội'' o ''ô mai [ vi ]'' .

Sa [[Filipinas]], inaapod ining kiamoy o tsampoy, asin perming mas mara. An kiamoy asin tsampoy duwang klase nin Filipino-Chinese plum pickle na pigdadara sa paagi kan [[Kalakalang Galyon|Manila galleon]] pasiring sa [[Mehiko]], kun sain ini midbid bilang ''chamoy'' asin perming gibo sa apricot, ume o tamarind asin pinaghalo na asin asin alang na sili.

Sa mga nasyon [[Habagatan na Asya|sa Timog Asya]], an mga Indian gooseberry na inaapod na ''amla'' sa [[Hindi]] o ''amala'' sa Nepali pig-aandam sa kaparehong paagi, minsan may asukar na syrup.

Sa Aprika del Sur, an kaparehong estilo nin preserbadong pinaalang na prutas inaapod na ''mebos'' sa Afrikaans, na an pangaran kaini garo hale sa mga Hapon sa paagi nin komersyo kan mga Olandes. Sa permi, an apricot ginagamit sa pagprodusir nin maasin, asidong klase, dawa ngani an ibang, pinahamis na klase na gibo sa ibang prutas inaapod man na ''mebos'' .

== Sa popular na kultura ==
[[Ladawan:うめぼし公園.jpg|thumb|Eskultura nin sarong umeboshi sa Yunogō Hot Springs]]
Si Umeboshi nasambit sa ''Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair'' bilang sarong kakanon na habo ni Sonia Nevermind.

Sa serye nin manga ''[[Fairy Tail|na Fairy Tail]]'', si umeboshi nakalista bilang an solamenteng habo ni Wendy Marvell ; an anime nagpahiwas kaini sa paagi kan pagkaigwa ni Grey Fullbuster asin Loke na &quot;daog&quot; siya sa laban sa sarong punto sa paagi nin pagkakan sainda sa atubangan niya, na nagin dahilan kan saiyang pagdulag sa takot.

Sa ikaduwang episode kan ''Soaring Sky!'' ''Pretty Cure'', si Sora Harewataru tinawan nin umeboshi sa saiyang pamahaw, na habo niya.

== Hilingon man ==
{{Portal|Food}} 

== Mga Reperensya ==
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== Mga panluwas na sumpay ==
{{Commons|Umeboshi}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070401115825/http://www.pickled-ume.com/english/ An gibo sa harong na atsara na ume asin manlaen-laen na resipe]
{{Japanese food and drink}}{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Tataramon na Naʼvi</title>
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      <text bytes="3151" sha1="ix9dk9jvfw9rsr12wzs554rjwfbren6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox tataramon 
| name             = Naʼvi
| nativename       = {{lang|art-US|Lìʼfya leNaʼvi}}
| image            = Studying the Na’vi dialogs.png
| imagecaption     = Mga diyalogo gikan sa ''[[Avatar (pelikula kan 2009)|Avatar]]'' na pigtataram ni [[Jake Sully]] sa Naʼvi na may palis sa Ingles
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|[ˈnaʔvi]}}
| creator          = [[Paul Frommer]]
| created          = 2005
| setting          = ''[[Avatar (pelikula kan 2009)|Avatar]]'' asin ''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]''
| script           = ''mayo'' (yaon-sa-uniberso)&lt;br/&gt;
[[Latin script]]
| fam1             = Mga [[binilog na tataramon]]
| fam2             = Mga [[tataramon na artistiko]]
| fam3             = Mga [[gibu-gibong tataramon]]
| posteriori       = Mga [[binilog na tataramon]]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[a priori (languages)|sarong priori na tataramon]]
| iso3             = mayo
| iso3comment      = (sarong propuesto na gamiton an nvi an isinikwal kan 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2011-035|title=Change Request Documentation: 2011-035|website=[[SIL International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
| linglist         = 08n
| glotto           = mayo
| ietf             = [https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/ art-x-navi]
| notice           = IPA
| familycolor      = 
}}
An '''tataramon na Naʼvi''' (Naʼvi: ''{{lang|art|Lìʼfya leNaʼvi&lt;ref&gt;https://reykunyu.lu/?q=Language&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://reykunyu.lu/?q=leNa%27vi&lt;/ref&gt;}}'') iyo an sarong [[Fictional language|fictional constructed language]] orihinal na ginibo para sa 2009 na pelikulang [[Avatar (2009 film)|''Avatar'']]. Sa [[Avatar (franchise)|film franchise]], pigtataram an lenggwahe kan [[Naʼvi]], sarong fictional na [[espesye]] nin [[Sapience|sapient]] [[Humanoid|humanoids]] katutubo sa extraterrestrial na [[Natural satellite|bulan]] na Pandora. Tinugdas an tataramon ni [[Paul Frommer]], sarong propesor sa [[USC Marshall School of Business]] na igwang [[doctorate]] sa [[linguistics]]. Dinisenyo an Naʼvi tanganing makanigo sa konsepto kan paragibo nin pelikulang si [[James Cameron]] na kun pàno dapat an tanog kan tataramon sa pelikula. Dapat iyan na magin realistikong manunudan kan mga piksyunal na tawong karakter kan pelikula asin masasayod kan mga aktor, alagad siring man dai nakakaagid sa arin man na tataramon nin tawo.

Kan an pelikula pigluwas kaidtong 2009, nagkaigwa an Naʼvi nin nagtatalubong bokabularyo nin haros rinibong kataga, alagad an pagsabot sa saiyang gramatika limitado sa kagtogdas kan tataramon.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.npr.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Do You Speak Naʼvi? Giving Voice To 'Avatar' Aliens|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121350582|work=NPR|date=December 15, 2009|access-date=16 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alagad, nagbago nin sa paglihis kan panahon huli ta pinalawig ni Frommer an lexicon sa labi sa 2600 na kataga&lt;ref name=&quot;www.dict-navi.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=DictNaʼvi Online Dictionary|url=http://dict-navi.com|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814022127/https://dict-navi.com/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin pinublikar an gramatika.

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    <title>Rosario V. Maramba Elementary School</title>
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      <text bytes="4279" sha1="6aiinq7ndr6k9vms322xmyj6th03bzi" xml:space="preserve">An '''Rosario V. Maramba Elementary School''' nagtitindog bilang sarong pundasyon kan pampublikong edukasyon para sa lokal na komunidad. Namumugtak sa San Felipe Road sa Barangay San Felipe, an institusyon na ini nagseserbing sarong mahalagang sentro para sa mga hoben na paraadal, na nagpapatalubo nin pagtalubo sa akademya asin espiritu nin komunidad sa saro sa pinakadinamikong urban na lugar kan rehiyon. Sa mga koordinado kaini na nasa mga 13.64076° N latitude asin 123.20411° E longitude, an eskwelahan kombenyenteng namumugtak harani sa mga pangenot na palatandaan arog kan San Felipe Barangay Hall asin an opisina kan gobyerno kan Enjoy Realty, na ginigibo ining sarong madaling maabot na sentro para sa mga pamilya sa pagtaraid na lugar.

== Mga Pundasyon sa Kasaysayan ==
Namukna kan taon 1946, an Rosario V. Maramba Elementary School igwa nin mayaman na kasaysayan na nakagamot sa panahon pagkatapos kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban nin pagtogdok liwat asin pag-uswag sa Syudad nin Naga, na midbid kaidto bilang Nueva Caceres. Orihinal na nag-ooperar sa pangaran na San Felipe Elementary School, ini pinangaranan sa pag-onra ki Rosario V. Maramba sa paagi kan Akta Republika No. 7173, na pig-enact kan ika-7 Kongreso kan Republika kan Filipinas. An pagbabagong ini sa lehislatura, na nagkaigwa nin epekto sa pag-aprobar kaini, nagmidbid kan mga kontribusyon ni Maramba—posibleng bilang sarong notableng edukador o pigura sa komunidad—mantang pigpapatunayan an papel kan eskwelahan sa edukasyonal na tanawon kan siyudad.&lt;ref&gt;https://ldr.senate.gov.ph/subject/rosario-v-maramba-elementary-school-schools-elementary&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/1023&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa irarom kan pangangataman kan Department of Education (DepEd) Naga City Schools Division, partikularmente kan Naga North District, an eskwelahan nag-ooperar bilang sarong pampublikong institusyon sa elementarya na may School ID 114504. Ini parte kan sarong network nin sobra sa 20 elementarya sa Ciudad nin Naga, na nagkokontribwir sa mga paghihingoa kan dibisyon sa pundamental na edukasyon. An nagdadanay na presensya kan eskwelahan nagpapahiling kan pangako kan Naga sa madaling maabot na pag-adal, na nagkukua sa makasaysayan na probinsya nin Ambos Camarines, na itinogdas kan taon 1579, na nagduduon kan hararom na pamana kultural asin pang-edukasyon kan lugar.&lt;ref&gt;https://r5-2.lms.deped.gov.ph/moodle/course/index.php?categoryid=1412&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://nid.deped.gov.ph/public-dashboard/region/Region%20V/division/Naga%20City&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.depednaga.ph/rosario-v-maramba-es/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201163649/http://www.depednaga.ph/rosario-v-maramba-es/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga Pasilidad asin Aroaldaw na Operasyon ==
Bilang sarong pamantayan na pampublikong eskwelahan sa elementarya, an Rosario V. Maramba nag-aasikaso sa mga estudyante poon sa kindergarten sagkod sa Grade 6, na pigduduon an mga pundamental na kakayahan sa literasiya, numerasiya, asin edukasyon sa mga pamantayan. Pinapamahalaan kan DepEd, nagpartisipar ini sa mga nasyonal na programa arog kan Basic Education Information System (BEIS) para sa school profiling asin contingency planning. An mga pinakabagong pag-update sa administrasyon, kabali an Division Memorandum No. 204 s. 2024, itampok an padagos na mga workshop sa pagsasanay para sa pagpapauswag kan mga plano sa emerhensya kan eskwelahan, na nagsisiguro nin pagigin andam sa mga emerhensya arog kan mga natural na kalamidad na lakop sa rehiyon kan Bicol na madaling mabiktima nin bagyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.depednaga.ph/wp-content/uploads/Memos/DM%20No.%20204,%20s.%202024%20Division%20Training-Workshop%20on%20the%20Development%20and%20Enhancement%20of%20School%20and%20Office%20Contingency%20Plan.pdf |access-date=2025-10-06 |archive-date=2024-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103164740/https://www.depednaga.ph/wp-content/uploads/Memos/DM%20No.%20204,%20s.%202024%20Division%20Training-Workshop%20on%20the%20Development%20and%20Enhancement%20of%20School%20and%20Office%20Contingency%20Plan.pdf |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Tataramon na pinagsararo</title>
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      <text bytes="13325" sha1="313c68d47uh06sq0ragm9yf53sme1ww" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|An tataramon kun sain an sarong klase nin pagbabago nin tono nagpapahiling nin dakol na pagbabago nin aspeto}}

{{Mga tema sa tipolohiya nin linggwistika}}


An '''mga tataramon na pinagsararo''' o '''mga tataramon na may infleksyon''' o kun sa Ingles, iyo an ''fusionals'', sarong klase nin [[sintetikong tataramon]], na naiiba sa mga tataramon na aglutinatibo sa paagi kan saindang tendensiyang maggamit nin solong mga [[morpema]]ng [[inpleksyon]] tanganing magparisa nin dakol na mga tampok na [[gramatika|pantugmadila o gramatika]], [[sintaktiko]], o [[semantiko]].

Halimbawa, an panhiro na [[tataramon na Espanyol|Kastila]]ng ''comer'' (&quot;magkakan&quot;) igwa nin aktibong inot na personang pansolohan na nagpapahiling nin [[konhugasyon sa gramatika|porma]]ng preteritong panahunan na ''comí'' (&quot;Nagkakan ako&quot;) kun sain saro sanang [[suffix]], ''-í'', nangangaboot kan [[interseksyon]] kan [[aktibong tingog]], kan [[Gramatikal na persona|inot na persona]], kan [[Gramatikal na numero|singular na numero]], kan [[realis mood|pagpapahiling na kamugtakan nin boot o realis mood]], asin [[preterito]] (na iyo an kombinasyon kan [[nakaaging panahunan]] asin [[perpektong aspeto]]), imbes na magkaigwa nin separadong [[affix]] para sa lambang tampok.

An saro pang ilustrasyon kan pinagsararoan o pusyunalidas iyo an [[panmidbid]] kan [[tataramon na Latin|Latin]] na {{lang|la|bonus}} (&quot;karahayan&quot;). An katapusan na {{lang|la|-us}} nangangaboot nin panlalaki na [[gramatikal na kasarian|sarian]], [[nominatibong kaso]], asin singular na numero. An pagbabago kan arin man sa mga tampok na ini nangangaipo nin pagsalida kan suffix na {{lang|la|-us}} nin ibang saro. Sa pormang {{lang|la|bonum}}, an katapusan na {{lang|la|-um}} nangangaboot nin maskulinong [[akusatibong kaso|akusatibong]] singular, daing kasarian na akusatibong singular, o daing kasarian na nominatibong singular.

== Mga tataramon na Indo-Europeo ==

Dakul na [[mga tataramon na Indo-Europeo]] an igwa nin pinagsararo na morpolohiya, kabali an:
* [[Mga tataramon na Balto-Eslabo]], halimbawa. [[Tataramon na Polaco|Polaco]], [[tataramon na Ruso|Ruso]], [[tataramon na Ukranyo|Ukranyo]], asin an [[mga tataramon na Habagatan na Eslabo]].
* [[Mga tataramon na Indo-Iranyo]], e.g. [[Sanskrit]], [[Tataramon na Bengali |Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[Tataramon na Pashto |Pashto]], [[Tataramon na Persyano|Persyo]], [[Tataramon na Kashmiri|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Tataramon na Punjabi|Punjabi]]
* [[Latin]] asin an mga tataramon na Romanse]], halimbawa. [[Tataramon na Italyano|Italyano]], [[Tataramon na Pranses|Pranses]] (parsyal na analitikal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://people.umass.edu/sharris/in/gram/GrammarBook/GramCases.html |title=Grammar: Cases |website=[[umass.edu]] |access-date=2025-06-13 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;), [[Tataramon na Espanyol|Kastila]], [[tataramon na Portuges|Portuges]], asin [[tataramon na Romano|Romano]].
* [[Mga tataramon na Seltiko]], halimbawa. [[Tataramon na Irlandes|Irlandes]] asin [[tataramon na Gales|Gales]] (Welsh).
* An ibang [[mga tataramon na Aleman]], halimbawa. [[Tataramon na Aleman|Aleman]], [[Daan na Ingles]], [[Tataramon na Faroese|Faroese]], asin [[tataramon na Islandya|Islandya]].
* [[Tataramon na Griyego|Griyego]] (Klasiko asin Moderno) asin [[tataramon na Albanyo|Albanyo]].

== Mga tataramon na Semitiko ==
An saro pang notable na grupo nin mga pinagsararo na tataramon iyo an [[mga tataramon na Semitiko]], kabali an [[Hebreo]], [[Arabo]], asin [[Amharic]]. Ini man parati na may kadayon na [[bakong magkakasurugpon na morpolohiya]] (nonconcatenative morphology), kun sain an sarong tataramon na gamot parati na ibinubugtak sa mga plantilya na nagpapahiling kan saiyang punksyon sa sarong pangulayan. An Arabiko orog na pambihira para digdi, na an komun na halimbawa iyo an gamot na ''[[k-t-b]]'' na ibinubugtak sa manlain-lain na mga halimbawa.

== Mga tataramon na Kawkasyo ==
[[Mga tataramon na Amihanan-subangan na Kawkasyo]] maluya an pagkasararo.

== Mga tataramon na Uraliko ==
An limitadong grado nin pagsasaro makukua man sa kadakol na [[mga tataramon na Uraliko]], arog kan [[tataramon na Hungaryo|Hungaryo]], [[tataramon na Estonyo|Estonyo]], [[tataramon na Pilandes|Pilandes]], asin an [[mga tataramon na Sami]], arog kan tataramon na Skolt Sami|Skolt Sami]], nin huli ta sinda panginot na [[tataramon na aglutinatibo|aglutinatibo]].{{citation needed|date=Jan 2026}}

== Sa luwas kan Eurasya ==
=== Amerika ===
Pambihira para sa sarong Subong tataramon na Amihanan na Amerikano, an [[tataramon na Navajo|Navajo]] minsan ilinaladawan bilang pinagsararo o pusyunal huli sa komplikado asin dai masusuhay na morpolohiya kan berbo kaini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Sloane|first=Thomas O.|title=Encyclopedia of Rhetoric|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofrh0000unse_m3o7|date=2001|isbn=978-0-195-12595-5|publisher=[[Oxford University]] Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofrh0000unse_m3o7/page/442 442]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Languages of Native North America|url=https://archive.org/details/languagesofnativ0000mith|date=2001|last=Mithun|first=Marianne|publisher=[[Cambridge University]] Press|isbn=978-0-521-29875-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/languagesofnativ0000mith/page/323 323]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ibang [[mga tataramon na Amasonyo]] arog kan [[tataramon na Ayoreo|Ayoreo]] igwa nin pusyunal na morpolohiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;lang&quot;&gt;Bertinetto, Pier Marco 2009. ''Ayoreo (Zamuco). A grammatical sketch''. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. 8 n.s. [http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL09.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001802/http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL09.htm |date=2013-12-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tataramon na [[mga tataramon na Fuegian|Fuegian]] na  [[tataramon na Selkʼnam|Selkʼnam]] igwang mga elementong pinagsararo. Halimbawa, parehong [[ebidensyalidas]] asin [[kauyunan (linggwistika)#kasarian|kauyunan sa kasarian]] an nakakodigo sa sarong suffix sa panhiro:&lt;ref name=RojasBerscia2014&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Heritage Reference Grammar of Selkʼnam|last=Rojas-Berscia|first=Luis Miguel|year=2014|location=Nijmegen |publisher=Radboud University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;section begin=&quot;list-of-glossing-abbreviations&quot;/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
CERT:certainty (evidential):evidentiality
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;list-of-glossing-abbreviations&quot;/&gt;
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing=link|lang=ona
|Ya k-tįmi x-įnn nį-y ya. 
|1P REL-daga mapasiring-CERT.MASC PRES-MASC 1P
|'Mapasiring ako sa sakuyang daga.'}}

=== Aprika ===
An nagkapirang mga tataramon na [[Nilo-Saharan]] arog kan [[tataramon na Lugbara|Lugbara]] pigkokonsiderar man na pinagsararo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wals.info/chapter/20|title = WALS Online - Chapter Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pagkawara kan pinagsararoan==
An mga tataramon na pinagsararo sa pankagabsan may tendensiyang mawaran kan saindang pagbabago nin tono inpleksyon sa laog nin mga siglo, an iba mas marikas ikan sa iba.&lt;ref name=&quot;unfolding&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Deutscher | first = Guy | author-link = Guy Deutscher (linguist) |title = The unfolding of language: an evolutionary tour of mankind's greatest invention | publisher = Holt Paperbacks | location = New York | year = 2006 | edition = reprint | isbn = 978-0-8050-8012-4 }}{{page needed|date=June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An [[Proto-Indo-Europeo]] sarong pinagsararo, alagad an nagkapira sa mga gikan kaini nagbalyo sa mas [[analitikong tataramon|analitikong]] estruktura arog kan [[Modernong Ingles]], [[Tataramon na Danes|Danes]] asin [[Afrikaans]] o sa [[tataramon na aglutinatibo|aglutinatibo]] arog kan [[tataramon na Persyano|Persyano]] asin [[tataramon na Armenyano|Armenyano]].

An ibang mga gikan nagdadanay na fusional, kabali an [[Sanskrit]], [[Suanoy na tataramon na Griyego|Suanoy na Griyego]], [[tataramon na Litwanyo|Litwanyo]], [[Tataramon na Letonyo|Letonyo]], [[Mga tataramon na Eslabo]], siring man an [[Latin]] asin an [[mga tataramon na Romanse]] asin nagkapirang [[mga tataramon na Aleman]].

==Pagguno nin pinagsararoan==
An ibang mga tataramon nagbabalyo sa lawig nin panahon gikan sa aglutinatibo pasiring sa pinagsararo.

Halimbawa, kadaklan sa [[mga tataramon na Uraliko]] kadaklan aglutinatibo, alagad an [[tataramon na Estonyo|Estonyo]] nag-uuswag nin marhay sa direksyon nin sarong pinagsararo na tataramon. Sa ibong na lado, [[tataramon na Pilandes|Pilandes]], an haraning paryente kaini, nagpapahiling nin mas dikit na mga ugali nin pagsasaro asin kun siring nagdanay na mas harani sa mayor na tipo nin Uraliko. Alagad, [[mga tataramon na Sámi]], mantang parte man kan pamilyang Uraliko, nagkaigwa nin mas dakul na pinagsararoan kisa Pilandes asin Estonyo nin huli ta ini may kadayon na [[gradasyon kan katanog]] alagad igwa man nin [[apoponya]] nin patanog.

==Mga pinagsararo na pagbabago nin tono==
An mga pagbabago sa tono sa mga pinagsararo na tataramon may tendensiyang mahulog sa duwang paterno, susog sa kun arin na parte kan pagtaram an saindang pigbabago: mga [[deklinasyon]] para sa mga pangngaran asin panmidbid, asin mga [[gramatikal na konhugasyon|konhugasyon]] para sa mga panhiro.

===Deklesyon===
{{main article|Deklesyon}}
An sarong tampok kan kadakol na pinagsararo na mga tataramon iyo an saindang sistema nin mga [[deklinasyon]] kun sain an mga pangngaran asin panmidbid igwa nin nakadukot na affix na nagtutukdo kan [[gramatikal na kaso]] (an saindang mga gamit sa clause), [[numero (gramatika)|bilang]] asin [[gramatikal na kasarian]]. An mga panangli (pronoun) pwede man na liwaton an saindang mga porma tanganing i-encode an impormasyon na iyan.

Sa laog nin sarong pinagsararo na tataramon, parati igwa nin sobra sa sarong deklinasyon; an [[Latin]] asin [[tataramon na Griyego|Griego]] igwa nin lima, asin an [[mga tataramon na Eslabo]] igwa nin arin man sa tanga nin tolo asin pito. An [[tataramon na Aleman|Aleman]] igwa nin dakol na deklinasyon susog sa patanog o katanog na nagtatapos kan taga, dawa ngani sinda mas dai mahuhulaan.

Alagad, kadakol na mga gikan kan mga fusional na tataramon an may tendensiyang mawaran kan saindang marka nin kaso. Sa kadaklan na [[mga tataramon na Romanse]] asin [[mga tataramon na Aleman|Aleman]], kaiba an Modernong [[tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]] (kaiba an mga pambihirang eksepsyon kan Aleman, Islandes asin Faroese), an pag-encode para sa kaso vestigial sana huli ta dai na ini minasakop nin mga pangngaran asin pamidbid kundi mga panangli sana.

Ikumparar an [[tataramon na Italyano|Italyano]] ''egli'' (panlalaking singular na ,[[nominatibo]]), ''gli'' (panlalaki singular na [[datibo]], o bakong direktang bagay), ''lo'' (panlalaki singular na [[akusatibo]]) asin ''lui'' (man maskulinong singular na akusatibo alagad may pagdodoon asin [[bakong direktang bagay|bakong direktang kaso]] na gagamiton sa mga preposisyon), katumbas kan solong vestigial trio na ''he, him, his'' sa Ingles.

===Konhugasyon===
{{main article|Gramatikal na konhugasyon}}
An [[gramatikal na konhugasyon|Konhugasyon]] iyo an pagbabago kan porma kan sarong [[panhiro]] tanganing mag-encode nin impormasyon manungod sa nagkapira o gabos kan [[gramatikal na kamugtakan]], [[gramatikal na tingog|tingog]], [[gramatikal na panahuan|panahunan]], [[gramatikal na aspeto|aspeto]], [[gramatikal na tawuhan|tawo]], [[gramatikal na kasarian]] asin [[gramatikal na numero|numero]]. Sa sarong pinagsararo na tataramon, duwa o labi pa sa mga impormasyon na iyan an pwedeng maipaabot sa sarong morpema, na sa parati sarong suffix.

Halimbawa, sa [[tataramon na Pranses|Pranses]], an pataram na suffix minadepende sa kamugtakan, panahon asin aspeto kan panhiro, siring man sa persona asin numero (alagad bakong kasarian) kan subheto kaini. 

Nagbubunga ini nin tipikal na [[Konhugasyon#mga panhiro sa inot na grupo (panhiro na -er)| 45 na manlain-lain na porma nin sarong tataramon]] kan berbo, na an lambang saro kaini nagpapaabot nin nagkapira o gabos kan minasunod:
*'''mood''' ([[indicative mood|indicative]], [[subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], [[conditional mood|conditional]] or [[imperative mood|imperative]])
*'''panahunan''' ([[nakaaging panahunan|nakaagi]], [[ngunyan na panahunan|ngunyan]] o [[nuanoy na panahunan|nuanoy]])
*'''aspeto''' ([[aspetong perpektibo|perpektibo]] o [[aspetong imperpektibo|imperpektibo]])
*'''persona''' (inot, ikaduwa o ikatulo), asin
*'''numero''' (pansolohan o pandakulan). 

An pagbabago kan arin man sa mga pidaso nin impormasyon na dai binabago an iba nangangaipo nin paggamit nin ibang suffix, an pangenot na karakteristiko kan pinagsararoan.

An Ingles igwa nin duwang halimbawa nin konhugasyunal na pagsaro. An berbal na suffix na ''-s'' nagpapahiling nin kombinasyon kan presenteng panahunan na may parehong ikatolong persona asin singularidad kan asosyadong subheto, asin an panaram na suffix na ''-ed'' na ginagamit sa sarong panhiro na mayong pantabang na panhiro (auxiliary verb) nagpapaabot nin parehong [[progresibong aspeto|bakong progresibong aspeto]] asin nakaaging panahunan.

==Hilingon man==
* [[Pagbabago nin tono]]
* [[Tataramon na sintetiko]]

==Mga toltolan==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mga tataramon na pinagsararo| ]]
[[Category: Mga tataramon na sintetiko]]

[[eo:Lingva tipologio#Aglutinaj kaj fandaj lingvoj]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7909" sha1="1xqfvqmzttxfplx62q2ozdonqiezkcw" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|biopisikista asin sistemang biolohistang Israeli}}
Si '''Nathalie Q. Balaban''' ({{Langx|he|נטלי בלבן}}) sarong [[biopisika| biopisikista]] asin [[biyolohiya nin mga sistema | biyolohikista kan mga sistema]] na [[Israel|Israeli]]. Siya sarong [[Ganap na Propesor|bilog na propesor]] sa [[Instituto nin Pisika kan Racah]] sa [[Unibersidad nin Hebreo kan Jerusalem]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | title = Prof. Nathalie Balaban, The Racah Institute of Physics | publisher= Racah Institute of Physics, [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] | url = https://phys.huji.ac.il/contacts/balaban-questembert_nathalie | postscript =  }}&lt;/ref&gt; asin sarong miyembro kan [[European Academy of Microbiology]] (EAM), an [[American Academy of Microbiology]] (AAM) asin an [[European Molecular Biology Organization]] (EMBO).

== Edukasyon asin karera ==
Natapos ni Balaban an saiyang [[PhD]] degree sa [[Pisika nin kondensada|Pisika kannKondensadong Materya]] sa [[Instituto nin Siyensya kan Weizmann |Institusyon kan Weizmann]]. Enot siyang nagin interesado sa biyopisika asin nag-adal nin mga mekanikal na pwersa sa mga selula kaiba si Benny Geiger kan 2000. Dangan nag-ayon siya sa [[Stanislas Leibler | Stanislas Leibler's]] lab sa [[Unibersidad nin Princeton]] bilang sarong parasaligsig na postdoctoral, kun saen siya sarong [[Robert H. Dicke Fellowship|Robert H. Dicke]] Fellow. Poon kan 2003, siya sarong [[miyembro kan faculty]] sa Departamento nin Pisika kan [[Unibersidad nin Hebreo kan Jerusalem|Unibersidad nin Hebreo]].
An saiyang pagsiyasat ngunyan nakasentro sa biopisikal na paglaladawan kan mga simbag kan bakterya sa irarom nin mga pagbolong na antibiotiko,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature Reviews Microbiology 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Balaban |first1=N. Q. |last2=Helaine |first2=S. |last3=Lewis |first3=K. |last4=Ackermann |first4=M. |last5=Aldridge |first5=B. |last6=Andersson |first6=D. I. |last7=Brynildsen |first7=M. P. |last8=Bumann |first8=D. |last9=Camilli |first9=A. |last10=Collins |first10=J. J. |last11=Dehio |first11=C. |last12=Fortune |first12=S. |last13=Ghigo |first13=J. M. |last14=Hardt |first14=W. D. |last15=Harms |first15=A. |last16=Heinemann |first16=M. |last17=Hung |first17=D. T. |last18=Jenal |first18=U. |last19=Levin |first19=B. R. |last20=Michiels |first20=J. |last21=Storz |first21=G. |last22=Tan |first22=M. W. |last23=Tenson |first23=T. |last24=Van Melderen |first24=L. |last25=Zinkernagel |first25=A. |title=Systems biologist finds novel solutions to fundamental biological problems |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |date=2019 |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=441–448 |doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0196-3 |pmid=30980069 |pmc=7136161 }}&lt;/ref&gt; asin an saindang mga implikasyon sa pagsabot kan pagkabigo sa pagbolong&lt;ref name=&quot;Science2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=J. |last2=Gefen |first2=O. |last3=Ronin |first3=I. |last4=Bar-Meir |first4=M. |last5=Balaban |first5=N. Q. |title=Effect of tolerance on the evolution of antibiotic resistance under drug combinations, Science 2020|journal=Science |date=2020 |volume=367 |issue=6474 |pages=200–204 |doi=10.1126/science.aay3041 |pmid=31919223 |url=https://www.science.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aay3041 |accessdate= 20 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin ebolusyon kan resistensya&lt;ref name=&quot;Science2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levin-Reisman |first1=I. |last2=Ronin |first2=I. |last3=Gefen |first3=O. |last4=Braniss |first4=I. |last5=Shoresh |first5=N. |last6=Balaban |first6=N. Q. |title=Antibiotic tolerance facilitates the evolution of resistance, Science 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2017-02-24_355_6327/page/826 |journal=Science |date=2017 |volume=355 |issue=6327 |pages=826–830 |doi=10.1126/science.aaj2191 |pmid=28183996 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pagmidbid ==
* An [[Wolf Prize|Krill prize]] gikan sa [[Wolf Foundation]] para sa Kahusayan sa Siyentipikong Pagsiyasat kan 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Krill Prize&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nathalie Q. Balaban, Krill Prize Laureate 2009 |work=Wolf Foundation |date=8 January 2020 |url=https://wolffund.org.il/2020/01/08/nathalie-questembert-balaban/ }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An Klachky Prize para sa Pag-uswag kan mga Linderos kan Siyensya kan 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nathalie Balaban, AcademiaNet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nathalie Balaban, AcademiaNet|url=https://www.academia-net.org/profil/prof-dr-nathalie-balaban/1135371//}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Napili na miyembro kan [[European Academy of Microbiology]] (EAM) kan 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=EAM - members |url=https://fems-microbiology.org/eam-members//}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Napili na Fellow kan [[American Academy of Microbiology]] (AAM) kan 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nathalie Balaban, AcademiaNet&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Napili na Miyembro kan [[European Molecular Biology Organization]] (EMBO) kan 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;EMBO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nathalie Balaban, EMBO website |url=https://people.embo.org/profile/nathalie-q-balaban/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |archive-date=2026-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421100402/https://people.embo.org/profile/nathalie-q-balaban |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mahusay na parasiyasat sa gabos na larangan nin pagsiyasat sa Unibersidad nin Hebreo para sa taon nin 2022 &lt;ref name=&quot;Excelling researcher&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Excelling researcher 2022 |url=https://en-science.huji.ac.il/news/%C2%A0warm-greetings-prof%C2%A0nathalie-balaban-racah-institute%C2%A0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pagpalakop ==
Si Balaban an nagpoon asin nagmukna, kaiba si Propesor Eran Sharon kan &quot;Iskolar-Paratukdo&quot; na naggigibo nin mga posisyon sa akademikong pagsiyasat sa Hebrew University na kabali man an part-time na pagtukdo nin siyensya sa mga hayskul para sa pag-uswag kan pagtukdo nin siyensya.

== Mga piling publikasyon ==
* Yoav Kaplan, Shaked Reich, Elyaqim Oster, Shani Maoz, Irit Levin-Reisman, Irine Ronin, Orit Gefen, Oded Agam, Nathalie Q Balaban (2021). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04114-w &quot;Observation of universal ageing dynamics in antibiotic persistence.&quot;] ''Nature'' '''600:''' pages 290-294.

* NQ Balaban, J Merrin, R Chait, L Kowalik, S Leibler (2004). [https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1099390 &quot;Bacterial persistence as a phenotypic switch.&quot;] ''Science'' '''305:''' 1622-1625.

* A Brauner, O Fridman, O Gefen, NQ Balaban (2016)  [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro.2016.34 &quot;Distinguishing between resistance, tolerance and persistence to antibiotic treatment.&quot;] ''Nature Reviews Microbiology'' '''14:''' 320-330.

* NQ Balaban, S Helaine, K Lewis, M Ackermann, B Aldridge, DI Andersson, ... (2019). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-019-0196-3 &quot;Definitions and guidelines for research on antibiotic persistence.&quot;] ''Nature Reviews Microbiology'' '''17:''' 441-448.

* Oded Sandler, Sivan Pearl Mizrahi, Noga Weiss, Oded Agam, Itamar Simon, Nathalie Q Balaban (2015). [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14318 &quot;Lineage correlations of single cell division time as a probe of cell-cycle dynamics.&quot;] ''Nature'' '''519:''' 468–471.

* O Fridman, A Goldberg, I Ronin, N Shoresh, NQ Balaban (2014). [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13469 &quot;Optimization of lag time underlies antibiotic tolerance in evolved bacterial populations.&quot;] ''Nature'' '''513:''' pages 418–42.

* Irit Levin-Reisman, Irine Ronin, Orit Gefen, Ilan Braniss, Noam Shoresh, Nathalie Q Balaban (2017). [https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aaj2191 &quot;Antibiotic tolerance facilitates the evolution of resistance.&quot;] ''Science'' '''355:''' pages 826-830.

== Mga toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

== Mga panluwas na takod ==
* [http://bio-site.phys.huji.ac.il/ Balaban Lab website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320230103/http://bio-site.phys.huji.ac.il/ |date=2023-03-20 }}
* {{google scholar id|NcV19fEAAAAJ}}

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    <title>Umetsugu Inoue</title>
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      <text bytes="8498" sha1="lr4ckwuc1xnkecr1mto9dpgxqmt8jsf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name             = Umetsugu Inoue
| native_name      = 井上 梅次
| native_name_lang = ja
| image            = Umetsugu Inoue and Yumeji Tsukioka.jpg
| caption          = Inoue (standing) with [[Yumeji Tsukioka]]
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|5|31}}
| birth_place      = [[Japan]]
| death_date       = Pebrero 11, 2010
| death_place      = [[Japan]]
| othername        = 
| spouse           = 
| occupation       = [[film director]], [[screenwriter]]
| years_active     = [[1952 in film|1952]]–[[1983 in film|1983]]
}}

Si {{nihongo|'''Umetsugu Inoue'''|井上 梅次|Inoue Umetsugu|Mayo 31, 1923 – Pebrero 11, 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;asahi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=February 15, 2010|date=February 15, 2010|url=http://www.asahi.com/obituaries/update/0215/TKY201002150380.html|script-title=ja:井上梅次監督が死去 「鷲と鷹」「嵐を呼ぶ男」|trans-title=Director Umetsugu Inoue dies: ''Washi to Taka'' and ''Man Who Causes a Storm''|publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218112143/http://www.asahi.com/obituaries/update/0215/TKY201002150380.html|archive-date=February 18, 2010|language=ja|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mainichi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=February 15, 2010|date=February 15, 2010|url=http://mainichi.jp/select/person/news/20100216k0000m040051000c.html|script-title=ja:訃報：井上梅次さん８６歳＝「嵐を呼ぶ男」監督|trans-title=Obituary: Mr. Umetsugu Inoue, 86, director of ''Man Who Causes a Storm''|publisher=[[Mainichi Shinbun]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929125540/http://mainichi.jp/select/person/news/20100216k0000m040051000c.html|archive-date=September 29, 2012|language=ja|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarong [[Banwang Hapones|Hapon]] na direktor sa pelikula, asin [[screenwriter|scriptwriter]]. Siya nagdsirihe nin 115 na pelikula, nagsurat nin 101 screenplay, asin ti9natawan kredito sa pagsurat kan orihinal na istorya kan limang pelikula.&lt;ref name=&quot;jmdb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/person/p0034960.htm|script-title=ja:井上梅次|publisher=[[Japanese Movie Database]]|language=ja|access-date=January 22, 2009|archive-date=March 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325164647/http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/person/p0034960.htm|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, he worked with all six major Japanese film production companies.

An trabaho niya sa sine nag'abot pang [[Hong Kong]], asin siya nagtaong giya teknikAL sa mga pelikula poon 1966 abot 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inoue Umetsugu 井上梅次 |url=https://www.filmarchive.gov.hk/documents/6.-Research-and-Publication/06-02-Filmmakers-Search/English/Inoue-Umetsugu_e.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228041350/https://www.filmarchive.gov.hk/documents/6.-Research-and-Publication/06-02-Filmmakers-Search/English/Inoue-Umetsugu_e.pdf |archive-date=2025-12-28 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=[[Hong Kong Film Archive]] |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An agom niya iyo an aktres na si [[Yumeji Tsukioka]] poon 1957 sagkod kan siya nagadan.

Kn 11 Pebrero 2010, si Inoue nagadan huli sa cerebral hemorrhage sa sarong hospital sa [[Minato, Tokyo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-02-15 |title=月丘夢路さんの夫で映画監督の井上梅次氏死去 |url=https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2010/02/15/articles/K20100215Z00001300.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228035901/https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2010/02/15/articles/K20100215Z00001300.html |archive-date=2025-12-28 |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=[[Sports Nippon]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmograpiya ==
An filmograpiya ni Umetsugu Inoue kabarali an mga minasunod

=== Direktor ===
* ''[[Jazz on Parade 1954 nen: Tokyo Cinderella Musume]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Mittsu no Kao]]'' (1955) a.k.a. ''[[Three Faces]]''
* ''[[Midori haruka ni]]'' (1955) a.k.a. ''[[The Green Music Box]]''
* ''[[Hi no Tori]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Nikoyon Monogatari]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Crossroads of Death]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Man Who Causes a Storm]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Shori-sha]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Washi to Taka]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Arashi o Yobu yūjō]]'' (1959) a.k.a. ''[[A Friendship That Causes a Storm]]''
* ''[[Ashita wa Ashita no Kaze ga Fuku]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Subarashiki dansei]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Yoru no kiba]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Arashi o Yobu Gakudan]]'' (1960)
* ''[[The Poem of the Blue Star]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Shōri to Haiboku]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Six Suspects (film)|Six Suspects]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Gonin no Totsugeki Tai]]'' (1961)
* ''[[The Man from the East (1961 film)|The Man from the East]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Heiten Jikan]]'' (1962) a.k.a. ''Closing''
* ''[[Hell's Kitchen (1962 film)|Hell's Kitchen]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Hoseki Dorobo]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Kurotokage]]'' (1962) a.k.a. ''Black Lizard''
* ''[[Ankokugai Saidai no Kettō]]'' (1963) a.k.a. ''[[Duel of the Underworld]]'' (暗黒街最大の決闘)
* ''[[Bury Me Deep]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Daisanno Kagemusha]]'' (1963)
* ''[[The Night I Want to Dance]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Yakuza no Kunsho]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Ankokugai Odori]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Modae]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Gyangu Chōjō Sakusen]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Kuroi Yuwaku]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Yoru no Nettaigyo]]'' (1965) a.k.a. ''[[BGS of Ginza]]''
* 1966 ''[[Koi to Namida no Taiyō]]'' 
* 1967 ''[[Gekijo no Chibusa]]'' 
* 1967 ''[[Hong Kong Nocturne]]'' - Director, screenwriter. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fareastfilm.com/eng/archive/2006/hong-kong-nocturne/?IDLYT=15535 |title=Hong Kong Nocturne |website=fareastfilm.com  |date=2006 |accessdate=June 16, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://hkmdb.com/db/movies/view.mhtml?id=4631&amp;display_set=eng |title=Hong Kong Nocturne |website=hkmdb.com |date=February 8, 2021 |accessdate=June 16, 2021 |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523184431/https://hkmdb.com/db/movies/view.mhtml?id=4631&amp;display_set=eng |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1967 ''[[King Drummer]]'' 
* 1967 ''{{ill|Operation Lipstick|fr}}'' - Director, screenwriter. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.coolasscinema.com/2015/01/operation-lipstick-1967-review.html?m=1 |title=Operation Lipstick (1967) review |website=coolasscinema.com |date=January 25, 2015 |accessdate=June 16, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://hkmdb.com/db/movies/view.mhtml?id=4672&amp;display_set=eng |title=Operation Lipstick |website=hkmdb.com |date=April 27, 1967 |accessdate=June 16, 2021 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195843/https://hkmdb.com/db/movies/view.mhtml?id=4672&amp;display_set=eng |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1968 ''The Brain-Stealers'' 
* 1968 ''[[Hong Kong Rhapsody]]'' 
* ''[[Kushiro no Yoru]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Long Live Youth!]]'' (1969)
* ''[[The Millionaire Chase]]'' (1969)
* 1970 ''[[Apartment for Ladies]]'' &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/fp/en_US/web/fpo/programmes/2014shaw/film28.html |title=Film Screenings - Apartment for Ladies |website=lcsd.gov.hk |date=January 17, 2015 |access-date=November 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''{{ill|The Five Million Dollar Legacy|fr}}'' (1970)
* ''[[The Performers (1970 film)|The Performers]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Whose Baby Is in the Classroom?]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Young Lovers (1970 film)|Young Lovers]]'' (1970)
* ''[[The Yellow Muffler]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Lill, My Darling Witch]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Sunset (1971 film)|Sunset]]'' (1971)
* ''{{ill|We Love Millionaires|fr}}'' (1971)
* ''{{ill|The Venus Tear Diamond|fr}}'' (1971)
* ''[[Ikare Doku Hebi: Moku Gekisha o Kese]]'' (1976) a.k.a. ''Cobra''
* ''[[Utareru Mae ni Ute!]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Aitsu to Lullaby]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Man Who Causes a Storm (1983 film)|Man Who Causes a Storm]]'' (1983)

&lt;small&gt;'''Sources:''' &lt;ref name=&quot;jmdb&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

=== Screenplay ===
* ''[[Mōjū tsukai no shōjo]]'' (1952)

&lt;small&gt;'''Sources:''' &lt;ref name=&quot;jmdb&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

== Mga panluwas na takod ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{jmdb name|0034960}}
* {{Hkmdb name|id=3420}}
* [http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/people.asp?id=2080 Hong Kong Cinemagic entry]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* https://inoue-tsukioka.com The Inoue and Tsukioka Film Foundation (in Japanese)

{{Umetsugu Inoue}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Inoue, Umetsugu}}
[[Kategorya:Mga 1923na kamundagan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga 2010 na kagadanan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga direktor sa pelikula sa Hong Kong]] 
[[Kategorya:Mga direktor sa pelikula na Hapones]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tawo sa Mass media na haleng Kyoto]]
{{Japan-fialm-director-stub}}a</text>
      <sha1>lr4ckwuc1xnkecr1mto9dpgxqmt8jsf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sagop</title>
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      <text bytes="69174" sha1="ak93dk7dj6xhf22nhk2hjrnchu1lf42" xml:space="preserve">=== Embankment dam ===
{{main|Embankment dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Embankment dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Embankment Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 =  A diagram illustrating the cross-section of a typical embankment dam.
 | caption1 = Many [[embankment dam]]s have a clay core and gradually sloping faces both upstream and downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
&lt;!--  |{{harvnb|Brown|2026|loc=§ &quot;Embankment dams&quot;}}. --&gt;
|{{harvnb|Schnitter|1994|p=168}}.
|{{harvnb|Denny|2010| p= 188}}.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | image2   = &lt;!-- Una foto de la presa.jpg --&gt;  Misogawa Dam road survey.jpg
 | alt2 =  A large rocky dam, with a reservoir behind it, and green hills in the background.
 | caption2 =    [[Misogawa Dam]] in Japan is an [[embankment dam]].
}}
=== Gravity dam ===
{{main|Gravity dam}}
{{multiple image
&lt;!-- | header = [[Buttress dam]] --&gt;
&lt;!-- | width = 160 --&gt;
| title= Gravity dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Gravity Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical gravity dam.
 | caption1 =  A typical [[gravity dam]] has a nearly vertical upstream face, and a broad base.{{sfn|Schnitter|1994|pp=170–172}}{{efn|The &quot;toe&quot; of a dam is the bottom of the downstream face. The &quot;heel&quot; is the bottom of the upstream face.{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
}}
 | image2   = Grande Dixence Staumauer.jpg &lt;!-- Barrage de la Grande-Dixence.jpg --&gt;
 | alt2 =  A massive concrete dam with a reservoir behind it.
 | caption2 = [[Grande Dixence Dam]] in Switzerland is one of the [[List of tallest dams|world's tallest gravity dams]]. The people atop the dam's crest illustrate its size.{{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}&lt;!-- 
{{efn|[[Grande Dixence Dam]] is the world's tallest gravity dam as of 2025.}}
--&gt;
}}

=== Buttress dam ===
{{main|Buttress dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Buttress dams 
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Buttress Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical buttress dam.
 | caption1 = A [[buttress dam]] has an inclined upstream face supported by multiple buttresses.&lt;ref name=Buttress/&gt;
 | image2   = 040523-Latyan-IMG 8656-2.jpg
 | alt2 =   A huge concrete dam with trees at its base.
 | caption2 = About 20 buttresses are visible in this photo of [[Latyan Dam|Latyan buttress dam]] in Iran.{{sfn|Scott|1968|p=353}} 
}}
An '''sagop''' sarong estruktura na nagsasaray tubig o nag'uulang kan bulos o dalihig kaini. An mga sagop klasipikado sa apat na tugmad na klase: [[gravity dam]] iyo an malahiganteng estruktura gibo sa konkreto o semento na nagsasarig sa gabat kaini ngani mabangga an pwersa kan tinambak na tubig; [[embankment dam]] ginigibo sa pagtipon nin kagagapoan, dalipay, baybay, daga, o graba; [[buttress dam]] ginigibo paagi nin anhay, konkretong sementong suportado sa ibabang bulos nin serye nin mga triangular na [[sangki']]; asin an [[arch dam]] nagamit nin binalod na konkretong lanob ngani mapalis an gabat kan tubig sa magkataraid asin nakapalibot na nag'uulang na daga'. 

An mga sagop tuyong ginigibo bilang [[irigasyon]], [[hydropower]], [[kuanan tubig]], [[pagkontrol sa baha]], [[Lista nin isports sa tubig|rekreasyon]], [[inland navigation]], asin [[pagsisira']]. An irigasyon kritikal na aplikasyon nin sagop: mga 20% kan mga dagang tatamnan nin kinaban may patubig naghahale sa mga [[reserba]] natipon kan mga sagop. An mga sagop nagmumukna nin pwersa sa tubig (hydropower), nagtatao nin malinig asin danay na pagkukuan elektrisidad, asin nagwawaras nin tubig sa pnagangaipo sa harong asin sa gamit industriyal.&lt;!-- Dams that support flood management reduce downstream water levels to a safe limit.--&gt;

An haloyan nang sagop iyo an [[Jawa Dam (Jordan)|Jawa Dam]] sa modernong [[Jordan]], hinaman kan 3000{{nbsp}}BCE. An [[Hittites|Imperyong Hittite]] nagtugdok magkapirang sagop sa (ngonyan) modernong Turkey pag'ultan nin ika-17 asin ika-19 siglo BCE. Sa kan ika-1 na siglo CE, an [[Imperyong Romano]] naghimong makagibo nin inapod na gravity dams{{snd}} na tipikal igwang patindog na ulang sa pairaya asin pailawod na sapa. Kan [[medieval Europe]], an mga sagop nagdadamot nin tubig pagtaong pwersa sa paitok na ruweda para sa molino asin pagmimina. An proseso nin pagdesenyo nin mga sagop naghihira na kan mga huring panahon nin ika-18ng siglo hale sa impormal na praktis pasiring sa disiplina nin inhenyero nakabatay na syensia. Kan ika-20ng siglo, gibo kan madalian nang makakua nin konkreto asin an pagtunga kan mga makinaryang darakula na pangkonstruksyon, dakulon nang mga proyekto nin mga darakulang sagop an nahahaman sa bilog na ikinaban.&lt;!-- Organized opposition to dam projects emerged in the modern era, focused on environmental and social impacts such as loss of plant and animal habitat, reduced water and sediment flow, degraded landscape aesthetics, submergence of cultural sites, and forced relocation of human populations.--&gt;

An barang-barang na parte kan sagop iyo an balagbag na nagpupugol sa tubig, alagad kadaklan kan mga sagop igwang mga dugang na estruktura na may importanteng pungsyon. Pag an sagop binabagat an bulos nin salog, mga [[Lock (water navigation)|barat]] nakakaag na sa proyekto ngani an mga bapor makalagbas. [[Mga hagahag para sa sira]] ikinakaag man ngani an mga sira makapa-iraya. [[Ulaan]] parati kairiba sa desenyo ta anoman na su'pay o sulwak magbulos sana pailawod ta kun dai, pwedeng magdulot nin pagbabaha sa mga palibot na katatamnan asin estaran. Mga ihian nin sagop kinakaag ngani an deposito mapatete' sa paglinig kan mga natipon na tundag o marokamok.

An sagop pwede man rangkahon asin haleon huli sa magkapirang rason: kun ini nagdadarang peligro sa buhay, kun ini dai naman talaga kaipohan, o ngani maibalik an ruta kan migrasyn nin mga sira, o ngani maparahay an salud kan pailawod na mga sapa paagi kan dagdag na bulos kan marokamok. An mga sagop may okasyon man na nabagsak na naresulta sa makuring pagbaha' asin pagkautas nin buhay. Dakul na prinsipyo sa pagdesenyo nin ligtas na sagop nano'dan huli kaini.&lt;!-- An mga sagop pwedeng magpalya sa dakul na rason: mga linog, dai dusog na kagagapoan sa [[abutment]], tubig na nagtuturo sa laog o sa irarom kan sagop, o an sagop nahuros sa kinatutugmadan kaini. .--&gt;

== Depinisyon asin etimolohiya ==
Sa halakbang na pakasabot, an &quot;sagop&quot; iyo an anoman na estruktura na nagsasaray nin tubig o nag'uulang na dai magkaigwa nin pagbabaha'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}. 
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}. 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|
An ''Oxford English Dictionary'': &quot;Sarong sangki' o bagat nin daga', semento, aibp., na tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani ulangon an pagdalihig kaini asin  itaas an lebel kaini....; anoman nakakaagid na knstruksyon ngani matipon an tubig na ini magin sarong danaw-danaw o reserba, o tangani maproteheran an kadagaan sa paglantop kan tubig igdi.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'': &quot;Anoman na ulang sa pagbulos nin tubig o nin mga rogrog na mga solidong materyales (arog kan daga o nyebe)&quot;.{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
}} Sa konteksto nin [[civil engineering]], an katagang &quot;sagop&quot; nagkakahulogan sanang limitado sa mga estrukturang nagsasaray tubig o itinataas an lebel kan katubigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}. 
|{{harvnb| Denny |2010| p=191}}.
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Examples of definitions in a civil engineering context:
* Bureau of Reclamation: &quot;Sagop. Sarong ulang tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani masaray o mapaibang agi an bulos  nin tubig. Sarong ulang na nagbabangga, nagdidirehe, nagpapaluya, o nagsasaray sa binulos nin tubig. Parati ini ginigibo balagbag sa sarong sipi o sapa.&quot;  &quot;Sangki'. Sarong natural o gibong-tawo na ulang na nagtatabang na an mga salog dai maglipwas sa saiyang mga kagilidan o pampang.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
* Schnitter: &quot;An mga sagop ginigibo ngani matipon an tubig saka mapadalihig ini ...&quot;.{{sfn| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}
Sa katunayan, an mga sagop igwang duwang malinaw na epekto: An reserba nin tubig, na namukna huli sa pagsagop, ... linalaog kan kadakulan kan ... palaog-bulos nin tubig.... [asin]  An sagop ilinalangkaw an lebel kan pairayang bulos nin sapa.&quot;{{sfn| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}
An artikulong ini ginagamit an huring depinisyon ta pinupugol saka itinataas an tubig, kaya dai sinasakop an mga di-ke asin  mga [[sangki]] sa mga gilid nin salog, asin an [[diversion dam]] na pinapasuki sarong kabtang kan bulos nin salog alagad dai man ilinalangkaw an lebel kan salog.

==Toltolan==
=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===

==== Books ====

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Geology
  |last =   Arnold
  |first =   Arthur B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  106–152
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/106
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Baker|2003|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Beaver (''Castor Canadensis'')
  |last =    Baker
  |first =    B. W.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=   288–310
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/wildmammalsofnor0000unse_f5o3/page/288
  | title = Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics
  | editor-last = Chapman
  | editor-first=  J.A
  | isbn=   9780801874161
  | year= 2003
  | access-date= 8 June 2026
  | publisher=  [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World
  | last = Berlow
  | first=  L.H.
  | isbn= 9780897749664
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto0000berl
  | year= 1998
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Academic]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Blight|Jewell|1998|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|last1=Blight
|first1=Geoffrey E.
|author-link1 =  Geoffrey Eustace Blight
|last2=Jewell
|first2= Richard J.
|display-authors= etal
|title=Case Studies on Tailings Management
|year=1998
|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]{{snd}}International Council on Metals and the Environment
|isbn=9781895720297
|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_189572029x
 |access-date= 8 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bolt|1988|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Seismology
  |last =   Bolt
  |first =  Bruce A.
  |author-link=Bruce Bolt
  |pages=  153–171
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/153
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Breeze|2014|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Power Generation Technologies
  | last =  Breeze
  | first=  Paul
  | edition = 2nd
  | isbn=  9780080983363
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/powergenerationt0000bree_y7o0
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 20 May 2026
  | publisher= [[George Newnes Ltd]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bunbury  |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Egyptian Nile
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Judith |last1=Bunbury
|display-authors=etal
|pages=43–78
|author-link=Judith Bunbury
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Cao |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter=The River/Lake Chief System in China: A New Policy to Improve Environmental Quality in Hydrosystems
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Yixin
|last1=Cao
|display-authors=etal
|pages= 853–874
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Instrumentation
  |last =   Carpenter
  |first =  Lynn R.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  751–776
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/751
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Hydrology
  |last =   Cecilio
  |first =  Catalino B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  60–105
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/60
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Chellaney|2015|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Water, Peace, and War: Confronting the Global Water Crisis
  | last =  Chellaney
  |first=  B.
|author-link = Brahma Chellaney
  | year = 2015
 | isbn=9781442249288
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/waterpeacewarcon0000chel
  | access-date= 16 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title=The Nile
 |first1= Robert
 |last1= Collins
| author-link= Robert O. Collins
| isbn=  9780300097641
| year= 2002
 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe
| publisher=  [[Yale University Press]]
| access-date= 16 March 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Corns|1988  |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Gravity Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =  Corns
  |first =  Charles F.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  466–492
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/466
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Cray|2004 |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|first=Ed
|last=Cray
|author-link = Ed Cray
|date=2004
|title=Ramblin Man: The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie
|url=https://archive.org/details/ramblinman00edcr
|access-date= 19 May 2026
|publisher= [[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]
|isbn=9780393047592
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Creager|1917|pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering for Masonry Dams
  | last =  Creager
  |  first=   W.P.
  | lccn=17017759
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/engineeringform02creagoog
  | year=  1917
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[J. Wiley &amp; Sons]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Super Structures: The Science of Bridges, Buildings, Dams, and Other Feats of Engineering
  | last = Denny
  |first=  Mark
  | isbn= 9780801894367
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/superstructuress0000denn
  | year= 2010
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Materials
  |last =   Dolen
  |first =  Timothy P.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  172–218
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/172
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Surveillance
  |last =  Duscha
  |first =  Lloyd A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  777–797
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/777
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Evans|2011|pp=??}} --&gt;
&lt;!--  PReface pp ix-xii covers Eerything;  Chap 1 pp 1-6 Rockslide; Chap 21 pp 519-525 Lava &amp; Volc dams; ch 25(p 595-600) &amp; Ch 26 (p 617-625) Man-made blast-fill dams (? only Russia and Khyrgistan? --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams
| editor-last =  Evans
  | editor-first=   S.G.
  | display-editors=  etal
  | isbn=  9783642047633
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDK85Mqz_YAC
  | year=  2011
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Geotechnical Engineering of Dams
  | last = Fell
  |first=  Robin
  |display-authors= etal
  |edition = Second
  | isbn= 9781138000087
  |  url=  https://books.google.com/books?id=vpCZBQAAQBAJ
  | year= 2014
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}   First edition (2005) online in Internet Archive.

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  321–353
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/321
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gerwick|2014|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Bridge Engineering Handbook. Vol 5. Construction and Maintenance
 |edition       = Second
 |first         = Ben
 |last          = Gerwick
 |chapter       = Substructures of Major Overwater Bridges
 |pages         = 137–174
 |editor-last1  = Chen
 |editor-first1 = Wai-Fah
 |editor-last2  = Duan
 |editor-first2 = Lian
 |isbn          = 9781439852330
 |url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=BCeOAgAAQBAJ
 |access-date   = 31 October 2025
 |year          = 2014
 |publisher     = [[CRC Press]]
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gulliver |1991|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Hydropower Engineering Handbook 
 |first         =   John 
 |last          =  Gulliver
 |display-authors=etal
 |isbn          =  9780070251939
 |url           =  https://books.google.com/books?id=CNdSAAAAMAAJ
 |access-date   = 3 July 2026
 |year          =  1991
 |publisher     =  [[McGraw-Hill]]
}}
 
* {{ cite book
  |chapter= Reservoirs
  |last = James
  |first = Laurence
  |pages= 722–750
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/722
  | year= 1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Lessons from Notable Events
  |last =    James
  |first =  Laurence B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  8–59
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/8
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Introduction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |pages=  1–7
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/1
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  256–320
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/256
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Design and Construction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  686–703
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/686
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kitchen|2016|p=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = River Weirs: Design, Maintenance, Modification and Removal
  | last =  Kitchen
  |first=   Amanda
|display-authors=etal
  | isbn=  9780860177784
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/c-763-river-weirs.-design-maintenance-modification-and-removal-web-1
  | year=  2016
  | access-date= 8 May 2026
  | publisher=  Construction Industry Research and Information Association
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Lemperiere|2006|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | chapter = The Role of Dams in the XXI Century to Achieve a Sustainable Development Target
  | pages= 1065–1072
  | first= F.
  | last= Lemperiere
  | display-authors= etal
  | chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirsso0002inte/page/1065
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century
  | volume = 2
  | editor-last = Berga
  | editor-first= Luis
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn= 9781134138500
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  388–408
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/388
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mariano |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter= Nature-Human-River Relationships at the Ebro River and its Delta
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1= Mercè
|last1= Mariano
|display-authors=etal
|pages=745–782
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Pelikan|1997|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Fish Bypass Channels
  |last =     Pelikan
  |first =    B.
  |pages=   61–66
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/hydropower97proc0000inte/page/60/mode/2up?q=Pelikan
  | title =   Hydropower '97: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Hydropower
 | editor-last =  Broch
  | editor-first=    E.
  | isbn=     9054108886
| year=   1997
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Design, Safety and Operation of Dams
  | last = Schleiss
  |first=   A.J.
  |display-authors=etal
  | isbn= 9782889149957
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VP1O0AEACAAJ
  | year= 2022
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids
  | last = Schnitter
  |first=   N.
  | isbn= 9789054101499
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyofdamsuse0000schn_g8y9
  | year= 1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Concrete Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =  Schrader
  |first =   Ernest K.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  540–577
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/540
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs: Planning and Engineering
  | last = Siddiqui
  |first=  I.H.
  | isbn= 9780195475852
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirspl0000sidd
  | year= 2009
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Smith|1975|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title= Man and Water: A History of Hydro-technology
  | last = Smith
  |first=  Norman
  | isbn= 0684145227
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/manwaterhistory00smit
  | year= 1975
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Taïbi|2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Senegal River, a Disturbed Lifeline in the Sahel
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Aude
|last1=Taïbi
|display-authors=etal
|pages=79–114
|author-link= 
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dam
  | last = Turpin
  |first=  Trevor
  | isbn= 9781861893284
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/dam0000turp
  | year= 2008
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Reaktion Books]]
  }}

==== Journals, news, and websites ====
&lt;!--
* {{cite journal
|title=
|first= 
|last= 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= 
|publisher= 
|year= 
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 
|url= 
|access-date= 
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{cite journal
|last1=Ayenalem
|first1=Abebe Yirga
|display-authors= etal
|title=Popular Culture and Nile Hydropolitics: Amharic Songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
|journal=International Journal of Water Governance
|publisher = [[Delft University of Technology]]
|date=28 December 2023
|volume=10
|issue=1
|doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359
|doi-access=free
| issn = 2211-4505
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Bellmore|2017|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Bellmore
|first1=J. R.
 |display-authors=etal
|year=2017
|orig-year=2016
|title=Status and Trends of Dam Removal Research in the United States
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1164
|journal=[[WIREs Water]]
|publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|access-date= 22 May 2026
|volume=4
|issue=2
|article-number=e1164
|doi=10.1002/wat2.1164
 |issn=2049-1948
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Boulange|2021|loc=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Role of Dams in Reducing Global Flood Exposure Under Climate Change
|first=   Julien
|last=   Boulange
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Communications]]
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=   2021
|volume= 12
|issue= 1
|article-number= 417
|issn= 2041-1723
|doi= 10.1038/s41467-020-20704-0
|doi-access= free|pmc= 7814128
}}

&lt;!-- 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/technology/dam-engineering
|title = Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first = John Guthrie
| last = Brown
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}
--&gt;
* {{cite web
 |url          = https://web.itu.edu.tr/~bulu/water_resources_files/lecture_notes_04.pdf
 |title        = Water Resources: Lecture Notes IV
 |publisher    = [[Istanbul Technical University]]
 |year         = &lt;!-- unknown --&gt;
 |first        = Atil
 |last         = Bulu
 |access-date  = 22 April 2026
 |archive-date = 18 May 2026
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20260518184724/https://web.itu.edu.tr/~bulu/water_resources_files/lecture_notes_04.pdf
 |dead-url     = yes
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Chanson |1998|p=? }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Extreme Reservoir Sedimentation in Australia
|first=  Hubert
|last=  Chanson
|journal= International Journal of Sediment Research
|publisher= International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation
|year=  1998
|volume= 13
|issue=  3
|pages= 55–63
|issn=  1001-6279
|doi= 
|url= https://staff.civil.uq.edu.au/h.chanson/reprints/ijrs_98.pdf
|access-date= 8 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Costa|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Local Economic Impacts of Hydroelectric Power Plants: Evidence from Brazil
|first=  Francisco
|last=  Costa
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Economía LACEA Journal]]
|publisher= [[Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  24
|issue=  1
|pages=105–123
|issn= 1533-6239
|doi= 10.31389/eco.466
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|El-Askary|2026}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The World's Largest Saddle Dam at Risk
|first=  Hesham
|last=   El-Askary
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 135
|issue= 
|article-number = 106045
|issn= 2212-4209
|doi= 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106045
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420926000579
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Fowkes|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Mega-Dams In the Hydrologics of the Socialist Anthropocene
|first=  Maja
|last=  Fowkes
|display-authors=etal
|journal= ARTMargins
|publisher=  [[The MIT Press]]
|year= 2025
|volume= 14
|issue=  2
|pages=11–38
|issn=  2162-2574
|doi= 10.1162/artm_a_00411
|url= https://muse.jhu.edu/article/973802.
|access-date= 21 May 2026
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn| Ghiasi | 2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title = Estimating the Volume of Evaporation from the Main Dams of Iran
|first=   Behzad 
|last=   Ghiasi 
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  Results in Engineering
|publisher=  [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  27
|issue=  
|article-number= 107057
|issn=  2590-1230
|doi=  10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107057
|url=  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031135
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|doi-access=  free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Graves | 2016}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Buhen: A Site Submerged
|first= Carl
|last= Graves
 | url= https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/buhen--a-site-submerged.html
|date =  29 Aug 2016
|access-date=29 May 2026
 |website =  [[Egypt Exploration Society]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Gyau-Boakye|2001}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Environmental Impacts of the Akosombo Dam and Effects of Climate Change on the Lake Levels
|first=  P.
|last=   Gyau-Boakye
|journal= Environment, Development and Sustainability
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=  2001
|volume= 3
|issue=  1
|pages= 17–29
|issn= 1573-2975
|doi= 10.1023/A:1011402116047
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011402116047
|access-date= 14 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Horn|2014}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|title=Patagonia's New Line of Activism Is Documentary 'DamNation'
|first= John
|last=  Horn
|newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] &lt;!--  |issn =  2165-1736 --&gt;
|publisher= 
|date=  1 May 2014
|url= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-backstage-hollywood-patagonia-damnation-20140501-story.html
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Huang|2024}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dams Trigger Exponential Population Declines of Migratory Fish
|first= Zhenli 
|last= Huang
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science Advances]]
|publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 10
|issue= 19
|article-number=eadi6580
|issn= 	2375-2548
|doi= 10.1126/sciadv.adi6580
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Jeuland|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Economics of Dams
|first=  Marc
|last=  Jeuland
|journal= [[Oxford Review of Economic Policy]]
|year=2020
|volume= 36
|issue=  1
|pages=45–68
|issn= 0266-903X
|doi= 10.1093/oxrep/grz028
|url= https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-pdf/36/1/45/31709532/grz028.pdf
|access-date= 2 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kakoyannis | 2002}} --&gt;
* {{cite report
|title=Assessing and Evaluating Recreational Uses of Water Resources: Implications for an Integrated Management Framework
|first= Christina 
|last= Kakoyannis
|display-authors=etal
|journal=   PNW-GTR-536
|publisher= [[US Department of Agriculture]]
|year= 2002
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 10.2737/pnw-gtr-536
|url=  https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/4826.pdf
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kayiranga|2024|p=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Anthropogenic activities and the influence of desertification processes on the water cycle and water use in the Aral Sea basin
|first= Alphonse 
|last= Kayiranga 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 51
|issue= 
|article-number =101598
|issn= 2214-5818
|doi= 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101598
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581823002859
|access-date= 9 July 2026
|doi-access= free
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Keijzer|2024}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Threats of Dams to the Persistence of the World's Freshwater Fishes
|first= Tamara 
|last= Keijzer
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  [[Global Change Biology]]
|publisher= [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 30
|issue= 2
|article-number= e17166
|issn= 1365-2486  
|doi= 10.1111/gcb.17166
|url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fgcb.17166
|access-date= 4 July 2026
|hdl= 2066/304250
|hdl-access= free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Krol |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{cite news
 |last=Krol
|first=Debra
|date=September 2, 2024
|title=Largest Dam Removal Project in US: Klamath River Flows Freely
|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/09/02/klamath-river-four-dams-demolished/75044231007/
 |access-date= 22 May 2026
|newspaper=[[USA TODAY]] &lt;!--  |issn=0734-7456 --&gt; 
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kumar|2026}} 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Akosombo-Dam
|title =  Akosombo Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first =  Aman
| last =  Kumar
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 15 June 2026
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lad|2024}}
* {{cite journal
|title=India and the Ganga Waters Treaty: Analysis of the Water Sharing Mechanism
|first= Rahul
|last=  Lad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]]
|publisher = [[SAGE Publications]]
|year=  2024
|volume= 61
|issue= 2
|pages=185–202
|issn= 0020-8817
|doi= 10.1177/00208817241285256
|url= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00208817241285256
|access-date= 18 May 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Larsen |2021}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dam Builders and Their Works: Beaver Influences on the Structure and Function of River Corridor Hydrology, Geomorphology, Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems
|first=  Annegret
|last=  Larsen
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Earth-Science Reviews]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2021
|volume= 218
|issue= 
|article-number=103623
|issn= 0012-8252
|doi= 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103623
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825221001239
|access-date= 9 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lehner|2011}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=High-Resolution Mapping of the World's Reservoirs and Dams for Sustainable River-Flow Management
|first= Bernhard
|last=  Lehner
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment]]
|publisher= [[Ecological Society of America]]
|year=  2011
|volume= 9
|issue=  9
|pages=494–502
|issn= 1540-9295
|doi= 10.1890/100125
|url= https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/100125
|access-date= 30 April 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lichtenstein |1976 }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last1=Lichtenstein
|first1=Grace
|date=20 January 1976
|title=Edward Abbey, Voice of Southwest Wilds
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/20/archives/edward-abbey-voice-of-southwest-wilds.html
|access-date= 17 May 2026
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
}}
  
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Liu|2010}}
* {{cite journal
|title= Laboratory Test and Numerical Simulation of Time-Dependent Thermomechanical Behavior of the Three-Gorges Dam
|first= Jian
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2010
|volume= 22
|issue= 2
|pages=111-123
|issn= 
|doi=  10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2010)22:2(111)
|url= 
|access-date= 
}} 
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Liu|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Biodiversity Decline of Fish Assemblages After the Impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River Basin, China
|first= Xiongjun
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
|year= 2019
|volume= 29
|issue= 1
|pages=177–195
|issn= 1573-5184
|doi= 10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mácová|2023 }} 
* {{cite journal
|title= How Important for Society Is Recreation Provided by Multi-Purpose Water Reservoirs? Welfare Analysis of the Vltava River Reservoir System
|first= Kateřina 
|last= Mácová
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Water (journal)|Water]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2023
|volume= 15
|issue= 10
|article-number= 1966
|issn= 2073-4441
|doi=  10.3390/w15101966
|doi-access=  free|url= https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/10/1966 
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Marchetti|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
 |last = Marchetti
 |first= Nicolò
 |display-authors=etal
 | title = A Multi-scalar Approach for Assessing the Impact of Dams on the Cultural Heritage in the Middle East and North Africa
 | journal = [[Journal of Cultural Heritage]]
 | publisher = [[Elsevier]]
 | volume = 37
 | pages = 17–28
 | year = 2019
 | issn = 1296-2074
 | doi = 10.1016/j.culher.2018.10.007
 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207418305569
 |  access-date= 26 May 2026
| url-access = subscription
 }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|McSweeney|2023}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title=Rewilding Europe's Rivers with Dam Removal Boosts Biodiversity, Economy
|first=Catherine
|last=McSweeney
 | url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/rivers-biodiversity-dam-removal-award
|date = 1 September 2023
|access-date=22 May 2026
 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Morison|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|last1=Morison
|first1=Conner A. G.
|display-authors=etal
|author-link2=Catherine Hickson
|title=Mount Garibaldi: Hazard Potential from a Long-Dormant Volcanic System in the Pacific Northwest
|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]
|publisher=[[Canadian Science Publishing]]
|pages=464–484|volume=60
|issue=5
|year=2023
|doi=10.1139/cjes-2022-0067
|issn=0008-4077
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Niranjan|2026  }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/may/21/record-number-of-dams-dismantled-in-europe-in-effort-to-help-wildlife-thrive
|title=Record Number of Dams Dismantled in Europe in Effort to Help Wildlife Thrive
|first=Ajit
|last= Niranjan
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!--  |issn =  1756-3224  --&gt; 
|date= 21 May 2026
|access-date = 22 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Onder|Yilmaz|2005}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Underground Dams: A Tool of Sustainable Development and Management of Ground Resources
|last1=  Onder
 |first1=H.
 |last2=Yilmaz
|first2=M.
|journal= European Water
|publisher= European Water Resources Association
|year=  2005
|volume= 11
|issue=  12
|pages=35–45
|issn=  1105-7580
|doi= 
|url= http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2005_11-12_05.pdf
|access-date= 9 May 2026
}}  Author M. Yilmaz wrote a 2003 Masters thesis with additional detail and history on underground dams.

* {{cite journal
|title=The Return of Large Dams to the Development Agenda: A Post-Development Critique
|first=  Scott W.D.
|last=   Pearse-Smith
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development
|publisher= [[Columbia University Libraries]]
|date =  Feb 2014
|volume= 11
|issue=  11
|pages= 123–131
|issn=  2333-9705
|doi= 
|jstor= 26188733
|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26188733
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ranjan |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite journal
|last=Ranjan
|first=Amit |date=2024
 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Dispute: Implications, Negotiations, And Mediations
|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies]]
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
 |volume=42
|issue=1 |pages=18–36
|doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|issn=0258-9001
 |url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ritchie|2018}} --&gt;
* {{Cite journal
|last1=Ritchie
|first1=A. C.
|display-authors=etal
|date=2018
|title=Morphodynamic Evolution Following Sediment Release from the World's Largest Dam Removal
|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]
|publisher= [[National Library of Medicine]]
|volume=8
|issue=1
|article-number=13279
|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-30817-8
|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322
|pmc=6125403
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Ritchie|2025}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Renewable Energy
|first= Hannah
|last= Ritchie
|author-link =Hannah Ritchie
|display-authors=etal
 | url= https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy
|date = 2025
|access-date= 14 June 2026
 |website= [[Our World in Data]]
}}
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Scott|1968}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Farahnaz Pahlavi Dam at Layiyan  
|first= K. F.
|last= Scott
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|publisher= [[Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|year= 1968
|volume= 39
|issue= 3
|pages=353–395
|issn= 1753-7789
|doi= 10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|url= https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Sutor|2018}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last=Sutor
|first = Dave
|title=Johnstown Flood: McCullough's 'Lucky Break' Launched Career
 |url= https://apnews.com/general-news-4f60b21dca89430c9f9e055a3cd7b70a
 |access-date=16 May 2026
|newspaper = [[AP News]]
 |date=March 24, 2018
}}

* {{cite journal
|title=Challenges and Opportunities for the Governance of Hydropower
|first=  Sergio
|last=  Villamayor-Tomas
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Sustainability]]
|publisher= [[Nature Portfolio]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 9
|issue=  5
|pages=653–663
|issn=  2398-9629
|doi= 10.1038/s41893-026-01782-2
|url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-026-01782-2
|access-date= 25 April 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Vogt|2019}} --&gt; 
* {{cite journal
|title= The Afsluitdijk as a Complex System
|first=   Berber
|last=    Vogt
|journal=  Insight
|publisher= [[International Council on Systems Engineering]]
|year=   2019
|volume=  22
|issue=   1
|pages = 32–36
|issn=   2156-485X
|doi= 10.1002/inst.12235
|url= https://incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/inst.12235
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Watts|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-earth
|title=Concrete: the Most Destructive Material on Earth
|first=  Jonathan
|last= Watts
|author-link = Jonathan Watts
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!-- |issn =  1756-3224 --&gt;
|date= 25 February 2019
|access-date = 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Wieland|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite magazine
|title= Comparing Vulnerabilities of CFRDs and ECRDs
|first=   Martin
|last=   Wieland
|magazine=  International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction
|publisher=  [[Wilmington plc]]
|date =   15 September 2023
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn=   0306-400X
|doi= 
|url=  https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/analysis/comparing-vulnerabilities-of-cfrds-and-ecrds-11150911/
|access-date= 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zafarnejad|2009 }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Contribution of Dams to Iran's Desertification
|first= Fatemeh 
|last= Zafarnejad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= International Journal of Environmental Studies
|publisher= [[Routledge]]
|year= 2009
|volume= 66
|issue= 3
|pages=327–341
|issn= 0020-7233
|doi= 10.1080/00207230902798648
|url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207230902798648
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zhang|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Extinction of One of the World's Largest Freshwater Fishes: Lessons for Conserving the Endangered Yangtze Fauna
|first= Hui
|last= Zhang 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science of the Total Environment]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2020
|volume= 710
|issue= 
|article-number= 136242
|issn= 0048-9697
|doi= 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719362382
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

==== Unknown author ====
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}  --&gt;
&lt;!-- * {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}
  |title= 
  |url= 
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 
  |website = 
  |publisher= 
  }}
 
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite news
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}
  |title=Bombs Away
  |url=    https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/may/06/artsfeatures
  |access-date= 15 May 2026
  |date=   6 May 2003
  |newspaper= [[The Guardian]]
  | issn = 1756-3224
  |publisher= 
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}} --&gt;
*{{Cite news
| ref = {{sfnref|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}}
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10695272
|access-date= 5 May 2026
|publisher=[[BBC News]]
|title=China's Three Gorges Dam Faces Flood Test
|date=20 July 2010
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}
  |title=Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet
  |url=   https://www.greenconcrete.info/downloads/11_ConcreteCO2.pdf
  |access-date= 20 May 2026
  |date=  June 2008
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[National Ready Mixed Concrete Association]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=   https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/dam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Collins English Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[HarperCollins]]
  }}
&lt;!-- 
{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary ''}}
 |year=2001
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic0000unse_t1j9/page/361
|access-date=27 December 2025
 |pages=361
 |isbn=0198604386
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=  https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dam
  |access-date= 22 June 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[Merriam-Webster]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}
 |year=2026
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dam_n1
|access-date=22 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}
  |title=  Dam Failure and Flood Event Case History Compilation
  |url=  https://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety/documents/RCEM-CaseHistories2015.pdf
  |access-date= 12 July 2026
  |date= June 2015
  |website =
  |publisher= [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}
  |title=Dam Inspection and Plan Review (PH21-V-6)
  |url=    https://arlweb.msha.gov/READROOM/HANDBOOK/PH21-V-6.pdf
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 2021
  | series=MSHA Handbook Series
  |website = [[Mine Safety and Health Administration]]
  |publisher=  [[U.S. Department of Labor]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/154.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date= 2011
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}  --&gt;
*  {{cite web
|title=  Geneva Conventions 1949 Protocol I
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}
|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf
|access-date = 28 May 2026
| website = [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}
  |title= Global Energy Review 2025
  |url= https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2025
  |access-date= 3 July 2026
  |date= 24 March 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher= [[International Energy Agency]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
  |title=Glossary
  |url=    https://www.usbr.gov/library/glossary/#archgravitydam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   2022
  |website = Reclamation Library
  |publisher=   [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}  --&gt;
* {{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}
|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/HRP.Gordon%20Dam.Nomination%20with%20Images.Nov%202000.pdf 
|title=Gordon Dam, Tasmania: Submission for an National Engineering Landmark
 |publisher=[[Engineers Australia]] 
|date=September 2000
 |access-date=2 July 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}
  |title=Grande Dixence
  | url= https://www.grande-dixence.ch/en/the-complex/dams/grande-dixence-78/
  |access-date=  18 May 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Grande Dixence SA]]
  |publisher= 
  }}

* {{ cite web
  | title = Hydraulic Design of Spillways
  | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgsAAAAYAAJ
  | year= 1965
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/science/hydroelectric-power
|title = Hydroelectric Power
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 13 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
|ref={{sfnRef|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation'' }}
|url=https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|title=I-205 Abernethy Bridge
|website=[[Oregon Department of Transportation]]
|access-date=2 October 2025
|archive-date=25 November 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125051041/https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|url-status=live
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Instrumentation of Embankment Dams and Levees: Engineering and Design
  | url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA402883
  | year=  1995
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Integrated Operation of Hydropower Stations and Reservoirs
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/173.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2022
  |isbn=  9780367770051
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Multipurpose Water Storage
  |url=    https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/171.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=   9781003640035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |isbn=978-1-884575-65-5
  |url= https://damfailures.org/sites/default/files/wp-pdf/EQPerfo2_v3.pdf
  |title=Observed Performance of Dams During Earthquakes: Volume III
  |date= 2014
  |publisher=[[United States Society on Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title= Planning and Design of Navigation Locks
  |url= https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-2602.pdf
  |access-date=  3 July 2026
  |date= 30 September 1995
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Regulation of Dam Safety
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/167.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=    9781032456058
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}}
  |title=Research with GDW Data
  |url=     https://www.globaldamwatch.org/our-research
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=     2015
  |website = 
  |publisher= Global Dam Watch
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Gorges-Dam
|title = Three Gorges Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 15 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn| &quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}}
|title=Tracking Barriers and Their Impacts on European River Ecosystems
|date = 8 Feb 2021
|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/european-waters/water-use-and-environmental-pressures/tracking-barriers-and-their-impacts
|access-date=22 May 2026
|publisher= [[European Environment Agency]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=World Register of Dams: General Synthesis
  |url=    https://www.icold-cigb.org/GB/world_register/general_synthesis.asp
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   September 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}  
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/place/Zuiderzee
|title = Zuiderzee
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 5 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--
SAVE THESE &quot;FURTHER READING&quot; SOURCES ... they may be needed if to implement suggestions from revivews (GA, PR, FA).
=== Further reading ===

==== Books ====
* {{ cite book
  | title =The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design, and Construction
  | last = Billington
  |first=  David P.
  |display-authors = etal
  | isbn= 9781493649044
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyoflargefe00bill
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Arch Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Boggs
  |first =  Howard L.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  493–539
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/493
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Spillway Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last =  Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  647–685
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/647
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  704–721
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/704
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988   0442243979
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams
  |last =   Chopra
  |first =  Anil K.
  |pages=  416–465
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/416
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering and Ecological Aspects of Dam Removal: An Overview
  | last = Conyngham
  |first=  J.
  |display-authors= etal
  | date = September 2006
 | isbn=
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA464959
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Engineer Research and Development Center]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Large Dams: Learning from the Past Looking at the Future : Workshop Proceedings, Gland, Switzerland, April 11-12, 1997
  | last = Dorcey
  |first=  A.H.J.
  | isbn= 9780821340288
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/largedamslearnin0000unse
  | year= 1997
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Embankments
  |last =   Duncan
  |first =  James Michael
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  239–255
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/239
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Hydropolitics of Dams: Engineering or Ecosystems?
  | last = Everard
  |first=  M.
  | isbn= 9781780325422
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/hydropoliticsofd0000ever
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Cofferdams
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |pages=  219–238
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/219
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  354–367
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/354
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Recovering a Lost River: Removing Dams, Rewilding Salmon, Revitalizing Communities
  | last = Hawley
  |first=  S.
  | isbn= 9780807004739
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/recoveringlostri00hawl
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Beacon Press]]
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | title = Roman Aqueducts &amp; Water Supply
  | url = https://archive.org/details/romanaqueductswa0000hodg
  | place = London
  | publisher = Duckworth
  | year = 1992
  | isbn = 978-0-7156-2194-3
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | editor-last = Wikander
  | editor-first = Örjan
  | editor-link = Örjan Wikander
  | contribution = Reservoirs and Dams
  | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
  | series = Technology and Change in History
  | volume = 2
  | year = 2000
  | publisher = Brill
  | location = Leiden
  | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3
  | pages = 331–339
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration
  | editor-last = Jerome
  | editor-first=  De Graff
  | isbn= 9780813741215
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/challengesofdamr0000unse
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Geological Society of America]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power
  | last = Khagram
  |first=  Sanjeev
  | isbn= 9780801442285
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmentt0000sanj
  | year= 2004
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Cornell University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title = Dams
  | last =  Leliavsky
  |first=  Serge
  | isbn= 0412225506
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/dams0000leli
  | year= 1981
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Chapman and Hall]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Deep Water: The Epic Struggle over Dams, Displaced People, and the Environment
  | last = Leslie
  |first=  Jacques
  | isbn= 9780312425562
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/deepwaterepicstr00lesl
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Spillway Design and Construction
  |last =   Lowe III
  |first =  John
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  609–646
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/646
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Tidal Power
  |last =    Nguyen
  |first =   Josef
  |pages= 1247–1249
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofen0004unse_i8j9/page/1247
  | title = Encyclopedia of Energy
 | editor-last = Pierce
  | editor-first=   Morris
  | isbn=    9781587658532
| year=  2012
  | access-date=  5 May 2026
  | publisher= Salem Press
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams: Engineering in a Social and Environmental Context : Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the British Dam Society
  | editor-last = Pepper
  |editor-first=  Andrew
  | isbn= 9780727757999
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsengineeringi0000brit
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[ICE Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk and Mitigation
  | editor-last = Schuster
  | editor-first=   R.L.
  | isbn=  9780872625242
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/landslidedamspro0000unse
  | year= 1986
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |  title=Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs
  | last =Şentürk
  |first= Fuat
  | isbn=9780918334800
  |  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqzZdytUz3gC
  | year=1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=[[Water Resources Publications]]
  }} Also online at [https://archive.org/details/hydraulicsofdams0000sent Internet Archive]

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures
  | last =  Tanchev
  |first=   L.
|edition=2nd
  | isbn=  9780203577059
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsappurtenanth0000tanc
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[CRC Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Development in China
  | last =  Tilt
  |first=  Bryan
  | isbn=  9780231538268
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmenti0000tilt
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovative Solutions in Hydropower Engineering and Civil Engineering
  | last = Wang
  |first=  S.
  |display-authors= etal
  | isbn= 9789819917488
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-63612
  | year= 2023
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dam Foundation Grouting
  | last =Weaver
  |first=  K.D.
  | isbn= 9780872627925
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damfoundationgro0000weav
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =  New Developments in Dam Engineering: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering
  | editor-last = Wieland
  | editor-first=  Martin
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn=    0415362407
  |  url=  https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/handle/123456789/169
  | year=  2004
  | access-date=  4 May 2026
  | publisher=    [[Taylor &amp; Francis|A. A. Balkema{{snd}}Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }} Reprinted in 2014 with {{isbn|9780203020678}}.

==== Unkown author ====

*{{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Between Two Dams&quot;, ''EcoPeace ''}}
|title=Between Two Dams: Degania and Alumot
|publisher=[[EcoPeace Middle East]]
|date= March 2018
 |url= https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Between-Two-Dams.pdf
|access-date= 16 May 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Dams for Hydroelectric Energy
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/163.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=    2021
  |isbn= 9781138492035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =  {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url=https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/175.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2021
  |isbn= 9780367770310
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =   {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Surveillance Guide&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Surveillance Guide
  |url=  https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/158.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2018
  |isbn=  9781138490208
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams: Design, Performance, and Research Needs
  | url= https://archive.org/details/earthquakeengine0000unse
  | isbn=  9780309043366
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[National Academies Press]]
  }}

* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Design Center&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title=Hydroelectric Design Center
  |url=     https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_10-1-53.pdf
  |access-date= 12 May 2026
  |date=  2015
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}
--&gt;
{{Geotechnical engineering}}
{{Infrastructure}}
{{Hydropower}}
{{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Civil engineering]]
[[Kategorya:Dams| ]]
[[Kategorya:Hydraulic structures]]
[[Kategorya:Infrastructure]]
[[Kategorya:Structural engineering]]
[[en:Dam]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Universal Robina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56890</id>
    <revision>
      <id>312434</id>
      <parentid>311373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:45:36Z</timestamp>
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        <id>17127</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="1276" sha1="4q1lcf62w2ntedm4fz8880w0v37nen8" xml:space="preserve">[[Ladawan:Universal Robina logo 2016.svg|thumb|300x300px|Tatak kan Universal Robina]]
An '''Universal Robina Corporation''', pinapalipot bilang '''URC''' asin midbid man bilang '''Universal Robina''', iyo sarong Pilipinong companya na mahihiling sa [[Syudad nin Quezon]]. Saro ini sa mga pinakadakulang kompanya sa pagkakan asin inomon sa Pilipinas kaiba an [[San Miguel Corporation]], [[Monde Nissin]], [[Mondelez Philippines]] asin [[Nestlé Philippines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;About Us&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.urc.com.ph/about-us |title=About Us |access-date=2026-10-09 |archive-date=2023-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811222056/https://www.urc.com.ph/about-us |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An URC saro sa mga pangenot na subsidiaryo kan [[JG Summit Holdings|JG Summit Holdings, Inc.]] (JGSHI) na saro sa mga pinakadakulang konglomerado sa negosyo na nakalista sa [[Philippine Stock Exchange]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EDGEPSEComPH&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Company Information |url=http://edge.pse.com.ph/companyInformation/form.do?cmpy_id=210 |access-date=29 September 2019 |website=PSE Electronic Disclosure Generation Technology |publisher=The Philippine Stock Exchange}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hilingon man ==
* [[John Gokongwei]]
* [[Lance Gokongwei]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
{{tamboan}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alan Billis</title>
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Alan Billis
| image              = 
| caption            = 
| birth_name         = 
| native_name        = 
| birth_date         = {{Circa|1949}}
| birth_place        = [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date         = Enero 2011 (edad 61)
| death_place        = 
| alma_mater         = 
| occupation         = Drayber nin taksi
| party              = 
| otherparty         = 
| notable_works      = 
| partner            = 
| spouse             = Jan Billis (1975–2011)
| signature          = 
}}

Si '''Alan Billis''' ({{Circa|1949}} – Enero 2011) sarong Briton na drayber sa taksi na sa saiyang bilog na pagtugot kan buhay pa siya alagad may helang kanser sa baga, na pagkagadan niya saiyang idinulot saiyang hawak na magin sentro kan ekspiremento sa pagdiskubre kun paano an pagmummify kan saiyang bankay siring sa antigong praktis kan mga gugurang na mga taga-Ehipto, asin kan 2011 an ekspirementong syantipiko ginibo ngani maarog nanggad an sa suanoy na teknik nin momipikasyon nin mga Egyptian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gunther |first=Matthew |title=Why I mummified a taxi driver |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/why-i-mummified-a-taxi-driver/2500178.article |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Chemistry World |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nadiagnose na igwa siyang terminal lung cancer, si Billis nag'uyon idonar an saiyang hawak para sa proyekto na pinamayohan ni arkeologong [[Joann Fletcher]] asin kemiko Stephen Buckley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-10-18 |title=Devon taxi driver Alan Billis's body in mummy test |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-15342140 |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saiyang bangkay napangyari an pagmomipikar na inusar an mga metodo basado sa mga pag'adal arkeolohikal kan praktis na siring kan ginigibo kaidtong [[Ika-18ng dinastiya nin Ehipto]] asin an momipikadong hawak yaon ngonyan nasasaray sa [[Gordon Museum of Pathology]] sa [[London]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=UK taxi driver becomes first mummy for 3,000 years |url=https://phys.org/news/2011-10-uk-taxi-driver-mummy-years.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034604/https://phys.org/news/2011-10-uk-taxi-driver-mummy-years.html |archive-date=2020-11-12 |access-date=2025-12-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gordon Museum - London, United Kingdom |url=https://wahooart.com/sk/museums/gordon-museum-united-kingdom-london-en/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=wahooart.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Galvin |first=Elizabeth |chapter=Hacking the Collections |date=2022-07-05 |title=Digital Heritage and Archaeology in Practice |pages=39–60 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069319.003.0003 |access-date=2025-12-28 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-6931-9 |last2=Wexler |first2=Jennifer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biograpiya ==
Si Billis sarong drayber  nin taksi sa [[Torquay]] na nadiagnose kan 2009 igwang helang na kanser sa baga (lung cancer).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-10-18 |title=Taxi Driver Mummified Like Pharaohs |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44945455 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siya asin saiyang agom na si Jan Billis 36 nang taon na nagsasaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-10-31 |title=Briton mummified in macabre experiment |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/briton-mummified-in-macabre-experiment/article4791859/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakabasa niya nin sarong artikulong pamareta na may naghahanap nin donor na nagdadara na nin terminal na helang, na an tuyo an hawak uusaron sa ekspiremento nin pagmomipikar na ini gigibohon sarong dokumentaryo sa [[Channel 4]], saiyang ibinolunter saiyang hawak para sa proyekto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mummifying Alan |url=http://www.medialabuk.com/new-page-5 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Medialabuk |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-01-11 |title=TV show seeks embalming volunteer |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8453000.stm |access-date=2025-12-28 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Susog sa saiyang agom, si Billis dai man interesado partikular sa Ehiptolohiya bago kan proyekto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Siya nagadan Enero 2011, edad 61.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tullo |first=Alexander H. |date=2025-01-21 |title=Mummy Preservation, When Frankenstein Came To Life |url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/89/i44/Mummy-Preservation-Frankenstein-Came-Life.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Chemical &amp; Engineering News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revisiting the Amarna Royals: Part 2 {{!}} TESSA |url=https://www.egyptiansociety.co.za/revisiting-the-amarna-royals-part-2/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Toltolan==

[[Kategorya:Mga 1940 na kamundagan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga 2011 na kagadanan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga pagkagadan huli sa kanser sa baga]]
[[Kategorya:Mga pagkagadan sa kanser sa baga sa United Kingdom]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tawong haleng Torquay]]
[[Kategorya:Mummy]]
[[Kategorya:Eksperimental arkeolohiko]]
[[en:Alan Billis]]</text>
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Alan Billis
| image              = 
| caption            = 
| birth_name         = 
| native_name        = 
| birth_date         = {{Circa|1949}}
| birth_place        = [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date         = Enero 2011 (edad 61)
| death_place        = 
| alma_mater         = 
| occupation         = Drayber nin taksi
| party              = 
| otherparty         = 
| notable_works      = 
| partner            = 
| spouse             = Jan Billis (1975–2011)
| signature          = 
}}

Si '''Alan Billis''' ({{Circa|1949}} – Enero 2011) sarong Briton na drayber sa taksi na sa saiyang bilog na pagtugot kan buhay pa siya alagad may helang kanser sa baga, na pagkagadan niya saiyang idinulot saiyang hawak na magin sentro kan ekspiremento sa pagdiskubre kun paano an pagmummify kan saiyang bankay siring sa antigong praktis kan mga gugurang na mga taga-Ehipto, asin kan 2011 an ekspirementong syantipiko ginibo ngani maarog nanggad an sa suanoy na teknik nin momipikasyon nin mga Egyptian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gunther |first=Matthew |title=Why I mummified a taxi driver |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/why-i-mummified-a-taxi-driver/2500178.article |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Chemistry World |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nadiagnose na igwa siyang terminal lung cancer, si Billis nag'uyon idonar an saiyang hawak para sa proyekto na pinamayohan ni arkeologong [[Joann Fletcher]] asin kemiko Stephen Buckley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-10-18 |title=Devon taxi driver Alan Billis's body in mummy test |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-15342140 |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saiyang bangkay napangyari an pagmomipikar na inusar an mga metodo basado sa mga pag'adal arkeolohikal kan praktis na siring kan ginigibo kaidtong [[Ika-18ng dinastiya nin Ehipto]]. An momipikadong hawak niya yaon ngonyan nasasaray sa [[Gordon Museum of Pathology]] sa [[London]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=UK taxi driver becomes first mummy for 3,000 years |url=https://phys.org/news/2011-10-uk-taxi-driver-mummy-years.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034604/https://phys.org/news/2011-10-uk-taxi-driver-mummy-years.html |archive-date=2020-11-12 |access-date=2025-12-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gordon Museum - London, United Kingdom |url=https://wahooart.com/sk/museums/gordon-museum-united-kingdom-london-en/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=wahooart.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Galvin |first=Elizabeth |chapter=Hacking the Collections |date=2022-07-05 |title=Digital Heritage and Archaeology in Practice |pages=39–60 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069319.003.0003 |access-date=2025-12-28 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-6931-9 |last2=Wexler |first2=Jennifer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biograpiya ==
Si Billis sarong drayber  nin taksi sa [[Torquay]] na nadiagnose kan 2009 igwang helang na kanser sa baga (lung cancer).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-10-18 |title=Taxi Driver Mummified Like Pharaohs |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44945455 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siya asin saiyang agom na si Jan Billis 36 nang taon na nagsasaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-10-31 |title=Briton mummified in macabre experiment |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/briton-mummified-in-macabre-experiment/article4791859/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakabasa niya nin sarong artikulong pamareta na may naghahanap nin donor na nagdadara na nin terminal na helang, na an tuyo an hawak uusaron sa ekspiremento nin pagmomipikar na ini gigibohon sarong dokumentaryo sa [[Channel 4]], saiyang ibinolunter saiyang hawak para sa proyekto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mummifying Alan |url=http://www.medialabuk.com/new-page-5 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Medialabuk |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-01-11 |title=TV show seeks embalming volunteer |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8453000.stm |access-date=2025-12-28 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Susog sa saiyang agom, si Billis dai man interesado partikular sa Ehiptolohiya bago kan proyekto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Siya nagadan Enero 2011, edad 61.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tullo |first=Alexander H. |date=2025-01-21 |title=Mummy Preservation, When Frankenstein Came To Life |url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/89/i44/Mummy-Preservation-Frankenstein-Came-Life.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Chemical &amp; Engineering News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revisiting the Amarna Royals: Part 2 {{!}} TESSA |url=https://www.egyptiansociety.co.za/revisiting-the-amarna-royals-part-2/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Toltolan==

[[Kategorya:Mga 1940 na kamundagan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga 2011 na kagadanan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga pagkagadan huli sa kanser sa baga]]
[[Kategorya:Mga pagkagadan sa kanser sa baga sa United Kingdom]]
[[Kategorya:Mga tawong haleng Torquay]]
[[Kategorya:Mummy]]
[[Kategorya:Eksperimental arkeolohiko]]
[[en:Alan Billis]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Banggaan nin tren sa Toledo 2026</title>
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[[File:ETR 1000 Spain.jpg|right|thumb|280px|An Iryo high-speed na tren na nabudalan]]
[[File:Renfe AVE Siemens Velaro at Barcelona Sants (53297763629).jpg|right|thumb|280px|An AVE tren na nakabudal]]
Kan 28 Oktobre 2026 kan 08:54 [[Central European Time|CET]] ([[UTC+01:00]]), sarong [[AVE]] [[High-speed rail|high-speed na tren]] buminangga sa sarong [[Iryo ]] tren nakaparada sa [[Los Yébenes]], Toledo, na an enot nagdadalagan sa rutang [[Madrid–Seville na riles]] asin huli kaini 69 katawo an nagkagaradan . An duwang tren na imbwelto sa aksidente an byahe pareho haleng [[Madrid Atocha railway station|istasyon nin Atocha]] sa [[Madrid]] pasiring [[Seville–Santa Justa railway station|istasyon nin Santa Justa]] sa [[Seville]].

Mga parapahayag sa Gobyerno nagtaong posibleng kawsa kan banggaan iyo an pagpaltos kan desisyon nin tawo sa operasyon manual kan signalling, gibo kan su sistema automatiko dai guminana asin nagpalya padagos.

==Mga Biktima==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable floatright&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em&quot;
|+Gadan susog sa nasyonalidad&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/11/02/one-czech-national-and-four-us-citizens-among-spain-train-crash-dead-officials-say|title=One Czech national and four US citizens among Spain train crash dead, officials say|work=Euronews|date=2 November 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Nasyonalidad
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Nagkagaradan
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Spain}}
| 54
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|United States}}
| 4
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Argentina}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Canada}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Czech Republic}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|France}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Japan}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Mexico}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Portugal}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Tunisia}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dai midbid
| 3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
!'''Total'''
!'''69'''
|}

Anom na polo may siyam (69) katawo an nautasan-buhay sa pagbaranggaan,&lt;ref name=Sky13604696&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/spain-train-crash-latest-numerous-injuries-reported-after-high-speed-collision-on-madrid-andalusia-line-13604696 |title=Spain train crash latest: At least 39 dead after two high-speed trains collide |publisher=Sky News |accessdate=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lavanguardia1a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t/&gt; kabarali diyan an 54 Espanyol na namamanwaan asin 12 dayuhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;/&gt; Sobra sa 100 katawo an nagkaerirido; 58 an naospital, kabarali an 15 yaon sa makuring kamugtakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Al menos 50 muertos tras chocar un AVE de Renfe contra un Iryo y sacarlo de la vía cerca de Toledo |trans-title=At least 50 dead after a Renfe AVE train collided with an Iryo train, knocking it off the tracks near Toledo. |url=https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |work=El Español |date=28 October 2026 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028112638/https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |access-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Última hora del accidente de trenes en Toledo, en directo: Al menos 30 muertos en el choque de trenes de alta velocidad en Urda |trans-title=Latest updates on the train accident in Toledo, live: At least 64 dead in a high-speed train collision in Urda |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |language=es |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=El País |date=28 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028132139/https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t&gt;{{cite news |last1=Moon |first1=Jenna |last2=Williams |first2=Nathan |title=Families desperate for news as rescuers work to identify Spanish train crash victims |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cv1j309d4g98t |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=BBC News |date=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;death_toll_from&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Death toll from Spain train crash revised to 69 as royals visit victims |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/29/death-toll-from-spain-train-crash-rises-to-74-as-royals-visit-victims |access-date=31 October 2026 |publisher=Euronews |date=29 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saro sa nagadan nalagarto kan metal na riles naglagbas sa karwahe, susog sa usipon kan sarong nakaligtas na pasahero.&lt;ref name=&quot;pierce&quot; /&gt;


== Hilnga man ==
{{Portal|Spain|Trains}}
* [[List of rail accidents (2020–present)]]
* [[List of rail accidents in Spain]]
* [[2026 Gelida train derailment]], another deadly train incident in Spain in 2026

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway accidents and incidents in 2026}}
{{Railway accidents and incidents in Spain}}
{{High-speed rail in Spain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toledo train collision, 2026}}
[[Category:2026 disasters in Spain]]
[[Category:2020s in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[Category:October 2026 in Spain]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2026]]
[[Category:Derailments in Spain]]
[[Category:Train collisions in Spain]]
[[Category:History of the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Transport in the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[en:2026 Toledo train collision]]</text>
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[[File:ETR 1000 Spain.jpg|right|thumb|280px|An Iryo high-speed na tren na nabudalan]]
[[File:Renfe AVE Siemens Velaro at Barcelona Sants (53297763629).jpg|right|thumb|280px|An AVE tren na nakabudal]]
Kan 28 Oktobre 2026 kan 08:54 [[Central European Time|CET]] ([[UTC+01:00]]), sarong [[AVE]] [[High-speed rail|high-speed na tren]] buminangga sa sarong [[Iryo ]] tren nakaparada sa [[Los Yébenes]], Toledo, na an enot nagdadalagan sa rutang [[Madrid–Seville na riles]] asin huli kaini 69 katawo an nagkagaradan . An duwang tren na imbwelto sa aksidente an byahe pareho haleng [[Madrid Atocha railway station|istasyon nin Atocha]] sa [[Madrid]] pasiring [[Seville–Santa Justa railway station|istasyon nin Santa Justa]] sa [[Seville]].

Mga parapahayag sa Gobyerno nagtaong posibleng kawsa kan banggaan iyo an pagpaltos kan desisyon nin tawo sa operasyon manual kan signalling, gibo kan su sistema automatiko dai guminana asin nagpalya padagos.

==Mga Biktima==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable floatright&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em&quot;
|+Gadan susog sa citizenship&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/11/02/one-czech-national-and-four-us-citizens-among-spain-train-crash-dead-officials-say|title=One Czech national and four US citizens among Spain train crash dead, officials say|work=Euronews|date=2 November 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Pagkanamamanwaan
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Nagkagaradan
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Spain}}
| 54
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|United States}}
| 4
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Argentina}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Canada}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Czech Republic}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|France}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Japan}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Mexico}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Portugal}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Tunisia}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dai namidbiran
| 3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
!'''Total'''
!'''69'''
|}

Anom na polo may siyam (69) katawo an nautasan-buhay sa pagbaranggaan,&lt;ref name=Sky13604696&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/spain-train-crash-latest-numerous-injuries-reported-after-high-speed-collision-on-madrid-andalusia-line-13604696 |title=Spain train crash latest: At least 39 dead after two high-speed trains collide |publisher=Sky News |accessdate=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lavanguardia1a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t/&gt; kabarali diyan an 54 Espanyol na namamanwaan asin 12 dayuhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;/&gt; Sobra sa 100 katawo an nagkaerirido; 58 an naospital, kabarali an 15 yaon sa makuring kamugtakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Al menos 50 muertos tras chocar un AVE de Renfe contra un Iryo y sacarlo de la vía cerca de Toledo |trans-title=At least 50 dead after a Renfe AVE train collided with an Iryo train, knocking it off the tracks near Toledo. |url=https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |work=El Español |date=28 October 2026 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028112638/https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |access-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Última hora del accidente de trenes en Toledo, en directo: Al menos 30 muertos en el choque de trenes de alta velocidad en Urda |trans-title=Latest updates on the train accident in Toledo, live: At least 64 dead in a high-speed train collision in Urda |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |language=es |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=El País |date=28 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028132139/https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t&gt;{{cite news |last1=Moon |first1=Jenna |last2=Williams |first2=Nathan |title=Families desperate for news as rescuers work to identify Spanish train crash victims |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cv1j309d4g98t |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=BBC News |date=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;death_toll_from&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Death toll from Spain train crash revised to 69 as royals visit victims |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/29/death-toll-from-spain-train-crash-rises-to-74-as-royals-visit-victims |access-date=31 October 2026 |publisher=Euronews |date=29 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saro sa nagadan nalagarto kan metal na riles naglagbas sa karwahe, susog sa usipon kan sarong nakaligtas na pasahero.&lt;ref name=&quot;pierce&quot; /&gt;

== Hilnga man ==
{{Portal|Spain|Trains}}
* [[List of rail accidents (2020–present)]]
* [[List of rail accidents in Spain]]
* [[2026 Gelida train derailment]], another deadly train incident in Spain in 2026

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway accidents and incidents in 2026}}
{{Railway accidents and incidents in Spain}}
{{High-speed rail in Spain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toledo train collision, 2026}}
[[Category:2026 disasters in Spain]]
[[Category:2020s in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[Category:October 2026 in Spain]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2026]]
[[Category:Derailments in Spain]]
[[Category:Train collisions in Spain]]
[[Category:History of the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Transport in the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[en:2026 Toledo train collision]]</text>
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[[File:ETR 1000 Spain.jpg|right|thumb|280px|An Iryo high-speed na tren na nabudalan]]
[[File:Renfe AVE Siemens Velaro at Barcelona Sants (53297763629).jpg|right|thumb|280px|An AVE tren na nakabudal]]
Kan 28 Oktobre 2026 kan 08:54 [[Central European Time|CET]] ([[UTC+01:00]]), sarong [[AVE]] [[High-speed rail|high-speed na tren]] buminangga sa sarong [[Iryo ]] tren nakaparada sa [[Los Yébenes]], Toledo, na an enot nagdadalagan sa rutang [[Madrid–Seville na riles]] asin huli kaini 69 katawo an nagkagaradan . An duwang tren na imbwelto sa aksidente an byahe pareho haleng [[Madrid Atocha railway station|istasyon nin Atocha]] sa [[Madrid]] pasiring [[Seville–Santa Justa railway station|istasyon nin Santa Justa]] sa [[Seville]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/americans-urda-spain-train-crash/. Kinua 03-11-26&lt;/ref&gt;

Mga parapahayag sa Gobyerno nagtaong posibleng kawsa kan banggaan iyo an pagpaltos kan desisyon nin tawo sa operasyon manual kan signalling, gibo kan su sistema automatiko dai guminana asin nagpalya padagos.

==Mga Biktima==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable floatright&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em&quot;
|+Gadan susog sa citizenship&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/11/02/one-czech-national-and-four-us-citizens-among-spain-train-crash-dead-officials-say|title=One Czech national and four US citizens among Spain train crash dead, officials say|work=Euronews|date=2 November 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Pagkanamamanwaan
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Nagkagaradan
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Spain}}
| 54
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|United States}}
| 4
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Argentina}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Canada}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Czech Republic}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|France}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Japan}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Mexico}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Portugal}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Tunisia}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dai namidbiran
| 3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
!'''Total'''
!'''69'''
|}

Anom na polo may siyam (69) katawo an nautasan-buhay sa pagbaranggaan,&lt;ref name=Sky13604696&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/spain-train-crash-latest-numerous-injuries-reported-after-high-speed-collision-on-madrid-andalusia-line-13604696 |title=Spain train crash latest: At least 39 dead after two high-speed trains collide |publisher=Sky News |accessdate=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lavanguardia1a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t/&gt; kabarali diyan an 54 Espanyol na namamanwaan asin 12 dayuhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;/&gt; Sobra sa 100 katawo an nagkaerirido; 58 an naospital, kabarali an 15 yaon sa makuring kamugtakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Al menos 50 muertos tras chocar un AVE de Renfe contra un Iryo y sacarlo de la vía cerca de Toledo |trans-title=At least 50 dead after a Renfe AVE train collided with an Iryo train, knocking it off the tracks near Toledo. |url=https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |work=El Español |date=28 October 2026 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028112638/https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |access-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Última hora del accidente de trenes en Toledo, en directo: Al menos 30 muertos en el choque de trenes de alta velocidad en Urda |trans-title=Latest updates on the train accident in Toledo, live: At least 64 dead in a high-speed train collision in Urda |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |language=es |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=El País |date=28 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028132139/https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t&gt;{{cite news |last1=Moon |first1=Jenna |last2=Williams |first2=Nathan |title=Families desperate for news as rescuers work to identify Spanish train crash victims |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cv1j309d4g98t |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=BBC News |date=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;death_toll_from&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Death toll from Spain train crash revised to 69 as royals visit victims |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/29/death-toll-from-spain-train-crash-rises-to-74-as-royals-visit-victims |access-date=31 October 2026 |publisher=Euronews |date=29 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saro sa nagadan nalagarto kan metal na riles naglagbas sa karwahe, susog sa usipon kan sarong nakaligtas na pasahero.&lt;ref name=&quot;pierce&quot; /&gt;

== Hilnga man ==
{{Portal|Spain|Trains}}
* [[List of rail accidents (2020–present)]]
* [[List of rail accidents in Spain]]
* [[2026 Gelida train derailment]], another deadly train incident in Spain in 2026

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway accidents and incidents in 2026}}
{{Railway accidents and incidents in Spain}}
{{High-speed rail in Spain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toledo train collision, 2026}}
[[Category:2026 disasters in Spain]]
[[Category:2020s in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[Category:October 2026 in Spain]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2026]]
[[Category:Derailments in Spain]]
[[Category:Train collisions in Spain]]
[[Category:History of the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Transport in the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[en:2026 Toledo train collision]]</text>
      <sha1>29skj63hxx4458949bwtb9i4hix0wx5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>312443</id>
      <parentid>312442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:18:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
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[[File:ETR 1000 Spain.jpg|right|thumb|280px|An Iryo high-speed na tren na nabudalan]]
[[File:Renfe AVE Siemens Velaro at Barcelona Sants (53297763629).jpg|right|thumb|280px|An AVE tren na nakabudal]]
Kan 28 Oktobre 2026 kan 08:54 [[Central European Time|CET]] ([[UTC+01:00]]), sarong [[AVE]] [[High-speed rail|high-speed na tren]] buminangga sa sarong [[Iryo ]] tren nakaparada sa [[Los Yébenes]], Toledo, na an enot nagdadalagan sa rutang [[Madrid–Seville na riles]] asin huli kaini 69 katawo an nagkagaradan . An duwang tren na imbwelto sa aksidente an byahe pareho haleng [[Madrid Atocha railway station|istasyon nin Atocha]] sa [[Madrid]] pasiring [[Seville–Santa Justa railway station|istasyon nin Santa Justa]] sa [[Seville]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/americans-urda-spain-train-crash/. Kinua 03-11-26&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm8xz7pkd0jjo. Kinua 03-11-26&lt;/ref&gt;

Mga parapahayag sa Gobyerno nagtaong posibleng kawsa kan banggaan iyo an pagpaltos kan desisyon nin tawo sa operasyon manual kan signalling, gibo kan su sistema automatiko dai guminana asin nagpalya padagos.

==Mga Biktima==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable floatright&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em&quot;
|+Gadan susog sa citizenship&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/11/02/one-czech-national-and-four-us-citizens-among-spain-train-crash-dead-officials-say|title=One Czech national and four US citizens among Spain train crash dead, officials say|work=Euronews|date=2 November 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Pagkanamamanwaan
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Nagkagaradan
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Spain}}
| 54
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|United States}}
| 4
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Argentina}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Canada}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Czech Republic}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|France}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Japan}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Mexico}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Portugal}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Tunisia}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dai namidbiran
| 3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
!'''Total'''
!'''69'''
|}

Anom na polo may siyam (69) katawo an nautasan-buhay sa pagbaranggaan,&lt;ref name=Sky13604696&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/spain-train-crash-latest-numerous-injuries-reported-after-high-speed-collision-on-madrid-andalusia-line-13604696 |title=Spain train crash latest: At least 39 dead after two high-speed trains collide |publisher=Sky News |accessdate=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lavanguardia1a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t/&gt; kabarali diyan an 54 Espanyol na namamanwaan asin 12 dayuhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;/&gt; Sobra sa 100 katawo an nagkaerirido; 58 an naospital, kabarali an 15 yaon sa makuring kamugtakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Al menos 50 muertos tras chocar un AVE de Renfe contra un Iryo y sacarlo de la vía cerca de Toledo |trans-title=At least 50 dead after a Renfe AVE train collided with an Iryo train, knocking it off the tracks near Toledo. |url=https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |work=El Español |date=28 October 2026 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028112638/https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |access-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Última hora del accidente de trenes en Toledo, en directo: Al menos 30 muertos en el choque de trenes de alta velocidad en Urda |trans-title=Latest updates on the train accident in Toledo, live: At least 64 dead in a high-speed train collision in Urda |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |language=es |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=El País |date=28 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028132139/https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t&gt;{{cite news |last1=Moon |first1=Jenna |last2=Williams |first2=Nathan |title=Families desperate for news as rescuers work to identify Spanish train crash victims |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cv1j309d4g98t |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=BBC News |date=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;death_toll_from&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Death toll from Spain train crash revised to 69 as royals visit victims |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/29/death-toll-from-spain-train-crash-rises-to-74-as-royals-visit-victims |access-date=31 October 2026 |publisher=Euronews |date=29 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saro sa nagadan nalagarto kan metal na riles naglagbas sa karwahe, susog sa usipon kan sarong nakaligtas na pasahero.&lt;ref name=&quot;pierce&quot; /&gt;

== Hilnga man ==
{{Portal|Spain|Trains}}
* [[List of rail accidents (2020–present)]]
* [[List of rail accidents in Spain]]
* [[2026 Gelida train derailment]], another deadly train incident in Spain in 2026

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway accidents and incidents in 2026}}
{{Railway accidents and incidents in Spain}}
{{High-speed rail in Spain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toledo train collision, 2026}}
[[Category:2026 disasters in Spain]]
[[Category:2020s in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[Category:October 2026 in Spain]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2026]]
[[Category:Derailments in Spain]]
[[Category:Train collisions in Spain]]
[[Category:History of the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Transport in the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[en:2026 Toledo train collision]]</text>
      <sha1>9tm5m3g8ym7ghsdd3s577ohw3i4ad0s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>312444</id>
      <parentid>312443</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:19:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mga Biktima */</comment>
      <origin>312444</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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[[File:ETR 1000 Spain.jpg|right|thumb|280px|An Iryo high-speed na tren na nabudalan]]
[[File:Renfe AVE Siemens Velaro at Barcelona Sants (53297763629).jpg|right|thumb|280px|An AVE tren na nakabudal]]
Kan 28 Oktobre 2026 kan 08:54 [[Central European Time|CET]] ([[UTC+01:00]]), sarong [[AVE]] [[High-speed rail|high-speed na tren]] buminangga sa sarong [[Iryo ]] tren nakaparada sa [[Los Yébenes]], Toledo, na an enot nagdadalagan sa rutang [[Madrid–Seville na riles]] asin huli kaini 69 katawo an nagkagaradan . An duwang tren na imbwelto sa aksidente an byahe pareho haleng [[Madrid Atocha railway station|istasyon nin Atocha]] sa [[Madrid]] pasiring [[Seville–Santa Justa railway station|istasyon nin Santa Justa]] sa [[Seville]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/americans-urda-spain-train-crash/. Kinua 03-11-26&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm8xz7pkd0jjo. Kinua 03-11-26&lt;/ref&gt;

Mga parapahayag sa Gobyerno nagtaong posibleng kawsa kan banggaan iyo an pagpaltos kan desisyon nin tawo sa operasyon manual kan signalling, gibo kan su sistema automatiko dai guminana asin nagpalya padagos.

==Mga Biktima==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable floatright&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em&quot;
|+Gadan susog sa citizenship&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/11/02/one-czech-national-and-four-us-citizens-among-spain-train-crash-dead-officials-say|title=One Czech national and four US citizens among Spain train crash dead, officials say|work=Euronews|date=2 November 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Pagkanamamanwaan
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Nagkagaradan
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Spain}}
| 54
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|United States}}
| 4
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Argentina}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Canada}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Czech Republic}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|France}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Japan}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Mexico}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Portugal}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Tunisia}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dai namidbiran
| 3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
!'''Total'''
!'''69'''
|}

Anom na polo may siyam (69) katawo an nautasan-buhay sa pagbaranggaan,&lt;ref name=Sky13604696&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/spain-train-crash-latest-numerous-injuries-reported-after-high-speed-collision-on-madrid-andalusia-line-13604696 |title=Spain train crash latest: At least 39 dead after two high-speed trains collide |publisher=Sky News |accessdate=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lavanguardia1a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t/&gt; kabarali diyan an 54 Espanyol na namamanwaan asin 12 dayuhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;/&gt; Sobra sa 100 katawo an nagkaerirido; 58 an naospital, kabarali an 15 yaon sa makuring kamugtakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Al menos 50 muertos tras chocar un AVE de Renfe contra un Iryo y sacarlo de la vía cerca de Toledo |trans-title=At least 50 dead after a Renfe AVE train collided with an Iryo train, knocking it off the tracks near Toledo. |url=https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |work=El Español |date=28 October 2026 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028112638/https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |access-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Última hora del accidente de trenes en Toledo, en directo: Al menos 30 muertos en el choque de trenes de alta velocidad en Urda |trans-title=Latest updates on the train accident in Toledo, live: At least 64 dead in a high-speed train collision in Urda |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |language=es |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=El País |date=28 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028132139/https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t&gt;{{cite news |last1=Moon |first1=Jenna |last2=Williams |first2=Nathan |title=Families desperate for news as rescuers work to identify Spanish train crash victims |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cv1j309d4g98t |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=BBC News |date=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;death_toll_from&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Death toll from Spain train crash revised to 69 as royals visit victims |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/29/death-toll-from-spain-train-crash-rises-to-74-as-royals-visit-victims |access-date=31 October 2026 |publisher=Euronews |date=29 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saro sa nagadan napakol kan metal na riles naglagbas sa karwahe, susog sa usipon kan sarong nakaligtas na pasahero.&lt;ref name=&quot;pierce&quot; /&gt;

== Hilnga man ==
{{Portal|Spain|Trains}}
* [[List of rail accidents (2020–present)]]
* [[List of rail accidents in Spain]]
* [[2026 Gelida train derailment]], another deadly train incident in Spain in 2026

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway accidents and incidents in 2026}}
{{Railway accidents and incidents in Spain}}
{{High-speed rail in Spain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toledo train collision, 2026}}
[[Category:2026 disasters in Spain]]
[[Category:2020s in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[Category:October 2026 in Spain]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2026]]
[[Category:Derailments in Spain]]
[[Category:Train collisions in Spain]]
[[Category:History of the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Transport in the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[en:2026 Toledo train collision]]</text>
      <sha1>ag7myed2mkp1nkkuq04eh1617xw23tu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>312445</id>
      <parentid>312444</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:24:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mga Biktima */</comment>
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[[File:ETR 1000 Spain.jpg|right|thumb|280px|An Iryo high-speed na tren na nabudalan]]
[[File:Renfe AVE Siemens Velaro at Barcelona Sants (53297763629).jpg|right|thumb|280px|An AVE tren na nakabudal]]
Kan 28 Oktobre 2026 kan 08:54 [[Central European Time|CET]] ([[UTC+01:00]]), sarong [[AVE]] [[High-speed rail|high-speed na tren]] buminangga sa sarong [[Iryo ]] tren nakaparada sa [[Los Yébenes]], Toledo, na an enot nagdadalagan sa rutang [[Madrid–Seville na riles]] asin huli kaini 69 katawo an nagkagaradan . An duwang tren na imbwelto sa aksidente an byahe pareho haleng [[Madrid Atocha railway station|istasyon nin Atocha]] sa [[Madrid]] pasiring [[Seville–Santa Justa railway station|istasyon nin Santa Justa]] sa [[Seville]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/americans-urda-spain-train-crash/. Kinua 03-11-26&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm8xz7pkd0jjo. Kinua 03-11-26&lt;/ref&gt;

Mga parapahayag sa Gobyerno nagtaong posibleng kawsa kan banggaan iyo an pagpaltos kan desisyon nin tawo sa operasyon manual kan signalling, gibo kan su sistema automatiko dai guminana asin nagpalya padagos.

==Mga Biktima==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable floatright&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em&quot;
|+Gadan susog sa citizenship&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/11/02/one-czech-national-and-four-us-citizens-among-spain-train-crash-dead-officials-say|title=One Czech national and four US citizens among Spain train crash dead, officials say|work=Euronews|date=2 November 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Pagkanamamanwaan
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Nagkagaradan
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Spain}}
| 54
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|United States}}
| 4
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Argentina}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Canada}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Czech Republic}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|France}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Japan}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Mexico}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Portugal}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{Flagu|Tunisia}}
| 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dai namidbiran
| 3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
!'''Total'''
!'''69'''
|}

Anom na polo may siyam (69) katawo an nautasan-buhay sa pagbaranggaan,&lt;ref name=Sky13604696&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/spain-train-crash-latest-numerous-injuries-reported-after-high-speed-collision-on-madrid-andalusia-line-13604696 |title=Spain train crash latest: At least 39 dead after two high-speed trains collide |publisher=Sky News |accessdate=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lavanguardia1a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t/&gt; kabarali diyan an 54 Espanyol na namamanwaan asin 12 dayuhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;one-czech&quot;/&gt; Sobra sa 100 katawo an nagkaerirido; 58 an naospital, kabarali an 15 yaon sa makuring kamugtakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Al menos 50 muertos tras chocar un AVE de Renfe contra un Iryo y sacarlo de la vía cerca de Toledo |trans-title=At least 50 dead after a Renfe AVE train collided with an Iryo train, knocking it off the tracks near Toledo. |url=https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |work=El Español |date=28 October 2026 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028112638/https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/observatorios/movilidad/20261028/adif-suspende-circulacion-alta-velocidad-madrid-andalucia-alcance-trenes/1003744437576_0.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |access-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Última hora del accidente de trenes en Toledo, en directo: Al menos 30 muertos en el choque de trenes de alta velocidad en Urda |trans-title=Latest updates on the train accident in Toledo, live: At least 64 dead in a high-speed train collision in Urda |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |language=es |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=El País |date=28 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028132139/https://elpais.com/espana/2026-10-28/ultima-hora-del-choque-entre-dos-trenes-en-los-yebenes-toledo-en-directo.html |archive-date=28 October 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BBCcv1j309d4g98t&gt;{{cite news |last1=Moon |first1=Jenna |last2=Williams |first2=Nathan |title=Families desperate for news as rescuers work to identify Spanish train crash victims |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cv1j309d4g98t |access-date=28 October 2026 |work=BBC News |date=28 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;death_toll_from&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Death toll from Spain train crash revised to 69 as royals visit victims |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/29/death-toll-from-spain-train-crash-rises-to-74-as-royals-visit-victims |access-date=31 October 2026 |publisher=Euronews |date=29 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saro sa nagadan natusok kan metal na riles naglagbas sa karwahe, susog sa usipon kan sarong nakaligtas na pasahero.&lt;ref name=&quot;pierce&quot; /&gt;

== Hilnga man ==
{{Portal|Spain|Trains}}
* [[List of rail accidents (2020–present)]]
* [[List of rail accidents in Spain]]
* [[2026 Gelida train derailment]], another deadly train incident in Spain in 2026

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway accidents and incidents in 2026}}
{{Railway accidents and incidents in Spain}}
{{High-speed rail in Spain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toledo train collision, 2026}}
[[Category:2026 disasters in Spain]]
[[Category:2020s in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[Category:October 2026 in Spain]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2026]]
[[Category:Derailments in Spain]]
[[Category:Train collisions in Spain]]
[[Category:History of the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Transport in the Province of Toledo]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Castilla–La Mancha]]
[[en:2026 Toledo train collision]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagkamoot sa sadiri</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1381126388|Self-love]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1385" sha1="b6l8w29hciu059hmau4fmx8f9tobtuc" xml:space="preserve">'''Self-love''', defined as &quot;love of self&quot; or &quot;regard for one's own happiness or advantage&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|title=self-love|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-love|encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|location=Springfield, Mass.|publisher=Merriam-Webster|access-date=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; has been conceptualized both as a [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs|basic human necessity]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=An Address Delivered August 14, 1844: Before the Society of Phi Beta Kappa in Yale College|last=Hall|first=Willis|publisher=B. L. Hamlen, 1844|year=1844|location=Harvard University|pages=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; and as a [[Morality|moral]] flaw, akin to [[vanity]] and [[selfishness]],&lt;ref&gt;B. Kirkpatrick (ed.), ''Roget's Thesaurus'' (1998), pp. 592 and 639&lt;/ref&gt; synonymous with [[amour-propre]], conceitedness, [[egotism]], [[narcissism]], et al. However, throughout the 20th and 21st centuries self-love has adopted a more positive connotation through [[Pride parade|pride parades]], [[Self-Respect Movement]], self-love protests, the [[hippie]] era, the [[Feminism|modern feminist movement]] ([[Third-wave feminism|3rd]] &amp; [[Fourth-wave feminism|4th wave]]), as well as the increase in [[mental health]] awareness that promotes self-love as [[Intrinsic value (ethics)|intrinsic]] to self-help and support groups working to prevent [[substance abuse]] and suicide.</text>
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      <text bytes="1543" sha1="cowgyk825zkx4rgkddgalo0d53c2bj5" xml:space="preserve">An '''pagkamoot sa sadiri''', linadawan bilang &quot;love of self&quot; o &quot;regard for one's own happiness or advantage&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|title=self-love|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-love|encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|location=Springfield, Mass.|publisher=Merriam-Webster|access-date=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; kinonseptwalisar bilang sarong [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs|basikong pangangaipo nin tawo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=An Address Delivered August 14, 1844: Before the Society of Phi Beta Kappa in Yale College|last=Hall|first=Willis|publisher=B. L. Hamlen, 1844|year=1844|location=Harvard University|pages=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin bilang sarong [[Morality|moral]] flaw, siring kan [[vanity]] asin [[selfishness]],&lt;ref&gt;B. Kirkpatrick (ed.), ''Roget's Thesaurus'' (1998), pp. 592 and 639&lt;/ref&gt; kaparehong kahulugan kan [[amour-propre]], conceitedness, [[egotism]], [[narcissism]], et al. Alagad, sa bilog na 20 asin 21 na siglo an pagkamoot sa sadiri inadaptar an sarong mas positibong konotasyon sa paagi kan [[Pride parade|pride parades]], [[Self-Respect Movement]], self-love protests, kan [[hippie]] era, kan [[Feminism|modern feminist movement]] ([[Third-wave feminism|3rd]] &amp; [[Fourth-wave feminism|4th wave]]), siring man kan dugang na kamalayan sa [[mental health]] na nagbubusol sa pagkamoot sa sadiri bilang [[Intrinsic value (ethics)|intrinsic]] tanganing tabangan an sadiri asin an grupo tagasuporta na nagtrabaho tanganing malikayan an [[substance abuse]] asin paghugot.

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}
{{stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Piktograma</title>
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      <comment>Pinagmukna an pahina kaining &quot;[[File:National Park Service sample pictographs.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Halimbawa kan mga piktograma kan Serbisyo nin Nasyunal na Parke kan EU]]  An sarong '''piktograma''' ('''piktogramo''' man, '''piktograpo''', o simpleng '''pikto'''&lt;ref&gt;Gove, Philip Babcock. (1993). ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged''. Merriam-Webster Inc. {{ISBN|0-87779-201-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) sarong grapikong simbolo na nagtatao nin kahulugan sa paa...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="994" sha1="8qqwbgfnhomn9sr4ndp5uagwh4irdbz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:National Park Service sample pictographs.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Halimbawa kan mga piktograma kan Serbisyo nin Nasyunal na Parke kan EU]]

An sarong '''piktograma''' ('''piktogramo''' man, '''piktograpo''', o simpleng '''pikto'''&lt;ref&gt;Gove, Philip Babcock. (1993). ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged''. Merriam-Webster Inc. {{ISBN|0-87779-201-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) sarong grapikong simbolo na nagtatao nin kahulugan sa paagi kan biswal na pagkakaagid kaini sa sarong pisikal na bagay. An mga piktograma ginagamit sa mga sistema nin pagsurat asin biswal na komunikasyon. An piktograpiya sarong [[sistema nin pagsurat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Goody|first=Jack|title=The interface between the written and the oral|date=1987|isbn=0-521-33268-0|location=Cambridge|page=4|oclc=14242868}}&lt;/ref&gt; na naggagamit nin mga piktograma. An ibang mga piktograma, arog kan [[GHS hazard pictograms|hazard pictograms]], pwedeng mga elemento kan [[pormal na mga tataramon]].</text>
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      <text bytes="2705" sha1="llalz4mhdw5xfh277fc873cvt5ihso9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:National Park Service sample pictographs.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Halimbawa kan mga piktograma kan Serbisyo nin Nasyunal na Parke kan EU]]

An sarong '''piktograma''' ('''piktogramo''' man, '''piktograpo''', o simpleng '''pikto'''&lt;ref&gt;Gove, Philip Babcock. (1993). ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged''. Merriam-Webster Inc. {{ISBN|0-87779-201-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) sarong grapikong simbolo na nagtatao nin kahulugan sa paagi kan biswal na pagkakaagid kaini sa sarong pisikal na bagay. An mga piktograma ginagamit sa mga sistema nin pagsurat asin biswal na komunikasyon. An piktograpiya sarong [[sistema nin pagsurat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Goody|first=Jack|title=The interface between the written and the oral|date=1987|isbn=0-521-33268-0|location=Cambridge|page=4|oclc=14242868}}&lt;/ref&gt; na naggagamit nin mga piktograma. An ibang mga piktograma, arog kan [[GHS hazard pictograms|hazard pictograms]], pwedeng mga elemento kan [[pormal na mga tataramon]].

Sa larangan nin [[prehistorikong arte]], an terminong &quot;piktograpo&quot; igwa nin ibang kahulugan, asin partikularmenteng nanonongod sa arte na pinintura sa ibabaw nin gapo. An mga piktograpo pigkokomparar sa mga [[petroglipo]], na inukit o insisyon.

An saradit na piktograma na ipinapahiling sa sarong [[screen kan kompyuter]] tanganing tabangan an paragamit na maglayag inaapod na ''[[Icon (computing)|mga icon]]''.

==Mga toltolan==
{{refbegin}}
* [[Ishmael Reed|Reed, Ishmael]] (2003). ''From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900–2002'', Ishmael Reed, ed. {{ISBN|1-56025-458-0}}.
{{refend}}

==Mga panluwas na takod==
{{Commons category|Pictograms}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{refbegin}}
*[http://pic-com.jp/ Pictogram &amp; Communication: About 1,500 practical pictograms based on Design principles of pictorial symbols for communication support(JIS T 0103:2005)]
*[http://capl.washjeff.edu/ CAPL:The Culturally Authentic Pictorial Lexicon, photographic illustrations of objects for multiple languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112547/http://capl.washjeff.edu/ |date=2011-07-20 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150511095242/http://pictopedia.jp/eng/ Pictogram Encyclopedia, The collection site of more than 500 pictograms, Pictograms are categorized, and easy to find unique pictogram]
*[http://www.pictopen.com Pictopen] – Modern Pictographic Writing
*[http://thenounproject.com NounProject] – Free Pictograms under open licences
*[http://modernpictograms.com Modern Pictograms] – Explore word and pictogram relationships
*[http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2016+to+Babylonian Wolfram|Alpha] – Number to pictogram translator
{{refend}}</text>
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