विकिपीडिया bhwiki https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter मीडिया विशेष वार्तालाप प्रयोगकर्ता प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता विकिपीडिया विकिपीडिया वार्ता चित्र चित्र वार्ता मीडियाविकि मीडियाविकि वार्ता टेम्पलेट टेम्पलेट वार्ता मदद मदद वार्ता श्रेणी श्रेणी वार्ता TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4639 799548 795895 2026-07-12T21:56:32Z SM7 3953 सुधार कइल गइल Infobox person 799548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = आसाराम | image = Asharam ji Bapu.jpg | caption = | birth_name = आसूमल सिरूमलानी | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|4|17}} | birth_place =[[ग्राम]] बेराणी, [[नवाबशाह जिला]], [[सिंध]] प्रान्त, ब्रितानी भारत | nationality = [[भारतीय]] | spouse = लक्ष्मी देवी | organization = संत श्री आसारामजी आश्रम | children = नारायण साईं (पुत्र)<br>भारती देवी (पुत्री) | parents = महँगीबा (माँ)<br>थाऊमल सिरूमलानी (पिता) | website = [http://www.ashram.org ] }} '''आसाराम बापू''' ('''आसूमल थाऊमल हरपलानी'''<ref>{{cite news|title=The Politics of Sex |trans-title=सम्भोग की राजनीति |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/asaram-bapu-sexual-assault-politicians-protect-controversial-godman/1/304598.html|newspaper=इण्डिया टुडे |date=30 अगस्त 2013|language=en}}</ref> या '''आसूमल सिरूमलानी''',<ref name=OneIndia>{{cite news |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2013/08/29/asaram-bapus-life-journey-from-a-tea-seller-to-the-spiritual-guru-1294490.html |title=Asaram Bapu's life journey from a tea seller to the spiritual guru |trans-title=आसाराम बापू का एक चाय विक्रेता से आध्यात्मिक गुरु तक का सफर |accessdate=1 सितंबर 2013 |date=29 अगस्त 2013 |author=प्रीति पंवार |language=en |archive-date=2013-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134428/http://news.oneindia.in/2013/08/29/asaram-bapus-life-journey-from-a-tea-seller-to-the-spiritual-guru-1294490.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> जनम: 17 अप्रैल, 1941, [[नवाबशाह जिला]], [[सिंध]] प्रांत) [[भारत]] क एगो कथावाचक, आध्यात्मिक गुरु एवं स्वयंभू संत हउवन।<ref>{{cite web |url= http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/news/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B8/177841 |title=आध्यात्मिक गुरु आसाराम बापू को केआरके ने कहा- `राक्षस` |author= |date= 22 अगस्त 2013|publisher=ज़ी न्यूज़ |language= |accessdate= 13 सितंबर 2013}}</ref> आसाराम अपने प्रवचन में सबके भीतर एक सच्चिदानन्द ईश्वर के अस्तित्व क उपदेश दिहेलन। उनके उनकर भक्त अकसर '''बापू''' के नाम से बोलावैलन। आसाराम 400 से अधिक छोट-बड़ आश्रमन क मालिक हउवें। उनकर चेलन क संख्या करोड़ों में बा। आसाराम हाल में बिबाद में रहल बाड़ें आ अप्रैल 2018 में, इनका के नाबालिग के साथे बलात्कार के एगो मामिला में जोधपुर के बिसेस अदालत द्वारा दोसी करार दिहल गइल।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-43890356 |title=आसाराम नाबालिग से बलात्कार मामले में दोषी करार - BBC News हिंदी |publisher=Bbc.com |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2018-04-25}}</ref> ==संदर्भ== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:1941 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:आध्यात्मिक गुरु]] [[श्रेणी:हिंदू गुरु]] [[श्रेणी:गुजरात के लोग]] {{bio-stub}} 3yj45t1b4m2uw47nslrhyesslvsxbqh 0 8812 799597 669369 2026-07-12T22:53:03Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = अन्ना हजारे | image = Anna Hazare on 2nd Oct.JPG | caption = अन्ना हजारे | birth_date = १५ जून १९३७ | birth_place = [[रालेगन सिद्धि]], [[अहमदनगर]], [[महाराष्ट्र]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | other_names = किसन बाबूराव हजारे | known_for = भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी जन आन्दोलन | education = | party = | spouse = | children = | signature = }} '''किसन बापट बाबूराव हज़ारे''' ([[मराठी]]: अण्णा हज़ारे; जन्म : 15 जून, 1937) भारत क एक समाजसेवी बाड़न। ज्यादेतर लोग उनके अन्ना हजारे के नाम से ही जानैलन। सन् 1992 में [[भारत सरकार]] उनके [[पद्मभूषण]] से सम्मानित कइले रहल। [[सूचना क अधिकार]] आऊर [[जनलोकपाल]] आंदोलन में अन्ना क प्रमुख भूमिका मानल जाला। == सुरुवाती जीवन == अन्ना हजारे क जनम [[महाराष्ट्र]] के [[अहमदनगर]] के [[रालेगन सिद्धि]] गाँव के एगो [[मराठा]] किसान परिवार में भयल रहे। उनकर बाबूजी क नांव बाबूराव हजारे आऊर माई क नांव लक्ष्मीबाई हजारे रहल।<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/india/2011/08/110816_anna_profile_ml.shtml अन्ना हजारे]</ref> उनकर लरिकाईं बहुत गरीबी में बीतल रहै। बाबूजी मजूर रहलें आऊर बाबा सेना में रहलें। बाबा क तैनाती भिंगनगर में रहल। वैसे अन्ना के पूर्वंजों का गाँव अहमद नगर जिले में ही स्थित [[रालेगन सिद्धि]] में था। दादा की मृत्यु के सात वर्षों बाद अन्ना का परिवार रालेगन आ गया। अन्ना के छह भाई हैं। परिवार में तंगी का आलम देखकर अन्ना की बुआ उन्हें मुम्बई ले गईं। वहाँ उन्होंने सातवीं तक पढ़ाई की। परिवार पर कष्टों का बोझ देखकर वे दादर स्टेशन के बाहर एक फूल बेचनेवाले की दुकान में ४० रुपये के वेतन पर काम करने लगे। इसके बाद उन्होंने फूलों की अपनी दुकान खोल ली और अपने दो भाइयों को भी रालेगन से बुला लिया। ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:1937 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:भारत के लोग]] [[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के लोग]] [[श्रेणी:भारत के राजनीतिक नेता]] {{bio-stub}} syhonyjht5trrjo7ki7xahlfbnul9ii 0 9306 799536 726400 2026-07-12T17:14:42Z SM7 3953 + नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट 799536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''खाड़ी''' सामान्य भासा में अइसन समुद्री हिस्सा के कहल जाला जवन तीन ओर से ज़मीन से घेराइल होखे। उदाहरण खाती [[बंगाल के खाड़ी]], [[मैक्सिको के खाड़ी]] आदि। {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र]] [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] {{भूआकृति-आधार}} iuqb2ncyk5eex9peir53rdkln3clx9l 10 9552 799552 798263 2026-07-10T01:35:58Z en>Zackmann08 0 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Hildeoc|Hildeoc]] ([[User talk:Hildeoc|talk]]): The parameters are bold for a reason. Stop reverting documentation you don't understand 798262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!--Categories where indicated at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]])--> {{Auto short description}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Coordinates|Module:Check for unknown parameters|Module:Check for conflicting parameters|Module:Settlement short description|Module:Wikidata}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Infobox settlement/styles.css}} {{Uses Wikidata|P41|P94|P158|P625|P856}} This template should be used to produce an [[WP:Infobox|Infobox]] for human settlements (cities, towns, villages, communities) as well as other administrative districts, counties, provinces, et cetera—in fact, any subdivision below the level of a country, for which {{tl|Infobox country}} should be used. Parameters are described in the table below. For questions, see the [[Template talk:Infobox settlement|talk page]]. For a US city guideline, see [[WP:USCITIES]]. The template is aliased or used as a sub-template for several infobox front-end templates. ==Usage== * '''Important''': Please enter all numeric values in a raw, unformatted fashion. References and {{tl|citation needed}} tags are to be included in their respective section footnotes field. Numeric values that are not "raw" may create an "Expression error". Raw values will be automatically formatted by the template. If you find a raw value is not formatted in your usage of the template, please post a notice on the discussion page for this template. * An expression error may also occur when any coordinate parameter has a value, but one or more coordinate parameters are blank or invalid. * To specify CSS class "X" should be applied to an image, append to the filename: <code><nowiki>{{!}}class=X</nowiki></code> Basic blank template, ready to cut and paste. See the next section for a copy of the template with all parameters and comments. See the table below that for a full description of each parameter. ===Using metric units=== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox settlement |name = |native_name = <!-- Settlement name in the dominant local language(s), if different from the English name --> |native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> |settlement_type = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_alt = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_alt = |image_seal = |seal_alt = |image_shield = |shield_alt = |etymology = |nickname = |motto = |image_map = |map_alt = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_alt = |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_label_position = |mapframe = <!-- "yes" to show an interactive map --> |coordinates = <!-- {{coord|latitude|longitude|type:city|display=inline,title}} --> |coor_pinpoint = |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |established_title = |established_date = |founder = |seat_type = |seat = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |governing_body = |leader_party = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |area_footnotes = |area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_note = |area_water_percent = |area_rank = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_urban_km2 = |area_rural_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> |area_total_ha = |area_land_ha = |area_water_ha = |area_urban_ha = |area_rural_ha = |area_metro_ha = |area_blank1_ha = |area_blank2_ha = |length_km = |width_km = |dimensions_footnotes = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |population_footnotes = |population_as_of = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = auto |population_note = |population_demonym = |timezone1 = |utc_offset1 = |timezone1_DST = |utc_offset1_DST = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code_type = |area_code = |area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> |iso_code = |website = <!-- {{Official URL}} --> |module = |footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> ===Using non-metric units=== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox settlement |name = |native_name = |native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> |settlement_type = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_alt = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_alt = |image_seal = |seal_alt = |image_shield = |shield_alt = |etymology = |nickname = |motto = |image_map = |map_alt = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_alt = |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_label_position = |mapframe = <!-- "yes" to show an interactive map --> |coordinates = <!-- {{coord|latitude|longitude|type:city|display=inline,title}} --> |coor_pinpoint = |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |established_title = |established_date = |founder = |seat_type = |seat = |government_footnotes = |leader_party = |leader_title = |leader_name = |unit_pref = Imperial <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |area_footnotes = |area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_note = |area_water_percent = |area_rank = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank2_title = <!-- square miles --> |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_rural_sq_mi = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |area_blank2_sq_mi = <!-- acres --> |area_total_acre = |area_land_acre = |area_water_acre = |area_urban_acre = |area_rural_acre = |area_metro_acre = |area_blank1_acre = |area_blank2_acre = |length_mi = |width_mi = |dimensions_footnotes = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_ft = |population_footnotes = |population_as_of = |population_total = |population_density_sq_mi = auto |population_note = |population_demonym = |timezone1 = |utc_offset1 = |timezone1_DST = |utc_offset1_DST = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code_type = |area_code = |iso_code = |website = <!-- {{Official URL}} --> |module = |footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> ===Short version=== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox settlement |name = |native_name = |native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> |settlement_type = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_alt = |image_caption = |etymology = |nickname = |coordinates = <!-- {{Coord}} --> |population_total = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |website = <!-- {{Official URL}} --> }} </syntaxhighlight> ===Complete empty syntax, with comments=== This copy of the template lists all parameters except for some of the repeating numbered parameters which are noted in the comments. Comments here should be brief; see the table below for full descriptions of each parameter. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox settlement | name = <!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --> | official_name = <!-- avoid if redundant with e.g. `settlement_type` of `name` | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = <!-- such as Town, Village, City, Borough etc. --> <!-- transliteration(s) --> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto --> | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_border = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | seal_type = | seal_class = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | etymology = | nickname = | nicknames = | motto = | mottoes = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates --> | image_map = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall = | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_outside = | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_image = | pushpin_overlay = | mapframe = <!-- "yes" to show an interactive map --> | coordinates = <!-- {{Coord}} --> | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | grid_name = <!-- name of a regional grid system --> | grid_position = <!-- position on the regional grid system --> <!-- location --> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = <!-- the name of the country --> | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --> <!-- established --> | established_title = <!-- Founded --> | established_date = <!-- requires established_title= --> | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = <!-- requires established_title1= --> | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = <!-- requires established_title2= --> | established_title3 = | established_date3 = <!-- requires established_title3= --> | established_title4 = | established_date4 = <!-- requires established_title4= --> | established_title5 = | established_date5 = <!-- requires established_title5= --> | established_title6 = | established_date6 = <!-- requires established_title6= --> | established_title7 = | established_date7 = <!-- requires established_title7= --> | extinct_title = | extinct_date = <!-- requires extinct_title= --> | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts --> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | seat1_type = <!-- defaults to: Former seat --> | seat1 = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &amp;nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings --> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area --> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | dunam_link = <!-- If dunams are used, this specifies which dunam to link. --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_ha = | area_total_acre = | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_land_ha = | area_land_acre = | area_land_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_ha = | area_water_acre = | area_water_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_urban_ha = | area_urban_acre = | area_urban_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_rural_km2 = | area_rural_sq_mi = | area_rural_ha = | area_rural_acre = | area_rural_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_metro_ha = | area_metro_acre = | area_metro_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank1_acre = | area_blank1_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_blank2_ha = | area_blank2_acre = | area_blank2_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_note = <!-- dimensions --> | dimensions_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | length_km = | length_mi = | width_km = | width_mi = <!-- elevation --> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_point = <!-- for denoting the measurement point --> | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_max_point = <!-- for denoting the measurement point --> | elevation_max_rank = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = | elevation_min_point = <!-- for denoting the measurement point --> | elevation_min_rank = <!-- population --> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_as_of = | population_total = | pop_est_footnotes = | pop_est_as_of = | population_est = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban_footnotes = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_rural_footnotes = | population_rural = | population_density_rural_km2 = | population_density_rural_sq_mi = | population_metro_footnotes = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi = | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, e.g. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_demonyms = | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title7 / demographics1_info7 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title10 / demographics2_info10 --> <!-- time zone(s) --> | timezone_link = | timezone1_location = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2_location = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = | timezone3_location = | timezone3 = | utc_offset3 = | timezone3_DST = | utc_offset3_DST = | timezone4_location = | timezone4 = | utc_offset4 = | timezone4_DST = | utc_offset4_DST = | timezone5_location = | timezone5 = | utc_offset5 = | timezone5_DST = | utc_offset5_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code --> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP Code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP Code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | area_codes = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate_type = | registration_plate = | code1_name = | code1_info = | code2_name = | code2_info = <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., up to blank7_name_sec1 / blank7_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., up to blank7_name_sec2 / blank7_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --> | website = <!-- {{Official URL}} --> | module = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> ==Parameter names and descriptions== {| class="wikitable" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Name and transliteration=== |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''name''' || optional || This is the usual name in English. If it's not specified, the infobox will use the '''official_name''' as a title unless this too is missing, in which case the page name will be used. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''official_name''' || optional || The official name in English. Avoid using '''official_name''' if it leads to redundancy with '''name''' and '''settlement_type'''. Use '''official_name''' if the official name is unusual or cannot be simply deduced from the name and settlement type. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''native_name''' || optional || Name or names in the local language, if different from 'name', and if not English. This parameter may be used for the name in the de facto local language (e.g. German for [[Munich]]). Per the [[Template talk:Infobox settlement/Archive 32#RFC on usage of native name parameter for First Nations placenames|2023 RfC]], it may also be used for names used by First Nations/[[Indigenous peoples]], '''regardless''' of whether they are the dominant ethnic group in the location. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''native_name_lang''' || optional || Use [[List of ISO 639-1 codes|ISO 639-1 code]], e.g. "fr" for French. If there is more than one dominant name, in different languages, enter those names using {{tl|lang}}, instead. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''other_name''' || optional || For places with other commonly used names like Bombay or Saigon |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''settlement_type''' || optional || Any type can be entered, such as City, Town, Village, Hamlet, Municipality, Reservation, etc. If set, will be displayed under the names. Might also be used as a label for total population/area (defaulting to ''City''), if needed to distinguish from ''Urban'', ''Rural'' or ''Metro'' (if urban, rural or metro figures are not present, the label is ''Total'' unless '''total_type''' is set). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''short_description''' || optional || Set to <code>no</code> to suppress the Short description generated by the infobox. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Transliteration(s) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang1''' || optional || Will place the "entry" before the word "transliteration(s)". Can be used to specify a particular language like in [[Dêlêg]] or one may just enter "Other", like in [[Gaza City|Gaza]]'s article. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang1_type'''<br />'''translit_lang1_type1'''<br />to<br />'''translit_lang1_type6''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang1_info'''<br />'''translit_lang1_info1'''<br />to<br />'''translit_lang1_info6''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang2''' || optional || Will place a second transliteration. See [[Dêlêg]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang2_type'''<br />'''translit_lang2_type1'''<br />to<br />'''translit_lang2_type6''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang2_info'''<br />'''translit_lang2_info1'''<br />to<br />'''translit_lang2_info6''' || optional || |} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Images, nickname, motto=== |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Image |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_skyline''' || optional || Primary image representing the settlement. Commonly a photo of the settlement’s skyline. For large urban areas, the <nowiki>{{multiple image}}</nowiki> template is often used in place of a single image to create a collage of the settlement's skyline and several notable landmarks. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''imagesize''' || optional || Can be used to tweak the size of the image_skyline up or down. This can be helpful if an editor wants to make the infobox wider. If used, '''px''' must be specified; default size is 250px. Note [[WP:IMGSIZELEAD]] recommends that images should be no wider than <code>upright=1.35</code> -equivalent to 300px |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_alt''' || optional || [[Alt text]] for the image, used by visually impaired readers who cannot see the image. See [[WP:ALT]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_caption''' || optional || Will place a caption under the image_skyline (if present) |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Flag image |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_flag''' || optional || Used for a flag. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''flag_size''' || optional || Can be used to tweak the size of the image_flag up or down from 100px as desired. If used, '''px''' must be specified; default size is 100px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''flag_alt''' || optional || Alt text for the flag. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''flag_border''' || optional || Set to 'no' to remove the border from the flag |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''flag_link''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Seal image |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_seal''' || optional || If the place has an official seal. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seal_size''' || optional || If used, '''px''' must be specified; default size is 100px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seal_alt''' || optional || Alt text for the seal. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seal_link'''<br />'''seal_type''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seal_class''' || optional || CSS class for the seal image. Parameter {{para|seal_class|skin-invert}} can be used for dark mode support if the seal image is monochrome. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Coat of arms image |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_shield''' || optional || Can be used for a place with a coat of arms. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''shield_size''' || optional || If used, '''px''' must be specified; default size is 100px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''shield_alt''' || optional || Alt text for the shield. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''shield_link''' || optional || Can be used if a wiki article if known but is not automatically linked by the template. See [[Coquitlam, British Columbia]]'s infobox for an example. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Logo or emblem image |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_blank_emblem''' || optional || Can be used if a place has an official logo, crest, emblem, etc. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_emblem_type''' || optional || Caption beneath "image_blank_emblem" to specify what type of emblem it is. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_emblem_size''' || optional || If used, '''px''' must be specified; default size is 100px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_emblem_alt''' || optional || Alt text for blank emblem. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_emblem_link''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Nickname, motto |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''etymology''' || optional || origin of name |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''nickname''' || optional || well-known nickname |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''nicknames''' || optional || if more than one well-known nickname, use this |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''motto''' || optional || Will place the motto under the nicknames |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''mottoes''' || optional || if more than one motto, use this |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''anthem''' || optional || Will place the anthem (song) under the nicknames |} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Maps, coordinates=== |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Map images |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_map''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''mapsize''' || optional || If used, '''px''' must be specified; default is 250px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''map_alt''' || optional || Alt text for map. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''map_caption''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_map1''' || optional || A secondary map image. The field '''image_map''' must be filled in first. Example see: [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''mapsize1''' || optional || If used, '''px''' must be specified; default is 250px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''map_alt1''' || optional || Alt text for secondary map. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''map_caption1''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Pushpin map(s), coordinates |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_map''' || optional || The name of a location map as per [[Template:Location map]] (e.g. ''Indonesia'' or ''Russia''). The coordinate fields (from {{para|coordinates}}) position a pushpin coordinate marker and label on the map '''automatically'''. Example: [[Padang, Indonesia]]. To show multiple pushpin maps, provide a list of maps separated by #, e.g., ''California#USA'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_mapsize''' || optional || Must be entered as only a number—'''do not use px'''. The default value is 250.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>width</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_map_alt''' || optional || Alt text for pushpin map; used by [[screen reader]]s, see [[WP:ALT]].<br/>''Equivalent to <code>alt</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_map_caption''' || optional || Fill out if a different caption from ''map_caption'' is desired.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>caption</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_map_caption_notsmall''' || optional || <!-- add documentation here --> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_label''' || optional || The text of the label to display next to the identifying mark; a [[Wiki markup|wikilink]] can be used. If not specified, the label will be the text assigned to the ''name'' or ''official_name'' parameters (if {{para|pushpin_label_position|none}}, no label is displayed).<br/>''Equivalent to <code>label</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_label_position''' || optional || The position of the label on the pushpin map relative to the pushpin coordinate marker. Valid options are {left, right, top, bottom, none}. If this field is not specified, the default value is ''right''.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>position</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_outside''' || optional || ''Equivalent to <code>outside</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_relief''' || optional || Set this to <code>y</code> or any non-blank value to use an alternative relief map provided by the selected location map (if a relief map is available). <br/>''Equivalent to <code>relief</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_image''' || optional || Allows the use of an alternative map; the image must have the same edge coordinates as the location map template.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>AlternativeMap</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_overlay''' || optional || Can be used to specify an image to be superimposed on the regular pushpin map.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>overlay_image</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''mapframe''' || optional || Add a {{tl|infobox mapframe}} map. See the documentation below in [[#Mapframe maps]] for more details on usage. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''coordinates''' || optional || Latitude and longitude. Use {{tl|Coord}}. See the documentation for {{tl|Coord}} for more details on usage. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''coor_pinpoint''' || optional || If needed, to specify more exactly where (or what) coordinates are given (e.g. ''Town Hall'') or a specific place in a larger area (e.g. a city in a county). Example: In the article [[Masovian Voivodeship]], <code>coor_pinpoint=Warsaw</code> specifies [[Warsaw]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''coordinates_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for coordinates, placed within <code><nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki></code> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''grid_name'''<br />'''grid_position''' || optional || Name of a regional grid system and position on the regional grid |} ====Mapframe maps==== {{Infobox mapframe/doc/parameters | onByDefault = yes, unless any of the other map parameters are present: {{para|pushpin_map}}, {{para|image_map}}, {{para|image_map1}} | mapframe-frame-width = 250 | mapframe-length_km = {{para|length_km}} | mapframe-length_mi = {{para|length_mi}} | mapframe-width_km = {{para|width_km}} | mapframe-width_mi = {{para|width_mi}} | mapframe-area_km2 = {{para|area_total_km2}} | mapframe-area_ha = {{para|area_total_ha}} | mapframe-area_acre = {{para|area_total_acre}} | mapframe-area_sq_mi = {{para|area_total_sq_mi}} | mapframe-type = city | mapframe-population = {{para|population_metro}} or {{para|population_total}} | mapframe-marker = town | mapframe-caption = Interactive map of {{para|name}} or {{para|official_name}} or {{tl|PAGENAMEBASE}} }} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Location, established, seat, subdivisions, government, leaders=== |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Location |- style="vertical-align:top;" | {{anchor|subdivision_type}}'''subdivision_type''' || optional || almost always <code><nowiki>Country</nowiki></code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''subdivision_name''' || optional || Depends on the subdivision_type — use the name in text form, sample: <code>United States</code>. Per [[MOS:INFOBOXFLAG]], flag icons or flag templates may be used in this field |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''subdivision_type1'''<br />to<br />'''subdivision_type6''' || optional || Can be State/Province, region, county. These labels are for subdivisions ''above'' the level of the settlement described in the article. For subdivisions ''below'' or ''within'' the place described in the article, use {{para|parts_type}}. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''subdivision_name1'''<br />to<br />'''subdivision_name6''' || optional || Use the name in text form, sample: <code>Florida</code> or <code><nowiki>[[Florida]]</nowiki></code>. Per [[MOS:INFOBOXFLAG]], settlements "may have flags of the country and first-level administrative subdivision in infoboxes". Flag icons or flag templates is permitted for subdivision_name1 (which is usually state or province); flag icons or flag templates should '''not''' be used in subdivision_name2-6. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Established |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title''' || optional || Example: Founded |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date''' || optional || Requires established_title= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title1''' || optional || Example: Incorporated (town) <br/>[Note that "established_title1" is distinct from "established_title"; you can think of "established_title" as behaving like "established_title0".] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date1''' || optional || [See note for "established_title1".] Requires established_title1= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title2''' || optional || Example: Incorporated (city) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date2''' || optional || Requires established_title2= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title3''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date3''' || optional || Requires established_title3= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title4''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date4''' || optional || Requires established_title4= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title5''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date5''' || optional || Requires established_title5= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title6''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date6''' || optional || Requires established_title6= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title7''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date7''' || optional || Requires established_title7= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''extinct_title''' || optional || For when a settlement ceases to exist |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''extinct_date''' || optional || Requires extinct_title= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''founder''' || optional || Who the settlement was founded by |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''named_for''' || optional || The source of the name of the settlement (a person, a place, et cetera) |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Seat of government |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seat_type''' || optional || The label for the seat of government (defaults to ''Seat''). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seat''' || optional || The seat of government. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''parts_type''' || optional || The label for the smaller subdivisions (defaults to ''Boroughs''). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''parts_style''' || optional || Set to ''list'' to display as a collapsible list, ''coll'' as a collapsed list, or ''para'' to use paragraph style. Default is ''list'' for up to 5 items, otherwise ''coll''. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''parts''' || optional || Text or header of the list of smaller subdivisions. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''p1'''<br />'''p2'''<br />to<br />'''p50''' || optional || The smaller subdivisions to be listed. Example: [[Warsaw]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Government type, leaders |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''government_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for government, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''government_type''' || optional || Examples: [[Mayor–council government]], [[Council–manager government]], [[City commission government]], ... |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''governing_body''' || optional || Name of the place's governing body |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''leader_party''' || optional || Political party of the place's leader |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''leader_title''' || optional || First title of the place's leader, e.g. Mayor |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''leader_name''' || optional || Name of the place's leader |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''leader_title1'''<br />to<br />'''leader_title4''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''leader_name1'''<br />to<br />'''leader_name4''' || optional || For long lists use {{tl|Collapsible list}}. See [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] for an example. |} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Geographic information=== |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 | These fields have '''dual automatic unit conversion''' meaning that if only metric values are entered, the imperial values will be automatically converted and vice versa. If an editor wishes to over-ride the automatic conversion, e.g. if the source gives both metric and imperial or if a range of values is needed, they should enter both values in their respective fields. All values must be entered in a '''raw format: no commas, spaces, or unit symbols'''. The template will format them automatically. |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Display settings |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''total_type''' || optional || Specifies what "total" area and population figure refer to, e.g. ''Greater London''. This overrides other labels for total population/area. To make the total area and population display on the same line as the words "Area" and "Population", with no "Total" or similar label, set the value of this parameter to '''&amp;nbsp;'''. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''unit_pref''' || optional || To change the unit order to ''imperial (metric)'', enter '''imperial'''. The default display style is ''metric (imperial)''. However, the template will swap the order automatically if the '''subdivision_name''' equals some variation of the US or the UK.<br />For the Middle East, a unit preference of [[dunam]] can be entered (only affects total area). <br /> |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Area |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for area, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''dunam_link''' || optional || If dunams are used, the default is to link the word ''dunams'' in the total area section. This can be changed by setting <code>dunam_link</code> to another measure (e.g. <code>dunam_link=water</code>). Linking can also be turned off by setting the parameter to something else (e.g. <code>dunam_link=none</code> or <code>dunam_link=off</code>). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_total_km2''' || optional || Total area in square kilometers—symbol: km². Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square miles if area_total_sq_mi is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_total_ha''' || optional || Total area in hectares—symbol: ha. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display acres if area_total_acre is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_total_sq_mi''' || optional || Total area in square miles—symbol: sq&nbsp;mi. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square kilometers if area_total_km2 is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_total_acre''' || optional || Total area in acres. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display hectares if area_total_ha is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_total_dunam''' || optional || Total area in dunams, which is wiki-linked. Used in middle eastern places like Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square kilometers or hectares and square miles or acreds if area_total_km2, area_total_ha, area_total_sq_mi, and area_total_acre are empty. Examples: [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Ramallah]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_land_km2''' || optional || Land area in square kilometers—symbol: km². Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square miles if area_land_sq_mi is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_land_sq_mi''' || optional || Land area in square miles—symbol: sq&nbsp;mi. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square kilometers if area_land_km2 is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_land_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_land_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_land_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_km2''' || optional || Water area in square kilometers—symbol: km². Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square miles if area_water_sq_mi is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_sq_mi''' || optional || Water area in square miles—symbol: sq&nbsp;mi. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square kilometers if area_water_km2 is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_percent''' || optional || percent of water without the "%" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_urban_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_urban_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_urban_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_urban_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_urban_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rural_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rural_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rural_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rural_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rural_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_metro_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_metro_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_metro_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_metro_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_metro_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rank''' || optional || The settlement's area, as ranked within its parent sub-division |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_title''' || optional || Example see London |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_title''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_note''' || optional || A place for additional information such as the name of the source. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Dimensions |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''dimensions_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for dimensions, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''length_km''' || optional || Raw number entered in kilometers. Will automatically convert to display length in miles if length_mi is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''length_mi''' || optional || Raw number entered in miles. Will automatically convert to display length in kilometers if length_km is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''width_km''' || optional || Raw number entered in kilometers. Will automatically convert to display width in miles if length_mi is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''width_mi''' || optional || Raw number entered in miles. Will automatically convert to display width in kilometers if length_km is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Elevation |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''elevation_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for elevation, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''elevation_m''' || optional || Raw number entered in meters. Will automatically convert to display elevation in feet if elevation_ft is empty. However, if a range in elevation (i.e. 5–50 m ) is desired, use the "max" and "min" fields below |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''elevation_ft''' || optional || Raw number, entered in feet. Will automatically convert to display the average elevation in meters if '''elevation_m''' field is empty. However, if a range in elevation (e.g. 50–500&nbsp;ft ) is desired, use the "max" and "min" fields below |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''elevation_max_footnotes'''<br />'''elevation_min_footnotes''' || optional || Same as above, but for the "max" and "min" elevations. See [[City of Leeds]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''elevation_max_m'''<br />'''elevation_max_ft'''<br />'''elevation_max_rank'''<br />'''elevation_min_m'''<br />'''elevation_min_ft'''<br />'''elevation_min_rank''' || optional || Used to give highest & lowest elevations and rank, instead of just a single value. Example: [[Halifax Regional Municipality]]. |} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Population, demographics=== |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 | The density fields have '''dual automatic unit conversion''' meaning that if only metric values are entered, the imperial values will be automatically converted and vice versa. If an editor wishes to over-ride the automatic conversion, e.g. if the source gives both metric and imperial or if a range of values is needed, they can enter both values in their respective fields. '''To calculate density with respect to the total area automatically, type ''auto'' in place of any density value.''' |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Population |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_total''' || optional || Actual population (see below for estimates) preferably consisting of digits only (without any commas) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_as_of''' || optional || The year for the population total (usually a census year) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for population, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_km2''' || optional || Set to {{code|auto}} to auto generate based on {{para|population_total}} and {{para|area_total_km2}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_sq_mi''' || optional || Set to {{code|auto}} to auto generate based on {{para|population_total}} and {{para|area_total_sq_mi}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_est''' || optional || Population estimate. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pop_est_as_of''' || optional || The year or month & year of the population estimate |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pop_est_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for population estimate, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_urban''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_urban_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for urban population, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_urban_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_urban_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_rural''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_rural_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for rural population, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_rural_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_rural_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_metro''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_metro_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for metro population, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_metro_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_metro_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_rank''' || optional || The settlement's population, as ranked within its parent sub-division |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_rank''' || optional || The settlement's population density, as ranked within its parent sub-division |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_blank1_title''' || optional || Can be used for estimates. Example: [[Windsor, Ontario]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_blank1''' || optional || The population value for blank1_title |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_blank1_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_blank1_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_blank2_title''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_blank2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_blank2_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_blank2_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_demonym''' || optional || A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. For example, a citizen in [[Liverpool]] is known as a [[Liverpudlian]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_demonyms''' || optional || If more than one demonym, use this |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_note''' || optional || A place for additional information such as the name of the source. See [[Windsor, Ontario]] for example. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Demographics (section 1) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics_type1''' || optional || Section Header. For example: Ethnicity |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics1_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for demographics section 1, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics1_title1'''<br />to<br />'''demographics1_title7''' || optional || Titles related to demographics_type1. For example: White, Black, Hispanic... |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics1_info1'''<br />to<br />'''demographics1_info7''' || optional || Information related to the "titles". For example: 50%, 25%, 10%... |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Demographics (section 2) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics_type2''' || optional || A second section header. For example: Languages |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics2_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for demographics section 2, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics2_title1'''<br />to<br />'''demographics2_title10''' || optional || Titles related to '''demographics_type2'''. For example: English, French, Arabic... |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics2_info1'''<br />to<br />'''demographics2_info10''' || optional || Information related to the "titles" for type2. For example: 50%, 25%, 10%... |} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Other information=== |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Time zone(s) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''timezone1''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''utc_offset1''' || optional || Plain text, e.g. "+05:00" or "−08:00". Auto-linked, so do not include references or additional text. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''timezone1_DST''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''utc_offset1_DST''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''timezone2''' || optional || A second timezone field for larger areas. Up to five timezones may be included. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''utc_offset2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''timezone2_DST''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''utc_offset2_DST''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Postal code(s) & area code |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''postal_code_type''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''postal_code''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''postal2_code_type''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''postal2_code''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_code_type''' || optional || If left blank/not used template will default to "[[Telephone numbering plan|Area code(s)]]" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_code''' || optional || Refers to the telephone dialing code for the settlement, ''not'' a geographic area code. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_codes''' || optional || If more than one area code, use this |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''geocode''' || optional || See [[Geocode]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''iso_code''' || optional || See [[ISO 3166]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''registration_plate_type''' || optional || If left blank/not used template will default to "[[Vehicle registration plate|Vehicle registration]]" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''registration_plate''' || optional || See [[Vehicle registration plate]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Blank fields (section 1) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_name_sec1''' || optional || Fields used to display other information. The name is displayed in bold on the left side of the infobox. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_info_sec1''' || optional || The information associated with the ''blank_name'' heading. The info is displayed on right side of infobox, in the same row as the name. For an example, see: [[Warsaw]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank1_name_sec1'''<br />to<br />'''blank7_name_sec1''' || optional || Up to 7 additional fields (8 total) can be displayed in this section |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank1_info_sec1'''<br />to<br />'''blank7_info_sec1''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Blank fields (section 2) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_name_sec2''' || optional || For a second section of blank fields |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_info_sec2''' || optional || Example: [[Beijing]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank1_name_sec2'''<br />to<br />'''blank7_name_sec2''' || optional || Up to 7 additional fields (8 total) can be displayed in this section |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank1_info_sec2'''<br />to<br />'''blank7_info_sec2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Website, footnotes |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''website''' || optional || External link to official website, use {{Tl|Official URL}} if Property P856 "official website" exists on Wikidata, or <nowiki>{{URL|example.com}}</nowiki> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''module''' || optional || To embed infoboxes at the bottom of the infobox |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''footnotes''' || optional || Text to be displayed at the bottom of the infobox |} <!-- End of parameter name/description table --> ==Examples== ;Example 1: <!-- NOTE: This differs from the actual Chicago infobox in order to provide examples. --> {{Infobox settlement | name = Chicago | settlement_type = [[City (Illinois)|City]] | image_skyline = Chicago montage.jpg | imagesize = 275px <!--default is 250px--> | image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Downtown Chicago]], the [[Chicago Theatre]], the [[Chicago 'L']], [[Navy Pier]], [[Millennium Park]], the [[Field Museum]], and the [[Willis Tower|Willis (formerly Sears) Tower]] | image_flag = Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg | image_seal = | etymology = {{langx|mia|shikaakwa}} ("wild onion" or "wild garlic") | nickname = [[Origin of Chicago's "Windy City" nickname|The Windy City]], The Second City, Chi-Town, Chi-City, Hog Butcher for the World, City of the Big Shoulders, The City That Works, and others found at [[List of nicknames for Chicago]] | motto = {{langx|la|Urbs in Horto}} (City in a Garden), Make Big Plans (Make No Small Plans), I Will | image_map = US-IL-Chicago.png | map_caption = Location in the [[Chicago metropolitan area]] and Illinois | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-stroke-width = 1 | mapframe-shape-fill = #0096ff | mapframe-marker = building-alt1 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-id = Q1297 | coordinates = {{coord|41|50|15|N|87|40|55|W}} | coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="USCB Gazetteer 2010"/> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Illinois]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Illinois|Counties]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook]], [[DuPage County, Illinois|DuPage]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = 1770s | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date2 = March 4, 1837 | founder = | named_for = {{langx|mia|shikaakwa}}<br /> ("Wild onion") | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Chicago|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Rahm Emanuel]] | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] | leader_title1 = [[City council|Council]] | leader_name1 = [[Chicago City Council]] | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="USCB Gazetteer 2010">{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt | title = 2010 United States Census Gazetteer for Places: January 1, 2010 | format = text | work = 2010 United States Census | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]] | date = April 2010 | access-date = August 1, 2012}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 234.114 | area_land_sq_mi = 227.635 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.479 | area_water_percent = 3 | area_urban_sq_mi = 2123 | area_metro_sq_mi = 10874 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/> | elevation_ft = 594 | elevation_m = 181 | population_footnotes = <ref name="USCB PopEstCities 2011">{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2011/tables/SUB-EST2011-01.csv | title = Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 50,000, Ranked by July 1, 2011 Population | format = [[comma-separated values|CSV]] | work = 2011 Population Estimates | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division | date = June 2012 | access-date = August 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="USCB Metro 2010">{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf | title = Population Change for the Ten Most Populous and Fastest Growing Metropolitan Statiscal Areas: 2000 to 2010 | date = March 2011 | publisher = [[U.S. Census Bureau]] | page = 6 |access-date = April 12, 2011}}</ref> | population_as_of = [[2010 United States census|2010]] | population_total = 2695598 | pop_est_footnotes = | pop_est_as_of = 2011 | population_est = 2707120 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|3rd US]] | population_density_sq_mi = 11,892.4<!-- 2011 population_est / area_land_sq_mi --> | population_urban = 8711000 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = auto | population_metro = 9461105 | population_density_metro_sq_mi = auto | population_demonym = Chicagoan | timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]] | utc_offset = −06:00 | timezone_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −05:00 | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] | area_codes = [[Area code 312|312]], [[Area code 773|773]], [[Area code 872|872]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS]] code | blank_info = {{FIPS|17|14000}} | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|423587}}, {{GNIS 4|428803}} | website = {{URL|www.cityofchicago.org}} | footnotes = <ref name="GNIS">{{Cite gnis|428803|City of Chicago|April 12, 2011}}</ref> }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <!-- NOTE: This differs from the actual Chicago infobox in order to provide examples. --> {{Infobox settlement | name = Chicago | settlement_type = [[City (Illinois)|City]] | image_skyline = Chicago montage.jpg | imagesize = 275px <!--default is 250px--> | image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Downtown Chicago]], the [[Chicago Theatre]], the [[Chicago 'L']], [[Navy Pier]], [[Millennium Park]], the [[Field Museum]], and the [[Willis Tower|Willis (formerly Sears) Tower]] | image_flag = Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg | image_seal = | etymology = {{langx|mia|shikaakwa}} ("wild onion" or "wild garlic") | nickname = [[Origin of Chicago's "Windy City" nickname|The Windy City]], The Second City, Chi-Town, Chi-City, Hog Butcher for the World, City of the Big Shoulders, The City That Works, and others found at [[List of nicknames for Chicago]] | motto = {{langx|la|Urbs in Horto}} (City in a Garden), Make Big Plans (Make No Small Plans), I Will | image_map = US-IL-Chicago.png | map_caption = Location in the [[Chicago metropolitan area]] and Illinois | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-stroke-width = 1 | mapframe-shape-fill = #0096ff | mapframe-marker = building-alt1 | coordinates = {{coord|41|50|15|N|87|40|55|W}} | coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="USCB Gazetteer 2010"/> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Illinois]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Illinois|Counties]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook]], [[DuPage County, Illinois|DuPage]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = 1770s | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date2 = March 4, 1837 | founder = | named_for = {{langx|mia|shikaakwa}}<br /> ("Wild onion") | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Chicago|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Rahm Emanuel]] | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] | leader_title1 = [[City council|Council]] | leader_name1 = [[Chicago City Council]] | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="USCB Gazetteer 2010">{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt | title = 2010 United States Census Gazetteer for Places: January 1, 2010 | format = text | work = 2010 United States Census | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]] | date = April 2010 | access-date = August 1, 2012}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 234.114 | area_land_sq_mi = 227.635 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.479 | area_water_percent = 3 | area_urban_sq_mi = 2123 | area_metro_sq_mi = 10874 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/> | elevation_ft = 594 | elevation_m = 181 | population_footnotes = <ref name="USCB PopEstCities 2011">{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2011/tables/SUB-EST2011-01.csv | title = Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 50,000, Ranked by July 1, 2011 Population | format = [[comma-separated values|CSV]] | work = 2011 Population Estimates | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division | date = June 2012 | access-date = August 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="USCB Metro 2010">{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf | title = Population Change for the Ten Most Populous and Fastest Growing Metropolitan Statiscal Areas: 2000 to 2010 | date = March 2011 | publisher = [[U.S. Census Bureau]] | page = 6 |access-date = April 12, 2011}}</ref> | population_as_of = [[2010 United States census|2010]] | population_total = 2695598 | pop_est_footnotes = | pop_est_as_of = 2011 | population_est = 2707120 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|3rd US]] | population_density_sq_mi = 11,892.4<!-- 2011 population_est / area_land_sq_mi --> | population_urban = 8711000 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = auto | population_metro = 9461105 | population_density_metro_sq_mi = auto | population_demonym = Chicagoan | timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]] | utc_offset = −06:00 | timezone_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −05:00 | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] | area_codes = [[Area code 312|312]], [[Area code 773|773]], [[Area code 872|872]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS]] code | blank_info = {{FIPS|17|14000}} | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|423587}}, {{GNIS 4|428803}} | website = {{URL|www.cityofchicago.org}} | footnotes = <ref name="GNIS">{{Cite gnis|428803|City of Chicago|April 12, 2011}}</ref> }} </syntaxhighlight> '''References''' {{reflist}} {{clear}} ---- ;Example 2: {{Infobox settlement | name = Detroit | settlement_type = [[City (Michigan)|City]] | image_skyline = Detroit Montage.jpg | imagesize = 290px | image_caption = Images from top to bottom, left to right: [[Downtown Detroit]] skyline, [[Spirit of Detroit]], [[Greektown Historic District|Greektown]], [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]], [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], and [[Comerica Park]]. | image_flag = Flag of Detroit.svg | image_seal = Seal of Detroit.svg | etymology = {{langx|fr|détroit}} ([[strait]]) | nickname = The Motor City, Motown, Renaissance City, The D, Hockeytown, The Automotive Capital of the World, Rock City, The 313 | motto = ''Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus''<br />([[Latin]]: We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes) | image_map = Wayne County Michigan Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Detroit highlighted.svg | mapsize = 250x200px | map_caption = Location within [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]] and the state of [[Michigan]] | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location within the [[contiguous United States]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-stroke-width = 1 | mapframe-marker = city | mapframe-zoom = 9 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-id = Q12439 | coordinates = {{coord|42|19|53|N|83|2|45|W}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Michigan]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Michigan|County]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne]] | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1701 | established_title2 = Incorporated | established_date2 = 1806 | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref> tags --> | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Detroit|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Mike Duggan]] | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] | leader_title1 = [[Detroit City Council|City Council]] | leader_name1 = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes | title = Members | 1 = [[Charles Pugh]] – Council President | 2 = [[Gary Brown (Detroit politician)|Gary Brown]] – Council President Pro-Tem | 3 = [[JoAnn Watson]] | 4 = [[Kenneth Cockrel, Jr.]] | 5 = [[Saunteel Jenkins]] | 6 = [[Andre Spivey]] | 7 = [[James Tate (Detroit politician)|James Tate]] | 8 = [[Brenda Jones (Detroit politician)|Brenda Jones]] | 9 = [[Kwame Kenyatta]] }} | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_sq_mi = 142.87 | area_total_km2 = 370.03 | area_land_sq_mi = 138.75 | area_land_km2 = 359.36 | area_water_sq_mi = 4.12 | area_water_km2 = 10.67 | area_urban_sq_mi = 1295 | area_metro_sq_mi = 3913 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_ft = 600 | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2011 | population_total = 706585 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|18th in U.S.]] | population_urban = 3863924 | population_metro = 4285832 (US: [[List of United States metropolitan statistical areas|13th]]) | population_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]] | population_blank1 = 5207434 (US: [[List of United States combined statistical areas|11th]]) | population_density_sq_mi= {{#expr:713777/138.8 round 0}} | population_demonym = Detroiter | population_note = | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|EST]] | utc_offset = −5 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −4 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = [[Area code 313|313]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]] | blank_info = {{FIPS|26|22000}} | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1617959}}, {{GNIS 4|1626181}} | website = [http://www.detroitmi.gov/ DetroitMI.gov] | footnotes = }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"> {{Infobox settlement | name = Detroit | settlement_type = [[City (Michigan)|City]] | image_skyline = Detroit Montage.jpg | imagesize = 290px | image_caption = Images from top to bottom, left to right: [[Downtown Detroit]] skyline, [[Spirit of Detroit]], [[Greektown Historic District|Greektown]], [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]], [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], and [[Comerica Park]]. | image_flag = Flag of Detroit, Michigan.svg | image_seal = Seal of Detroit, Michigan.svg | etymology = {{langx|fr|détroit}} ([[strait]]) | nickname = The Motor City, Motown, Renaissance City, The D, Hockeytown, The Automotive Capital of the World, Rock City, The 313 | motto = ''Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus''<br />([[Latin]]: We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes) | image_map = Wayne County Michigan Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Detroit highlighted.svg | mapsize = 250x200px | map_caption = Location within [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]] and the state of [[Michigan]] | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location within the [[contiguous United States]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-stroke-width = 1 | mapframe-marker = city | mapframe-zoom = 9 | coordinates = {{coord|42|19|53|N|83|2|45|W}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Michigan | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Michigan|County]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne]] | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1701 | established_title2 = Incorporated | established_date2 = 1806 | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref> tags --> | government_type = [[Mayor-council government|Mayor-Council]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Detroit|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Mike Duggan]] | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] | leader_title1 = [[Detroit City Council|City Council]] | leader_name1 = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes | title = Members | 1 = [[Charles Pugh]] – Council President | 2 = [[Gary Brown (Detroit politician)|Gary Brown]] – Council President Pro-Tem | 3 = [[JoAnn Watson]] | 4 = [[Kenneth Cockrel, Jr.]] | 5 = [[Saunteel Jenkins]] | 6 = [[Andre Spivey]] | 7 = [[James Tate (Detroit politician)|James Tate]] | 8 = [[Brenda Jones (Detroit politician)|Brenda Jones]] | 9 = [[Kwame Kenyatta]] }} | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_sq_mi = 142.87 | area_total_km2 = 370.03 | area_land_sq_mi = 138.75 | area_land_km2 = 359.36 | area_water_sq_mi = 4.12 | area_water_km2 = 10.67 | area_urban_sq_mi = 1295 | area_metro_sq_mi = 3913 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_ft = 600 | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2011 | population_total = 706585 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|18th in U.S.]] | population_urban = 3863924 | population_metro = 4285832 (US: [[List of United States metropolitan statistical areas|13th]]) | population_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]] | population_blank1 = 5207434 (US: [[List of United States combined statistical areas|11th]]) | population_density_sq_mi= {{#expr:713777/138.8 round 0}} | population_demonym = Detroiter | population_note = | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|EST]] | utc_offset = −5 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −4 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = [[Area code 313|313]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]] | blank_info = {{FIPS|26|22000}} | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1617959}}, {{GNIS 4|1626181}} | website = [http://www.detroitmi.gov/ DetroitMI.gov] | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} ==Supporting templates== The following is a list of sub-templates used by Infobox settlement. See the [{{fullurl:Special:PrefixIndex|prefix=Infobox+settlement%2F&namespace=10&hideredirects=1}} current list of all sub-templates] for documentation, sandboxes, testcases, etc. * {{tl|Infobox settlement/areadisp}} * {{tl|Infobox settlement/densdisp}} * {{tl|Infobox settlement/lengthdisp}} * {{tl|Infobox settlement/link}} ==Microformat== {{UF-hcard-geo}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} {{collapse top|title=TemplateData}} <templatedata> { "description": "Infobox for human settlements (cities, towns, villages, communities) as well as other administrative districts, counties, provinces, etc.", "format": "block", "params": { "name": { "label": "Common name", "description": "This is the usual name in English. If it's not specified, the infobox will use the 'official_name' as a title unless this too is missing, in which case the page name will be used.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "official_name": { "label": "Official name", "description": "The official name in English, if different from 'name'.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "native_name": { "label": "Native name", "description": "This will display under the name/official name.", "type": "string", "example": "Distrito Federal de México" }, "native_name_lang": { "label": "Native name language", "description": "Use ISO 639-1 code, e.g. 'fr' for French. If there is more than one native name in different languages, enter those names using {{lang}} instead.", "type": "string", "example": "zh" }, "other_name": { "label": "Other name", "description": "For places with other commonly used names like Bombay or Saigon.", "type": "string" }, "settlement_type": { "label": "Type of settlement", "description": "Any type can be entered, such as 'City', 'Town', 'Village', 'Hamlet', 'Municipality', 'Reservation', etc. If set, will be displayed under the names, provided either 'name' or 'official_name' is filled in. Might also be used as a label for total population/area (defaulting to 'City'), if needed to distinguish from 'Urban', 'Rural' or 'Metro' (if urban, rural or metro figures are not present, the label is 'Total' unless 'total_type' is set).", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "type" ] }, "translit_lang1": { "label": "Transliteration from language 1", "description": "Will place the entry before the word 'transliteration(s)'. Can be used to specify a particular language, like in Dêlêg, or one may just enter 'Other', like in Gaza's article.", "type": "string" }, "translit_lang1_type": { "label": "Transliteration type for language 1", "type": "line", "example": "[[Hanyu pinyin]]", "description": "The type of transliteration used for the first language." }, "translit_lang1_info": { "label": "Transliteration language 1 info", "description": "Parameters 'translit_lang2_info1' ... 'translit_lang2_info6' are also available, but not documented here.", "type": "string" }, "translit_lang2": { "label": "Transliteration language 2", "description": "Will place a second transliteration. See Dêlêg.", "type": "string" }, "image_skyline": { "label": "Image", "description": "Primary image representing the settlement. Commonly a photo of the settlement’s skyline.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "imagesize": { "label": "Image size", "description": "Can be used to tweak the size of 'image_skyline' up or down. This can be helpful if an editor wants to make the infobox wider. If used, 'px' must be specified; default size is 250px.", "type": "string" }, "image_alt": { "label": "Image alt text", "description": "Alt (hover) text for the image, used by visually impaired readers who cannot see the image.", "type": "string" }, "image_caption": { "label": "Image caption", "description": "Will place a caption under 'image_skyline' (if present).", "type": "content", "aliases": [ "caption" ] }, "image_flag": { "label": "Flag image", "description": "Used for a flag.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "flag_size": { "label": "Flag size", "description": "Can be used to tweak the size of 'image_flag' up or down from 100px as desired. If used, 'px' must be specified; default size is 100px.", "type": "string" }, "flag_alt": { "label": "Flag alt text", "description": "Alt text for the flag.", "type": "string" }, "flag_border": { "label": "Flag border?", "description": "Set to 'no' to remove the border from the flag.", "type": "boolean", "example": "no" }, "flag_link": { "label": "Flag link", "type": "string", "description": "Link to the flag." }, "image_seal": { "label": "Official seal image", "description": "An image of an official seal, if the place has one.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "seal_size": { "label": "Seal size", "description": "If used, 'px' must be specified; default size is 100px.", "type": "string" }, "seal_alt": { "label": "Seal alt text", "description": "Alt (hover) text for the seal.", "type": "string" }, "seal_link": { "label": "Seal link", "type": "string", "description": "Link to the seal." }, "seal_class": { "label": "Seal class", "description": "CSS class for the seal image", "type": "line", "suggestedvalues": [ "skin-invert" ] }, "image_shield": { "label": "Coat of arms/shield image", "description": "Can be used for a place with a coat of arms.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "shield_size": { "label": "Shield size", "description": "If used, 'px' must be specified; default size is 100px.", "type": "string", "example": "200px" }, "shield_alt": { "label": "Shield alt text", "description": "Alternate text for the shield.", "type": "string" }, "shield_link": { "label": "Shield link", "description": "Can be used if a wiki article if known but is not automatically linked by the template. See Coquitlam, British Columbia's infobox for an example.", "type": "string" }, "image_blank_emblem": { "label": "Blank emblem image", "description": "Can be used if a place has an official logo, crest, emblem, etc.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "blank_emblem_type": { "label": "Blank emblem type", "description": "Caption beneath 'image_blank_emblem' to specify what type of emblem it is.", "type": "string", "example": "Logo" }, "blank_emblem_size": { "label": "Blank emblem size", "description": "If used, 'px' must be specified; default size is 100px.", "type": "string", "example": "200px" }, "blank_emblem_alt": { "label": "Blank emblem alt text", "description": "Alt text for blank emblem.", "type": "string" }, "blank_emblem_link": { "label": "Blank emblem link", "type": "string", "description": "A link to the emblem of custom type." }, "nickname": { "label": "Nickname", "description": "Well-known nickname(s).", "type": "string", "example": "Sin City" }, "motto": { "label": "Motto", "description": "Will place the motto under the nicknames.", "type": "string" }, "anthem": { "label": "Anthem", "description": "Will place the anthem (song) under the nicknames.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Hatikvah]]" }, "image_map": { "label": "Map image", "description": "A map of the region, or a map with the region highlighted within a parent region.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "mapsize": { "label": "Map size", "description": "If used, 'px' must be specified; default is 250px.", "type": "string" }, "map_alt": { "label": "Map alt text", "description": "Alternate (hover) text for the map.", "type": "string" }, "map_caption": { "label": "Map caption", "type": "content", "description": "Caption for the map displayed." }, "image_map1": { "label": "Map 2 image", "description": "A secondary map image. The field 'image_map' must be filled in first. For an example, see [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania]].", "example": "File:Columbia County Pennsylvania Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Bloomsburg Highlighted.svg", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "mapsize1": { "label": "Map 2 size", "description": "If used, 'px' must be specified; default is 250px.", "type": "string", "example": "300px" }, "map_alt1": { "label": "Map 2 alt text", "description": "Alt (hover) text for the second map.", "type": "string" }, "map_caption1": { "label": "Map 2 caption", "type": "content", "description": "Caption of the second map." }, "pushpin_map": { "label": "Pushpin map", "description": "The name of a location map (e.g. 'Indonesia' or 'Russia'). The coordinates information (from the coordinates parameter) positions a pushpin coordinate marker and label on the map automatically. For an example, see Padang, Indonesia.", "type": "string", "example": "Indonesia" }, "pushpin_mapsize": { "label": "Pushpin map size", "description": "Must be entered as only a number—do not use 'px'. The default value is 250.", "type": "number", "example": "200" }, "pushpin_map_alt": { "label": "Pushpin map alt text", "description": "Alt (hover) text for the pushpin map.", "type": "string" }, "pushpin_map_caption": { "label": "Pushpin map caption", "description": "Fill out if a different caption from 'map_caption' is desired.", "type": "string", "example": "Map showing Bloomsburg in Pennsylvania" }, "pushpin_label": { "label": "Pushpin label", "type": "line", "example": "Bloomsburg", "description": "Label of the pushpin." }, "pushpin_label_position": { "label": "Pushpin label position", "description": "The position of the label on the pushpin map relative to the pushpin coordinate marker. Valid options are 'left', 'right', 'top', 'bottom', and 'none'. If this field is not specified, the default value is 'right'.", "type": "string", "example": "left", "default": "right" }, "pushpin_outside": { "label": "Pushpin outside?", "type": "line" }, "pushpin_relief": { "label": "Pushpin relief", "description": "Set this to 'y' or any non-blank value to use an alternative relief map provided by the selected location map (if a relief map is available).", "type": "string", "example": "y" }, "pushpin_image": { "label": "Pushpin image", "type": "wiki-file-name", "description": "Image to use for the pushpin." }, "pushpin_overlay": { "label": "Pushpin overlay", "description": "Can be used to specify an image to be superimposed on the regular pushpin map.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "coordinates": { "label": "Coordinates", "description": "Latitude and longitude. Use {{Coord}}. See the documentation for {{Coord}} for more details on usage.", "type": "wiki-template-name", "example": "{{coord|41|50|15|N|87|40|55|W}}" }, "coor_pinpoint": { "label": "Coordinate pinpoint", "description": "If needed, to specify more exactly where (or what) coordinates are given (e.g. 'Town Hall') or a specific place in a larger area (e.g. a city in a county). Example: Masovian Voivodeship.", "type": "string" }, "coordinates_footnotes": { "label": "Coordinates footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for coordinates. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type": { "label": "Subdivision type 1", "description": "Almost always 'Country'.", "type": "string", "example": "Country", "suggestedvalues": [ "Country" ] }, "subdivision_name": { "label": "Subdivision name 1", "description": "Depends on 'subdivision_type'. Use the name in text form, e.g., 'United States'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates may be used in this field.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type1": { "label": "Subdivision type 2", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type2": { "label": "Subdivision type 3", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type3": { "label": "Subdivision type 4", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type4": { "label": "Subdivision type 5", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type5": { "label": "Subdivision type 6", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type6": { "label": "Subdivision type 7", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_name1": { "label": "Subdivision name 2", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Connecticut]]" }, "subdivision_name2": { "label": "Subdivision name 3", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Florida]]" }, "subdivision_name3": { "label": "Subdivision name 4", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Utah]]" }, "subdivision_name4": { "label": "Subdivision name 5", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[California]]" }, "subdivision_name5": { "label": "Subdivision name 6", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Vermont]]" }, "subdivision_name6": { "label": "Subdivision name 7", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Wyoming]]" }, "established_title": { "label": "First establishment event", "description": "Title of the first establishment event.", "type": "string", "example": "First settled" }, "established_date": { "label": "First establishment date", "type": "date", "description": "Date of the first establishment event." }, "established_title1": { "label": "Second establishment event", "description": "Title of the second establishment event.", "type": "string", "example": "Incorporated as a town" }, "established_date1": { "label": "Second establishment date", "type": "date", "description": "Date of the second establishment event." }, "established_title2": { "label": "Third establishment event", "description": "Title of the third establishment event.", "type": "string", "example": "Incorporated as a city" }, "established_date2": { "label": "Third establishment date", "type": "date", "description": "Date of the third establishment event." }, "established_title3": { "label": "Fourth establishment event", "type": "string", "description": "Title of the fourth establishment event.", "example": "Incorporated as a county" }, "established_date3": { "label": "Fourth establishment date", "type": "date", "description": "Date of the fourth establishment event." }, "extinct_title": { "label": "Extinction event title", "description": "For when a settlement ceases to exist.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Sack of Rome]]" }, "extinct_date": { "label": "Extinction date", "type": "string", "description": "Date the settlement ceased to exist." }, "founder": { "label": "Founder", "description": "Who the settlement was founded by.", "type": "string" }, "named_for": { "label": "Named for", "description": "The source of the name of the settlement (a person, a place, et cetera).", "type": "string", "example": "[[Ho Chi Minh]]" }, "seat_type": { "label": "Seat of government type", "description": "The label for the seat of government (defaults to 'Seat').", "type": "string", "default": "Seat" }, "seat": { "label": "Seat of government", "description": "The seat of government.", "type": "string", "example": "[[White House]]" }, "parts_type": { "label": "Type of smaller subdivisions", "description": "The label for the smaller subdivisions (defaults to 'Boroughs').", "type": "string", "default": "Boroughs" }, "parts_style": { "label": "Parts style", "description": "Set to 'list' to display as a collapsible list, 'coll' as a collapsed list, or 'para' to use paragraph style. Default is 'list' for up to 5 items, otherwise 'coll'.", "type": "string", "example": "list" }, "parts": { "label": "Smaller subdivisions", "description": "Text or header of the list of smaller subdivisions.", "type": "string" }, "p1": { "label": "Smaller subdivision 1", "description": "The smaller subdivisions to be listed. Parameters 'p1' to 'p50' can also be used.", "type": "string" }, "government_footnotes": { "label": "Government footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for government. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "content" }, "government_type": { "label": "Government type", "description": "The place's type of government.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Mayor–council government]]" }, "governing_body": { "label": "Governing body", "description": "Name of the place's governing body.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "Legislative Council of Hong Kong" }, "leader_party": { "label": "Leader political party", "description": "Political party of the place's leader.", "type": "string" }, "leader_title": { "label": "Leader title", "description": "First title of the place's leader, e.g. 'Mayor'.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Governor (United States)|Governor]]" }, "leader_name": { "label": "Leader's name", "description": "Name of the place's leader.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Jay Inslee]]" }, "leader_title1": { "label": "Leader title 1", "description": "First title of the place's leader, e.g. 'Mayor'.", "type": "string", "example": "Mayor" }, "leader_name1": { "label": "Leader name 1", "description": "Additional names for leaders. Parameters 'leader_name1' .. 'leader_name4' are available. For long lists, use {{Collapsible list}}.", "type": "string" }, "total_type": { "label": "Total type", "description": "Specifies what total area and population figure refer to, e.g. 'Greater London'. This overrides other labels for total population/area. To make the total area and population display on the same line as the words ''Area'' and ''Population'', with no ''Total'' or similar label, set the value of this parameter to '&nbsp;'.", "type": "string" }, "unit_pref": { "label": "Unit preference", "description": "To change the unit order to 'imperial (metric)', enter 'imperial'. The default display style is 'metric (imperial)'. However, the template will swap the order automatically if the 'subdivision_name' equals some variation of the US or the UK. For the Middle East, a unit preference of dunam can be entered (only affects total area). All values must be entered in a raw format (no commas, spaces, or unit symbols). The template will format them automatically.", "type": "string", "example": "imperial" }, "area_footnotes": { "label": "Area footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for area. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "dunam_link": { "label": "Link dunams?", "description": "If dunams are used, the default is to link the word ''dunams'' in the total area section. This can be changed by setting 'dunam_link' to another measure (e.g. 'dunam_link=water'). Linking can also be turned off by setting the parameter to something else (e.g., 'dunam_link=none' or 'dunam_link=off').", "type": "boolean", "example": "none" }, "area_total_km2": { "label": "Total area (km2)", "description": "Total area in square kilometers (symbol: km²). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square miles if 'area_total_sq_mi' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_total_sq_mi": { "label": "Total area (sq. mi)", "description": "Total area in square miles (symbol: sq mi). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square kilometers if 'area_total_km2' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_total_ha": { "label": "Total area (hectares)", "description": "Total area in hectares (symbol: ha). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display acres if 'area_total_acre' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_total_acre": { "label": "Total area (acres)", "description": "Total area in acres. Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display hectares if 'area_total_ha' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_total_dunam": { "label": "Total area (dunams)", "description": "Total area in dunams, which is wikilinked. Used in Middle Eastern places like Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank. Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square kilometers or hectares and square miles or acres if 'area_total_km2', 'area_total_ha', 'area_total_sq_mi', and 'area_total_acre' are empty. Examples: Gaza and Ramallah.", "type": "number" }, "area_land_km2": { "label": "Land area (sq. km)", "description": "Land area in square kilometers (symbol: km²). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square miles if 'area_land_sq_mi' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_land_sq_mi": { "label": "Land area (sq. mi)", "description": "Land area in square miles (symbol: sq mi). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square kilometers if 'area_land_km2' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_land_ha": { "label": "Land area (hectares)", "description": "The place's land area in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_land_dunam": { "label": "Land area (dunams)", "description": "The place's land area in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_land_acre": { "label": "Land area (acres)", "description": "The place's land area in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_km2": { "label": "Water area (sq. km)", "description": "Water area in square kilometers (symbol: km²). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square miles if 'area_water_sq_mi' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_sq_mi": { "label": "Water area (sq. mi)", "description": "Water area in square miles (symbol: sq mi). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square kilometers if 'area_water_km2' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_ha": { "label": "Water area (hectares)", "description": "The place's water area in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_dunam": { "label": "Water area (dunams)", "description": "The place's water area in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_acre": { "label": "Water area (acres)", "description": "The place's water area in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_percent": { "label": "Percent water area", "description": "Percent of water without the %.", "type": "number", "example": "21" }, "area_urban_km2": { "label": "Urban area (sq. km)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's urban area in square kilometers." }, "area_urban_sq_mi": { "label": "Urban area (sq. mi)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's urban area in square miles." }, "area_urban_ha": { "label": "Urban area (hectares)", "description": "Area of the place's urban area in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_urban_dunam": { "label": "Urban area (dunams)", "description": "Area of the place's urban area in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_urban_acre": { "label": "Urban area (acres)", "description": "Area of the place's urban area in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_urban_footnotes": { "label": "Urban area footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for the urban area. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "area_rural_km2": { "label": "Rural area (sq. km)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's rural area in square kilometers." }, "area_rural_sq_mi": { "label": "Rural area (sq. mi)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's rural area in square miles." }, "area_rural_ha": { "label": "Rural area (hectares)", "description": "Area of the place's rural area in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_rural_dunam": { "label": "Rural area (dunams)", "description": "Area of the place's rural area in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_rural_acre": { "label": "Rural area (acres)", "description": "Area of the place's rural area in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_rural_footnotes": { "label": "Rural area footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for the urban area. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "area_metro_km2": { "label": "Metropolitan area (sq. km)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's metropolitan area in square kilometers." }, "area_metro_sq_mi": { "label": "Metropolitan area (sq. mi)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's metropolitan area in square miles." }, "area_metro_ha": { "label": "Metropolitan area (hectares)", "description": "Area of the place's metropolitan area in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_metro_dunam": { "label": "Metropolitan area (dunams)", "description": "Area of the place's metropolitan area in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_metro_acre": { "label": "Metropolitan area (acres)", "description": "Area of the place's metropolitan area in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_metro_footnotes": { "label": "Metropolitan area footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for the urban area. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "area_rank": { "label": "Area rank", "description": "The settlement's area, as ranked within its parent sub-division.", "type": "string" }, "area_blank1_title": { "label": "First blank area section title", "description": "Title of the place's first custom area section.", "type": "string", "example": "see [[London]]" }, "area_blank1_km2": { "label": "Area blank 1 (sq. km)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's first blank area section in square kilometers." }, "area_blank1_sq_mi": { "label": "Area blank 1 (sq. mi)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's first blank area section in square miles." }, "area_blank1_ha": { "label": "Area blank 1 (hectares)", "description": "Area of the place's first blank area section in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_blank1_dunam": { "label": "Area blank 1 (dunams)", "description": "Area of the place's first blank area section in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_blank1_acre": { "label": "Area blank 1 (acres)", "description": "Area of the place's first blank area section in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_blank2_title": { "label": "Second blank area section title", "type": "string", "description": "Title of the place's second custom area section." }, "area_blank2_km2": { "label": "Area blank 2 (sq. km)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's second blank area section in square kilometers." }, "area_blank2_sq_mi": { "label": "Area blank 2 (sq. mi)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's second blank area section in square miles." }, "area_blank2_ha": { "label": "Area blank 2 (hectares)", "description": "Area of the place's third blank area section in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_blank2_dunam": { "label": "Area blank 2 (dunams)", "description": "Area of the place's third blank area section in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_blank2_acre": { "label": "Area blank 2 (acres)", "description": "Area of the place's third blank area section in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_note": { "label": "Area footnotes", "description": "A place for additional information such as the name of the source.", "type": "content", "example": "<ref name=\"CenPopGazetteer2016\">{{cite web|title=2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref>" }, "dimensions_footnotes": { "label": "Dimensions footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for dimensions. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "content" }, "length_km": { "label": "Length in km", "description": "Raw number entered in kilometers. Will automatically convert to display length in miles if 'length_mi' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "length_mi": { "label": "Length in miles", "description": "Raw number entered in miles. Will automatically convert to display length in kilometers if 'length_km' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "width_km": { "label": "Width in kilometers", "description": "Raw number entered in kilometers. Will automatically convert to display width in miles if 'length_mi' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "width_mi": { "label": "Width in miles", "description": "Raw number entered in miles. Will automatically convert to display width in kilometers if 'length_km' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "elevation_m": { "label": "Elevation in meters", "description": "Raw number entered in meters. Will automatically convert to display elevation in feet if 'elevation_ft' is empty. However, if a range in elevation (i.e. 5–50&nbsp;m) is desired, use the 'max' and 'min' fields below.", "type": "number" }, "elevation_ft": { "label": "Elevation in feet", "description": "Raw number, entered in feet. Will automatically convert to display the average elevation in meters if 'elevation_m' field is empty. However, if a range in elevation (i.e. 50–500&nbsp;ft) is desired, use the 'max' and 'min' fields below.", "type": "number" }, "elevation_footnotes": { "label": "Elevation footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for elevation. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "elevation_min_point": { "type": "line", "label": "Point of min elevation", "description": "The name of the point of lowest elevation in the place.", "example": "[[Death Valley]]" }, "elevation_min_m": { "label": "Minimum elevation (m)", "type": "number", "description": "The minimum elevation in meters." }, "elevation_min_ft": { "label": "Minimum elevation (ft)", "type": "number", "description": "The minimum elevation in feet." }, "elevation_min_rank": { "type": "line", "label": "Minimum elevation rank", "description": "The point of minimum elevation's rank in the parent region.", "example": "1st" }, "elevation_min_footnotes": { "label": "Min elevation footnotes", "type": "content", "description": "Footnotes or citations for the minimum elevation." }, "elevation_max_point": { "type": "line", "label": "Point of max elevation", "description": "The name of the point of highest elevation in the place.", "example": "[[Mount Everest]]" }, "elevation_max_m": { "label": "Maximum elevation (m)", "type": "number", "description": "The maximum elevation in meters." }, "elevation_max_ft": { "label": "Maximum elevation (ft)", "type": "number", "description": "The maximum elevation in feet." }, "elevation_max_rank": { "type": "line", "label": "Maximum elevation rank", "description": "The point of maximum elevation's rank in the parent region.", "example": "2nd" }, "elevation_max_footnotes": { "label": "Max elevation footnotes", "type": "content", "description": "Footnotes or citations for the maximum elevation." }, "population_total": { "label": "Population total", "description": "Actual population (see below for estimates) preferably consisting of digits only (without any commas).", "type": "number" }, "population_as_of": { "label": "Population total figure's year", "description": "The year for the population total (usually a census year).", "type": "number" }, "population_footnotes": { "label": "Population footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for population; placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags.", "type": "content" }, "population_density_km2": { "label": "Population density (per square km)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's population density per square kilometer.", "example": "auto" }, "population_density_sq_mi": { "label": "Population density (per square mi)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's population density per square mile.", "example": "auto" }, "population_est": { "label": "Population estimate", "description": "Population estimate, e.g. for growth projections 4 years after a census.", "type": "number", "example": "331000000" }, "pop_est_as_of": { "label": "Population estimate figure as of", "description": "The year, or the month and year, of the population estimate.", "type": "date" }, "pop_est_footnotes": { "label": "Population estimate footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for population estimate; placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags.", "type": "content", "example": "<ref name=\"USCensusEst2016\"/>" }, "population_urban": { "label": "Urban population", "type": "number", "description": "The place's urban population." }, "population_urban_footnotes": { "label": "Urban population footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for urban population; placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags.", "type": "content" }, "population_density_urban_km2": { "label": "Urban population density (per square km)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's urban population density per square kilometer.", "example": "auto" }, "population_density_urban_sq_mi": { "label": "Urban population density (per square mi)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's urban population density per square mile.", "example": "auto" }, "population_rural": { "label": "Rural population", "type": "number", "description": "The place's rural population." }, "population_rural_footnotes": { "label": "Rural population footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for rural population; placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags.", "type": "content" }, "population_density_rural_km2": { "label": "Rural population density per sq. km", "type": "line", "description": "The place's rural population density per square kilometer.", "example": "auto" }, "population_density_rural_sq_mi": { "label": "Rural population density per sq. mi", "type": "line", "description": "The place's rural population density per square mile.", "example": "auto" }, "population_metro": { "label": "Metropolitan area population", "type": "number", "description": "Population of the place's metropolitan area." }, "population_metro_footnotes": { "label": "Metropolitan area population footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for metro population; placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags.", "type": "string" }, "population_density_metro_km2": { "label": "Metropolitan population density per sq. km", "type": "number", "description": "The place's metropolitan area's population density per square kilometer.", "example": "auto" }, "population_density_metro_sq_mi": { "label": "Metropolitan population density per sq. mi", "type": "number", "description": "The place's metropolitan area's population density per square mile.", "example": "auto" }, "population_rank": { "label": "Population rank", "description": "The settlement's population, as ranked within its parent sub-division.", "type": "string" }, "population_density_rank": { "label": "Population density rank", "description": "The settlement's population density, as ranked within its parent sub-division.", "type": "string" }, "population_blank1_title": { "label": "Custom population type 1 title", "description": "Can be used for estimates. For an example, see Windsor, Ontario.", "type": "string", "example": "See: [[Windsor, Ontario]]" }, "population_blank1": { "label": "Custom population type 1", "description": "The population value for 'blank1_title'.", "type": "string" }, "population_density_blank1_km2": { "label": "Custom population type 1 density per sq. km", "type": "string", "description": "Population density per square kilometer, according to the 1st custom population type." }, "population_density_blank1_sq_mi": { "label": "Custom population type 1 density per sq. mi", "type": "string", "description": "Population density per square mile, according to the 1st custom population type." }, "population_blank2_title": { "label": "Custom population type 2 title", "description": "Can be used for estimates. For an example, see Windsor, Ontario.", "type": "string", "example": "See: [[Windsor, Ontario]]" }, "population_blank2": { "label": "Custom population type 2", "description": "The population value for 'blank2_title'.", "type": "string" }, "population_density_blank2_km2": { "label": "Custom population type 2 density per sq. km", "type": "string", "description": "Population density per square kilometer, according to the 2nd custom population type." }, "population_density_blank2_sq_mi": { "label": "Custom population type 2 density per sq. mi", "type": "string", "description": "Population density per square mile, according to the 2nd custom population type." }, "population_demonym": { "label": "Demonym", "description": "A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. For example, a citizen in Liverpool is known as a Liverpudlian.", "type": "line", "example": "Liverpudlian" }, "population_note": { "label": "Population note", "description": "A place for additional information such as the name of the source. See Windsor, Ontario, for an example.", "type": "content" }, "demographics_type1": { "label": "Demographics type 1", "description": "A sub-section header.", "type": "string", "example": "Ethnicities" }, "demographics1_footnotes": { "label": "Demographics section 1 footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for demographics section 1. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "content" }, "demographics1_title1": { "label": "Demographics section 1 title 1", "description": "Titles related to demographics_type1. For example: 'White', 'Black', 'Hispanic'... Additional rows 'demographics1_title1' to 'demographics1_title5' are also available.", "type": "string" }, "demographics_type2": { "label": "Demographics type 2", "description": "A second sub-section header.", "type": "line", "example": "Languages" }, "demographics2_footnotes": { "label": "Demographics section 2 footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for demographics section 2. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "demographics2_title1": { "label": "Demographics section 2 title 1", "description": "Titles related to 'demographics_type1'. For example: 'English', 'French', 'Arabic'... Additional rows 'demographics2_title2' to 'demographics1_title5' are also available.", "type": "string" }, "demographics2_info1": { "label": "Demographics section 2 info 1", "description": "Information related to the titles. For example: '50%', '25%', '10%'... Additional rows 'demographics2_info2' to 'demographics2_info5' are also available.", "type": "content" }, "timezone1": { "label": "Timezone 1", "type": "string", "description": "The place's primary time-zone. Use 'timezone' or 'timezone1', but not both.", "example": "[[Eastern Standard Time]]", "aliases": [ "timezone" ] }, "utc_offset": { "label": "UTC offset", "type": "string", "description": "The place's time-zone's offset from UTC.", "example": "+8" }, "timezone_DST": { "label": "Timezone during DST", "type": "string", "description": "The place's time-zone during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "[[Eastern Daylight Time]]" }, "utc_offset_DST": { "label": "UTC offset during DST", "type": "string", "description": "The place's time-zone's UTC offset during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "+9" }, "utc_offset1": { "label": "UTC offset 1", "type": "string", "description": "The place's primary time-zone's offset from UTC.", "example": "−5" }, "timezone1_DST": { "label": "Timezone 1 (during DST)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's primary time-zone during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "[[Eastern Daylight Time]]" }, "utc_offset1_DST": { "label": "UTC offset 1 (during DST)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's primary time-zone's UTC offset during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "−6" }, "timezone2": { "label": "Timezone 2", "description": "A second timezone field for larger areas such as a province.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Central Standard Time]]" }, "utc_offset2": { "label": "UTC offset 2", "type": "string", "description": "The place's secondary time-zone's offset from UTC.", "example": "−6" }, "timezone2_DST": { "label": "Timezone 2 during DST", "type": "string", "description": "The place's secondary time-zone during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "[[Central Daylight Time]]" }, "utc_offset2_DST": { "label": "UTC offset 2 during DST", "type": "string", "description": "The place's secondary time-zone's offset from UTC during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "−7" }, "postal_code_type": { "label": "Postal code type", "description": "Label used for postal code info, e.g. 'ZIP Code'. Defaults to 'Postal code'.", "example": "[[Postal code of China|Postal code]]", "type": "string" }, "postal_code": { "label": "Postal code", "description": "The place's postal code/zip code.", "type": "string", "example": "90210" }, "postal2_code_type": { "label": "Postal code 2 type", "type": "string", "description": "If applicable, the place's second postal code type." }, "postal2_code": { "label": "Postal code 2", "type": "string", "description": "A second postal code of the place, if applicable.", "example": "90007" }, "area_code": { "label": "Area code", "description": "The regions' telephone area code.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "area_codes" ] }, "area_code_type": { "label": "Area code type", "description": "If left blank/not used, template will default to 'Area code(s)'.", "type": "string" }, "geocode": { "label": "Geocode", "description": "See [[Geocode]].", "type": "string" }, "iso_code": { "label": "ISO 3166 code", "description": "See ISO 3166.", "type": "string" }, "registration_plate": { "label": "Registration/license plate info", "description": "See Vehicle registration plate.", "type": "string" }, "blank_name_sec1": { "label": "Blank name section 1", "description": "Fields used to display other information. The name is displayed in bold on the left side of the infobox.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "blank_name" ] }, "blank_info_sec1": { "label": "Blank info section 1", "description": "The information associated with the 'blank_name_sec1' heading. The info is displayed on the right side of the infobox in the same row as the name. For an example, see [[Warsaw]].", "type": "content", "aliases": [ "blank_info" ] }, "blank1_name_sec1": { "label": "Blank 1 name section 1", "description": "Up to 7 additional fields 'blank1_name_sec1' ... 'blank7_name_sec1' can be specified.", "type": "string" }, "blank1_info_sec1": { "label": "Blank 1 info section 1", "description": "Up to 7 additional fields 'blank1_info_sec1' ... 'blank7_info_sec1' can be specified.", "type": "content" }, "blank_name_sec2": { "label": "Blank name section 2", "description": "For a second section of blank fields.", "type": "string" }, "blank_info_sec2": { "label": "Blank info section 2", "example": "Beijing", "type": "content", "description": "The information associated with the 'blank_name_sec2' heading. The info is displayed on right side of infobox, in the same row as the name. For an example, see [[Warsaw]]." }, "blank1_name_sec2": { "label": "Blank 1 name section 2", "description": "Up to 7 additional fields 'blank1_name_sec2' ... 'blank7_name_sec2' can be specified.", "type": "string" }, "blank1_info_sec2": { "label": "Blank 1 info section 2", "description": "Up to 7 additional fields 'blank1_info_sec2' ... 'blank7_info_sec2' can be specified.", "type": "content" }, "website": { "label": "Official website in English", "description": "External link to official website. Use the {{URL}} template, thus: {{URL|example.com}}.", "type": "string" }, "footnotes": { "label": "Footnotes", "description": "Text to be displayed at the bottom of the infobox.", "type": "content" }, "translit_lang1_info1": { "label": "Language 1 first transcription ", "description": "Transcription of type 1 in the first other language.", "example": "{{langx|zh|森美兰}}", "type": "line" }, "translit_lang1_type1": { "label": "Language 1 first transcription type", "description": "Type of transcription used in the first language's first transcription.", "example": "[[Chinese Language|Chinese]]", "type": "line" }, "translit_lang1_info2": { "label": "Language 1 second transcription ", "description": "Transcription of type 1 in the first other language.", "example": "{{langx|ta|நெகிரி செம்பிலான்}}", "type": "line" }, "translit_lang1_type2": { "label": "Language 1 second transcription type", "description": "Type of transcription used in the first language's first transcription.", "example": "[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]", "type": "line" }, "demographics1_info1": { "label": "Demographics section 1 info 1", "description": "Information related to the titles. For example: '50%', '25%', '10%'... Additional rows 'demographics1_info1' to 'demographics1_info5' are also available.", "type": "content" }, "mapframe": { "label": "Show mapframe map", "description": "Specify yes or no to show or hide the map, overriding the default", "example": "yes", "type": "string", "default": "no", "suggested": true }, "mapframe-caption": { "label": "Mapframe caption", "description": "Caption for the map. If mapframe-geomask is set, then the default is \"Location in <<geomask's label>>\"", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-custom": { "label": "Custom mapframe", "description": "Use a custom map instead of the automatic mapframe. Specify either a {{maplink}} template, or another template that generates a mapframe map, or an image name. If used, other mapframe parameters will be ignored.", "type": "wiki-template-name" }, "mapframe-id": { "aliases": [ "id", "qid" ], "label": "Mapframe Wikidata item", "description": "Id (Q-number) of Wikidata item to use.", "type": "string", "default": "(item for current page)" }, "mapframe-coordinates": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-coord", "coordinates", "coord" ], "label": "Mapframe coordinates ", "description": "Coordinates to use, instead of any on Wikidata. Use the {{Coord}} template.", "example": "{{Coord|12.34|N|56.78|E}}", "type": "wiki-template-name", "default": "(coordinates from Wikidata)" }, "mapframe-wikidata": { "label": "Mapframe shapes from Wikidata", "description": "et to yes to show shape/line features from the wikidata item, if any, when coordinates are specified by parameter", "example": "yes", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-shape": { "label": "Mapframe shape feature", "description": "Override display of mapframe shape feature. Turn off by setting to \"none\". Use an inverse shape (geomask) instead of a regular shape by setting to \"inverse\"", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-point": { "label": "Mapframe point feature", "description": "Override display of mapframe point feature. Turn off display of point feature by setting to \"none\". Force point marker to be displayed by setting to \"on\"", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-geomask": { "label": "Mapframe geomask", "description": "Wikidata item to use as a geomask (everything outside the boundary is shaded darker). Can either be a specific Wikidata item (Q-number), or a property that specifies the item to use (e.g. P17 for country, or P131 for located in the administrative territorial entity)", "example": "Q100", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "mapframe-switcher": { "label": "Mapframe switcher", "description": "Set to \"auto\" or \"geomasks\" or \"zooms\" to enable Template:Switcher-style switching between multiple mapframes. IF SET TO auto – switch geomasks found in location (P276) and located in the administrative territorial entity (P131) statements on the page's Wikidata item, searching recursively. E.g. an item's city, that city's state, and that state's country. IF SET TO geomasks – switch between the geomasks specified as a comma-separated list of Wikidata items (Q-numbers) in the mapframe-geomask parameter. IF SET TO zooms – switch between \"zoomed in\"/\"zoomed midway\"/\"zoomed out\", where \"zoomed in\" is the default zoom (with a minimum of 3), \"zoomed out\" is 1, and \"zoomed midway\" is the average.", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-frame-width": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-width" ], "label": "Mapframe width", "description": "Frame width in pixels", "type": "number", "default": "270" }, "mapframe-frame-height": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-height" ], "label": "Mapframe height", "description": "Frame height in pixels", "type": "number", "default": "200" }, "mapframe-shape-fill": { "label": "Mapframe shape fill", "description": "Color used to fill shape features", "type": "string", "default": "#606060" }, "mapframe-shape-fill-opacity": { "label": "Mapframe shape fill opacity", "description": "Opacity level of shape fill, a number between 0 and 1", "type": "number", "default": "0.5" }, "mapframe-stroke-color": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-stroke-colour" ], "label": "Mapframe stroke color", "description": "Color of line features, and outlines of shape features", "type": "string", "default": "#ff0000" }, "mapframe-stroke-width": { "label": "Mapframe stroke width", "description": "Width of line features, and outlines of shape features", "type": "number", "default": "5" }, "mapframe-marker": { "label": "Mapframe marker", "description": "Marker symbol to use for coordinates; see [[mw:Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons]] for options", "example": "museum", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-marker-color": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-marker-colour" ], "label": "Mapframe marker color", "description": "Background color for the marker", "type": "string", "default": "#5E74F3" }, "mapframe-geomask-stroke-color": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-geomask-stroke-colour" ], "label": "Mapframe geomask stroke color", "description": "Color of outline of geomask shape", "type": "string", "default": "#555555" }, "mapframe-geomask-stroke-width": { "label": "Mapframe geomask stroke width", "description": "Width of outline of geomask shape", "type": "number", "default": "2" }, "mapframe-geomask-fill": { "label": "Mapframe geomask fill", "description": "Color used to fill outside geomask features", "type": "string", "default": "#606060" }, "mapframe-geomask-fill-opacity": { "label": "Mapframe geomask fill opacity", "description": "Opacity level of fill outside geomask features, a number between 0 and 1", "type": "number", "default": "0.5" }, "mapframe-zoom": { "label": "Mapframe zoom", "description": "Set the zoom level, from \"1\" to \"18\", to used if the zoom level cannot be determined automatically from object length or area", "example": "12", "type": "number", "default": "10" }, "mapframe-length_km": { "label": "Mapframe length (km)", "description": "Object length in kilometres, for automatically determining zoom level. ONLY use ONE of the available parameters for length or area", "type": "number" }, "mapframe-length_mi": { "label": "Mapframe length (mi)", "description": "Object length in miles, for automatically determining zoom level. ONLY use ONE of the available parameters for length or area", "type": "number" }, "mapframe-area_km2": { "label": "Mapframe area (km^2)", "description": "Object arean square kilometres, for automatically determining zoom level. ONLY use ONE of the available parameters for length or area", "type": "number" }, "mapframe-area_mi2": { "label": "Mapframe area (mi^2)", "description": "Object area in square miles, for automatically determining zoom level. ONLY use ONE of the available parameters for length or area", "type": "number" }, "mapframe-frame-coordinates": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-frame-coord" ], "label": "Mapframe frame coordinates", "description": "Alternate latitude and longitude coordinates for initial placement of map, using {{coord}}", "example": "{{Coord|12.35|N|56.71|E}}", "type": "wiki-template-name" }, "mapframe-line": {}, "embed": {}, "translit_lang1_type3": {}, "translit_lang1_type4": {}, "translit_lang1_info3": {}, "translit_lang1_type5": {}, "translit_lang1_info4": {}, "translit_lang1_type6": {}, "translit_lang1_info5": {}, "translit_lang1_info6": {}, "translit_lang2_type1": {}, "translit_lang2_type": {}, "translit_lang2_info": {}, "translit_lang2_type2": {}, "translit_lang2_info1": {}, "translit_lang2_type3": {}, "translit_lang2_info2": {}, "translit_lang2_type4": {}, "translit_lang2_info3": {}, "translit_lang2_type5": {}, "translit_lang2_info4": {}, "translit_lang2_type6": {}, "translit_lang2_info5": {}, "translit_lang2_info6": {}, "image_size": {}, "alt": {}, "pushpin_map_narrow": {}, "seal_type": {}, "pushpin_map_caption_notsmall": {}, "etymology": {}, "nicknames": {}, "nickname_link": {}, "mottoes": {}, "motto_link": {}, "anthem_link": {}, "grid_position": {}, "coor_type": {}, "grid_name": {}, "established_title4": {}, "established_date4": {}, "established_title5": {}, "established_date5": {}, "established_title6": {}, "established_date6": {}, "established_title7": {}, "established_date7": {}, "seat1_type": {}, "seat1": {}, "seat2_type": {}, "seat2": {}, "p2": {}, "p3": {}, "p4": {}, "p5": {}, "p6": {}, "p7": {}, "p8": {}, "p9": {}, "p10": {}, "p11": {}, "p12": {}, "p13": {}, "p14": {}, "p15": {}, "p16": {}, "p17": {}, "p18": {}, "p19": {}, "p20": {}, "p21": {}, "p22": {}, "p23": {}, "p24": {}, "p25": {}, "p26": {}, "p27": {}, "p28": {}, "p29": {}, "p30": {}, "p31": {}, "p32": {}, "p33": {}, "p34": {}, "p35": {}, "p36": {}, "p37": {}, "p38": {}, "p39": {}, "p40": {}, "p41": {}, "p42": {}, "p43": {}, "p44": {}, "p45": {}, "p46": {}, "p47": {}, "p48": {}, "p49": {}, "p50": {}, "leader_name2": {}, "leader_name3": {}, "leader_name4": {}, "leader_title2": {}, "leader_title3": {}, "leader_title4": {}, "government_blank1_title": {}, "government_blank1": {}, "government_blank2_title": {}, "government_blank2": {}, "government_blank3_title": {}, "government_blank3": {}, "government_blank4_title": {}, "government_blank4": {}, "government_blank5_title": {}, "government_blank5": {}, "government_blank6_title": {}, "government_blank6": {}, "elevation_link": {}, "elevation_point": {}, "population_blank1_footnotes": {}, "population_blank2_footnotes": {}, "population_demonyms": {}, "demographics1_title2": {}, "demographics1_info2": {}, "demographics1_title3": {}, "demographics1_info3": {}, "demographics1_title4": {}, "demographics1_info4": {}, "demographics1_title5": {}, "demographics1_info5": {}, "demographics1_title6": {}, "demographics1_info6": {}, "demographics1_title7": {}, "demographics1_info7": {}, "demographics1_title8": {}, "demographics1_info8": {}, "demographics1_title9": {}, "demographics1_info9": {}, "demographics1_title10": {}, "demographics1_info10": {}, "demographics2_title2": {}, "demographics2_info2": {}, "demographics2_title3": {}, "demographics2_info3": {}, "demographics2_title4": {}, "demographics2_info4": {}, "demographics2_title5": {}, "demographics2_info5": {}, "demographics2_title6": {}, "demographics2_info6": {}, "demographics2_title7": {}, "demographics2_info7": {}, "demographics2_title8": {}, "demographics2_info8": {}, "demographics2_title9": {}, "demographics2_info9": {}, "demographics2_title10": {}, "demographics2_info10": {}, "timezone1_location": {}, "timezone_link": {}, "timezone2_location": {}, "timezone3_location": {}, "utc_offset3": {}, "timezone3": {}, "utc_offset3_DST": {}, "timezone3_DST": {}, "timezone4_location": {}, "utc_offset4": {}, "timezone4": {}, "utc_offset4_DST": {}, "timezone4_DST": {}, "timezone5_location": {}, "utc_offset5": {}, "timezone5": {}, "utc_offset5_DST": {}, "timezone5_DST": {}, "registration_plate_type": { "label": "Registration/license plate type", "description": "The place's registration/license plate type", "type": "content" }, "code1_name": {}, "code1_info": {}, "code2_name": {}, "code2_info": {}, "blank1_name": {}, "blank1_info": {}, "blank2_name_sec1": {}, "blank2_name": {}, "blank2_info_sec1": {}, "blank2_info": {}, "blank3_name_sec1": {}, "blank3_name": {}, "blank3_info_sec1": {}, "blank3_info": {}, "blank4_name_sec1": {}, "blank4_name": {}, "blank4_info_sec1": {}, "blank4_info": {}, "blank5_name_sec1": {}, "blank5_name": {}, "blank5_info_sec1": {}, "blank5_info": {}, "blank6_name_sec1": {}, "blank6_name": {}, "blank6_info_sec1": {}, "blank6_info": {}, "blank7_name_sec1": {}, "blank7_name": {}, "blank7_info_sec1": {}, "blank7_info": {}, "blank2_name_sec2": {}, "blank2_info_sec2": {}, "blank3_name_sec2": {}, "blank3_info_sec2": {}, "blank4_name_sec2": {}, "blank4_info_sec2": {}, "blank5_name_sec2": {}, "blank5_info_sec2": {}, "blank6_name_sec2": {}, "blank6_info_sec2": {}, "blank7_name_sec2": {}, "blank7_info_sec2": {}, "module": {}, "coordinates_wikidata": {}, "wikidata": {}, "image_upright": {}, "blank_emblem_upright": {}, "leader_title5": {}, "leader_name5": {} }, "paramOrder": [ "name", "official_name", "native_name", "native_name_lang", "other_name", "settlement_type", "translit_lang1", "translit_lang1_type", "translit_lang1_info", "translit_lang2", "image_skyline", "imagesize", "image_upright", "image_alt", "image_caption", "image_flag", "flag_size", "flag_alt", "flag_border", "flag_link", "image_seal", "seal_size", "seal_alt", "seal_link", "seal_type", "seal_class", "image_shield", "shield_size", "shield_alt", "shield_link", "image_blank_emblem", "blank_emblem_type", "blank_emblem_size", "blank_emblem_upright", "blank_emblem_alt", "blank_emblem_link", "nickname", "motto", "anthem", "image_map", "mapsize", "map_alt", "map_caption", "image_map1", "mapsize1", "map_alt1", "map_caption1", "pushpin_map", "pushpin_mapsize", "pushpin_map_alt", "pushpin_map_caption", "pushpin_label", "pushpin_label_position", "pushpin_outside", "pushpin_relief", "pushpin_image", "pushpin_overlay", "mapframe", "mapframe-caption", "mapframe-custom", "mapframe-id", "mapframe-coordinates", "mapframe-wikidata", "mapframe-point", "mapframe-shape", "mapframe-frame-width", "mapframe-frame-height", "mapframe-shape-fill", "mapframe-shape-fill-opacity", "mapframe-stroke-color", "mapframe-stroke-width", "mapframe-marker", "mapframe-marker-color", "mapframe-geomask", "mapframe-geomask-stroke-color", "mapframe-geomask-stroke-width", "mapframe-geomask-fill", "mapframe-geomask-fill-opacity", "mapframe-zoom", "mapframe-length_km", "mapframe-length_mi", "mapframe-area_km2", "mapframe-area_mi2", "mapframe-frame-coordinates", "mapframe-switcher", "mapframe-line", "coordinates", "coor_pinpoint", "coordinates_footnotes", "subdivision_type", "subdivision_name", "subdivision_type1", "subdivision_name1", "subdivision_type2", "subdivision_name2", "subdivision_type3", "subdivision_name3", "subdivision_type4", "subdivision_name4", "subdivision_type5", "subdivision_name5", "subdivision_type6", "subdivision_name6", "established_title", "established_date", "established_title1", "established_date1", "established_title2", "established_date2", "established_title3", "established_date3", "established_title4", "established_date4", "established_title5", "established_date5", "established_title6", "established_date6", "established_title7", "established_date7", "extinct_title", "extinct_date", "founder", "named_for", "seat_type", "seat", "parts_type", "parts_style", "parts", "government_footnotes", "government_type", "governing_body", "leader_party", "leader_title", "leader_name", "leader_title1", "leader_name1", "total_type", "unit_pref", "area_footnotes", "dunam_link", "area_total_km2", "area_total_sq_mi", "area_total_ha", "area_total_acre", "area_total_dunam", "area_land_km2", "area_land_sq_mi", "area_land_ha", "area_land_dunam", "area_land_acre", "area_water_km2", "area_water_sq_mi", "area_water_ha", "area_water_dunam", "area_water_acre", "area_water_percent", "area_urban_km2", "area_urban_sq_mi", "area_urban_ha", "area_urban_dunam", "area_urban_acre", "area_urban_footnotes", "area_rural_km2", "area_rural_sq_mi", "area_rural_ha", "area_rural_dunam", "area_rural_acre", "area_rural_footnotes", "area_metro_km2", "area_metro_sq_mi", "area_metro_ha", "area_metro_dunam", "area_metro_acre", "area_metro_footnotes", "area_rank", "area_blank1_title", "area_blank1_km2", "area_blank1_sq_mi", "area_blank1_ha", "area_blank1_dunam", "area_blank1_acre", "area_blank2_title", "area_blank2_km2", "area_blank2_sq_mi", "area_blank2_ha", "area_blank2_dunam", "area_blank2_acre", "area_note", "dimensions_footnotes", "length_km", "length_mi", "width_km", "width_mi", "elevation_m", "elevation_ft", "elevation_footnotes", "elevation_min_point", "elevation_min_m", "elevation_min_ft", "elevation_min_rank", "elevation_min_footnotes", "elevation_max_point", "elevation_max_m", "elevation_max_ft", "elevation_max_rank", "elevation_max_footnotes", "population_total", "population_as_of", "population_footnotes", "population_density_km2", "population_density_sq_mi", "population_est", "pop_est_as_of", "pop_est_footnotes", "population_urban", "population_urban_footnotes", "population_density_urban_km2", "population_density_urban_sq_mi", "population_rural", "population_rural_footnotes", "population_density_rural_km2", "population_density_rural_sq_mi", "population_metro", "population_metro_footnotes", "population_density_metro_km2", "population_density_metro_sq_mi", "population_rank", "population_density_rank", "population_blank1_title", "population_blank1", "population_density_blank1_km2", "population_density_blank1_sq_mi", "population_blank2_title", "population_blank2", "population_density_blank2_km2", "population_density_blank2_sq_mi", "population_demonym", "population_note", "demographics_type1", "demographics1_footnotes", "demographics1_title1", "demographics_type2", "demographics2_footnotes", "demographics2_title1", "demographics2_info1", "timezone1", "utc_offset", "timezone_DST", "utc_offset_DST", "utc_offset1", "timezone1_DST", "utc_offset1_DST", "timezone2", "utc_offset2", "timezone2_DST", "utc_offset2_DST", "postal_code_type", "postal_code", "postal2_code_type", "postal2_code", "area_code", "area_code_type", "geocode", "iso_code", "registration_plate_type", "registration_plate", "blank_name_sec1", "blank_info_sec1", "blank1_name_sec1", "blank1_info_sec1", "blank_name_sec2", "blank_info_sec2", "blank1_name_sec2", "blank1_info_sec2", "website", "footnotes", "translit_lang1_info1", "translit_lang1_type1", "translit_lang1_info2", "translit_lang1_type2", "demographics1_info1", "embed", "translit_lang1_type3", "translit_lang1_type4", "translit_lang1_info3", "translit_lang1_type5", "translit_lang1_info4", "translit_lang1_type6", "translit_lang1_info5", "translit_lang1_info6", "translit_lang2_type1", "translit_lang2_type", "translit_lang2_info", "translit_lang2_type2", "translit_lang2_info1", "translit_lang2_type3", "translit_lang2_info2", "translit_lang2_type4", "translit_lang2_info3", "translit_lang2_type5", "translit_lang2_info4", "translit_lang2_type6", "translit_lang2_info5", "translit_lang2_info6", "image_size", "alt", "pushpin_map_narrow", "pushpin_map_caption_notsmall", "etymology", "nicknames", "nickname_link", "mottoes", "motto_link", "anthem_link", "grid_position", "coor_type", "grid_name", "seat1_type", "seat1", "seat2_type", "seat2", "p1", "p2", "p3", "p4", "p5", "p6", "p7", "p8", "p9", "p10", "p11", "p12", "p13", "p14", "p15", "p16", "p17", "p18", "p19", "p20", "p21", "p22", "p23", "p24", "p25", "p26", "p27", "p28", "p29", "p30", "p31", "p32", "p33", "p34", "p35", "p36", "p37", "p38", "p39", "p40", "p41", "p42", "p43", "p44", "p45", "p46", "p47", "p48", "p49", "p50", "leader_name2", "leader_name3", "leader_name4", "leader_name5", "leader_title2", "leader_title3", "leader_title4", "leader_title5", "government_blank1_title", "government_blank1", "government_blank2_title", "government_blank2", "government_blank3_title", "government_blank3", "government_blank4_title", "government_blank4", "government_blank5_title", "government_blank5", "government_blank6_title", "government_blank6", "elevation_link", "elevation_point", "population_blank1_footnotes", "population_blank2_footnotes", "population_demonyms", "demographics1_title2", "demographics1_info2", "demographics1_title3", "demographics1_info3", "demographics1_title4", "demographics1_info4", "demographics1_title5", "demographics1_info5", "demographics1_title6", "demographics1_info6", "demographics1_title7", "demographics1_info7", "demographics1_title8", "demographics1_info8", "demographics1_title9", "demographics1_info9", "demographics1_title10", "demographics1_info10", "demographics2_title2", "demographics2_info2", "demographics2_title3", "demographics2_info3", "demographics2_title4", "demographics2_info4", "demographics2_title5", "demographics2_info5", "demographics2_title6", "demographics2_info6", "demographics2_title7", "demographics2_info7", "demographics2_title8", "demographics2_info8", "demographics2_title9", "demographics2_info9", "demographics2_title10", "demographics2_info10", "timezone1_location", "timezone_link", "timezone2_location", "timezone3_location", "utc_offset3", "timezone3", "utc_offset3_DST", "timezone3_DST", "timezone4_location", "utc_offset4", "timezone4", "utc_offset4_DST", "timezone4_DST", "timezone5_location", "utc_offset5", "timezone5", "utc_offset5_DST", "timezone5_DST", "code1_name", "code1_info", "code2_name", "code2_info", "blank1_name", "blank1_info", "blank2_name_sec1", "blank2_name", "blank2_info_sec1", "blank2_info", "blank3_name_sec1", "blank3_name", "blank3_info_sec1", "blank3_info", "blank4_name_sec1", "blank4_name", "blank4_info_sec1", "blank4_info", "blank5_name_sec1", "blank5_name", "blank5_info_sec1", "blank5_info", "blank6_name_sec1", "blank6_name", "blank6_info_sec1", "blank6_info", "blank7_name_sec1", "blank7_name", "blank7_info_sec1", "blank7_info", "blank2_name_sec2", "blank2_info_sec2", "blank3_name_sec2", "blank3_info_sec2", "blank4_name_sec2", "blank4_info_sec2", "blank5_name_sec2", "blank5_info_sec2", "blank6_name_sec2", "blank6_info_sec2", "blank7_name_sec2", "blank7_info_sec2", "module", "coordinates_wikidata", "wikidata" ] } </templatedata> {{collapse bottom}} ==Calls and redirects == At least {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Templates calling Infobox settlement}} other [[:Category:Templates calling Infobox settlement|templates call this one]]. [{{fullurl:Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Infobox_settlement|namespace=10&hidetrans=1&hidelinks=1}} Several templates redirect here]. == Tracking categories == # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with bad settlement type}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with bad density arguments}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with missing country}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with no map}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with the wikidata parameter}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with conflicting parameters}} # {{clc|Templates calling Infobox settlement}} ==See also== *[[Help:Coordinates]] *[[Help:Elevation]] *[[Help:GNIS data for U.S. infoboxes]] *{{tl|Infobox too long}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!--Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata--> [[Category:Place infobox templates|Settlement]] [[Category:Embeddable templates]] [[Category:Infobox templates using Wikidata]] [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> sn2aoxahnexkodqge1i49yn5m7oxocy 799553 799552 2026-07-12T22:00:56Z SM7 3953 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Infobox_settlement/doc]] 798262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!--Categories where indicated at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]])--> {{Auto short description}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Coordinates|Module:Check for unknown parameters|Module:Check for conflicting parameters|Module:Settlement short description|Module:Wikidata}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Infobox settlement/styles.css}} {{Uses Wikidata|P41|P94|P158|P625|P856}} This template should be used to produce an [[WP:Infobox|Infobox]] for human settlements (cities, towns, villages, communities) as well as other administrative districts, counties, provinces, et cetera—in fact, any subdivision below the level of a country, for which {{tl|Infobox country}} should be used. Parameters are described in the table below. For questions, see the [[Template talk:Infobox settlement|talk page]]. For a US city guideline, see [[WP:USCITIES]]. The template is aliased or used as a sub-template for several infobox front-end templates. ==Usage== * '''Important''': Please enter all numeric values in a raw, unformatted fashion. References and {{tl|citation needed}} tags are to be included in their respective section footnotes field. Numeric values that are not "raw" may create an "Expression error". Raw values will be automatically formatted by the template. If you find a raw value is not formatted in your usage of the template, please post a notice on the discussion page for this template. * An expression error may also occur when any coordinate parameter has a value, but one or more coordinate parameters are blank or invalid. * To specify CSS class "X" should be applied to an image, append to the filename: <code><nowiki>{{!}}class=X</nowiki></code> Basic blank template, ready to cut and paste. See the next section for a copy of the template with all parameters and comments. See the table below that for a full description of each parameter. ===Using metric units=== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox settlement |name = |native_name = <!-- Settlement name in the dominant local language(s), if different from the English name --> |native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> |settlement_type = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_alt = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_alt = |image_seal = |seal_alt = |image_shield = |shield_alt = |etymology = |nickname = |motto = |image_map = |map_alt = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_alt = |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_label_position = |mapframe = <!-- "yes" to show an interactive map --> |coordinates = <!-- {{coord|latitude|longitude|type:city|display=inline,title}} --> |coor_pinpoint = |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |established_title = |established_date = |founder = |seat_type = |seat = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |governing_body = |leader_party = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |area_footnotes = |area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_note = |area_water_percent = |area_rank = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_urban_km2 = |area_rural_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> |area_total_ha = |area_land_ha = |area_water_ha = |area_urban_ha = |area_rural_ha = |area_metro_ha = |area_blank1_ha = |area_blank2_ha = |length_km = |width_km = |dimensions_footnotes = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |population_footnotes = |population_as_of = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = auto |population_note = |population_demonym = |timezone1 = |utc_offset1 = |timezone1_DST = |utc_offset1_DST = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code_type = |area_code = |area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> |iso_code = |website = <!-- {{Official URL}} --> |module = |footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> ===Using non-metric units=== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox settlement |name = |native_name = |native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> |settlement_type = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_alt = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_alt = |image_seal = |seal_alt = |image_shield = |shield_alt = |etymology = |nickname = |motto = |image_map = |map_alt = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_alt = |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_label_position = |mapframe = <!-- "yes" to show an interactive map --> |coordinates = <!-- {{coord|latitude|longitude|type:city|display=inline,title}} --> |coor_pinpoint = |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |established_title = |established_date = |founder = |seat_type = |seat = |government_footnotes = |leader_party = |leader_title = |leader_name = |unit_pref = Imperial <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |area_footnotes = |area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_note = |area_water_percent = |area_rank = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank2_title = <!-- square miles --> |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_rural_sq_mi = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |area_blank2_sq_mi = <!-- acres --> |area_total_acre = |area_land_acre = |area_water_acre = |area_urban_acre = |area_rural_acre = |area_metro_acre = |area_blank1_acre = |area_blank2_acre = |length_mi = |width_mi = |dimensions_footnotes = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_ft = |population_footnotes = |population_as_of = |population_total = |population_density_sq_mi = auto |population_note = |population_demonym = |timezone1 = |utc_offset1 = |timezone1_DST = |utc_offset1_DST = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code_type = |area_code = |iso_code = |website = <!-- {{Official URL}} --> |module = |footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> ===Short version=== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox settlement |name = |native_name = |native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> |settlement_type = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_alt = |image_caption = |etymology = |nickname = |coordinates = <!-- {{Coord}} --> |population_total = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |website = <!-- {{Official URL}} --> }} </syntaxhighlight> ===Complete empty syntax, with comments=== This copy of the template lists all parameters except for some of the repeating numbered parameters which are noted in the comments. Comments here should be brief; see the table below for full descriptions of each parameter. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox settlement | name = <!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --> | official_name = <!-- avoid if redundant with e.g. `settlement_type` of `name` | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = <!-- such as Town, Village, City, Borough etc. --> <!-- transliteration(s) --> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto --> | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_border = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | seal_type = | seal_class = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | etymology = | nickname = | nicknames = | motto = | mottoes = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates --> | image_map = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall = | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_outside = | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_image = | pushpin_overlay = | mapframe = <!-- "yes" to show an interactive map --> | coordinates = <!-- {{Coord}} --> | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | grid_name = <!-- name of a regional grid system --> | grid_position = <!-- position on the regional grid system --> <!-- location --> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = <!-- the name of the country --> | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --> <!-- established --> | established_title = <!-- Founded --> | established_date = <!-- requires established_title= --> | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = <!-- requires established_title1= --> | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = <!-- requires established_title2= --> | established_title3 = | established_date3 = <!-- requires established_title3= --> | established_title4 = | established_date4 = <!-- requires established_title4= --> | established_title5 = | established_date5 = <!-- requires established_title5= --> | established_title6 = | established_date6 = <!-- requires established_title6= --> | established_title7 = | established_date7 = <!-- requires established_title7= --> | extinct_title = | extinct_date = <!-- requires extinct_title= --> | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts --> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | seat1_type = <!-- defaults to: Former seat --> | seat1 = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &amp;nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings --> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area --> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | dunam_link = <!-- If dunams are used, this specifies which dunam to link. --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_ha = | area_total_acre = | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_land_ha = | area_land_acre = | area_land_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_ha = | area_water_acre = | area_water_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_urban_ha = | area_urban_acre = | area_urban_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_rural_km2 = | area_rural_sq_mi = | area_rural_ha = | area_rural_acre = | area_rural_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_metro_ha = | area_metro_acre = | area_metro_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank1_acre = | area_blank1_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_blank2_ha = | area_blank2_acre = | area_blank2_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_note = <!-- dimensions --> | dimensions_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | length_km = | length_mi = | width_km = | width_mi = <!-- elevation --> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_point = <!-- for denoting the measurement point --> | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_max_point = <!-- for denoting the measurement point --> | elevation_max_rank = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = | elevation_min_point = <!-- for denoting the measurement point --> | elevation_min_rank = <!-- population --> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_as_of = | population_total = | pop_est_footnotes = | pop_est_as_of = | population_est = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban_footnotes = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_rural_footnotes = | population_rural = | population_density_rural_km2 = | population_density_rural_sq_mi = | population_metro_footnotes = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi = | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, e.g. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_demonyms = | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title7 / demographics1_info7 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title10 / demographics2_info10 --> <!-- time zone(s) --> | timezone_link = | timezone1_location = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2_location = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = | timezone3_location = | timezone3 = | utc_offset3 = | timezone3_DST = | utc_offset3_DST = | timezone4_location = | timezone4 = | utc_offset4 = | timezone4_DST = | utc_offset4_DST = | timezone5_location = | timezone5 = | utc_offset5 = | timezone5_DST = | utc_offset5_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code --> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP Code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP Code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | area_codes = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate_type = | registration_plate = | code1_name = | code1_info = | code2_name = | code2_info = <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., up to blank7_name_sec1 / blank7_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., up to blank7_name_sec2 / blank7_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --> | website = <!-- {{Official URL}} --> | module = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> ==Parameter names and descriptions== {| class="wikitable" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Name and transliteration=== |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''name''' || optional || This is the usual name in English. If it's not specified, the infobox will use the '''official_name''' as a title unless this too is missing, in which case the page name will be used. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''official_name''' || optional || The official name in English. Avoid using '''official_name''' if it leads to redundancy with '''name''' and '''settlement_type'''. Use '''official_name''' if the official name is unusual or cannot be simply deduced from the name and settlement type. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''native_name''' || optional || Name or names in the local language, if different from 'name', and if not English. This parameter may be used for the name in the de facto local language (e.g. German for [[Munich]]). Per the [[Template talk:Infobox settlement/Archive 32#RFC on usage of native name parameter for First Nations placenames|2023 RfC]], it may also be used for names used by First Nations/[[Indigenous peoples]], '''regardless''' of whether they are the dominant ethnic group in the location. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''native_name_lang''' || optional || Use [[List of ISO 639-1 codes|ISO 639-1 code]], e.g. "fr" for French. If there is more than one dominant name, in different languages, enter those names using {{tl|lang}}, instead. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''other_name''' || optional || For places with other commonly used names like Bombay or Saigon |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''settlement_type''' || optional || Any type can be entered, such as City, Town, Village, Hamlet, Municipality, Reservation, etc. If set, will be displayed under the names. Might also be used as a label for total population/area (defaulting to ''City''), if needed to distinguish from ''Urban'', ''Rural'' or ''Metro'' (if urban, rural or metro figures are not present, the label is ''Total'' unless '''total_type''' is set). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''short_description''' || optional || Set to <code>no</code> to suppress the Short description generated by the infobox. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Transliteration(s) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang1''' || optional || Will place the "entry" before the word "transliteration(s)". Can be used to specify a particular language like in [[Dêlêg]] or one may just enter "Other", like in [[Gaza City|Gaza]]'s article. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang1_type'''<br />'''translit_lang1_type1'''<br />to<br />'''translit_lang1_type6''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang1_info'''<br />'''translit_lang1_info1'''<br />to<br />'''translit_lang1_info6''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang2''' || optional || Will place a second transliteration. See [[Dêlêg]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang2_type'''<br />'''translit_lang2_type1'''<br />to<br />'''translit_lang2_type6''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''translit_lang2_info'''<br />'''translit_lang2_info1'''<br />to<br />'''translit_lang2_info6''' || optional || |} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Images, nickname, motto=== |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Image |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_skyline''' || optional || Primary image representing the settlement. Commonly a photo of the settlement’s skyline. For large urban areas, the <nowiki>{{multiple image}}</nowiki> template is often used in place of a single image to create a collage of the settlement's skyline and several notable landmarks. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''imagesize''' || optional || Can be used to tweak the size of the image_skyline up or down. This can be helpful if an editor wants to make the infobox wider. If used, '''px''' must be specified; default size is 250px. Note [[WP:IMGSIZELEAD]] recommends that images should be no wider than <code>upright=1.35</code> -equivalent to 300px |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_alt''' || optional || [[Alt text]] for the image, used by visually impaired readers who cannot see the image. See [[WP:ALT]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_caption''' || optional || Will place a caption under the image_skyline (if present) |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Flag image |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_flag''' || optional || Used for a flag. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''flag_size''' || optional || Can be used to tweak the size of the image_flag up or down from 100px as desired. If used, '''px''' must be specified; default size is 100px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''flag_alt''' || optional || Alt text for the flag. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''flag_border''' || optional || Set to 'no' to remove the border from the flag |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''flag_link''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Seal image |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_seal''' || optional || If the place has an official seal. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seal_size''' || optional || If used, '''px''' must be specified; default size is 100px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seal_alt''' || optional || Alt text for the seal. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seal_link'''<br />'''seal_type''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seal_class''' || optional || CSS class for the seal image. Parameter {{para|seal_class|skin-invert}} can be used for dark mode support if the seal image is monochrome. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Coat of arms image |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_shield''' || optional || Can be used for a place with a coat of arms. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''shield_size''' || optional || If used, '''px''' must be specified; default size is 100px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''shield_alt''' || optional || Alt text for the shield. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''shield_link''' || optional || Can be used if a wiki article if known but is not automatically linked by the template. See [[Coquitlam, British Columbia]]'s infobox for an example. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Logo or emblem image |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_blank_emblem''' || optional || Can be used if a place has an official logo, crest, emblem, etc. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_emblem_type''' || optional || Caption beneath "image_blank_emblem" to specify what type of emblem it is. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_emblem_size''' || optional || If used, '''px''' must be specified; default size is 100px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_emblem_alt''' || optional || Alt text for blank emblem. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_emblem_link''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Nickname, motto |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''etymology''' || optional || origin of name |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''nickname''' || optional || well-known nickname |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''nicknames''' || optional || if more than one well-known nickname, use this |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''motto''' || optional || Will place the motto under the nicknames |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''mottoes''' || optional || if more than one motto, use this |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''anthem''' || optional || Will place the anthem (song) under the nicknames |} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Maps, coordinates=== |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Map images |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_map''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''mapsize''' || optional || If used, '''px''' must be specified; default is 250px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''map_alt''' || optional || Alt text for map. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''map_caption''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''image_map1''' || optional || A secondary map image. The field '''image_map''' must be filled in first. Example see: [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''mapsize1''' || optional || If used, '''px''' must be specified; default is 250px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''map_alt1''' || optional || Alt text for secondary map. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''map_caption1''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Pushpin map(s), coordinates |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_map''' || optional || The name of a location map as per [[Template:Location map]] (e.g. ''Indonesia'' or ''Russia''). The coordinate fields (from {{para|coordinates}}) position a pushpin coordinate marker and label on the map '''automatically'''. Example: [[Padang, Indonesia]]. To show multiple pushpin maps, provide a list of maps separated by #, e.g., ''California#USA'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_mapsize''' || optional || Must be entered as only a number—'''do not use px'''. The default value is 250.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>width</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_map_alt''' || optional || Alt text for pushpin map; used by [[screen reader]]s, see [[WP:ALT]].<br/>''Equivalent to <code>alt</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_map_caption''' || optional || Fill out if a different caption from ''map_caption'' is desired.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>caption</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_map_caption_notsmall''' || optional || <!-- add documentation here --> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_label''' || optional || The text of the label to display next to the identifying mark; a [[Wiki markup|wikilink]] can be used. If not specified, the label will be the text assigned to the ''name'' or ''official_name'' parameters (if {{para|pushpin_label_position|none}}, no label is displayed).<br/>''Equivalent to <code>label</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_label_position''' || optional || The position of the label on the pushpin map relative to the pushpin coordinate marker. Valid options are {left, right, top, bottom, none}. If this field is not specified, the default value is ''right''.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>position</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_outside''' || optional || ''Equivalent to <code>outside</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_relief''' || optional || Set this to <code>y</code> or any non-blank value to use an alternative relief map provided by the selected location map (if a relief map is available). <br/>''Equivalent to <code>relief</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_image''' || optional || Allows the use of an alternative map; the image must have the same edge coordinates as the location map template.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>AlternativeMap</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pushpin_overlay''' || optional || Can be used to specify an image to be superimposed on the regular pushpin map.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>overlay_image</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''mapframe''' || optional || Add a {{tl|infobox mapframe}} map. See the documentation below in [[#Mapframe maps]] for more details on usage. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''coordinates''' || optional || Latitude and longitude. Use {{tl|Coord}}. See the documentation for {{tl|Coord}} for more details on usage. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''coor_pinpoint''' || optional || If needed, to specify more exactly where (or what) coordinates are given (e.g. ''Town Hall'') or a specific place in a larger area (e.g. a city in a county). Example: In the article [[Masovian Voivodeship]], <code>coor_pinpoint=Warsaw</code> specifies [[Warsaw]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''coordinates_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for coordinates, placed within <code><nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki></code> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''grid_name'''<br />'''grid_position''' || optional || Name of a regional grid system and position on the regional grid |} ====Mapframe maps==== {{Infobox mapframe/doc/parameters | onByDefault = yes, unless any of the other map parameters are present: {{para|pushpin_map}}, {{para|image_map}}, {{para|image_map1}} | mapframe-frame-width = 250 | mapframe-length_km = {{para|length_km}} | mapframe-length_mi = {{para|length_mi}} | mapframe-width_km = {{para|width_km}} | mapframe-width_mi = {{para|width_mi}} | mapframe-area_km2 = {{para|area_total_km2}} | mapframe-area_ha = {{para|area_total_ha}} | mapframe-area_acre = {{para|area_total_acre}} | mapframe-area_sq_mi = {{para|area_total_sq_mi}} | mapframe-type = city | mapframe-population = {{para|population_metro}} or {{para|population_total}} | mapframe-marker = town | mapframe-caption = Interactive map of {{para|name}} or {{para|official_name}} or {{tl|PAGENAMEBASE}} }} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Location, established, seat, subdivisions, government, leaders=== |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Location |- style="vertical-align:top;" | {{anchor|subdivision_type}}'''subdivision_type''' || optional || almost always <code><nowiki>Country</nowiki></code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''subdivision_name''' || optional || Depends on the subdivision_type — use the name in text form, sample: <code>United States</code>. Per [[MOS:INFOBOXFLAG]], flag icons or flag templates may be used in this field |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''subdivision_type1'''<br />to<br />'''subdivision_type6''' || optional || Can be State/Province, region, county. These labels are for subdivisions ''above'' the level of the settlement described in the article. For subdivisions ''below'' or ''within'' the place described in the article, use {{para|parts_type}}. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''subdivision_name1'''<br />to<br />'''subdivision_name6''' || optional || Use the name in text form, sample: <code>Florida</code> or <code><nowiki>[[Florida]]</nowiki></code>. Per [[MOS:INFOBOXFLAG]], settlements "may have flags of the country and first-level administrative subdivision in infoboxes". Flag icons or flag templates is permitted for subdivision_name1 (which is usually state or province); flag icons or flag templates should '''not''' be used in subdivision_name2-6. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Established |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title''' || optional || Example: Founded |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date''' || optional || Requires established_title= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title1''' || optional || Example: Incorporated (town) <br/>[Note that "established_title1" is distinct from "established_title"; you can think of "established_title" as behaving like "established_title0".] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date1''' || optional || [See note for "established_title1".] Requires established_title1= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title2''' || optional || Example: Incorporated (city) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date2''' || optional || Requires established_title2= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title3''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date3''' || optional || Requires established_title3= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title4''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date4''' || optional || Requires established_title4= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title5''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date5''' || optional || Requires established_title5= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title6''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date6''' || optional || Requires established_title6= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_title7''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''established_date7''' || optional || Requires established_title7= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''extinct_title''' || optional || For when a settlement ceases to exist |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''extinct_date''' || optional || Requires extinct_title= |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''founder''' || optional || Who the settlement was founded by |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''named_for''' || optional || The source of the name of the settlement (a person, a place, et cetera) |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Seat of government |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seat_type''' || optional || The label for the seat of government (defaults to ''Seat''). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''seat''' || optional || The seat of government. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''parts_type''' || optional || The label for the smaller subdivisions (defaults to ''Boroughs''). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''parts_style''' || optional || Set to ''list'' to display as a collapsible list, ''coll'' as a collapsed list, or ''para'' to use paragraph style. Default is ''list'' for up to 5 items, otherwise ''coll''. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''parts''' || optional || Text or header of the list of smaller subdivisions. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''p1'''<br />'''p2'''<br />to<br />'''p50''' || optional || The smaller subdivisions to be listed. Example: [[Warsaw]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Government type, leaders |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''government_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for government, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''government_type''' || optional || Examples: [[Mayor–council government]], [[Council–manager government]], [[City commission government]], ... |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''governing_body''' || optional || Name of the place's governing body |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''leader_party''' || optional || Political party of the place's leader |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''leader_title''' || optional || First title of the place's leader, e.g. Mayor |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''leader_name''' || optional || Name of the place's leader |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''leader_title1'''<br />to<br />'''leader_title4''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''leader_name1'''<br />to<br />'''leader_name4''' || optional || For long lists use {{tl|Collapsible list}}. See [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] for an example. |} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Geographic information=== |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 | These fields have '''dual automatic unit conversion''' meaning that if only metric values are entered, the imperial values will be automatically converted and vice versa. If an editor wishes to over-ride the automatic conversion, e.g. if the source gives both metric and imperial or if a range of values is needed, they should enter both values in their respective fields. All values must be entered in a '''raw format: no commas, spaces, or unit symbols'''. The template will format them automatically. |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Display settings |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''total_type''' || optional || Specifies what "total" area and population figure refer to, e.g. ''Greater London''. This overrides other labels for total population/area. To make the total area and population display on the same line as the words "Area" and "Population", with no "Total" or similar label, set the value of this parameter to '''&amp;nbsp;'''. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''unit_pref''' || optional || To change the unit order to ''imperial (metric)'', enter '''imperial'''. The default display style is ''metric (imperial)''. However, the template will swap the order automatically if the '''subdivision_name''' equals some variation of the US or the UK.<br />For the Middle East, a unit preference of [[dunam]] can be entered (only affects total area). <br /> |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Area |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for area, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''dunam_link''' || optional || If dunams are used, the default is to link the word ''dunams'' in the total area section. This can be changed by setting <code>dunam_link</code> to another measure (e.g. <code>dunam_link=water</code>). Linking can also be turned off by setting the parameter to something else (e.g. <code>dunam_link=none</code> or <code>dunam_link=off</code>). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_total_km2''' || optional || Total area in square kilometers—symbol: km². Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square miles if area_total_sq_mi is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_total_ha''' || optional || Total area in hectares—symbol: ha. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display acres if area_total_acre is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_total_sq_mi''' || optional || Total area in square miles—symbol: sq&nbsp;mi. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square kilometers if area_total_km2 is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_total_acre''' || optional || Total area in acres. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display hectares if area_total_ha is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_total_dunam''' || optional || Total area in dunams, which is wiki-linked. Used in middle eastern places like Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square kilometers or hectares and square miles or acreds if area_total_km2, area_total_ha, area_total_sq_mi, and area_total_acre are empty. Examples: [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Ramallah]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_land_km2''' || optional || Land area in square kilometers—symbol: km². Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square miles if area_land_sq_mi is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_land_sq_mi''' || optional || Land area in square miles—symbol: sq&nbsp;mi. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square kilometers if area_land_km2 is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_land_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_land_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_land_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_km2''' || optional || Water area in square kilometers—symbol: km². Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square miles if area_water_sq_mi is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_sq_mi''' || optional || Water area in square miles—symbol: sq&nbsp;mi. Value must be entered in '''raw format''', no commas or spaces. Auto-converted to display square kilometers if area_water_km2 is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_water_percent''' || optional || percent of water without the "%" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_urban_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_urban_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_urban_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_urban_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_urban_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rural_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rural_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rural_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rural_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rural_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_metro_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_metro_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_metro_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_metro_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_metro_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_rank''' || optional || The settlement's area, as ranked within its parent sub-division |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_title''' || optional || Example see London |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank1_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_title''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_ha''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_ha</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_dunam''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_dunam</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_blank2_acre''' || optional || similar to <code>area_total_acre</code> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_note''' || optional || A place for additional information such as the name of the source. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Dimensions |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''dimensions_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for dimensions, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''length_km''' || optional || Raw number entered in kilometers. Will automatically convert to display length in miles if length_mi is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''length_mi''' || optional || Raw number entered in miles. Will automatically convert to display length in kilometers if length_km is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''width_km''' || optional || Raw number entered in kilometers. Will automatically convert to display width in miles if length_mi is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''width_mi''' || optional || Raw number entered in miles. Will automatically convert to display width in kilometers if length_km is empty. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Elevation |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''elevation_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for elevation, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''elevation_m''' || optional || Raw number entered in meters. Will automatically convert to display elevation in feet if elevation_ft is empty. However, if a range in elevation (i.e. 5–50 m ) is desired, use the "max" and "min" fields below |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''elevation_ft''' || optional || Raw number, entered in feet. Will automatically convert to display the average elevation in meters if '''elevation_m''' field is empty. However, if a range in elevation (e.g. 50–500&nbsp;ft ) is desired, use the "max" and "min" fields below |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''elevation_max_footnotes'''<br />'''elevation_min_footnotes''' || optional || Same as above, but for the "max" and "min" elevations. See [[City of Leeds]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''elevation_max_m'''<br />'''elevation_max_ft'''<br />'''elevation_max_rank'''<br />'''elevation_min_m'''<br />'''elevation_min_ft'''<br />'''elevation_min_rank''' || optional || Used to give highest & lowest elevations and rank, instead of just a single value. Example: [[Halifax Regional Municipality]]. |} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Population, demographics=== |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 | The density fields have '''dual automatic unit conversion''' meaning that if only metric values are entered, the imperial values will be automatically converted and vice versa. If an editor wishes to over-ride the automatic conversion, e.g. if the source gives both metric and imperial or if a range of values is needed, they can enter both values in their respective fields. '''To calculate density with respect to the total area automatically, type ''auto'' in place of any density value.''' |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Population |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_total''' || optional || Actual population (see below for estimates) preferably consisting of digits only (without any commas) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_as_of''' || optional || The year for the population total (usually a census year) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for population, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_km2''' || optional || Set to {{code|auto}} to auto generate based on {{para|population_total}} and {{para|area_total_km2}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_sq_mi''' || optional || Set to {{code|auto}} to auto generate based on {{para|population_total}} and {{para|area_total_sq_mi}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_est''' || optional || Population estimate. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pop_est_as_of''' || optional || The year or month & year of the population estimate |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''pop_est_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for population estimate, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_urban''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_urban_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for urban population, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_urban_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_urban_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_rural''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_rural_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for rural population, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_rural_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_rural_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_metro''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_metro_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for metro population, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_metro_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_metro_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_rank''' || optional || The settlement's population, as ranked within its parent sub-division |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_rank''' || optional || The settlement's population density, as ranked within its parent sub-division |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_blank1_title''' || optional || Can be used for estimates. Example: [[Windsor, Ontario]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_blank1''' || optional || The population value for blank1_title |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_blank1_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_blank1_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_blank2_title''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_blank2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_blank2_km2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_density_blank2_sq_mi''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_demonym''' || optional || A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. For example, a citizen in [[Liverpool]] is known as a [[Liverpudlian]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_demonyms''' || optional || If more than one demonym, use this |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''population_note''' || optional || A place for additional information such as the name of the source. See [[Windsor, Ontario]] for example. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Demographics (section 1) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics_type1''' || optional || Section Header. For example: Ethnicity |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics1_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for demographics section 1, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics1_title1'''<br />to<br />'''demographics1_title7''' || optional || Titles related to demographics_type1. For example: White, Black, Hispanic... |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics1_info1'''<br />to<br />'''demographics1_info7''' || optional || Information related to the "titles". For example: 50%, 25%, 10%... |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Demographics (section 2) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics_type2''' || optional || A second section header. For example: Languages |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics2_footnotes''' || optional || Reference(s) for demographics section 2, placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics2_title1'''<br />to<br />'''demographics2_title10''' || optional || Titles related to '''demographics_type2'''. For example: English, French, Arabic... |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''demographics2_info1'''<br />to<br />'''demographics2_info10''' || optional || Information related to the "titles" for type2. For example: 50%, 25%, 10%... |} {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan=3 style="color:inherit; background: orange; text-align: center;" | ===Other information=== |- style="color: black; background: whitesmoke;" ! Parameter name !! Usage !! Description |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Time zone(s) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''timezone1''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''utc_offset1''' || optional || Plain text, e.g. "+05:00" or "−08:00". Auto-linked, so do not include references or additional text. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''timezone1_DST''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''utc_offset1_DST''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''timezone2''' || optional || A second timezone field for larger areas. Up to five timezones may be included. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''utc_offset2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''timezone2_DST''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''utc_offset2_DST''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Postal code(s) & area code |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''postal_code_type''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''postal_code''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''postal2_code_type''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''postal2_code''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_code_type''' || optional || If left blank/not used template will default to "[[Telephone numbering plan|Area code(s)]]" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_code''' || optional || Refers to the telephone dialing code for the settlement, ''not'' a geographic area code. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''area_codes''' || optional || If more than one area code, use this |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''geocode''' || optional || See [[Geocode]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''iso_code''' || optional || See [[ISO 3166]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''registration_plate_type''' || optional || If left blank/not used template will default to "[[Vehicle registration plate|Vehicle registration]]" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''registration_plate''' || optional || See [[Vehicle registration plate]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Blank fields (section 1) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_name_sec1''' || optional || Fields used to display other information. The name is displayed in bold on the left side of the infobox. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_info_sec1''' || optional || The information associated with the ''blank_name'' heading. The info is displayed on right side of infobox, in the same row as the name. For an example, see: [[Warsaw]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank1_name_sec1'''<br />to<br />'''blank7_name_sec1''' || optional || Up to 7 additional fields (8 total) can be displayed in this section |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank1_info_sec1'''<br />to<br />'''blank7_info_sec1''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Blank fields (section 2) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_name_sec2''' || optional || For a second section of blank fields |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank_info_sec2''' || optional || Example: [[Beijing]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank1_name_sec2'''<br />to<br />'''blank7_name_sec2''' || optional || Up to 7 additional fields (8 total) can be displayed in this section |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''blank1_info_sec2'''<br />to<br />'''blank7_info_sec2''' || optional || |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan=3 style="color:black; background: #ddd;" | Website, footnotes |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''website''' || optional || External link to official website, use {{Tl|Official URL}} if Property P856 "official website" exists on Wikidata, or <nowiki>{{URL|example.com}}</nowiki> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''module''' || optional || To embed infoboxes at the bottom of the infobox |- style="vertical-align:top;" | '''footnotes''' || optional || Text to be displayed at the bottom of the infobox |} <!-- End of parameter name/description table --> ==Examples== ;Example 1: <!-- NOTE: This differs from the actual Chicago infobox in order to provide examples. --> {{Infobox settlement | name = Chicago | settlement_type = [[City (Illinois)|City]] | image_skyline = Chicago montage.jpg | imagesize = 275px <!--default is 250px--> | image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Downtown Chicago]], the [[Chicago Theatre]], the [[Chicago 'L']], [[Navy Pier]], [[Millennium Park]], the [[Field Museum]], and the [[Willis Tower|Willis (formerly Sears) Tower]] | image_flag = Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg | image_seal = | etymology = {{langx|mia|shikaakwa}} ("wild onion" or "wild garlic") | nickname = [[Origin of Chicago's "Windy City" nickname|The Windy City]], The Second City, Chi-Town, Chi-City, Hog Butcher for the World, City of the Big Shoulders, The City That Works, and others found at [[List of nicknames for Chicago]] | motto = {{langx|la|Urbs in Horto}} (City in a Garden), Make Big Plans (Make No Small Plans), I Will | image_map = US-IL-Chicago.png | map_caption = Location in the [[Chicago metropolitan area]] and Illinois | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-stroke-width = 1 | mapframe-shape-fill = #0096ff | mapframe-marker = building-alt1 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-id = Q1297 | coordinates = {{coord|41|50|15|N|87|40|55|W}} | coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="USCB Gazetteer 2010"/> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Illinois]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Illinois|Counties]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook]], [[DuPage County, Illinois|DuPage]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = 1770s | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date2 = March 4, 1837 | founder = | named_for = {{langx|mia|shikaakwa}}<br /> ("Wild onion") | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Chicago|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Rahm Emanuel]] | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] | leader_title1 = [[City council|Council]] | leader_name1 = [[Chicago City Council]] | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="USCB Gazetteer 2010">{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt | title = 2010 United States Census Gazetteer for Places: January 1, 2010 | format = text | work = 2010 United States Census | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]] | date = April 2010 | access-date = August 1, 2012}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 234.114 | area_land_sq_mi = 227.635 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.479 | area_water_percent = 3 | area_urban_sq_mi = 2123 | area_metro_sq_mi = 10874 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/> | elevation_ft = 594 | elevation_m = 181 | population_footnotes = <ref name="USCB PopEstCities 2011">{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2011/tables/SUB-EST2011-01.csv | title = Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 50,000, Ranked by July 1, 2011 Population | format = [[comma-separated values|CSV]] | work = 2011 Population Estimates | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division | date = June 2012 | access-date = August 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="USCB Metro 2010">{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf | title = Population Change for the Ten Most Populous and Fastest Growing Metropolitan Statiscal Areas: 2000 to 2010 | date = March 2011 | publisher = [[U.S. Census Bureau]] | page = 6 |access-date = April 12, 2011}}</ref> | population_as_of = [[2010 United States census|2010]] | population_total = 2695598 | pop_est_footnotes = | pop_est_as_of = 2011 | population_est = 2707120 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|3rd US]] | population_density_sq_mi = 11,892.4<!-- 2011 population_est / area_land_sq_mi --> | population_urban = 8711000 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = auto | population_metro = 9461105 | population_density_metro_sq_mi = auto | population_demonym = Chicagoan | timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]] | utc_offset = −06:00 | timezone_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −05:00 | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] | area_codes = [[Area code 312|312]], [[Area code 773|773]], [[Area code 872|872]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS]] code | blank_info = {{FIPS|17|14000}} | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|423587}}, {{GNIS 4|428803}} | website = {{URL|www.cityofchicago.org}} | footnotes = <ref name="GNIS">{{Cite gnis|428803|City of Chicago|April 12, 2011}}</ref> }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <!-- NOTE: This differs from the actual Chicago infobox in order to provide examples. --> {{Infobox settlement | name = Chicago | settlement_type = [[City (Illinois)|City]] | image_skyline = Chicago montage.jpg | imagesize = 275px <!--default is 250px--> | image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Downtown Chicago]], the [[Chicago Theatre]], the [[Chicago 'L']], [[Navy Pier]], [[Millennium Park]], the [[Field Museum]], and the [[Willis Tower|Willis (formerly Sears) Tower]] | image_flag = Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg | image_seal = | etymology = {{langx|mia|shikaakwa}} ("wild onion" or "wild garlic") | nickname = [[Origin of Chicago's "Windy City" nickname|The Windy City]], The Second City, Chi-Town, Chi-City, Hog Butcher for the World, City of the Big Shoulders, The City That Works, and others found at [[List of nicknames for Chicago]] | motto = {{langx|la|Urbs in Horto}} (City in a Garden), Make Big Plans (Make No Small Plans), I Will | image_map = US-IL-Chicago.png | map_caption = Location in the [[Chicago metropolitan area]] and Illinois | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-stroke-width = 1 | mapframe-shape-fill = #0096ff | mapframe-marker = building-alt1 | coordinates = {{coord|41|50|15|N|87|40|55|W}} | coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="USCB Gazetteer 2010"/> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Illinois]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Illinois|Counties]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook]], [[DuPage County, Illinois|DuPage]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = 1770s | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date2 = March 4, 1837 | founder = | named_for = {{langx|mia|shikaakwa}}<br /> ("Wild onion") | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Chicago|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Rahm Emanuel]] | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] | leader_title1 = [[City council|Council]] | leader_name1 = [[Chicago City Council]] | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="USCB Gazetteer 2010">{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt | title = 2010 United States Census Gazetteer for Places: January 1, 2010 | format = text | work = 2010 United States Census | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]] | date = April 2010 | access-date = August 1, 2012}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 234.114 | area_land_sq_mi = 227.635 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.479 | area_water_percent = 3 | area_urban_sq_mi = 2123 | area_metro_sq_mi = 10874 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/> | elevation_ft = 594 | elevation_m = 181 | population_footnotes = <ref name="USCB PopEstCities 2011">{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2011/tables/SUB-EST2011-01.csv | title = Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 50,000, Ranked by July 1, 2011 Population | format = [[comma-separated values|CSV]] | work = 2011 Population Estimates | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division | date = June 2012 | access-date = August 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="USCB Metro 2010">{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf | title = Population Change for the Ten Most Populous and Fastest Growing Metropolitan Statiscal Areas: 2000 to 2010 | date = March 2011 | publisher = [[U.S. Census Bureau]] | page = 6 |access-date = April 12, 2011}}</ref> | population_as_of = [[2010 United States census|2010]] | population_total = 2695598 | pop_est_footnotes = | pop_est_as_of = 2011 | population_est = 2707120 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|3rd US]] | population_density_sq_mi = 11,892.4<!-- 2011 population_est / area_land_sq_mi --> | population_urban = 8711000 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = auto | population_metro = 9461105 | population_density_metro_sq_mi = auto | population_demonym = Chicagoan | timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]] | utc_offset = −06:00 | timezone_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −05:00 | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] | area_codes = [[Area code 312|312]], [[Area code 773|773]], [[Area code 872|872]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS]] code | blank_info = {{FIPS|17|14000}} | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|423587}}, {{GNIS 4|428803}} | website = {{URL|www.cityofchicago.org}} | footnotes = <ref name="GNIS">{{Cite gnis|428803|City of Chicago|April 12, 2011}}</ref> }} </syntaxhighlight> '''References''' {{reflist}} {{clear}} ---- ;Example 2: {{Infobox settlement | name = Detroit | settlement_type = [[City (Michigan)|City]] | image_skyline = Detroit Montage.jpg | imagesize = 290px | image_caption = Images from top to bottom, left to right: [[Downtown Detroit]] skyline, [[Spirit of Detroit]], [[Greektown Historic District|Greektown]], [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]], [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], and [[Comerica Park]]. | image_flag = Flag of Detroit.svg | image_seal = Seal of Detroit.svg | etymology = {{langx|fr|détroit}} ([[strait]]) | nickname = The Motor City, Motown, Renaissance City, The D, Hockeytown, The Automotive Capital of the World, Rock City, The 313 | motto = ''Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus''<br />([[Latin]]: We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes) | image_map = Wayne County Michigan Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Detroit highlighted.svg | mapsize = 250x200px | map_caption = Location within [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]] and the state of [[Michigan]] | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location within the [[contiguous United States]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-stroke-width = 1 | mapframe-marker = city | mapframe-zoom = 9 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-id = Q12439 | coordinates = {{coord|42|19|53|N|83|2|45|W}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Michigan]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Michigan|County]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne]] | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1701 | established_title2 = Incorporated | established_date2 = 1806 | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref> tags --> | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Detroit|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Mike Duggan]] | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] | leader_title1 = [[Detroit City Council|City Council]] | leader_name1 = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes | title = Members | 1 = [[Charles Pugh]] – Council President | 2 = [[Gary Brown (Detroit politician)|Gary Brown]] – Council President Pro-Tem | 3 = [[JoAnn Watson]] | 4 = [[Kenneth Cockrel, Jr.]] | 5 = [[Saunteel Jenkins]] | 6 = [[Andre Spivey]] | 7 = [[James Tate (Detroit politician)|James Tate]] | 8 = [[Brenda Jones (Detroit politician)|Brenda Jones]] | 9 = [[Kwame Kenyatta]] }} | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_sq_mi = 142.87 | area_total_km2 = 370.03 | area_land_sq_mi = 138.75 | area_land_km2 = 359.36 | area_water_sq_mi = 4.12 | area_water_km2 = 10.67 | area_urban_sq_mi = 1295 | area_metro_sq_mi = 3913 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_ft = 600 | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2011 | population_total = 706585 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|18th in U.S.]] | population_urban = 3863924 | population_metro = 4285832 (US: [[List of United States metropolitan statistical areas|13th]]) | population_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]] | population_blank1 = 5207434 (US: [[List of United States combined statistical areas|11th]]) | population_density_sq_mi= {{#expr:713777/138.8 round 0}} | population_demonym = Detroiter | population_note = | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|EST]] | utc_offset = −5 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −4 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = [[Area code 313|313]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]] | blank_info = {{FIPS|26|22000}} | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1617959}}, {{GNIS 4|1626181}} | website = [http://www.detroitmi.gov/ DetroitMI.gov] | footnotes = }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"> {{Infobox settlement | name = Detroit | settlement_type = [[City (Michigan)|City]] | image_skyline = Detroit Montage.jpg | imagesize = 290px | image_caption = Images from top to bottom, left to right: [[Downtown Detroit]] skyline, [[Spirit of Detroit]], [[Greektown Historic District|Greektown]], [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]], [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], and [[Comerica Park]]. | image_flag = Flag of Detroit, Michigan.svg | image_seal = Seal of Detroit, Michigan.svg | etymology = {{langx|fr|détroit}} ([[strait]]) | nickname = The Motor City, Motown, Renaissance City, The D, Hockeytown, The Automotive Capital of the World, Rock City, The 313 | motto = ''Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus''<br />([[Latin]]: We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes) | image_map = Wayne County Michigan Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Detroit highlighted.svg | mapsize = 250x200px | map_caption = Location within [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]] and the state of [[Michigan]] | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location within the [[contiguous United States]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-stroke-width = 1 | mapframe-marker = city | mapframe-zoom = 9 | coordinates = {{coord|42|19|53|N|83|2|45|W}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Michigan | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Michigan|County]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne]] | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1701 | established_title2 = Incorporated | established_date2 = 1806 | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref> tags --> | government_type = [[Mayor-council government|Mayor-Council]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Detroit|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Mike Duggan]] | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] | leader_title1 = [[Detroit City Council|City Council]] | leader_name1 = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes | title = Members | 1 = [[Charles Pugh]] – Council President | 2 = [[Gary Brown (Detroit politician)|Gary Brown]] – Council President Pro-Tem | 3 = [[JoAnn Watson]] | 4 = [[Kenneth Cockrel, Jr.]] | 5 = [[Saunteel Jenkins]] | 6 = [[Andre Spivey]] | 7 = [[James Tate (Detroit politician)|James Tate]] | 8 = [[Brenda Jones (Detroit politician)|Brenda Jones]] | 9 = [[Kwame Kenyatta]] }} | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_sq_mi = 142.87 | area_total_km2 = 370.03 | area_land_sq_mi = 138.75 | area_land_km2 = 359.36 | area_water_sq_mi = 4.12 | area_water_km2 = 10.67 | area_urban_sq_mi = 1295 | area_metro_sq_mi = 3913 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_ft = 600 | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2011 | population_total = 706585 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|18th in U.S.]] | population_urban = 3863924 | population_metro = 4285832 (US: [[List of United States metropolitan statistical areas|13th]]) | population_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]] | population_blank1 = 5207434 (US: [[List of United States combined statistical areas|11th]]) | population_density_sq_mi= {{#expr:713777/138.8 round 0}} | population_demonym = Detroiter | population_note = | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|EST]] | utc_offset = −5 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −4 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = [[Area code 313|313]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]] | blank_info = {{FIPS|26|22000}} | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1617959}}, {{GNIS 4|1626181}} | website = [http://www.detroitmi.gov/ DetroitMI.gov] | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} ==Supporting templates== The following is a list of sub-templates used by Infobox settlement. See the [{{fullurl:Special:PrefixIndex|prefix=Infobox+settlement%2F&namespace=10&hideredirects=1}} current list of all sub-templates] for documentation, sandboxes, testcases, etc. * {{tl|Infobox settlement/areadisp}} * {{tl|Infobox settlement/densdisp}} * {{tl|Infobox settlement/lengthdisp}} * {{tl|Infobox settlement/link}} ==Microformat== {{UF-hcard-geo}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} {{collapse top|title=TemplateData}} <templatedata> { "description": "Infobox for human settlements (cities, towns, villages, communities) as well as other administrative districts, counties, provinces, etc.", "format": "block", "params": { "name": { "label": "Common name", "description": "This is the usual name in English. If it's not specified, the infobox will use the 'official_name' as a title unless this too is missing, in which case the page name will be used.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "official_name": { "label": "Official name", "description": "The official name in English, if different from 'name'.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "native_name": { "label": "Native name", "description": "This will display under the name/official name.", "type": "string", "example": "Distrito Federal de México" }, "native_name_lang": { "label": "Native name language", "description": "Use ISO 639-1 code, e.g. 'fr' for French. If there is more than one native name in different languages, enter those names using {{lang}} instead.", "type": "string", "example": "zh" }, "other_name": { "label": "Other name", "description": "For places with other commonly used names like Bombay or Saigon.", "type": "string" }, "settlement_type": { "label": "Type of settlement", "description": "Any type can be entered, such as 'City', 'Town', 'Village', 'Hamlet', 'Municipality', 'Reservation', etc. If set, will be displayed under the names, provided either 'name' or 'official_name' is filled in. Might also be used as a label for total population/area (defaulting to 'City'), if needed to distinguish from 'Urban', 'Rural' or 'Metro' (if urban, rural or metro figures are not present, the label is 'Total' unless 'total_type' is set).", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "type" ] }, "translit_lang1": { "label": "Transliteration from language 1", "description": "Will place the entry before the word 'transliteration(s)'. Can be used to specify a particular language, like in Dêlêg, or one may just enter 'Other', like in Gaza's article.", "type": "string" }, "translit_lang1_type": { "label": "Transliteration type for language 1", "type": "line", "example": "[[Hanyu pinyin]]", "description": "The type of transliteration used for the first language." }, "translit_lang1_info": { "label": "Transliteration language 1 info", "description": "Parameters 'translit_lang2_info1' ... 'translit_lang2_info6' are also available, but not documented here.", "type": "string" }, "translit_lang2": { "label": "Transliteration language 2", "description": "Will place a second transliteration. See Dêlêg.", "type": "string" }, "image_skyline": { "label": "Image", "description": "Primary image representing the settlement. Commonly a photo of the settlement’s skyline.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "imagesize": { "label": "Image size", "description": "Can be used to tweak the size of 'image_skyline' up or down. This can be helpful if an editor wants to make the infobox wider. If used, 'px' must be specified; default size is 250px.", "type": "string" }, "image_alt": { "label": "Image alt text", "description": "Alt (hover) text for the image, used by visually impaired readers who cannot see the image.", "type": "string" }, "image_caption": { "label": "Image caption", "description": "Will place a caption under 'image_skyline' (if present).", "type": "content", "aliases": [ "caption" ] }, "image_flag": { "label": "Flag image", "description": "Used for a flag.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "flag_size": { "label": "Flag size", "description": "Can be used to tweak the size of 'image_flag' up or down from 100px as desired. If used, 'px' must be specified; default size is 100px.", "type": "string" }, "flag_alt": { "label": "Flag alt text", "description": "Alt text for the flag.", "type": "string" }, "flag_border": { "label": "Flag border?", "description": "Set to 'no' to remove the border from the flag.", "type": "boolean", "example": "no" }, "flag_link": { "label": "Flag link", "type": "string", "description": "Link to the flag." }, "image_seal": { "label": "Official seal image", "description": "An image of an official seal, if the place has one.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "seal_size": { "label": "Seal size", "description": "If used, 'px' must be specified; default size is 100px.", "type": "string" }, "seal_alt": { "label": "Seal alt text", "description": "Alt (hover) text for the seal.", "type": "string" }, "seal_link": { "label": "Seal link", "type": "string", "description": "Link to the seal." }, "seal_class": { "label": "Seal class", "description": "CSS class for the seal image", "type": "line", "suggestedvalues": [ "skin-invert" ] }, "image_shield": { "label": "Coat of arms/shield image", "description": "Can be used for a place with a coat of arms.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "shield_size": { "label": "Shield size", "description": "If used, 'px' must be specified; default size is 100px.", "type": "string", "example": "200px" }, "shield_alt": { "label": "Shield alt text", "description": "Alternate text for the shield.", "type": "string" }, "shield_link": { "label": "Shield link", "description": "Can be used if a wiki article if known but is not automatically linked by the template. See Coquitlam, British Columbia's infobox for an example.", "type": "string" }, "image_blank_emblem": { "label": "Blank emblem image", "description": "Can be used if a place has an official logo, crest, emblem, etc.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "blank_emblem_type": { "label": "Blank emblem type", "description": "Caption beneath 'image_blank_emblem' to specify what type of emblem it is.", "type": "string", "example": "Logo" }, "blank_emblem_size": { "label": "Blank emblem size", "description": "If used, 'px' must be specified; default size is 100px.", "type": "string", "example": "200px" }, "blank_emblem_alt": { "label": "Blank emblem alt text", "description": "Alt text for blank emblem.", "type": "string" }, "blank_emblem_link": { "label": "Blank emblem link", "type": "string", "description": "A link to the emblem of custom type." }, "nickname": { "label": "Nickname", "description": "Well-known nickname(s).", "type": "string", "example": "Sin City" }, "motto": { "label": "Motto", "description": "Will place the motto under the nicknames.", "type": "string" }, "anthem": { "label": "Anthem", "description": "Will place the anthem (song) under the nicknames.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Hatikvah]]" }, "image_map": { "label": "Map image", "description": "A map of the region, or a map with the region highlighted within a parent region.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "mapsize": { "label": "Map size", "description": "If used, 'px' must be specified; default is 250px.", "type": "string" }, "map_alt": { "label": "Map alt text", "description": "Alternate (hover) text for the map.", "type": "string" }, "map_caption": { "label": "Map caption", "type": "content", "description": "Caption for the map displayed." }, "image_map1": { "label": "Map 2 image", "description": "A secondary map image. The field 'image_map' must be filled in first. For an example, see [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania]].", "example": "File:Columbia County Pennsylvania Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Bloomsburg Highlighted.svg", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "mapsize1": { "label": "Map 2 size", "description": "If used, 'px' must be specified; default is 250px.", "type": "string", "example": "300px" }, "map_alt1": { "label": "Map 2 alt text", "description": "Alt (hover) text for the second map.", "type": "string" }, "map_caption1": { "label": "Map 2 caption", "type": "content", "description": "Caption of the second map." }, "pushpin_map": { "label": "Pushpin map", "description": "The name of a location map (e.g. 'Indonesia' or 'Russia'). The coordinates information (from the coordinates parameter) positions a pushpin coordinate marker and label on the map automatically. For an example, see Padang, Indonesia.", "type": "string", "example": "Indonesia" }, "pushpin_mapsize": { "label": "Pushpin map size", "description": "Must be entered as only a number—do not use 'px'. The default value is 250.", "type": "number", "example": "200" }, "pushpin_map_alt": { "label": "Pushpin map alt text", "description": "Alt (hover) text for the pushpin map.", "type": "string" }, "pushpin_map_caption": { "label": "Pushpin map caption", "description": "Fill out if a different caption from 'map_caption' is desired.", "type": "string", "example": "Map showing Bloomsburg in Pennsylvania" }, "pushpin_label": { "label": "Pushpin label", "type": "line", "example": "Bloomsburg", "description": "Label of the pushpin." }, "pushpin_label_position": { "label": "Pushpin label position", "description": "The position of the label on the pushpin map relative to the pushpin coordinate marker. Valid options are 'left', 'right', 'top', 'bottom', and 'none'. If this field is not specified, the default value is 'right'.", "type": "string", "example": "left", "default": "right" }, "pushpin_outside": { "label": "Pushpin outside?", "type": "line" }, "pushpin_relief": { "label": "Pushpin relief", "description": "Set this to 'y' or any non-blank value to use an alternative relief map provided by the selected location map (if a relief map is available).", "type": "string", "example": "y" }, "pushpin_image": { "label": "Pushpin image", "type": "wiki-file-name", "description": "Image to use for the pushpin." }, "pushpin_overlay": { "label": "Pushpin overlay", "description": "Can be used to specify an image to be superimposed on the regular pushpin map.", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "coordinates": { "label": "Coordinates", "description": "Latitude and longitude. Use {{Coord}}. See the documentation for {{Coord}} for more details on usage.", "type": "wiki-template-name", "example": "{{coord|41|50|15|N|87|40|55|W}}" }, "coor_pinpoint": { "label": "Coordinate pinpoint", "description": "If needed, to specify more exactly where (or what) coordinates are given (e.g. 'Town Hall') or a specific place in a larger area (e.g. a city in a county). Example: Masovian Voivodeship.", "type": "string" }, "coordinates_footnotes": { "label": "Coordinates footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for coordinates. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type": { "label": "Subdivision type 1", "description": "Almost always 'Country'.", "type": "string", "example": "Country", "suggestedvalues": [ "Country" ] }, "subdivision_name": { "label": "Subdivision name 1", "description": "Depends on 'subdivision_type'. Use the name in text form, e.g., 'United States'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates may be used in this field.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type1": { "label": "Subdivision type 2", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type2": { "label": "Subdivision type 3", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type3": { "label": "Subdivision type 4", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type4": { "label": "Subdivision type 5", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type5": { "label": "Subdivision type 6", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_type6": { "label": "Subdivision type 7", "description": "Additional subdivisions; can be state/province, region, or county.", "type": "string" }, "subdivision_name1": { "label": "Subdivision name 2", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Connecticut]]" }, "subdivision_name2": { "label": "Subdivision name 3", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Florida]]" }, "subdivision_name3": { "label": "Subdivision name 4", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Utah]]" }, "subdivision_name4": { "label": "Subdivision name 5", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[California]]" }, "subdivision_name5": { "label": "Subdivision name 6", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Vermont]]" }, "subdivision_name6": { "label": "Subdivision name 7", "description": "Use the name in text form, e.g., 'Florida' or '[[Florida]]'. Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG, flag icons or flag templates should not be used in this field.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Wyoming]]" }, "established_title": { "label": "First establishment event", "description": "Title of the first establishment event.", "type": "string", "example": "First settled" }, "established_date": { "label": "First establishment date", "type": "date", "description": "Date of the first establishment event." }, "established_title1": { "label": "Second establishment event", "description": "Title of the second establishment event.", "type": "string", "example": "Incorporated as a town" }, "established_date1": { "label": "Second establishment date", "type": "date", "description": "Date of the second establishment event." }, "established_title2": { "label": "Third establishment event", "description": "Title of the third establishment event.", "type": "string", "example": "Incorporated as a city" }, "established_date2": { "label": "Third establishment date", "type": "date", "description": "Date of the third establishment event." }, "established_title3": { "label": "Fourth establishment event", "type": "string", "description": "Title of the fourth establishment event.", "example": "Incorporated as a county" }, "established_date3": { "label": "Fourth establishment date", "type": "date", "description": "Date of the fourth establishment event." }, "extinct_title": { "label": "Extinction event title", "description": "For when a settlement ceases to exist.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Sack of Rome]]" }, "extinct_date": { "label": "Extinction date", "type": "string", "description": "Date the settlement ceased to exist." }, "founder": { "label": "Founder", "description": "Who the settlement was founded by.", "type": "string" }, "named_for": { "label": "Named for", "description": "The source of the name of the settlement (a person, a place, et cetera).", "type": "string", "example": "[[Ho Chi Minh]]" }, "seat_type": { "label": "Seat of government type", "description": "The label for the seat of government (defaults to 'Seat').", "type": "string", "default": "Seat" }, "seat": { "label": "Seat of government", "description": "The seat of government.", "type": "string", "example": "[[White House]]" }, "parts_type": { "label": "Type of smaller subdivisions", "description": "The label for the smaller subdivisions (defaults to 'Boroughs').", "type": "string", "default": "Boroughs" }, "parts_style": { "label": "Parts style", "description": "Set to 'list' to display as a collapsible list, 'coll' as a collapsed list, or 'para' to use paragraph style. Default is 'list' for up to 5 items, otherwise 'coll'.", "type": "string", "example": "list" }, "parts": { "label": "Smaller subdivisions", "description": "Text or header of the list of smaller subdivisions.", "type": "string" }, "p1": { "label": "Smaller subdivision 1", "description": "The smaller subdivisions to be listed. Parameters 'p1' to 'p50' can also be used.", "type": "string" }, "government_footnotes": { "label": "Government footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for government. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "content" }, "government_type": { "label": "Government type", "description": "The place's type of government.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Mayor–council government]]" }, "governing_body": { "label": "Governing body", "description": "Name of the place's governing body.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "Legislative Council of Hong Kong" }, "leader_party": { "label": "Leader political party", "description": "Political party of the place's leader.", "type": "string" }, "leader_title": { "label": "Leader title", "description": "First title of the place's leader, e.g. 'Mayor'.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Governor (United States)|Governor]]" }, "leader_name": { "label": "Leader's name", "description": "Name of the place's leader.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Jay Inslee]]" }, "leader_title1": { "label": "Leader title 1", "description": "First title of the place's leader, e.g. 'Mayor'.", "type": "string", "example": "Mayor" }, "leader_name1": { "label": "Leader name 1", "description": "Additional names for leaders. Parameters 'leader_name1' .. 'leader_name4' are available. For long lists, use {{Collapsible list}}.", "type": "string" }, "total_type": { "label": "Total type", "description": "Specifies what total area and population figure refer to, e.g. 'Greater London'. This overrides other labels for total population/area. To make the total area and population display on the same line as the words ''Area'' and ''Population'', with no ''Total'' or similar label, set the value of this parameter to '&nbsp;'.", "type": "string" }, "unit_pref": { "label": "Unit preference", "description": "To change the unit order to 'imperial (metric)', enter 'imperial'. The default display style is 'metric (imperial)'. However, the template will swap the order automatically if the 'subdivision_name' equals some variation of the US or the UK. For the Middle East, a unit preference of dunam can be entered (only affects total area). All values must be entered in a raw format (no commas, spaces, or unit symbols). The template will format them automatically.", "type": "string", "example": "imperial" }, "area_footnotes": { "label": "Area footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for area. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "dunam_link": { "label": "Link dunams?", "description": "If dunams are used, the default is to link the word ''dunams'' in the total area section. This can be changed by setting 'dunam_link' to another measure (e.g. 'dunam_link=water'). Linking can also be turned off by setting the parameter to something else (e.g., 'dunam_link=none' or 'dunam_link=off').", "type": "boolean", "example": "none" }, "area_total_km2": { "label": "Total area (km2)", "description": "Total area in square kilometers (symbol: km²). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square miles if 'area_total_sq_mi' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_total_sq_mi": { "label": "Total area (sq. mi)", "description": "Total area in square miles (symbol: sq mi). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square kilometers if 'area_total_km2' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_total_ha": { "label": "Total area (hectares)", "description": "Total area in hectares (symbol: ha). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display acres if 'area_total_acre' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_total_acre": { "label": "Total area (acres)", "description": "Total area in acres. Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display hectares if 'area_total_ha' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_total_dunam": { "label": "Total area (dunams)", "description": "Total area in dunams, which is wikilinked. Used in Middle Eastern places like Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank. Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square kilometers or hectares and square miles or acres if 'area_total_km2', 'area_total_ha', 'area_total_sq_mi', and 'area_total_acre' are empty. Examples: Gaza and Ramallah.", "type": "number" }, "area_land_km2": { "label": "Land area (sq. km)", "description": "Land area in square kilometers (symbol: km²). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square miles if 'area_land_sq_mi' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_land_sq_mi": { "label": "Land area (sq. mi)", "description": "Land area in square miles (symbol: sq mi). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square kilometers if 'area_land_km2' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_land_ha": { "label": "Land area (hectares)", "description": "The place's land area in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_land_dunam": { "label": "Land area (dunams)", "description": "The place's land area in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_land_acre": { "label": "Land area (acres)", "description": "The place's land area in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_km2": { "label": "Water area (sq. km)", "description": "Water area in square kilometers (symbol: km²). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square miles if 'area_water_sq_mi' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_sq_mi": { "label": "Water area (sq. mi)", "description": "Water area in square miles (symbol: sq mi). Value must be entered in raw format (no commas or spaces). Auto-converted to display square kilometers if 'area_water_km2' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_ha": { "label": "Water area (hectares)", "description": "The place's water area in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_dunam": { "label": "Water area (dunams)", "description": "The place's water area in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_acre": { "label": "Water area (acres)", "description": "The place's water area in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_water_percent": { "label": "Percent water area", "description": "Percent of water without the %.", "type": "number", "example": "21" }, "area_urban_km2": { "label": "Urban area (sq. km)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's urban area in square kilometers." }, "area_urban_sq_mi": { "label": "Urban area (sq. mi)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's urban area in square miles." }, "area_urban_ha": { "label": "Urban area (hectares)", "description": "Area of the place's urban area in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_urban_dunam": { "label": "Urban area (dunams)", "description": "Area of the place's urban area in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_urban_acre": { "label": "Urban area (acres)", "description": "Area of the place's urban area in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_urban_footnotes": { "label": "Urban area footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for the urban area. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "area_rural_km2": { "label": "Rural area (sq. km)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's rural area in square kilometers." }, "area_rural_sq_mi": { "label": "Rural area (sq. mi)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's rural area in square miles." }, "area_rural_ha": { "label": "Rural area (hectares)", "description": "Area of the place's rural area in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_rural_dunam": { "label": "Rural area (dunams)", "description": "Area of the place's rural area in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_rural_acre": { "label": "Rural area (acres)", "description": "Area of the place's rural area in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_rural_footnotes": { "label": "Rural area footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for the urban area. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "area_metro_km2": { "label": "Metropolitan area (sq. km)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's metropolitan area in square kilometers." }, "area_metro_sq_mi": { "label": "Metropolitan area (sq. mi)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's metropolitan area in square miles." }, "area_metro_ha": { "label": "Metropolitan area (hectares)", "description": "Area of the place's metropolitan area in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_metro_dunam": { "label": "Metropolitan area (dunams)", "description": "Area of the place's metropolitan area in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_metro_acre": { "label": "Metropolitan area (acres)", "description": "Area of the place's metropolitan area in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_metro_footnotes": { "label": "Metropolitan area footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for the urban area. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "area_rank": { "label": "Area rank", "description": "The settlement's area, as ranked within its parent sub-division.", "type": "string" }, "area_blank1_title": { "label": "First blank area section title", "description": "Title of the place's first custom area section.", "type": "string", "example": "see [[London]]" }, "area_blank1_km2": { "label": "Area blank 1 (sq. km)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's first blank area section in square kilometers." }, "area_blank1_sq_mi": { "label": "Area blank 1 (sq. mi)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's first blank area section in square miles." }, "area_blank1_ha": { "label": "Area blank 1 (hectares)", "description": "Area of the place's first blank area section in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_blank1_dunam": { "label": "Area blank 1 (dunams)", "description": "Area of the place's first blank area section in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_blank1_acre": { "label": "Area blank 1 (acres)", "description": "Area of the place's first blank area section in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_blank2_title": { "label": "Second blank area section title", "type": "string", "description": "Title of the place's second custom area section." }, "area_blank2_km2": { "label": "Area blank 2 (sq. km)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's second blank area section in square kilometers." }, "area_blank2_sq_mi": { "label": "Area blank 2 (sq. mi)", "type": "number", "description": "Area of the place's second blank area section in square miles." }, "area_blank2_ha": { "label": "Area blank 2 (hectares)", "description": "Area of the place's third blank area section in hectares.", "type": "number" }, "area_blank2_dunam": { "label": "Area blank 2 (dunams)", "description": "Area of the place's third blank area section in dunams.", "type": "number" }, "area_blank2_acre": { "label": "Area blank 2 (acres)", "description": "Area of the place's third blank area section in acres.", "type": "number" }, "area_note": { "label": "Area footnotes", "description": "A place for additional information such as the name of the source.", "type": "content", "example": "<ref name=\"CenPopGazetteer2016\">{{cite web|title=2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref>" }, "dimensions_footnotes": { "label": "Dimensions footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for dimensions. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "content" }, "length_km": { "label": "Length in km", "description": "Raw number entered in kilometers. Will automatically convert to display length in miles if 'length_mi' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "length_mi": { "label": "Length in miles", "description": "Raw number entered in miles. Will automatically convert to display length in kilometers if 'length_km' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "width_km": { "label": "Width in kilometers", "description": "Raw number entered in kilometers. Will automatically convert to display width in miles if 'length_mi' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "width_mi": { "label": "Width in miles", "description": "Raw number entered in miles. Will automatically convert to display width in kilometers if 'length_km' is empty.", "type": "number" }, "elevation_m": { "label": "Elevation in meters", "description": "Raw number entered in meters. Will automatically convert to display elevation in feet if 'elevation_ft' is empty. However, if a range in elevation (i.e. 5–50&nbsp;m) is desired, use the 'max' and 'min' fields below.", "type": "number" }, "elevation_ft": { "label": "Elevation in feet", "description": "Raw number, entered in feet. Will automatically convert to display the average elevation in meters if 'elevation_m' field is empty. However, if a range in elevation (i.e. 50–500&nbsp;ft) is desired, use the 'max' and 'min' fields below.", "type": "number" }, "elevation_footnotes": { "label": "Elevation footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for elevation. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "elevation_min_point": { "type": "line", "label": "Point of min elevation", "description": "The name of the point of lowest elevation in the place.", "example": "[[Death Valley]]" }, "elevation_min_m": { "label": "Minimum elevation (m)", "type": "number", "description": "The minimum elevation in meters." }, "elevation_min_ft": { "label": "Minimum elevation (ft)", "type": "number", "description": "The minimum elevation in feet." }, "elevation_min_rank": { "type": "line", "label": "Minimum elevation rank", "description": "The point of minimum elevation's rank in the parent region.", "example": "1st" }, "elevation_min_footnotes": { "label": "Min elevation footnotes", "type": "content", "description": "Footnotes or citations for the minimum elevation." }, "elevation_max_point": { "type": "line", "label": "Point of max elevation", "description": "The name of the point of highest elevation in the place.", "example": "[[Mount Everest]]" }, "elevation_max_m": { "label": "Maximum elevation (m)", "type": "number", "description": "The maximum elevation in meters." }, "elevation_max_ft": { "label": "Maximum elevation (ft)", "type": "number", "description": "The maximum elevation in feet." }, "elevation_max_rank": { "type": "line", "label": "Maximum elevation rank", "description": "The point of maximum elevation's rank in the parent region.", "example": "2nd" }, "elevation_max_footnotes": { "label": "Max elevation footnotes", "type": "content", "description": "Footnotes or citations for the maximum elevation." }, "population_total": { "label": "Population total", "description": "Actual population (see below for estimates) preferably consisting of digits only (without any commas).", "type": "number" }, "population_as_of": { "label": "Population total figure's year", "description": "The year for the population total (usually a census year).", "type": "number" }, "population_footnotes": { "label": "Population footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for population; placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags.", "type": "content" }, "population_density_km2": { "label": "Population density (per square km)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's population density per square kilometer.", "example": "auto" }, "population_density_sq_mi": { "label": "Population density (per square mi)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's population density per square mile.", "example": "auto" }, "population_est": { "label": "Population estimate", "description": "Population estimate, e.g. for growth projections 4 years after a census.", "type": "number", "example": "331000000" }, "pop_est_as_of": { "label": "Population estimate figure as of", "description": "The year, or the month and year, of the population estimate.", "type": "date" }, "pop_est_footnotes": { "label": "Population estimate footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for population estimate; placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags.", "type": "content", "example": "<ref name=\"USCensusEst2016\"/>" }, "population_urban": { "label": "Urban population", "type": "number", "description": "The place's urban population." }, "population_urban_footnotes": { "label": "Urban population footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for urban population; placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags.", "type": "content" }, "population_density_urban_km2": { "label": "Urban population density (per square km)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's urban population density per square kilometer.", "example": "auto" }, "population_density_urban_sq_mi": { "label": "Urban population density (per square mi)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's urban population density per square mile.", "example": "auto" }, "population_rural": { "label": "Rural population", "type": "number", "description": "The place's rural population." }, "population_rural_footnotes": { "label": "Rural population footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for rural population; placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags.", "type": "content" }, "population_density_rural_km2": { "label": "Rural population density per sq. km", "type": "line", "description": "The place's rural population density per square kilometer.", "example": "auto" }, "population_density_rural_sq_mi": { "label": "Rural population density per sq. mi", "type": "line", "description": "The place's rural population density per square mile.", "example": "auto" }, "population_metro": { "label": "Metropolitan area population", "type": "number", "description": "Population of the place's metropolitan area." }, "population_metro_footnotes": { "label": "Metropolitan area population footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for metro population; placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags.", "type": "string" }, "population_density_metro_km2": { "label": "Metropolitan population density per sq. km", "type": "number", "description": "The place's metropolitan area's population density per square kilometer.", "example": "auto" }, "population_density_metro_sq_mi": { "label": "Metropolitan population density per sq. mi", "type": "number", "description": "The place's metropolitan area's population density per square mile.", "example": "auto" }, "population_rank": { "label": "Population rank", "description": "The settlement's population, as ranked within its parent sub-division.", "type": "string" }, "population_density_rank": { "label": "Population density rank", "description": "The settlement's population density, as ranked within its parent sub-division.", "type": "string" }, "population_blank1_title": { "label": "Custom population type 1 title", "description": "Can be used for estimates. For an example, see Windsor, Ontario.", "type": "string", "example": "See: [[Windsor, Ontario]]" }, "population_blank1": { "label": "Custom population type 1", "description": "The population value for 'blank1_title'.", "type": "string" }, "population_density_blank1_km2": { "label": "Custom population type 1 density per sq. km", "type": "string", "description": "Population density per square kilometer, according to the 1st custom population type." }, "population_density_blank1_sq_mi": { "label": "Custom population type 1 density per sq. mi", "type": "string", "description": "Population density per square mile, according to the 1st custom population type." }, "population_blank2_title": { "label": "Custom population type 2 title", "description": "Can be used for estimates. For an example, see Windsor, Ontario.", "type": "string", "example": "See: [[Windsor, Ontario]]" }, "population_blank2": { "label": "Custom population type 2", "description": "The population value for 'blank2_title'.", "type": "string" }, "population_density_blank2_km2": { "label": "Custom population type 2 density per sq. km", "type": "string", "description": "Population density per square kilometer, according to the 2nd custom population type." }, "population_density_blank2_sq_mi": { "label": "Custom population type 2 density per sq. mi", "type": "string", "description": "Population density per square mile, according to the 2nd custom population type." }, "population_demonym": { "label": "Demonym", "description": "A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. For example, a citizen in Liverpool is known as a Liverpudlian.", "type": "line", "example": "Liverpudlian" }, "population_note": { "label": "Population note", "description": "A place for additional information such as the name of the source. See Windsor, Ontario, for an example.", "type": "content" }, "demographics_type1": { "label": "Demographics type 1", "description": "A sub-section header.", "type": "string", "example": "Ethnicities" }, "demographics1_footnotes": { "label": "Demographics section 1 footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for demographics section 1. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "content" }, "demographics1_title1": { "label": "Demographics section 1 title 1", "description": "Titles related to demographics_type1. For example: 'White', 'Black', 'Hispanic'... Additional rows 'demographics1_title1' to 'demographics1_title5' are also available.", "type": "string" }, "demographics_type2": { "label": "Demographics type 2", "description": "A second sub-section header.", "type": "line", "example": "Languages" }, "demographics2_footnotes": { "label": "Demographics section 2 footnotes", "description": "Reference(s) for demographics section 2. Placed within <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> tags, possibly using the citing format at {{Cite web}}.", "type": "string" }, "demographics2_title1": { "label": "Demographics section 2 title 1", "description": "Titles related to 'demographics_type1'. For example: 'English', 'French', 'Arabic'... Additional rows 'demographics2_title2' to 'demographics1_title5' are also available.", "type": "string" }, "demographics2_info1": { "label": "Demographics section 2 info 1", "description": "Information related to the titles. For example: '50%', '25%', '10%'... Additional rows 'demographics2_info2' to 'demographics2_info5' are also available.", "type": "content" }, "timezone1": { "label": "Timezone 1", "type": "string", "description": "The place's primary time-zone. Use 'timezone' or 'timezone1', but not both.", "example": "[[Eastern Standard Time]]", "aliases": [ "timezone" ] }, "utc_offset": { "label": "UTC offset", "type": "string", "description": "The place's time-zone's offset from UTC.", "example": "+8" }, "timezone_DST": { "label": "Timezone during DST", "type": "string", "description": "The place's time-zone during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "[[Eastern Daylight Time]]" }, "utc_offset_DST": { "label": "UTC offset during DST", "type": "string", "description": "The place's time-zone's UTC offset during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "+9" }, "utc_offset1": { "label": "UTC offset 1", "type": "string", "description": "The place's primary time-zone's offset from UTC.", "example": "−5" }, "timezone1_DST": { "label": "Timezone 1 (during DST)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's primary time-zone during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "[[Eastern Daylight Time]]" }, "utc_offset1_DST": { "label": "UTC offset 1 (during DST)", "type": "string", "description": "The place's primary time-zone's UTC offset during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "−6" }, "timezone2": { "label": "Timezone 2", "description": "A second timezone field for larger areas such as a province.", "type": "string", "example": "[[Central Standard Time]]" }, "utc_offset2": { "label": "UTC offset 2", "type": "string", "description": "The place's secondary time-zone's offset from UTC.", "example": "−6" }, "timezone2_DST": { "label": "Timezone 2 during DST", "type": "string", "description": "The place's secondary time-zone during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "[[Central Daylight Time]]" }, "utc_offset2_DST": { "label": "UTC offset 2 during DST", "type": "string", "description": "The place's secondary time-zone's offset from UTC during daylight savings time, if applicable.", "example": "−7" }, "postal_code_type": { "label": "Postal code type", "description": "Label used for postal code info, e.g. 'ZIP Code'. Defaults to 'Postal code'.", "example": "[[Postal code of China|Postal code]]", "type": "string" }, "postal_code": { "label": "Postal code", "description": "The place's postal code/zip code.", "type": "string", "example": "90210" }, "postal2_code_type": { "label": "Postal code 2 type", "type": "string", "description": "If applicable, the place's second postal code type." }, "postal2_code": { "label": "Postal code 2", "type": "string", "description": "A second postal code of the place, if applicable.", "example": "90007" }, "area_code": { "label": "Area code", "description": "The regions' telephone area code.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "area_codes" ] }, "area_code_type": { "label": "Area code type", "description": "If left blank/not used, template will default to 'Area code(s)'.", "type": "string" }, "geocode": { "label": "Geocode", "description": "See [[Geocode]].", "type": "string" }, "iso_code": { "label": "ISO 3166 code", "description": "See ISO 3166.", "type": "string" }, "registration_plate": { "label": "Registration/license plate info", "description": "See Vehicle registration plate.", "type": "string" }, "blank_name_sec1": { "label": "Blank name section 1", "description": "Fields used to display other information. The name is displayed in bold on the left side of the infobox.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "blank_name" ] }, "blank_info_sec1": { "label": "Blank info section 1", "description": "The information associated with the 'blank_name_sec1' heading. The info is displayed on the right side of the infobox in the same row as the name. For an example, see [[Warsaw]].", "type": "content", "aliases": [ "blank_info" ] }, "blank1_name_sec1": { "label": "Blank 1 name section 1", "description": "Up to 7 additional fields 'blank1_name_sec1' ... 'blank7_name_sec1' can be specified.", "type": "string" }, "blank1_info_sec1": { "label": "Blank 1 info section 1", "description": "Up to 7 additional fields 'blank1_info_sec1' ... 'blank7_info_sec1' can be specified.", "type": "content" }, "blank_name_sec2": { "label": "Blank name section 2", "description": "For a second section of blank fields.", "type": "string" }, "blank_info_sec2": { "label": "Blank info section 2", "example": "Beijing", "type": "content", "description": "The information associated with the 'blank_name_sec2' heading. The info is displayed on right side of infobox, in the same row as the name. For an example, see [[Warsaw]]." }, "blank1_name_sec2": { "label": "Blank 1 name section 2", "description": "Up to 7 additional fields 'blank1_name_sec2' ... 'blank7_name_sec2' can be specified.", "type": "string" }, "blank1_info_sec2": { "label": "Blank 1 info section 2", "description": "Up to 7 additional fields 'blank1_info_sec2' ... 'blank7_info_sec2' can be specified.", "type": "content" }, "website": { "label": "Official website in English", "description": "External link to official website. Use the {{URL}} template, thus: {{URL|example.com}}.", "type": "string" }, "footnotes": { "label": "Footnotes", "description": "Text to be displayed at the bottom of the infobox.", "type": "content" }, "translit_lang1_info1": { "label": "Language 1 first transcription ", "description": "Transcription of type 1 in the first other language.", "example": "{{langx|zh|森美兰}}", "type": "line" }, "translit_lang1_type1": { "label": "Language 1 first transcription type", "description": "Type of transcription used in the first language's first transcription.", "example": "[[Chinese Language|Chinese]]", "type": "line" }, "translit_lang1_info2": { "label": "Language 1 second transcription ", "description": "Transcription of type 1 in the first other language.", "example": "{{langx|ta|நெகிரி செம்பிலான்}}", "type": "line" }, "translit_lang1_type2": { "label": "Language 1 second transcription type", "description": "Type of transcription used in the first language's first transcription.", "example": "[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]", "type": "line" }, "demographics1_info1": { "label": "Demographics section 1 info 1", "description": "Information related to the titles. For example: '50%', '25%', '10%'... Additional rows 'demographics1_info1' to 'demographics1_info5' are also available.", "type": "content" }, "mapframe": { "label": "Show mapframe map", "description": "Specify yes or no to show or hide the map, overriding the default", "example": "yes", "type": "string", "default": "no", "suggested": true }, "mapframe-caption": { "label": "Mapframe caption", "description": "Caption for the map. If mapframe-geomask is set, then the default is \"Location in <<geomask's label>>\"", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-custom": { "label": "Custom mapframe", "description": "Use a custom map instead of the automatic mapframe. Specify either a {{maplink}} template, or another template that generates a mapframe map, or an image name. If used, other mapframe parameters will be ignored.", "type": "wiki-template-name" }, "mapframe-id": { "aliases": [ "id", "qid" ], "label": "Mapframe Wikidata item", "description": "Id (Q-number) of Wikidata item to use.", "type": "string", "default": "(item for current page)" }, "mapframe-coordinates": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-coord", "coordinates", "coord" ], "label": "Mapframe coordinates ", "description": "Coordinates to use, instead of any on Wikidata. Use the {{Coord}} template.", "example": "{{Coord|12.34|N|56.78|E}}", "type": "wiki-template-name", "default": "(coordinates from Wikidata)" }, "mapframe-wikidata": { "label": "Mapframe shapes from Wikidata", "description": "et to yes to show shape/line features from the wikidata item, if any, when coordinates are specified by parameter", "example": "yes", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-shape": { "label": "Mapframe shape feature", "description": "Override display of mapframe shape feature. Turn off by setting to \"none\". Use an inverse shape (geomask) instead of a regular shape by setting to \"inverse\"", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-point": { "label": "Mapframe point feature", "description": "Override display of mapframe point feature. Turn off display of point feature by setting to \"none\". Force point marker to be displayed by setting to \"on\"", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-geomask": { "label": "Mapframe geomask", "description": "Wikidata item to use as a geomask (everything outside the boundary is shaded darker). Can either be a specific Wikidata item (Q-number), or a property that specifies the item to use (e.g. P17 for country, or P131 for located in the administrative territorial entity)", "example": "Q100", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "mapframe-switcher": { "label": "Mapframe switcher", "description": "Set to \"auto\" or \"geomasks\" or \"zooms\" to enable Template:Switcher-style switching between multiple mapframes. IF SET TO auto – switch geomasks found in location (P276) and located in the administrative territorial entity (P131) statements on the page's Wikidata item, searching recursively. E.g. an item's city, that city's state, and that state's country. IF SET TO geomasks – switch between the geomasks specified as a comma-separated list of Wikidata items (Q-numbers) in the mapframe-geomask parameter. IF SET TO zooms – switch between \"zoomed in\"/\"zoomed midway\"/\"zoomed out\", where \"zoomed in\" is the default zoom (with a minimum of 3), \"zoomed out\" is 1, and \"zoomed midway\" is the average.", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-frame-width": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-width" ], "label": "Mapframe width", "description": "Frame width in pixels", "type": "number", "default": "270" }, "mapframe-frame-height": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-height" ], "label": "Mapframe height", "description": "Frame height in pixels", "type": "number", "default": "200" }, "mapframe-shape-fill": { "label": "Mapframe shape fill", "description": "Color used to fill shape features", "type": "string", "default": "#606060" }, "mapframe-shape-fill-opacity": { "label": "Mapframe shape fill opacity", "description": "Opacity level of shape fill, a number between 0 and 1", "type": "number", "default": "0.5" }, "mapframe-stroke-color": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-stroke-colour" ], "label": "Mapframe stroke color", "description": "Color of line features, and outlines of shape features", "type": "string", "default": "#ff0000" }, "mapframe-stroke-width": { "label": "Mapframe stroke width", "description": "Width of line features, and outlines of shape features", "type": "number", "default": "5" }, "mapframe-marker": { "label": "Mapframe marker", "description": "Marker symbol to use for coordinates; see [[mw:Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons]] for options", "example": "museum", "type": "string" }, "mapframe-marker-color": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-marker-colour" ], "label": "Mapframe marker color", "description": "Background color for the marker", "type": "string", "default": "#5E74F3" }, "mapframe-geomask-stroke-color": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-geomask-stroke-colour" ], "label": "Mapframe geomask stroke color", "description": "Color of outline of geomask shape", "type": "string", "default": "#555555" }, "mapframe-geomask-stroke-width": { "label": "Mapframe geomask stroke width", "description": "Width of outline of geomask shape", "type": "number", "default": "2" }, "mapframe-geomask-fill": { "label": "Mapframe geomask fill", "description": "Color used to fill outside geomask features", "type": "string", "default": "#606060" }, "mapframe-geomask-fill-opacity": { "label": "Mapframe geomask fill opacity", "description": "Opacity level of fill outside geomask features, a number between 0 and 1", "type": "number", "default": "0.5" }, "mapframe-zoom": { "label": "Mapframe zoom", "description": "Set the zoom level, from \"1\" to \"18\", to used if the zoom level cannot be determined automatically from object length or area", "example": "12", "type": "number", "default": "10" }, "mapframe-length_km": { "label": "Mapframe length (km)", "description": "Object length in kilometres, for automatically determining zoom level. ONLY use ONE of the available parameters for length or area", "type": "number" }, "mapframe-length_mi": { "label": "Mapframe length (mi)", "description": "Object length in miles, for automatically determining zoom level. ONLY use ONE of the available parameters for length or area", "type": "number" }, "mapframe-area_km2": { "label": "Mapframe area (km^2)", "description": "Object arean square kilometres, for automatically determining zoom level. ONLY use ONE of the available parameters for length or area", "type": "number" }, "mapframe-area_mi2": { "label": "Mapframe area (mi^2)", "description": "Object area in square miles, for automatically determining zoom level. ONLY use ONE of the available parameters for length or area", "type": "number" }, "mapframe-frame-coordinates": { "aliases": [ "mapframe-frame-coord" ], "label": "Mapframe frame coordinates", "description": "Alternate latitude and longitude coordinates for initial placement of map, using {{coord}}", "example": "{{Coord|12.35|N|56.71|E}}", "type": "wiki-template-name" }, "mapframe-line": {}, "embed": {}, "translit_lang1_type3": {}, "translit_lang1_type4": {}, "translit_lang1_info3": {}, "translit_lang1_type5": {}, "translit_lang1_info4": {}, "translit_lang1_type6": {}, "translit_lang1_info5": {}, "translit_lang1_info6": {}, "translit_lang2_type1": {}, "translit_lang2_type": {}, "translit_lang2_info": {}, "translit_lang2_type2": {}, "translit_lang2_info1": {}, "translit_lang2_type3": {}, "translit_lang2_info2": {}, "translit_lang2_type4": {}, "translit_lang2_info3": {}, "translit_lang2_type5": {}, "translit_lang2_info4": {}, "translit_lang2_type6": {}, "translit_lang2_info5": {}, "translit_lang2_info6": {}, "image_size": {}, "alt": {}, "pushpin_map_narrow": {}, "seal_type": {}, "pushpin_map_caption_notsmall": {}, "etymology": {}, "nicknames": {}, "nickname_link": {}, "mottoes": {}, "motto_link": {}, "anthem_link": {}, "grid_position": {}, "coor_type": {}, "grid_name": {}, "established_title4": {}, "established_date4": {}, "established_title5": {}, "established_date5": {}, "established_title6": {}, "established_date6": {}, "established_title7": {}, "established_date7": {}, "seat1_type": {}, "seat1": {}, "seat2_type": {}, "seat2": {}, "p2": {}, "p3": {}, "p4": {}, "p5": {}, "p6": {}, "p7": {}, "p8": {}, "p9": {}, "p10": {}, "p11": {}, "p12": {}, "p13": {}, "p14": {}, "p15": {}, "p16": {}, "p17": {}, "p18": {}, "p19": {}, "p20": {}, "p21": {}, "p22": {}, "p23": {}, "p24": {}, "p25": {}, "p26": {}, "p27": {}, "p28": {}, "p29": {}, "p30": {}, "p31": {}, "p32": {}, "p33": {}, "p34": {}, "p35": {}, "p36": {}, "p37": {}, "p38": {}, "p39": {}, "p40": {}, "p41": {}, "p42": {}, "p43": {}, "p44": {}, "p45": {}, "p46": {}, "p47": {}, "p48": {}, "p49": {}, "p50": {}, "leader_name2": {}, "leader_name3": {}, "leader_name4": {}, "leader_title2": {}, "leader_title3": {}, "leader_title4": {}, "government_blank1_title": {}, "government_blank1": {}, "government_blank2_title": {}, "government_blank2": {}, "government_blank3_title": {}, "government_blank3": {}, "government_blank4_title": {}, "government_blank4": {}, "government_blank5_title": {}, "government_blank5": {}, "government_blank6_title": {}, "government_blank6": {}, "elevation_link": {}, "elevation_point": {}, "population_blank1_footnotes": {}, "population_blank2_footnotes": {}, "population_demonyms": {}, "demographics1_title2": {}, "demographics1_info2": {}, "demographics1_title3": {}, "demographics1_info3": {}, "demographics1_title4": {}, "demographics1_info4": {}, "demographics1_title5": {}, "demographics1_info5": {}, "demographics1_title6": {}, "demographics1_info6": {}, "demographics1_title7": {}, "demographics1_info7": {}, "demographics1_title8": {}, "demographics1_info8": {}, "demographics1_title9": {}, "demographics1_info9": {}, "demographics1_title10": {}, "demographics1_info10": {}, "demographics2_title2": {}, "demographics2_info2": {}, "demographics2_title3": {}, "demographics2_info3": {}, "demographics2_title4": {}, "demographics2_info4": {}, "demographics2_title5": {}, "demographics2_info5": {}, "demographics2_title6": {}, "demographics2_info6": {}, "demographics2_title7": {}, "demographics2_info7": {}, "demographics2_title8": {}, "demographics2_info8": {}, "demographics2_title9": {}, "demographics2_info9": {}, "demographics2_title10": {}, "demographics2_info10": {}, "timezone1_location": {}, "timezone_link": {}, "timezone2_location": {}, "timezone3_location": {}, "utc_offset3": {}, "timezone3": {}, "utc_offset3_DST": {}, "timezone3_DST": {}, "timezone4_location": {}, "utc_offset4": {}, "timezone4": {}, "utc_offset4_DST": {}, "timezone4_DST": {}, "timezone5_location": {}, "utc_offset5": {}, "timezone5": {}, "utc_offset5_DST": {}, "timezone5_DST": {}, "registration_plate_type": { "label": "Registration/license plate type", "description": "The place's registration/license plate type", "type": "content" }, "code1_name": {}, "code1_info": {}, "code2_name": {}, "code2_info": {}, "blank1_name": {}, "blank1_info": {}, "blank2_name_sec1": {}, "blank2_name": {}, "blank2_info_sec1": {}, "blank2_info": {}, "blank3_name_sec1": {}, "blank3_name": {}, "blank3_info_sec1": {}, "blank3_info": {}, "blank4_name_sec1": {}, "blank4_name": {}, "blank4_info_sec1": {}, "blank4_info": {}, "blank5_name_sec1": {}, "blank5_name": {}, "blank5_info_sec1": {}, "blank5_info": {}, "blank6_name_sec1": {}, "blank6_name": {}, "blank6_info_sec1": {}, "blank6_info": {}, "blank7_name_sec1": {}, "blank7_name": {}, "blank7_info_sec1": {}, "blank7_info": {}, "blank2_name_sec2": {}, "blank2_info_sec2": {}, "blank3_name_sec2": {}, "blank3_info_sec2": {}, "blank4_name_sec2": {}, "blank4_info_sec2": {}, "blank5_name_sec2": {}, "blank5_info_sec2": {}, "blank6_name_sec2": {}, "blank6_info_sec2": {}, "blank7_name_sec2": {}, "blank7_info_sec2": {}, "module": {}, "coordinates_wikidata": {}, "wikidata": {}, "image_upright": {}, "blank_emblem_upright": {}, "leader_title5": {}, "leader_name5": {} }, "paramOrder": [ "name", "official_name", "native_name", "native_name_lang", "other_name", "settlement_type", "translit_lang1", "translit_lang1_type", "translit_lang1_info", "translit_lang2", "image_skyline", "imagesize", "image_upright", "image_alt", "image_caption", "image_flag", "flag_size", "flag_alt", "flag_border", "flag_link", "image_seal", "seal_size", "seal_alt", "seal_link", "seal_type", "seal_class", "image_shield", "shield_size", "shield_alt", "shield_link", "image_blank_emblem", "blank_emblem_type", "blank_emblem_size", "blank_emblem_upright", "blank_emblem_alt", "blank_emblem_link", "nickname", "motto", "anthem", "image_map", "mapsize", "map_alt", "map_caption", "image_map1", "mapsize1", "map_alt1", "map_caption1", "pushpin_map", "pushpin_mapsize", "pushpin_map_alt", "pushpin_map_caption", "pushpin_label", "pushpin_label_position", "pushpin_outside", "pushpin_relief", "pushpin_image", "pushpin_overlay", "mapframe", "mapframe-caption", "mapframe-custom", "mapframe-id", "mapframe-coordinates", "mapframe-wikidata", "mapframe-point", "mapframe-shape", "mapframe-frame-width", "mapframe-frame-height", "mapframe-shape-fill", "mapframe-shape-fill-opacity", "mapframe-stroke-color", "mapframe-stroke-width", "mapframe-marker", "mapframe-marker-color", "mapframe-geomask", "mapframe-geomask-stroke-color", "mapframe-geomask-stroke-width", "mapframe-geomask-fill", "mapframe-geomask-fill-opacity", "mapframe-zoom", "mapframe-length_km", "mapframe-length_mi", "mapframe-area_km2", "mapframe-area_mi2", "mapframe-frame-coordinates", "mapframe-switcher", "mapframe-line", "coordinates", "coor_pinpoint", "coordinates_footnotes", "subdivision_type", "subdivision_name", "subdivision_type1", "subdivision_name1", "subdivision_type2", "subdivision_name2", "subdivision_type3", "subdivision_name3", "subdivision_type4", "subdivision_name4", "subdivision_type5", "subdivision_name5", "subdivision_type6", "subdivision_name6", "established_title", "established_date", "established_title1", "established_date1", "established_title2", "established_date2", "established_title3", "established_date3", "established_title4", "established_date4", "established_title5", "established_date5", "established_title6", "established_date6", "established_title7", "established_date7", "extinct_title", "extinct_date", "founder", "named_for", "seat_type", "seat", "parts_type", "parts_style", "parts", "government_footnotes", "government_type", "governing_body", "leader_party", "leader_title", "leader_name", "leader_title1", "leader_name1", "total_type", "unit_pref", "area_footnotes", "dunam_link", "area_total_km2", "area_total_sq_mi", "area_total_ha", "area_total_acre", "area_total_dunam", "area_land_km2", "area_land_sq_mi", "area_land_ha", "area_land_dunam", "area_land_acre", "area_water_km2", "area_water_sq_mi", "area_water_ha", "area_water_dunam", "area_water_acre", "area_water_percent", "area_urban_km2", "area_urban_sq_mi", "area_urban_ha", "area_urban_dunam", "area_urban_acre", "area_urban_footnotes", "area_rural_km2", "area_rural_sq_mi", "area_rural_ha", "area_rural_dunam", "area_rural_acre", "area_rural_footnotes", "area_metro_km2", "area_metro_sq_mi", "area_metro_ha", "area_metro_dunam", "area_metro_acre", "area_metro_footnotes", "area_rank", "area_blank1_title", "area_blank1_km2", "area_blank1_sq_mi", "area_blank1_ha", "area_blank1_dunam", "area_blank1_acre", "area_blank2_title", "area_blank2_km2", "area_blank2_sq_mi", "area_blank2_ha", "area_blank2_dunam", "area_blank2_acre", "area_note", "dimensions_footnotes", "length_km", "length_mi", "width_km", "width_mi", "elevation_m", "elevation_ft", "elevation_footnotes", "elevation_min_point", "elevation_min_m", "elevation_min_ft", "elevation_min_rank", "elevation_min_footnotes", "elevation_max_point", "elevation_max_m", "elevation_max_ft", "elevation_max_rank", "elevation_max_footnotes", "population_total", "population_as_of", "population_footnotes", "population_density_km2", "population_density_sq_mi", "population_est", "pop_est_as_of", "pop_est_footnotes", "population_urban", "population_urban_footnotes", "population_density_urban_km2", "population_density_urban_sq_mi", "population_rural", "population_rural_footnotes", "population_density_rural_km2", "population_density_rural_sq_mi", "population_metro", "population_metro_footnotes", "population_density_metro_km2", "population_density_metro_sq_mi", "population_rank", "population_density_rank", "population_blank1_title", "population_blank1", "population_density_blank1_km2", "population_density_blank1_sq_mi", "population_blank2_title", "population_blank2", "population_density_blank2_km2", "population_density_blank2_sq_mi", "population_demonym", "population_note", "demographics_type1", "demographics1_footnotes", "demographics1_title1", "demographics_type2", "demographics2_footnotes", "demographics2_title1", "demographics2_info1", "timezone1", "utc_offset", "timezone_DST", "utc_offset_DST", "utc_offset1", "timezone1_DST", "utc_offset1_DST", "timezone2", "utc_offset2", "timezone2_DST", "utc_offset2_DST", "postal_code_type", "postal_code", "postal2_code_type", "postal2_code", "area_code", "area_code_type", "geocode", "iso_code", "registration_plate_type", "registration_plate", "blank_name_sec1", "blank_info_sec1", "blank1_name_sec1", "blank1_info_sec1", "blank_name_sec2", "blank_info_sec2", "blank1_name_sec2", "blank1_info_sec2", "website", "footnotes", "translit_lang1_info1", "translit_lang1_type1", "translit_lang1_info2", "translit_lang1_type2", "demographics1_info1", "embed", "translit_lang1_type3", "translit_lang1_type4", "translit_lang1_info3", "translit_lang1_type5", "translit_lang1_info4", "translit_lang1_type6", "translit_lang1_info5", "translit_lang1_info6", "translit_lang2_type1", "translit_lang2_type", "translit_lang2_info", "translit_lang2_type2", "translit_lang2_info1", "translit_lang2_type3", "translit_lang2_info2", "translit_lang2_type4", "translit_lang2_info3", "translit_lang2_type5", "translit_lang2_info4", "translit_lang2_type6", "translit_lang2_info5", "translit_lang2_info6", "image_size", "alt", "pushpin_map_narrow", "pushpin_map_caption_notsmall", "etymology", "nicknames", "nickname_link", "mottoes", "motto_link", "anthem_link", "grid_position", "coor_type", "grid_name", "seat1_type", "seat1", "seat2_type", "seat2", "p1", "p2", "p3", "p4", "p5", "p6", "p7", "p8", "p9", "p10", "p11", "p12", "p13", "p14", "p15", "p16", "p17", "p18", "p19", "p20", "p21", "p22", "p23", "p24", "p25", "p26", "p27", "p28", "p29", "p30", "p31", "p32", "p33", "p34", "p35", "p36", "p37", "p38", "p39", "p40", "p41", "p42", "p43", "p44", "p45", "p46", "p47", "p48", "p49", "p50", "leader_name2", "leader_name3", "leader_name4", "leader_name5", "leader_title2", "leader_title3", "leader_title4", "leader_title5", "government_blank1_title", "government_blank1", "government_blank2_title", "government_blank2", "government_blank3_title", "government_blank3", "government_blank4_title", "government_blank4", "government_blank5_title", "government_blank5", "government_blank6_title", "government_blank6", "elevation_link", "elevation_point", "population_blank1_footnotes", "population_blank2_footnotes", "population_demonyms", "demographics1_title2", "demographics1_info2", "demographics1_title3", "demographics1_info3", "demographics1_title4", "demographics1_info4", "demographics1_title5", "demographics1_info5", "demographics1_title6", "demographics1_info6", "demographics1_title7", "demographics1_info7", "demographics1_title8", "demographics1_info8", "demographics1_title9", "demographics1_info9", "demographics1_title10", "demographics1_info10", "demographics2_title2", "demographics2_info2", "demographics2_title3", "demographics2_info3", "demographics2_title4", "demographics2_info4", "demographics2_title5", "demographics2_info5", "demographics2_title6", "demographics2_info6", "demographics2_title7", "demographics2_info7", "demographics2_title8", "demographics2_info8", "demographics2_title9", "demographics2_info9", "demographics2_title10", "demographics2_info10", "timezone1_location", "timezone_link", "timezone2_location", "timezone3_location", "utc_offset3", "timezone3", "utc_offset3_DST", "timezone3_DST", "timezone4_location", "utc_offset4", "timezone4", "utc_offset4_DST", "timezone4_DST", "timezone5_location", "utc_offset5", "timezone5", "utc_offset5_DST", "timezone5_DST", "code1_name", "code1_info", "code2_name", "code2_info", "blank1_name", "blank1_info", "blank2_name_sec1", "blank2_name", "blank2_info_sec1", "blank2_info", "blank3_name_sec1", "blank3_name", "blank3_info_sec1", "blank3_info", "blank4_name_sec1", "blank4_name", "blank4_info_sec1", "blank4_info", "blank5_name_sec1", "blank5_name", "blank5_info_sec1", "blank5_info", "blank6_name_sec1", "blank6_name", "blank6_info_sec1", "blank6_info", "blank7_name_sec1", "blank7_name", "blank7_info_sec1", "blank7_info", "blank2_name_sec2", "blank2_info_sec2", "blank3_name_sec2", "blank3_info_sec2", "blank4_name_sec2", "blank4_info_sec2", "blank5_name_sec2", "blank5_info_sec2", "blank6_name_sec2", "blank6_info_sec2", "blank7_name_sec2", "blank7_info_sec2", "module", "coordinates_wikidata", "wikidata" ] } </templatedata> {{collapse bottom}} ==Calls and redirects == At least {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Templates calling Infobox settlement}} other [[:Category:Templates calling Infobox settlement|templates call this one]]. [{{fullurl:Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Infobox_settlement|namespace=10&hidetrans=1&hidelinks=1}} Several templates redirect here]. == Tracking categories == # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with bad settlement type}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with bad density arguments}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with missing country}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with no map}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with the wikidata parameter}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters}} # {{clc|Pages using infobox settlement with conflicting parameters}} # {{clc|Templates calling Infobox settlement}} ==See also== *[[Help:Coordinates]] *[[Help:Elevation]] *[[Help:GNIS data for U.S. infoboxes]] *{{tl|Infobox too long}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!--Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata--> [[Category:Place infobox templates|Settlement]] [[Category:Embeddable templates]] [[Category:Infobox templates using Wikidata]] [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> sn2aoxahnexkodqge1i49yn5m7oxocy 10 9579 799556 787000 2025-12-26T04:37:05Z en>Zackmann08 0 fixing weird preview bug 799556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{nickname|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = Political party | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = Other political<br />affiliations | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = Criminal penalty | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for clobbered parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with deprecated parameter _VALUE_ | _remove = nationality }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> k4tba8kyzdbk3ndohzq4zv8cbt3slpd 799557 799556 2025-12-28T03:44:50Z en>Zackmann08 0 Module has been renamed 799557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{nickname|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = Political party | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = Other political<br />affiliations | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = Criminal penalty | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with deprecated parameter _VALUE_ | _remove = nationality }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 72salkv1vntm1knlde7j5gtht7coq34 799558 799557 2026-01-02T18:28:11Z en>Beland 0 tweak font size for accessibility per [[Template talk:Infobox person#honorific_prefix is too small]] 799558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{nickname|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = Political party | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = Other political<br />affiliations | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = Criminal penalty | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with deprecated parameter _VALUE_ | _remove = nationality }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> s2vx7340kq3ncolbk72ppmr4ixuvkqw 799559 799558 2026-02-12T12:27:49Z en>Primefac 0 depopulate for blanks 799559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{nickname|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = Political party | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = Other political<br />affiliations | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = Criminal penalty | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check|ignoreblank=yes | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with deprecated parameter _VALUE_ | _remove = nationality }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> kud2zmlsozbokdswzfjwzbhnc7uk4x6 799560 799559 2026-02-20T15:53:04Z en>Hike395 0 allow derived templates to have their own deprecated parameter category 799560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{nickname|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = Political party | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = Other political<br />affiliations | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = Criminal penalty | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check|ignoreblank=yes | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with deprecated parameter _VALUE_ | _remove = nationality }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> dqqb3o99ky2wr86uszv677zezqfogyp 799561 788238 2026-03-14T17:51:43Z en>Zackmann08 0 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/1339441489|1339441489]] by [[Special:Contributions/Hike395|Hike395]], as subcats have all been cleaned, this is no longer needed. See [[User_talk:Hike395#c-Zackmann08-20260314175000-Nationality_cats|this comment]] for more context. 799561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{nickname|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = Political party | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = Other political<br />affiliations | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = Criminal penalty | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check|ignoreblank=yes | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with deprecated parameter _VALUE_ | _remove = nationality }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> kud2zmlsozbokdswzfjwzbhnc7uk4x6 799562 799561 2026-03-15T17:21:43Z en>Zackmann08 0 As all transclusions have been cleaned, this is now an unknown parameter. 799562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{nickname|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = Political party | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = Other political<br />affiliations | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = Criminal penalty | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 3h3f67kvpoxrlqpl3yf6047u17rz3l4 799563 789833 2026-04-21T01:52:45Z en>Zackmann08 0 adding [ 799563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{nickname|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = Political party | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> fwnjx2m8tl8dcjbr61aaa7cmofeicwe 799564 799563 2026-04-21T01:52:58Z en>Zackmann08 0 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/1350275083|1350275083]] by [[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|Zackmann08]] ([[User talk:Zackmann08|talk]]) 799564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{nickname|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = Political party | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = Other political<br />affiliations | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = Criminal penalty | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 3h3f67kvpoxrlqpl3yf6047u17rz3l4 799565 799564 2026-04-21T01:53:57Z en>Zackmann08 0 Adding [[Template:Longitem]] 799565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting 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text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = Political party | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> fwnjx2m8tl8dcjbr61aaa7cmofeicwe 799566 799565 2026-04-23T02:33:18Z en>Zackmann08 0 Adding [[Template:Longitem]] 799566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = Cause&nbsp;of death | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = Body discovered | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting 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other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}</span> | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = Board member&nbsp;of | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ktqb8z0ymk8paxpuiik3e4q9o3br3dz 799567 799566 2026-04-25T15:51:09Z en>Zackmann08 0 More longitem and no wrap cleanup 799567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|300|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|{{{image_alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{{baptized|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{status|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|2={{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{nickname|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{{organisation|{{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{organization|{{{organisation|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{{office|{{{title|}}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{{party|{{{political_party|}}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{{criminal_charges|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status|}}}}}} | {{{judicial status|{{{judicial_status}}}}}} | {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partners|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|{{{domestic_partner|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}}}}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{{honours|{{{honors|}}}}}} | data64 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data65 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data66 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data67 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data68 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data69 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> d72dr56rw0xbzsmpv361m1xibj1swro 799568 799567 2026-05-03T18:30:17Z en>Zackmann08 0 Improving nested param logic using [[User:Zackmann08/scripts/unnest.js|unnest]] 799568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|}}}{{{honorific_prefix|}}}{{{honorific-prefix|}}}{{{pre-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific prefix|}}}|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|{{{honorific-prefix|}}}|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|}}}{{{honorific_suffix|}}}{{{honorific-suffix|}}}{{{post-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific suffix|}}}|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|{{{honorific-suffix|}}}|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|300|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{image caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{if empty|{{{birth_name|}}}|{{{birthname|}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{if empty|{{{status|}}}|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{if empty|{{{death cause|}}}|{{{death_cause|}}}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{if empty|{{{body discovered|}}}|{{{body_discovered|}}}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{if empty|{{{resting place|}}}|{{{resting_place|}}}|{{{restingplace|}}}}}|2={{if empty|{{{resting place coordinates|}}}|{{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;names | data21 = {{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{if empty|{{{alma mater|}}}|{{{alma_mater|}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{if empty|{{{years active|}}}|{{{years_active|}}}|{{{yearsactive|}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{if empty|{{{known for|}}}|{{{known_for|}}}|{{{known|}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{if empty|{{{notable works|}}}|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{if empty|{{{party|}}}|{{{political_party|}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{if empty|{{{criminal penalty|}}}|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{if empty|{{{judicial status|}}}|{{{judicial_status}}}}} | {{if empty|{{{criminal status|}}}|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{if empty|{{{relations|}}}|{{{relatives|}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{if empty|{{{misc|}}}|{{{module|}}}}} | data65 = {{if empty|{{{misc2|}}}|{{{module2|}}}}} | data66 = {{if empty|{{{misc3|}}}|{{{module3|}}}}} | data67 = {{if empty|{{{misc4|}}}|{{{module4|}}}}} | data68 = {{if empty|{{{misc5|}}}|{{{module5|}}}}} | data69 = {{if empty|{{{misc6|}}}|{{{module6|}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{if empty|{{{website|}}}|{{{homepage|}}}|{{{URL|}}}|{{{url|}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{if empty|{{{signature alt|}}}|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 29nu472m52khrlnirihr56wk7gk99st 799569 799568 2026-05-03T19:03:31Z en>Zackmann08 0 Adding deprecated parameter tracking per [[Template_talk:Infobox_person#Deprecate_&_clean_up_conflicting_parameters|discussion]] 799569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|}}}{{{honorific_prefix|}}}{{{honorific-prefix|}}}{{{pre-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific prefix|}}}|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|{{{honorific-prefix|}}}|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|}}}{{{honorific_suffix|}}}{{{honorific-suffix|}}}{{{post-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific suffix|}}}|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|{{{honorific-suffix|}}}|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|300|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{image caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{if empty|{{{birth_name|}}}|{{{birthname|}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{if empty|{{{status|}}}|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{if empty|{{{death cause|}}}|{{{death_cause|}}}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{if empty|{{{body discovered|}}}|{{{body_discovered|}}}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{if empty|{{{resting place|}}}|{{{resting_place|}}}|{{{restingplace|}}}}}|2={{if empty|{{{resting place coordinates|}}}|{{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{if empty|{{{alma mater|}}}|{{{alma_mater|}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{if empty|{{{years active|}}}|{{{years_active|}}}|{{{yearsactive|}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{if empty|{{{known for|}}}|{{{known_for|}}}|{{{known|}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{if empty|{{{notable works|}}}|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{if empty|{{{party|}}}|{{{political_party|}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{otherparty|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{if empty|{{{criminal penalty|}}}|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{if empty|{{{judicial status|}}}|{{{judicial_status}}}}} | {{if empty|{{{criminal status|}}}|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = 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-->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{if empty|{{{relations|}}}|{{{relatives|}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{if empty|{{{misc|}}}|{{{module|}}}}} | data65 = {{if empty|{{{misc2|}}}|{{{module2|}}}}} | data66 = {{if empty|{{{misc3|}}}|{{{module3|}}}}} | data67 = {{if empty|{{{misc4|}}}|{{{module4|}}}}} | data68 = {{if empty|{{{misc5|}}}|{{{module5|}}}}} | data69 = {{if empty|{{{misc6|}}}|{{{module6|}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{if empty|{{{website|}}}|{{{homepage|}}}|{{{URL|}}}|{{{url|}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{if empty|{{{signature alt|}}}|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | honorific prefix = honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix = honorific_prefix | pre-nominals = honorific_prefix | honorific suffix = honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix = honorific_suffix | post-nominals = honorific_suffix | image size = image_size | imagesize = image_size | image caption = image_caption | birthname = birth_name | status = disappeared_status | death cause = death_cause | body discovered = body_discovered | resting place = resting_place | restingplace = resting_place | resting place coordinates = resting_place_coordinates | restingplacecoordinates = resting_place_coordinates | other names = other_names | othername = other_names | nickname = other_names | alias = other_names | alma mater = alma_mater | years active = years_active | yearsactive = years_active | known for = known_for | known = known_for | notable works = notable_works | party = political_party | criminal charge = criminal_charge | criminal charges = criminal_charge | criminal penalty = criminal_penalty | judicial status = judicial_status | criminal status = criminal_status | spouse(s) = spouse | domesticpartner = partner | domestic_partner = partner | relations = relatives | misc = module | misc2 = module2 | misc3 = module3 | misc4 = module4 | misc5 = module5 | misc6 = module6 | homepage = website | URL = website | url = website | signature alt = signature_alt }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 3rbm8f9qqlfwk8he9f4snywairlk4ph 799570 799569 2026-05-03T19:13:36Z en>Zackmann08 0 Missed one parameter 799570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|}}}{{{honorific_prefix|}}}{{{honorific-prefix|}}}{{{pre-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific prefix|}}}|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|{{{honorific-prefix|}}}|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|}}}{{{honorific_suffix|}}}{{{honorific-suffix|}}}{{{post-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific suffix|}}}|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|{{{honorific-suffix|}}}|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|300|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{image caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{if empty|{{{birth_name|}}}|{{{birthname|}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{if empty|{{{status|}}}|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{if empty|{{{death cause|}}}|{{{death_cause|}}}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{if empty|{{{body discovered|}}}|{{{body_discovered|}}}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{if empty|{{{resting place|}}}|{{{resting_place|}}}|{{{restingplace|}}}}}|2={{if empty|{{{resting place coordinates|}}}|{{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{if empty|{{{alma mater|}}}|{{{alma_mater|}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{if empty|{{{years active|}}}|{{{years_active|}}}|{{{yearsactive|}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{if empty|{{{known for|}}}|{{{known_for|}}}|{{{known|}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{if empty|{{{notable works|}}}|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{if empty|{{{party|}}}|{{{political_party|}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{if empty|{{{otherparty|}}}|{{{other_party|}}}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{if empty|{{{criminal penalty|}}}|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{if empty|{{{judicial status|}}}|{{{judicial_status}}}}} | {{if empty|{{{criminal status|}}}|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{if empty|{{{relations|}}}|{{{relatives|}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{if empty|{{{misc|}}}|{{{module|}}}}} | data65 = {{if empty|{{{misc2|}}}|{{{module2|}}}}} | data66 = {{if empty|{{{misc3|}}}|{{{module3|}}}}} | data67 = {{if empty|{{{misc4|}}}|{{{module4|}}}}} | data68 = {{if empty|{{{misc5|}}}|{{{module5|}}}}} | data69 = {{if empty|{{{misc6|}}}|{{{module6|}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{if empty|{{{website|}}}|{{{homepage|}}}|{{{URL|}}}|{{{url|}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{if empty|{{{signature alt|}}}|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | other_party | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | honorific prefix = honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix = honorific_prefix | pre-nominals = honorific_prefix | honorific suffix = honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix = honorific_suffix | post-nominals = honorific_suffix | image size = image_size | imagesize = image_size | image caption = image_caption | birthname = birth_name | status = disappeared_status | death cause = death_cause | body discovered = body_discovered | resting place = resting_place | restingplace = resting_place | resting place coordinates = resting_place_coordinates | restingplacecoordinates = resting_place_coordinates | otherparty = other_party | other names = other_names | othername = other_names | nickname = other_names | alias = other_names | alma mater = alma_mater | years active = years_active | yearsactive = years_active | known for = known_for | known = known_for | notable works = notable_works | party = political_party | criminal charge = criminal_charge | criminal charges = criminal_charge | criminal penalty = criminal_penalty | judicial status = judicial_status | criminal status = criminal_status | spouse(s) = spouse | domesticpartner = partner | domestic_partner = partner | relations = relatives | misc = module | misc2 = module2 | misc3 = module3 | misc4 = module4 | misc5 = module5 | misc6 = module6 | homepage = website | URL = website | url = website | signature alt = signature_alt }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> nnggfwhwtirnxtfhojfh2lwdqu804bw 799571 799570 2026-05-03T19:35:28Z en>Primefac 0 prioritise pages that actually have these issues, given that it's used half a million times 799571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|}}}{{{honorific_prefix|}}}{{{honorific-prefix|}}}{{{pre-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific prefix|}}}|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|{{{honorific-prefix|}}}|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|}}}{{{honorific_suffix|}}}{{{honorific-suffix|}}}{{{post-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific suffix|}}}|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|{{{honorific-suffix|}}}|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|300|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{image caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{if empty|{{{birth_name|}}}|{{{birthname|}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{if empty|{{{status|}}}|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{if empty|{{{death cause|}}}|{{{death_cause|}}}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{if empty|{{{body discovered|}}}|{{{body_discovered|}}}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{if empty|{{{resting place|}}}|{{{resting_place|}}}|{{{restingplace|}}}}}|2={{if empty|{{{resting place coordinates|}}}|{{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{if empty|{{{alma mater|}}}|{{{alma_mater|}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{if empty|{{{years active|}}}|{{{years_active|}}}|{{{yearsactive|}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{if empty|{{{known for|}}}|{{{known_for|}}}|{{{known|}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{if empty|{{{notable works|}}}|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{if empty|{{{party|}}}|{{{political_party|}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{if empty|{{{otherparty|}}}|{{{other_party|}}}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{if empty|{{{criminal penalty|}}}|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{if empty|{{{judicial status|}}}|{{{judicial_status}}}}} | {{if empty|{{{criminal status|}}}|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{if empty|{{{relations|}}}|{{{relatives|}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{if empty|{{{misc|}}}|{{{module|}}}}} | data65 = {{if empty|{{{misc2|}}}|{{{module2|}}}}} | data66 = {{if empty|{{{misc3|}}}|{{{module3|}}}}} | data67 = {{if empty|{{{misc4|}}}|{{{module4|}}}}} | data68 = {{if empty|{{{misc5|}}}|{{{module5|}}}}} | data69 = {{if empty|{{{misc6|}}}|{{{module6|}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{if empty|{{{website|}}}|{{{homepage|}}}|{{{URL|}}}|{{{url|}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{if empty|{{{signature alt|}}}|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | other_party | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check|ignoreblank=y | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | honorific prefix = honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix = honorific_prefix | pre-nominals = honorific_prefix | honorific suffix = honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix = honorific_suffix | post-nominals = honorific_suffix | image size = image_size | imagesize = image_size | image caption = image_caption | birthname = birth_name | status = disappeared_status | death cause = death_cause | body discovered = body_discovered | resting place = resting_place | restingplace = resting_place | resting place coordinates = resting_place_coordinates | restingplacecoordinates = resting_place_coordinates | otherparty = other_party | other names = other_names | othername = other_names | nickname = other_names | alias = other_names | alma mater = alma_mater | years active = years_active | yearsactive = years_active | known for = known_for | known = known_for | notable works = notable_works | party = political_party | criminal charge = criminal_charge | criminal charges = criminal_charge | criminal penalty = criminal_penalty | judicial status = judicial_status | criminal status = criminal_status | spouse(s) = spouse | domesticpartner = partner | domestic_partner = partner | relations = relatives | misc = module | misc2 = module2 | misc3 = module3 | misc4 = module4 | misc5 = module5 | misc6 = module6 | homepage = website | URL = website | url = website | signature alt = signature_alt }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> jqiung8yyo43m3ofpii1u55sjqhepc2 799572 799571 2026-05-10T20:46:49Z en>Zackmann08 0 add drafts to this category to nip them in the bud. 799572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|}}}{{{honorific_prefix|}}}{{{honorific-prefix|}}}{{{pre-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific prefix|}}}|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|{{{honorific-prefix|}}}|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|}}}{{{honorific_suffix|}}}{{{honorific-suffix|}}}{{{post-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific suffix|}}}|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|{{{honorific-suffix|}}}|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|300|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{image caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{if empty|{{{birth_name|}}}|{{{birthname|}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{if empty|{{{status|}}}|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{if empty|{{{death cause|}}}|{{{death_cause|}}}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{if empty|{{{body discovered|}}}|{{{body_discovered|}}}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{if empty|{{{resting place|}}}|{{{resting_place|}}}|{{{restingplace|}}}}}|2={{if empty|{{{resting place coordinates|}}}|{{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{if empty|{{{alma mater|}}}|{{{alma_mater|}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{if empty|{{{years active|}}}|{{{years_active|}}}|{{{yearsactive|}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{if empty|{{{known for|}}}|{{{known_for|}}}|{{{known|}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{if empty|{{{notable works|}}}|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{if empty|{{{party|}}}|{{{political_party|}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{if empty|{{{otherparty|}}}|{{{other_party|}}}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{if empty|{{{criminal penalty|}}}|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{if empty|{{{judicial status|}}}|{{{judicial_status}}}}} | {{if empty|{{{criminal status|}}}|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{if empty|{{{relations|}}}|{{{relatives|}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{if empty|{{{misc|}}}|{{{module|}}}}} | data65 = {{if empty|{{{misc2|}}}|{{{module2|}}}}} | data66 = {{if empty|{{{misc3|}}}|{{{module3|}}}}} | data67 = {{if empty|{{{misc4|}}}|{{{module4|}}}}} | data68 = {{if empty|{{{misc5|}}}|{{{module5|}}}}} | data69 = {{if empty|{{{misc6|}}}|{{{module6|}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{if empty|{{{website|}}}|{{{homepage|}}}|{{{URL|}}}|{{{url|}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{if empty|{{{signature alt|}}}|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | other_party | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check|ignoreblank=y | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}}{{draft other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | honorific prefix = honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix = honorific_prefix | pre-nominals = honorific_prefix | honorific suffix = honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix = honorific_suffix | post-nominals = honorific_suffix | image size = image_size | imagesize = image_size | image caption = image_caption | birthname = birth_name | status = disappeared_status | death cause = death_cause | body discovered = body_discovered | resting place = resting_place | restingplace = resting_place | resting place coordinates = resting_place_coordinates | restingplacecoordinates = resting_place_coordinates | otherparty = other_party | other names = other_names | othername = other_names | nickname = other_names | alias = other_names | alma mater = alma_mater | years active = years_active | yearsactive = years_active | known for = known_for | known = known_for | notable works = notable_works | party = political_party | criminal charge = criminal_charge | criminal charges = criminal_charge | criminal penalty = criminal_penalty | judicial status = judicial_status | criminal status = criminal_status | spouse(s) = spouse | domesticpartner = partner | domestic_partner = partner | relations = relatives | misc = module | misc2 = module2 | misc3 = module3 | misc4 = module4 | misc5 = module5 | misc6 = module6 | homepage = website | URL = website | url = website | signature alt = signature_alt }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> dqq4qkjqucrgq3sa9wv6ockjggw6i70 799573 799572 2026-05-14T14:07:52Z en>Zackmann08 0 adding missing conflicting parameter check pointed out by. [[User:Gonnym]] (note that height_in was intentionally omitted as it does not conflict with height_ft) 799573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|}}}{{{honorific_prefix|}}}{{{honorific-prefix|}}}{{{pre-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific prefix|}}}|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|{{{honorific-prefix|}}}|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|}}}{{{honorific_suffix|}}}{{{honorific-suffix|}}}{{{post-nominals|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{if empty|{{{honorific suffix|}}}|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|{{{honorific-suffix|}}}|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|300|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{image caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}{{{birthname|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{if empty|{{{birth_name|}}}|{{{birthname|}}}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{if empty|{{{status|}}}|{{{disappeared_status|}}}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{if empty|{{{death cause|}}}|{{{death_cause|}}}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{if empty|{{{body discovered|}}}|{{{body_discovered|}}}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{if empty|{{{resting place|}}}|{{{resting_place|}}}|{{{restingplace|}}}}}|2={{if empty|{{{resting place coordinates|}}}|{{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{if empty|{{{other names|}}}|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{othername|}}}|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{alias|}}}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{if empty|{{{alma mater|}}}|{{{alma_mater|}}}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{if empty|{{{years active|}}}|{{{years_active|}}}|{{{yearsactive|}}}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{if empty|{{{known for|}}}|{{{known_for|}}}|{{{known|}}}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{if empty|{{{notable works|}}}|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{if empty|{{{party|}}}|{{{political_party|}}}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{if empty|{{{otherparty|}}}|{{{other_party|}}}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{criminal charge|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{if empty|{{{criminal penalty|}}}|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{judicial status|}}}{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{if empty|{{{judicial status|}}}|{{{judicial_status}}}}} | {{if empty|{{{criminal status|}}}|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouse(s)|}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{if empty|{{{relations|}}}|{{{relatives|}}}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{if empty|{{{misc|}}}|{{{module|}}}}} | data65 = {{if empty|{{{misc2|}}}|{{{module2|}}}}} | data66 = {{if empty|{{{misc3|}}}|{{{module3|}}}}} | data67 = {{if empty|{{{misc4|}}}|{{{module4|}}}}} | data68 = {{if empty|{{{misc5|}}}|{{{module5|}}}}} | data69 = {{if empty|{{{misc6|}}}|{{{module6|}}}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{if empty|{{{website|}}}|{{{homepage|}}}|{{{URL|}}}|{{{url|}}}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{if empty|{{{signature alt|}}}|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=n<!--this check deliberately flags empty unknown parameters; see talk, December 2022--> | abovestyle | agent | alias | alma mater | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | boards | body discovered | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal charge | criminal penalty | criminal status | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death cause | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | honors | honours | image | image caption | image size | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | imagesize | judicial status | judicial_status | known | known for | known_for | label_name | landscape | misc | misc2 | misc3 | misc4 | misc5 | misc6 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat_wdimage | notable works | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other names | other_names | othername | otherparty | other_party | parents | partner | partners | partner(s) | party | predecessor | pre-nominals | political_party | post-nominals | pronunciation | relations | relatives | resting place | resting place coordinates | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | siglum | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | spouse(s) | status | style | successor | template_name | television | term | title | URL | url | website | works | years active | years_active | yearsactive }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | honorific prefix; honorific_prefix; honorific-prefix; pre-nominals | honorific suffix; honorific_suffix; honorific-suffix; post-nominals | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize | height_m; height_cm; height_ft; height | image caption; caption; image_caption | birth_name; birthname | baptized; baptised | status; disappeared_status | death cause; death_cause | body discovered; body_discovered | resting place; resting_place; restingplace | resting place coordinates; resting_place_coordinates; restingplacecoordinates | other names; other_names; othername; nickname; alias | alma mater; alma_mater | years active; years_active; yearsactive | organisation; organization; organizations | political_party; party | known for= known_for; known | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable works; notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal charge; criminal_charge | criminal penalty; criminal_penalty | judicial status; judicial_status | criminal status; criminal_status | spouse; spouses; spouse(s) | partner; domesticpartner; domestic_partner; partners; partner(s) | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | relations; relatives | honours; honors | misc; module | misc2; module2 | misc3; module3 | misc4; module4 | misc5; module5 | misc6; module6 | website; homepage; URL; url }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for deprecated parameters|check|ignoreblank=y | _category = {{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}}{{draft other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters|_VALUE_]]}} | honorific prefix = honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix = honorific_prefix | pre-nominals = honorific_prefix | honorific suffix = honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix = honorific_suffix | post-nominals = honorific_suffix | image size = image_size | imagesize = image_size | image caption = image_caption | birthname = birth_name | status = disappeared_status | death cause = death_cause | body discovered = body_discovered | resting place = resting_place | restingplace = resting_place | resting place coordinates = resting_place_coordinates | restingplacecoordinates = resting_place_coordinates | otherparty = other_party | other names = other_names | othername = other_names | nickname = other_names | alias = other_names | alma mater = alma_mater | years active = years_active | yearsactive = years_active | known for = known_for | known = known_for | notable works = notable_works | party = political_party | criminal charge = criminal_charge | criminal charges = criminal_charge | criminal penalty = criminal_penalty | judicial status = judicial_status | criminal status = criminal_status | spouse(s) = spouse | domesticpartner = partner | domestic_partner = partner | relations = relatives | misc = module | misc2 = module2 | misc3 = module3 | misc4 = module4 | misc5 = module5 | misc6 = module6 | homepage = website | URL = website | url = website | signature alt = signature_alt }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> df9031s5s7hh8q7w0di6r2jf13l7jcb 799574 799573 2026-06-03T17:08:06Z en>Zackmann08 0 removing suppport for deprecated parameters that have been cleaned. 799574 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_prefix|}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_suffix|}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image_size|}}}}}|300|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image_size|}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{disappeared_status|}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{{death_cause|}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{{body_discovered|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting_place|}}}|2={{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{{other_names|}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{{other_names|}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma_mater|}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years_active|}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known_for|}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable_works|}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{{political_party|}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{other_party|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{{criminal_penalty|}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{if empty|{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{{criminal_status|}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relatives|}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{{module|}}} | data65 = {{{module2|}}} | data66 = {{{module3|}}} | data67 = {{{module4|}}} | data68 = {{{module5|}}} | data69 = {{{module6|}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature_alt|}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| agent | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | boards | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honors | honours | image | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | judicial_status | known_for | label_name | landscape | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nocat_wdimage | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other_names | other_party | parents | partner | partner(s) | partners | political_party | predecessor | pronunciation | relatives | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | siglum | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | style | successor | television | template_name | term | title | website | works | years_active }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | image_alt; alt | height_m; height_cm; height_ft; height | caption; image_caption | baptized; baptised | organisation; organization; organizations | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal_charge | spouse; spouses | partner; partners | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | honours; honors }}{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> c9fai6oq82tavpg9piov067n5daibcl 799575 799574 2026-06-09T19:45:02Z en>Andrybak 0 add parameter "image_class", needed when a monochrome logo is used as an image for a person, including in templates that are wrappers for {{Infobox person}}, such as [[Template:Infobox social media personality]] 799575 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_prefix|}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_suffix|}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image_size|}}}}}|300|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image_size|}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|class={{{image_class|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{disappeared_status|}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{{death_cause|}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{{body_discovered|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting_place|}}}|2={{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{{other_names|}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{{other_names|}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma_mater|}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years_active|}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known_for|}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable_works|}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{{political_party|}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{other_party|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{{criminal_penalty|}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{if empty|{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{{criminal_status|}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relatives|}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{{module|}}} | data65 = {{{module2|}}} | data66 = {{{module3|}}} | data67 = {{{module4|}}} | data68 = {{{module5|}}} | data69 = {{{module6|}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature_alt|}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| agent | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | boards | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honors | honours | image | image_alt | image_caption | image_class | image_size | image_upright | judicial_status | known_for | label_name | landscape | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nocat_wdimage | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other_names | other_party | parents | partner | partner(s) | partners | political_party | predecessor | pronunciation | relatives | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | siglum | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | style | successor | television | template_name | term | title | website | works | years_active }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | image_alt; alt | height_m; height_cm; height_ft; height | caption; image_caption | baptized; baptised | organisation; organization; organizations | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal_charge | spouse; spouses | partner; partners | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | honours; honors }}{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> mguzs9omiu2y2juwi2lxehaye1kzcmd 799576 799575 2026-07-12T22:02:51Z SM7 3953 20 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Infobox_person]] 799575 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_prefix|}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_suffix|}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image_size|}}}}}|300|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image_size|}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|class={{{image_class|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{disappeared_status|}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{{death_cause|}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{{body_discovered|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting_place|}}}|2={{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{{other_names|}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{{other_names|}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma_mater|}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years_active|}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known_for|}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable_works|}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{{political_party|}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{other_party|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{{criminal_penalty|}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{if empty|{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{{criminal_status|}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relatives|}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{{module|}}} | data65 = {{{module2|}}} | data66 = {{{module3|}}} | data67 = {{{module4|}}} | data68 = {{{module5|}}} | data69 = {{{module6|}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature_alt|}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| agent | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | boards | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honors | honours | image | image_alt | image_caption | image_class | image_size | image_upright | judicial_status | known_for | label_name | landscape | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nocat_wdimage | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other_names | other_party | parents | partner | partner(s) | partners | political_party | predecessor | pronunciation | relatives | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | siglum | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | style | successor | television | template_name | term | title | website | works | years_active }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | image_alt; alt | height_m; height_cm; height_ft; height | caption; image_caption | baptized; baptised | organisation; organization; organizations | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal_charge | spouse; spouses | partner; partners | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | honours; honors }}{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> mguzs9omiu2y2juwi2lxehaye1kzcmd 799577 799576 2026-07-12T22:08:17Z SM7 3953 Protected "[[टेम्पलेट:Infobox person]]": High Use page ([संपादन करीं=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [स्थानांतरण=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) 799575 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_prefix|}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_suffix|}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image_size|}}}}}|300|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image_size|}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|class={{{image_class|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{disappeared_status|}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{{death_cause|}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{{body_discovered|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting_place|}}}|2={{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{{other_names|}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{{other_names|}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma_mater|}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years_active|}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known_for|}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable_works|}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{{political_party|}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{other_party|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{{criminal_penalty|}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{if empty|{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{{criminal_status|}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relatives|}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{{module|}}} | data65 = {{{module2|}}} | data66 = {{{module3|}}} | data67 = {{{module4|}}} | data68 = {{{module5|}}} | data69 = {{{module6|}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}} | data72 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature_alt|}}}}} | header73 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}} | data74 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| agent | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | boards | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honors | honours | image | image_alt | image_caption | image_class | image_size | image_upright | judicial_status | known_for | label_name | landscape | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nocat_wdimage | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other_names | other_party | parents | partner | partner(s) | partners | political_party | predecessor | pronunciation | relatives | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | siglum | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | style | successor | television | template_name | term | title | website | works | years_active }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | image_alt; alt | height_m; height_cm; height_ft; height | caption; image_caption | baptized; baptised | organisation; organization; organizations | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal_charge | spouse; spouses | partner; partners | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | honours; honors }}{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> mguzs9omiu2y2juwi2lxehaye1kzcmd 799578 799577 2026-07-12T22:08:19Z SM7 3953 Adding {{pp-protected}} 799578 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-protected|reason=High Use page|small=yes}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = {{#if:{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_prefix|}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_suffix|}}}</div>}} | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}} | subheader2 = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=<!--empty when this infobox is embedded-->|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}} }} }} | subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125% | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image_size|}}}}}|300|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image_size|}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|class={{{image_class|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}} | label2 = Pronunciation | data2 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label10 = Born | data10 = {{br separated entries |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="nickname">{{{birth_name|}}}</div>}} |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}} |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">{{{birth_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label11 = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed | data11 = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}} | label12 = Disappeared | data12 = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}} | label13 = Status | data13 = {{{disappeared_status|}}} | label14 = Died | data14 = {{br separated entries |1={{#invoke:person date|death}} |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">{{{death_place|}}}</div>}} }} | label15 = {{longitem|Cause&nbsp;of death}} | data15 = {{{death_cause|}}} | label16 = {{longitem|Body discovered}} | data16 = {{{body_discovered|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Resting place}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting_place|}}}|2={{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}}}}} | class17 = label | label18 = Monuments | data18 = {{{monuments|}}} | label21 = Other&nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{{other_names|}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{{other_names|}}} | class21 = nickname | label22 = Siglum | data22 = {{{siglum|}}} | label23 = Citizenship | data23 = {{{citizenship|}}} | class23 = category | label24 = Education | data24 = {{{education|}}} | label25 = Alma&nbsp;mater | data25 = {{{alma_mater|}}} | label26 = Occupation{{Pluralize from text|{{{occupation|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{occupation|}}} | class26 = role | label27 = Years&nbsp;active | data27 = {{{years_active|}}} | label28 = Era | data28 = {{{era|}}} | class28 = category | label29 = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data29 = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}} | class29 = org | label30 = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data30 = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}} | class30 = org | label31 = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}} | class31 = agent | label32 = Known&nbsp;for | data32 = {{{known_for|}}} | label33 = Works | data33 = {{{works|}}} | label34 = Notable&nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}||<!-- -->{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}} | label35 = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}||<!-- -->{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}} | label36 = Notable&nbsp;work | data36 = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}||{{{notable_works|}}}}} | label37 = Style | data37 = {{{style|}}} | class37 = category | label40 = Television | data40 = {{{television|}}} | label41 = Height | data41 = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}} | data42 = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}} | class42 = title | label43 = Term | data43 = {{{term|}}} | label44 = Predecessor | data44 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label45 = Successor | data45 = {{{successor|}}} | label46 = {{longitem|Political party}} | data46 = {{{political_party|}}} | class46 = org | label47 = {{longitem|Other political<br />affiliations}} | data47 = {{{other_party|}}} | class47 = org | label48 = Movement | data48 = {{{movement|}}} | class48 = category | label49 = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data49 = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}} | label50 = {{longitem|Board member&nbsp;of}} | data50 = {{{boards|}}} | label51 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}} | data51 = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}} | label52 = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}} | data52 = {{{criminal_penalty|}}} | label53 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}} | data53 = {{if empty|{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{{criminal_status|}}}}} | class53 = category | label54 = Spouse{{#if:{{{spouses|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{{spouse|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data54 = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}} | label55 = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data55 = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}} | label56 = Children | data56 = {{{children|}}} | label57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|Parents|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|Father|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Mother}}}}}}}} | data57 = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#ifexpr:{{count|{{{father|}}}|{{{mother|}}}}} > 1|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}} | label58 = Relatives | data58 = {{{relatives|}}} | label59 = Family | data59 = {{{family|}}} | label60 = Call&nbsp;sign | data60 = {{{callsign|}}} | label61 = Awards | data61 = {{{awards|}}} | label62 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}} | data62 = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | data64 = {{{module|}}} | data65 = {{{module2|}}} | data66 = {{{module3|}}} | data67 = {{{module4|}}} | data68 = {{{module5|}}} | data69 = {{{module6|}}} | label70 = Website | data70 = {{{website|}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if 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successor | television | template_name | term | title | website | works | years_active }}<!-- -->{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}<!-- -->[[Category:Articles with hCards]] }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check | nested = 1 | template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] | cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}} | child; embed | image_alt; alt | height_m; height_cm; height_ft; height | caption; image_caption | baptized; baptised | organisation; organization; organizations | {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable_works | height_m; height_cm | office; title | criminal_charges; criminal_charge | spouse; spouses | partner; partners | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father | {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother | honours; honors }}{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 397kzk2uo5bvxr4pinyww7lgjiriyak 0 10608 799537 773598 2026-07-12T17:15:02Z SM7 3953 + नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट 799537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ocean habitat topics|image=Klamath river estuary.jpg|caption=उत्तरी कैलिफोर्निया में एगो एश्चुअरी, कालमाथ नदी।}} '''नदी मुहाना''' (अंग्रेजी: Estuary, ''एश्चुअरी'' ) नदी द्वारा बने वाला एगो [[थलरूप]] हवे जेवन नदी के समुंद्र में मिलत घरी बनेला, जब नदी आपन गाद-बालू जमा क के [[नदी डेल्टा|डेल्टा]] बनावे के बजाय सीधे समुंद्र में पानी छोड़े ले। समुंद्र से नदी के मिले के जगह पर बालू-माटी जमा करे से बनल थलरूप [[नदी डेल्टा|डेल्टा]] कहाला; मने कि नदी आ समुंद्र के मिलन, थलरुपी बर्गीकरण के आधार प दू किसिम के होला - नदी मुहाना ''(एश्चुअरी)'' आ नदी डेल्टा। ==प्रमुख उदाहरण== {{div col|3}} * [[अमेजन नदी]] * [[दि गोल्डन हॉर्न]] * [[चेसापीक खाड़ी]] * [[डेलवेयर खाड़ी]] * [[द्राकेस एस्तेरो]] * [[गिप्सलैंड झील]] * [[गिरोंदे]] * [[ग्रेट बे (न्यू हैम्शायर)|ग्रेट बे]] * [[सेंट लारेंस के खाड़ी]] * [[हैम्पटन रोड्स]] * [[हंबर]] * [[लागूना माद्रे]] * [[बोर्गने झील]] * [[पोंचास्ट्रियन झील]] * [[लौंग आइलैंड साउंड]] * [[मोबाइल खाड़ी]] * [[नैरागांसेट खाड़ी]] * [[न्यू-यार्क न्यूजर्सी बंदरगाह]] * [[ओब नदी]] * [[पजेट साउंड]] * [[पैमलिको साउंड]] * [[पोर्ट जैक्शन]] (सिडनी बंदरगाह) * [[रिओ दे ला प्लाता]] * [[सैन फ्रांसिस्को खाड़ी]] * [[सेवर्न एश्चुअरी]] * [[शैनन एश्चुअरी]] * [[स्पेंसर खाड़ी]] * [[टैंपा खाड़ी]] * [[टेम्स एश्चुअरी]] {{div col end}} {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== <references/> {{River morphology}} {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:जलीय भूआकृतिबिज्ञान]] [[श्रेणी:नदी]] {{भूआकृति-आधार}} ezarajtukbtr6mty8xvayxl1m27d5v2 0 11136 799539 434828 2026-07-12T17:15:58Z SM7 3953 + नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट 799539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:South India satellite.jpg|thumb|200px|दक्षिण भारत ([[भारतीय प्रायद्वीप]])।]] [[Image:Arabian Peninsula dust SeaWiFS-2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[अरब प्रायदीप]]]] '''प्रायदीप''' या '''प्रायद्वीप''' जमीन क अइसन बड़हन हिस्सा होला जेवन तीन ओर से [[समुन्द्र]] से घेराइल होला।<ref name = "Word_Histories">{{cite book | editor = Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries | title = Word Histories and Mysteries: From Abracadabra to Zeus | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | year = 2004 | page = 216 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=cZ88p_bSt1EC&pg=PA216 | isbn = 978-0547350271 | oclc = 55746553}}</ref> ई [[अंतरीप]] से अलग होला जेवन छोट आ पातर जमीनी हिस्सा होला आ समुन्द्र में दूर ले घुसल होला। हालांकि कुछ परिभाषा में एम्मे अंतरीप, स्पिट आ जमीन से जुडल दीप वगैरह के भी प्रायदीप मान लिहल जाला।<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9276348 Peninsula. – Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2007]. Encyclopædia Britannica, Retrieved 2007-07-19.</ref> उदाहरण खातिर [[दक्खिनी भारत|भारत क दक्खिनी पठार]] वाला हिस्सा एगो प्रायदीप हवे जेवना की पच्छिम ओर [[अरब सागर]], पुरुब ओर [[बंगाल क खाड़ी]] आ दक्खिन ओर [[हिन्द महासागर]] बाटे। एही तरे [[यूरोप]] महादीप के भी एगो बड़ा प्रायदीप मानल जाला आ "प्रायदीपन क प्रायदीप" कहल जाला। ==संदर्भ== <references/> {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]] [[श्रेणी:भूआकृति बिज्ञान]] [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:महादीप]] {{भूगोल-आधार}} e0c7qzqjkpq9y1mmn2ygiio3ifruwyc 0 11268 799525 799460 2026-07-12T12:24:33Z SM7 3953 बिस्तार कइल गइल 799525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|तेल चाहे घीव के जरा के अंजोर करे वाला दीपक|दीया}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | header = | width = 267 | image1 = Island near Fiji.jpg | caption1 = फिजी देस के एगो छोटहन दीप | image2 = Cloud-free Europe ESA17486464 (British Isles).jpeg | caption2 = ब्रिटिश दीपसमूह कई ठे दीप सभन से मिल के बनल हवे जेह में [[ग्रेट ब्रिटेन]] आ [[आयरलैंड]] सभसे बड़ बाने | image3 = Small Island in Lower Saranac Lake.jpg | caption3 = अमेरिका में एगो झील के बीचा में दीप | image4 = Bangchuidao Island.JPG | caption4 = चीन में एगो चट्टानी टापू | image5 = Fernando noronha.jpg | caption5 = [[ब्राजील]] के ई दीप सभ वास्तव में पहाड़ सभन के निचला हिस्सा के बूड़ जाए के कारण बनल हवें | image6 = Burger OtokKriznaJama.jpg | caption6 = जमीन के नीचे के गुफा में बनल एगो दीप | image7 = AerialshotManhattanNYC.jpeg | caption7 = मैनहट्टन में करीब 16 लाख लोग निवास करे ला | image8 = ISS-38 Hawaiian Island chain.jpg | caption8 = अंतरिक्ष से हवाई दीप के लिहल फोटो | image9 = Kansai closeup.jpg | caption9 = जापान के कंसाई हवाइअड्डा एगो बनावटी दीप पर बा }} '''दीप''' भा '''टापू''' ({{Lang|en|Island}}; [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]] आ {{Langx|sa|द्वीप}}) [[महादीप|महादीप से छोटहन]] साइज के [[थलरूप|जमीनी]] हिस्सा टुकड़ा होल जेवन चारो ओर से पानी से घेराइल होखे।<ref name="n705">{{cite web |title=Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=21 June 2026 |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/island |access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="q879">{{cite web |title=island |website=Cambridge Dictionary |date=8 July 2026 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/island |access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> दुसरे शब्दन में, [[समुंद्र]], [[झील]] भा [[नदी]] के बीचा में पानी से घेराइल जमीन के दीप भा टापू कहल जाला। दीपन के उनहन के उत्पत्ती के आधार पर कई किसिम में बाँटल जाला। महादीपीय दीप भा टेक्टोनिक दीप ओह दीपन के कहल जाला, जे [[प्लेट टैक्टॉनिक्स]] के कारण कवनो [[महादीप]] (कंटीनेंट) से अलग होके बनल बाड़ें; ई [[कंटीनेंटल शेल्फ]] के हिस्सा होलें।<ref name="n705" /> जबकि महासागरीय दीप अइसन दीप हउवें, जे कबो कवनो महादीप के हिस्सा ना रहल हवें। महासागरीय दीप [[ज्वालामुखी]] गतिविधि से बन सके लें आ बाद में चल के [[कोरल रीफ]] (मूँगा के चट्टान) के बिकास से ई [[एटॉल]] के रूप ले सके लें। समुंद्र तट पर तलछट के जमाव से दीप बन सके ला, जवना के [[बैरियर आइलैंड]] कहल जाला। [[नदी]] आ [[झील]] में भी अगर कौनों अइसन रचना होखे तब ओहू के दीपे कहल जाला। [[भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]] में नदी के बीच अइसन टापू सभ के ''दिया'' चाहे ''दियारा'' कहल जाला; हालाँकि, ई शब्द नदी के तीरे निचली कछारो वाली जमीन खातिर इस्तेमाल होला। आर्टिफिशियल दीप ऊ दीप हउवें, जे मनुष्य द्वारा बनावल जालें। एहमें लैगून के भीतर बनावल गइल छोट-छोट चट्टानी दीप से ले के, बिकास कार्य खातिर समुद्र भा झील के हिस्सा माटी-बालू भर के तइयार कइल गइल बड़हन साइज के लैंड रिक्लेमेशन परियोजना तक शामिल बाड़ी स। दीप अनेक प्रकार के पेड़-पौधा आ जिया-जंतु के [[हैबीटाट|निवास]] होलें। महासागरीय दीपन के चारों ओर समुंद्र होखे के कारण नया प्रजातियन के उहाँ पहुँचे में प्राकृतिक बाधा रहेला। एहसे जवन प्रजाति दीप तक पहुँच जालीं, ऊ बाकी दुनिया से अलग रहके अपनहीं ढंग से बिकसित होखे लागे लीं। महाद्वीपीय दीपन पर ओह महाद्वीप के पेड़-पौधा आ जीव-जंतु पावल जालें, जवना महादीप से ऊ अलग भइल रहलें। अगर महाद्वीपीय दीप बहुत पहिले महाद्वीप से अलग भइल होखे, त [[नेचुरल सिलेक्शन]] के कारण ओह दीप के जीव-जंतु आ वनस्पति समय के साथ मुख्य भूमि (मेन महादीप) पर पावल जाए वाला प्रजातियन से काफी अलग किसिम के बिकसित हो सके लीं। टापू सब के जीवभूगोल के अध्ययन के ''आइलैंड बायोज्योग्राफी'' कहल जाला। मनुष्य कम से कम हजारन साल से दीपन पर रहत आ एक दीप से दुसरे दीप तक जतरा करत आइल बा। इतिहासी जुग में कुछ दीपन पर लोग थलसेतु (लैंड ब्रिज) के जरिये चहुँपल, कुछ महादीपन से अलग भइला के बाद आबाद भइलें, जबकि कई दीपन तक लोग [[नाइ]] से पहुँच के बसल। धरती के बहुत उत्तर भा दक्खिन ([[ध्रुव]] वाला इलाका सभ में) के कुछ दीपन के मौसमी बर्फ भा [[ग्लेशियर|हिमनद]] के बर्फ मुख्य भूमि से जोड़ देले आ ई पुल के काम कइले होखिहें। आज दुनियाँ में मनुष्य के लगभग 10% आबादी दीपन पर रह रहल बाटे। प्राकृतिक सुंदरता, अलगाव आ अनोखा संस्कृति के चलते दीप पर्यटक लोगन के बहुते पसंदीदा पर्यटन स्थल भी हउवें। दीप यूरोपीय देशन के उपनिवेश बनावे के दौर में मेन टारगेट बन गइल रहलें। एह कारण [[प्रशांत महासागर]] के अधिकांश दीप यूरोपीय शासन के अधीन आ गइलें। बाद में उपनिवेशवाद के अंत (डीकोलोनाइजेशन) के प्रक्रिया से कई दीप, हालाँकि सभे ना, आजाद भा खुदशासित देश बन गइलें। उपनिवेशवाद के प्रभाव आजुओ औद्योगीकरण, बाहरी (आक्रामक) प्रजातियन के फैलाव, परमाणु हथियार के परीक्षण आ पर्यटन के रूप में देखल जा सकेला। आज दीप आ दीप देश [[जलवायु बदलाव]] से गम्हीर खतरा झेल रहल बाड़ें। [[समुद्र तल]] के बढ़त लेवल से [[मालदीव]], [[मार्शल दीपसमूह]] आ [[तुवालू]] जइसन देशन के पूरा तरीका से समुंदर में बूड़ जाए के खतरा मेंड़रा रहल बा। [[उष्णकटिबंधी चक्रवात|उष्णकटिबंधीय चक्रवातन]] के फ्रीक्वेंसी आ तीव्रता बढ़ला से आधारभूत ढाँचा आ जंगली जीवन के आवास के भारी नुकसान हो सके ला।जवन प्रजाति खाली दीपन पर पावल जाली, ऊ विलुप्त होखे के सबसे बेसी खतरा झेलत बाड़ी स। कुछ दीप अंतरराष्ट्रीय विवाद के मुद्दा बाड़ें; उदाहरण खातिर, [[ताइवान]] पर चीन अपना दावा करे ला। == परिभाषा == दीप जमीन के अइसन हिस्सा होला, जे चारों ओर से पानी से घेराइल होखे आ कवनो महादीप न होखे। दीप आ महादीप के अलग करे खातिर साइज के कवनो तय मानक नइखे। महादीप सभ के भूगर्भीय आधार पर परिभाषित कइल बाटे। ई कवनो बिसेस टेक्टोनिक प्लेट पर स्थित सबसे बड़हन भूभाग होलें।<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Continent |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/Continent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716045120/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continent/ |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> दीप झील, नदी, समुद्र आ दुसरा जलाशयन में कतहूँ बन सके लें।<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=Island |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/island |access-date=July 13, 2024 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> जवन जमीनी हिस्सा [[ज्वार]] के समय पानी के ऊपर ना रहेला आ खाली भाटा के समय दिखाई देला, ओहके आमतौर पर दीप ना मानल जाला।<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Baldacchino |first=Godfrey |title=Bridging islands: the impact of fixed links |date=2007 |publisher=Acorn Press |isbn=978-1-894838-24-5 |location=Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island |oclc=70884504}}</ref> कुछ दीप, जे भूमि पुनरुद्धार (लैंड रिक्लेमेशन) भा पुल के माध्यम से मुख्य भूमि से जोड़ दिहल गइल बाड़ें, कुछ संदर्भन में अब दीप ना मानल जालें। हालाँकि ई बात सभे स्थिति में लागू नइखे।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pigou-Dennis |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Grydehøj |first2=Adam |date=2014 |title=Accidental and ideal island cities: islanding processes and urban design in Belize City and the urban archipelagos of Europe |url=https://islandstudiesjournal.scholasticahq.com/article/81626 |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=259–276 |doi=10.24043/isj.305|doi-access=free }}</ref> == मनुष्य आ दीप == === पर्यटन == अपना अलग किसिम के [[जलवायु|आबोहवा]], संस्कृति आ प्राकृतिक सुंदरता के कारण दीप बहुत समय से पर्यटकन के पसंदीदा पर्यटन स्थल रहल बाड़ें। हालाँकि, कई दीपन में हवाई जहाज आ नाव के सीमित सुबिधा के चलते आवागमन में कठिनाई हो सके ले। एकरे साथे-साथ, पर्यटकन के बेसी संख्या होखले पर सड़क, पानी, बिजली आ बाकी इन्फ्रास्ट्रक्चर सुबिधा सभ पर दबावो बढ़ जाला। ठंडा जलवायु वाला दीपन में पर्यटन अक्सर मौसमी (सीजनल) होला। उहाँ लोग प्राकृतिक सुंदरता आ स्थानीय संस्कृति के आनंद लेवे खातिर आवेला, आ पर्यटन दीप के अर्थव्यवस्था के खाली एगो हिस्सा होखेला। एकरा विपरीत, उष्णकटिबंधीय दीपन में पर्यटन कई बेर स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था आ बिकास के सबसे मेन आधार बन जाला। एह दीपन के आर्थिक बिकास बनवले रखे खातिर पर्यटन के साथे-साथ कई बेर लगातार विदेशी सहायता के भी जरूरत पड़े ला। {{clear}} == इहो देखल जाय == * [[झील]] * [[प्रायदीप]] * [[केप]] * [[एटॉल]] == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} == बाहरी कड़ी == * {{commons and category inline|Island|Islands}} * {{Wikiquote-inline|Islands}} {{Coastal geography}} {{Authority control}} [[श्रेणी:दीप| ]] [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:जलमंडल]] [[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]] {{भू-शब्द-आधार}} tu292g5lxdkd0z92ap3w18u50d1k2ze 799526 799525 2026-07-12T12:25:14Z SM7 3953 सुधार कइल गइल 799526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|तेल चाहे घीव के जरा के अंजोर करे वाला दीपक|दीया}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | header = | width = 267 | image1 = Island near Fiji.jpg | caption1 = फिजी देस के एगो छोटहन दीप | image2 = Cloud-free Europe ESA17486464 (British Isles).jpeg | caption2 = ब्रिटिश दीपसमूह कई ठे दीप सभन से मिल के बनल हवे जेह में [[ग्रेट ब्रिटेन]] आ [[आयरलैंड]] सभसे बड़ बाने | image3 = Small Island in Lower Saranac Lake.jpg | caption3 = अमेरिका में एगो झील के बीचा में दीप | image4 = Bangchuidao Island.JPG | caption4 = चीन में एगो चट्टानी टापू | image5 = Fernando noronha.jpg | caption5 = [[ब्राजील]] के ई दीप सभ वास्तव में पहाड़ सभन के निचला हिस्सा के बूड़ जाए के कारण बनल हवें | image6 = Burger OtokKriznaJama.jpg | caption6 = जमीन के नीचे के गुफा में बनल एगो दीप | image7 = AerialshotManhattanNYC.jpeg | caption7 = मैनहट्टन में करीब 16 लाख लोग निवास करे ला | image8 = ISS-38 Hawaiian Island chain.jpg | caption8 = अंतरिक्ष से हवाई दीप के लिहल फोटो | image9 = Kansai closeup.jpg | caption9 = जापान के कंसाई हवाइअड्डा एगो बनावटी दीप पर बा }} '''दीप''' भा '''टापू''' ({{Lang|en|Island}}; [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]] आ {{Langx|sa|द्वीप}}) [[महादीप|महादीप से छोटहन]] साइज के [[थलरूप|जमीनी]] हिस्सा टुकड़ा होल जेवन चारो ओर से पानी से घेराइल होखे।<ref name="n705">{{cite web |title=Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=21 June 2026 |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/island |access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="q879">{{cite web |title=island |website=Cambridge Dictionary |date=8 July 2026 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/island |access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> दुसरे शब्दन में, [[समुंद्र]], [[झील]] भा [[नदी]] के बीचा में पानी से घेराइल जमीन के दीप भा टापू कहल जाला। दीपन के उनहन के उत्पत्ती के आधार पर कई किसिम में बाँटल जाला। महादीपीय दीप भा टेक्टोनिक दीप ओह दीपन के कहल जाला, जे [[प्लेट टैक्टॉनिक्स]] के कारण कवनो [[महादीप]] (कंटीनेंट) से अलग होके बनल बाड़ें; ई [[कंटीनेंटल शेल्फ]] के हिस्सा होलें।<ref name="n705" /> जबकि महासागरीय दीप अइसन दीप हउवें, जे कबो कवनो महादीप के हिस्सा ना रहल हवें। महासागरीय दीप [[ज्वालामुखी]] गतिविधि से बन सके लें आ बाद में चल के [[कोरल रीफ]] (मूँगा के चट्टान) के बिकास से ई [[एटॉल]] के रूप ले सके लें। समुंद्र तट पर तलछट के जमाव से दीप बन सके ला, जवना के [[बैरियर आइलैंड]] कहल जाला। [[नदी]] आ [[झील]] में भी अगर कौनों अइसन रचना होखे तब ओहू के दीपे कहल जाला। [[भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]] में नदी के बीच अइसन टापू सभ के ''दिया'' चाहे ''दियारा'' कहल जाला; हालाँकि, ई शब्द नदी के तीरे निचली कछारो वाली जमीन खातिर इस्तेमाल होला। आर्टिफिशियल दीप ऊ दीप हउवें, जे मनुष्य द्वारा बनावल जालें। एहमें लैगून के भीतर बनावल गइल छोट-छोट चट्टानी दीप से ले के, बिकास कार्य खातिर समुद्र भा झील के हिस्सा माटी-बालू भर के तइयार कइल गइल बड़हन साइज के लैंड रिक्लेमेशन परियोजना तक शामिल बाड़ी स। दीप अनेक प्रकार के पेड़-पौधा आ जिया-जंतु के [[हैबीटाट|निवास]] होलें। महासागरीय दीपन के चारों ओर समुंद्र होखे के कारण नया प्रजातियन के उहाँ पहुँचे में प्राकृतिक बाधा रहेला। एहसे जवन प्रजाति दीप तक पहुँच जालीं, ऊ बाकी दुनिया से अलग रहके अपनहीं ढंग से बिकसित होखे लागे लीं। महाद्वीपीय दीपन पर ओह महाद्वीप के पेड़-पौधा आ जीव-जंतु पावल जालें, जवना महादीप से ऊ अलग भइल रहलें। अगर महाद्वीपीय दीप बहुत पहिले महाद्वीप से अलग भइल होखे, त [[नेचुरल सिलेक्शन]] के कारण ओह दीप के जीव-जंतु आ वनस्पति समय के साथ मुख्य भूमि (मेन महादीप) पर पावल जाए वाला प्रजातियन से काफी अलग किसिम के बिकसित हो सके लीं। टापू सब के जीवभूगोल के अध्ययन के ''आइलैंड बायोज्योग्राफी'' कहल जाला। मनुष्य कम से कम हजारन साल से दीपन पर रहत आ एक दीप से दुसरे दीप तक जतरा करत आइल बा। इतिहासी जुग में कुछ दीपन पर लोग थलसेतु (लैंड ब्रिज) के जरिये चहुँपल, कुछ महादीपन से अलग भइला के बाद आबाद भइलें, जबकि कई दीपन तक लोग [[नाइ]] से पहुँच के बसल। धरती के बहुत उत्तर भा दक्खिन ([[ध्रुव]] वाला इलाका सभ में) के कुछ दीपन के मौसमी बर्फ भा [[ग्लेशियर|हिमनद]] के बर्फ मुख्य भूमि से जोड़ देले आ ई पुल के काम कइले होखिहें। आज दुनियाँ में मनुष्य के लगभग 10% आबादी दीपन पर रह रहल बाटे। प्राकृतिक सुंदरता, अलगाव आ अनोखा संस्कृति के चलते दीप पर्यटक लोगन के बहुते पसंदीदा पर्यटन स्थल भी हउवें। दीप यूरोपीय देशन के उपनिवेश बनावे के दौर में मेन टारगेट बन गइल रहलें। एह कारण [[प्रशांत महासागर]] के अधिकांश दीप यूरोपीय शासन के अधीन आ गइलें। बाद में उपनिवेशवाद के अंत (डीकोलोनाइजेशन) के प्रक्रिया से कई दीप, हालाँकि सभे ना, आजाद भा खुदशासित देश बन गइलें। उपनिवेशवाद के प्रभाव आजुओ औद्योगीकरण, बाहरी (आक्रामक) प्रजातियन के फैलाव, परमाणु हथियार के परीक्षण आ पर्यटन के रूप में देखल जा सकेला। आज दीप आ दीप देश [[जलवायु बदलाव]] से गम्हीर खतरा झेल रहल बाड़ें। [[समुद्र तल]] के बढ़त लेवल से [[मालदीव]], [[मार्शल दीपसमूह]] आ [[तुवालू]] जइसन देशन के पूरा तरीका से समुंदर में बूड़ जाए के खतरा मेंड़रा रहल बा। [[उष्णकटिबंधी चक्रवात|उष्णकटिबंधीय चक्रवातन]] के फ्रीक्वेंसी आ तीव्रता बढ़ला से आधारभूत ढाँचा आ जंगली जीवन के आवास के भारी नुकसान हो सके ला।जवन प्रजाति खाली दीपन पर पावल जाली, ऊ विलुप्त होखे के सबसे बेसी खतरा झेलत बाड़ी स। कुछ दीप अंतरराष्ट्रीय विवाद के मुद्दा बाड़ें; उदाहरण खातिर, [[ताइवान]] पर चीन अपना दावा करे ला। == परिभाषा == दीप जमीन के अइसन हिस्सा होला, जे चारों ओर से पानी से घेराइल होखे आ कवनो महादीप न होखे। दीप आ महादीप के अलग करे खातिर साइज के कवनो तय मानक नइखे। महादीप सभ के भूगर्भीय आधार पर परिभाषित कइल बाटे। ई कवनो बिसेस टेक्टोनिक प्लेट पर स्थित सबसे बड़हन भूभाग होलें।<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Continent |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/Continent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716045120/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continent/ |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> दीप झील, नदी, समुद्र आ दुसरा जलाशयन में कतहूँ बन सके लें।<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=Island |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/island |access-date=July 13, 2024 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> जवन जमीनी हिस्सा [[ज्वार]] के समय पानी के ऊपर ना रहेला आ खाली भाटा के समय दिखाई देला, ओहके आमतौर पर दीप ना मानल जाला।<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Baldacchino |first=Godfrey |title=Bridging islands: the impact of fixed links |date=2007 |publisher=Acorn Press |isbn=978-1-894838-24-5 |location=Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island |oclc=70884504}}</ref> कुछ दीप, जे भूमि पुनरुद्धार (लैंड रिक्लेमेशन) भा पुल के माध्यम से मुख्य भूमि से जोड़ दिहल गइल बाड़ें, कुछ संदर्भन में अब दीप ना मानल जालें। हालाँकि ई बात सभे स्थिति में लागू नइखे।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pigou-Dennis |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Grydehøj |first2=Adam |date=2014 |title=Accidental and ideal island cities: islanding processes and urban design in Belize City and the urban archipelagos of Europe |url=https://islandstudiesjournal.scholasticahq.com/article/81626 |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=259–276 |doi=10.24043/isj.305|doi-access=free }}</ref> == मनुष्य आ दीप == === पर्यटन === अपना अलग किसिम के [[जलवायु|आबोहवा]], संस्कृति आ प्राकृतिक सुंदरता के कारण दीप बहुत समय से पर्यटकन के पसंदीदा पर्यटन स्थल रहल बाड़ें। हालाँकि, कई दीपन में हवाई जहाज आ नाव के सीमित सुबिधा के चलते आवागमन में कठिनाई हो सके ले। एकरे साथे-साथ, पर्यटकन के बेसी संख्या होखले पर सड़क, पानी, बिजली आ बाकी इन्फ्रास्ट्रक्चर सुबिधा सभ पर दबावो बढ़ जाला। ठंडा जलवायु वाला दीपन में पर्यटन अक्सर मौसमी (सीजनल) होला। उहाँ लोग प्राकृतिक सुंदरता आ स्थानीय संस्कृति के आनंद लेवे खातिर आवेला, आ पर्यटन दीप के अर्थव्यवस्था के खाली एगो हिस्सा होखेला। एकरा विपरीत, उष्णकटिबंधीय दीपन में पर्यटन कई बेर स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था आ बिकास के सबसे मेन आधार बन जाला। एह दीपन के आर्थिक बिकास बनवले रखे खातिर पर्यटन के साथे-साथ कई बेर लगातार विदेशी सहायता के भी जरूरत पड़े ला। {{clear}} == इहो देखल जाय == * [[झील]] * [[प्रायदीप]] * [[केप]] * [[एटॉल]] == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} == बाहरी कड़ी == * {{commons and category inline|Island|Islands}} * {{Wikiquote-inline|Islands}} {{Coastal geography}} {{Authority control}} [[श्रेणी:दीप| ]] [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:जलमंडल]] [[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]] {{भू-शब्द-आधार}} 1fns6q51uppv7zj4qwe86oor5st8519 799527 799526 2026-07-12T12:26:22Z SM7 3953 सुधार कइल गइल 799527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|तेल चाहे घीव के जरा के अंजोर करे वाला दीपक|दीया}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | header = | width = 267 | image1 = Island near Fiji.jpg | caption1 = फिजी देस के एगो छोटहन दीप | image2 = Cloud-free Europe ESA17486464 (British Isles).jpeg | caption2 = ब्रिटिश दीपसमूह कई ठे दीप सभन से मिल के बनल हवे जेह में [[ग्रेट ब्रिटेन]] आ [[आयरलैंड]] सभसे बड़ बाने | image3 = Small Island in Lower Saranac Lake.jpg | caption3 = अमेरिका में एगो झील के बीचा में दीप | image4 = Bangchuidao Island.JPG | caption4 = चीन में एगो चट्टानी टापू | image5 = Fernando noronha.jpg | caption5 = [[ब्राजील]] के ई दीप सभ वास्तव में पहाड़ सभन के निचला हिस्सा के बूड़ जाए के कारण बनल हवें | image6 = Burger OtokKriznaJama.jpg | caption6 = जमीन के नीचे के गुफा में बनल एगो दीप | image7 = AerialshotManhattanNYC.jpeg | caption7 = मैनहट्टन में करीब 16 लाख लोग निवास करे ला | image8 = ISS-38 Hawaiian Island chain.jpg | caption8 = अंतरिक्ष से हवाई दीप के लिहल फोटो | image9 = Kansai closeup.jpg | caption9 = जापान के कंसाई हवाइअड्डा एगो बनावटी दीप पर बा }} '''दीप''' भा '''टापू''' ({{Lang|en|Island}}; [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]] आ {{Langx|sa|द्वीप}}) [[महादीप|महादीप से छोटहन]] साइज के [[थलरूप|जमीनी]] हिस्सा टुकड़ा होल जेवन चारो ओर से पानी से घेराइल होखे।<ref name="n705">{{cite web |title=Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=21 June 2026 |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/island |access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="q879">{{cite web |title=island |website=Cambridge Dictionary |date=8 July 2026 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/island |access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> दुसरे शब्दन में, [[समुंद्र]], [[झील]] भा [[नदी]] के बीचा में पानी से घेराइल जमीन के दीप भा टापू कहल जाला। दीपन के उनहन के उत्पत्ती के आधार पर कई किसिम में बाँटल जाला। महादीपीय दीप भा टेक्टोनिक दीप ओह दीपन के कहल जाला, जे [[प्लेट टैक्टॉनिक्स]] के कारण कवनो [[महादीप]] (कंटीनेंट) से अलग होके बनल बाड़ें; ई [[कंटीनेंटल शेल्फ]] के हिस्सा होलें।<ref name="n705" /> जबकि महासागरीय दीप अइसन दीप हउवें, जे कबो कवनो महादीप के हिस्सा ना रहल हवें। महासागरीय दीप [[ज्वालामुखी]] गतिविधि से बन सके लें आ बाद में चल के [[कोरल रीफ]] (मूँगा के चट्टान) के बिकास से ई [[एटॉल]] के रूप ले सके लें। समुंद्र तट पर तलछट के जमाव से दीप बन सके ला, जवना के [[बैरियर आइलैंड]] कहल जाला। [[नदी]] आ [[झील]] में भी अगर कौनों अइसन रचना होखे तब ओहू के दीपे कहल जाला। [[भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]] में नदी के बीच अइसन टापू सभ के ''दिया'' चाहे ''दियारा'' कहल जाला; हालाँकि, ई शब्द नदी के तीरे निचली कछारो वाली जमीन खातिर इस्तेमाल होला। आर्टिफिशियल दीप ऊ दीप हउवें, जे मनुष्य द्वारा बनावल जालें। एहमें लैगून के भीतर बनावल गइल छोट-छोट चट्टानी दीप से ले के, बिकास कार्य खातिर समुद्र भा झील के हिस्सा माटी-बालू भर के तइयार कइल गइल बड़हन साइज के लैंड रिक्लेमेशन परियोजना तक शामिल बाड़ी स। दीप अनेक प्रकार के पेड़-पौधा आ जिया-जंतु के [[हैबीटाट|निवास]] होलें। महासागरीय दीपन के चारों ओर समुंद्र होखे के कारण नया प्रजातियन के उहाँ पहुँचे में प्राकृतिक बाधा रहेला। एहसे जवन प्रजाति दीप तक पहुँच जालीं, ऊ बाकी दुनिया से अलग रहके अपनहीं ढंग से बिकसित होखे लागे लीं। महाद्वीपीय दीपन पर ओह महाद्वीप के पेड़-पौधा आ जीव-जंतु पावल जालें, जवना महादीप से ऊ अलग भइल रहलें। अगर महाद्वीपीय दीप बहुत पहिले महाद्वीप से अलग भइल होखे, त [[नेचुरल सिलेक्शन]] के कारण ओह दीप के जीव-जंतु आ वनस्पति समय के साथ मुख्य भूमि (मेन महादीप) पर पावल जाए वाला प्रजातियन से काफी अलग किसिम के बिकसित हो सके लीं। टापू सब के जीवभूगोल के अध्ययन के ''आइलैंड बायोज्योग्राफी'' कहल जाला। मनुष्य कम से कम हजारन साल से दीपन पर रहत आ एक दीप से दुसरे दीप तक जतरा करत आइल बा। इतिहासी जुग में कुछ दीपन पर लोग थलसेतु (लैंड ब्रिज) के जरिये चहुँपल, कुछ महादीपन से अलग भइला के बाद आबाद भइलें, जबकि कई दीपन तक लोग [[नाइ]] से पहुँच के बसल। धरती के बहुत उत्तर भा दक्खिन ([[ध्रुव]] वाला इलाका सभ में) के कुछ दीपन के मौसमी बर्फ भा [[ग्लेशियर|हिमनद]] के बर्फ मुख्य भूमि से जोड़ देले आ ई पुल के काम कइले होखिहें। आज दुनियाँ में मनुष्य के लगभग 10% आबादी दीपन पर रह रहल बाटे। प्राकृतिक सुंदरता, अलगाव आ अनोखा संस्कृति के चलते दीप पर्यटक लोगन के बहुते पसंदीदा पर्यटन स्थल भी हउवें। दीप यूरोपीय देशन के उपनिवेश बनावे के दौर में मेन टारगेट बन गइल रहलें। एह कारण [[प्रशांत महासागर]] के अधिकांश दीप यूरोपीय शासन के अधीन आ गइलें। बाद में उपनिवेशवाद के अंत (डीकोलोनाइजेशन) के प्रक्रिया से कई दीप, हालाँकि सभे ना, आजाद भा खुदशासित देश बन गइलें। उपनिवेशवाद के प्रभाव आजुओ औद्योगीकरण, बाहरी (आक्रामक) प्रजातियन के फैलाव, परमाणु हथियार के परीक्षण आ पर्यटन के रूप में देखल जा सकेला। आज दीप आ दीप देश [[जलवायु बदलाव]] से गम्हीर खतरा झेल रहल बाड़ें। [[समुद्र तल]] के बढ़त लेवल से [[मालदीव]], [[मार्शल दीपसमूह]] आ [[तुवालू]] जइसन देशन के पूरा तरीका से समुंदर में बूड़ जाए के खतरा मेंड़रा रहल बा। [[उष्णकटिबंधी चक्रवात|उष्णकटिबंधीय चक्रवातन]] के फ्रीक्वेंसी आ तीव्रता बढ़ला से आधारभूत ढाँचा आ जंगली जीवन के आवास के भारी नुकसान हो सके ला।जवन प्रजाति खाली दीपन पर पावल जाली, ऊ विलुप्त होखे के सबसे बेसी खतरा झेलत बाड़ी स। कुछ दीप अंतरराष्ट्रीय विवाद के मुद्दा बाड़ें; उदाहरण खातिर, [[ताइवान]] पर चीन अपना दावा करे ला। == परिभाषा == दीप जमीन के अइसन हिस्सा होला, जे चारों ओर से पानी से घेराइल होखे आ कवनो महादीप न होखे। दीप आ महादीप के अलग करे खातिर साइज के कवनो तय मानक नइखे। महादीप सभ के भूगर्भीय आधार पर परिभाषित कइल बाटे। ई कवनो बिसेस टेक्टोनिक प्लेट पर स्थित सबसे बड़हन भूभाग होलें।<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Continent |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/Continent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716045120/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continent/ |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> दीप झील, नदी, समुद्र आ दुसरा जलाशयन में कतहूँ बन सके लें।<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=Island |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/island |access-date=July 13, 2024 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> जवन जमीनी हिस्सा [[ज्वार]] के समय पानी के ऊपर ना रहेला आ खाली भाटा के समय दिखाई देला, ओहके आमतौर पर दीप ना मानल जाला।<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Baldacchino |first=Godfrey |title=Bridging islands: the impact of fixed links |date=2007 |publisher=Acorn Press |isbn=978-1-894838-24-5 |location=Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island |oclc=70884504}}</ref> कुछ दीप, जे भूमि पुनरुद्धार (लैंड रिक्लेमेशन) भा पुल के माध्यम से मुख्य भूमि से जोड़ दिहल गइल बाड़ें, कुछ संदर्भन में अब दीप ना मानल जालें। हालाँकि ई बात सभे स्थिति में लागू नइखे।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pigou-Dennis |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Grydehøj |first2=Adam |date=2014 |title=Accidental and ideal island cities: islanding processes and urban design in Belize City and the urban archipelagos of Europe |url=https://islandstudiesjournal.scholasticahq.com/article/81626 |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=259–276 |doi=10.24043/isj.305|doi-access=free }}</ref> == मनुष्य आ दीप == === पर्यटन === अपना अलग किसिम के [[जलवायु|आबोहवा]], संस्कृति आ प्राकृतिक सुंदरता के कारण दीप बहुत समय से पर्यटकन के पसंदीदा पर्यटन स्थल रहल बाड़ें। हालाँकि, कई दीपन में हवाई जहाज आ नाव के सीमित सुबिधा के चलते आवागमन में कठिनाई हो सके ले। एकरे साथे-साथ, पर्यटकन के बेसी संख्या होखले पर सड़क, पानी, बिजली आ बाकी इन्फ्रास्ट्रक्चर सुबिधा सभ पर दबावो बढ़ जाला। ठंडा जलवायु वाला दीपन में पर्यटन अक्सर मौसमी (सीजनल) होला। उहाँ लोग प्राकृतिक सुंदरता आ स्थानीय संस्कृति के आनंद लेवे खातिर आवेला, आ पर्यटन दीप के अर्थव्यवस्था के खाली एगो हिस्सा होखेला। एकरा विपरीत, उष्णकटिबंधीय दीपन में पर्यटन कई बेर स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था आ बिकास के सबसे मेन आधार बन जाला। एह दीपन के आर्थिक बिकास बनवले रखे खातिर पर्यटन के साथे-साथ कई बेर लगातार विदेशी सहायता के भी जरूरत पड़े ला। {{clear}} == इहो देखल जाय == * [[झील]] * [[प्रायदीप]] * [[केप (भूगोल)|केप]] * [[एटॉल]] == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} == बाहरी कड़ी == * {{commons and category inline|Island|Islands}} * {{Wikiquote-inline|Islands}} {{Coastal geography}} {{Authority control}} [[श्रेणी:दीप| ]] [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:जलमंडल]] [[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]] {{भू-शब्द-आधार}} 64rfum7s6oaq3q8evj2bu6bfnjy3mof 0 13272 799586 757558 2026-07-12T22:48:35Z SM7Bot 7808 /* top */ सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = पूजा गौर | image = Pooja_Gor_in_2016_(cropped).jpg | image_size = 150px | birth_date = 01 जुलाई 1991 | birth_place = [[अहमदाबाद]], [[गुजरात]] | years_active = 2008–वर्तमान | home town = [[अहमदाबाद]], [[गुजरात]], [[भारत]] | occupation = अभिनेत्री | known_for = [[मन की आवाज-प्रतिज्ञा|प्रतिज्ञा]] }} '''पूजा गौर''' एगो टेलीविजन अभिनेत्री बा। इहांके जन्म [[अहमदाबाद]], [[गुजरात]] मा भइल। == करियर == इहांके धारावाहिक ''कितनी मोहब्बत है'' से आपन टीवी करियर की शुरुआत करले बानी। इहांके पहिला मुख्य भूमिका धारावाहिक [[मन की आवाज-प्रतिज्ञा]] से मिली। == टेलीविजन == {| class="wikitable" |- ! वर्ष ! धारावाहिक ! भूमिका ! चैनल |- | 2008 || कितनी मोहब्बत है ||पूर्वी मित्तल ||स्टार वन |- | 2009-2012 || [[मन की आवाज-प्रतिज्ञा]] || प्रतिज्ञा कृष्णा सिंह || [[स्टार प्लस]] |- | 2010 || सपना बाबुल का... बिदाई || प्रतिज्ञा/मेहमान || [[स्टार प्लस]] |- | 2010 || ये रिश्ता क्या कहलाता है || पूजा/मेहमान || [[स्टार प्लस]] |- | 2011 || मायके से बंधी...डोर || मेहमान || स्टार प्लस |- | 2012 || लाखों में एक || मेजबान || [[लाइफ ओके]] |- | 2012 || वी द सीरियल || स्वयं || चैनल [वी] |- | 2013 || एक थी नायिका || आन्या || [[लाइफ ओके]] |- | 2014 || खतरों के खिलाड़ी || स्वयं || कलर्स टीवी<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindi.filmibeat.com/television/pooja-gaur-says-fear-is-important-part-of-life-khatron-ke-khiladi-292093.html|title=डर से ही सीखता है इंसान : पूजा गौर|date=26 मार्च 2014|accessdate= 29 नवंबर 2014|publisher=फिल्मी बीट}}</ref> |} == पुरस्कार == {| class="wikitable" |- ! वर्ष ! ईनाम ! श्रेणी |- | 2010 || [[स्टार परिवार अवार्ड्स]] || फेवरिट नया सदस्य - फीमेल |- | 2010 || [[स्टार परिवार अवार्ड्स]] || होटेस्ट जोड़ी विद अरहान बहल |- | 2011 || द ग्लोबल इंडियन फिल्म एंड टीवी आनर || मुख्य भूमिका में श्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्री |- | 2011 || कलाकार अवार्ड्स || भारतीय टेलीविजन की श्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्री |- | 2011 || [[स्टार परिवार अवार्ड्स]] || पसंदीदा बेटी |- | 2011 || [[स्टार परिवार अवार्ड्स]] || पसंदीदा पत्नी |- | 2012 || [[स्टार परिवार अवार्ड्स]] || पसंदीदा मां |} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:भारतीय टेलीविजन अभिनेत्री]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1991 में जनम]] ov9plld4rqacptrt7nsf4qj6lp9yr26 0 13975 799590 785118 2026-07-12T22:49:56Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = रिंकू घोष | image = Rinkughosh.jpg | imagesize = 150px | alt = | caption = Rinku Ghosh | birth_name = Rinku | birth_date = | birth_place = [[पश्चिम बंगाल]], [[भारत]] | occupation = [[Actress]], [[Television presenter]] in [[bhojpuri Film]] | yearsactive = 2002-अबतक | spouse = | other names = }} '''रिंकू घोष''' भोजपुरी फिलिम के एगो हिरोइन बानीं। ==बीछल फिल्मोग्राफी== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! साल !! फिलिम !! भाषा |- || 2001 || Raave Naa Chaliya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |- || 2002 || ''Bharat Bhagya Vidhata'' || [[Hindi]] |- || 2003 || ''[[Tumse Milke Wrong Number]]'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] |- || 2005 || ''Mumbai Godfather'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] |- || 2005 || ''Chalak'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] |- || 2007 || ''Tu hi mor balma'' || [[भोजपुरी]] |- || 2012 || ''Bidai'' || [[भोजपुरी]] |- || 2013 || ''[[Rakhwala (2013)|Rakhwala]]'' || [[भोजपुरी]] |} ==इहो देखल जाय== *[[भोजपुरी सिनेमा]] *[[शुभी शर्मा]] *[[स्वाति वर्मा]] ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist}} ==बाहरी कड़ी== * {{IMDb name|1514301}} {{authority control}} {{लोग-आधार}} [[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी सिनेमा के ऐक्ट्रेस लोग]] rf9hotvnf5xpathiidp7wf9a826yayz 10 15290 799609 580055 2011-05-30T07:28:39Z en>Yrqwm 0 580055 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 799610 580070 2020-03-27T22:12:54Z en>Trappist the monk 0 +template; 799610 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> e1hupjkiy5qym74x2tdq3s29vk3e8gv 799611 799610 2020-03-28T14:22:58Z en>Black Kite 0 reverting to see if it fixes issue 799611 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> dph4d78ri4yz9o2me1bhno2a113h471 799612 799611 2020-03-28T14:24:24Z en>Black Kite 0 it didn't 799612 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> e1hupjkiy5qym74x2tdq3s29vk3e8gv 799613 799612 2021-01-13T17:29:28Z en>Jonesey95 0 Adding unknown parameter tracking through [[:Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters]] using [[Module:check for unknown parameters]]; there are hundreds of articles with errors. I may have missed an alias or two; the documentation is pretty scattered. 799613 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Sfn]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | loc | p | page | pages | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> hwlig4hiorv2ey9s60o12fhi2ntbk7z 799614 799613 2021-01-13T17:30:53Z en>Jonesey95 0 postscript 799614 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Sfn]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 4wwke8p3zki7xhttne899ou9z7aje7t 799615 712620 2024-05-14T02:51:16Z en>Rjjiii 0 adding "at" as an alias for "loc" (similar to cite xxx templates) 799615 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Sfn]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | at | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> qonfaedzm5gjpxu8g7l7eot3x97abvt 799616 799615 2025-03-02T03:30:06Z en>Queen of Hearts 0 upd param check 799616 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Sfn]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | at | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref | group }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> hf60u92ffzfq6o1za215x4pem9daxo1 799617 799616 2026-07-13T00:13:58Z SM7 3953 8 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Sfn]] 799616 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Sfn]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | at | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref | group }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> hf60u92ffzfq6o1za215x4pem9daxo1 0 16121 799581 676004 2026-07-12T22:42:19Z SM7 3953 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/2401:4900:36B4:FF16:1:1:8EAF:41FF|2401:4900:36B4:FF16:1:1:8EAF:41FF]] ([[User talk:2401:4900:36B4:FF16:1:1:8EAF:41FF|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:SM7|SM7]] 320271 wikitext text/x-wiki '''सूबा''' भारत में मुगल शासन की समय एगो प्रशासन के इकाई रहल। ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist}} {{भारत-इति-आधार}} [[श्रेणी:मुगल शासन]] [[श्रेणी:मध्यकालीन भारत]] rp1knwxvyuru6ut3rcxt2tqfbpzxcuu 10 24318 799618 602950 2018-11-01T22:41:42Z en>Zyxw 0 allow template to round and format usage count 799618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source.", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ] }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source.", "aliases": [ "pages" ] }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations." } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} 3tpni6khgqroiuwhvn24ah1ayqqsb0b 799619 799618 2019-01-14T09:25:01Z en>Jc86035 0 /* TemplateData */ cleaned up a little 799619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "string" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "string" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "string" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} otjyzi3thnuff1x6euenwi3l4zgxdu3 799620 799619 2019-01-14T09:28:40Z en>Jc86035 0 /* TemplateData */ clarify 799620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "string" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "string" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "string" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} 0z022xkrrzfhl7kw4u9598yc0dr4y3p 799621 799620 2019-01-18T10:14:01Z en>Daviddwd 0 Update to TemplateData 799621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "string" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "string" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} nm92ugcv9w4m5vss5hzna7v80bjiko8 799622 799621 2019-01-18T10:15:35Z en>Daviddwd 0 Update to TemplateData 799622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} sp6l8cfr4fsdzbosgaw9ovgeq2ebh2j 799623 799622 2019-02-18T04:30:20Z en>GermanJoe 0 /* TemplateData */ + missing "ps" parameter 799623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} gt8izvv4osxdb6rr8dpxe8jg8ovu7sb 799624 799623 2019-05-20T04:58:06Z en>Wei4Earth 0 Add {{Caution}} 799624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Caution|'''This template does not function''' for [[WP:MOBILE|the mobile view and mobile applications]]. Be aware that more than half of the Wikipedia visitors are via mobile.}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} g0ime7sjzyi7737808qd1yh8t2dvzwu 799625 799624 2019-05-20T05:06:05Z en>Wei4Earth 0 Replace with {{Info}} 799625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Info|'''This template doesn't fully function''' in [[WP:MOBILE|mobile view and mobile applications]]. Be aware that more than half of Wikipedia visitors are via mobile.}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} cdd0poyo1tmlhkjciiiabu0ymn7o82r 799626 799625 2019-05-21T21:55:37Z en>Redrose64 0 rv x2: please discuss before re-adding 799626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} gt8izvv4osxdb6rr8dpxe8jg8ovu7sb 799627 799626 2020-02-05T13:54:24Z 134.196.71.253 [[WP:AES|←]]Blanked the page 799627 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 799628 799627 2020-02-05T13:57:23Z en>NSH001 0 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/134.196.71.253|134.196.71.253]] ([[User talk:134.196.71.253|talk]]) to last version by Redrose64 799628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} gt8izvv4osxdb6rr8dpxe8jg8ovu7sb 799629 799628 2020-09-20T08:26:06Z en>Grufo 0 /* See also */ 799629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|resfn}} (for re-using a reference already defined via <nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki>) * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) * {{tl|rp}} * {{tl|p.}} 68wf7avgeqtltb4gsuc3rip4ts1qfyh 799630 799629 2020-09-20T19:26:34Z en>Redrose64 0 Undid revision 979354299 by [[Special:Contributions/Grufo|Grufo]] ([[User talk:Grufo|talk]]) the point about sfn is that it reuses its own refs 799630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} gt8izvv4osxdb6rr8dpxe8jg8ovu7sb 799631 799630 2020-10-18T02:14:08Z en>Pokechu22 0 noref=1 799631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} 553rqgqpcvtsxxsuwvmc7any5ya6opt 799632 799631 2020-11-01T04:35:45Z 41.114.211.54 [[WP:AES|←]]Replaced content with '*' 799632 wikitext text/x-wiki * q37hcqzkhu1rsia7lbtbi2g7lh7y9gh 799633 799632 2020-11-01T04:59:52Z en>Pokechu22 0 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/41.114.211.54|41.114.211.54]] ([[User talk:41.114.211.54|talk]]): Unexplained removal 799633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} 553rqgqpcvtsxxsuwvmc7any5ya6opt 799634 799633 2021-02-10T15:09:45Z en>InsaneHacker 0 Changing link to [[WP:Harvard referencing]] into a link to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Short citations]]. The link to [[WP:Harvard referencing]], which redirects to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing]] could result in the misleading impression that the use of Sfn is deprecated. 799634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|sfnm}} (for ''m''ultiple sources) *{{tl|rp}} *{{tl|p.}} 0f16lrqy8xx2s0fuzavxiksso2kke4y 799635 799634 2021-02-10T18:35:44Z en>Funandtrvl 0 /* See also */ add to list 799635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|78021}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor i0713ehm2l54xfl2ifmjldzbyn8cru8 799636 799635 2021-02-10T18:40:35Z en>Funandtrvl 0 update info 799636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 7ez1lfjatq8harflyjo7ih8flhi71jf 799637 799636 2021-04-09T01:27:22Z 27.125.245.228 [[WP:AES|←]]Blanked the page 799637 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 799638 799637 2021-04-09T01:29:18Z en>Palindromesemordnilap 0 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/27.125.245.228|27.125.245.228]] ([[User talk:27.125.245.228|talk]]) to last revision by Funandtrvl 799638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 7ez1lfjatq8harflyjo7ih8flhi71jf 799639 799638 2021-05-26T17:29:37Z en>CharlesGillingham 0 More complete description of this template in the lede 799639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page, and it also combines identical footnotes. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 5on7ek15hfshi41dwivqjqi6w9p8pym 799640 799639 2021-05-26T17:30:28Z en>CharlesGillingham 0 /* top */ rephrase 799640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. For use with {{sfnote}}. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> emxn593z3k0jhxrkfgr98u63odasjmo 799641 799640 2021-05-26T17:37:10Z en>CharlesGillingham 0 /* top */ Going to move this into the general documentation, because now all author-date templates belong in footnotes. 799641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> maibyz014fs20pq6gv4hjqrvp1qgwco 799642 799641 2021-06-03T13:19:17Z 114.79.56.234 Oppo A3s 799642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] Oppo A3s}}</includeonly> t47ft14doi9urc5b1een0ndspc3656x 799643 799642 2021-06-03T13:53:43Z en>DB1729 0 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/114.79.56.234|114.79.56.234]] ([[User talk:114.79.56.234|talk]]): Test? 799643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> maibyz014fs20pq6gv4hjqrvp1qgwco 799644 799643 2021-09-10T13:04:08Z en>Matthiaspaul 0 /* See also */ +link 799644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> md4myqnpj704tqf84ezloovlo2edre9 799645 799644 2022-01-03T15:24:18Z 2A02:3035:810:16CD:EC59:1CEF:9C70:5D6F [[WP:AES|←]]Replaced content with 'löschen' 799645 wikitext text/x-wiki löschen 6lz8lpoe6zax0jv28illg0cj0e8i5cm 799646 799645 2022-01-03T15:24:45Z en>Plandu 0 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/2A02:3035:810:16CD:EC59:1CEF:9C70:5D6F|2A02:3035:810:16CD:EC59:1CEF:9C70:5D6F]] ([[User talk:2A02:3035:810:16CD:EC59:1CEF:9C70:5D6F|talk]]) ([[WP:HG|HG]]) (3.4.10) 799646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> md4myqnpj704tqf84ezloovlo2edre9 799647 799646 2022-02-05T11:06:18Z en>Alexcalamaro 0 Added {{efn}} in see also section 799647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua |Module:Footnotes}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|efn}} - for explanatory foot notes <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> oiyd4zqmrmw9z2fghu2ihwqpk8owv38 799648 712622 2022-04-03T15:08:34Z en>555 0 799648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> cemzeah8uvc46u1r3h159ewe3icf2b7 799649 799648 2022-09-11T14:53:17Z en>User-duck 0 Added risk parameter based on Template:High-use documentation. 799649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 5s87a8vvqslejal0kr9y6pnyqpepzf3 799650 799649 2023-02-03T21:53:21Z 175.100.20.231 Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}} 799650 wikitext text/x-wiki Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> gk616t0pci40sy9e60s381pdhv9i67j 799651 799650 2023-02-03T21:57:45Z en>Pokechu22 0 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/175.100.20.231|175.100.20.231]] ([[User talk:175.100.20.231|talk]]): Rvt test edit 799651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 5s87a8vvqslejal0kr9y6pnyqpepzf3 799652 799651 2024-01-14T17:13:21Z en>SMcCandlish 0 Alt. name that matches {{harvnb}}, for better mnemonics. 799652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template shortcut|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 8obf7v52ajw8h2xzhxi55rtm6glynas 799653 799652 2024-02-06T20:05:47Z en>HouseBlaster 0 sfnnb is a redirect, not a shortcut (it is longer than the name of the template) 799653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Additional quote or comment", "example": "This is an additional comment.", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> qoqg0jzaoijw5jju0gdcqguu2k7i4vx 799654 799653 2024-02-25T15:45:00Z en>Quondum 0 example should not be contrary to intended use 799654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 2qjazklvdd5cgey85q6mg3rbra46rsz 799655 799654 2024-05-14T10:06:27Z en>Daask 0 Add at alias for loc to match recent changes to [[Special:Diff/1223750148|Template:Sfn]] & [[Special:Diff/1223748999|Module:Footnotes]] - [[Module talk:Footnotes#loc, at|Discuss]] 799655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> kkl9lqemtz5drjs4ithj9sqpxjswifx 799656 799655 2024-07-19T07:53:55Z en>Mathglot 0 /* See also */ +1. 799656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> hwn4ctydvl8zhul4g4v6n11d4wssgy6 799657 799656 2024-10-08T05:53:16Z en>Moxy 0 /* See also */ 799657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 4i21l1cxory8k9xpuojge7peja11pwq 799658 799657 2025-03-02T03:33:47Z en>Queen of Hearts 0 799658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> mi3b0xoomqgny0qawfp9vd8gp22xli7 799659 799658 2025-07-25T14:51:06Z en>Waddie96 0 link 799659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. {{Harvard citation documentation|sfn|noref=1}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 2210ob04gri5l4ki4js6wrtqqp73fam 799660 799659 2026-07-03T13:47:19Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 799660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===No author name in citation template=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} ===Citation has <code>|date=</code> and no <code>|year=</code>=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===No date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} === No date, author, or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===In text attribution=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution}} Per [[WP:PAREN]], a certain style of short citations using parentheses, placed ''within the article text itself'', is deprecated on Wikipedia. Several examples were raised and discussed during the [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|September 2020 request for comments]]. To summarize the consensus reached there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Example !! Consensus |- | {{no| The Sun is pretty big. (Miller 2005, p. 1)}} || Formally deprecated; replace with "The Sun is pretty big.{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{maybe| The paper by Eek (2020) showed...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{no| Eek (p. 35) showed...}} || Formally deprecated; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{maybe| In 2020, Pelagic et al. found that...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution. |- | {{no| {{fake link|Smith (2008)}} argued...}} || Formally deprecated; see the following for a non-deprecated alternative |- | {{maybe| Smith (2008) argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || May be valid as in-text attribution in contexts where both year and author are encyclopedic information; consider rewriting as "Smith, in 2008, argued...{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{yes| Smith argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || Standard non-deprecated format |} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> h4ypnuena11b840qfx0b0c20yrufpr1 799661 799660 2026-07-03T13:57:25Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 INLINE HARVARD CITATION DOCUMENTATION. In previous edit. 799661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===No author name in citation template=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} ===Full citation no year but has a date>=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===No date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} === No date, author, or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===In text attribution=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution}} Per [[WP:PAREN]], a certain style of short citations using parentheses, placed ''within the article text itself'', is deprecated on Wikipedia. Several examples were raised and discussed during the [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|September 2020 request for comments]]. To summarize the consensus reached there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Example !! Consensus |- | {{no| The Sun is pretty big. (Miller 2005, p. 1)}} || Formally deprecated; replace with "The Sun is pretty big.{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{maybe| The paper by Eek (2020) showed...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{no| Eek (p. 35) showed...}} || Formally deprecated; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{maybe| In 2020, Pelagic et al. found that...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution. |- | {{no| {{fake link|Smith (2008)}} argued...}} || Formally deprecated; see the following for a non-deprecated alternative |- | {{maybe| Smith (2008) argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || May be valid as in-text attribution in contexts where both year and author are encyclopedic information; consider rewriting as "Smith, in 2008, argued...{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{yes| Smith argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || Standard non-deprecated format |} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> gc2t1ciwklib2dyfw2irklj85hpd9lt 799662 799661 2026-07-03T13:58:02Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Full citation no year but has a date> */ Typo 799662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===No author name in citation template=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} ===Full citation no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===No date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} === No date, author, or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===In text attribution=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution}} Per [[WP:PAREN]], a certain style of short citations using parentheses, placed ''within the article text itself'', is deprecated on Wikipedia. Several examples were raised and discussed during the [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|September 2020 request for comments]]. To summarize the consensus reached there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Example !! Consensus |- | {{no| The Sun is pretty big. (Miller 2005, p. 1)}} || Formally deprecated; replace with "The Sun is pretty big.{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{maybe| The paper by Eek (2020) showed...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{no| Eek (p. 35) showed...}} || Formally deprecated; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{maybe| In 2020, Pelagic et al. found that...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution. |- | {{no| {{fake link|Smith (2008)}} argued...}} || Formally deprecated; see the following for a non-deprecated alternative |- | {{maybe| Smith (2008) argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || May be valid as in-text attribution in contexts where both year and author are encyclopedic information; consider rewriting as "Smith, in 2008, argued...{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{yes| Smith argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || Standard non-deprecated format |} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 9kfkd58w1nf1ee83iwhs6lsltu2urua 799663 799662 2026-07-03T13:58:58Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Full citation no year but has a date */ Yet another typo. 799663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===No author name in citation template=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} ===Full citation has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===No date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} === No date, author, or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===In text attribution=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution}} Per [[WP:PAREN]], a certain style of short citations using parentheses, placed ''within the article text itself'', is deprecated on Wikipedia. Several examples were raised and discussed during the [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|September 2020 request for comments]]. To summarize the consensus reached there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Example !! Consensus |- | {{no| The Sun is pretty big. (Miller 2005, p. 1)}} || Formally deprecated; replace with "The Sun is pretty big.{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{maybe| The paper by Eek (2020) showed...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{no| Eek (p. 35) showed...}} || Formally deprecated; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{maybe| In 2020, Pelagic et al. found that...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution. |- | {{no| {{fake link|Smith (2008)}} argued...}} || Formally deprecated; see the following for a non-deprecated alternative |- | {{maybe| Smith (2008) argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || May be valid as in-text attribution in contexts where both year and author are encyclopedic information; consider rewriting as "Smith, in 2008, argued...{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{yes| Smith argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || Standard non-deprecated format |} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> lc2ucuc1wuw3sxepxkt3p5qhbmewtdy 799664 799663 2026-07-03T15:48:20Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* No date */ Better title 799664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===No author name in citation template=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} ===Full citation has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} === No date, author, or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===In text attribution=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution}} Per [[WP:PAREN]], a certain style of short citations using parentheses, placed ''within the article text itself'', is deprecated on Wikipedia. Several examples were raised and discussed during the [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|September 2020 request for comments]]. To summarize the consensus reached there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Example !! Consensus |- | {{no| The Sun is pretty big. (Miller 2005, p. 1)}} || Formally deprecated; replace with "The Sun is pretty big.{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{maybe| The paper by Eek (2020) showed...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{no| Eek (p. 35) showed...}} || Formally deprecated; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{maybe| In 2020, Pelagic et al. found that...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution. |- | {{no| {{fake link|Smith (2008)}} argued...}} || Formally deprecated; see the following for a non-deprecated alternative |- | {{maybe| Smith (2008) argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || May be valid as in-text attribution in contexts where both year and author are encyclopedic information; consider rewriting as "Smith, in 2008, argued...{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{yes| Smith argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || Standard non-deprecated format |} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 3d5sbko509ngk3693ci8r091juzv39a 799665 799664 2026-07-03T15:48:51Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Full citation has no year but has a date */ Making titles consistent. 799665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===No author name in citation template=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} === No date, author, or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===In text attribution=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution}} Per [[WP:PAREN]], a certain style of short citations using parentheses, placed ''within the article text itself'', is deprecated on Wikipedia. Several examples were raised and discussed during the [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|September 2020 request for comments]]. To summarize the consensus reached there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Example !! Consensus |- | {{no| The Sun is pretty big. (Miller 2005, p. 1)}} || Formally deprecated; replace with "The Sun is pretty big.{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{maybe| The paper by Eek (2020) showed...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{no| Eek (p. 35) showed...}} || Formally deprecated; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{maybe| In 2020, Pelagic et al. found that...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution. |- | {{no| {{fake link|Smith (2008)}} argued...}} || Formally deprecated; see the following for a non-deprecated alternative |- | {{maybe| Smith (2008) argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || May be valid as in-text attribution in contexts where both year and author are encyclopedic information; consider rewriting as "Smith, in 2008, argued...{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{yes| Smith argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || Standard non-deprecated format |} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> lxyr0jd18bilw5avuc5jnt6gd8g5p5o 799666 799665 2026-07-03T15:49:21Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* No author name in citation template */ 799666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} === No date, author, or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===In text attribution=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution}} Per [[WP:PAREN]], a certain style of short citations using parentheses, placed ''within the article text itself'', is deprecated on Wikipedia. Several examples were raised and discussed during the [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|September 2020 request for comments]]. To summarize the consensus reached there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Example !! Consensus |- | {{no| The Sun is pretty big. (Miller 2005, p. 1)}} || Formally deprecated; replace with "The Sun is pretty big.{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{maybe| The paper by Eek (2020) showed...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{no| Eek (p. 35) showed...}} || Formally deprecated; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{maybe| In 2020, Pelagic et al. found that...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution. |- | {{no| {{fake link|Smith (2008)}} argued...}} || Formally deprecated; see the following for a non-deprecated alternative |- | {{maybe| Smith (2008) argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || May be valid as in-text attribution in contexts where both year and author are encyclopedic information; consider rewriting as "Smith, in 2008, argued...{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{yes| Smith argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || Standard non-deprecated format |} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> nn2kvrz8i40qorib9ldwu4c9qwb2o33 799667 799666 2026-07-03T15:49:56Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* No date, author, or title */ 799667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===In text attribution=== {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution}} Per [[WP:PAREN]], a certain style of short citations using parentheses, placed ''within the article text itself'', is deprecated on Wikipedia. Several examples were raised and discussed during the [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|September 2020 request for comments]]. To summarize the consensus reached there: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Example !! Consensus |- | {{no| The Sun is pretty big. (Miller 2005, p. 1)}} || Formally deprecated; replace with "The Sun is pretty big.{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{maybe| The paper by Eek (2020) showed...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{no| Eek (p. 35) showed...}} || Formally deprecated; use "Eek showed...{{dummy reference}}" instead |- | {{maybe| In 2020, Pelagic et al. found that...{{dummy reference}}}} || Wordy, but may be valid as in-text attribution. |- | {{no| {{fake link|Smith (2008)}} argued...}} || Formally deprecated; see the following for a non-deprecated alternative |- | {{maybe| Smith (2008) argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || May be valid as in-text attribution in contexts where both year and author are encyclopedic information; consider rewriting as "Smith, in 2008, argued...{{dummy reference}}" |- | {{yes| Smith argued...{{dummy reference}}}} || Standard non-deprecated format |} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 52fcnr1h6rlhde3zsvlprhpss2i20ua 799668 799667 2026-07-03T19:58:43Z en>~2026-38138-45 0 /* In text attribution */ Tossing this. Not really an issue for shortened footnote templates. This is a how-to, not a policy page. 799668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> mkgmey76e2lhi1z8etoz25riqyfvx59 799669 799668 2026-07-03T20:31:37Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Citation template has no author name */ Moving this lower on the page. 799669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> i955qe4wyxp1031unc0hmxr0banjdbz 799670 799669 2026-07-03T20:32:05Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Citation template has no author, date or title */ Second half of move 799670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> he7b0soxmvggz6kcwyvhegb1070ii47 799671 799670 2026-07-03T20:33:08Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor */ Better title. 799671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation format does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are acceptable here, then try to find one that works for this template. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. There are also a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor. For both of these rare cases it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}}. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that seems appropriate. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} |* {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}}} |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }}}}}} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> nkotumwxeo2diceflt0hilay0k88kzu 799672 799671 2026-07-03T21:23:46Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 Broke this into two sections for clarity, added the names of a few templates. 799672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See also|[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]])}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}} template use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 5n0y7myvs5do4570n343sf72t50xzkw 799673 799672 2026-07-03T21:36:52Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} */ Added more examples of this class of templates. 799673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite comic}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor|§Citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### The full citation is handwritten because the source can't be represented by our citation templates at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation format does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> s69wgb49rkrfys9wjy5iixcpvmysi3x 799674 799673 2026-07-03T21:50:36Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Wikilink to citation does not work */ Fixing links to section titles. 799674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite comic}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#No author name in citation template|§No author name in citation template]], above. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]]] ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> kndjfql8tipewn77ggzo3chzkk3zxu6 799675 799674 2026-07-03T21:52:46Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Wikilink to citation does not work */ Fixing links to subsections 799675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite comic}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], above. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]]] ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 72lco99rrt87b9os2v1jtko8moc8291 799676 799675 2026-07-03T21:55:43Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Techniques and variations */ Reordered two of these. 799676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite comic}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], above. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]]] ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> o0845meyk97ybluoh4yugr34scagfto 799677 799676 2026-07-04T16:48:10Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 Added a really common problem. 799677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite comic}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} set. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation, being careful to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], above. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]]] ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 4wrzpp38wuijsonpx988uoa51ugn3pg 799678 799677 2026-07-04T16:49:45Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Wikilink to citation does not work */ Copy edits 799678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite comic}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] using a template to a [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} set. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the year is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the date field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], above. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]]] ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 6ohz2vo4b2ew5aydt8u5nwb0tuc0iq4 799679 799678 2026-07-04T16:52:05Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Wikilink to citation does not work */ Copy edits. 799679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite comic}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} set. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], above. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]]] ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> qmrk0wr3amqqcw2t9dmzscxud0zc732 799680 799679 2026-07-04T16:54:01Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Wikilink to citation does not work */ Copy edit. 799680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite comic}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], above. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]]] ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> mexyrxu5rqzlyilldonqtdazuqknplv 799681 799680 2026-07-04T17:01:38Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} */ Dumb mistake. 799681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name(s) and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], above. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]]] ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], above. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> qqsavfw40hz4vy32poyhp95awrgwewn 799682 799681 2026-07-04T17:10:13Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Possible issues with author-date link */ I think Ilike leading with the how-to. 799682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], above. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]]] ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], above. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], above. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], above. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> imy00cc7ch90ac9zouuob9pqfm0bf55 799683 799682 2026-07-04T17:11:05Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Wikilink to citation does not work */ above->below 799683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]]] ##The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ##The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 9wnfvto4ksns3hj9tpc0rlvsh0mni43 799684 799683 2026-07-04T17:17:56Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Wikilink to citation does no t work */ Added a bit. 799684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 12o28u77vnps8rro08kz7kkrxxtqgsy 799685 799684 2026-07-04T20:28:31Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* {{sfn}}'s ref name */ Making this readable. Not that anybody's going to read it ... 799685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Fake header|Anchors for some examples}} Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> tvg407uw6hv1lv3uj31zm9gv6dejq38 799686 799685 2026-07-04T23:43:23Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* {{sfn}}'s ref name */ Put these extra anchors in a "hidden". Don't know if this will work. 799686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. {{Hidden| Some of the examples need an anchor here so they don't display an error message. Press the back button on your browser to return to the example you were reading. *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }} ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> pa7etwr77bszh5dc0cotbquxghqo8b8 799687 799686 2026-07-04T23:45:45Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* {{sfn}}'s ref name */ Moving the anchors to somewhere. 799687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> rc98tllefkjchi368wrvltxgyjshlna 799688 799687 2026-07-04T23:47:31Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* See also */ Hidden anchors 799688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ==Open problems== ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> n51niq3t77p57jjzhh5zpzbu0alimwg 799689 799688 2026-07-04T23:48:30Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Open problems */ Trying to shorten table of contents 799689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Other parameters == These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ===Parameter {{para|ps}}=== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ===Parameter {{para|ref}}=== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> ofrstzjgxlw21w4z7oajw0svndaq7ez 799690 799689 2026-07-04T23:53:58Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Other parameters */ Putting |ps= and |ref= in "Open problems" 799690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== Several articles make slightly different choices with the format of the citation. {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Open problems == === Discouraged parameters === These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ====Parameter {{para|ps}}==== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ====Parameter {{para|ref}}==== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> jcis4kx9esjszep71xl9lizacvcaaps 799691 799690 2026-07-04T23:56:14Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Variations in the format of the author-date citation */ First in a multi-step process of creating a new section above. Stand by. 799691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup |<nowiki> Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </nowiki>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<nowiki> Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </nowiki>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </nowiki> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </nowiki> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<nowiki> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </nowiki> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<nowiki> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </nowiki>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} ===Variations in the format of the author-date citation=== ====With templates==== These alternatives change the appearance of the author-date citation {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Open problems == === Discouraged parameters === These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ====Parameter {{para|ps}}==== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ====Parameter {{para|ref}}==== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 9jwd4yz3jrzjy26esaw6koapb873j0w 799692 799691 2026-07-05T01:35:59Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 Created a new section on changing the appearance of the citation. Also added syntax highlighting 799692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == === Changing the appearance of the short citation === ==== With a custom anchor ==== With a [[#custom anchors|custom anchor]], {{tl|sfn}} can have any appearance you want. Here are two examples that editors have asked about in the past. * MLA style author-title short citations. Put name and title in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} }} * Adding the original date to a later edition of a book. Put the name, year and original date in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} }} ====With templates==== These alternative templates change the appearance of the author-date citation {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:sfn|sfn]]<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</syntaxhighlight> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref></syntaxhighlight> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </syntaxhighlight>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Open problems == === Discouraged parameters === These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ====Parameter {{para|ps}}==== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ====Parameter {{para|ref}}==== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 5yyglbmd5kwf141ds7uu4fnv1ko5pki 799693 799692 2026-07-05T01:46:39Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* With templates */ Adding links to other harv and sfn templates 799693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == === Changing the appearance of the short citation === ==== With a custom anchor ==== With a [[#custom anchors|custom anchor]], {{tl|sfn}} can have any appearance you want. Here are two examples that editors have asked about in the past. * MLA style author-title short citations. Put name and title in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} }} * Adding the original date to a later edition of a book. Put the name, year and original date in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} }} ====With templates==== These alternative templates change the appearance of the author-date citation {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvnb|harvnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvtxt|harvtxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harv|harv]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvp|harvp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcolnb|harvcolnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcoltxt|harvcoltxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcol|harvcol]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref></syntaxhighlight> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </syntaxhighlight>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Open problems == === Discouraged parameters === These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ====Parameter {{para|ps}}==== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ====Parameter {{para|ref}}==== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 43lx0di6sk057s7etu1mwesmkxt4my0 799694 799693 2026-07-05T01:51:26Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* With templates */ Added a missing case. 799694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == === Changing the appearance of the short citation === ==== With a custom anchor ==== With a [[#custom anchors|custom anchor]], {{tl|sfn}} can have any appearance you want. Here are two examples that editors have asked about in the past. * MLA style author-title short citations. Put name and title in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} }} * Adding the original date to a later edition of a book. Put the name, year and original date in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} }} ====With templates==== These alternative templates change the appearance of the author-date citation {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvnb|harvnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvtxt|harvtxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harv|harv]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvp|harvp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year</br>With final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcolnb|harvcolnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcoltxt|harvcoltxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcol|harvcol]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref></syntaxhighlight> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </syntaxhighlight>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Open problems == === Discouraged parameters === These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ====Parameter {{para|ps}}==== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ====Parameter {{para|ref}}==== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> di37c68cuishjam4i0qvnwf6khqdby7 799695 799694 2026-07-05T01:53:05Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* With templates */ Added hidden comment about where else this section is excerpted 799695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == === Changing the appearance of the short citation === ==== With a custom anchor ==== With a [[#custom anchors|custom anchor]], {{tl|sfn}} can have any appearance you want. Here are two examples that editors have asked about in the past. * MLA style author-title short citations. Put name and title in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} }} * Adding the original date to a later edition of a book. Put the name, year and original date in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} }} ====With templates==== <!--- This is excerpted in WP:Shortened footnotes, Template:harv/doc/shared and Template:sfnp/doc ---> These alternative templates change the appearance of the author-date citation {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvnb|harvnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvtxt|harvtxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harv|harv]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvp|harvp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year</br>With final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcolnb|harvcolnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcoltxt|harvcoltxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcol|harvcol]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. It is currently disputed (June 2026) whether parenthetical referencing (or narrative referencing, i.e. in-text attribution serving as referencing) is deprecated inside {{tag|ref}} tags used for explanatory footnotes. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref></syntaxhighlight> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </syntaxhighlight>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Open problems == === Discouraged parameters === These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ====Parameter {{para|ps}}==== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ====Parameter {{para|ref}}==== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 9i2o98ilg0zye64nt91za7x1jghvf22 799696 799695 2026-07-05T03:35:57Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Citations inside explanatory footnotes */ This discussion appears to be closed. 799696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == === Changing the appearance of the short citation === ==== With a custom anchor ==== With a [[#custom anchors|custom anchor]], {{tl|sfn}} can have any appearance you want. Here are two examples that editors have asked about in the past. * MLA style author-title short citations. Put name and title in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} }} * Adding the original date to a later edition of a book. Put the name, year and original date in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} }} ====With templates==== <!--- This is excerpted in WP:Shortened footnotes, Template:harv/doc/shared and Template:sfnp/doc ---> These alternative templates change the appearance of the author-date citation {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvnb|harvnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvtxt|harvtxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harv|harv]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvp|harvp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year</br>With final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcolnb|harvcolnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcoltxt|harvcoltxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcol|harvcol]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref></syntaxhighlight> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </syntaxhighlight>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Open problems == === Discouraged parameters === These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ====Parameter {{para|ps}}==== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ====Parameter {{para|ref}}==== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> g9nf9qzacb0kpydschc6x8axju3z3s9 799697 799696 2026-07-05T08:37:47Z en>Redrose64 0 /* With templates */ fix invalid tag 799697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == === Changing the appearance of the short citation === ==== With a custom anchor ==== With a [[#custom anchors|custom anchor]], {{tl|sfn}} can have any appearance you want. Here are two examples that editors have asked about in the past. * MLA style author-title short citations. Put name and title in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} }} * Adding the original date to a later edition of a book. Put the name, year and original date in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} }} ====With templates==== <!--- This is excerpted in WP:Shortened footnotes, Template:harv/doc/shared and Template:sfnp/doc ---> These alternative templates change the appearance of the author-date citation {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvnb|harvnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvtxt|harvtxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harv|harv]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvp|harvp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year<br />With final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcolnb|harvcolnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcoltxt|harvcoltxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcol|harvcol]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref></syntaxhighlight> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </syntaxhighlight>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Open problems == === Discouraged parameters === These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ====Parameter {{para|ps}}==== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ====Parameter {{para|ref}}==== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. By default, [[Module:Citation/CS1]] creates an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> mmvl67towmskl4k7wsfn8hymzm9i44j 799698 799697 2026-07-08T09:32:55Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Citation template anchor */ 799698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == === Changing the appearance of the short citation === ==== With a custom anchor ==== With a [[#custom anchors|custom anchor]], {{tl|sfn}} can have any appearance you want. Here are two examples that editors have asked about in the past. * MLA style author-title short citations. Put name and title in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} }} * Adding the original date to a later edition of a book. Put the name, year and original date in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} }} ====With templates==== <!--- This is excerpted in WP:Shortened footnotes, Template:harv/doc/shared and Template:sfnp/doc ---> These alternative templates change the appearance of the author-date citation {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvnb|harvnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvtxt|harvtxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harv|harv]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvp|harvp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year<br />With final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcolnb|harvcolnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcoltxt|harvcoltxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcol|harvcol]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref></syntaxhighlight> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </syntaxhighlight>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Open problems == === Discouraged parameters === These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ====Parameter {{para|ps}}==== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ====Parameter {{para|ref}}==== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template anchor=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates,{{cs1}} or {{cs2}}, create a [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> eqvj65n1rlbyxfor59eye4hiqu82f71 799699 799698 2026-07-13T00:16:04Z SM7 3953 81 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Sfn/doc]] 799698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use|risk}} {{Template redirect|sfnnb}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} The '''shortened footnote template''' {{tl|sfn}} creates a short [[WP:Citing sources#Short citations|author–date citation]] in a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|footnote]], with a one-directional link to the first matching [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically. It is used to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}, a [[WP:CITESTYLE|citation style]] which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a [[WP:HOWCITE|complete citation]] in the references section at the end of the article (see example [[#Example|below]]). This citation style is used to simplify multiple citations to the same source and to reduce clutter in the edit window. Common problems and known workarounds are given in the sections below. Use the table of contents to find what you need. Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]]. ==Usage== '''Sfn''' generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters: <div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{<nowiki>sfn</nowiki>| &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;</code></div> with * &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author * &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation * &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like {{pval|2012a}} * {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source (alias: {{para|page}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of [[Template:Csdoc#pages|individual pages and / or range(s) of pages]] referenced in the source (alias: {{para|pages}}{{hairspace}}) * {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: {{para|at}}{{hairspace}}) === Example === Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section. '''Sfn''' will also automatically combine identical footnotes. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}} {{fake notes and references||}} {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }}}} Template '''sfn''' is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place '''sfn''' in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.) ===Parameters=== ====Author(s) and year==== The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from {{para|last''N''}} or {{para|author''N''}}{{hairspace}}) are required, followed by the year of publication (from {{para|year}} or {{para|date}}). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. The [[#Possible issues with author-date link|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#Two sources with same last names and years|Two sources with same last names and years]] and others. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ====Location in the source text==== Use {{para|p}} for single pages; use {{para|pp}} for multiple pages (such as ranges). Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. It can also be combined with {{para|p}} or {{para|pp}}. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|loc=ch. 3}}<br /> {{reflist}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|loc=n. 14}}<br /> {{reflist}} }} ==Possible issues with author-date link== {{for|information on how to turn on error messages for broken links|:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors}} These are techniques that address various unusual difficulties with the link between the short citation and the full citation. Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}. ===Wikilink to citation does not work=== If an article is using this template and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from the [[WP:SHORTCITE|short citation]] to the [[WP:SHORTCITE|full citation]] at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If: # Templates like this one are rarely used in this article. '''Solution''': Remove this template and format the citation in the style used most often in the article. # The correct full citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, replace this template with {{tl2|citation not found}}. # The correct full citation appears at the bottom of the article, and ## The full citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]: ### The citation template has only {{para|author}} and this template uses the last name. '''Solution''': Either (a) split the author name in to {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} in the full citation or (b) use the full name in the short citation. Be careful in either case to be consistent with the other citations in the article. ### The name in the short citation is spelled or capitalized differently than in the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. ### There is more than one full citation with the same last name and year. '''Solution''': See [[#More than one work in a year|§More than one work in a year]] or [[#Two sources with same last names and years|§Two sources with same last names and years]]. ### The year is different here than the full citation. '''Solution''': Check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. ### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) ### The template does not have a year, or the date is set to "n.d." (no date). '''Solution''': Set the year field of this template to "n.d.". ### The template does not have an author's or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author name|§Citation template has no author name]], below. ### The template has no author, date or title. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template has no author, date or title|§Citation template has no author, date or title]] ##Find the citation template in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors#Citation templates that create anchors|WP:Citation templates and anchors]] and find out if it has support for an anchor. ### The citation template doesn't automatically create the anchor, but has {{para|ref}}. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has %7Cref=|§Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}}]], below. ### The citation template doesn't support anchors at all. '''Solution''': See [[#Citation template does not support any kind of anchor|§Citation format does not support any kind of anchor]], below. ##The full citation is handwritten. ### There are no other citation templates in the article. This is probably because local editors prefer it that way. '''Solution''': You should adapt to the style of the article. This would probably entail removing this template and formatting the short citation in plain text or replacing it with a full citation in {{tag|ref}} tags. ### There are citation templates used liberally throughout the article. '''Solution''': Reformat the source with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). ### No appropriate template can be found. '''Solution''': See [[#No citation template|§No citation template]], below. ===Custom anchors=== A custom anchor using {{tl|sfnref}} can, at least temporarily, always make the shortened footnote look exactly the way you would like and still have a link that works. Many of the problems and workarounds below require a custom anchor. All CS1 citation templates and several other templates allow you to set a custom anchor with parameter {{para|ref}}. The template {{tl|sfnRef}} creates an anchor that will match {{tl|sfn}}'s if it has the same parameters as {{tl|sfn}}. To use this technique, choose the name and year you would like to appear in {{tl|sfn}}, copy these parameters into {{tl|sfnRef}} and set {{tl|ref}} to the {{tl|sfnRef}}. In other words, if you want this: * {{tl2|sfn|<*''name you want''>|<''year''>|<''page / location''>}} then set this: * {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnRef|<''name you want''>|<''year''>}}}} in the template, and the link should work correctly. The parameters must be <em>identical</em> in every respect. If the year is unusual (i.e. not a number), then include the year in the name and don't use the year position. ===Large number of authors=== If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in {{para|last}} or {{para|author}}) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that sets the name field to "Smith et. al.". {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal}} }} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} | * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{sfnref|Smith et al.|1995}} }} }}}} ===More than one work in a year=== Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year, e.g. "Smith 2006a" and "Smith 2006b". Set the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}}), and add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>). When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}e}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}e}}: year ranges :{{para|date|n.d.f}}: no date (n.d.) :{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013g-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013g}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}} * {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}} }} ===Two sources with same last names and years === An article might cite works from the same year by two different authors with the same last name. For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts [[Anna Freud]] and [[Sigmund Freud]], who both wrote books in the same year. There are two solutions: it's possible to use the same technique described in the previous section. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "1928a" and the second one "1928b". Or, you can create a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] that adds an initial to the name fields, e.g. "A. Freud" and "S. Freud". The links will no longer conflict. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} </syntaxhighlight> |In 1928, [[Sigmund Freud]] wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.{{sfn|S. Freud|1928|pp=47-48}} In her first published book, [[Anna Freud]] proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.{{sfn|A. Freud|1928}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Anna |date=1928 |title=Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis |ref={{sfnref|A. Freud|1928}}}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |date=1928 |title=The Future of an Illusion |ref={{sfnref|S. Freud|1928}}}} {{refend}} }} ===Citation template has no year but has a date=== Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} |* {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}}}}} ===Citation template has no date=== If the cited source does not have a date, you can use {{para|date|n.d.}} for the full citation and "n.d." in place of the date for the short citation: {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|Smith|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |last=Smith |title=Title |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1}} }} ===Citation template has no author name=== Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: # The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides. # For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date. # For a publication by an institution, use either: ## The initials of the institution ## The name of the institution # Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Use a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] to replace set the author name to one of these other choices, as shown in these examples below. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}} |* {{cite book | title = Important Book | date = 1996 | publisher = Big Government Institution | ref = {{sfnref|BGI|1996}} }}}} |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}} |* {{cite magazine | magazine = Popular Magazine | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author | date = 1996 | ref = {{sfnref|Popular Magazine|1996}} }}}}}} === Citation template has no author, date or title === If the cited source does not have a date, author, or title, place a description of the source within brackets for the {{para|title}} parameter, use {{para|date|n.d.}} and create [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] with the description in the name position and "n.d." in the year. {{markup |<nowiki>This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }}</nowiki> |This is a fact.{{sfn|[Description]|n.d.}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{Citation |title=[Description] |date=n.d. |publisher=Publisher |mode=cs1 |ref={{sfnref|[Description]|n.d.}} }} }} ===Citation template doesn't create a compatible anchor but has {{para|ref}} === {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} Some templates, such as {{tl|cite comic}}, {{tl|cite thesis}} and {{tl|cite map}} use the parameter {{para|ref}} to create an anchor for the short citation. This can be used to set a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]] for {{tl|sfn}} {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}</nowiki> |{{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} |* {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }}}}}} You could also use CITEREF directly with a concatenation of <code>#CITEREF</code> plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template. ===Citation template does not support any kind of anchor=== {{See section|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|Citation templates that create anchors}} There are a few templates that do not support any kind of anchor, including {{tl|cite report}}, {{tl|cite music release notes}}, {{tl|cite DVD-notes}}, {{tl|cite episode}} and others. It is possible to use {{tl|wikicite}} to create an anchor. It has a {{para|ref}} parameter which can be set to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. In this example, the publisher is considered the editor. {{markup |<nowiki> Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} </nowiki>| Article text.{{sfn|Big Government Agency|1999}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{sfnref|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} }} ===No citation template === If the citation is handwritten you should consider the citation format of the article. If citation templates are used often in this article, then check [[WP:Citation templates]] and try to find one that works for this source. If no template can be found, then this may be a source which can't be represented in our citation templates. Use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make an anchor, setting Wikicite's {{para|ref}} to a [[#Custom anchors|custom anchor]]. {{markup |<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} </nowiki>| {{fake notes and references | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} |* {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{sfnref|A particularly unusual citation}} }} }} }} == Techniques and variations == === Changing the appearance of the short citation === ==== With a custom anchor ==== With a [[#custom anchors|custom anchor]], {{tl|sfn}} can have any appearance you want. Here are two examples that editors have asked about in the past. * MLA style author-title short citations. Put name and title in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | last = Ellison | first = Larry | title = Ellison's Book" | year = 2011 | ref = {{sfnref|Ellison ''Ellison's Book''}} }} }} * Adding the original date to a later edition of a book. Put the name, year and original date in {{para|1}}, don't set the year. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} </syntaxhighlight>| Article text.{{sfn|Voltaire 2030 [1752]|p=13}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Le Micromégas | author = [[Voltaire]] | year = 2020 | orig-date = 1752 | ref = {{sfnref|Voltaire 2030 [1752]}} }} }} ====With templates==== <!--- This is excerpted in WP:Shortened footnotes, Template:harv/doc/shared and Template:sfnp/doc ---> These alternative templates change the appearance of the author-date citation {{anchor|No closing period}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 30%" | Purpose !! style="width: 40%;" | Markup !! style="width: 30%" | Renders as |- | The most common format,<br/>used 200,000+ articles<br/>Has a final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvnb|harvnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | No final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfn|sfn]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvtxt|harvtxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harv|harv]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvp|harvp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25|ps=none}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Parenthesis around year<br />With final period || <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:sfnp|sfnp]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki></code> || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2020|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcolnb|harvcolnb]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br/>parenthesis around year and page || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcoltxt|harvcoltxt]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |- | Colon for page number,<br />parenthesis around citation || <code><nowiki><ref>{{</nowiki>'''[[Template:harvcol|harvcol]]'''<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki></code> || Article text.<ref>{{harvcol|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> <br /> {{Reflist}} |} {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}} === Adding additional comments or quotes === The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote, in the form of in-text attributions. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight>| "A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist}} }} ===Adding a URL for the page or location=== If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}</syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake notes and references |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} Other article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}} |* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's book }} }}}} (See [[#url weirdness|below]] for a potential issue with this technique.) ===Citations inside explanatory footnotes=== Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. There are several acceptable solutions. Citations using {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly embedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}. But {{tl1|sfn}} can be used with templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}}, which separates the explanatory footnotes from the short citations, as shown in this example. (See also [[Chinese Room]], which is an article that makes extensive use of this technique.) {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} </syntaxhighlight>| Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} {{fake heading|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|Citations}} {{reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} }} ===Bundled citations=== {{see also|Help:Citation merging ‎|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}} Template {{tl2|harvnb}} (with <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref></syntaxhighlight> tags) or {{tl2|sfnm}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref> {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} </syntaxhighlight> |Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2010|1p=25|2a1=Jones|2y=2010}} {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} <references /> |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book}} </syntaxhighlight> |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }} }} ===Multiple lists of inline citations=== Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]). To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} </syntaxhighlight>| ...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=1}}</ref> {{fake heading|Family Tree}} He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} <small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small> {{notelist-lg}} <small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small> *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} {{fake heading|See also}} [[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2022|p=2}}</ref> {{fake heading|Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{fake heading|References}} * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2022 |title=Smith's other book }} }} ===Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work=== {{tl|harvc}} can be used as a target for {{tl|sfn}} and other shortened footnote templates. {{markup |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]].</ref> == Notes == {{realist}} == References == * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher= ... }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants | url=... | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} </syntaxhighlight> | Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref> {{fake notes and references}} * {{cite book | title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 | editor-last=Stefferud | editor-first=Alfred | date=1957 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906 }} ** {{harvc | last=Stefferud | first=A. | year=1957 | id=Stefferud preface | c=Preface | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last1 = Stout | first1=P. R. | last2=Johnson | first2=C. M. | year=1957 | c=Trace Elements | url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} ** {{harvc | last=Wadleigh | first=C. H. | year=1957 | c=Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up | in=Stefferud | ignore-err=yes}} }} ===More exotic Harvard citations=== {{Main|Template:Harvard citations}} More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt | first=F. J. |last=Murray |author1-link=F. J. Murray | first2=J.|last2=von Neumann |author2-link=John von Neumann | year=1936 | year2=1937 | year3=1943 }}. </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> == References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} </syntaxhighlight>| {{fake header|sub=3|References}} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }} * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }} }} The same effect can be achieved with {{tl|sfnref}} and local links. {{markup|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). </syntaxhighlight>| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{sfnref|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). }} {{anchor|Ps problems}} == Open problems == === Discouraged parameters === These parameters were designed to handle special cases that are better handled by other techniques. ====Parameter {{para|ps}}==== These templates have a parameter {{para|ps}}, designed to hold quotes and explanations. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message. This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different. A workaround is to convert the offending {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags, as recommended in [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]]. This method is more versatile and robust. Template {{para|ps}} also has a second (rare) use, when setting {{para|ps|none}}, which suppressed the final period. See [[#Variations in the format of the author-date citation|§ Variations in the format of the author-date citation]]. ====Parameter {{para|ref}}==== The optional parameter {{para|ref}} was used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This typically would require setting the hand coded link on the full citation as well. It's easier to only set the link of the full citation to {{para|ref|{{tl2|sfnref}}}}. If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter only appears in <nowiki>{{harv*}}</nowiki> templates, and may still appear in a few articles. ===Link works but displays a no target error=== When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template, or by adding the template {{t|Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in [[Special:ExpandTemplates]] and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead. ==={{ucfirst:sfn}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work=== If you [[Help:Footnotes#embedding references|embed]] an {{ucfirst:sfn}} template in a [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined reference]], you may get a false-positive "[[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|missing key" error]] which looks like this: : <span style="color:#d73333; font-weight:bold; font-size:115%">A [[Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR|list-defined reference]] named "{{nobr|. . .}}" is not used in the content (see the [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key|help page]]).</span> {{tracked|T22707}} This is a false-positive: list-defined references [[Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes#5. List-defined references|do not work correctly when references are nested]]. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see [[phab:T22707]]). A [[Template:Sfnlink#example-3|workaround]] is possible using {{tl|sfnlink}}. [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key#Bugs|Additional bugs]] associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the [[WP:REFNAME|reference name]] given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in {{phab|T26600}}. ==Implementation notes== These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[WP:ANCHOR DEF|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor. ===Citation template anchor=== {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}} The most common citation templates,{{cs1}} or {{cs2}}, create a [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name="CITEREF"}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters: * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author-last''' or '''author-last1''' or '''author1-last''' or '''author-surname''' or '''author-surname1''' or '''author1-surname''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''', * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author-last2''' or '''author2-last''' or '''author-surname2''' or '''author2-surname''' or '''author2''', * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author-last3''' or '''author3-last''' or '''author-surname3''' or '''author3-surname''' or '''author3''', * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author-last4''' or '''author4-last''' or '''author-surname4''' or '''author4-surname''' or '''author4''', * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-last1''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor-surname1''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor1''' or '''editor''', * '''editor-last2''' or '''editor2-last''' or '''editor-surname2''' or '''editor2-surname''' or '''editor2''', * '''editor-last3''' or '''editor3-last''' or '''editor-surname3''' or '''editor3-surname''' or '''editor3''', * '''editor-last4''' or '''editor4-last''' or '''editor-surname4''' or '''editor4-surname''' or '''editor4''', * '''date''', '''year''' This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]. Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred. ===Harvard citation wikilink=== The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}. ===Using CITEREF directly=== {{Shortcut|WP:CITEREF}} A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]</nowiki></code>) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template. {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:| * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}} Examples: * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}} * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}} Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher. To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{tl|citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations. Note that the {{code|CITEREF}} prefix is necessary for the [[mw:Reference Tooltips|reference tooltips gadget]] ([[MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]]) to detect that a link goes to a citation. ===[[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]]'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]=== Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call: * {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content={{tl2|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}.}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as * {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p.&amp;nbsp;26.</nowiki>}}. {{anchor|url weirdness}} The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]"}}. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. The content of the loc parameter is similarly appended after this. The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times. ==Tracking categories== {{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "description": "Last name of first (or only) author", "required": true, "example": "Smith", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "label": "Author last name" }, "2": { "description": "Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors", "required": true, "example": "2006", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "label": "Second author or year" }, "3": { "description": "Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors", "type": "string", "label": "Third author or year" }, "4": { "description": "Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors", "type": "string", "label": "Fourth author or year" }, "5": { "description": "Year for citations with four authors", "type": "number", "label": "Year (if four authors included)" }, "p": { "description": "Page number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "page" ], "example": "42", "type": "line", "label": "Page" }, "pp": { "description": "Page numbers in source", "aliases": [ "pages" ], "example": "23–24", "type": "line", "label": "Pages" }, "ps": { "description": "Trailing text to replace period", "example": "none", "type": "string", "label": "Postscript" }, "loc": { "description": "Location in source", "example": "section 7", "type": "line", "label": "Location", "aliases": [ "at" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "description": "The reference group for the footnote", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|p.}} – citing a page number * {{tl|r}} – define and reference page(s) * {{tl|rp}} – reference page(s) * {{tl|Sfnm}} – for ''m''ultiple sources * {{tl|SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor * {{tl|Sfnlink}} – for unidirectional links, especially from [[WP:LDR|LDRs]] * {{tl|efn}} – for explanatory foot notes {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Hidden|Anchors for examples| *{{cite book|last1=Smith|date=1994|title=Book by Smith}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|date=1994|title=Book by Smith and Jones}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|last2=Jones|last3=Brown|date=1994|title=Book by Smith, Jones and Brown}} }}<includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Author–date citation templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> eqvj65n1rlbyxfor59eye4hiqu82f71 10 28453 799554 721395 2026-06-14T20:08:43Z en>Gonnym 0 this was removed 799554 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}{{pp-move-indef}}</noinclude>{{for|an infobox for fictional characters|Template:Infobox character}} {{Template shortcut|Personbox}} {{documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use|info=About [https://linkcount.toolforge.org/index.php?project=en.wikipedia.org&page=Template:Infobox_person&namespaces=0 497,000] of them (89%) are in mainspace.}} {{Notice|Please note that in 2016, the {{para|religion}} and {{para|ethnicity}} parameters were removed from Infobox person as a result of [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Archive 126#RfC: Religion in biographical infoboxes|the RfC: Religion in biographical infoboxes]] and [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Archive 127#RfC: Ethnicity in infoboxes|the RfC: Ethnicity in infoboxes]] as clarified by [[Template talk:Infobox person/Archive 31#Ethnicity? Religion?|this discussion]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters|Module:Check for conflicting parameters|Module:Person date}} {{Tracks Wikidata|P18|cat=No local image but image on Wikidata}} <!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --> {{tl|Infobox person}} may be used to summarize information about a particular person, usually at the top of an article. == Redirects and calls == At least {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Templates calling Infobox person}} other [[:Category:Templates calling Infobox person|templates call this one]] and many templates {{Querylink|Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Infobox_person|qs=namespace=10&hidetrans=1&hidelinks=1|redirect here}}. == Modules == The following templates are suitable for use as a "module" in this one: * Templates in [[:Category:Biographical templates usable as a module]] * {{tl|Listen}} * {{tl|Infobox Chinese}} == Usage == The infobox may be added by pasting the template as shown below into an article and then filling in the desired fields. Any parameters left blank or omitted will not be displayed. === Blank template with basic parameters === {{Infobox person | name = ''name'' | image = example-serious.jpg | alt = alt | caption = ''caption'' | birth_name = ''birth_name'' | birth_date = ''birth_date'' | birth_place = ''birth_place'' | death_date = ''death_date'' | death_place = ''death_place'' | other_names = ''other_names'' | occupation = ''occupation'' | years_active = ''years_active'' | known_for = ''known_for'' | notable_works = ''notable_works'' }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; line-height:1.2em;" copy="1"> {{Infobox person | name = <!-- defaults to article title when left blank --> | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = <!-- use only if different from name --> | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --> | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; line-height:1.2em;" copy="1"> {{Infobox person | name = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} === Blank template with all parameters === Only the most pertinent information should be included. Please {{em|remove}} unused parameters, and refrain from inserting dubious trivia in an attempt to fill all parameters. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; line-height:1.2em" copy="1"> {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = <!-- defaults to article title when left blank --> | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | image_upright = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | pronunciation = | birth_name = <!-- use only if different from name --> | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --> | birth_place = | baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --> | disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --> | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (enter DEATH date then BIRTH date (e.g., ...|1967|8|31|1908|2|28}} use both this parameter and |birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --> | death_place = | death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability --> | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) --> | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | monuments = | other_names = | siglum = | citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = | agent = <!-- discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --> | known_for = | notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" --> | style = | television = | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | title = <!-- formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) --> | term = | predecessor = | successor = | political_party = | other_party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charges = <!-- criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = <!-- use article title or common name --> | partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --> | children = | parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --> | mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | father = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | relatives = | family = | callsign = <!-- amateur radio, use if relevant --> | awards = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{Parameter names example | _display=italics | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | native_name | native_name_lang | image=example-serious.jpg | image_upright=1 | landscape | alt | caption <!--shows placement of parameters, see examples for image--> | pronunciation | birth_name | birth_date | birth_place | baptised <!--does not display due to birth date displayed--> | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | death_date | death_place | death_cause <!--should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability--> | body_discovered | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | monuments | other_names | siglum | citizenship | education | alma_mater | occupation | years_active | era | employer | organization | agent | known_for | notable_works | style | television | height | title | term | predecessor | successor | political_party | other_party | movement | opponents | boards | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | spouse | partner | children | parents | relatives | family | callsign | awards | website | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 <!--removed the ... which only saved two lines from being shown--> | signature=<nowiki>signature.jpg</nowiki> |signature_type | signature_size | signature_alt | footnotes }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; line-height:1.2em" copy="1"> {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_upright = | landscape = | alt = | caption = | pronunciation = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | baptised = | disappeared_date = | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | other_names = | siglum = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | television = | height = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | political_party = | other_party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charges = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | mother = | father = | relatives = | family = | callsign = | awards = | website = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} == Parameters == {{notice|Do not use all these parameters for any one person. The list is long to cover a wide range of people. Use only those parameters that convey essential or notable information about the subject, and ensure that this information is sourced in the article or (if present only in the infobox) in the infobox itself.}} Any parameters left blank or omitted will not be displayed. Many parameters have alternative names, implemented for compatibility with other templates (especially to aid merging). The preferred names are shown in the table below. {| class="wikitable" ! Parameter ! Explanation |- | {{code|honorific_prefix}} | To appear on the line above the person's name. This is for honorifics of serious significance that are attached to the name in formal address, such as knighthoods, "The Honourable", and "His/Her Excellency"; do not use it for routine things like "{{!mxt|[[Dr.]]}}" or "{{!mxt|[[Ms.]]}}" |- | {{code|name}} | Common name of person (defaults to article name if left blank; provide {{para|birth_name}} (below) if different from {{para|name}}). If middle initials are specified (or implied) by the lead of the article, and are not specified separately in the {{para|birth_name}} parameter, include them here. ''Do not put honorifics or alternative names in this parameter.'' There are separate parameters for these things, covered below. |- | {{code|honorific_suffix}} | To appear on the line below the person's name. This is for things like {{para|honorific_suffix|[[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]]}} – honorifics of serious significance that are attached to the name in formal address, such as national orders and non-honorary doctorates; do not use it for routine things like "{{!mxt|[[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]}}". It is permissible but not required to use the {{tlx|post-nominals}} template inside this parameter; doing so requires {{tlx|post-nominals|size{{=}}100%|...}}. |- | {{code|native_name}} | The person's name in their own language, if different. |- | {{code|native_name_lang}} | [[ISO 639-1]] code, e.g., "{{pval|fr}}" for French. If more than one, use {{tlx|lang}} around each name in {{para|native_name}} instead. |- | {{code|image}} | Image name: {{pval|abc.jpg}}, {{pval|xpz.png}}, {{pval|123.gif}}, etc., without the {{code|File:}} or {{code|Image:}} prefix. If an image is desired but not available, one may add {{pval|yes}} to the {{para|needs-photo}} parameter of the {{tlx|WikiProject Biography}} template on the talk page. If no image is available yet, [[Wikipedia:Centralized discussion/Image placeholders|do not use an image placeholder]]. See [[#Image]] for further guidelines. |- | {{code|image_upright}} | Scales the image thumbnail from its default size by the given factor. Values less than 1 scale the image down (0.9 = 90%) and values greater than 1 scale the image up (1.15 = 115%). |- | {{code|landscape}} | Set to <code>yes</code> when using wide, short images. The image height (rather than width) will be limited to 200 pixels. |- | {{code|alt}} | Descriptive [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Alternative text for images|{{code|alt}} text for the image]], for visually impaired readers. One word (such as {{pval|photograph}}) is rarely sufficient. Do not copy-paste the value of {{para|caption}} (below) into this parameter. Example of the difference: "Willie Nelson at a concert in Dallas, 1989" is good as {{para|caption}} value; "Nelson in western-wear with an acoustic guitar, on stage in a daytime show with band in background" is an {{para|alt}} description. If nothing meaningful can be said that isn't already in the caption, use the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Alternative text for images#Captions and nearby text|stock text]] {{para|alt|refer to caption}}. |- | {{code|caption}} | Caption for image, if needed. Try to include the date of photo, some context (check the <code>File:</code> or [[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]] page for the image). Image credit should generally not be included per [[MOS:CREDITS]]. |- | {{code|pronunciation}} | Details of how to pronounce the individual's native name. <!--copied from TemplateData description, if changed please update there also--> |- | {{code|birth_name}} | Name at birth; use only if different from {{para|name}}. |- | {{code|birth_date}} | Date of birth: Use {{tlx|birth date and age}} (if living) or {{tlx|birth date}} (if dead). {{crossref|See template's page for details on usage.}} If only a year of birth is known, or age as of a certain date, consider using {{tlx|birth year and age}} or {{tlx|birth based on age as of date}}. For living people [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|supply only the year unless the exact date is already widely published]]. Treat such cases as if only the year is known, so use {{tlx|birth year and age}} or a similar option. The templates mentioned in this paragraph emit metadata indicating the date is in the Gregorian calendar; if the date is in the Julian calendar, do not use these templates, just write the date. |- id="birth_place" | {{code|birth_place}} | Place of birth: {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}. * Use the name of the birthplace at the time of birth, e.g.: {{pval|Saigon}} (prior to 1976) or {{pval|Ho Chi Minh City}} (post-1976). * [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Do not use flags to indicate locations of birth, residence, or death|Do not use a flag template]], coat of arms, or other icon. * [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes#Purpose|Omit unnecessary or redundant details]]. For example, it is not necessary to state: {{!xt|{{pval|New York City, [[New York (state)|New York]], United States}}}} when {{xt|{{pval|New York City, U.S.}}}} conveys essentially the same information more concisely. * Country name should be visible (not just in a link target). Well-known countries [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#What generally should not be linked|should generally not be linked]], but historical and less-well-known countries can be. * For modern subjects, the country should generally be a sovereign state; for United Kingdom locations, the constituent [[Countries of the United Kingdom|countries of the UK]] are sometimes used instead, when more appropriate in the context. * For historical subjects, use the place name most appropriate for the context and our readership. * Historical sovereign should be clear from the place of birth, as this determines nationality and citizenship. {{xt|Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India}}; {{xt|San Juan, Puerto Rico, Spanish Empire}} * For subsequent places (of death, etc.) it is not necessary to repeat jurisdictional details or links for the same place name. * Follow [[MOS:USA]], e.g. "US" instead of "USA" * When clarifying for historical reasons ("then a part of X" or "now in X"), follow [[MOS:GEOLINK]]. |- | {{code|baptised}}<br/>or {{code|baptized}} | Date of baptism: {{em|Only}} for use when birth date is not known (e.g., for [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]). Will not display if a birth date is entered. Do not use subtemplates. Parameter <code>baptized</code> can be used for articles that use American English spelling. |- | {{code|disappeared_date}} | (For missing people) Date of disappearance: Use {{tlx|disappeared date and age}} (if birth date is known) or {{tlx|disappeared date}} (if birth date unknown). |- | {{code|disappeared_place}} | (For missing people) Place of disappearance: {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}.&nbsp;<!--This space is needed for readability, due to quirk of these templated elements being in proximity.--> ({{crossref|See {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, redundancy, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc.) |- | {{code|disappeared_status}} | (For missing people) Current status for the person, e.g., if the person is still regarded as missing (using {{tlx|missing for}} to calculate the time since disappearance), or if the person has been [[Declared death in absentia|declared dead ''{{lang|la|in absentia}}'']], with a date for such a ruling. |- | {{code|death_date}} | Date of death: Use {{tlx|death date and age}} (if birth date is known) or {{tlx|death date}} (if birth date unknown). {{crossref|See template's page for details on usage.}} If exact dates are unknown, consider using {{tlx|death year and age}}. The templates mentioned in this paragraph emit metadata indicating the date is in the Gregorian calendar; if the date is in the Julian calendar, do not use these templates, just write the date. |- | {{code|death_place}} | Place of death: {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}.&nbsp; ({{crossref|See {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, redundancy, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc.) |- | {{code|death_cause}} | Cause of death. Should be clearly defined and sourced, and should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability, e.g. [[James Dean]], [[John Lennon]]. It should not be filled in for unremarkable deaths such as those from old age or routine illness, e.g. [[Bruce Forsyth]], [[Eduard Khil]]. |- | {{code|body_discovered}} | Place where the body was discovered (if different from place of death). {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}.&nbsp; ({{crossref|See {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, redundancy, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc.) |- | {{code|burial_place}} | Place of burial {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}.&nbsp; ({{crossref|See {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, redundancy, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc. {{crossref|See {{para|resting_place}} for non-burials}}.) |- | {{code|burial_coordinates}} | Coordinates for place of burial, to accompany {{para|burial_place}}. Use {{tlx|coord}} template. |- | {{code|resting_place}} | Location of columbarium, ash-scattering, etc. If no location, leave blank. {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}.&nbsp; ({{crossref|See {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, redundancy, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc.) |- | {{code|resting_place_coordinates}} | Coordinates for location of columbarium, ash-scattering etc. Use {{tlx|coord}} template. |- | {{code|monuments}} | Significant monuments erected, buildings named, etc., in honour of the subject. If many, link to an appropriate section of the article instead. |- | {{code|other_names}} | Other notable names for the person, if different from {{para|name}} and {{para|birth_name}}. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Pseudonyms|This can include]] stage names, maiden/married names, nicknames, criminal aliases, etc. |- | {{code|siglum}} | [[Siglum]] or monogram, a text shortcut (often formed from the initials of the name, with variations) used to sign work, if relevant. |- | {{code|citizenship}} | Country of legal citizenship. Rarely needed - omit if the same as birth country. See [[WP:INFONAT]] for detailed guidelines. {{crossref|Also see {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc. |- | {{code|education}} | Include subject's educational credentials, typically university degrees. List the full article title of each degree-granting parent institution, followed by degree(s) earned in parentheses, e.g. an alumnus of [[Harvard College]], [[Harvard Law School]], and the [[Kellogg School of Management]] would be listed as: <br> [[Harvard University]] (BA, JD) <br> [[Northwestern University]] (MBA) <br><br> If insufficient information is available to determine specific credentials attained, the 'alma_mater' parameter may be more appropriate. |- | {{code|alma_mater}} | ''[[Alma mater]]''. This parameter is a more concise alternative to (not addition to) {{para|education}}, and will often consist of the linked name of the last-attended institution of higher education (not secondary schools). It is usually not relevant to include either parameter for non-graduates, but article talk page consensus may conclude otherwise, as perhaps at [[Bill Gates]]. |- | {{code|occupation}} | Occupation(s) as given in the lead. Use list markup for three or more entries, e.g. with {{tlx|flatlist}}. Please observe [[sentence case]] and capitalise only the first letter of the first item; e.g.: {{block indent|1={{Flatlist| * Musician * singer-songwriter * actor }}}} |- | {{code|years_active}} | Date range in years during which the subject was active in their principal occupation(s) and/or other activity for which they are notable. Use the format {{code|1950–2000}}, or {{code|1970–present}} if still active. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Ranges|Date ranges]] always use an [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#En dashes|en dash]], not hyphen. If no dates of birth and/or death are known for the subject, only a ''[[floruit]]'' date range, as is common with ancient subjects, this parameter can be used for it. If approximate (''[[wikt:circa#English|circa]]'') dates are known for either or both, put them in the {{para|birth_date}} and {{para|death_date}} parameters. Helpful templates: {{tlx|floruit}}, {{tlx|circa}}. |- | {{code|era}} | Era (e.g., {{pval|Medieval}}) in which the person lived; less specific than {{para|years_active}}. Should not be used if dates are available. |- | {{code|employer}} | Employer(s), if relevant. |- | {{code|organization}} or {{code|organisation}} | Non-employing organization(s), if relevant. |- | {{code|agent}} | The subject's agent (individual and/or agency), discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]]. |- | {{code|known_for}} | A brief description of why the person is notable. |- | {{ubl|{{code|notable_works}};<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;{{small|alternatives:}} |{{code|credits}} |{{code|label_name}} |{{code|works}} }} | Title(s) of notable work(s) (publications, compositions, sculptures, films, etc.) by the subject, if any. Produces the label '''Notable work'''. May be overridden by {{para|credits}}, which produces '''Notable credit(s)'''; or by {{para|works}}, which produces '''Works'''; or by {{para|label_name}}, which produces '''Label(s)'''. * The {{para|notable_works}}, {{para|credits}}, and {{para|label_name}} parameters are intended to be (at most) short [[#Inline lists|inline lists]]. * The {{para|label_name}} variant is used for one or more record labels with which a performer is associated, or a fashion label in which a designer has been heavily involved or for which they are well known. Remember that this parameter is an alternative to the others mentioned here and is not used along with them. * The {{para|works}} variant is intended to link to {{em|a specific list article}} for a larger body of work (not all of which may be individually notable). |- | {{code|style}} | The style of the subject's works, if applicable. {{crossref|This parameter is not for [[Style (manner of address)|styles of address or office]]; see {{para|honorific_prefix}}.}} |- | {{code|television}} | Television programmes presented by or {{em|closely}} associated with the subject. For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. |- | {{code|height}} | If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant. If used, this should also include the year of the measurement if the person had not reached full adulthood when this stat was published. {{crossref|See documentation of this parameter at [[Template:Infobox sportsperson#height|Template:Infobox sportsperson]] for more information.}} |- | {{code|title}} | Multiple uses: * Formal title, such as {{pval|First Lady of Japan}} for [[Akie Abe]]. * Awarded title, such as {{pval|Mr. Olympia}} for [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]. * Job title, such as {{pval|President of Calvin College}} for [[Anthony Diekema]]. * A combination of the above, such as {{pval|Professor of Mathematics}} and {{pval|[[Fellow of the Royal Society]]}} for [[Bill Parry (mathematician)|Bill Parry]] For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. Use the {{para|awards}} parameter, below, for awarded honors that are not really titles. A single award should not use both parameters. |- | {{code|office}} | May be used as an alternative to {{para|title}} when the label is better displayed as '''Office''' (e.g. public office or appointments). Using this parameter will override {{para|title}}. |- | {{code|term}} | Years the person held the {{para|title}} or {{para|office}} listed above. Helpful template: {{tlx|reign}} (also used for civil offices). |- | {{code|predecessor}} | Person who previously held the {{para|title}} or {{para|office}} listed above. |- | {{code|successor}} | Person who subsequently held the {{para|title}} or {{para|office}} listed above. |- | {{code|political_party}} | If relevant. Field labelled '''Political party'''. |- | {{code|other_party}} | If relevant. Field labelled '''Other political affiliations'''. |- | {{code|movement}} | If relevant. Can be [[Social movement|social]], [[Political movement|political]] (non-party), [[Art movement|artistic]], [[Philosophical movement|philosophical]], [[List of literary movements|literary]], [[Cultural movement|cultural]], etc. |- | {{code|opponents}} | Notable relevant opponents (e.g., for major political office). |- | {{code|boards}} | For [[board of directors]] membership(s), if relevant. Field labeled '''Board member&nbsp;of'''. |- | {{ubl|{{code|criminal_charges}}|{{code|criminal_penalty}}|{{code|criminal_status}}}} | For convicted criminals only. Please be certain to support these parameters with citations from reliable sources, in the article body. |- | {{code|spouse}} | Name of spouse(s), followed by years of marriage. Use the format ''Name (m. 1950)'' for a current spouse, and ''Name (m. 1970–1999)'' for former spouse(s). Use article title (if linking) or [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Use commonly recognizable names|common name]]. For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. For deceased persons still married at time of death, do not include the end year. |- | {{code|partner}} | If particularly relevant, or if the partner is notable; "partner" here means unmarried life partners in a [[domestic partnership]] (of any gender or sexual orientation), not business partner. Use the format ''Name (1950–present)'' for current partner and ''Name (1970–1999)'' for former partner(s). |- id=children | {{code|children}} | Typically the number of children (e.g., {{pval|3}}); only list names of independently notable or particularly relevant children. Names may be preceded by a number to show total children and avoid implying that named children are the only offspring. For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. {{em|For [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of names|privacy reasons]], consider omitting the names of living children, unless notable.}} |- | {{code|parents}} | Names of parents; include only if they are independently notable or particularly relevant. For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. If subject has only one notable mother and/or only one notable father, {{para|mother}} and {{para|father}} parameters may be used instead. These parameters may be used for biological, adoptive, foster, or step-parents. |- | {{code|mother}} | Name of mother; include only if subject has one mother who is independently notable or particularly relevant. Displays '''Parent(s)''' as label, and is overridden by the {{para|parents}} parameter. |- | {{code|father}} | Name of father; include only if subject has one father who is independently notable or particularly relevant. Displays '''Parent(s)''' as label, and is overridden by the {{para|parents}} parameter. |- | {{code|relatives}} | Names of siblings or other relatives; include only if independently notable and particularly relevant. Include the relationship in parentheses after the name (sister, uncle, etc.). For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. |- | {{code|callsign}} | Amateur radio [[call sign]], if relevant. |- | {{code|awards}} | Notable awards. If many, link to an appropriate section of the article instead. Use {{para|title}} parameter, above, for awarded titles; A single award should not use both parameters. |- | {{code|website}} | Official website only. Unofficial websites should be placed under <code><nowiki>==External links==</nowiki></code> in the body of the article. Use {{tlx|URL}} as in {{tnull|URL|Example.com}}. Do not display the {{samp|www.}} part unless the site requires it. |- | {{ubl | {{code|module}} | {{code|module2}} | {{code|module3}} | {{code|module4}} | {{code|module5}} | {{code|module6}} }} | Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one. Example: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Infobox person | name = Paul McCartney ... | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | instrument = piano ... }} <!-- end of Infobox musical artist --> ... }} <!-- end of Infobox person --> </syntaxhighlight> {{crossref|For more detailed information, see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Infoboxes/embed]].}} |- | {{code|signature}} | An image of the person's signature. Please use image name: {{pval|abc.jpg}}, {{pval|xpz.png}}, {{pval|123.gif}}, etc., without the {{samp|File:}} or {{samp|Image:}} prefix |- | {{code|signature_type}} | Changes the '''Signature''' label to the preferred argument, such as '''Seal''' |- | {{code|signature_size}} | Default is {{samp|150px}}. If necessary, a signature can be resized manually as per the {{para|image_size}} parameter. |- | {{code|signature_alt}} | Alt text for the signature image. For example, for {{samp|[[:File:Thomas Jefferson Signature.svg]]}}, the alt text might be {{para|signature_alt| Th: Jefferson}}, spelling out the signature exactly as it appears in the image. |- | {{code|footnotes}} | Textual notes about any of the infobox data. This is not for reference citations. If an infobox parameter's value needs a citation, [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|cite inline]] at the end of the value. Citations will appear in the article's references section along with the other citations in the article. |- | {{code|image_size}} | {{strongbad|Deprecated}}. Size to display image: {{pval|200px}} (set width), {{pval|x300px}} (set height), or {{pval|200x300px}} (max width & max height). If empty or omitted, this defaults to {{samp|frameless}} (default is {{samp|220px}}, but logged-in users can change this by clicking on "my preferences" and adjusting thumbnail size). [[Wikipedia:Image use policy#Displayed image size|Use of this parameter is discouraged]]. Use {{para|image_upright}} instead. Do not use "{{!mxt|×}}" or capital "{{!mxt|X}}" |- | {{code|template_name}} | '''This parameter should not be used in articles.''' It allows other templates to specify a template name such as ''Infobox architect'' for parameter tracking categories, like [[:Category:Pages using infobox architect with unknown parameters]] instead of [[:Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters]]. The parameter is found in templates which use [[Template:Infobox person]] via [[Module:Template wrapper]], see [[:Category:Templates calling Infobox person]]. |} === Additional parameter usage explanation === ==== Image ==== The image in the infobox should be representative of the person who is the subject of the article. For some historical figures, particularly those born in the 18th century or before, this image is often a painting or other artistic depiction of the individual (see [[George Washington]]). Persons born in the 20th century onward, such as [[Barack Obama]], are most often represented by a photograph of the individual. When the subject of a biographical article has recently died, particularly those who have been publicly known for decades, editors may come to a consensus on the article's talk page regarding what image would best be suited for the infobox. An example of such a discussion can be found in the talk page archives for [[Elizabeth II]] (section [[Talk:Elizabeth II/Archive 45#Infobox photograph for after her death|Infobox photograph for after her death]]); in this instance, the 2015 photograph of Elizabeth II that was present in the article's infobox when discussions began was eventually replaced with a photograph of her taken in 1958. === Inline lists === {{Main|WP:Manual of Style/Lists#Horizontal lists|WP:Manual of Style/Lists#Unbulleted lists}} Parameters with multiple values should be formatted with inline-list templates. '''Horizontal''' ones include {{tlx|hlist}} or {{tlx|flatlist}}. In [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Horizontal lists|horizontal style]], only the first item is capitalized (aside from [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Proper names|proper names]]). This style is best for short items, and few of them. Mid-dots, commas or semicolons are available as separators (use semicolons or mid-dots if any items contain their own commas). For example: * {{para|parameter_name|{{tlp|hlist |Foo |bar |baz}}}} → {{hlist |Foo |bar |baz}} * {{para|parameter_name|{{tlp|cslist |Foo |bar |baz}}}} → {{cslist |Foo |bar |baz}} * {{para|parameter_name|{{tlp|cslist |Foo, fee |bar, bor |baz, biz |semi=true}}}} → {{cslist |Foo, fee |bar, bor |baz, biz |semi=true}} Horizontal list example with {{tlx|hlist|Item one|item two|item three}}: {{hlist|Item one|item two|item three}} '''Vertical''' templates are {{tlx|plainlist}} and {{tlx|unbulleted list}} (vertical), use [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Unbulleted lists|unbulleted, non-indented lists]] for clean display in infoboxes. Entries may be all [[sentence case]], or all lowercase (aside from proper names) after the first. This style is best for long items, and longer lists. For long lists of information that may not be of immediate interest but retained for reference, the {{tlx|collapsible list}} template can be used; this is not a universally accessible option, so should not be used for key information. ''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Line breaks|Do not use {{tag|br|s}} markup]]'' to create fake lists, as in: {{!mxt|<nowiki>Item one<br />item two<br />item three</nowiki>}}. Vertical list example:, using {{tlx|unbulleted list|Item one|item two|item three}}: {{unbulleted list|Item one|item two|item three}} == Example == {{Infobox person{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox |/sandbox}} | name = Bill Gates | image = Bill Gates 2017 (cropped).jpg | alt = Head and shoulders photo of Bill Gates | caption = Gates in 2017 | birth_name = William Henry Gates III | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|10|28}} | birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S. | known_for = Co-founder of [[Microsoft]] and [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] | education = [[Harvard University]] (dropped out) | occupation = {{hlist|Software developer|investor|entrepreneur}} | years_active = 1972–present | title = {{indented plainlist| * Co-[[chairperson]] of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation * Chairman and founder of [[Branded Entertainment Network]] * Chairman and founder of [[Cascade Investment]] * Chairman and co-founder of [[TerraPower]] * Founder of [[Breakthrough Energy]] * Technology advisor of Microsoft}} | boards = {{plainlist| * [[Berkshire Hathaway]] * Microsoft (former, both)}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Melinda French]]|January 1, 1994|August 2, 2021|reason=divorce}} | children = 3 | father = [[Bill Gates Sr.]] | mother = [[Mary Maxwell Gates|Mary Maxwell]] | website = {{URL|https://www.gatesnotes.com}} | awards = {{ubl|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2016)|[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]] (2022)}} | signature = Bill Gates signature.svg | signature_alt = William H. Gates III }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox person | name = Bill Gates | image = Bill Gates 2017 (cropped).jpg | alt = Head and shoulders photo of Bill Gates | caption = Gates in 2017 | birth_name = William Henry Gates III | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|10|28}} | birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S. | known_for = Co-founder of [[Microsoft]] and [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] | education = [[Harvard University]] (dropped out) | occupation = {{hlist|Software developer|investor|entrepreneur}} | years_active = 1972–present | title = {{indented plainlist| * Co-[[chairperson]] of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation * Chairman and founder of [[Branded Entertainment Network]] * Chairman and founder of [[Cascade Investment]] * Chairman and co-founder of [[TerraPower]] * Founder of [[Breakthrough Energy]] * Technology advisor of Microsoft}} | boards = {{plainlist| * [[Berkshire Hathaway]] * Microsoft (former, both)}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Melinda French]]|January 1, 1994|August 2, 2021|reason=divorce}} | children = 3 | father = [[Bill Gates Sr.]] | mother = [[Mary Maxwell Gates|Mary Maxwell]] | website = {{URL|https://www.gatesnotes.com}} | awards = {{ubl|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2016)|[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]] (2022)}} | signature = Bill Gates signature.svg | signature_alt = William H. Gates III }} </syntaxhighlight> == Microformat == {{UF-hcard-person}} {{clear}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> <templatedata> { "description": "An infobox for articles about people", "format": "{{_\n| __________________ = _\n}}\n", "params": { "honorific_prefix": { "description": "Honorific prefix(es), to appear on the line above the person's name", "label": "Honorific prefix" }, "name": { "description": "Common name of person (defaults to article name if left blank; provide birth_name (below) if different from name). If middle initials are specified (or implied) by the lead of the article, and are not specified separately in the birth_name field, include them here.", "label": "Name", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "honorific_suffix": { "description": "Honorific suffix(es), to appear on the line below the person's name", "label": "Honorific suffix" }, "native_name": { "description": "The person's name in their own language, if different.", "label": "Native name", "type": "string" }, "native_name_lang": { "description": "ISO 639-1 code, e.g., \"fr\" for French. If more than one, use Template:lang in 'native_name' instead.", "label": "Native name language" }, "image": { "description": "Image name: abc.jpg, xpz.png, 123.gif, etc. If an image is desired but not available, one may add \"yes\" to the \"needs-photo\" section of the :Template:WPBiography on the talkpage. If no image is available yet, do not use an image placeholder.", "label": "Image", "example": "abc.jpg, xpz.png, 123.gif", "type": "wiki-file-name", "suggested": true }, "image_size": { "description": "DEPRECATED/DISCOURAGED. Size to display image: 200px (set width), x300px (set height), or 200x300px (max width & max height). This defaults to frameless (default is 220px, but logged in users can change this by clicking on \"my preferences\" and adjusting thumbnail size) if empty or omitted. Use of this parameter is discouraged as per WP:IMGSIZE. Use image_upright instead.", "label": "DEPRECATED: Image size", "example": "200px", "default": "220px", "deprecated": "DEPRECATED: Use of this parameter is discouraged as per WP:IMGSIZE. Delete it when encountered and use image_upright instead." }, "alt": { "description": "Alt text for image, for visually impaired readers. One word (such as \"photograph\") is rarely sufficient. See WP:ALT.", "label": "Alt", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "image_alt" ] }, "caption": { "description": "Caption for image, if needed. Try to include date of photo when relevant.", "label": "Caption", "aliases": [ "image_caption" ], "type": "string" }, "pronunciation": { "description": "Details of how to pronounce the individual's native name.", "label": "Native name pronunciation" }, "birth_name": { "description": "Name at birth; use only if different from name.", "label": "Birth name", "type": "string" }, "birth_date": { "description": "Use {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people when the full date of birth is known. For deceased people, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}, as their current age should not be displayed. If only the year of birth is known, use {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} where appropriate. If the birth year is calculated from an age given at a specific date, consider using {{Birth based on age as of date}}.", "label": "Birth date", "type": "content" }, "birth_place": { "description": "Place of birth: city, administrative region, sovereign state. Use the name of the birthplace at the time of birth, e.g.: Saigon (prior to 1976), Ho Chi Minh City (post 1976). Do not use a flag template.", "label": "Birth place", "type": "string" }, "baptised": { "description": "Date of baptism: ONLY for use when birth date is not known (e.g., Beethoven). Will not display if a birth date is entered. Do not use subtemplates. Parameter 'baptized' can be used for articles that use American english spelling.", "label": "Baptised", "aliases": [ "baptized" ], "type": "date" }, "disappeared_date": { "description": "(For missing people) Date of disappearance: Template:disappeared date and age (if birth date is known) or Template:disappeared date (if birth date unknown).", "label": "Disappeared date" }, "disappeared_place": { "description": "(For missing people) Place of disappearance: city, administrative region, sovereign state. Do not use a flag template.", "label": "Disappeared place" }, "disappeared_status": { "description": "(For missing people) Current status for the person, e.g., if the person is still regarded as missing (using Template:missing for to calculate the time since disappearance), or if the person has been declared dead in absentia, with a date for such a ruling.", "label": "Disappeared status" }, "death_date": { "description": "Use {{Death date and age|death year|death month|death day|birth year|birth month|birth day}} when both the full date of death and full date of birth are known. If the date of birth is unknown, use {{Death date|YYYY|MM|DD}} instead, as the age at death cannot be calculated. If only the year of death is known, or if the exact dates are uncertain, consider using {{Death year and age}}", "label": "Death date" }, "death_place": { "description": "Place of death: city, administrative region, sovereign state. Note: Do not use a flag template. Use the name of the deathplace at the time of death, e.g.: Saigon (prior to 1976), Ho Chi Minh City (post 1976)", "label": "Death place", "type": "string" }, "death_cause": { "description": "Cause of death. This should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability.", "label": "Death cause" }, "body_discovered": { "description": "Place where the body was discovered (if different from place of death). Do not use a flag template.", "label": "Body discovered" }, "resting_place": { "description": "Place of burial, ash-scattering, etc. Do not use a flag template.", "label": "Resting place" }, "resting_place_coordinates": { "description": "Coordinates for place of burial, ash-scattering etc. Use Template:coord template.", "label": "Resting place coordinates" }, "monuments": { "description": "Significant monuments erected, buildings named, etc., in honour of the subject. If many, link to an appropriate section of the article instead.", "label": "Monuments" }, "other_names": { "description": "Other notable names for the person, if different from name and birth_name.", "label": "Other names" }, "siglum": { "description": "Siglum, monogram, shortcut, if relevant.", "label": "Siglum" }, "citizenship": { "description": "Country of legal citizenship. Rarely needed. Should only be used if citizenship cannot be inferred from the birthplace. Do not use a flag template.", "label": "Citizenship", "type": "string" }, "education": { "description": "Include subject's educational credentials, typically university degrees. List the full article title of each degree-granting parent institution, followed by degree(s) earned in parentheses, e.g. an alumnus of [[Harvard College]], [[Harvard Law School]], and the [[Kellogg School of Management]] would be listed as: [[Harvard University]] (BA, JD) [[Northwestern University]] (MBA). If insufficient information is available to determine specific credentials attained, the 'alma_mater' parameter may be more appropriate.", "label": "Education" }, "alma_mater": { "description": "Alma mater. This parameter is a more concise alternative to 'education', and will most often simply consist of the linked name of the last-attended higher education institution. It is usually not relevant to include either parameter for non-graduates, but article talk page consensus may conclude otherwise, as at Bill Gates.", "label": "Alma mater" }, "occupation": { "description": "Occupation(s) as given in the lead.", "label": "Occupation" }, "years_active": { "description": "Date range in years during which the subject was active in their principal occupation(s) and/or other activity for which they are notable. Use the format 1950–2000, or 1970–present if still active (note the use of an en dash, not hyphen). If no dates of birth and/or death are known for the subject, only a floruit date range, as is common with ancient subjects, this parameter can be used for it. If approximate (circa) dates are known for either or both, put them in the birth_date and death_date parameters.", "label": "Years active" }, "era": { "description": "Era during which the subject lived or was active. Less specific than 'years active'.", "label": "Era" }, "employer": { "description": "Employer(s), if relevant.", "label": "Employer" }, "organization": { "description": "Non-employing organization(s), if relevant.", "label": "Organization", "aliases": [ "organizations", "organisation", "organisations" ] }, "agent": { "description": "The subject's agent (individual and/or agency), discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source.", "label": "Agent" }, "known_for": { "description": "A brief description of what the person is notable for.", "label": "Known For", "example": "Environmental activism" }, "notable_works": { "description": "Title(s) of notable work(s) (publications, compositions, sculptures, films, etc.) by the subject, if any.", "label": "Notable works", "aliases": [ "works", "credits", "label_name" ] }, "style": { "description": "The style in which the subject works, if applicable.", "label": "Style" }, "television": { "description": "Television programmes presented by or closely associated with the subject.", "label": "Television" }, "height": { "description": "If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant. If used, this should also include the year of the measurement if the person had not reached full adulthood when this stat was published. See documentation of this parameter at Template:Infobox sportsperson for more information.", "label": "Height" }, "height_m": { "description": "If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant, their height in metres (it will be automatically converted to Imperial).", "label": "Height in metres", "type": "number" }, "height_cm": { "description": "If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant, their height in centimetres (it will be automatically converted to Imperial).", "label": "Height in centimetres", "type": "number" }, "height_ft": { "description": "If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant, their height in whole feet (it will be automatically converted to SI). Use with height_in.", "label": "Height in feet", "type": "number" }, "height_in": { "description": "If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant, their height in remaining inches (it will be automatically converted to SI). Use with height_ft.", "label": "Remaining height in inches", "type": "number" }, "title": { "description": "Multiple uses: Formal title, such as First Lady of Japan for Akie Abe.; Awarded title, such as Mr. Olympia for Arnold Schwarzenegger.; Job title, such as President of Calvin College for Anthony Diekema.; A combination of the above, such as Professor of Mathematics and Fellow of the Royal Society for Bill Parry See also \"awards\" parameter, below, for awarded honors that are not really titles. A single award should not use both parameters.", "label": "Title", "aliases": [ "office" ] }, "term": { "description": "Years the person held the title listed above.", "label": "Term" }, "predecessor": { "description": "Person who previously held the title listed above.", "label": "Predecessor" }, "successor": { "description": "Person who subsequently held the title listed above.", "label": "Successor" }, "movement": { "description": "If relevant. '''Movement''' can be social, political (non-party), artistic, philosophical, literary, cultural, etc.", "label": "Movement" }, "opponents": { "description": "Notable relevant opponents (e.g., for major political office).", "label": "Opponents" }, "boards": { "description": "For board of directors membership(s), if relevant. Field labeled Board member of.", "label": "Boards" }, "criminal_charges": { "description": "For convicted criminals only. Please be certain to support these parameters with citations from reliable sources in the article body.", "label": "Criminal charge(s)", "aliases": [ "criminal_charge" ] }, "criminal_penalty": { "label": "Criminal penalty", "description": "For convicted criminals only. Please be certain to support these parameters with citations from reliable sources, in the article body." }, "criminal_status": { "label": "Criminal status", "description": "For convicted criminals only. Please be certain to support these parameters with citations from reliable sources, in the article body.", "aliases": [ "judicial_status" ] }, "spouse": { "description": "Name of spouse(s), followed by years of marriage. Use the format Name (married 1950–present) for a current spouse, and Name (married 1970–1999) for former spouse(s). Separate entries using Template:Plainlist or Template:Unbulleted list. For deceased persons still married at time of death, do not include an end year. {{Marriage}} may be used.", "label": "Spouse(s)", "aliases": [ "spouses" ] }, "partner": { "description": "For unmarried life partners in a domestic partnership (of any gender or sexual orientation), not business partners. Use the format Name (1950–present) for current partner and Name (1970–1999) for former partner(s).", "label": "Partner(s)", "aliases": [ "partners" ] }, "children": { "description": "Number of children, or list of independently notable names, in which case, separate entries using Template:Plainlist or Template:Unbulleted list. Names may be preceded by a number to show total children and avoid implying that named children are the only offspring. For privacy reasons, consider omitting the names of children of living persons, unless notable.", "label": "Children", "example": "3" }, "parents": { "description": "Names of parents. Separate entries using Template:Plainlist or Template:Unbulleted list. If subject has only one notable mother and/or father, 'mother' and 'father' parameters may be used instead", "label": "Parent(s)" }, "mother": { "description": "Name of mother; include only if subject has one mother who is independently notable or particularly relevant. Overwritten by 'parents' parameter.", "label": "Mother", "type": "string" }, "father": { "description": "Name of father; include only if subject has one father who is independently notable or particularly relevant. Overwritten by 'parents' parameter.", "label": "Father", "type": "string" }, "relatives": { "description": "Names of siblings or other relatives. Include the relationship in parentheses after the name (sister, uncle, etc). Separate entries using Template:Plainlist or Template:Unbulleted list.", "label": "Relatives" }, "family": { "description": "Family or house of the individual, if notable.", "label": "Family" }, "callsign": { "description": "Amateur radio call sign, if relevant.", "label": "Callsign" }, "awards": { "description": "Notable awards. If many, link to an appropriate section of the article instead. See also \"title\" parameter, above, for awarded titles. A single award should not use both parameters.", "label": "Awards" }, "honours": { "description": "Honours the individual has been awarded, if notable.", "label": "Honours", "aliases": [ "honors" ] }, "website": { "description": "Official website only. Unofficial websites should be placed under ==External links== in the body of the article. Use {{URL}}. Do not include the www. part unless the server requires it. Use camel case capitalization to make multiword domain names easier to read.", "label": "Website", "type": "content", "example": "{{URL|example.com}}", "suggested": true }, "module": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module" }, "module2": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module two" }, "module3": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module three" }, "module4": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module four" }, "module5": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module five" }, "module6": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module six" }, "child": { "label": "DEPRECATED: Use as an embedded infobox", "description": "DEPRECATED: Use this infobox within another one. For experts only.", "example": "yes", "deprecated": true, "aliases": [ "embed" ] }, "signature": { "description": "An image of the person's signature. Please use image name: abc.jpg, xpz.png, 123.gif, etc.", "label": "Signature", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "signature_type": { "description": "Alter from Signature to, for example, Seal", "label": "Signature type", "type": "string" }, "signature_size": { "description": "Default is 150px. If necessary, a signature can be resized manually as per the \"image_size\" parameter.", "label": "Signature size" }, "signature_alt": { "description": "Alt text for the signature image. For example, for :File:Thomas Jefferson Signature.svg, the alt text might be |signature_alt= Th: Jefferson, spelling out the signature exactly as it appears in the image.", "label": "Signature alt", "type": "string" }, "footnotes": { "description": "Notes about any of the infobox data.", "label": "Footnotes" }, "abovestyle": { "description": "DEPRECATED: A CSS style to use for the individual's name, over-riding the community norm. Use only in exception circumstances.", "label": "DEPRECATED: Name CSS over-ride", "deprecated": true }, "image_upright": { "label": "Image upright", "description": "Scales the image thumbnail from its default size by the given factor. Values less than 1 scale the image down (0.9 = 90%) and values greater than 1 scale the image up (1.15 = 115%).", "example": "1.15", "default": "1", "type": "number" }, "landscape": { "label": "Landscape", "description": "Set to yes when using wide, short images. The image height (rather than width) will be limited to 200 pixels.", "type": "boolean" }, "burial_place": { "label": "Burial place", "description": "Place of burial, alternative to 'Resting place' Displays the label 'Burial place'.", "type": "content" }, "burial_coordinates": { "label": "Burial place coordinates", "description": "Coordinates for place of burial, to accompany 'Burial place'. Use {{coord}} template." }, "nocat_wdimage": { "label": "nocat_wdimage", "description": "Where an infobox has no image but Wikidata has an image name, add an image or |nocat_wdimage=yes to the infobox.", "type": "string" }, "template_name": { "label": "Template name", "description": "Used when {{Infobox person}} is wrapped by another template. This would be the (lower-case) name of the wrapping template, without the \"Template:\" prefix." }, "political_party": { "label": "Party", "description": "If relevant. Field labelled Political party." }, "other_party": { "label": "Other party", "description": "If relevant. Field labelled Other political affiliations." } }, "paramOrder": [ "honorific_prefix", "name", "honorific_suffix", "native_name", "native_name_lang", "image", "image_upright", "landscape", "alt", "caption", "pronunciation", "other_names", "siglum", "birth_name", "birth_date", "birth_place", "baptised", "disappeared_date", "disappeared_place", "disappeared_status", "death_date", "death_place", "death_cause", "body_discovered", "resting_place", "resting_place_coordinates", "burial_place", "burial_coordinates", "monuments", "citizenship", "education", "alma_mater", "occupation", "years_active", "era", "employer", "organization", "agent", "known_for", "notable_works", "style", "television", "height", "height_m", "height_cm", "height_ft", "height_in", "title", "term", "predecessor", "successor", "political_party", "other_party", "movement", "opponents", "boards", "criminal_charges", "criminal_penalty", "criminal_status", "spouse", "partner", "children", "parents", "mother", "father", "relatives", "family", "callsign", "awards", "honours", "website", "template_name", "module", "module2", "module3", "module4", "module5", "module6", "signature", "signature_type", "signature_size", "signature_alt", "footnotes", "nocat_wdimage", "child", "abovestyle", "image_size" ] } </templatedata> </div> == Tracking categories == {{Infobox tracking categories}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple employers}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple agents}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple credits}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple labels}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple partners}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple parents}} * {{clc|Biography template using pronunciation}} * {{clc|Biography with signature}} * {{clc|No local image but image on Wikidata}} – Used by [[Template:Wikidata image]] to track articles where an infobox has no image but [[Wikidata]] has an image name. To exclude articles from this category, add an image or {{para|nocat_wdimage|yes}} to the infobox. == See also == * {{clc|Category:Templates calling Infobox person}} Variations of this template which use [[Wikidata]]: * {{tl|Infobox person/Wikidata}} Dependencies: * {{tl|Br separated entries}} * {{tl|Pluralize from text}} * {{tl|Main other}} * {{tl|Convinfobox}} * {{tl|Infobox person/height}} * {{tl|Count}} * {{tl|Unbulleted list}} * {{tl|If empty}} Alternative templates are listed at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Infoboxes|WikiProject Biography/Infoboxes]] and within the [[:Category:People and person infobox templates|people and person infobox templates category]]. <div style="display: none">{{reflist}}</div> {{Film- and television-related infobox templates}} <includeonly> {{Basepage subpage| [[Category:Infobox templates|Person]] [[Category:People and person infobox templates| ]] [[Category:Biographical templates usable as a module|Person]] [[Category:Infobox templates with module parameter|Person]] [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category]] }} </includeonly> 4k2saqq6gix9wupa7tupwao42x2qvl0 799555 799554 2026-07-12T22:02:11Z SM7 3953 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Infobox_person/doc]] 799554 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}{{pp-move-indef}}</noinclude>{{for|an infobox for fictional characters|Template:Infobox character}} {{Template shortcut|Personbox}} {{documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use|info=About [https://linkcount.toolforge.org/index.php?project=en.wikipedia.org&page=Template:Infobox_person&namespaces=0 497,000] of them (89%) are in mainspace.}} {{Notice|Please note that in 2016, the {{para|religion}} and {{para|ethnicity}} parameters were removed from Infobox person as a result of [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Archive 126#RfC: Religion in biographical infoboxes|the RfC: Religion in biographical infoboxes]] and [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Archive 127#RfC: Ethnicity in infoboxes|the RfC: Ethnicity in infoboxes]] as clarified by [[Template talk:Infobox person/Archive 31#Ethnicity? Religion?|this discussion]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters|Module:Check for conflicting parameters|Module:Person date}} {{Tracks Wikidata|P18|cat=No local image but image on Wikidata}} <!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --> {{tl|Infobox person}} may be used to summarize information about a particular person, usually at the top of an article. == Redirects and calls == At least {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Templates calling Infobox person}} other [[:Category:Templates calling Infobox person|templates call this one]] and many templates {{Querylink|Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Infobox_person|qs=namespace=10&hidetrans=1&hidelinks=1|redirect here}}. == Modules == The following templates are suitable for use as a "module" in this one: * Templates in [[:Category:Biographical templates usable as a module]] * {{tl|Listen}} * {{tl|Infobox Chinese}} == Usage == The infobox may be added by pasting the template as shown below into an article and then filling in the desired fields. Any parameters left blank or omitted will not be displayed. === Blank template with basic parameters === {{Infobox person | name = ''name'' | image = example-serious.jpg | alt = alt | caption = ''caption'' | birth_name = ''birth_name'' | birth_date = ''birth_date'' | birth_place = ''birth_place'' | death_date = ''death_date'' | death_place = ''death_place'' | other_names = ''other_names'' | occupation = ''occupation'' | years_active = ''years_active'' | known_for = ''known_for'' | notable_works = ''notable_works'' }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; line-height:1.2em;" copy="1"> {{Infobox person | name = <!-- defaults to article title when left blank --> | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = <!-- use only if different from name --> | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --> | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; line-height:1.2em;" copy="1"> {{Infobox person | name = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} === Blank template with all parameters === Only the most pertinent information should be included. Please {{em|remove}} unused parameters, and refrain from inserting dubious trivia in an attempt to fill all parameters. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; line-height:1.2em" copy="1"> {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = <!-- defaults to article title when left blank --> | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | image_upright = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | pronunciation = | birth_name = <!-- use only if different from name --> | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --> | birth_place = | baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --> | disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --> | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (enter DEATH date then BIRTH date (e.g., ...|1967|8|31|1908|2|28}} use both this parameter and |birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --> | death_place = | death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability --> | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) --> | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | monuments = | other_names = | siglum = | citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = | agent = <!-- discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --> | known_for = | notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" --> | style = | television = | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | title = <!-- formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) --> | term = | predecessor = | successor = | political_party = | other_party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charges = <!-- criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = <!-- use article title or common name --> | partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --> | children = | parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --> | mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | father = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | relatives = | family = | callsign = <!-- amateur radio, use if relevant --> | awards = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{Parameter names example | _display=italics | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | native_name | native_name_lang | image=example-serious.jpg | image_upright=1 | landscape | alt | caption <!--shows placement of parameters, see examples for image--> | pronunciation | birth_name | birth_date | birth_place | baptised <!--does not display due to birth date displayed--> | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | death_date | death_place | death_cause <!--should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability--> | body_discovered | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | monuments | other_names | siglum | citizenship | education | alma_mater | occupation | years_active | era | employer | organization | agent | known_for | notable_works | style | television | height | title | term | predecessor | successor | political_party | other_party | movement | opponents | boards | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | spouse | partner | children | parents | relatives | family | callsign | awards | website | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 <!--removed the ... which only saved two lines from being shown--> | signature=<nowiki>signature.jpg</nowiki> |signature_type | signature_size | signature_alt | footnotes }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; line-height:1.2em" copy="1"> {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_upright = | landscape = | alt = | caption = | pronunciation = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | baptised = | disappeared_date = | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | other_names = | siglum = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | television = | height = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | political_party = | other_party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charges = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | mother = | father = | relatives = | family = | callsign = | awards = | website = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} == Parameters == {{notice|Do not use all these parameters for any one person. The list is long to cover a wide range of people. Use only those parameters that convey essential or notable information about the subject, and ensure that this information is sourced in the article or (if present only in the infobox) in the infobox itself.}} Any parameters left blank or omitted will not be displayed. Many parameters have alternative names, implemented for compatibility with other templates (especially to aid merging). The preferred names are shown in the table below. {| class="wikitable" ! Parameter ! Explanation |- | {{code|honorific_prefix}} | To appear on the line above the person's name. This is for honorifics of serious significance that are attached to the name in formal address, such as knighthoods, "The Honourable", and "His/Her Excellency"; do not use it for routine things like "{{!mxt|[[Dr.]]}}" or "{{!mxt|[[Ms.]]}}" |- | {{code|name}} | Common name of person (defaults to article name if left blank; provide {{para|birth_name}} (below) if different from {{para|name}}). If middle initials are specified (or implied) by the lead of the article, and are not specified separately in the {{para|birth_name}} parameter, include them here. ''Do not put honorifics or alternative names in this parameter.'' There are separate parameters for these things, covered below. |- | {{code|honorific_suffix}} | To appear on the line below the person's name. This is for things like {{para|honorific_suffix|[[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]]}} – honorifics of serious significance that are attached to the name in formal address, such as national orders and non-honorary doctorates; do not use it for routine things like "{{!mxt|[[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]}}". It is permissible but not required to use the {{tlx|post-nominals}} template inside this parameter; doing so requires {{tlx|post-nominals|size{{=}}100%|...}}. |- | {{code|native_name}} | The person's name in their own language, if different. |- | {{code|native_name_lang}} | [[ISO 639-1]] code, e.g., "{{pval|fr}}" for French. If more than one, use {{tlx|lang}} around each name in {{para|native_name}} instead. |- | {{code|image}} | Image name: {{pval|abc.jpg}}, {{pval|xpz.png}}, {{pval|123.gif}}, etc., without the {{code|File:}} or {{code|Image:}} prefix. If an image is desired but not available, one may add {{pval|yes}} to the {{para|needs-photo}} parameter of the {{tlx|WikiProject Biography}} template on the talk page. If no image is available yet, [[Wikipedia:Centralized discussion/Image placeholders|do not use an image placeholder]]. See [[#Image]] for further guidelines. |- | {{code|image_upright}} | Scales the image thumbnail from its default size by the given factor. Values less than 1 scale the image down (0.9 = 90%) and values greater than 1 scale the image up (1.15 = 115%). |- | {{code|landscape}} | Set to <code>yes</code> when using wide, short images. The image height (rather than width) will be limited to 200 pixels. |- | {{code|alt}} | Descriptive [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Alternative text for images|{{code|alt}} text for the image]], for visually impaired readers. One word (such as {{pval|photograph}}) is rarely sufficient. Do not copy-paste the value of {{para|caption}} (below) into this parameter. Example of the difference: "Willie Nelson at a concert in Dallas, 1989" is good as {{para|caption}} value; "Nelson in western-wear with an acoustic guitar, on stage in a daytime show with band in background" is an {{para|alt}} description. If nothing meaningful can be said that isn't already in the caption, use the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Alternative text for images#Captions and nearby text|stock text]] {{para|alt|refer to caption}}. |- | {{code|caption}} | Caption for image, if needed. Try to include the date of photo, some context (check the <code>File:</code> or [[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]] page for the image). Image credit should generally not be included per [[MOS:CREDITS]]. |- | {{code|pronunciation}} | Details of how to pronounce the individual's native name. <!--copied from TemplateData description, if changed please update there also--> |- | {{code|birth_name}} | Name at birth; use only if different from {{para|name}}. |- | {{code|birth_date}} | Date of birth: Use {{tlx|birth date and age}} (if living) or {{tlx|birth date}} (if dead). {{crossref|See template's page for details on usage.}} If only a year of birth is known, or age as of a certain date, consider using {{tlx|birth year and age}} or {{tlx|birth based on age as of date}}. For living people [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|supply only the year unless the exact date is already widely published]]. Treat such cases as if only the year is known, so use {{tlx|birth year and age}} or a similar option. The templates mentioned in this paragraph emit metadata indicating the date is in the Gregorian calendar; if the date is in the Julian calendar, do not use these templates, just write the date. |- id="birth_place" | {{code|birth_place}} | Place of birth: {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}. * Use the name of the birthplace at the time of birth, e.g.: {{pval|Saigon}} (prior to 1976) or {{pval|Ho Chi Minh City}} (post-1976). * [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Do not use flags to indicate locations of birth, residence, or death|Do not use a flag template]], coat of arms, or other icon. * [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes#Purpose|Omit unnecessary or redundant details]]. For example, it is not necessary to state: {{!xt|{{pval|New York City, [[New York (state)|New York]], United States}}}} when {{xt|{{pval|New York City, U.S.}}}} conveys essentially the same information more concisely. * Country name should be visible (not just in a link target). Well-known countries [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking#What generally should not be linked|should generally not be linked]], but historical and less-well-known countries can be. * For modern subjects, the country should generally be a sovereign state; for United Kingdom locations, the constituent [[Countries of the United Kingdom|countries of the UK]] are sometimes used instead, when more appropriate in the context. * For historical subjects, use the place name most appropriate for the context and our readership. * Historical sovereign should be clear from the place of birth, as this determines nationality and citizenship. {{xt|Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India}}; {{xt|San Juan, Puerto Rico, Spanish Empire}} * For subsequent places (of death, etc.) it is not necessary to repeat jurisdictional details or links for the same place name. * Follow [[MOS:USA]], e.g. "US" instead of "USA" * When clarifying for historical reasons ("then a part of X" or "now in X"), follow [[MOS:GEOLINK]]. |- | {{code|baptised}}<br/>or {{code|baptized}} | Date of baptism: {{em|Only}} for use when birth date is not known (e.g., for [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]). Will not display if a birth date is entered. Do not use subtemplates. Parameter <code>baptized</code> can be used for articles that use American English spelling. |- | {{code|disappeared_date}} | (For missing people) Date of disappearance: Use {{tlx|disappeared date and age}} (if birth date is known) or {{tlx|disappeared date}} (if birth date unknown). |- | {{code|disappeared_place}} | (For missing people) Place of disappearance: {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}.&nbsp;<!--This space is needed for readability, due to quirk of these templated elements being in proximity.--> ({{crossref|See {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, redundancy, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc.) |- | {{code|disappeared_status}} | (For missing people) Current status for the person, e.g., if the person is still regarded as missing (using {{tlx|missing for}} to calculate the time since disappearance), or if the person has been [[Declared death in absentia|declared dead ''{{lang|la|in absentia}}'']], with a date for such a ruling. |- | {{code|death_date}} | Date of death: Use {{tlx|death date and age}} (if birth date is known) or {{tlx|death date}} (if birth date unknown). {{crossref|See template's page for details on usage.}} If exact dates are unknown, consider using {{tlx|death year and age}}. The templates mentioned in this paragraph emit metadata indicating the date is in the Gregorian calendar; if the date is in the Julian calendar, do not use these templates, just write the date. |- | {{code|death_place}} | Place of death: {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}.&nbsp; ({{crossref|See {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, redundancy, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc.) |- | {{code|death_cause}} | Cause of death. Should be clearly defined and sourced, and should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability, e.g. [[James Dean]], [[John Lennon]]. It should not be filled in for unremarkable deaths such as those from old age or routine illness, e.g. [[Bruce Forsyth]], [[Eduard Khil]]. |- | {{code|body_discovered}} | Place where the body was discovered (if different from place of death). {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}.&nbsp; ({{crossref|See {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, redundancy, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc.) |- | {{code|burial_place}} | Place of burial {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}.&nbsp; ({{crossref|See {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, redundancy, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc. {{crossref|See {{para|resting_place}} for non-burials}}.) |- | {{code|burial_coordinates}} | Coordinates for place of burial, to accompany {{para|burial_place}}. Use {{tlx|coord}} template. |- | {{code|resting_place}} | Location of columbarium, ash-scattering, etc. If no location, leave blank. {{var|city}}, {{var|administrative region}}, {{var|country}}.&nbsp; ({{crossref|See {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, redundancy, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc.) |- | {{code|resting_place_coordinates}} | Coordinates for location of columbarium, ash-scattering etc. Use {{tlx|coord}} template. |- | {{code|monuments}} | Significant monuments erected, buildings named, etc., in honour of the subject. If many, link to an appropriate section of the article instead. |- | {{code|other_names}} | Other notable names for the person, if different from {{para|name}} and {{para|birth_name}}. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Pseudonyms|This can include]] stage names, maiden/married names, nicknames, criminal aliases, etc. |- | {{code|siglum}} | [[Siglum]] or monogram, a text shortcut (often formed from the initials of the name, with variations) used to sign work, if relevant. |- | {{code|citizenship}} | Country of legal citizenship. Rarely needed - omit if the same as birth country. See [[WP:INFONAT]] for detailed guidelines. {{crossref|Also see {{para|birth_place}}, [[#birth place|above]], for instructions on how to use this parameter}}, including: no flag templates, inappropriate linking, anachronisms, "country" definitions, etc. |- | {{code|education}} | Include subject's educational credentials, typically university degrees. List the full article title of each degree-granting parent institution, followed by degree(s) earned in parentheses, e.g. an alumnus of [[Harvard College]], [[Harvard Law School]], and the [[Kellogg School of Management]] would be listed as: <br> [[Harvard University]] (BA, JD) <br> [[Northwestern University]] (MBA) <br><br> If insufficient information is available to determine specific credentials attained, the 'alma_mater' parameter may be more appropriate. |- | {{code|alma_mater}} | ''[[Alma mater]]''. This parameter is a more concise alternative to (not addition to) {{para|education}}, and will often consist of the linked name of the last-attended institution of higher education (not secondary schools). It is usually not relevant to include either parameter for non-graduates, but article talk page consensus may conclude otherwise, as perhaps at [[Bill Gates]]. |- | {{code|occupation}} | Occupation(s) as given in the lead. Use list markup for three or more entries, e.g. with {{tlx|flatlist}}. Please observe [[sentence case]] and capitalise only the first letter of the first item; e.g.: {{block indent|1={{Flatlist| * Musician * singer-songwriter * actor }}}} |- | {{code|years_active}} | Date range in years during which the subject was active in their principal occupation(s) and/or other activity for which they are notable. Use the format {{code|1950–2000}}, or {{code|1970–present}} if still active. [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Ranges|Date ranges]] always use an [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#En dashes|en dash]], not hyphen. If no dates of birth and/or death are known for the subject, only a ''[[floruit]]'' date range, as is common with ancient subjects, this parameter can be used for it. If approximate (''[[wikt:circa#English|circa]]'') dates are known for either or both, put them in the {{para|birth_date}} and {{para|death_date}} parameters. Helpful templates: {{tlx|floruit}}, {{tlx|circa}}. |- | {{code|era}} | Era (e.g., {{pval|Medieval}}) in which the person lived; less specific than {{para|years_active}}. Should not be used if dates are available. |- | {{code|employer}} | Employer(s), if relevant. |- | {{code|organization}} or {{code|organisation}} | Non-employing organization(s), if relevant. |- | {{code|agent}} | The subject's agent (individual and/or agency), discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]]. |- | {{code|known_for}} | A brief description of why the person is notable. |- | {{ubl|{{code|notable_works}};<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;{{small|alternatives:}} |{{code|credits}} |{{code|label_name}} |{{code|works}} }} | Title(s) of notable work(s) (publications, compositions, sculptures, films, etc.) by the subject, if any. Produces the label '''Notable work'''. May be overridden by {{para|credits}}, which produces '''Notable credit(s)'''; or by {{para|works}}, which produces '''Works'''; or by {{para|label_name}}, which produces '''Label(s)'''. * The {{para|notable_works}}, {{para|credits}}, and {{para|label_name}} parameters are intended to be (at most) short [[#Inline lists|inline lists]]. * The {{para|label_name}} variant is used for one or more record labels with which a performer is associated, or a fashion label in which a designer has been heavily involved or for which they are well known. Remember that this parameter is an alternative to the others mentioned here and is not used along with them. * The {{para|works}} variant is intended to link to {{em|a specific list article}} for a larger body of work (not all of which may be individually notable). |- | {{code|style}} | The style of the subject's works, if applicable. {{crossref|This parameter is not for [[Style (manner of address)|styles of address or office]]; see {{para|honorific_prefix}}.}} |- | {{code|television}} | Television programmes presented by or {{em|closely}} associated with the subject. For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. |- | {{code|height}} | If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant. If used, this should also include the year of the measurement if the person had not reached full adulthood when this stat was published. {{crossref|See documentation of this parameter at [[Template:Infobox sportsperson#height|Template:Infobox sportsperson]] for more information.}} |- | {{code|title}} | Multiple uses: * Formal title, such as {{pval|First Lady of Japan}} for [[Akie Abe]]. * Awarded title, such as {{pval|Mr. Olympia}} for [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]. * Job title, such as {{pval|President of Calvin College}} for [[Anthony Diekema]]. * A combination of the above, such as {{pval|Professor of Mathematics}} and {{pval|[[Fellow of the Royal Society]]}} for [[Bill Parry (mathematician)|Bill Parry]] For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. Use the {{para|awards}} parameter, below, for awarded honors that are not really titles. A single award should not use both parameters. |- | {{code|office}} | May be used as an alternative to {{para|title}} when the label is better displayed as '''Office''' (e.g. public office or appointments). Using this parameter will override {{para|title}}. |- | {{code|term}} | Years the person held the {{para|title}} or {{para|office}} listed above. Helpful template: {{tlx|reign}} (also used for civil offices). |- | {{code|predecessor}} | Person who previously held the {{para|title}} or {{para|office}} listed above. |- | {{code|successor}} | Person who subsequently held the {{para|title}} or {{para|office}} listed above. |- | {{code|political_party}} | If relevant. Field labelled '''Political party'''. |- | {{code|other_party}} | If relevant. Field labelled '''Other political affiliations'''. |- | {{code|movement}} | If relevant. Can be [[Social movement|social]], [[Political movement|political]] (non-party), [[Art movement|artistic]], [[Philosophical movement|philosophical]], [[List of literary movements|literary]], [[Cultural movement|cultural]], etc. |- | {{code|opponents}} | Notable relevant opponents (e.g., for major political office). |- | {{code|boards}} | For [[board of directors]] membership(s), if relevant. Field labeled '''Board member&nbsp;of'''. |- | {{ubl|{{code|criminal_charges}}|{{code|criminal_penalty}}|{{code|criminal_status}}}} | For convicted criminals only. Please be certain to support these parameters with citations from reliable sources, in the article body. |- | {{code|spouse}} | Name of spouse(s), followed by years of marriage. Use the format ''Name (m. 1950)'' for a current spouse, and ''Name (m. 1970–1999)'' for former spouse(s). Use article title (if linking) or [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Use commonly recognizable names|common name]]. For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. For deceased persons still married at time of death, do not include the end year. |- | {{code|partner}} | If particularly relevant, or if the partner is notable; "partner" here means unmarried life partners in a [[domestic partnership]] (of any gender or sexual orientation), not business partner. Use the format ''Name (1950–present)'' for current partner and ''Name (1970–1999)'' for former partner(s). |- id=children | {{code|children}} | Typically the number of children (e.g., {{pval|3}}); only list names of independently notable or particularly relevant children. Names may be preceded by a number to show total children and avoid implying that named children are the only offspring. For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. {{em|For [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of names|privacy reasons]], consider omitting the names of living children, unless notable.}} |- | {{code|parents}} | Names of parents; include only if they are independently notable or particularly relevant. For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. If subject has only one notable mother and/or only one notable father, {{para|mother}} and {{para|father}} parameters may be used instead. These parameters may be used for biological, adoptive, foster, or step-parents. |- | {{code|mother}} | Name of mother; include only if subject has one mother who is independently notable or particularly relevant. Displays '''Parent(s)''' as label, and is overridden by the {{para|parents}} parameter. |- | {{code|father}} | Name of father; include only if subject has one father who is independently notable or particularly relevant. Displays '''Parent(s)''' as label, and is overridden by the {{para|parents}} parameter. |- | {{code|relatives}} | Names of siblings or other relatives; include only if independently notable and particularly relevant. Include the relationship in parentheses after the name (sister, uncle, etc.). For multiple entries, use an [[#Inline lists|inline list]]. |- | {{code|callsign}} | Amateur radio [[call sign]], if relevant. |- | {{code|awards}} | Notable awards. If many, link to an appropriate section of the article instead. Use {{para|title}} parameter, above, for awarded titles; A single award should not use both parameters. |- | {{code|website}} | Official website only. Unofficial websites should be placed under <code><nowiki>==External links==</nowiki></code> in the body of the article. Use {{tlx|URL}} as in {{tnull|URL|Example.com}}. Do not display the {{samp|www.}} part unless the site requires it. |- | {{ubl | {{code|module}} | {{code|module2}} | {{code|module3}} | {{code|module4}} | {{code|module5}} | {{code|module6}} }} | Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one. Example: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Infobox person | name = Paul McCartney ... | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | instrument = piano ... }} <!-- end of Infobox musical artist --> ... }} <!-- end of Infobox person --> </syntaxhighlight> {{crossref|For more detailed information, see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Infoboxes/embed]].}} |- | {{code|signature}} | An image of the person's signature. Please use image name: {{pval|abc.jpg}}, {{pval|xpz.png}}, {{pval|123.gif}}, etc., without the {{samp|File:}} or {{samp|Image:}} prefix |- | {{code|signature_type}} | Changes the '''Signature''' label to the preferred argument, such as '''Seal''' |- | {{code|signature_size}} | Default is {{samp|150px}}. If necessary, a signature can be resized manually as per the {{para|image_size}} parameter. |- | {{code|signature_alt}} | Alt text for the signature image. For example, for {{samp|[[:File:Thomas Jefferson Signature.svg]]}}, the alt text might be {{para|signature_alt| Th: Jefferson}}, spelling out the signature exactly as it appears in the image. |- | {{code|footnotes}} | Textual notes about any of the infobox data. This is not for reference citations. If an infobox parameter's value needs a citation, [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|cite inline]] at the end of the value. Citations will appear in the article's references section along with the other citations in the article. |- | {{code|image_size}} | {{strongbad|Deprecated}}. Size to display image: {{pval|200px}} (set width), {{pval|x300px}} (set height), or {{pval|200x300px}} (max width & max height). If empty or omitted, this defaults to {{samp|frameless}} (default is {{samp|220px}}, but logged-in users can change this by clicking on "my preferences" and adjusting thumbnail size). [[Wikipedia:Image use policy#Displayed image size|Use of this parameter is discouraged]]. Use {{para|image_upright}} instead. Do not use "{{!mxt|×}}" or capital "{{!mxt|X}}" |- | {{code|template_name}} | '''This parameter should not be used in articles.''' It allows other templates to specify a template name such as ''Infobox architect'' for parameter tracking categories, like [[:Category:Pages using infobox architect with unknown parameters]] instead of [[:Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters]]. The parameter is found in templates which use [[Template:Infobox person]] via [[Module:Template wrapper]], see [[:Category:Templates calling Infobox person]]. |} === Additional parameter usage explanation === ==== Image ==== The image in the infobox should be representative of the person who is the subject of the article. For some historical figures, particularly those born in the 18th century or before, this image is often a painting or other artistic depiction of the individual (see [[George Washington]]). Persons born in the 20th century onward, such as [[Barack Obama]], are most often represented by a photograph of the individual. When the subject of a biographical article has recently died, particularly those who have been publicly known for decades, editors may come to a consensus on the article's talk page regarding what image would best be suited for the infobox. An example of such a discussion can be found in the talk page archives for [[Elizabeth II]] (section [[Talk:Elizabeth II/Archive 45#Infobox photograph for after her death|Infobox photograph for after her death]]); in this instance, the 2015 photograph of Elizabeth II that was present in the article's infobox when discussions began was eventually replaced with a photograph of her taken in 1958. === Inline lists === {{Main|WP:Manual of Style/Lists#Horizontal lists|WP:Manual of Style/Lists#Unbulleted lists}} Parameters with multiple values should be formatted with inline-list templates. '''Horizontal''' ones include {{tlx|hlist}} or {{tlx|flatlist}}. In [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Horizontal lists|horizontal style]], only the first item is capitalized (aside from [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Proper names|proper names]]). This style is best for short items, and few of them. Mid-dots, commas or semicolons are available as separators (use semicolons or mid-dots if any items contain their own commas). For example: * {{para|parameter_name|{{tlp|hlist |Foo |bar |baz}}}} → {{hlist |Foo |bar |baz}} * {{para|parameter_name|{{tlp|cslist |Foo |bar |baz}}}} → {{cslist |Foo |bar |baz}} * {{para|parameter_name|{{tlp|cslist |Foo, fee |bar, bor |baz, biz |semi=true}}}} → {{cslist |Foo, fee |bar, bor |baz, biz |semi=true}} Horizontal list example with {{tlx|hlist|Item one|item two|item three}}: {{hlist|Item one|item two|item three}} '''Vertical''' templates are {{tlx|plainlist}} and {{tlx|unbulleted list}} (vertical), use [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Unbulleted lists|unbulleted, non-indented lists]] for clean display in infoboxes. Entries may be all [[sentence case]], or all lowercase (aside from proper names) after the first. This style is best for long items, and longer lists. For long lists of information that may not be of immediate interest but retained for reference, the {{tlx|collapsible list}} template can be used; this is not a universally accessible option, so should not be used for key information. ''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists#Line breaks|Do not use {{tag|br|s}} markup]]'' to create fake lists, as in: {{!mxt|<nowiki>Item one<br />item two<br />item three</nowiki>}}. Vertical list example:, using {{tlx|unbulleted list|Item one|item two|item three}}: {{unbulleted list|Item one|item two|item three}} == Example == {{Infobox person{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox |/sandbox}} | name = Bill Gates | image = Bill Gates 2017 (cropped).jpg | alt = Head and shoulders photo of Bill Gates | caption = Gates in 2017 | birth_name = William Henry Gates III | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|10|28}} | birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S. | known_for = Co-founder of [[Microsoft]] and [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] | education = [[Harvard University]] (dropped out) | occupation = {{hlist|Software developer|investor|entrepreneur}} | years_active = 1972–present | title = {{indented plainlist| * Co-[[chairperson]] of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation * Chairman and founder of [[Branded Entertainment Network]] * Chairman and founder of [[Cascade Investment]] * Chairman and co-founder of [[TerraPower]] * Founder of [[Breakthrough Energy]] * Technology advisor of Microsoft}} | boards = {{plainlist| * [[Berkshire Hathaway]] * Microsoft (former, both)}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Melinda French]]|January 1, 1994|August 2, 2021|reason=divorce}} | children = 3 | father = [[Bill Gates Sr.]] | mother = [[Mary Maxwell Gates|Mary Maxwell]] | website = {{URL|https://www.gatesnotes.com}} | awards = {{ubl|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2016)|[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]] (2022)}} | signature = Bill Gates signature.svg | signature_alt = William H. Gates III }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox person | name = Bill Gates | image = Bill Gates 2017 (cropped).jpg | alt = Head and shoulders photo of Bill Gates | caption = Gates in 2017 | birth_name = William Henry Gates III | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|10|28}} | birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S. | known_for = Co-founder of [[Microsoft]] and [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] | education = [[Harvard University]] (dropped out) | occupation = {{hlist|Software developer|investor|entrepreneur}} | years_active = 1972–present | title = {{indented plainlist| * Co-[[chairperson]] of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation * Chairman and founder of [[Branded Entertainment Network]] * Chairman and founder of [[Cascade Investment]] * Chairman and co-founder of [[TerraPower]] * Founder of [[Breakthrough Energy]] * Technology advisor of Microsoft}} | boards = {{plainlist| * [[Berkshire Hathaway]] * Microsoft (former, both)}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Melinda French]]|January 1, 1994|August 2, 2021|reason=divorce}} | children = 3 | father = [[Bill Gates Sr.]] | mother = [[Mary Maxwell Gates|Mary Maxwell]] | website = {{URL|https://www.gatesnotes.com}} | awards = {{ubl|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2016)|[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]] (2022)}} | signature = Bill Gates signature.svg | signature_alt = William H. Gates III }} </syntaxhighlight> == Microformat == {{UF-hcard-person}} {{clear}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> <templatedata> { "description": "An infobox for articles about people", "format": "{{_\n| __________________ = _\n}}\n", "params": { "honorific_prefix": { "description": "Honorific prefix(es), to appear on the line above the person's name", "label": "Honorific prefix" }, "name": { "description": "Common name of person (defaults to article name if left blank; provide birth_name (below) if different from name). If middle initials are specified (or implied) by the lead of the article, and are not specified separately in the birth_name field, include them here.", "label": "Name", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "honorific_suffix": { "description": "Honorific suffix(es), to appear on the line below the person's name", "label": "Honorific suffix" }, "native_name": { "description": "The person's name in their own language, if different.", "label": "Native name", "type": "string" }, "native_name_lang": { "description": "ISO 639-1 code, e.g., \"fr\" for French. If more than one, use Template:lang in 'native_name' instead.", "label": "Native name language" }, "image": { "description": "Image name: abc.jpg, xpz.png, 123.gif, etc. If an image is desired but not available, one may add \"yes\" to the \"needs-photo\" section of the :Template:WPBiography on the talkpage. If no image is available yet, do not use an image placeholder.", "label": "Image", "example": "abc.jpg, xpz.png, 123.gif", "type": "wiki-file-name", "suggested": true }, "image_size": { "description": "DEPRECATED/DISCOURAGED. Size to display image: 200px (set width), x300px (set height), or 200x300px (max width & max height). This defaults to frameless (default is 220px, but logged in users can change this by clicking on \"my preferences\" and adjusting thumbnail size) if empty or omitted. Use of this parameter is discouraged as per WP:IMGSIZE. Use image_upright instead.", "label": "DEPRECATED: Image size", "example": "200px", "default": "220px", "deprecated": "DEPRECATED: Use of this parameter is discouraged as per WP:IMGSIZE. Delete it when encountered and use image_upright instead." }, "alt": { "description": "Alt text for image, for visually impaired readers. One word (such as \"photograph\") is rarely sufficient. See WP:ALT.", "label": "Alt", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "image_alt" ] }, "caption": { "description": "Caption for image, if needed. Try to include date of photo when relevant.", "label": "Caption", "aliases": [ "image_caption" ], "type": "string" }, "pronunciation": { "description": "Details of how to pronounce the individual's native name.", "label": "Native name pronunciation" }, "birth_name": { "description": "Name at birth; use only if different from name.", "label": "Birth name", "type": "string" }, "birth_date": { "description": "Use {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people when the full date of birth is known. For deceased people, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}, as their current age should not be displayed. If only the year of birth is known, use {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} where appropriate. If the birth year is calculated from an age given at a specific date, consider using {{Birth based on age as of date}}.", "label": "Birth date", "type": "content" }, "birth_place": { "description": "Place of birth: city, administrative region, sovereign state. Use the name of the birthplace at the time of birth, e.g.: Saigon (prior to 1976), Ho Chi Minh City (post 1976). Do not use a flag template.", "label": "Birth place", "type": "string" }, "baptised": { "description": "Date of baptism: ONLY for use when birth date is not known (e.g., Beethoven). Will not display if a birth date is entered. Do not use subtemplates. Parameter 'baptized' can be used for articles that use American english spelling.", "label": "Baptised", "aliases": [ "baptized" ], "type": "date" }, "disappeared_date": { "description": "(For missing people) Date of disappearance: Template:disappeared date and age (if birth date is known) or Template:disappeared date (if birth date unknown).", "label": "Disappeared date" }, "disappeared_place": { "description": "(For missing people) Place of disappearance: city, administrative region, sovereign state. Do not use a flag template.", "label": "Disappeared place" }, "disappeared_status": { "description": "(For missing people) Current status for the person, e.g., if the person is still regarded as missing (using Template:missing for to calculate the time since disappearance), or if the person has been declared dead in absentia, with a date for such a ruling.", "label": "Disappeared status" }, "death_date": { "description": "Use {{Death date and age|death year|death month|death day|birth year|birth month|birth day}} when both the full date of death and full date of birth are known. If the date of birth is unknown, use {{Death date|YYYY|MM|DD}} instead, as the age at death cannot be calculated. If only the year of death is known, or if the exact dates are uncertain, consider using {{Death year and age}}", "label": "Death date" }, "death_place": { "description": "Place of death: city, administrative region, sovereign state. Note: Do not use a flag template. Use the name of the deathplace at the time of death, e.g.: Saigon (prior to 1976), Ho Chi Minh City (post 1976)", "label": "Death place", "type": "string" }, "death_cause": { "description": "Cause of death. This should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability.", "label": "Death cause" }, "body_discovered": { "description": "Place where the body was discovered (if different from place of death). Do not use a flag template.", "label": "Body discovered" }, "resting_place": { "description": "Place of burial, ash-scattering, etc. Do not use a flag template.", "label": "Resting place" }, "resting_place_coordinates": { "description": "Coordinates for place of burial, ash-scattering etc. Use Template:coord template.", "label": "Resting place coordinates" }, "monuments": { "description": "Significant monuments erected, buildings named, etc., in honour of the subject. If many, link to an appropriate section of the article instead.", "label": "Monuments" }, "other_names": { "description": "Other notable names for the person, if different from name and birth_name.", "label": "Other names" }, "siglum": { "description": "Siglum, monogram, shortcut, if relevant.", "label": "Siglum" }, "citizenship": { "description": "Country of legal citizenship. Rarely needed. Should only be used if citizenship cannot be inferred from the birthplace. Do not use a flag template.", "label": "Citizenship", "type": "string" }, "education": { "description": "Include subject's educational credentials, typically university degrees. List the full article title of each degree-granting parent institution, followed by degree(s) earned in parentheses, e.g. an alumnus of [[Harvard College]], [[Harvard Law School]], and the [[Kellogg School of Management]] would be listed as: [[Harvard University]] (BA, JD) [[Northwestern University]] (MBA). If insufficient information is available to determine specific credentials attained, the 'alma_mater' parameter may be more appropriate.", "label": "Education" }, "alma_mater": { "description": "Alma mater. This parameter is a more concise alternative to 'education', and will most often simply consist of the linked name of the last-attended higher education institution. It is usually not relevant to include either parameter for non-graduates, but article talk page consensus may conclude otherwise, as at Bill Gates.", "label": "Alma mater" }, "occupation": { "description": "Occupation(s) as given in the lead.", "label": "Occupation" }, "years_active": { "description": "Date range in years during which the subject was active in their principal occupation(s) and/or other activity for which they are notable. Use the format 1950–2000, or 1970–present if still active (note the use of an en dash, not hyphen). If no dates of birth and/or death are known for the subject, only a floruit date range, as is common with ancient subjects, this parameter can be used for it. If approximate (circa) dates are known for either or both, put them in the birth_date and death_date parameters.", "label": "Years active" }, "era": { "description": "Era during which the subject lived or was active. Less specific than 'years active'.", "label": "Era" }, "employer": { "description": "Employer(s), if relevant.", "label": "Employer" }, "organization": { "description": "Non-employing organization(s), if relevant.", "label": "Organization", "aliases": [ "organizations", "organisation", "organisations" ] }, "agent": { "description": "The subject's agent (individual and/or agency), discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source.", "label": "Agent" }, "known_for": { "description": "A brief description of what the person is notable for.", "label": "Known For", "example": "Environmental activism" }, "notable_works": { "description": "Title(s) of notable work(s) (publications, compositions, sculptures, films, etc.) by the subject, if any.", "label": "Notable works", "aliases": [ "works", "credits", "label_name" ] }, "style": { "description": "The style in which the subject works, if applicable.", "label": "Style" }, "television": { "description": "Television programmes presented by or closely associated with the subject.", "label": "Television" }, "height": { "description": "If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant. If used, this should also include the year of the measurement if the person had not reached full adulthood when this stat was published. See documentation of this parameter at Template:Infobox sportsperson for more information.", "label": "Height" }, "height_m": { "description": "If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant, their height in metres (it will be automatically converted to Imperial).", "label": "Height in metres", "type": "number" }, "height_cm": { "description": "If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant, their height in centimetres (it will be automatically converted to Imperial).", "label": "Height in centimetres", "type": "number" }, "height_ft": { "description": "If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant, their height in whole feet (it will be automatically converted to SI). Use with height_in.", "label": "Height in feet", "type": "number" }, "height_in": { "description": "If person was notable for their height, or if height is relevant, their height in remaining inches (it will be automatically converted to SI). Use with height_ft.", "label": "Remaining height in inches", "type": "number" }, "title": { "description": "Multiple uses: Formal title, such as First Lady of Japan for Akie Abe.; Awarded title, such as Mr. Olympia for Arnold Schwarzenegger.; Job title, such as President of Calvin College for Anthony Diekema.; A combination of the above, such as Professor of Mathematics and Fellow of the Royal Society for Bill Parry See also \"awards\" parameter, below, for awarded honors that are not really titles. A single award should not use both parameters.", "label": "Title", "aliases": [ "office" ] }, "term": { "description": "Years the person held the title listed above.", "label": "Term" }, "predecessor": { "description": "Person who previously held the title listed above.", "label": "Predecessor" }, "successor": { "description": "Person who subsequently held the title listed above.", "label": "Successor" }, "movement": { "description": "If relevant. '''Movement''' can be social, political (non-party), artistic, philosophical, literary, cultural, etc.", "label": "Movement" }, "opponents": { "description": "Notable relevant opponents (e.g., for major political office).", "label": "Opponents" }, "boards": { "description": "For board of directors membership(s), if relevant. Field labeled Board member of.", "label": "Boards" }, "criminal_charges": { "description": "For convicted criminals only. Please be certain to support these parameters with citations from reliable sources in the article body.", "label": "Criminal charge(s)", "aliases": [ "criminal_charge" ] }, "criminal_penalty": { "label": "Criminal penalty", "description": "For convicted criminals only. Please be certain to support these parameters with citations from reliable sources, in the article body." }, "criminal_status": { "label": "Criminal status", "description": "For convicted criminals only. Please be certain to support these parameters with citations from reliable sources, in the article body.", "aliases": [ "judicial_status" ] }, "spouse": { "description": "Name of spouse(s), followed by years of marriage. Use the format Name (married 1950–present) for a current spouse, and Name (married 1970–1999) for former spouse(s). Separate entries using Template:Plainlist or Template:Unbulleted list. For deceased persons still married at time of death, do not include an end year. {{Marriage}} may be used.", "label": "Spouse(s)", "aliases": [ "spouses" ] }, "partner": { "description": "For unmarried life partners in a domestic partnership (of any gender or sexual orientation), not business partners. Use the format Name (1950–present) for current partner and Name (1970–1999) for former partner(s).", "label": "Partner(s)", "aliases": [ "partners" ] }, "children": { "description": "Number of children, or list of independently notable names, in which case, separate entries using Template:Plainlist or Template:Unbulleted list. Names may be preceded by a number to show total children and avoid implying that named children are the only offspring. For privacy reasons, consider omitting the names of children of living persons, unless notable.", "label": "Children", "example": "3" }, "parents": { "description": "Names of parents. Separate entries using Template:Plainlist or Template:Unbulleted list. If subject has only one notable mother and/or father, 'mother' and 'father' parameters may be used instead", "label": "Parent(s)" }, "mother": { "description": "Name of mother; include only if subject has one mother who is independently notable or particularly relevant. Overwritten by 'parents' parameter.", "label": "Mother", "type": "string" }, "father": { "description": "Name of father; include only if subject has one father who is independently notable or particularly relevant. Overwritten by 'parents' parameter.", "label": "Father", "type": "string" }, "relatives": { "description": "Names of siblings or other relatives. Include the relationship in parentheses after the name (sister, uncle, etc). Separate entries using Template:Plainlist or Template:Unbulleted list.", "label": "Relatives" }, "family": { "description": "Family or house of the individual, if notable.", "label": "Family" }, "callsign": { "description": "Amateur radio call sign, if relevant.", "label": "Callsign" }, "awards": { "description": "Notable awards. If many, link to an appropriate section of the article instead. See also \"title\" parameter, above, for awarded titles. A single award should not use both parameters.", "label": "Awards" }, "honours": { "description": "Honours the individual has been awarded, if notable.", "label": "Honours", "aliases": [ "honors" ] }, "website": { "description": "Official website only. Unofficial websites should be placed under ==External links== in the body of the article. Use {{URL}}. Do not include the www. part unless the server requires it. Use camel case capitalization to make multiword domain names easier to read.", "label": "Website", "type": "content", "example": "{{URL|example.com}}", "suggested": true }, "module": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module" }, "module2": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module two" }, "module3": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module three" }, "module4": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module four" }, "module5": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module five" }, "module6": { "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one.", "label": "Module six" }, "child": { "label": "DEPRECATED: Use as an embedded infobox", "description": "DEPRECATED: Use this infobox within another one. For experts only.", "example": "yes", "deprecated": true, "aliases": [ "embed" ] }, "signature": { "description": "An image of the person's signature. Please use image name: abc.jpg, xpz.png, 123.gif, etc.", "label": "Signature", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "signature_type": { "description": "Alter from Signature to, for example, Seal", "label": "Signature type", "type": "string" }, "signature_size": { "description": "Default is 150px. If necessary, a signature can be resized manually as per the \"image_size\" parameter.", "label": "Signature size" }, "signature_alt": { "description": "Alt text for the signature image. For example, for :File:Thomas Jefferson Signature.svg, the alt text might be |signature_alt= Th: Jefferson, spelling out the signature exactly as it appears in the image.", "label": "Signature alt", "type": "string" }, "footnotes": { "description": "Notes about any of the infobox data.", "label": "Footnotes" }, "abovestyle": { "description": "DEPRECATED: A CSS style to use for the individual's name, over-riding the community norm. Use only in exception circumstances.", "label": "DEPRECATED: Name CSS over-ride", "deprecated": true }, "image_upright": { "label": "Image upright", "description": "Scales the image thumbnail from its default size by the given factor. Values less than 1 scale the image down (0.9 = 90%) and values greater than 1 scale the image up (1.15 = 115%).", "example": "1.15", "default": "1", "type": "number" }, "landscape": { "label": "Landscape", "description": "Set to yes when using wide, short images. The image height (rather than width) will be limited to 200 pixels.", "type": "boolean" }, "burial_place": { "label": "Burial place", "description": "Place of burial, alternative to 'Resting place' Displays the label 'Burial place'.", "type": "content" }, "burial_coordinates": { "label": "Burial place coordinates", "description": "Coordinates for place of burial, to accompany 'Burial place'. Use {{coord}} template." }, "nocat_wdimage": { "label": "nocat_wdimage", "description": "Where an infobox has no image but Wikidata has an image name, add an image or |nocat_wdimage=yes to the infobox.", "type": "string" }, "template_name": { "label": "Template name", "description": "Used when {{Infobox person}} is wrapped by another template. This would be the (lower-case) name of the wrapping template, without the \"Template:\" prefix." }, "political_party": { "label": "Party", "description": "If relevant. Field labelled Political party." }, "other_party": { "label": "Other party", "description": "If relevant. Field labelled Other political affiliations." } }, "paramOrder": [ "honorific_prefix", "name", "honorific_suffix", "native_name", "native_name_lang", "image", "image_upright", "landscape", "alt", "caption", "pronunciation", "other_names", "siglum", "birth_name", "birth_date", "birth_place", "baptised", "disappeared_date", "disappeared_place", "disappeared_status", "death_date", "death_place", "death_cause", "body_discovered", "resting_place", "resting_place_coordinates", "burial_place", "burial_coordinates", "monuments", "citizenship", "education", "alma_mater", "occupation", "years_active", "era", "employer", "organization", "agent", "known_for", "notable_works", "style", "television", "height", "height_m", "height_cm", "height_ft", "height_in", "title", "term", "predecessor", "successor", "political_party", "other_party", "movement", "opponents", "boards", "criminal_charges", "criminal_penalty", "criminal_status", "spouse", "partner", "children", "parents", "mother", "father", "relatives", "family", "callsign", "awards", "honours", "website", "template_name", "module", "module2", "module3", "module4", "module5", "module6", "signature", "signature_type", "signature_size", "signature_alt", "footnotes", "nocat_wdimage", "child", "abovestyle", "image_size" ] } </templatedata> </div> == Tracking categories == {{Infobox tracking categories}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple employers}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple agents}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple credits}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple labels}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple partners}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox person with multiple parents}} * {{clc|Biography template using pronunciation}} * {{clc|Biography with signature}} * {{clc|No local image but image on Wikidata}} – Used by [[Template:Wikidata image]] to track articles where an infobox has no image but [[Wikidata]] has an image name. To exclude articles from this category, add an image or {{para|nocat_wdimage|yes}} to the infobox. == See also == * {{clc|Category:Templates calling Infobox person}} Variations of this template which use [[Wikidata]]: * {{tl|Infobox person/Wikidata}} Dependencies: * {{tl|Br separated entries}} * {{tl|Pluralize from text}} * {{tl|Main other}} * {{tl|Convinfobox}} * {{tl|Infobox person/height}} * {{tl|Count}} * {{tl|Unbulleted list}} * {{tl|If empty}} Alternative templates are listed at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Infoboxes|WikiProject Biography/Infoboxes]] and within the [[:Category:People and person infobox templates|people and person infobox templates category]]. <div style="display: none">{{reflist}}</div> {{Film- and television-related infobox templates}} <includeonly> {{Basepage subpage| [[Category:Infobox templates|Person]] [[Category:People and person infobox templates| ]] [[Category:Biographical templates usable as a module|Person]] [[Category:Infobox templates with module parameter|Person]] [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category]] }} </includeonly> 4k2saqq6gix9wupa7tupwao42x2qvl0 10 33838 799533 799222 2026-07-12T17:09:45Z SM7 3953 कुछ अनुबाद; कुछ कड़ी लुकवा दिहल गइल 799533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Coastal geography | image = <!-- [[File:Accreting coast Image6.svg|140px|alt=Coastal and oceanic landforms|समुंद्रतटीय थलरूप]]<br/><br/>-->[[File:Fernando noronha.jpg|140px|alt=Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha|Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha]] | title = [[समुंद्रतटीय भूगोल]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | group1 = [[थलरूप]] | list1 = <!-- * [[Anchialine pool]]--> * [[आर्किपेलगो]] * [[एटॉल]] * [[एवल्शन]] * [[आयर (थलरूप)|आयर]] * [[बैरियर दीप]] * [[खाड़ी]] (बेऽ) * [[खाड़ीमुहाना बार]] * [[बाइट (खाड़ी)|बाइट]] * [[बोडेन]] <!-- Bodden --> * [[नमकीन दलदल]] * [[केप (भूगोल)|केप]] * [[चैनल (भूगोल)|चैनल]] * [[क्लिफ]] * [[तट]] * [[समुंद्रतटीय मैदान]] <!-- * [[Coastal waterfall]]--> <!-- * [[Continental margin]]--> * [[कंटीनेंटल शेल्फ]] * [[मूँगा चट्टान]] * [[कोव]] * [[ढूह]] <!-- ** [[Cliff-top dune|cliff-top]]--> * [[एश्चुअरी]] * [[फर्थ]] * [[फयार्ड]] * [[फियॉर्ड]] * [[साफ पानी के दलदल]] <!-- * [[Fundus (seabed)|Fundus]]--> <!-- * [[Gat (landform)|Gat]]--> <!-- * [[Geo (landscape)|Geo]]--> * [[खाड़ी सभ के लिस्ट|खाड़ी]] <!-- * [[Gut (coastal geography)|Gut]]--> * [[हेडलैंड]] * [[इनलेट]] <!-- * [[Intertidal wetland]]--> * [[दीप]] * [[आइलेट]] * [[थलजोड़|थलजोड़]] * [[लैगून]] <!-- * [[Machair]]--> * [[मरीन टैरेस]] * [[मेगा डेल्टा]] <!-- * [[Mouth bar]]--> <!-- * [[Mudflat]]--> <!-- * [[Natural arch]]--> * [[प्रायदीप]] * [[रीफ]] * [[रिग्रेसिव डेल्टा]] * [[रिया]] * [[नदी डेल्टा]] * [[नमकीन दलदल]] * [[शोअल]] * [[समुंद्री किनारा]] * [[स्केरी (थलरूप)|स्केरी]] <!-- * [[Sound (geography)|Sound]]--> * [[स्पिट (थलरूप)|स्पिट]] * [[स्टैक (थलरूप)|स्टैक]] * [[जलजोड़]] <!-- * [[Strand plain]]--> <!-- * [[Submarine canyon]]--> <!-- * [[Tidal island]]--> * [[ज्वारीय दलदल]] <!-- * [[Tide pool]]--> <!-- * [[Tied island]]--> * [[टोम्बोलो]] <!-- * ''[[Windwatt]]''--> <!-- | group2 = [[बीच]] | list2 = * [[Beach cusps]] * [[Beach evolution]] * [[Beach morphodynamics]] * [[Beach ridge]] * [[Beachrock]] * [[Pocket beach]] * [[Raised beach]] * [[Modern recession of beaches|Recession]] * [[Shell beach]] * [[Shingle beach]] * [[Storm beach]] * [[Wash margin]]--> <!-- | group3 = [[Large-scale coastal behaviour|Processes]] | list3 = * [[Blowhole (geology)|Blowhole]] * [[Cliffed coast]] * [[Coastal biogeomorphology]] * [[Coastal erosion]] * [[Concordant coastline]] * [[Current (stream)|Current]] * [[Cuspate foreland]] * [[Discordant coastline]] * [[Emergent coastline]] * [[Feeder bluff]] * [[Fetch (geography)|Fetch]] * [[Flat coast]] * [[Graded shoreline]] * [[Headlands and bays]] * [[Ingression coast]] * [[Large-scale coastal behaviour]] * [[Longshore drift]] * [[Marine regression]] * [[Marine transgression]] * [[Raised shoreline]] * [[Rip current]] * [[Rocky shore]] * [[Sea cave]] * [[Sea foam]] * [[Shoal]] * [[Steep coast]] * [[Submergent coastline]] * [[Surf break]] * [[Surf zone]] * [[Surge channel]] * [[Swash]] * [[Undertow (water waves)|Undertow]] * [[Volcanic arc]] * [[Wave-cut platform]] * [[Wave shoaling]] * [[Wind wave]] * [[Wrack zone]] --> | group4 = [[समुंद्र तट मैनेजमेंट|मैनेजमेंट]] | list4 = * [[एक्रीशन (सागरतटीय मैनेजमेंट)|एक्रीशन]] * [[सागरतटीय मैनेजमेंट]] * [[इंटीग्रेटेड कोस्टल जोन मैनेजमेंट]] * [[सबमर्सन (सागरतटीय मैनेजमेंट)|सबमर्सन]] <!-- | group5 = Related | list5 = * [[Bulkhead line]] * [[Grain size]] ** [[boulder]] ** [[clay]] ** [[Cobble (geology)|cobble]] ** [[Granule (geology)|granule]] ** [[pebble]] ** [[sand]] ** [[Shingle beach|shingle]] ** [[silt]] * [[Intertidal zone]] * [[Littoral zone]]--> <!-- * [[Physical oceanography]]--> <!-- * [[Region of freshwater influence]]--> |belowstyle=font-weight:bold; |below= * {{icon|category}} [[:श्रेणी:समुंद्रतटीय भूगोल|श्रेणी]] * {{icon|commons}} [[commons:Category:Coastal geomorphology|कॉमंस]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[श्रेणी:भूगोल अउरी जगह नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट]] [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र आ सागर टेम्पलेट]] </noinclude> eyc2vh13cbyipuryi18pjyl15tgidxr 0 33858 799534 799453 2026-07-12T17:13:53Z SM7 3953 + नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट 799534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Atafutrim.jpg|thumb|right|275px|एगो एटोल के उपग्रह से लिहल तस्वीर]] '''एटॉल''', '''एटोल''' भा '''एटाल''' ([[अंग्रेजी]]:Atoll; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|t|ɒ|l}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|t|ɔː|l}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|t|oʊ|l}}, {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|t|ɒ|l}}, {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|t|ɔː|l}} or {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|t|oʊ|l}}),<ref>pronunciation in old video on youtube , [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z29H_AX-jTs Bikini Atoll video]</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/atoll Dictionary.com]</ref>मूंगा के चट्टान से बनल एगो मुनरी या छल्ला के आकार के थलरूप होला। {{Clear}} == इहो देखल जाय == * [[लैगून]] ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist}} {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र बिज्ञान]] [[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]] [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र बिज्ञान शब्दावली]] [[श्रेणी:दीप]] [[श्रेणी:मूंगा]] {{समुंद्र-आधार}} 7wg5b4ie20787xy0snk7g9tr91kk4yv 0 33933 799601 727582 2026-07-12T22:53:40Z SM7Bot 7808 /* top */ सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist |name = अर्नस्ट लुडविग किर्चनर<br><small>Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</small> | image = Kirchner 1919 portrait.jpg | image_size = 215px | caption = 1919 में अर्नस्ट लुडविग किर्चनर |birth_name = Ernst Ludwig Kirchner |birth_date = {{Birth date|1880|5|6|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Aschaffenburg]], [[जर्मन साम्राज्य]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1938|6|15|1880|5|6|df=y}} |death_place = [[Frauenkirch|Frauenkirch-Wildboden]], [[स्विट्जरलैंड]] {{infobox person | child = yes | death_cause = आत्महत्या | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | burial_place = [[Waldfriedhof Cemetery]]}} |field = [[पेंटिंग]] आ [[प्रिंटमेकिंग]] |training = Königliche Technische Hochschule |movement = [[Expressionism]] |works = |patrons = |awards = }} '''अर्नस्ट लुडविग किर्चनर''' (Ernst Ludwig Kirchner) (6 मई 1880 – 15 जून 1938) एक ठो [[जर्मनी के लोग|जर्मन]] [[पेंटर]] आ प्रिंटमेकर रहलें आ ई एक्सप्रेशनिस्ट बिचारधारा के माने वाला आ ''Die Brücke'' भा "The Bridge" पंथ के संस्थापक भी रहलें। 1933 में [[नाजी]] सरकार उनके काम के "बिध्वंसक कला" बतावल आ 1937 में इनके लगभग 600 से ढेर कलाकृति या त बेच दिहल गइल या नष्ट कर दिहल गइल। 1938 में ऊ अपना के गोली मार के आत्महत्या कर लिहलें।<ref name=MoMA>[https://www.moma.org/collection_ge/artist.php?artist_id=3115 "Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: German, 1880–1938"]. [[German Expressionism]]. [[Museum of Modern Art]]. [[New York City]]. Retrieved मई 23, 2015.</ref> {{Clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[श्रेणी:1880 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:1938 में निधन]] [[श्रेणी:जर्मनी के लोग]] [[श्रेणी:पेंटर]] [[श्रेणी:आत्महत्या कइ के मरे वाला लोग]] {{Bio-stub}} hs55oehl4zt8qcm37ibhs09a61k1t7z 0 38470 799582 669946 2026-07-12T22:47:11Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = कल्कि कोचलिन | image = Kalki Koechlin launches beautifulhomes.jpg | caption = Koechlin at a promotional event in 2016 | alt = Koechlin smiling at the camera | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|01|10}} | birth_place = [[पुदुच्चेरी]], भारत | alma mater = [[Goldsmiths, University of London]] | occupation = ऐक्ट्रेस, लेखिका | years_active = 2008–present | relatives = See [[Koechlin family]] | spouse = [[अनुराग कश्यप]] <small>(2011–15)</small> }} '''कल्कि कोचलिन''' एक ठो भारतीय फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। कल्कि कोचलिन के [[बॉलीवुड|हिंदी सिनेमा]] में एक्टिंग करे खातिर [[बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस लोग के लिस्ट|बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस]] के रूप में जानल जाला। {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1984 में जनम]] {{actor-stub}} bl3qw4l6emxszwedrtx81643fro84ms 0 38476 799596 702558 2026-07-12T22:52:56Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = अनुष्का शर्मा |image = Anushka Sharma promoting Zero.jpg |caption = ''ज़ीरो'' के प्रोमो में अनुष्का शर्मा, 2018 में |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|5|1}} |birth_place = [[अयोध्या]], [[उत्तर प्रदेश]], भारत |residence = |education = [[बंगलौर विश्वविद्यालय]] |occupation = {{flatlist| * ऐक्ट्रेस * प्रोड्यूसर * मॉडल }} |years_active = 2007–वर्तमान | relatives = }} '''अनुष्का शर्मा''' (जनम 1 मई 1988) एक ठो भारतीय फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। अनुष्का शर्मा के [[बॉलीवुड|हिंदी सिनेमा]] में एक्टिंग करे खातिर [[बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस लोग के लिस्ट|बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस]] के रूप में जानल जाला। शर्मा वर्तमान में सभसे बेसी पेमेंट लेवे वाली ऐक्ट्रेस लोग में से एक बाड़ी आ कई गो अवार्ड जीत चुकल बाड़ी जेह में फिल्मफेयर सामिल बा। इनका के 2018 में फोर्ब्स एशिया के ''अंडर 30'' लिस्ट में सामिल कइल जा चुकल बाटे। {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1988 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के लोग]] {{actor-stub}} eb90s4tbzqmyty751abwemwtpjq45lw 0 38612 799591 679073 2026-07-12T22:50:04Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = सोनाली कुलकर्णी | image = Sonali Kulkarni attends 10th-anniversary bash of Viacom 18 Motion Pictures (04) (cropped).jpg | imagesize = Kulkarni in 2017 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|11|3}} | birth_place = [[Pune]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], [[भारत]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = Film and Theater actress, Writer | yearsactive = 1990–present | spouse = [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]] (divorced)<br />Nachiket Pantvaidya (m.2010–present; 1 child)</small> | relatives = Sandeep (brother)<br />Sandesh (brother) | children = Kaveri <small>(b. 18 Oct 2011)</small> | website = http://www.sonalikulkarni.org }} '''सोनाली कुलकर्णी''' एक ठो भारतीय फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। सोनाली कुलकर्णी के [[बॉलीवुड|हिंदी सिनेमा]] में एक्टिंग करे खातिर [[बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस लोग के लिस्ट|बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस]] के रूप में जानल जाला। {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1974 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के लोग]] {{actor-stub}} l0udhogk3uak2zdu8z683c0k9lqw6hs 0 38613 799583 756893 2026-07-12T22:47:45Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = चित्रांगदा सिंह | image = Chitrangada Singh walks the ramp for Intrika Brand launch (6).jpg | imagesize = | caption = चित्रांगदा सिंह | birthname = चित्रांगदा सिंह | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|08|30|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India | parents = Col. Niranjan Singh | family = [[Digvijay Singh (golfer)|Digvijay Singh]] (brother) | yearsactive = 2003–present | occupation = Actress, model | spouse = [[Jyoti Randhawa|Jyoti Singh Randhawa]] <br> <small>(m.2001–2014; 1 child) </small> | website = }} '''चित्रांगदा सिंह''' (30 अगस्त 1976) एक ठो भारतीय फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। चित्रांगदा सिंह के [[बॉलीवुड|हिंदी सिनेमा]] में एक्टिंग करे खातिर [[बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस लोग के लिस्ट|बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस]] के रूप में जानल जाला। {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1976 में जनम]] {{actor-stub}} r8g5tx5ma2gd8ta6kurn78olmkqits0 0 40938 799584 726991 2026-07-12T22:48:12Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = रिज अहमद | image = Riz Ahmed performing at Occupy London NYE Party 2011.jpg | imagesize = | caption = 2011 में अहमद | birthname = रिज़वान अहमद | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|12|1}} | birth_place = [[बेम्बले]], [[लंदन]], [[इंग्लैंड]] | alma_mater = [[क्राइस्टचर्च, ऑक्सफोर्ड]] | occupation = एक्टर<br/>रैप गायक | years_active = 2006{{ndash}}अबतक ले | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | name = संगीत कैरियर | background = solo_singer | instruments = | associated_acts = [[Swet Shop Boys]], [[Himanshu Suri|Heems]], [[Plan B (musician)|Plan B]], [[Sway (musician)|Sway]], [[Distance (musician)|Distance]] | genre = [[हिप हॉप संगीत|हिप हॉप]] | instrument = | years_active = | label = Tru Thoughts }} }} '''रिज अहमद''' अंग्रेज [[एक्टर]] आ [[रैप गायक]] बाने। {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{reflist}} ==बाहरी कड़ी== [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1982 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:अंगरेज लोग]] {{actor-stub}} {{bio-stub}} 5865r4djd3pza27h9w1jrvf1j3clsdp 0 46274 799549 668351 2026-07-12T21:56:43Z SM7 3953 Infobox person 799549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | birthname = साजिद अली ख़ान | name = सैफ़ अली ख़ान | image = Saif at 2015 Stardust.jpg | alt = सैफ़ अली ख़ान स्टार डस्ट पुरस्कार के दौरान | caption = सैफ़ अली ख़ान 2015 के स्टार डस्ट पुरस्कार के दौरान | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|08|16}} | birth_place = [[नई दिल्ली]], भारत | residence = [[मुम्बई|मुंबई]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], भारत | nationality = भारतीय | occupation = अभिनेता, निर्माता | years_active = 1992–वर्तमान | spouse = {{Unbulleted list|[[अमृता सिंह]] <br><small>(वि 1991–2004; तलाक (2 बच्चे)</small> <br>[[करीना कपूर|करीना कपूर खान]] <br><small>(वि 2012–वर्तमान)</small>}} | children = [[सारा अली ख़ान]] को मिला कर 3 | parents = {{Unbulleted list|[[मंसूर अली ख़ान पटौदी]]|[[शर्मिला टैगोर]]}} | relatives = {{Unbulleted list|सबा अली खान (बहन)|[[सोहा अली खान]] (बहन)}} | awards = | honours = [[पद्मश्री]] (2010) }} '''सैफ अली खान''' एक ठो [[भारतीय सिनेमा|भारतीय फिलिम]] [[एक्टर]] बाने। {{clear}} ==इहो देखल जाय== ==बाहरी कड़ी== {{commonscat|Saif Ali Khan}} {{भारतीय फिलिम एक्टर लोग की सूची}} [[श्रेणी:भारतीय पुरुष फिलिम एक्टर]] [[श्रेणी:1970 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम एक्टर]] {{actor-stub}} h1j0knxmbuxtp5jti3u4mvdt0rtegre 0 46286 799589 720450 2026-07-12T22:49:39Z SM7Bot 7808 /* top */ सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = इमरान हाशमी | image = Emraan Hashmi at the trailer launch of EK THI DAAYAN.jpg | caption = इमरान हाश्मी ''[[एक थी डायन]]'' फिलिम के प्रमोशन कर रहल बाड़े , 2013 | birth_name = इमरान अनवर हाश्मी | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|3|24|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[मुंबई]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], भारत | residence = | occupation = एक्टर | years_active = 2003–अबतक | spouse = {{marriage|परवीन साहनी |2006}} | children = आयान हाशमी | image size = 200 }} '''इमरान हाशमी''' एगो [[भारतीय सिनेमा|भारतीय फिलिम]] [[एक्टर]] बाड़े। इनका के तीन बेर फिलफेयर पुरस्कार नामांकन मिल चुकल बा। इ फिल्मी दुनिया में आवे से पहिले, 2002 में राज नामक नामी फिल्म में सहायक निर्देशक के रूप में काम कईलें रहस। {{clear}} ==इहो देखल जाय== {{भारतीय फिलिम एक्टर लोग की सूची}} ==बाहरी कड़ी== {{commonscat|Emraan Hashmi}} [[श्रेणी:भारतीय पुरुष फिलिम एक्टर]] [[श्रेणी:1979 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम एक्टर]] {{actor-stub}} 5dttt9j0sxd7oqekcszzfw5tzzjsdmt 0 46302 799595 785645 2026-07-12T22:52:46Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = अनिल कपूर | image = Anil Kapoor still5.jpg | caption = 2014 में अनिल कपूर | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|12|24}}<ref name="DOB">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/my-dad-is-a-liar-sonam-kapoor/story-85noueENZiI8YE4Ru0AnyK.html |title=My dad is a liar: Sonam Kapoor |date=23 मार्च 2012 |newspaper=[[हिंदुस्तान टाइम्स]] |access-date=16 फरवरी 2017}}[[सोनम कपूर]], his daughter, "He is 1956 born."</ref> | birth_place = [[मुंबई]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], [[भारत]] | occupation = एक्टर | spouse = सुनीता कपूर | children = [[सोनम कपूर]] | relatives = }} '''अनिल कपूर''' (जनम 24 दिसंबर 1956) एक ठो [[भारतीय सिनेमा|भारतीय फिलिम]] [[एक्टर]] आ प्रोड्यूसर बाने। अनिल कपूर मुख्य रूप से [[बॉलीवुड]] हीरो के रूप में पहिचानल जालें, हालाँकि, कई ठो इंटरनेशनल फिलिम आ धारावाहिक सभ में नाँव कमा चुकल बाने। कपूर के जनम मुंबई में फिलिम प्रोड्यूसर सुरिंदर कपूर के घरे भइल आ ई पहिली बेर उमेश मेहरा के डाइरेक्ट कइल फिलिम ''हमारे तुम्हारे'' (1979) में एगो छोट रोल से सुरुआत कइलें। इनके डेब्यू फिलिम 1980 के तेलुगु फिलिम ''वंश वृक्षम'' रहल जे बापू द्वारा डाइरेक्ट कइल गइल रहल। पहिली कन्नड़ फिलिम मणिरत्नम के ''पल्लवि अनु पल्लवि'' (1983) रहल आ इनके पहिला फिलिमफेयर अवार्ड सपोर्टिंग एक्टर के कटेगरी में मिलल, यश चोपड़ा के फिलिम ''मशाल'' (1984) में काम खातिर। बेस्ट एक्टर के रूप में पहिली बेर इनका के फिलिमफेयर अवार्ड एन चंद्रा के निर्देशित फिलिम ''तेज़ाब'' (1988) खातिर आ अगिला इंद्र कुमार के फिलिम ''बेटा'' (1992) खातिर मिलल। एकरे बाद कपूर कई गो हिट आ समालोचक लोग के नजर में बढ़ियां फिलिम सभ में काम कइलें आ इनके काम के सराहना मिलल। एह फिलिम सभ में ''मेरी जंग'' (1985), ''कर्मा'' (1986), ''जाँबाज'' (1986), ''मिस्टर इंडिया'' (1987), ''घर हो तो ऐसा'' (1990), ''आवारगी'' (1990), ''बेनाम बादशाह'' (1991) आ ''विरासत'' (1997) सामिल बाड़ी सऽ। ''ताल'' (1999) खातिर इनका के दुसरा बेस्ट सपोर्टिंग एक्टर के फिल्मफेयर मिलल, ''पुकार'' (2000) खातिर बेस्ट एक्टर के फिल्मफेयर मिलल आ ''दिल धड़कने दो' (2015) खातिर फिर से बेस्ट एक्टर के फिल्मफेयर मिलल। कपूर के पहिली इंटरनेशनल फिलिम डैनी बॉयल के डाइरेक्ट कइल आ एकेडमी-अवार्ड जीते वाली फिलिम ''[[स्लमडॉग मिलियनायर]]'' रहल जेह में एक्टिंग खातिर कपूर के स्क्रीन एक्टर्स गिल्ड अवार्ड साझा रूप से जितलें।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/nov/23/3042/after-24-anil-kapoor-set-to-feature-in-international-web-series|title=After 24, Anil Kapoor set to feature in international web series|last=|first=|date=23 November 2016|website=Cinestaan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410203219/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/nov/23/3042/after-24-anil-kapoor-set-to-feature-in-international-web-series|archive-date=10 April 2018|dead-url=|access-date=|url-status=dead}}</ref> अमेरिकी एक्शन टीवी सीरीज ट्वेंटीफोर (24) के आठवाँ सीजन में ई एक्टिंग कइलें आ अमेरिकी समालोचक लोग इनके काम के तारीफ़ कइल।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/anil-kapoor-trying-to-get-24-to-india_100308370.html|title=Anil Kapoor trying to get '24' to India|author=Subhash K Jha|date=23 January 2010|work=Thaindian News|accessdate=23 मई 2012|archive-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312012538/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/anil-kapoor-trying-to-get-24-to-india_100308370.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=K Jha|first=Subhash|title=Anil Kapoor outstages his ‘24′co-stars, gets rave reviews|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/anil-kapoor-outstages-his-24co-stars-gets-rave-reviews_100307820.html|publisher=Thaindian.com|accessdate=7 December 2010|date=22 January 2010|archive-date=20 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120031948/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/anil-kapoor-outstages-his-24co-stars-gets-rave-reviews_100307820.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> बैस्विक रूप से, कपूर सभसे बेसी चीन्हल-जानल भारतीय एक्टर लोग में से एक बाड़ें।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whartonindia.com/speakers.php |title=The 14th Annual WIEF Presents: India- Breaking Boundaries |publisher=Whartonindia.com |date=27 मार्च 2010 |accessdate=9 अगस्त 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725195036/http://www.whartonindia.com/speakers.php |archivedate=25 जुलाई 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> == फिल्मोग्राफी == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! साल !! फिलिम !! रोल !! टिप्पणी |- | 1971 || ''Tu Payal Mein Geet'' || Young Shashi Kapoor || Unreleased |- | 1979 || ''Hamare Tumhare'' || Vipin || Cameo appearance |- |rowspan="3" |1980 || ''Vamsa Vruksham'' || || Telugu film, Debut in a lead role<br>Dubbed into Hindi as ''and u pandu'' in 1986 |- |''Ek Baar Kaho (1980 film)|Ek Baar Kaho'' || || Supporting role |- | ''Hum Paanch (1980 film)|Hum Paanch'' || || Cameo appearance |- | 1981 || ''Kahan Kahan Se Guzar Gaya'' || || |- | 1982 || ''Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti'' || Ravi Kumar || |- |rowspan="2"|1983 || ''Pallavi Anu Pallavi'' || Vijay || Kannada film, was a great success as a hero. |- | ''Woh Saat Din'' || Prem Pratap Patailawale || First Hindi leading role |- |rowspan="4"|1984 || ''Mashaal'' || Raja || Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |- | ''Andar Baahar'' || Raja || |- | ''Laila (1984 film)|Laila'' || Kumar Deshraj Singh || |- | ''Love Marriage (1984 film)|Love Marriage'' ||Rajesh ( Raju) || |- |rowspan="4"|1985 || ''Saaheb'' || Sunil Sharma 'Saaheb'|| |- | ''Yudh (film)|Yudh'' || Public Prosecutor Avinash / Junior ||Dual Role |- | ''Mohabbat (1985 film)|Mohabbat'' || Shekhar || |- | ''Meri Jung'' || Arun Verma || Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- |rowspan="6"|1986 || ''Chameli Ki Shaadi'' || Charandas || |- | ''Aap Ke Saath'' || Vimal || |- | ''Janbaaz'' || Amar Singh || |- | ''Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge'' || Anand || |- | ''Karma (1986 film)|Karma'' || Johnny / Gyaneshwar || |- | ''Insaaf Ki Awaaz'' || Ravi Kumar || |- |rowspan="4"|1987 || ''Itihaas (1987 film)|Itihaas'' || Vijay || |- | ''Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India'' || Arun Verma / Mr. India || |- | ''Hifazat (1987 film)|Hifazat'' || Ram Kumar / Raj Kumar || |- | ''Thikana'' || Ravi || |- |rowspan="6"|1988 || ''Kasam'' || Krishna / Inspector Kishan Kumar || |- | ''Ram-Avtar'' || Avtar || |- | ''Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay'' || Arjun || |- | ''Sone Pe Suhaaga'' || Ravi Kumar/Joginder || |- | ''Tezaab'' || Mahesh Deshmukh (Munna) || Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Inteqam'' || Vikram "Vicky" || |- |rowspan="8"|1989 || ''Ram Lakhan'' || Inspector Lakhan Pratap Singh || |- | ''Joshilaay'' || Karan || |- | ''Eeshwar (1989 film)|Eeshwar'' || Ishwarchand Vishnunath Brahmanand || Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Rakhwala (1989 film)|Rakhwala'' || Vikram || |- | ''Abhimanyu (1989 film)|Abhimanyu'' || Mannu / Abhimanyu America Puri<br /> /Abdul Jabbar || |- | ''Aag Se Khelenge'' || Inspector Ravi Saxena / Raja Saxena || |- | ''Kala Bazaar'' || Vijay || |- | ''Parinda'' || Karan || |- |rowspan="6"|1990 || ''Awaargi'' || Azad || |- | ''Kishen Kanhaiya'' || Kishen / Kanhaiya || डबल रोल |- | ''Ghar Ho To Aisa'' || Amar || |- | ''Jeevan Ek Sangharsh'' || Karan || |- | ''अंबा'' || Suraj (Sarju) || |- | ''Jamai Raja'' || Raja || |- |rowspan="4"|1991 || ''Jigarwala'' || Amar Singh || |- | ''Benaam Badsha'' || Deepak || |- | ''Pratikar'' || Krishna Srivastav || |- | ''Lamhe'' || Virendra "Viren" Kapoor || Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- |rowspan="6"|1992 || ''Beta (film)|Beta'' || Raju || Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Zindagi Ek Jua'' || Harikishan alias Harry || |- | ''Humlaa'' || Shiva || |- | ''खेल'' || Devdas / Arun Kumar || |- | ''हीर राँझा'' || Deedho / Ranjha || |- | ''अपराधी'' || Shiva || |- |rowspan="2"|1993 || ''Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja'' || Ramesh Verma / Romeo || |- | ''गुरु देव'' || Guru (Gaurav) || |- |rowspan="4"|1994 || ''लाडला'' || Raju || |- | ''अंदाज'' || Ajay || |- | ''1942: A Love Story'' || Naren Singh || Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Mr. Azaad'' || Azaad || |- | 1995 || ''त्रिमूर्ति'' || Anand Singh / Sikander || Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |- |rowspan="3"|1996 || ''Rajkumar (1996 film)|Rajkumar'' || Rajkumar || |- | ''लोफर'' || Ravi Kumar || |- | ''Mr. Bechara'' || Anand Verma || |- |rowspan="4"|1997 || ''जुदाई'' || Raj || |- | ''विरासत'' || Shakti Thakur || Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor<br /> Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Deewana Mastana'' || Raj Kumar "Raja" / Inspector Bansi Rao || |- | ''चंद्रलेखा'' ||Alfi || Malayalam film |- |rowspan="3"|1998 || ''Kabhi Na Kabhi'' || Rajeshwar "Raja" || |- | ''Gharwali Baharwali'' || Arun || |- | ''Jhooth Bole Kauwa Kaate'' || Shanker Sharma / Ramanuj || |- |rowspan="4"|1999 || ''Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain'' || Vijay || |- | ''Biwi No.1'' || Lakhan || Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role |- | ''मन'' || Raj || Special appearance |- | ''ताल'' || Vikrant Kapoor || Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |- |rowspan="4"|2000 || ''बुलंदी'' || Dharamraj "Dada" Thakur / Arjun Thakur || Dual Role |- | ''पुकार'' || Major Jaidev Rajvansh || National Film Award for Best Actor<br /> Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Actor |- | ''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai'' || Avinash || |- | ''Karobaar: The Business of Love'' || Rajiv || |- |rowspan="2"|2001 || ''लज्जा'' || Raju || |- | ''नायक'' || Shivaji Rao || |- |rowspan="3"|2002 || ''Badhaai Ho Badhaai'' || Raja || |- | ''Om Jai Jagadish'' || Om Batra || |- | ''Rishtey'' || Suraj Singh || |- |rowspan="2"|2003 || ''अरमान'' || Dr. Akash Sinha || |- | ''Calcutta Mail'' || Avinash || |- | 2004 || ''मुसाफिर'' || Lucky || |- |rowspan="4"|2005 || ''बेवफा'' || Aditya Sahai || |- | ''My Wife's Murder'' || Ravi Patwardhan || |- | ''No Entry'' || Kishen || Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role |- | ''चॉकलेट'' || Advocate Krishan Pundit || |- |rowspan="3"|2006 || ''Humko Deewana Kar Gaye'' || Karan Oberoi || |- | ''Darna Zaroori Hai'' || Karan Chopra || |- | ''Naksha'' || Narrator of the movie|| |- |rowspan="2"|2007 || ''Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute To Love'' || Vinay || |- | ''वेलकम'' || Sagar Pandey aka Majnu Bhai || Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |- |rowspan="6"|2008 || ''My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film)|My Name is Anthony Gonsalves'' || Himself || Cameo |- | ''ब्लैक एंड वइट'' || Rajan Mathur || |- | ''रेस'' || Shamsher Singh/Inspector Robert D'Costa ("RD") || |- | ''टशन'' || Lakhan Singh Ballebaaz (Bhaiyyaji) || |- | ''[[स्लमडॉग मिलियनायर]]'' || Prem Kumar || Cinema of the United Kingdom|British Film<br> First International film <br> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |- | ''Yuvvraaj'' || Gyanesh Yuvvraaj || |- |rowspan="2"|2009 || ''Shortcut: The Con is on'' || Himself || Special appearance in song "Mareeze Mohabbat" |- | ''वांटेड'' || Himself || Special appearance in song "Jalwa" |- ||2010 | ''नो प्राब्लम''|| Inspector Arjun Singh|| |- ||2011 | ''Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol'' || Brij Nath || Cinema of the United States|अमेरिकन फिलिम |- ||2012 | ''Tezz'' || Anti-Terrorism Officer Arjun Khanna || |- |rowspan="4"|2013 || ''Race 2'' || Shamsher Singh/Inspector Robert D'Costa ("RD") || |- | ''Shootout at Wadala'' || Inspector Affaque Baaghran || |- | ''बांबे टाकीज'' || Himself || Special appearance in song "Apna Bombay Talkies" |- | ''महाभारत'' || Karna || Voice Role<br>List of Indian animated feature films|Animated Film |- |rowspan="2"|2015 || ''Dil Dhadakne Do || Kamal Mehra || Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |- | ''वेलकम बैक'' || Majnu Bhai || |- ||2017 |''Mubarakan''|| Kartar Singh || |- |rowspan="3"|2018 ||''Race 3'' ||Shamsher Singh || |- | ''Fanney Khan || Prashant Kumar Sharma "Fanney Khan" || |- | ''Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle'' || Baloo (voice) || Hindi dubbed version |- |rowspan="2"|2019 ||''Total Dhamaal'' || Yamraj Singh || |- |''Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga''|| Balbir Chaudhary || |} ===प्रोड्यूसर=== Anil Kapoor produces the films under the banner Anil Kapoor Films & Communication Network. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! रिलीज के साल ! फिलिम टाइटिल ! टिप्पणी |- | 2002 | ''Badhaai Ho Badhaai'' | |- |2005 |''My Wife's Murder'' | |- |2007 |''Gandhi, My Father'' | |- |2009 |''Short Kut: The Con is On'' | |- |2010 |''आयशा'' | |- |2010 |''नो प्राब्लम'' | |- |2014 |''खूबसूरत'' | |- |2018 |''वीरे दी वेडिंग'' | |- |2018 |''फन्ने खां'' | |} ===टीवी=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! साल ! टाइटिल ! रोल ! टिप्पणी |- | 2010 || ''24 टीवी सीरीज || Omar Hassan (24 character)|Kamistan President Omar Hassan || Series regular season 8 |- | 2013-2016 || ''24 (भारतीय टीवी सीरीज)'' || Jai Singh Rathod || <ref>{{cite news|url=http://colors.in.com/in/24/videos/24-will-change-indian-televisionanil-kapoor-24116-4.html |title=24 will change indian television:anil kapoor |accessdate=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007120736/http://colors.in.com/in/24/videos/24-will-change-indian-televisionanil-kapoor-24116-4.html |archivedate=7 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anil-Kapoor-is-back-with-a-power-packed-season-2-of-24/articleshow/52686921.cms|title=Anil Kapoor is back with a power-packed season 2 of '24'|publisher=''दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया''}}</ref> |- |2016 || ''Family Guy'' || Himself (Host of 'Who wants to be a millionaire') || For 1 episode "Road to India (Family Guy)|Road To India"<ref>{{cite web|title=Stereotypical, much? Anil Kapoor extends 'Slumdog Millionaire' role in 'Family Guy' cameo|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/stereotypical-much-anil-kapoor-extends-slumdog-millionaire-role-in-family-guy-cameo-2802746.html|website=Firstpost|accessdate=29 May 2016|date=27 May 2016}}</ref> |- | 2017 || ''ओएसिस'' || Vikram Danesh Roy || वेब सीरीज |- | 2018-अबतक|| ''सेलेक्शन डे'' || || प्रोड्यूसर |} == इहो देखल जाय == {{भारतीय फिलिम एक्टर लोग की सूची}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|35em}} == बाहरी कड़ी == {{Commons category|Anil Kapoor}} * {{IMDb name|438463}} [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1956 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय पुरुष फिलिम एक्टर]] [[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम एक्टर]] 4xp8wtdh70z5t7o0efp14uavjayd0qc 0 46315 799600 668412 2026-07-12T22:53:28Z SM7Bot 7808 /* top */ सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = अरशद वारसी | image = ArshadWarsi.jpg | imagesize = | alt = Arshad Warsi | caption = Warsi at the Launch of Malti Bhojwani's 'Don't Think Of A Blue Ball' book | birth_date = <!--Birthdate must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs. No IMDb. No public records. See WP:BLPPRIVACY--> | birth_place = [[मुंबई]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], भारत | death_date = | death_place = | other_name = | occupation = {{hlist|एक्टर|गायक|टीवी प्रस्तुतकर्ता|प्रोड्यूसर}} | years_active = 1996–वर्तमान | spouse = {{marriage|मारिया गोरेती|1999}} | website = {{Official website|http://www.arshadwarsi.net/}} }} '''अरशद वारसी''' एक ठो [[भारतीय सिनेमा|भारतीय फिलिम]] [[एक्टर]] बाने। {{clear}} ==इहो देखल जाय== {{भारतीय फिलिम एक्टर लोग की सूची}} ==बाहरी कड़ी== {{commonscat|Arshad Warsi}} [[श्रेणी:भारतीय पुरुष फिलिम एक्टर]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1968 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम एक्टर]] {{actor-stub}} 1mka3uuqlw1q5sodpfnr211n2uvk4km 14 48700 799579 483348 2026-07-12T22:11:33Z SM7 3953 सुधार कइल गइल 799579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Category explanation|Biographical templates which can be used as a 'module' in {{tl|Infobox person}}, or some other infobox template. The ability to be embedded is often implemented in infobox templates via a {{para|child}} or {{para|embed}} parameter}} {{Category more|:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject Infoboxes/embed}} {{Category see also|Infobox templates with module parameter}} [[Category:People and person templates]] [[Category:Embeddable templates]] mudsdpjrjt1ju9kewns0d0kvjds9ohk 0 52075 799602 781288 2026-07-12T22:54:47Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = अलेक्जेंडर कनिंघम | native_name = Alexander Cunningham | native_name_lang = en | image = File:Alexander Cunningham of the ASI 02.jpg | image_size = | caption = कनिंघम | birth_date = 23 जनवरी 1814 | birth_place = [[लंदन]] | death_date = {{d-da|28 November 1893|23 January 1814}} | death_place = [[लंदन]] | other_names = | known_for = आर्कियोलोजिकल सर्वे ऑफ इंडिया | education = | employer = | occupation = {{ubl|इंजीनियर|पुरातत्वबिद}} | spouse = एलिस कनिंघम (बियाह 1840) | children = {{ubl|एलन जे सी कनिंघम|सर अलेक्जेंडर ऍफ़ सी कनिंघम}} | father = एलन कनिंघम | relatives = {{ubl|फ्रांसिस कनिंघम (भाई)|जोसेफ डेवी कनिंघम (भाई)|पीटर कनिंघम (भाई)}} | signature = }} '''अलेक्जेंडर कनिंघम''' ({{Lang|en|Alexander Cunningham}}; 23 जनवरी 1814 – 28 नवंबर 1893) ब्रिटिश आर्मी में इंजीनियर रहलें आ [[भारत के इतिहास]] आ [[भारत के पुरातत्व|पुरातत्व]] में बिसेस रूचि लिहलें। इनका के 1861 में सर्कार द्वारा सर्वेयर बनावल गइल आ इनहीं के अगुआई में ओह संस्था के अस्थापना आ संगठन भइल जेकरा के आज भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण के नाँव से जानल जाला। एह तरीका से कनिंघम भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण के पहिला सर्वेयर जनरल रहलें। अपना जीवन में कनिंघम कई थे किताब आ मोनोग्राफ लिखलें। बिबिध प्रकार के पुरातात्विक महत्व के चीज एकट्ठा कइलें। इनके एकट्ठा कइल गइल बिबिध चीज सभ 1924 में इंग्लैंड ले जाइल गइल आ वर्तमान में [[ब्रिटिश म्यूजियम]] के हिस्सा बा। {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist|35em}} [[श्रेणी:ब्रिटिश लोग]] [[श्रेणी:अंगरेज लोग]] [[श्रेणी:लंदन के लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1893 में निधन]] {{bio-stub}} tq28f0yg1to047iqxdfz1abgjgr8auj 0 52996 799608 798777 2026-07-13T00:01:24Z SM7 3953 +विकिकड़ी जोड़ल गइल 799608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Tal-y-llyn-valley-Dolgoch-01.jpg|304px|thumb|पहाड़ी ढाल के बीचा में घाटी]] {{multiple image | width = 150 | footer = ई दुनों उपत्यका के उदाहरण हईं | image1 = Kashmir valley in India.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[काश्मीर घाटी]] | image2 = Kathmandu valley 01.JPG | alt2 = | caption2 = [[काठमांडो घाटी|काठमांडू घाटी]] }} '''घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|valley}}) धरती के सतह पर खाल लमछर हिस्सा होला<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=valley {{!}} geology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/valley |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=14 जनवरी 2021 |language=en}}</ref> जेकरे दुनों किनारे पर पहाड़ी चाहे पहाड़ होखे लें आ बीचा में आमतौर पर [[नदी]] के धारा बहे ले। किनारे के ढाल के द्वारा बने वाली आकृति के आधार पर घाटी सभ के [[वी-आकार के घाटी|वी-आकार]] आ [[यू-आकार के घाटी|यू-आकार]] के घाटी में बाँटल जा सके ला।<ref>{{cite web |title=V-shaped valley |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120300597 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en |doi=10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120300597}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo">{{cite web |title=Valleys |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/valleys |website=nationalgeographic.com |access-date=14 जनवरी 2021 |language=en |date=15 अक्टूबर 2009}}</ref> [[प्लेट टेक्टॉनिक्स|टेक्टानिक]] हलचल से बनल लमहर निचाई वाला इलाका सभ [[रिफ्ट घाटी]] होलें। दू गो किनारा सभ के बीचा में एकदम से गहिरा खड़ा ढाल वाली घाटी [[गॉर्ज]] होले आ अइसन खड़ा ढाल वाली घाटी के बिस्तार लंबाई में दूर ले होखे तब पूरा संरचना के [[कैनियन]] कहल जालीं।<ref name="Britannica" /> गॉर्ज सभ के आकृति के चलते इनहन के [[आई-आकार के घाटी]] भी कहल जाला।<ref>{{cite book |title=Longman Panorama Geography 7 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1209-2 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Longman_Panorama_Geography_7/4iMuY2nbraoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=i-shaped%20valley&pg=PA19&printsec=frontcover&bsq=i-shaped%20valley |access-date=14 जनवरी 2021 |language=en}}</ref> एगो दुसरे अर्थ में '''घाटी''' भा '''उपत्यका'''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-in-Hindi | title = उपत्यका | date = | website = shabdkosh.raftaar.in | access-date = 24 जनवरी 2018 | archive-date = 2017-10-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171020092733/http://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-in-Hindi | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |last2=Kumar |first2=Kusum |title=Arvind Sahaj Samantar Kosh |date=1 जनवरी 2006 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-1103-1 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Arvind_Sahaj_Samantar_Kosh/gh-jHmzt0l8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88&pg=PA406&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88 |language=hi}}</ref>, जइसे कि [[काठमांडू उपत्यका]], पहाड़न से घेराइल निचाई वाला इलाक भा तलहटी के, चाहे पहाड़ के लगे के [[तराई]] होला; जबकि ऊँचाई वाला हिस्सा सभ के अधित्यका कहल जाला।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Books |first1=Kausiki |title=Sankshipta Narada Purana Part 2: संक्षिप्त नारद पुराण: केवल हिंदी |date=24 अक्टूबर 2021 |publisher=Kausiki Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sankshipta_Narada_Purana_Part_2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82/8j5KEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88&pg=PT136&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Avasthī |first1=Sureśa |title=Chambers English-Hindi Dictionary |date=1981 |publisher=Allied Publishers |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Chambers_English_Hindi_Dictionary/d4srdecSTS4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA1526&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |language=hi}}</ref> == नदी घाटी == {{main|वी-आकार के घाटी}} कवनो नदी घाटी के विकास कई कारकन से प्रभावित होला। एहमें प्रमुख रूप से ओह बेडरॉक भा जलोढ़ निक्षेप (एल्यूवियम) के सोभाव सामिल बा, जवना पर नदी भा धारा बहत होखे, घाटी के ऊपरी आ निचला भाग के बीच के ऊँचाई के अंतर, आ लोकल जलवायु। आमतौर पर नदी के बहाव नीचे की ओर बढ़त जाला, जबकि ओकर ढाल (ग्रेडिएंट) धीरे-धीरे कम होत जाला। घाटी के ऊपरी भाग में नदी अपना तली के अधिक प्रभावी ढंग से अपघर्षण (कोर्रेशन) द्वारा काटेला, जवना से खड़ी ढाल वाला ''[[वी-आकार के घाटी]]'' के निर्माण होला। अगर रस्ता में अधिक कठोर शैल-स्तर, भूवैज्ञानिक भ्रंश (फॉल्ट), दरार (फ्रैक्चर) भा वलन (फोल्ड) मौजूद होखे, त ई सभ नदी के मार्ग के प्रभावित कर सकेला। एह कारण नदी के मार्ग घुमावदार हो सकेला आ घाटी में अंतःस्थापित अंतरीप (इंटरलॉकिंग स्पर) जइसन स्थलाकृति विकसित हो सकेली। == इहो देखल जाय == * [[थलरूप सभ के लिस्ट]] * [[कश्मीर घाटी]] * [[काठमांडू उपत्यका]] {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|33em}} == बाहरी कड़ी == {{कॉमंस श्रेणी|Valley}} * [http://www.nps.gov/brca/geodetect/Landfroms/valleys.htm NPS.gov], University of Wisconsin * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070509035527/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/ UWSP.edu], Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms * {{cite web|url= http://www.bgu.ac.il/BIDR/research/phys/remote/Papers/1998-Ichoku_Coherance_IJRS_98.pdf |title=BGU.ac.il }}, SAR interferometry (analysis of valley forms in Fig.2 and 6) * [http://www.valleys.com/ Valleys.com], Valleys of the World * [https://www.yourdictionary.com/valley Valley definitions], YourDictionary === धरती से बाहरी === * [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMM7R7X9DE_2.html ESA image]: Vallis Alpes, bisecting the Lunar Alps * [http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/projekte/mars/hrsc152-OphirChasma.php Valles Marineris and Ophir Chasma], bilingual website (English and German) <!-- {{Rivers, streams and springs}}--> {{Authority control}} [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:घाटी| ]] [[श्रेणी:भूआकृति बिज्ञान]] 4uuoy72mggk0dg5piin5v677stegoku 799751 799608 2026-07-13T00:50:58Z SM7 3953 संदर्भ जोड़ल/सुधारल गइल 799751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Tal-y-llyn-valley-Dolgoch-01.jpg|304px|thumb|पहाड़ी ढाल के बीचा में घाटी]] {{multiple image | width = 150 | footer = ई दुनों उपत्यका के उदाहरण हईं | image1 = Kashmir valley in India.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[काश्मीर घाटी]] | image2 = Kathmandu valley 01.JPG | alt2 = | caption2 = [[काठमांडो घाटी|काठमांडू घाटी]] }} '''घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|valley}}) धरती के सतह पर खाल लमछर हिस्सा होला<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=valley {{!}} geology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/valley |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=14 जनवरी 2021 |language=en}}</ref> जेकरे दुनों किनारे पर पहाड़ी चाहे पहाड़ होखे लें आ बीचा में आमतौर पर [[नदी]] के धारा बहे ले। किनारे के ढाल के द्वारा बने वाली आकृति के आधार पर घाटी सभ के मुख्य रूप से [[वी-आकार के घाटी|वी-आकार]] आ [[यू-आकार के घाटी|यू-आकार]] के घाटी में बाँटल जा सके ला।<ref>{{cite web |title=V-shaped valley |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120300597 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en |doi=10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120300597}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo">{{cite web |title=Valleys |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/valleys |website=nationalgeographic.com |access-date=14 जनवरी 2021 |language=en |date=15 अक्टूबर 2009}}</ref><ref name="h004">{{cite web |title=U-Shaped vs V-Shaped Valleys: Formation and Examples |website=Sandatlas – Explore Rocks |date=24 February 2012 |url=https://sandatlas.org/u-and-v-shaped-valleys/ |access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> [[प्लेट टेक्टॉनिक्स|टेक्टानिक]] हलचल से बनल लमहर निचाई वाला इलाका सभ [[रिफ्ट घाटी]] होलें। दू गो किनारा सभ के बीचा में एकदम से गहिरा खड़ा ढाल वाली घाटी [[गॉर्ज]] होले आ अइसन खड़ा ढाल वाली घाटी के बिस्तार लंबाई में दूर ले होखे तब पूरा संरचना के [[कैनियन]] कहल जालीं।<ref name="Britannica" /> गॉर्ज सभ के आकृति के चलते इनहन के [[आई-आकार के घाटी]] भी कहल जाला।<ref>{{cite book |title=Longman Panorama Geography 7 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1209-2 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Longman_Panorama_Geography_7/4iMuY2nbraoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=i-shaped%20valley&pg=PA19&printsec=frontcover&bsq=i-shaped%20valley |access-date=14 जनवरी 2021 |language=en}}</ref> एगो दुसरे अर्थ में '''घाटी''' भा '''उपत्यका'''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-in-Hindi | title = उपत्यका | date = | website = shabdkosh.raftaar.in | access-date = 24 जनवरी 2018 | archive-date = 2017-10-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171020092733/http://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-in-Hindi | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |last2=Kumar |first2=Kusum |title=Arvind Sahaj Samantar Kosh |date=1 जनवरी 2006 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-1103-1 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Arvind_Sahaj_Samantar_Kosh/gh-jHmzt0l8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88&pg=PA406&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88 |language=hi}}</ref>, जइसे कि [[काठमांडू उपत्यका]], पहाड़न से घेराइल निचाई वाला इलाक भा तलहटी के, चाहे पहाड़ के लगे के [[तराई]] होला; जबकि ऊँचाई वाला हिस्सा सभ के अधित्यका कहल जाला।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Books |first1=Kausiki |title=Sankshipta Narada Purana Part 2: संक्षिप्त नारद पुराण: केवल हिंदी |date=24 अक्टूबर 2021 |publisher=Kausiki Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sankshipta_Narada_Purana_Part_2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82/8j5KEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88&pg=PT136&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Avasthī |first1=Sureśa |title=Chambers English-Hindi Dictionary |date=1981 |publisher=Allied Publishers |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Chambers_English_Hindi_Dictionary/d4srdecSTS4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA1526&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |language=hi}}</ref> == नदी घाटी == {{main|वी-आकार के घाटी}} कवनो नदी घाटी के विकास कई कारकन से प्रभावित होला। एहमें प्रमुख रूप से ओह बेडरॉक भा जलोढ़ निक्षेप (एल्यूवियम) के सोभाव सामिल बा, जवना पर नदी भा धारा बहत होखे, घाटी के ऊपरी आ निचला भाग के बीच के ऊँचाई के अंतर, आ लोकल जलवायु। आमतौर पर नदी के बहाव नीचे की ओर बढ़त जाला, जबकि ओकर ढाल (ग्रेडिएंट) धीरे-धीरे कम होत जाला। घाटी के ऊपरी भाग में नदी अपना तली के अधिक प्रभावी ढंग से अपघर्षण (कोर्रेशन) द्वारा काटेला, जवना से खड़ी ढाल वाला ''[[वी-आकार के घाटी]]'' के निर्माण होला। अगर रस्ता में अधिक कठोर शैल-स्तर, भूवैज्ञानिक भ्रंश (फॉल्ट), दरार (फ्रैक्चर) भा वलन (फोल्ड) मौजूद होखे, त ई सभ नदी के मार्ग के प्रभावित कर सकेला। एह कारण नदी के मार्ग घुमावदार हो सकेला आ घाटी में अंतःस्थापित अंतरीप (इंटरलॉकिंग स्पर) जइसन स्थलाकृति विकसित हो सकेली। == इहो देखल जाय == * [[थलरूप सभ के लिस्ट]] * [[कश्मीर घाटी]] * [[काठमांडू उपत्यका]] {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|33em}} == बाहरी कड़ी == {{कॉमंस श्रेणी|Valley}} * [http://www.nps.gov/brca/geodetect/Landfroms/valleys.htm NPS.gov], University of Wisconsin * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070509035527/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/ UWSP.edu], Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms * {{cite web|url= http://www.bgu.ac.il/BIDR/research/phys/remote/Papers/1998-Ichoku_Coherance_IJRS_98.pdf |title=BGU.ac.il }}, SAR interferometry (analysis of valley forms in Fig.2 and 6) * [http://www.valleys.com/ Valleys.com], Valleys of the World * [https://www.yourdictionary.com/valley Valley definitions], YourDictionary === धरती से बाहरी === * [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMM7R7X9DE_2.html ESA image]: Vallis Alpes, bisecting the Lunar Alps * [http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/projekte/mars/hrsc152-OphirChasma.php Valles Marineris and Ophir Chasma], bilingual website (English and German) <!-- {{Rivers, streams and springs}}--> {{Authority control}} [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:घाटी| ]] [[श्रेणी:भूआकृति बिज्ञान]] 2p2rylwrzhf6lp2b0rgqueityix38t2 799752 799751 2026-07-13T00:52:32Z SM7 3953 +विकिकड़ी जोड़ल गइल 799752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Tal-y-llyn-valley-Dolgoch-01.jpg|304px|thumb|पहाड़ी ढाल के बीचा में घाटी]] {{multiple image | width = 150 | footer = ई दुनों उपत्यका के उदाहरण हईं | image1 = Kashmir valley in India.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[काश्मीर घाटी]] | image2 = Kathmandu valley 01.JPG | alt2 = | caption2 = [[काठमांडो घाटी|काठमांडू घाटी]] }} '''घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|valley}}) धरती के सतह पर खाल लमछर हिस्सा होला<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=valley {{!}} geology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/valley |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=14 जनवरी 2021 |language=en}}</ref> जेकरे दुनों किनारे पर पहाड़ी चाहे पहाड़ होखे लें आ बीचा में आमतौर पर [[नदी]] के धारा बहे ले। किनारे के ढाल के द्वारा बने वाली आकृति के आधार पर घाटी सभ के मुख्य रूप से [[वी-आकार के घाटी|वी-आकार]] आ [[यू-आकार के घाटी|यू-आकार]] के घाटी में बाँटल जा सके ला।<ref>{{cite web |title=V-shaped valley |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120300597 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en |doi=10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120300597}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo">{{cite web |title=Valleys |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/valleys |website=nationalgeographic.com |access-date=14 जनवरी 2021 |language=en |date=15 अक्टूबर 2009}}</ref><ref name="h004">{{cite web |title=U-Shaped vs V-Shaped Valleys: Formation and Examples |website=Sandatlas – Explore Rocks |date=24 February 2012 |url=https://sandatlas.org/u-and-v-shaped-valleys/ |access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> [[प्लेट टेक्टॉनिक्स|टेक्टानिक]] हलचल से बनल लमहर निचाई वाला इलाका सभ [[रिफ्ट घाटी]] होलें। दू गो किनारा सभ के बीचा में एकदम से गहिरा खड़ा ढाल वाली घाटी [[गॉर्ज]] होले आ अइसन खड़ा ढाल वाली घाटी के बिस्तार लंबाई में दूर ले होखे तब पूरा संरचना के [[कैनियन]] कहल जालीं।<ref name="Britannica" /> गॉर्ज सभ के आकृति के चलते इनहन के [[आई-आकार के घाटी]] भी कहल जाला।<ref>{{cite book |title=Longman Panorama Geography 7 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1209-2 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Longman_Panorama_Geography_7/4iMuY2nbraoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=i-shaped%20valley&pg=PA19&printsec=frontcover&bsq=i-shaped%20valley |access-date=14 जनवरी 2021 |language=en}}</ref> एगो दुसरे अर्थ में '''घाटी''' भा '''उपत्यका'''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-in-Hindi | title = उपत्यका | date = | website = shabdkosh.raftaar.in | access-date = 24 जनवरी 2018 | archive-date = 2017-10-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171020092733/http://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-in-Hindi | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |last2=Kumar |first2=Kusum |title=Arvind Sahaj Samantar Kosh |date=1 जनवरी 2006 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-1103-1 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Arvind_Sahaj_Samantar_Kosh/gh-jHmzt0l8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88&pg=PA406&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88 |language=hi}}</ref>, जइसे कि [[काठमांडू उपत्यका]], पहाड़न से घेराइल निचाई वाला इलाक भा तलहटी के, चाहे पहाड़ के लगे के [[तराई]] होला; जबकि ऊँचाई वाला हिस्सा सभ के अधित्यका कहल जाला।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Books |first1=Kausiki |title=Sankshipta Narada Purana Part 2: संक्षिप्त नारद पुराण: केवल हिंदी |date=24 अक्टूबर 2021 |publisher=Kausiki Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sankshipta_Narada_Purana_Part_2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82/8j5KEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88&pg=PT136&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Avasthī |first1=Sureśa |title=Chambers English-Hindi Dictionary |date=1981 |publisher=Allied Publishers |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Chambers_English_Hindi_Dictionary/d4srdecSTS4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA1526&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |language=hi}}</ref> == नदी घाटी == {{main|वी-आकार के घाटी|गॉर्ज|कैनियन}} कवनो नदी घाटी के विकास कई कारकन से प्रभावित होला। एहमें प्रमुख रूप से ओह बेडरॉक भा जलोढ़ निक्षेप (एल्यूवियम) के सोभाव सामिल बा, जवना पर नदी भा धारा बहत होखे, घाटी के ऊपरी आ निचला भाग के बीच के ऊँचाई के अंतर, आ लोकल जलवायु। आमतौर पर नदी के बहाव नीचे की ओर बढ़त जाला, जबकि ओकर ढाल (ग्रेडिएंट) धीरे-धीरे कम होत जाला। घाटी के ऊपरी भाग में नदी अपना तली के अधिक प्रभावी ढंग से अपघर्षण (कोर्रेशन) द्वारा काटेला, जवना से खड़ी ढाल वाला ''[[वी-आकार के घाटी]]'' के निर्माण होला। अगर रस्ता में अधिक कठोर शैल-स्तर, भूवैज्ञानिक भ्रंश (फॉल्ट), दरार (फ्रैक्चर) भा वलन (फोल्ड) मौजूद होखे, त ई सभ नदी के मार्ग के प्रभावित कर सकेला। एह कारण नदी के मार्ग घुमावदार हो सकेला आ घाटी में अंतःस्थापित अंतरीप (इंटरलॉकिंग स्पर) जइसन स्थलाकृति विकसित हो सकेली। == इहो देखल जाय == * [[थलरूप सभ के लिस्ट]] * [[कश्मीर घाटी]] * [[काठमांडू उपत्यका]] {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|33em}} == बाहरी कड़ी == {{कॉमंस श्रेणी|Valley}} * [http://www.nps.gov/brca/geodetect/Landfroms/valleys.htm NPS.gov], University of Wisconsin * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070509035527/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/ UWSP.edu], Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms * {{cite web|url= http://www.bgu.ac.il/BIDR/research/phys/remote/Papers/1998-Ichoku_Coherance_IJRS_98.pdf |title=BGU.ac.il }}, SAR interferometry (analysis of valley forms in Fig.2 and 6) * [http://www.valleys.com/ Valleys.com], Valleys of the World * [https://www.yourdictionary.com/valley Valley definitions], YourDictionary === धरती से बाहरी === * [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMM7R7X9DE_2.html ESA image]: Vallis Alpes, bisecting the Lunar Alps * [http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/projekte/mars/hrsc152-OphirChasma.php Valles Marineris and Ophir Chasma], bilingual website (English and German) <!-- {{Rivers, streams and springs}}--> {{Authority control}} [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:घाटी| ]] [[श्रेणी:भूआकृति बिज्ञान]] m1lm8aswtwgthomlbseup6hu2l2nbhw 0 60568 799523 729679 2026-07-12T12:19:43Z SM7 3953 +विकिकड़ी जोड़ल गइल 799523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = गोझिया | image = Gujhia.JPG | image_size = 250px | caption = | alternate_name = पेड़ुकी | country = [[भारतीय उपमहादीप]] | region = | creator = | course = [[मिठाई]] | type = ''[[डंपलिंग]]'' | related = | main_ingredient = [[सुज्जी]], [[आटा]], [[मैदा]], खोवा, चीनी | variations = | calories = }} '''गोझिया''', '''गुझिया''' भा '''पेड़की''' एगो भारतीय मिठाई हवे जे आटा भा मैदा के खोल में खोवा भर के बनावल जाले <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bharatkirasoi.com/suji-gujiya-mawa-gujiya/|title=सूजी गुझिया आउर खोवा गुझिया बनावे के तरीका |website=www.bharatkirasoi.com}}</ref>। ई उत्तर भारत के खास मिठाई हवे आ [[होली]] के तिहुआर पर बिसेस रूप से बनावल जाले। {{clear}} == इहो देखल जाय == * [[दाल पीठा|गोझा]] ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist|33em}} [[श्रेणी:मिट्ठा आ मिठाई]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय खाना]] [[श्रेणी:डंपलिंग]] {{dessert-stub}} qxzdotg88r5unl8kfyfmxnm8yl0ai1w 0 61513 799588 782688 2026-07-12T22:49:29Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = सपना चौधरी | image =Muharat-of-the-film-Dosti-Ke-Side-Effect-8 (cropped).jpg | image_upright = 0.9 | alt = सपना चौधरी के क्लोजअप | caption = 2016 में एक ठो स्टेज लाइव परफॉरमेंस में सपना | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name above --> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|09|25}} | birth_place = [[रोहतक]], [[हरियाणा]] | residence = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = डांसर, गायिका, ऐक्ट्रेस | years_active = | era = | employer = | known_for = | notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" --> | style = | home_town = [[रोहतक]], [[हरियाणा]] | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | weight = <!-- "X kg", "X lb" or "X st Y lb" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | television = [[बिग बॉस 11]] | spouse = <!-- Use article title or common name --> | partner = वीर साहू <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --> | parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --> | relatives = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''सपना चौधरी''' (जनम 25 सितंबर 1990) एगो भारतीय डांसर, गायिका आ ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। सपना के सभसे ढेर परसिद्धि मिलल [[बिग बॉस 11]] के कांटेंडर के रूप में आ एकरे बाद ई कुछ टीवी आ फिलिम सभ में आइटम सांग भी कइले बाड़ी।<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last1=Kameshwari |first1=A. |title=Watch: Bigg Boss 11 contestant Sapna Choudhary’s first Bollywood dance number Love Bite |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-contestant-sapna-choudhary-features-in-her-first-bollywood-dance-number-love-bite-watch-video-4923285/ |publisher=इंडियन एक्सप्रेस |date=6 नवंबर 2017}}</ref> मूल रूप से हरियाणा के सपना चौधरी एकरे पहिले स्टेज प्रोग्राम सभ में डांस करें। [[बिग बॉस]] में काम करे के बाद इनके जादे लोग जाने लागल आ आगे बढ़े के मोका मिलल। वर्तमान में ई सोशल मीडिया पर पापुलर बाड़ी<ref>{{cite news |title=इतनी बदल गईं सपना चौधरी, अब पहचानना मुश्किल - Entertainment Gallery AajTak - photo 2 |url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/gallery/bigg-boss-contestant-sapna-choudhary-haryanvi-dancer-glamorous-look-tmov-2-22131.html |accessdate=4 जून 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> आ इनके डांस के बीडियो वायरल भइल बा।<ref>{{cite news|title=एक बार फिर सोशल मीडिया पर छाई सपना चौधरी, फैन्स ने वीडियो किया वायरल|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-sapna-choudhary-new-video-viral-in-social-media-1867799.html |date=24 मार्च 2018 |publisher=लाइव हिंदुस्तान}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=सालभर सुर्खियों में रही ये डांसर, सुसाइड से स्टारडम तक की कुछ ऐसी है कहानी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/harayana/panipat/news/c-85-LCL-in-2017-dancer-sapna-chaudhary-in-headline-whole-year-pa0345-NOR.html |date=दिसंबर 30, 2017 |publisher=दैनिक भास्कर |access-date=2018-06-04 |archive-date=2018-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807155604/https://www.bhaskar.com/harayana/panipat/news/c-85-LCL-in-2017-dancer-sapna-chaudhary-in-headline-whole-year-pa0345-NOR.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{clear}} ==इहो देखल जाय== * [[बिग बॉस 11]] * [[विकास गुप्ता]] * [[शिल्पा शिंदे]] ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist|33em}} [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1990 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:हरियाणा के लोग]] {{actor-stub}} m1w82gyx56a99d9na14s9oy69v9g4oa 0 61514 799593 682554 2026-07-12T22:50:21Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = शिल्पा शिंदे | image = Shilpa Shinde in 2018 (cropped).jpg | caption = 2018 में शिल्पा शिंदे | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|08|28|df=y}} | birth_place = [[मुंबई]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], भारत | occupation = ऐक्ट्रेस | years_active = 1999–अबतक | Known for = [[बिग बॉस 11]] बिजेता }} '''शिल्पा शिंदे''' (जनम 28 फरवरी 1977) एगो भारतीय ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। शिल्पा शिंदे के पहिचान एंड टीवी पर प्रसारित होखे वाला टीवी सीरियल ''भाभी जी घर पर हैं'' के कलाकार के रूप में मिलल जेह में ई अंगूरी भाभी के किरदार कइली। एह सीरियल के टीम के साथे कुछ बिबाद हो जाए के कारण इनके कुछ दिन खाती एक्टिंग से अलगा रहे के परल। बाद में इनके दोबारा परसिद्धि मिलल [[बिग बॉस 11]] में जेकर ई बिजेता भी बनली। {{clear}} ==इहो देखल जाय== * [[विकास गुप्ता]] * [[सपना चौधरी]] * ''[[भाभी जी घर पर हैं]]'' ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist|33em}} [[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1977 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] {{actor-stub}} 9x7vhj9058yfs0n7m2eamivoe7n5q9s 0 61640 799772 766113 2026-07-13T03:52:33Z SM7 3953 बिस्तार कइल गइल 799772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | name = Google Chrome | logo = Google Chrome.svg | screenshot = | caption = Google Chrome running on [[Windows 11]] | developer = [[Google]] | released = {{Multiple releases |branch1=Windows XP|version1=Beta|date1={{start date and age|2008|09|02}} |branch2=Windows XP|version2=1.0|date2={{start date and age|2008|12|11}} |branch3=macOS, Linux|version3=Preview|date3={{start date and age|2009|06|04}} |branch4=macOS, Linux|version4=Beta|date4={{start date and age|2009|12|08}} |branch5=Multi&shy;platform|version5=5.0|date5={{start date and age|2010|05|25}} }} | ver layout = stacked | latest release version = | programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[HTML]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (Android app only), [[JavaScript]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chromium (Google Chrome) |url=https://www.ohloh.net/p/chrome/analyses/latest |url-status=dead |access-date=February 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421031445/https://www.ohloh.net/p/chrome/analyses/latest |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |website=Ohloh.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/styleguide/styleguide.md |title=Chromium coding style |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Google Open Source |access-date=March 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |title=The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0 |first=Vincent |last=Lextrait |date=January 2010 |access-date=March 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530/http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |archive-date=May 30, 2012 }}</ref> | operating system = {{Plainlist| * [[Android Oreo]] or later<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.google.com/chrome/a/answer/7679408?hl=en |title=Chrome Enterprise and Education release notes |website=[[Google Groups]] |date=October 25, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref> * [[ChromeOS]] * [[iOS 15]] or later<ref name="iOSlatest">{{cite web| url = https://apps.apple.com/us/app/google-chrome/id535886823 | title = Google Chrome (iOS)| date = May 16, 2023}}</ref> * [[Linux]] * [[macOS Catalina|macOS 10.15]] or later * [[Windows 10]] or later }} | included with = {{Plainlist| * [[Android Oreo]] or later * [[ChromeOS]] }} | engines = [[Blink (browser engine)|Blink]] ([[WebKit]] on iOS), [[V8 JavaScript engine]] | platform = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]], [[ARMv7]], [[ARMv8-A]] | language count = 47 | language footnote = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/table/4419860? |title=Supported languages |website=Google Play Console Help |access-date=December 18, 2015}}</ref> | language = | genre = [[Web browser]], [[mobile browser]] | license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[freeware]], based on open source components<ref name=TOS>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/intl/en/chrome/terms/|title=Google Chrome and Chrome OS Additional Terms of Service|website=www.google.com}}</ref><ref group=note>Chrome's [[WebKit]] & [[Blink (browser engine)|Blink]] layout engines and its [[V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8 JavaScript engine]] are each [[free and open-source software]], while its other components are each either open-source or [[Proprietary software|proprietary]]. However, section 9 of [https://www.google.com/intl/en/chrome/browser/privacy/eula_text.html Google Chrome's Terms of Service] designates the whole package as proprietary [[freeware]].</ref> | website = {{official URL}} }} '''गूगल क्रोम''' एगो [[फ्रीवेयर]] [[वेब ब्राउजर]] बा जे [[गूगल]] द्वारा डेवलप कइल गइल बा। गूगल क्रोम क्रॉस-प्लेटफॉर्म वेब ब्राउज़र हवे। एकर शुरुआत सितंबर 2008 में [[माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज]] खातिर कइल गइल रहे। एकरा के Apple WebKit आ Mozilla Firefox के मुक्त सॉफ्टवेयर घटकन के आधार पर बनावल गइल रहे। बाद में एकर संस्करण Linux, macOS, iOS, iPadOS आ [[एंड्रॉइड]] खातिर भी जारी कइल गइल। [[एंड्रॉइड|एंड्रॉयड डिवाइसन]] में आज ई डिफ़ॉल्ट वेब ब्राउज़र हवे। ChromeOS के मुख्य हिस्सा भी गूगल क्रोम हवे, जहाँ ई वेब एप्लिकेशन चलावे के मंच के रूप में काम करेला। गूगल क्रोम के अधिकांश स्रोत कोड क्रोमियम नाँव के के गूगल के फ्री आ [[ओपन सोर्स]] सॉफ्टवेयर परियोजना से आवेला। हालाँकि, गूगल क्रोम खुद फ्री बाकी प्रोप्राइटरी सॉफ्टवेयर के रूप में लाइसेंस वाला बा। शुरुआत में गूगल क्रोम में WebKit के रेंडरिंग इंजन के इस्तमाल कइल जात रहे। बाद में गूगल एकर आधार पर Blink नाम के नया रेंडरिंग इंजन बिकसित कइलस। 2017 से iOS के छोड़के गूगल क्रोम के लगभग सभे संस्करण Blink इंजन के इस्तमाल कर रहल बाड़ें। {{Clear}} ==नोट== <references group="note"/> ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:वेब ब्राउजर]] [[श्रेणी:गूगल|क्रोम]] {{इंटरनेट-आधार}} an578tnr3gbpo6mi23e5q7c9kkwr3tw 14 61885 799604 591301 2026-07-12T23:41:37Z SM7 3953 +विकिकड़ी 799604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cat main}} [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:नदी|घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:जलबहाव थलरूप]] qu51vjm5mmu0y2b5wz8ybvymqgb0z8m 0 61950 799598 784485 2026-07-12T22:53:13Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox economist <!--NOTE: please do not add the title "Dr" to his name: see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies)#Academic titles]]--> | name = अमर्त्य सेन | school_tradition = ''कैपबिलिटी अप्रोच'' | image = Amartya Sen, c2000 (4379246038).jpg | caption = 2000 में सेन | birth_name = अमर्त्य कुमार सेन | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|11|3|df=y}} | birth_place = [[शांतिनिकेतन]], [[बंगाल प्रेसिडेंसी]], [[ब्रिटिश राज|ब्रिटिश भारत]] | death_date = | death_place = | website = {{url|http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/sen/files/cv_sen_amartya_jan2013_0.pdf}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Nabaneeta Dev Sen]]<br />|1958|1976|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|Eva Colorni<br />|1978|1985|end=her death}}<br />{{marriage|[[Emma Georgina Rothschild]]<br />|1991||end=}} | notes=Children: [[Antara Dev Sen]] (daughter)<br/>[[Nandana Sen]] (daughter)<br/>Indrani (daughter)<br/>Kabir (son) | alma_mater = [[कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय]] <small>(BA)</small> <br />[[कैंब्रिज विश्वविद्यालय]] <small>(BA, MA, PhD)</small> | field = [[कल्याणपरक अर्थशास्त्र]], [[बिकास अर्थशास्त्र]], नीतिशास्त्र | institution = {{Collapsible list | [[Harvard University]]<br />[[University of Cambridge]]<br />[[London School of Economics]]<br />[[Jadavpur University]]<br />[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />[[Cornell University]]<br />[[University of Oxford]]<br />[[Delhi School of Economics]]<br />[[University of Calcutta]]<br />[[University of California, Berkeley]]<br />[[Stanford University]]<br />[[Nalanda University]] }} | influences = {{Collapsible list | [[रबींद्रनाथ टैगोर]]<br />[[भीमराव आंबेडकर]]<br />[[जॉन मेनार्ड कीन्स]]<br />[[जॉन रॉल्स]]<br />[[पीटर थॉमस बावर|पीटर बावर]]<br />[[जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल]]<br />[[मैरी वूल्स्टनक्राफ्ट]]<ref name="Sen 2010">{{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = The idea of justice | publisher = Penguin | location = London | year = 2010 | isbn = 9780141037851 }}</ref><br />[[केनेथ एरो]]<br />[[पियेरो स्राफा]]<br >[[एडम स्मिथ]]<br /> [[कार्ल मार्क्स]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Deneulin | first = Séverine | author-link = Séverine Deneulin | title = Book reviews: Intellectual roots of Amartya Sen: Aristotle, Adam Smith and Karl Marx | journal = Journal of Human Development and Capabilities | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 305–306 | publisher = Taylor and Francis | doi = 10.1080/19452820902941628 | date = 2009 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19452820902941628 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}</ref><br />[[Martha Nussbaum]] }} | influenced = {{Collapsible list | [[टोनी एटकिन्सन]]<br />[[कौशिक बसु]]<br />[[ज्याँ द्रेज]]<br />[[ईस्थर डफ्लो]]<br />[[बेन फाइन]]<br />[[नैंसी फोल्ब्रे]]<br />[[रॉबिन हाह्नेल]]<br />[[महबूब उल हक़]]<br />[[मार्था नुसबौम]]<br />[[प्रशांत पटनायक]]<br />[[कोतारो सुजुमुरा]]<br />[[फिलिप पेटिट]]<br /> [[हा-जून चांग]] }} | contributions = [[मानव बिकास थियरी]] | awards = [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] (1998)<br />[[भारत रत्न]] (1999)<br />[[नेशनल ह्यूमनिस्ट मेडल]] (2012)<ref name="US National Medal Sen">{{cite news|title= President Obama Awards 2011 National Humanities Medals|url=http://www.neh.gov/news/press-release/2012-02-13-0|publisher=National Endowment for the Humanities|date=13 दिसंबर 2012|accessdate=16 जून 2014}}</ref><br />[[Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science]] (2017) | signature = <!--file name only--> | repec_prefix = e | repec_id = pse23 <!---voice---> | module = <center>{{Listen| embed=yes |filename =Amartya Sen BBC Radio4 Start the Week 7 Jan 2013 b0367dzs.flac |title = Amartya Sen's voice |type = speech |description = from the BBC programme ''[[Start the Week]]'', 7 January 2013 <!---<ref name="BBC-XXPIDXX">{{Cite episode |title= XXXX |series= XXXXX |serieslink= XXXXX |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/XXPIDXX |accessdate= 2014-01-18 |station= BBC Radio 4 |date= XXDATEXX |season= |seriesno= |number= |transcript= |transcripturl= }}</ref> ---> }} }} '''अमर्त्य कुमार सेन''' (जनम 3 नवंबर 1933) एगो भारतीय अर्थशास्त्री आ दार्शनिक बाने, जे साल 1972 से [[भारत]], [[यूनाइटेड किंगडम]] आ [[अमेरिका]] में पढ़ावे आ रिसर्च के काम क रहल बाड़ें। सेन क योगदान कल्याणपरक अर्थशास्त्र, सामाजिक चयन थियरी, आर्थिक आ सामाजिक न्याय, अकाल के आर्थिक थियरी आ बिकाससील देसन के लोग के कल्याण के नापजोख के इंडेक्स बनावे के क्षेत्र में काम कइले बाने। वर्तमान में ई हार्वर्ड विश्वविद्यालय में प्रोफेसर बाने<ref name="Sen Harvard DP">{{cite web|title=University Professorships - Harvard University|url=http://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/about-faculty/university-professorships|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|accessdate=3 दिसंबर 2016}}</ref> आ हारवर्ड लॉ स्कूल के फेलो बाने। ई ट्रिनिटी कॉलेज, कैंब्रिज के भी फेलो बाड़ें आ इनके कल्याण अर्थशास्त्र के क्षेत्र में काम करे खातिर 1998 में [[नोबल पुरस्कार]] दिहल जा चुकल बा<ref name="AS NP Honor">{{cite web|title=Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen honoured in US|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17022920|publisher=[[BBC|The British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=5 मार्च 2017}}</ref> आ 1999 में [[भारत रत्न]] से सम्मानित कइल गइल बा। साल 2017 में, सेन के राजनीति बिज्ञान में जोहान स्काईट अवार्ड दिहल गइल<ref name="PRESS RELEASE: AMARTYA SEN IS AWARDED THE 2017 JOHAN SKYTTE PRIZE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE">{{cite web|title=Amartya Sen awarded the 2017 Johan Skytte Prize|url=http://www.skytteprize.com/press-release-amartya-sen-is-awarded-the-2017-johan-skytte-prize-in-political-science/|publisher=Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science|accessdate=22 April 2017|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422213842/http://www.skytteprize.com/press-release-amartya-sen-is-awarded-the-2017-johan-skytte-prize-in-political-science/|url-status=dead}}</ref> जे राजनीति बिज्ञान में इनके अमूल्य योगदान खाती रहल। ==रचना संसार== ===किताब=== <small>1960–1979</small> * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Choice of Techniques: An Aspect of the Theory of Planned Economic Development | publisher = Basil Blackwell | location = Oxford | year = 1960 }} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = On Economic Inequality | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1997 | origyear = 1976 | edition = expanded | isbn = 9780198281931 }} <small>1980–1989</small> * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1982 | isbn = 9780198284635 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Williams | first2 = Bernard | author-link2 = Bernard Williams | title = Utilitarianism and beyond | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1982 | isbn = 9780511611964 }} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Choice, Welfare, and Measurement | publisher = Basil Blackwell | location = Oxford | year = 1983 | isbn = 9780631137962 }} ::Reprinted as: {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Choice, Welfare, and Measurement | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780674127784 }} ::Reviewed in the ''Social Scientist'': {{Cite journal | last = Sanyal | first = Amal | title="Choice, welfare and measurement" by Amartya Sen | journal = Social Scientist | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 49–56 | doi = 10.2307/3517043 | date = October 1983 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517043 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Collective Choice and Social Welfare | publisher = Holden-Day | location = San Francisco, California | year = 1970 | edition = 1st | isbn = 9780816277650 }} ::Reprinted as: {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Collective Choice and Social Welfare | publisher = North-Holland Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. | location = New York, NY | edition = 2nd | year = 1984 | isbn = 9780444851277 }} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Resources, Values, and Development | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780674765269 }} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Commodities and Capabilities | edition = 1st | publisher = North-Holland Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. | location = New York, NY | year = 1985 | isbn = 9780444877307 }} ::Reprinted as: {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Commodities and Capabilities | edition = 2nd | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Delhi New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780195650389 }} Reviewed in ''The Economic Journal''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sugden | first = Robert | title="Commodities and Capabilities" by Amartya Sen | journal = The Economic Journal | volume = 96 | issue = 383 | pages = 820–822 | doi = 10.2307/2232999 | date = September 1986 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2232999 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}</ref> * {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = McMurrin | first2 = Sterling M. | author-link2 = Sterling M. McMurrin | title = The Tanner lectures on human values | publisher = University of Utah Press | location = Salt Lake City | year = 1986 | isbn = 9780585129334 }} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = On Ethics and Economics | publisher = Basil Blackwell | location = New York, NY| year = 1987 | isbn = 9780631164012 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Drèze | first2 = Jean | author-link2 = Jean Drèze | title = Hunger and public action | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford England New York | year = 1989 | isbn = 9780198286349 }} <small>1990–1999</small> * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Inequality Reexamined | publisher = Russell Sage Foundation Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = New York Oxford New York | year = 1992 | isbn = 9780198289289 }} ::Also printed as: {{Cite journal | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Inequality Reexamined | journal = Oxford Scholarship Online | publisher = Oxford University Press | doi = 10.1093/0198289286.001.0001 | date = November 2003 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198289286.001.0001 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} ::[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172447/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~ston0235/3302/readings/sen.pdf Extract 1.] (Via Ian Stoner, lecturer, Department of Philosophy, University of Minnesota, [http://www.tc.umn.edu/~ston0235/teaching.html readings.]) ::[http://nw18.american.edu/~dfagel/Philosophers/Sen/Sen_IequalityRexanmined_Chaps-1_AND_5.pdf Extract 2.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050304/http://nw18.american.edu/~dfagel/Philosophers/Sen/Sen_IequalityRexanmined_Chaps-1_AND_5.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Nussbaum | first2 = Martha | author-link2 = Martha Nussbaum | title = The Quality of Life | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford England New York | year = 1993 | isbn = 9780198287971 }} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | last2 = Foster | first2 = James E. | title = On economic inequality | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1997 | series = Radcliffe Lectures | isbn = 9780198281931 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Drèze | first2 = Jean | author-link2 = Jean Drèze | title = India, economic development and social opportunity | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford England New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 9780198295280 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Suzumura | first2 = Kōtarō | last3 = Arrow | first3 = Kenneth J. | author-link2 = Kotaro Suzumura | author-link3 = Kenneth Arrow | title = Social Choice Re-examined: Proceedings of the IEA conference held at Schloss Hernstein, Berndorf, near Vienna, Austria | volume = 2 | edition = 1st | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York, NY | year = 1996 | isbn = 9780312127398 }} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = [[Development as Freedom]] | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780198297581 }} ::Review in ''Asia Times''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mathur|first=Piyush|title=Revisiting a classic "Development as Freedom" by Amartya Sen|publisher=Asia Times Online|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/EJ31Dj01.html|date=31 अक्टूबर 2003|accessdate=15 जून 2014|archive-date=2018-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825114213/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/EJ31Dj01.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <small>2000–2009</small> * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Freedom, Rationality, and Social Choice: The Arrow Lectures and Other Essays | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780198296997 }} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Rationality and Freedom | publisher = Belknap Press | location = Cambridge, MA | year = 2002 | isbn = 9780674013513 }} ::[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DaOY4DQ-MKAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq==false#v=onepage&q=%3Dfalse&f=false Preview.] * {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Suzumura | first2 = Kōtarō | last3 = Arrow | first3 = Kenneth J. | author-link2 = Kotaro Suzumura | author-link3 = Kenneth Arrow | title = Handbook of social choice and welfare | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam Boston | year = 2002 | isbn = 9780444829146 }} ::[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/15740110/1 Chapter-preview links – 1.] ::[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/15740110/2 Chapter-preview links – 2.] * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity | publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux | location = New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 9780312426026 }} ::Review ''The Guardian.''<ref>{{cite news| last = Mishra | first =Pankaj|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1523498,00.html |title=In defence of reason (book review) |publisher=The Guardian &#124; Books |date= 9 July 2005|accessdate=10 July 2013 |location=London}}</ref> ::Review ''The Washington Post''.<ref>{{cite news | last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |title=A passage to India |publisher= [[Washington Post]] |location= Washington D.C. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/13/AR2005101301576.html |date= 16 अक्टूबर 2005|accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref> * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co | series=Issues of our time | location = New York | year = 2006 | isbn = 9780393329292 }} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Imperial Illusions | publisher = [[The New Republic]] | location = Washington D.C. / Online | date = 31 दिसंबर 2007 | url = https://newrepublic.com/article/books/imperial-illusions }} ::[https://www.scribd.com/doc/28985664/Imperial-Illusions-India-Britain-and-the-wrong-lessons-By-Amartya-Sen Extract: "Imperial illusions: India, Britain, and the wrong lessons."] * {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Zamagni | first2 = Stefano | last3 = Scazzieri | first3 = Roberto | author-link2 = Stefano Zamagni | title = Markets, money and capital: Hicksian economics for the twenty-first century | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780521873215 }} <small>2010 के बाद</small> * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = [[The Idea of Justice (book)|The Idea of Justice]] | publisher = Penguin | location = London | year = 2010 | isbn = 9780141037851 }} ::[https://books.google.com/books?id=enqMd_ze6RMC&dq=%22Collective+Choice+and+Social+Welfare%22+sen&source=gbs_navlinks_s Preview.] * {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Stiglitz | first2 = Joseph E. | last3 = Fitoussi | first3 = Jean-Paul | author-link2 = Joseph E. Stiglitz | author-link3 = Jean-Paul Fitoussi | title = Mismeasuring our lives: why GDP doesn't add up: the report | publisher = New Press Distributed by Perseus Distribution | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781595585196 }} * {{cite book | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Peace and Democratic Society | publisher = Open Book Publishers | location = Cambridge, UK | year = 2011 | isbn = 9781906924393 }} * Drèze, Jean and Sen, Amartya. 2013. ''An Uncertain Glory: The Contradictions of Modern India''. London: Allen Lane. {{ISBN|9781846147616}}. * Sen, Amartya. 2015. ''The Country of First Boys: And Other Essays''. OUP India. {{ISBN|0198738188}}. ===किताब में अध्याय=== * {{Citation | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | contribution = Equality of what? (lecture delivered at Stanford University, 22 May 1979) | editor-last = MacMurrin | editor-first = Sterling M. | title = The Tanner lectures on human values | pages = | volume = 1 | publisher = University of Utah Press | location = Salt Lake City, Utah | year = 1980 | edition = 1st | isbn = 9780874801781 | ref = harv | postscript = . }} ::Reprinted as: {{Citation | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | contribution = Equality of what? | editor-last = MacMurrin | editor-first = Sterling M. | title = The Tanner lectures on human values | pages = 195–220 | volume = 4 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 2010 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 9780521176415 | ref = harv | postscript = . }} ::[http://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/s/sen80.pdf Pdf version.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619215632/https://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/s/sen80.pdf |date=2021-06-19 }} * {{Citation | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | contribution = The concept of development | title = Handbook of development economics | editor-last1 = Srinivasan | editor-first1 = T.N. | editor-last2 = Chenery | editor-first2 = Hollis | editor-link1 = T. N. Srinivasan | editor-link2 = Hollis B. Chenery | volume = 1 | pages = 2–23 | publisher = North-Holland Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. | location = Amsterdam New York New York, N.Y., U.S.A | year = 1988 | isbn = 9780444703378 | ref = harv | postscript = . }} * {{Citation | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | contribution = Capability and well-being | editor-last1 = Nussbaum | editor-first1 = Martha | editor-last2 = Sen | editor-first2 = Amartya | editor-link1= Martha Nussbaum | title = The quality of life | pages = 30–53 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780415934411 | ref = harv | postscript = . }} * {{Citation | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | contribution = Development as capability expansion | editor-last1 = Kumar | editor-first1 = A. K. Shiva | editor-last2 = Fukuda-Parr | editor-first2 = Sakiko | editor-link1 = A. K. Shiva Kumar| editor-link2 = Sakiko Fukuda-Parr | title = Readings in human development: concepts, measures and policies for a development paradigm | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New Delhi New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780195670523 | ref = harv | postscript = . }} ::Reprinted in {{Citation | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | contribution = Development as capability expansion | editor-last1 = Saegert | editor-first1 = Susan | editor-last2 = DeFilippis | editor-first2 = James | editor-link1 = Susan Saegert | title = The community development reader | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780415507769 | ref = harv | postscript = . }} * {{Citation | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | contribution="Justice" - definition | title = The new Palgrave dictionary of economics (8 volume set) | editor-last1 = Durlauf | editor-first1 = Steven N. | editor-last2 = Blume | editor-first2 = Lawrence E. | editor-link1 = Steven N. Durlauf | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = Basingstoke, Hampshire New York | edition = 2nd | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780333786765 | ref = harv | postscript = . }} See also: [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]. * {{Citation | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | contribution="Social choice" - definition | title = The new Palgrave dictionary of economics (8 volume set) | editor-last1 = Durlauf | editor-first1 = Steven N. | editor-last2 = Blume | editor-first2 = Lawrence E. | editor-link1 = Steven N. Durlauf | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = Basingstoke, Hampshire New York | edition = 2nd | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780333786765 | ref = harv | postscript = . }} See also: [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]. ===जर्नल लेख=== * {{Cite journal | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = An aspect of Indian agriculture | journal = [[Economic and Political Weekly]] (formerly The Economic Weekly) | volume = 14 | pages = 243–246 | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | doi = | date = 1962 | url = | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1962_14/4-5-6/an_aspect_of_indian_agriculture.pdf Pdf version.] * {{Cite journal | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = The impossibility of a paretian liberal | journal = [[Journal of Political Economy]] | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = 152–157 | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] via JSTOR | doi = 10.1086/259614| date = Jan–Feb 1970 | url = https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1829633?uid=3738032&uid=2129&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21103853250761 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://darp.lse.ac.uk/PapersDB/Sen_(JPolE_70).pdf Pdf version.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101134916/http://darp.lse.ac.uk/PapersDB/Sen_(JPolE_70).pdf |date=2013-11-01 }} * {{Cite journal | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Poverty: An ordinal approach to measurement | journal = [[Econometrica]] | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 219–231 | publisher = [[Econometric Society|The Econometric Society]] via JSTOR | doi = 10.2307/1912718 | date = March 1976 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1912718 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://dds.cepal.org/infancia/guia-para-estimar-la-pobreza-infantil/bibliografia/capitulo-III/Sen%20Amartya%20(1976)%20Poverty%20an%20ordinal%20approach%20to%20measurement.pdf Pdf version.] * {{Cite journal | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Utilitarianism and welfarism | journal = [[The Journal of Philosophy]] | volume = 76 | issue = 9 | pages = 463–489 | publisher = Journal of Philosophy, Inc. via JSTOR | doi = 10.2307/2025934 | date = September 1979 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2025934 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} * {{Cite journal | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Chapter 22 Social choice theory | journal = Handbook of Mathematical Economics | volume = 3 | pages = 1073–1181 | publisher = [[Elsevier]] ScienceDirect | doi = 10.1016/S1573-4382(86)03004-7 | date = 1986 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4382(86)03004-7 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} * {{Cite journal | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = More than 100 million women are missing | journal = [[The New York Review of Books]] | publisher = NY Rev Inc. | date = 20 December 1990 | url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1990/dec/20/more-than-100-million-women-are-missing/ | ref = harv | postscript = .}} * {{Cite journal | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Missing women: social inequality outweighs women's survival advantage in Asia and North Africa | journal = [[British Medical Journal]] | volume = 304 | issue = 6827 | pages = 587–588 | publisher = BMJ | doi = 10.1136/bmj.304.6827.587 | date = 7 March 1992 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6827.587 | ref = harv | postscript = . | pmid=1559085 | pmc=1881324}} [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dludden/GenderInequalityMissingWomen.pdf Pdf version.] * {{Cite journal | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = The three R's of reform | journal = [[Economic and Political Weekly]] | volume = 40 | issue = 19 | pages = 1971–1974 | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | date = May 2005 | url = http://www.epw.in/special-articles/three-rs-reform.html | ref = harv | postscript = .}} ===लेक्चर के लिखावट=== * {{citation |last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य |title= The possibility of social choice, Trinity College, Cambridge, UK (Nobel lecture) |date=8 December 1998 |publisher=Nobel Media AB (Nobel Prize) |location=Sweden |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1998/sen-lecture.pdf | ref = harv | postscript = . }} * {{citation | last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य | title = Reason before identity | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780199513895 | ref = harv | postscript = . }} ::News coverage of the ''[[Romanes Lecture#1990s|1998 Romanes Lecture]]'' in the ''Oxford University Gazette.''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Amartya|title=Reason must always come before identity, says Sen|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/171298/news/story_2.htm|accessdate=14 जून 2014|publisher=University of Oxford|date=17 December 1998|ref=harv|postscript=.|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010438/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/171298/news/story_2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===परचा=== * {{citation |last = सेन | first = अमर्त्य |title=Food, economics and entitlements (wider working paper 1) |date=February 1986 | volume=1986/01 |publisher=UNU-WIDER |location=Helsinki |url=http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/previous/en_GB/wp-01/ | ref = harv | postscript = . }} ===फ़ारसी में बीछल काम=== Also a list of Persian translations of Amartya Sen's work is available [https://roozahang.com/Author/6973/?q=5 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174302/https://roozahang.com/Author/6973/?q=5 |date=2016-12-20 }} ===अन्य=== * [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=amartya+sen&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&btnG=Search Other Publications on Google Scholar.] {{Clear}} ==इहो&nbsp;देखल&nbsp;जाय== * [[महबूब-उल-हक़]] ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist|33em}} [[श्रेणी:भारत के लोग]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1933 में जनम]] {{bio-stub}} glvn9ibtzqlinj533bcidrtmy2233ry 0 62870 799771 758932 2026-07-13T03:44:19Z SM7 3953 सफाई कइल गइल 799771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox oil refinery | name = | image = | image alt = <!-- See WP:Alternative text for images --> | caption = | location_map = Bihar | coordinates = {{coord|25.466|N|85.987|E|display=inline,title}} <!-- बरौनी शहर के अक्षांश देशांतर --> | country = भारत | state = बिहार | district = बेगुसराय | city = बरौनी | operator = बेगुसराय | owner = भारत सरकार | capacity bbl/d = <!-- or | capacity = --> | employees = | ref units = | oil tank = | oil refining center = }} '''बरौनी रिफाइनरी''' भारतीय राज्य '''बिहार''' के [[बेगूसराय जिला]] में [[बरौनी]] नाँव के जगह पर अस्थापित एगो तेल रिफाइनरी बाटे। एह रिफाइनरी के अस्थापना रूस के सहजोग से कइल गइल रहे आ एकर सुरुआती छमता 1&nbsp;MMTPA रहल। वर्तमान में एकर छमता 6.1&nbsp;MMTPA बा आ अब एकरे साथे एगो कैटालिक रिफार्मर यूनिट (सीआरयू) भी 1997 के बाद से जोड़ दिहल गइल बा। ई [[आसाम]] के डिगबोई तेल क्षेत्र से आवे वाला तेल के शोधे खाती बनावल गइल रहल। वर्तमान में ई [[हल्दिया]] आ [[पारादीप]] पोर्ट से भी पाइपलाइन से जुड़ल बा इहाँ से कच्चा पेट्रोलियम हासिल करे ले। {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist|33em}} [[श्रेणी:भारत के तेल रिफाइनरी]] [[श्रेणी:बिहार के भूगोल]] {{bihar-stub}} q6fk6i0d6qq43erv6npr1cngce7khqt 0 64826 799585 673014 2026-07-12T22:48:27Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Anu Malik.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Malik at the [[Colors TV]] annual bash. | birth_name = Anwar Sarwar Malik | alias = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|11|2|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006182/|title=Anu Malik|website=IMDb}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India | Death_date =na | children = [[Anmol Malik]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Music Review: Begum Jaan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/tepid-at-best/article17964489.ece|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=18 July 2017}}</ref> | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes <!-- For individuals; see Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | genre = | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = [[Vocals]], [[Harmonium]], [[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]], [[Tabla]], [[Dholak]], [[Bongos]], [[Guitar]], [[Shehnai]], [[Violin]], [[Sarangi]], [[Drums]], [[Percussion]], [[Piano]] | occupation = [[Singer]], [[Composer]], [[music director]] | years_active = 1980 – present | associated_acts = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sonu Nigam]] | website = }} }} '''अनवर सरवर मलिक''' या '''अनु मलिक''' (जनम २ नवंबर १९६०) एगो भारतीय संगीतकार, गायक आ टीवी कलाकार बाने। फिलिम सभ में संगीत देवे खाती इनके फिल्फेयर आ राष्ट्रीय फिलिम पुरस्कार मिल चुकल बा। टीवी प आवे वाला रियलिटी शो ''इंडियन आइडल'' के जज के रूप में भी लउके लें। == फ़िल्में == {| class="wikitable" |- ! साल !! फिलिम |- | 1985 || [[जान की बाज़ी]] |- | 1993 || [[बाजीगर]] |- | 1993 || [[सर (फिलिम)|सर]] |- | 1997 || [[आँखों में तुम हो]] |- | 1997 || [[तमन्ना (1997 फिलिम)|तमन्ना]] |} {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist|33em}} {{FilmfareAwardBestMusicDirector}} [[श्रेणी:1960 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] {{bio-stub}} joisu0ap0lie5ltpfl4q6pjkpvm224r 0 64861 799541 781352 2026-07-12T17:16:56Z SM7 3953 + नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट 799541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|डेल्टा}} [[File:Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India.jpg|thumb|240px|alt=उपग्रह से खींचल चित्र में समुंद्र के किनारा आ कई गो जलधारा समुंद्र में गिरत देखात बा।|[[गंगा डेल्टा|गंगा नदी के डेल्टा]], ई [[भारत]] आ [[बांग्लादेश]] में बिस्तार लिहले बा आ दुनियाँ के सभसे बड़ डेल्टा हवे।]] [[File:Nile delta landsat false color.jpg|thumb|alt=नील नदी के डेल्टा के सैटेलाइट इमेज|[[नासा]] द्वारा लिहल [[नील डेल्टा]] के [[सैटेलाइट इमेज|सैटेलाइट फोटो]] (लैंडसेट डेटा, फाल्स कलर)]] '''डेल्टा''' चाहे '''नदी डेल्टा''' ({{Lang|en|river delta}}) एगो नदी निर्मित [[थलरूप]] हवे। [[नदी]] जब [[समुंद्र]] में मिले ले आ अपना मुहाना पर बालू-माटी आ गाद जमा क के समुंद्र में त्रिभुज के आकार के हिस्सा बनावे ले, नदी दुआरा पाट-पाट के समुन्द्र के भीतर बढ़ गइल अइसन हिस्सा डेल्टा कहाला। ई एगो अइसन थलरूप हवे जेकर आकृति टिपिकल त्रिभुज, मने कि, यूनानी भाषा के अच्छर ''डेल्टा'' (Δ) नियर होले आ [[नील डेल्टा|नील नदी के डेल्टा]] के देख के एकर नाँव ''डेल्टा'' रखल गइल हवे। {{clear}} ==इहो देखल जाय== * [[थलरूप सभ के लिस्ट]] {{River morphology}} {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:नदी]] [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] {{landform-stub}} hfkn32qu2ykva0edfcb2cvobnty7zxt 0 66118 799764 788962 2026-07-13T02:27:10Z SM7 3953 संदर्भ जोड़ल/सुधारल गइल 799764 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Melting pingo wedge ice.jpg|thumb|alt= हरियर रंग के टीला जेकरे बरफ के पघिलाव आ कई खाना-खाना के आकृति देखलाई पड़त बा। |कनाडा में एगो पघिलाव वाला [[पिंगो]] के चारों ओर बहुभुज के आकृति के रचना बन जाले।]] '''ग्लेशियल थलरूप''' ({{Lang|en|Glacial landform}}) चाहे '''ग्लेशियर निर्मित थलरूप''' अइसन [[थलरूप]] सभ हवें जिनहन के निर्माण [[ग्लेशियर]] के कारण भइल हवे। वर्तमान समय में पावल जाए वाला अइसन थलरूप सभ में से ज्यादातर के निर्माण ''आइस एज'' आ एकरा बाद के दौरान भइल रहे जब पृथिवी पर ब्यापक इलाका में बर्फ आ ग्लेशियर सभ के बिस्तार रहल आ ई ग्लेशियर पघिले आ लवटे शुरू भ गइलें। पृथिवी के कुछ इलाका, जइसे कि [[सहारा]] के रेगिस्तान वगैरह में बहुत पुराना समय के ग्लेशियर से बनल थलरूप पावल जालें जिनहना के [[फॉसिल थलरूप]] भी कहल जाला। आज के समय में जवना-जवना इलाका में ग्लेशियर सभ सक्रिय बाने, ओह सगरो इलाका सभ में आजुओ ऐसन थलरूप सभ के निर्माण जारी बा। ==प्रमुख थलरूप== ===अपरदन (कटाव) से बनल === * [[सर्क]] चाहे कोरी – कटोरी भा आरामकुर्सी नियर आकृति जहाँ से ग्लेशियर शुरू होखे ला। * सर्क सीढ़ी * [[यू-आकार के घाटी]] – ग्लेशियर के बहाव से बनल घाटी। एकरा '''ट्रफ़ घाटी''' भी कहल जाला।<ref name="w492">{{cite web |last=Pariona |first=Amber |title=What Is a U-shaped Valley? |website=WorldAtlas |date=12 March 2018 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-an-u-shaped-valley.html |access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> * अरेत * नुनाटक * सीढ़ीदार घाटी ===निक्षेप (जमाव) से बनल === * [[एस्कर]] * [[केम]] आ केटल * [[मोरेन]] * [[ड्रमलिन]] * आउटवाश मैदान ===ग्लेशियरी झील आ ताल-तलाब === * केटल झील * टार्न * पैटरनास्टर झील * ग्लेशियल झील ===बरफ के थलरूप=== * बर्गश्रुंड * [[पिंगो]] {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist|33em}} [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर थलरूप| ]] [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर बिज्ञान|थल]] [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर]] {{landform-stub}} rflyxeu9vcktzdwnc0a4jtbj5raxk31 0 67057 799535 788851 2026-07-12T17:14:20Z SM7 3953 + नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट 799535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Continental shelf.svg|thumb|350px|महाद्वीपीय शेल्फ]] [[चित्र:Elevation.jpg|thumb|350px]] '''महादीपी शेल्फ''' ({{Lang|en|continental shelf}}) [[महादीप]] सभ के किनारे पर के अइसन हिस्सा होला जे [[समुंद्र]] में बूड़ल होला आ ई परंपरागत रूप से महादीपे के हिस्सा मानल जाला, ढाल कम होला आ एकरे ऊपर समुंद्र के गहिराई जादे ना होला; इनहन के आगे [[महादीपी ढाल]] (स्लोप) होला जे समुंद्र के भीतर महादीप के किनारा चाहे कगार नियर होला आ तेज ढाल वाला होला। महादीपीय शेल्फ (शेल्फ माने आलमारी चाहे ताखा के सपाट हिस्सा जेह पर सामान रखल जाला) के महाद्वीपीय मग्नतट भी कहल जाला जे एकरे एही अरथ के बतावे ला कि ई हिस्सा महादीप के अइसन किनारा हवे जे समुंद्र में बूड़ल बा। बतावल जाला कि [[पृथिवी]] के [[भूबिग्यानी इतिहास]] में [[आइस एज]] के दौरान, जब पानी के काफी सारा हिस्सा बरफ के रूप में पृथिवी के ऊपर ठोस रूप में जमल रहे आ समुंद्र के लेबल नीचे रहे, ई सगरी शेल्फ सभ जमीनी हिस्सा के रूप में उतराइल रहलें। बाद में बरफ के पघिले आ समुंद्र के पानी में बढ़त के कारण ई हिस्सा समुंद्र में डूब गइल। इनहन के चौड़ाई कौनों निश्चित ना होला आ किनारे से समुंद्र के भीतर ले इनहन के बिस्तार अलग-अलग जगह अलग पावल जाला। आमतौर पर जवना महादीपीय किनारे के साथे [[परबत]] होखे या [[भ्रंश]] होखे ओहिजा ई बहुत पातर होलें जबकि जवना किनारे पर [[मैदान|मैदानी हिस्सा]] होला उहाँ ई ढेर चाकर होखे लें। {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist|33em}} {{Earth's landforms}} {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र बिज्ञान]] {{ocean-stub}} 6meddq5jlykoesuz8oii7sfhkg80g06 0 67499 799603 788901 2026-07-12T22:56:40Z SM7 3953 सुधार / कड़ी 799603 wikitext text/x-wiki '''थलरूप सभ के लिस्ट''' में ऊ सगरी [[थलरूप]] सभ के वर्गीकरण क के लिस्ट के रूप में देखावल गइल बा जे पृथिवी पर ऊँचाई निचाई के चलते बिबिध आकृति आ आकार के चीज के रूप में मौजूद बाने: == प्रासेस के आधार पर == === जलीय थलरूप === {{main|फ्लूवियल प्रॉसेस}} [[File:Salto del Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG|thumb|200px|upright|alt=पहाड़ से गिरत पानी|[[एंजेल झरना]] दक्खिन अमेरिका महादीप के [[वेनेजुएला]] देस में बा। ई 979&nbsp;मी (3,212&nbsp;फीट) ऊंचाई वाला झरना दुनिया के सभसे ऊँच झरना हवे।]] * [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] – नदी आ जलधारा से बने वाली घाटी। अंग्रेजी के अच्छर "वी" (V) नियर आकृति होखे के कारण ई नाँव पड़ल हवे। ** [[गॉर्ज]] – नदी के घाटी जे खड़ा ढाल आ बहुत गहिराई वाली होखे, सकेत होखे। ** [[कैनियन]] – गार्ज के नियर या एहू से बड़ आकार के घाटी। * [[झरना]] – जब पानी लगभग खड़ा ढाल के सहारे अचानक ऊँचाई से नीचे गिरे, थलरूप के झरना चाहे प्रपात या जलप्रपात कहल जाला। * [[रैपिड]] – झरना के तुलना में मंद ढाल पर बाकी तब्बो काफ़ी तेजी से पानी नीचे गिरे ला। * [[मियांडर]] – नदी साँप के चाल के नियर गोलाई बनावत बहे तब एह गोलाई सभ के मियांडर कहल जाला। ** [[इनसाइज्ड मियांडर]] – कौनों कारण से मियांडर वाली नदी में कटाव शक्ति के बढ़ जाए के कारण तेजी से गहिरा कइल मियांडर। * [[पॉट होल]] – नदी के सुरुआती हिस्सा में, पाथर आ बोल्डर के घुमावदार बहाव के कारण तल्ली में बनल गोल गोल कटोरा नियर चीज। * [[रिवर टैरेस]] – नरम आ कड़ेर चट्टान के पट क्रम के अलग-अलग गति से कटाव के कारण वी आकार के घाटी के बजाय ढाल सीढ़ीदार हो जालें। * [[बार]] – बिबिध आकार के बंधा होलें; आम तौर पर लहरदार आ पातर। ** [[प्वाइंट बार]] – * [[लेवी]] – बाढ़ मैदान के किनारे पर नदी द्वारा बनावल बंधा नियर ऊँच संरचना। कभी-कभार जब ढेर बड़ बाढ़ आवे ले तब ई बंधा टूट जालें आ बाढ़ के पानी बड़ एरिया में फइल जाला। * [[गोखुर झील]] – मियांडर के छाड़न जे बाद में झील नियर बचे ला। * [[जलोढ़ शंकु]] – नदी जहाँ पहाड़ी ढाल से उतर के मैदान में पहुँचे ले ओहिजा अचानक ढाल बदलाव के चलते ढेर मलबा जमा क छोड़ देले ई शंकु के आकृति के होला। * [[जलोढ़ पंखा]] – कई गो जलोढ़ पंखा सभ जे ढाल में मंद होखें के मिल जाए से बनल आकृति। गंगा उत्तर में बिहार राज्य में अइसन बहुत थलरूप मिले लें। * [[बलुआ किनारा]] – * [[फ्लड प्लेन]] (बाढ़ मैदान) – जहाँ ले नदी के पानी हर साल पहुँचे ला। * [[डेल्टा]] – नदी जब समुंद्र में गिरे आ मंद ढाल के चलते होइजे मलबा जमा करे जे समुंद्र में जमीन के बिस्तार आगे बढ़ावत जाय। अक्सर ई त्रिभुज के आकृति कऽ होला। === सूखा इलाका में बहत पानी से बनल === * [[बालसन]] – * [[पीडमोंट]] – * [[बजाडा]] – * [[प्लेया]] – * [[जलोढ़ पंखा]] – === बहत हवा द्वारा बनल थलरूप === [[File:Timna 5.JPG|thumb|220px|alt=Mushroom rock|मशरूम रॉक]] * [[ब्लो आउट]] – जब हवा रेता-बालू उड़ा ले जाय आ खाली गहिरा हिस्सा बचे। * [[ज्यूजेन]] – कमजोर आ कड़ेर चट्टान जब एक के ऊपर एक मिलें अइसन जगह पर कटाव से बने वाली आकृति। * [[यारडंग]] – कमजोर आ कड़ेर चट्टान जब एक के बाद एक मिलें आ लंबाई में कमजोर चट्टान के कटाव हो जाय जबकि कड़ेरकी बच जाय। * [[वेंटीफैक्ट]] – कड़ेर चट्टान पर हवा के साथे उधियात बालू से घिसाई हो जाय तब बने वाला थलरूप। * [[स्टोन लैटिस]] – जब चट्टान में कई खनिज होखें आ कमजोर मटेरियल के कटाव हो के चट्टान में जाली बन जाय। * [[ड्राईकांटर]] – * [[इंसेलबर्ग]]/बोर्नहार्ट – * [[मशरूम रॉक]] – जब कौनों खम्हा नियर चट्टान के नीचे से कटाव होखे आ ऊपरी हिस्सा कुकुरमुत्ता नियर बड़ बच जाय। एकरा के पेडस्टल रॉक भी कहल जाल। * [[ब्रिज (थलरूप)|ब्रिज]] – * [[तरंग चीन्हा]] – बालू के मैदान में हवा के बहाव के दिसा के समकोण पर बने वाली लहर नियर चीन्हा। * [[बलुआ स्तूप]] – बालू के ढूह। ** [[सीफ]] – ** [[बरखान]] – * [[लोयस]]/लिमन – महीन कण के मूल अस्थान से खूब दूर ले जा के जमा करे से बने वाला मैदान। चीन के लोयस के पठार चाहे मैदान अइसने हवे। === कार्स्ट थलरूप === [[File:Chinchón dolina c1991.jpg|thumb|220px|alt=मैदान में एगो गोल छेद के मुहाना|धँसक चुकल सिंकहोल]] [[File:Uvala Veliki-Lubenovac NVelebit Croatia.jpg|thumb|220px|alt=Veliki Lubenovac, N Velebit, uvala of ca. 1km|लगभग 1 किमी आकार के वेलिंकी लुबेनोवास युवाला]] [[File:Vinalesvalley1.jpg|thumb|220px|alt=गुंबद नियर पहाड़ी के एक ओर के खड़ा ढाल|मगोटी पहाड़ी]] [[File:Panorama-Calanque de Sugiton.jpg|thumb|220px|alt=कलांकी के देवाल आ दूरे देखलाई पड़त समुंद्र|फ्रांस के एगो कलांकी इनलेट]] * [[टेरा रोसा]] – चूना पाथर वाला इलाका में, पानी के कारण घुले लायक पदार्थ के बह जाए के बाद बाकी बचल धूसर-ललछाँहू माटी वाली जमीन। * [[लैपीज]] – घुलन आ कटाव के बाद बचल नोकदार सतह वाली जमीन। * [[सिंकहोल]] – कार्स्ट इलाका में घुलन से बनल छेद जिनहना से पानी नीचे जमीनभीतरी हिस्सा में प्रवेश करे ला। किचन में सिंक होला ओह में छेद होखे ला जेह से पानी बहे ला ओही के नाँव पर एकर नाँव पड़ल हवे। ** [[स्वैलो होल]] – बड़ साइज के सिंक होल। ** [[डोलाइन]] – जब सिंक होल के किनारा कट के बिस्तार लिहले जालें आ बहुत बड़ साइज के सिंकहोल बन जाला। ** [[कोलाप्स सिंक]] – जब नीचे के खाली जगह के ऊपर धँसक जाए से सतह में सिंकहोल बने लें; इनहन के ढाल खड़ा होला। ** [[घुलन पैन]] (सोल्यूशन पैन) – जब कम गहिरा बाकी बिस्तार वाला सिंक होल बने। * [[युवाला]] – लमहर आकार के धँसल इलाका; कई गो डोलाइन के आपस में मिल जाए से बने ले, चाहे लंबाई में कई गो सिंकहोल सभ के होखे आ उनहन के बिस्तार हो के आपस में सट जाए से। * [[पोल्ये]]/पोल्जे – युवाला से भी बड़ साइज के होलें। हालाँकि इनहन के उत्पत्ती के बारे में बिबाद बा आ मानल जाला कि एह में भ्रंश (फाल्ट) के भी कुछ रोल होला। * [[सिंकिंग क्रीक]] – अइसन लमहर पातर घाटी जेह में सिंकहोल आ स्वैलो होल होखे के कारण बहत पानी बिलुप्त हो जाला। * [[ब्लाइंड वैली]] – चाकर आ छीछिल आकार के घाटी जेह में भरपूर सिंकहोल होखे के कारण पानी के बहाव सरवत के नीचे चल जाला आ बहुत ढेर बरखा होखे पर एह में बहाव हो खे ला जब नीचे गायब होखे वाला पानी से ढेर मात्रा में पानी के बहाव हो जाय। * [[कार्स्ट घाटी]] – सिंक में समा जाए वाले पानी के अलावा बेसी पानी के कुछ दूर ले बहे के कारन अपरदन से बनल छीछिल यू आकार के घाटी। * [[कार्स्ट खिड़की]] – जब सिंक होल चाहे धंसाव वाला हिस्सा से नीचे के जमीनभीतरी पानी देखलाई पड़े लागे।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cambrianfoundation.org/karst-window/ |title=Karst Window |publisher=Cambrian Foundation |date= |accessdate=2019-01-09}}</ref> ** [[फेनस्टर]] – एक किसिम के कार्स्ट खिड़की जेह में ऊपर के पानी झरना के रूप में नीचे गिरे। ''फेनस्टर'' माने खिड़की होला, जर्मन भाषा में। कुछ जगह ई आ कार्स्ट खिड़की एकही के कहल जाला अइसन संदर्भ भी मिले ला।<ref name="NeuendorfInstitute2005">{{cite book|author1=Klaus K. E. Neuendorf|author2=American Geological Institute|title=Glossary of Geology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yD79FqfECCYC&pg=PA349|year=2005|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-922152-76-6|pages=349–}}</ref> ** [[सीनोटी]] (Cenote) – कार्स्ट खिड़की के अइसन रूप जेह में एक्विफर के पानी सीधे छेद के माध्यम से ऊपर से देखलाई पड़े। एह पानी ले पहुँचल जा सके ला ई अतना ऊपर ले होला।<ref name="Bögli2012">{{cite book|author=A. Bögli|title=Karst Hydrology and Physical Speleology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08-3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT98|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-67669-7|pages=98–}}</ref><ref name="UpchurchScott2018">{{cite book|author1=Sam Upchurch|author2=Thomas M. Scott|author3=MICHAEL ALFIERI|author4=Beth Fratesi, Thomas L. Dobecki|title=The Karst Systems of Florida: Understanding Karst in a Geologically Young Terrain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOBwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA294|date=29 September 2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-69635-5|pages=294–}}</ref> * [[अबीम]] – (Abîme) एगो लमहर आकार के इनार नियर छेद (शाफ्ट) होला। * [[स्काउल]] – बिना कौनों रेगुलर आकृति वाला सिंकहोल आ धंसाव वाला चीजन से बनल थलरूप। * [[कैलांकी]] – खड़ा ढाल वाली आ सकेत इनलेट (समुंद्र के जमीनी इलाका में घुसल हिस्सा)। * [[फोइबा]] – सिंकहोल चाहे डोलाइन के अंदरूनी हिस्सा के भंसक जाए आ ऊपर छोट छेद वाला हिस्सा। * [[टरलो]] – आयरलैंड के इलाका में पावल जाए वाली झील जेकरे तली में सिंक होल होखे लें। * [[कार्स्ट गुफा]] – जमीन भीतरी पानी द्वारा बनावल गुफा। इनहना से जुड़े वाला पातर रस्ता जे अक्सर ऊपरी सिंक होल के बिस्तार होलें [[पोनोंर]] कहालें। एह झील सभ में कई किसिम के निक्षेप से बनल थलरूप पावल जालें जइसे कि [[स्पीलियोथेम]], स्टैलेक्टाइट-स्टैलेग्माइट, गुफा पिलर, ट्रैवरटाइन, कार्स्ट टूफा, हैलेक्टाइट-हैलेग्माइट, ड्रिपस्टोन (ड्रेप चाहे कर्टेन) वगैरह। === समुंद्र तटीय प्रासेस से बने वाला === * [[क्लिफ]] – * [[बीच]] – * [[स्तूप]] – * [[फियार्ड]] – * [[तटरोधक]] – * [[स्पिट (थलरूप)|स्पिट]], हुक, लूप, टोम्बोलो – === ग्लेशियर से बने वाला === * [[आइस शीट]]/कैप – * [[सर्क]]/कोरी – * [[बर्गश्रुंड]] – * [[एरीट]]/अरेट/सरेत – * [[टार्न]]/हार्न – * [[यू-आकार के घाटी]] – * [[लटकघाटी]] – * [[मोरेन]] – ** [[टर्मिनल मोरेन]] – * [[टिल प्लेन]] – * [[क्रैग एंड टेल]] – * [[हमक]] – * [[राशे मुटाने]] – * [[एस्कर]] – * [[पैटरनास्टर झील]] – === [[पेरीग्लेशियल प्रासेस]] से बने वाला === {{main|पेरीग्लेशियर प्रकृया आ थलरूप}} [[File:Pingos near Tuk.jpg|thumb|220px|alt=दलदल में ऊँच उठल ढूह|[[पिंगो]]]] * [[इनवाल्यूशन]] – कांजेलीफ्रैक्शन से बने वाला सिलवट के आकृति। * [[हम्मक]] – छोट-छोट ढूह। इनहन के ऊपर घास भी हो सके ले (जबकि पूरा मैदान में माटी पानी के दलदल नियर हिस्सा रहे ला)। * [[पिंगो]] – ढूह जेकरे कोर में बरफ होला। * [[पल्सा]] – * [[पैटर्न्ड ग्राउंड]] – बेर-बेर जमाव आ पघिलाव से कंकड़-पाथर सभ जमीन के सतह पर बिबिध रेगुलर पैटर्न बना देलें। * [[टार्स]] – * [[ब्लॉकफील्ड]] चाहे [[बोल्डर फील्ड]] – जहाँ जमीन के भीतर से बोल्डर आ के बाहरी सतह पर देखलाई पड़े लागे लें। * [[स्टोन रिवर]] – ढाल पर जमाव-पघिलाव से पैटर्न वाला जमीन के कंकड़-पाथर नीचे सरके लें, आकृति अइसन बन जाला कि देखे में लागे ला ई बह रहल बाड़ें। * [[रॉक ग्लेशियर]] – <gallery mode="packed"> Palsaaerialview.jpg|पल्सा Alaska patterned ground 1973.jpg|डिजाइनदार जमीन Blockstrom Felsenmeer Odenwald 2006.jpg|[[ब्लॉकफील्ड]] चाहे फेल्सेनमीर Glacierrock1.gif|रॉक ग्लेशियर </gallery> {{clear}} ==संदर्भ== {{Reflist|33em}} [[श्रेणी:थलरूप| ]] [[श्रेणी:भूआकृति बिज्ञान]] govw7z0vutbyui3z7fwfujqak29wnz2 0 67503 799749 798776 2026-07-13T00:38:46Z SM7 3953 अनुप्रेषण के जगह नया अलग लेख के रूप दिहल गइल 799749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Pine Creek Gorge, Tioga County, as seen from the West Rim Trail.jpg|thumb|पाइन क्रीक गॉर्ज, [[पेन्सिल्वेनिया]], ([[अमेरिका|यूएसए]]), वी-आकार के घाटी के उदाहरन]] '''वी-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|V-shaped valley}}) अइसन [[नदी घाटी]] होले जेकर आकृति (शेप) अंग्रेजी अक्षर 'वी' (V) नियन होला। वी-आकार के घाटी हमेशा [[नदी]] से होखे वाला कटाव (इरोजन) से बने लीं। सगरी वी-आकार के घाटी नदी घाटी होखे लीं; हालाँकि, सगरी नदी घाटी वी-आकार के घाटी होखें ई जरूरी नइखे। नदी घाटी [[गॉर्ज]] भा [[कैनियन]] के रूप में हो सके लीं जिनहन के आकृति आई-आकार के हो सके ला। इनहन के बिपरीत [[ग्लेशियर]] से होखे वाला कटाव के चलते [[यू-आकार के घाटी]] बने लीं, हालाँकि, अइसनो हो सके ला कि कवनो ग्लेशियर से बनल घाटी के निचला हिस्सा यू-आकार के होखे आ ऊपरी हिस्सा वी-आकार के होखे।{{sfn|डेविस|1900|p=154}}{{efn|समय के साथे V-आकार के घाटी एगो [[U-आकार के घाटी]] में बदल सके ले आ एकरे उल्टा U-आकार के घाटी बदल के V-आकार के घाटी के रूप ले सके ले{{sfn|Murthy|2024|pp=28-30}}}} ==संदर्भ आ फुटनोट== ===फुटनोट=== {{notelist}} ===किताबी संदर्भ=== {{reflist|30em}} === किताब आ ग्रंथ === {{refbegin|30em}} *<!-- {{sfn|डेविस|1900|p=154}} --> {{cite book |last=डेविस |first=विलियम मॉरिस |title=Glacial Erosion in the Valley of the Ticino |publisher=Appalachian Mountain Club |date=1900 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=x5ctAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} *<!-- {{sfn|Murthy|2024|pp=28-30}} --> {{cite book |last=Murthy |first=P. S. N. |title=Methods of Mining Geology and Estimation of Ore Reserves |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=31 December 2024 |isbn=978-1-0364-1353-8 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6CE-EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&lpg=PA29&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} {{refend}} == बाहरी कड़ी == * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z6jx382/revision/1 V-shaped valleys], Formation of erosional and depositional features in river landscapes, bbc.co.uk {{River morphology}} [[श्रेणी:नदी घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] {{topography-stub}} aq0j1zik7ed4ofpb36t9h7uepna0k0d 799755 799749 2026-07-13T01:16:22Z SM7 3953 सुधार कइल गइल 799755 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Pine Creek Gorge, Tioga County, as seen from the West Rim Trail.jpg|thumb|पाइन क्रीक गॉर्ज, [[पेन्सिल्वेनिया]], ([[अमेरिका|यूएसए]]), वी-आकार के घाटी के उदाहरन]] '''वी-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|V-shaped valley}}) अइसन [[नदी घाटी]] होले जेकर आकृति (शेप) अंग्रेजी अक्षर 'वी' (V) नियन होला। वी-आकार के घाटी हमेशा [[नदी]] से होखे वाला कटाव (इरोजन) से बने लीं। अइसन घाटी मुख्य रूप से माझिल ऊँचाई वाला परबत आ ऊँच पहाड़ी इलाका सभ में पावल जाली। कई बेर एह घाटियन के तली वाला हिस्सा एतना सँकरा भा सकेत होखे ला कि इनहन के सकेत घाटी ([[गॉर्ज]]) के कटेगरी में रखल जा सकेला। वी-आकार के घाटी के निर्माण तब होखेला, जब नदी द्वारा वर्टिकल कटाव बहुत तेजी से होखे आ एकरे साथे घाटी के ढालन पर अनाच्छादन (डेन्यूडेशन) के प्रक्रिया लगातार चलत रहे। सगरी वी-आकार के घाटी नदी घाटी होखे लीं; हालाँकि, सगरी नदी घाटी वी-आकार के घाटी होखें ई जरूरी नइखे। नदी घाटी, [[गॉर्ज]] भा [[कैनियन|कैनियनो]] के रूप में हो सके लीं जिनहन के आकृति "आई-आकार" के हो सके ला। इनहन के बिपरीत [[ग्लेशियर]] से होखे वाला कटाव के चलते हमेशा [[यू-आकार के घाटी]] बने लीं; हालाँकि, अइसनो हो सके ला कि कवनो ग्लेशियर से बनल घाटी के निचला हिस्सा यू-आकार के होखे आ ऊपरी हिस्सा वी-आकार के होखे।{{sfn|डेविस|1900|p=154}}{{efn|समय के साथे V-आकार के घाटी एगो [[U-आकार के घाटी]] में बदल सके ले आ एकरे उल्टा U-आकार के घाटी बदल के V-आकार के घाटी के रूप ले सके ले{{sfn|Murthy|2024|pp=28-30}}}} ==संदर्भ आ फुटनोट== ===फुटनोट=== {{notelist}} ===किताबी संदर्भ=== {{reflist|30em}} === किताब आ ग्रंथ === {{refbegin|30em}} *<!-- {{sfn|डेविस|1900|p=154}} --> {{cite book |last=डेविस |first=विलियम मॉरिस |title=Glacial Erosion in the Valley of the Ticino |publisher=Appalachian Mountain Club |date=1900 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=x5ctAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} *<!-- {{sfn|Murthy|2024|pp=28-30}} --> {{cite book |last=Murthy |first=P. S. N. |title=Methods of Mining Geology and Estimation of Ore Reserves |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=31 December 2024 |isbn=978-1-0364-1353-8 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6CE-EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&lpg=PA29&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} {{refend}} == बाहरी कड़ी == * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z6jx382/revision/1 V-shaped valleys], Formation of erosional and depositional features in river landscapes, bbc.co.uk {{River morphology}} [[श्रेणी:नदी घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] {{topography-stub}} tth3m728m5bsdp5gsupom09m7ulyopj 799756 799755 2026-07-13T01:21:00Z SM7 3953 बाहरी कड़ी जोड़ल गइल{{कॉमंस श्रेणी|}} 799756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Pine Creek Gorge, Tioga County, as seen from the West Rim Trail.jpg|thumb|पाइन क्रीक गॉर्ज, [[पेन्सिल्वेनिया]], ([[अमेरिका|यूएसए]]), वी-आकार के घाटी के उदाहरन]] '''वी-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|V-shaped valley}}) अइसन [[नदी घाटी]] होले जेकर आकृति (शेप) अंग्रेजी अक्षर 'वी' (V) नियन होला। वी-आकार के घाटी हमेशा [[नदी]] से होखे वाला कटाव (इरोजन) से बने लीं। अइसन घाटी मुख्य रूप से माझिल ऊँचाई वाला परबत आ ऊँच पहाड़ी इलाका सभ में पावल जाली। कई बेर एह घाटियन के तली वाला हिस्सा एतना सँकरा भा सकेत होखे ला कि इनहन के सकेत घाटी ([[गॉर्ज]]) के कटेगरी में रखल जा सकेला। वी-आकार के घाटी के निर्माण तब होखेला, जब नदी द्वारा वर्टिकल कटाव बहुत तेजी से होखे आ एकरे साथे घाटी के ढालन पर अनाच्छादन (डेन्यूडेशन) के प्रक्रिया लगातार चलत रहे। सगरी वी-आकार के घाटी नदी घाटी होखे लीं; हालाँकि, सगरी नदी घाटी वी-आकार के घाटी होखें ई जरूरी नइखे। नदी घाटी, [[गॉर्ज]] भा [[कैनियन|कैनियनो]] के रूप में हो सके लीं जिनहन के आकृति "आई-आकार" के हो सके ला। इनहन के बिपरीत [[ग्लेशियर]] से होखे वाला कटाव के चलते हमेशा [[यू-आकार के घाटी]] बने लीं; हालाँकि, अइसनो हो सके ला कि कवनो ग्लेशियर से बनल घाटी के निचला हिस्सा यू-आकार के होखे आ ऊपरी हिस्सा वी-आकार के होखे।{{sfn|डेविस|1900|p=154}}{{efn|समय के साथे V-आकार के घाटी एगो [[U-आकार के घाटी]] में बदल सके ले आ एकरे उल्टा U-आकार के घाटी बदल के V-आकार के घाटी के रूप ले सके ले{{sfn|Murthy|2024|pp=28-30}}}} ==संदर्भ आ फुटनोट== ===फुटनोट=== {{notelist}} ===किताबी संदर्भ=== {{reflist|30em}} === किताब आ ग्रंथ === {{refbegin|30em}} *<!-- {{sfn|डेविस|1900|p=154}} --> {{cite book |last=डेविस |first=विलियम मॉरिस |title=Glacial Erosion in the Valley of the Ticino |publisher=Appalachian Mountain Club |date=1900 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=x5ctAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} *<!-- {{sfn|Murthy|2024|pp=28-30}} --> {{cite book |last=Murthy |first=P. S. N. |title=Methods of Mining Geology and Estimation of Ore Reserves |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=31 December 2024 |isbn=978-1-0364-1353-8 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6CE-EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&lpg=PA29&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} {{refend}} == बाहरी कड़ी == {{Commonscat|V-shaped valleys|वी-आकार के घाटी}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z6jx382/revision/1 V-shaped valleys], Formation of erosional and depositional features in river landscapes, bbc.co.uk {{River morphology}} [[श्रेणी:नदी घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] {{topography-stub}} konxibpdh2rvq9j1sbbmgfb8iqsihuo 799757 799756 2026-07-13T01:23:40Z SM7 3953 सुधार कइल गइल 799757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Pine Creek Gorge, Tioga County, as seen from the West Rim Trail.jpg|thumb|पाइन क्रीक गॉर्ज, [[पेन्सिल्वेनिया]], ([[अमेरिका|यूएसए]]), वी-आकार के घाटी के उदाहरन]] '''वी-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|V-shaped valley}}) अइसन [[नदी घाटी]] होले जेकर आकृति (शेप) अंग्रेजी अक्षर 'वी' (V) नियन होला। वी-आकार के घाटी हमेशा [[नदी]] से होखे वाला कटाव (इरोजन) से बने लीं। अइसन घाटी मुख्य रूप से माझिल ऊँचाई वाला परबत आ ऊँच पहाड़ी इलाका सभ में पावल जाली। कई बेर एह घाटियन के तली वाला हिस्सा एतना सँकरा भा सकेत होखे ला कि इनहन के सकेत घाटी ([[गॉर्ज]]) के कटेगरी में रखल जा सकेला। वी-आकार के घाटी के निर्माण तब होखेला, जब नदी द्वारा वर्टिकल कटाव बहुत तेजी से होखे आ एकरे साथे घाटी के ढालन पर अनाच्छादन (डेन्यूडेशन) के प्रक्रिया लगातार चलत रहे; मने कि दुनो साइड के ढाल पर के मलबा लगातार हटत रहे। सगरी वी-आकार के घाटी नदी घाटी होखे लीं; हालाँकि, सगरी नदी घाटी वी-आकार के घाटी होखें ई जरूरी नइखे। नदी घाटी, [[गॉर्ज]] भा [[कैनियन|कैनियनो]] के रूप में हो सके लीं जिनहन के आकृति "आई-आकार" के हो सके ला। इनहन के बिपरीत [[ग्लेशियर]] से होखे वाला कटाव के चलते हमेशा [[यू-आकार के घाटी]] बने लीं; हालाँकि, अइसनो हो सके ला कि कवनो ग्लेशियर से बनल घाटी के निचला हिस्सा यू-आकार के होखे आ ऊपरी हिस्सा वी-आकार के होखे।{{sfn|डेविस|1900|p=154}}{{efn|समय के साथे V-आकार के घाटी एगो [[U-आकार के घाटी]] में बदल सके ले आ एकरे उल्टा U-आकार के घाटी बदल के V-आकार के घाटी के रूप ले सके ले{{sfn|Murthy|2024|pp=28-30}}}} ==संदर्भ आ फुटनोट== ===फुटनोट=== {{notelist}} ===किताबी संदर्भ=== {{reflist|30em}} === किताब आ ग्रंथ === {{refbegin|30em}} *<!-- {{sfn|डेविस|1900|p=154}} --> {{cite book |last=डेविस |first=विलियम मॉरिस |title=Glacial Erosion in the Valley of the Ticino |publisher=Appalachian Mountain Club |date=1900 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=x5ctAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} *<!-- {{sfn|Murthy|2024|pp=28-30}} --> {{cite book |last=Murthy |first=P. S. N. |title=Methods of Mining Geology and Estimation of Ore Reserves |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=31 December 2024 |isbn=978-1-0364-1353-8 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6CE-EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&lpg=PA29&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} {{refend}} == बाहरी कड़ी == {{Commonscat|V-shaped valleys|वी-आकार के घाटी}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z6jx382/revision/1 V-shaped valleys], Formation of erosional and depositional features in river landscapes, bbc.co.uk {{River morphology}} [[श्रेणी:नदी घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] {{topography-stub}} 5vnwmh77hyayavnm7fhnja9bbbtdeki 799769 799757 2026-07-13T03:21:36Z SM7 3953 संदर्भ जोड़ल/सुधारल गइल 799769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Pine Creek Gorge, Tioga County, as seen from the West Rim Trail.jpg|thumb|पाइन क्रीक गॉर्ज, [[पेन्सिल्वेनिया]], ([[अमेरिका|यूएसए]]), वी-आकार के घाटी के उदाहरन]] '''वी-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|V-shaped valley}}) अइसन [[नदी घाटी]] होले जेकर आकृति (शेप) अंग्रेजी अक्षर 'वी' (V) नियन होला। वी-आकार के घाटी हमेशा [[नदी]] से होखे वाला कटाव (इरोजन) से बने लीं। अइसन घाटी मुख्य रूप से माझिल ऊँचाई वाला परबत आ ऊँच पहाड़ी इलाका सभ में पावल जाली। कई बेर एह घाटियन के तली वाला हिस्सा एतना सँकरा भा सकेत होखे ला कि इनहन के सकेत घाटी ([[गॉर्ज]]) के कटेगरी में रखल जा सकेला। वी-आकार के घाटी के निर्माण तब होखेला, जब नदी द्वारा वर्टिकल कटाव बहुत तेजी से होखे आ एकरे साथे घाटी के ढालन पर अनाच्छादन (डेन्यूडेशन) के प्रक्रिया लगातार चलत रहे; मने कि दुनो साइड के ढाल पर के मलबा लगातार हटत रहे। सगरी वी-आकार के घाटी नदी घाटी होखे लीं; हालाँकि, सगरी नदी घाटी वी-आकार के घाटी होखें ई जरूरी नइखे। नदी घाटी, [[गॉर्ज]] भा [[कैनियन|कैनियनो]] के रूप में हो सके लीं जिनहन के आकृति "आई-आकार" के हो सके ला। इनहन के बिपरीत [[ग्लेशियर]] से होखे वाला कटाव के चलते हमेशा [[यू-आकार के घाटी]] बने लीं; हालाँकि, अइसनो हो सके ला कि कवनो ग्लेशियर से बनल घाटी के निचला हिस्सा यू-आकार के होखे आ ऊपरी हिस्सा वी-आकार के होखे।{{sfn|डेविस|1900|p=154}}{{efn|समय के साथे V-आकार के घाटी एगो [[U-आकार के घाटी]] में बदल सके ले आ एकरे उल्टा U-आकार के घाटी बदल के V-आकार के घाटी के रूप ले सके ले{{sfn|Murthy|2024|pp=28-30}}}} घाटी के दुनों साइड के ढाल एकही नियन ना होखे लें। मने की दुनो ओर के ढाल में परफेक्ट सिमेट्री ना मिले ला; ऊ मिरर इमेज नियन ना होलें। एकरा के असिमेट्रिक ढाल कहल जाला आ ई बहुत आम घटना हवे। ढाल के ई असिमेट्री दुनों ओर के एक दुसरे के बिपरीत (अपोजिट) ढाल के लोकल जलवायु के दसा आ डिन्यूडेशन के प्रॉसेस के अलग-अलग दर से घटित होखे के चलते होला।{{sfn|Wohl|2013|p=43}} ==संदर्भ आ फुटनोट== ===फुटनोट=== {{notelist}} ===किताबी संदर्भ=== {{reflist|30em}} === किताब आ ग्रंथ === {{refbegin|30em}} *<!-- {{sfn|डेविस|1900|p=154}} --> {{cite book |last=डेविस |first=विलियम मॉरिस |title=Glacial Erosion in the Valley of the Ticino |publisher=Appalachian Mountain Club |date=1900 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=x5ctAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} *<!-- {{sfn|Murthy|2024|pp=28-30}} --> {{cite book |last=Murthy |first=P. S. N. |title=Methods of Mining Geology and Estimation of Ore Reserves |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=31 December 2024 |isbn=978-1-0364-1353-8 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6CE-EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&lpg=PA29&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} *<!-- {{sfn|Wohl|2013|p=43}} --> {{cite book |last=Wohl |first=Ellen E. |title=Mountain Rivers |publisher=American Geophysical Union |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UNv_J3cyL24C&newbks=0&lpg=PA43&dq=valley%2520slope&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026}} {{refend}} == बाहरी कड़ी == {{Commonscat|V-shaped valleys|वी-आकार के घाटी}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z6jx382/revision/1 V-shaped valleys], Formation of erosional and depositional features in river landscapes, bbc.co.uk {{River morphology}} [[श्रेणी:नदी घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] {{topography-stub}} rrqga29h84s0wcuu9hsubupq9zs8obp 10 67564 799750 762237 2026-07-13T00:45:58Z SM7 3953 सुधार कइल गइल / कड़ी 799750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = River morphology |title = [[नदी मॉर्फोलॉजी]] |listclass = hlist |state = {{{state|<includeonly>autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |group1 = बड़ा-पैमाना के |list1 = * [[नदी थाला|नदी थाला/नदी बेसिन]] * [[ड्रेनेज सिस्टम (भूआकृतिबिज्ञान)]] * [[नदी मुहाना|एश्चुअरी]] * [[स्ट्रालर नंबर|स्ट्रालर नंबर]] * [[घाटी#नदी_घाटी|नदी घाटी]] ** [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] ** [[कैनियन|गॉर्ज & कैनियन]] * [[जलोढ़ मैदान]] * [[डेल्टा]] * [[नदी के लहरदारपन]] |group2 = [[जलोढ़ नदी]] आ [[जलोढ़ मैदान]] |list2 = * [[अनाब्रांच]] * [[एवाल्शन]] * [[बार (नदी मॉर्फोलॉजी)]] * [[बहुशाखी नदी]] <!-- * [[Channel pattern]]--> <!-- * [[Cut bank]]--> * [[कछार]] (फ्लडप्लेन) * [[मियांडर]] <!-- * [[Meander cutoff]]--> <!-- * [[Mouth bar]]--> * [[गोखुर झील]] * [[प्वाइंट बार]] * [[रिफल]] * [[रैपिड]] * [[रिपरियन जोन]] <!-- * [[River bifurcation]]--> <!-- * [[River channel migration]]--> * [[नदी मुहाना]] <!-- * [[Slip-off slope]]--> <!-- * [[Stream pool]]--> * [[थालवेग]] |group3 = चट्टान पर |list3 = * [[कैनियन]] * [[झरना]] * [[निकप्वाइंट]] * [[प्लंज पूल]] |group4 = तली रूप |list4 = * [[Ait]] * [[एंटीड्यून]] * [[स्तूप (भूबिज्ञान)|स्तूप]] * [[रिपल चीन्हा]] |group5 = प्रादेशिक प्रासेस |list5 = * [[अग्रेडेशन]] * [[बेस लेवल]] * [[डीग्रेडेशन (भूबिज्ञान)]] * [[कटाव आ टैक्टॉनिक्स]] * [[नदी रिजुवेनेशन]] |group6 = मकैनिकी |list6 = * [[जमाव (भूबिज्ञान)]] * [[कटाव#पानी|जलबहाव कटाव]] * [[ऍक्सनर समीकरण]] * [[हैक नियम]] * [[हेलिकॉइडल बहाव]] * [[प्लेफेयर नियम]] * [[मलबा परिवहन]] |belowclass = hlist |below= * '''[[:श्रेणी:भूआकृति बिज्ञान|श्रेणी]]''' }}<noinclude>[[श्रेणी:भूबिज्ञान टेम्पलेट]]</noinclude> 1ryhovunxxcq07iky0x9szyv4fjlqvz 799753 799750 2026-07-13T00:58:16Z SM7 3953 सुधार कइल गइल 799753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = River morphology |title = [[नदी मॉर्फोलॉजी]] |listclass = hlist |state = {{{state|<includeonly>autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |group1 = बड़ा-पैमाना के |list1 = * [[नदी थाला|नदी थाला/नदी बेसिन]] * [[ड्रेनेज सिस्टम (भूआकृतिबिज्ञान)]] * [[नदी मुहाना|एश्चुअरी]] * [[स्ट्रालर नंबर|स्ट्रालर नंबर]] * [[घाटी#नदी_घाटी|नदी घाटी]] ** [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] ** [[कैनियन|गॉर्ज & कैनियन]] * [[जलोढ़ मैदान]] * [[डेल्टा]] * [[नदी के लहरदारपन]] |group2 = [[जलोढ़ नदी]] आ [[जलोढ़ मैदान]] |list2 = * [[अनाब्रांच]] * [[एवाल्शन]] * [[बार (नदी मॉर्फोलॉजी)]] * [[बहुशाखी नदी]] <!-- * [[Channel pattern]]--> <!-- * [[Cut bank]]--> * [[कछार]] (फ्लडप्लेन) * [[मियांडर]] <!-- * [[Meander cutoff]]--> <!-- * [[Mouth bar]]--> * [[गोखुर झील]] * [[प्वाइंट बार]] * [[रिफल]] * [[रैपिड]] * [[रिपरियन जोन]] <!-- * [[River bifurcation]]--> <!-- * [[River channel migration]]--> * [[नदी मुहाना]] <!-- * [[Slip-off slope]]--> <!-- * [[Stream pool]]--> * [[थालवेग]] |group3 = चट्टान पर |list3 = * [[कैनियन]] * [[झरना]] * [[निकप्वाइंट]] * [[प्लंज पूल]] |group4 = तली रूप |list4 = <!-- * [[एइट]] --> * [[नदी के दीप]] * [[एंटीड्यून]] * [[स्तूप (भूबिज्ञान)|स्तूप]] * [[रिपल चीन्हा]] |group5 = प्रादेशिक प्रासेस |list5 = * [[अग्रेडेशन]] * [[बेस लेवल]] * [[डीग्रेडेशन (भूबिज्ञान)]] * [[कटाव आ टैक्टॉनिक्स]] * [[नदी रिजुवेनेशन]] |group6 = मकैनिकी |list6 = * [[जमाव (भूबिज्ञान)]] * [[कटाव#पानी|जलबहाव कटाव]] * [[ऍक्सनर समीकरण]] * [[हैक नियम]] * [[हेलिकॉइडल बहाव]] * [[प्लेफेयर नियम]] * [[मलबा परिवहन]] |belowclass = hlist |below= * '''[[:श्रेणी:भूआकृति बिज्ञान|श्रेणी]]''' }}<noinclude>[[श्रेणी:भूबिज्ञान टेम्पलेट]]</noinclude> lmfpi9raqpm4flzetciwop92o9x4571 799754 799753 2026-07-13T00:59:19Z SM7 3953 +1 799754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = River morphology |title = [[नदी मॉर्फोलॉजी]] |listclass = hlist |state = {{{state|<includeonly>autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |group1 = बड़ा-पैमाना के |list1 = * [[नदी थाला|नदी थाला/नदी बेसिन]] * [[ड्रेनेज सिस्टम (भूआकृतिबिज्ञान)]] * [[नदी मुहाना|एश्चुअरी]] * [[स्ट्रालर नंबर|स्ट्रालर नंबर]] * [[घाटी#नदी_घाटी|नदी घाटी]] ** [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] ** [[कैनियन|गॉर्ज & कैनियन]] * [[जलोढ़ मैदान]] * [[डेल्टा]] * [[नदी के लहरदारपन]] |group2 = [[जलोढ़ नदी]] आ [[जलोढ़ मैदान]] |list2 = * [[अनाब्रांच]] * [[एवाल्शन]] * [[बार (नदी मॉर्फोलॉजी)]] * [[बहुशाखी नदी]] <!-- * [[Channel pattern]]--> <!-- * [[Cut bank]]--> * [[कछार]] (फ्लडप्लेन) * [[मियांडर]] <!-- * [[Meander cutoff]]--> <!-- * [[Mouth bar]]--> * [[गोखुर झील]] * [[प्वाइंट बार]] * [[रिफल]] * [[रैपिड]] * [[रिपरियन जोन]] <!-- * [[River bifurcation]]--> <!-- * [[River channel migration]]--> * [[नदी मुहाना]] <!-- * [[Slip-off slope]]--> <!-- * [[Stream pool]]--> * [[थालवेग]] |group3 = चट्टान पर |list3 = * [[गॉर्ज]] * [[कैनियन]] * [[झरना]] * [[निकप्वाइंट]] * [[प्लंज पूल]] |group4 = तली रूप |list4 = <!-- * [[एइट]] --> * [[नदी के दीप]] * [[एंटीड्यून]] * [[स्तूप (भूबिज्ञान)|स्तूप]] * [[रिपल चीन्हा]] |group5 = प्रादेशिक प्रासेस |list5 = * [[अग्रेडेशन]] * [[बेस लेवल]] * [[डीग्रेडेशन (भूबिज्ञान)]] * [[कटाव आ टैक्टॉनिक्स]] * [[नदी रिजुवेनेशन]] |group6 = मकैनिकी |list6 = * [[जमाव (भूबिज्ञान)]] * [[कटाव#पानी|जलबहाव कटाव]] * [[ऍक्सनर समीकरण]] * [[हैक नियम]] * [[हेलिकॉइडल बहाव]] * [[प्लेफेयर नियम]] * [[मलबा परिवहन]] |belowclass = hlist |below= * '''[[:श्रेणी:भूआकृति बिज्ञान|श्रेणी]]''' }}<noinclude>[[श्रेणी:भूबिज्ञान टेम्पलेट]]</noinclude> 40cmf8x41r7hdc2be28pnhuhh00tuf1 0 67565 799605 798775 2026-07-12T23:42:19Z SM7 3953 [[विकिपीडिया:हॉट-कैट|हॉट-कैट]] द्वारा [[श्रेणी:नदी घाटी]] जोड़ल गइल 799605 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[घाटी#नदी_घाटी]] {{Rcat shell|{{R from related}}}} [[श्रेणी:नदी घाटी]] 19y0q8oerm0p8qwa1dywddjiqpv4f8f 799606 799605 2026-07-12T23:42:29Z SM7 3953 [[विकिपीडिया:हॉट-कैट|हॉट-कैट]] द्वारा [[श्रेणी:नदी घाटी]] खातिर नई सॉर्टकुंजी: " " 799606 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[घाटी#नदी_घाटी]] {{Rcat shell|{{R from related}}}} [[श्रेणी:नदी घाटी| ]] avqez3qki4hrcq0vluvnhf300m71qb3 0 77393 799550 762303 2026-07-12T21:57:05Z SM7 3953 Infobox person 799550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = अकिरा कुरोसावा | image = Akirakurosawa-onthesetof7samurai-1953-page88.jpg | caption = 1953 में ''सेवन समुराई'' के सेट प अकीरा कुरोसावा। | birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|3|23}} | birth_place = शीनगवा, [[टोक्यो]], जापान | death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|9|6|1910|3|23}} | death_place = सेटगाया, [[टोक्यो]], जापान | death_cause = स्ट्रोक | occupation = फिल्म निर्देशक, पटकथा लेखक, फिल्म निर्माता, फिल्म संपादक | years_active = 1936–1993 | spouse = योको यागुची (1945–1985) (मृत) | children = काजुको कुरोसावा<br>हिसाओ कुरोसावा | parents = इसामु कुरोसावा<br/>शीमा कुरोसावा | relatives = यू कुरोसावा (गायिका, पोती), तकायुकी काटो (अभिनेता, पौत्र) }} '''अकीरा कुरोसावा''' (जापानी: 黒澤 明, 23 मार्च 1910—6 सितंबर 1998) [[जापान]] के एगो प्रसिद्ध फ़िल्म निर्माता, निर्देशक और पटकथा लेखक रहलन। उनकर पहली फ़िल्म (सुगता सनशीरो) 1943 में प्रदर्शित भइल और अंतिम (मददयो) 1993 में। उनका के बहुत पुरस्कारों से सम्मानित कइल गइल जेकरा में लेगियन डि ऑनर अउरी ऑस्कर लाइफ़ टाइम अचीवमेंज पुरस्कार प्रमुख बाटे।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=qbe_query&TN=AAtrans&RF=WebReportPermaLink&MF=oscarsmsg.ini&NP=255&BU=http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/index.htm&QY=find+acceptorlink+%3D062-25|title=Academy Award Acceptance Speech Database|accessdate=11 जुलाई 2014|archive-date=2010-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217234929/http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/ics-wpd/exec/icswppro.dll?AC=qbe_query&TN=AAtrans&RF=WebReportPermaLink&MF=oscarsmsg.ini&NP=255&BU=http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/index.htm&QY=find+acceptorlink+%3D062-25|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRiBBehTnZU|title=Akira Kurosawa Tribute with George Lucas, Steven Spielberg|date=19 नवम्बर 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603191626/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRiBBehTnZU|archive-date=3 जून 2014|accessdate=11 जुलाई 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/features/aoc/aoc.kurosawa.html|title=ASIANOW&nbsp;– Asiaweek&nbsp;– Asian of the Century&nbsp;– Kurosawa Akira&nbsp;– 12/10/99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603092605/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/features/aoc/aoc.kurosawa.html|archive-date=3 जून 2013|accessdate=11 जुलाई 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> == फिल्मोग्राफी == {| | * ''सनशिरो सुगाता'' (1943) * ''दि मोस्ट बिउटीफूल'' (1944) * ''सनशिरो सुगाता भाग-2''(1945) * ''दि मेन हू ट्रिड ऑन दि टाइगर्स हिल'' (1945) * ''नो रिगरेट्स फॉर आवर यूथ'' (1946) * ''वन वोण्डर्फ़ुल सनडे'' (1946) * ''ड्रंकेन एंजल'' (1948) * ''दि कुएट ड्यूअल'' (1949) * ''स्ट्रे डॉग'' (1949) * ''स्केण्डल'' (1950) * ''राशोमोन'' (1950) * ''दि इडिएट'' (1951) * ''टिकुरु''(1952) * ''सेवन समुराई'' (1954) * ''रिकॉर्ड ऑफ ए लिविंग बिईंग''(1955) | * ''थ्रोन ऑफ ब्लड'' (1957) * ''दि लोअर देप्थ्स'' (1957) * ''दि हिडेन फोर्टरेस'' (1958) * ''दि बैड स्लीप वेल'' (1960) * ''योजिन्बो'' (1961) * ''संजुरो'' (1962) * ''हाइ एंड लो'' (1963) * ''रेड बियर्ड'' (1965) * ''डोडेसुकडेन'' (1970) * ''डेरसू उजाला'' (1975) * ''कागेमुशा''(1980) * ''रन'' (1985) * ''ड्रीम्स''(1990) * ''र्हपसोदय इन अगस्त'' (1991) * ''मददयों'' (1993) |} == बाकी के अध्ययन == * मिटसूहीरो योशिमोटो ''कुरोसावा: फिल्म अध्ययन और जापानी सिनेमा'' आईएसबीएन 0-8223-2519-5 * अकीरा कुरोसावा ''एक आत्मकथा'' ऐसा कुछ. विंटेज पुस्तकें अमरीका, 1983. आईएसबीएन 0-394-71439-3 * स्टीफन राजकुमार ''वारियर कैमरा''. प्रिंसटन यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, 1999. आईएसबीएन 0-691-01046-3 * डोनाल्ड रिची, ''जोआन मेललेन, अकीरा कुरोसावा की फिल्मों''. कैलिफोर्निया विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस, 1999, आईएसबीएन 0-520-22037-4 * स्टुअर्ट गालब्रेथ चतुर्थ ''सम्राट और वुल्फ: जीवन और अकीरा कुरोसावा और तोशिरो मिफ़ून की फिल्में'', फैबर एंड फैबर, 2002, आईएसबीएन 0-571-19982-8 == सन्दर्भ == {{टिप्पणीसूची}} == बाहरी कड़ियाँ == {{commons|Category:Akira Kurosawa|अकिरा कुरोसावा}} * {{imdb name|id=0000041|name=Akira Kurosawa}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101225075838/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/great-directors/kurosawa/ सेंसेस ऑफ सिनेमा: महान निर्देशकों से संबंधित महत्त्वपूर्ण डेटाबेस] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070124122914/http://www2.tky.3web.ne.jp/~adk/kurosawa/AKpage.html अकिरा कुरोसावा का डेटाबेस] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194100/http://www.boheme-magazine.net/july03/ikiru.html बोहेम पत्रिका] ''ईकुरु': दि आर्ट ऑफ लिविंग '' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070115231521/http://www.quad4x.net/yojinbo/ जापानी फिल्म- कुरोसावा] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070124063349/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/kurosawa/kurosawa.html महान प्रदर्शन: कुरोसावा (पीबीएस)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070213112938/http://akirakurosawa.info/ अकीरा कुरोसावा समाचार और सूचना] {{Authority control}} [[श्रेणी:जापानी फिलिम डाइरेक्टर]] [[श्रेणी:1910 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:1998 में निधन]] evngd2gfoltiteof8ecor232szd5v8q 0 80824 799587 698011 2026-07-12T22:49:08Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = कादम्बिनी गांगुली | image = Kadambini Ganguly.jpg | image_size = 140px | caption = | birth_name = कादम्बिनी बोस | birth_date = 18 जुलाई 1861<ref>{{cite journal |last=Karlekar |first=Malavika |date=2012 |title=Anatomy of a Change: Early Women Doctors |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=39 |issue=3/4 |pages=95–106 |jstor=24394278}}</ref> | birth_place = [[भागलपुर]],[[बिहार]],[[ब्रिटिश राज]] | death_date = 3 अक्टूबर 1923 (आयु: 63) | death_place = [[कोलकाता]], [[ब्रिटिश राज]] | occupation = डॉक्टर, महिला मुक्ति | spouse = द्वारकानाथ गांगुली | alma_mater = बेथुने कॉलेज<br />[[कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय|कोलकाता विश्वविद्यालय]] |children=*बिधुमुखी देवी (सौतेली बेटी) *सतीश चंद्र गंगोपाध्याय (सौतेला पुत्र) *निरुपमा हलदर *निर्मल चंद्र गांगुली *प्रफुल्ल चंद्र गांगुली *ज्योतिर्मयी गांगुली *प्रभात चंद्र गांगुली *अमल चंद्र गांगुली *हिमानी गांगुली (3 महीने की उम्र में निधन) *जयंती बर्मन |home_town=[[भागलपुर]], [[बिहार]] }} '''कादम्बिनी गांगुली''' (जन्म- [[१८ जुलाई|18 जुलाई]], [[१८६१|1861]], [[भागलपुर]], [[बिहार]]; मृत्यु- [[३ अक्तूबर|3 अक्टूबर]], [[१९२३|1923]], [[कोलकाता|कलकत्ता]], ब्रिटिश भारत) [[भारत]] भारत के पहिलका स्नातक ओरी फ़िजीशियन करे वाली औरत रही। ==संदर्भ== [[श्रेणी:बंगाली लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1923 में निधन]] [[श्रेणी:1861 में जनम]] tjjunj9ym67sqtml1sd58q3vckgtszf 0 84065 799540 789186 2026-07-12T17:16:32Z SM7 3953 + नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट 799540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:ISS-44 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|240px|thumb|जिब्राल्टर जलजोड़]] '''जलजोड़''', '''जलसंधि''' चाहे '''जलडमरू''' ({{Lang|en|strait}}, ''स्ट्रेट'' <ref>{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |title=strait |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/strait/ |website=National Geographic Society |access-date=25 फरवरी 2022 |language=en |date=3 अक्टूबर 2011 |archive-date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225204729/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/strait/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) अइसन भूगोलीय [[थलरूप]] हवे जे दू गो [[सागर]] भा सागर नियर बड़हन जलभंडार सभ के आपस में जोड़े ला। ई पानी वाला सकेत (narrow) हिस्सा होला जेकरे दुनों ओर बड़हन सागर भा [[झील]] होखे लें आ उनहन के पानी एह सकेत हिस्सा द्वारा जुड़ल रहे ला। उदाहरण खातिर [[प्रशांत महासागर]] आ [[आर्कटिक महासागर]] के जोड़े वाला पातर पानी के हिस्सा [[बेरिंग जलजोड़]] हवे जे [[अमेरिका]] आ [[रूस]] के बीचा में बाटे, उत्तर अमेरिका आ [[एशिया|एशिया महादीप]] के अलग करे ला। एही तरीका से [[अटलांटिक महासागर]] आ [[भूमध्य सागर]] के जोड़े वाला [[जिब्राल्टर जलजोड़]] परसिद्ध अइसन थलरूप बा जे अफिरका आ [[यूरोप|यूरोप महादीप]] के अलग करे ला। जलजोड़ सभ रणनीतिक हिसाब से बहुत महत्व वाला होलें। == कुछ प्रमुख जलजोड़ == * [[बेरिंग जलजोड़]] * [[जिब्राल्टर जलजोड़]] * [[पाक जलजोड़]] * [[इंग्लिश चैनल]] * [[सुंडा जलजोड़]] * [[बास्पोरस जलजोड़]] == गैलरी == <gallery mode="packed"> Bering Strait.jpeg|[[बेरिंग जलजोड़]] के [[सैटेलाइट इमेज]] New Zealand relief map.jpg|[[न्यूजीलैंड]] के [[कुक जलजोड़]] Strait of Dover map.png|[[इंग्लिश चैनल]] में [[डोवर स्ट्रेट]] Cuba.A2002334.1625.250m.jpg|[[फ्लोरिडा जलजोड़]] के सैटेलाइट फोटो Mannar 79.03963E 9.52009N.jpg|भारत आ लंका के बीचा में [[मन्नार के खाड़ी]] आ [[पाक जलजोड़]] Straße von Hormuz.jpg|[[होर्मुज जलडमरू]] </gallery> {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|33em}} {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:जलजोड़| ]] [[श्रेणी:थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:जलभंडार]] [[श्रेणी:जलमंडल]] {{landform-stub}} {{geo-term-stub}} rg97yhp3vraekntv9p90o5ykndvxv1e 0 84686 799538 781725 2026-07-12T17:15:22Z SM7 3953 + नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट 799538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:McWay cove 1.jpg|300px|thumb|right|मॅक वे कोव, [[कैलिफोर्निया]], अमेरिका]] '''कोव''' ({{Lang|en|cove}}) समुंद्री किनारे पर छोटहन [[थलरूप]] हवे जहाँ समुंद्र के पानी कुछ दूर ले किनारे के हिस्सा में घुसल होखे ला। एह तरीका से ई [[इनलेट]] सभ के एगो किसिम हवे जे छोट [[खाड़ी]] नियर देखलाई पड़े लें। ई अक्सरहा गोलाई लिहले आकृति के होखे लें आ कौनों बड़हन खाड़ी के भीतरी किनारा पर भी हो सके लें। इनहन के उत्पत्ती डिफरेंशियल इरोजन से होखे ला; मने कि अइसन [[खरोह]] जेह में किनारे के कड़ेर चट्टान के पाछे के नरम चट्टान के कटाव बेसी होखे। {{clear}} {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:समुंद्री किनारे के आ समुंद्री थलरूप]] {{landform-stub}} t98sp9pzw46bcflnduqwqmhyl40fpzn 0 84751 799592 790636 2026-07-12T22:50:13Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nina Dobrev | image = Nina Dobrev during an interview in August 2018 02.png | alt = | caption = 2018 में नीना दोब्रेव | birth_name = Nikolina Kamenova Dobreva | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|1|9}} | birth_place = सोफिया, बुल्गारिया | citizenship = {{hlist|कनाडाई|बुल्गारियन}} | known for = ''द वैंपायर डायरीज'' | occupation = Actress | years_active = 2006–present }} '''निकोलीना कामेनोवा दोब्रेव''' (जनम: 9 जनवरी 1989), जिनके '''नीना दोब्रेव''' के नाँव से बेसी जानल जाला, एगो कनाडाई ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। इनके पहिला एक्टिंग रोल सीटीवी के ड्रामा सीरीज ''डिग्रेसी: द नेक्स्ट जेनरेशन'' में मिया जोन्स के किरदार रहल। एकरे बाद ई द सीडब्लू के सुपरनेचुरल ड्रामा सीरीज ''द वैंपायर डायरीज'' में एलीना गिल्बर्ट आ कैथरीन पियर्स के रोल कइली जेकरा चलते इनके तारीफ़ मिलल। दोब्रेव कई गो फिलिम सभ में भी देख्लाई पड़ल बाड़ी: ''द पर्क्स ऑफ़ बीइंग अ वालफ्लावर'' (2012), ''लेट्स बी कॉप्स'', ''द फाइनल गर्ल्स'' आ 2017 के थ्रिलर फिलिम ''[[xXx: रिटर्न ऑफ जैन्डर केज]]'', आ साइंस-फिक्शन ड्रामा ''फ्लैटलाइनर्स'' प्रमुख बाड़ीं। == फिल्मोग्राफी == [[File:Nina Dobrev by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright|सैन डिएगो कॉमिक-कॉन में दोब्रेव, 2012 में]] ===फिलिम=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! साल ! टाइटिल ! रोल ! class="unsortable"| नोट |- | 2006 | ''[[Repo! The Genetic Opera]]'' | Teenage zydrate addict | |- | 2007 | ''[[Away from Her]]'' | Monica | |- | 2007 | ''[[Fugitive Pieces (film)|Fugitive Pieces]]'' | Bella | |- | 2007 | ''[[How She Move]]'' | Tall girl in bathroom | |- | 2007 | data-sort-value="Poet, The"| ''[[The Poet (2007 film)|The Poet]]'' | Rachel | |- | 2009 | ''[[Chloe (2009 film)|Chloe]]'' | Anna | |- | 2011 | ''[[Arena (2011 film)|Arena]]'' | Lori Lord | |- | 2011 | data-sort-value="Roommate, The"| ''[[The Roommate]]'' | Maria | |- | 2012 | data-sort-value="Perks of Being a Wallflower, The"| ''[[The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)|The Perks of Being a Wallflower]]'' | Candace Kelmeckis | |- | 2014 | ''[[Let's Be Cops]]'' | Josie | |- | 2015 | data-sort-value="Final Girls, The"| ''[[The Final Girls]]'' | Vicki Summers | |- | 2017 | ''[[Crash Pad]]'' | Hannah | |- | 2017 | ''[[Flatliners (2017 film)|Flatliners]]'' | Marlo | |- | 2017 | ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]'' | Becky Clearidge | |- | 2018 | ''[[Dog Days (2018 film)|Dog Days]]'' | Elizabeth | |- | 2018 | ''[[Then Came You (2018 film)|Then Came You]]'' | Izzy | Previously titled ''Arrivals'' and ''Departures''<ref name="Departures">{{cite web |first=Patrick |last=Frater |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/global/voltage-pictures-launching-teen-drama-departures-1201982934/ |title=Berlinale: Voltage Pictures Launching Teen Weepie ‘Departures’ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=February 9, 2017 |access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''[[Lucky Day (film)|Lucky Day]]'' | Chloe | <ref name="Dog Days">{{Cite news |first=Dominic |last=Patten |url=https://deadline.com/2017/09/nina-dobrev-casting-roger-avary-ken-marino-flatliners-1202174708/ |title=Nina Dobrev Joins Ken Marino's ''Dog Days'' Pic, Filming Roger Avary's ''Lucky Day'' |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=September 21, 2017 |access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref><ref name="DenoG">{{Cite news |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/movies/lucky-day/51996/roger-avary-to-direct-first-film-in-13-years |title=Roger Avary to direct first film in 13 years |work=Den of Geek |access-date=October 22, 2017 |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407161324/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/roger-avary-to-direct-first-film-in-13-years/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''[[Run This Town (film)|Run This Town]]'' | Ashley Pollock | |- | 2021 | ''[[Fin (film)|Fin]]'' | {{TableTBA|N/A}} | Executive producer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/eli-roth-directing-shark-documentary-fin-discovery-plus-leonardo-dicaprio-1235004380/ |title=Eli Roth Directing Shark Documentary ‘Fin’ for Discovery Plus (EXCLUSIVE) |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Brent |last=Lang |date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''[[Love Hard (film)|Love Hard]]'' | Natalie Bauer | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Kroll |first1=Justin |title=Nina Dobrev, Jimmy O. Yang and ‘RIverdale’s Charles Melton To Star In Netflix Romantic Comedy ‘Love Hard’ |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/jimmy-yang-nina-dobrev-and-riverdales-charles-melton-netflix-love-hard-1203013230/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 6, 2020 |date=August 14, 2020}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''The One'' | {{TableTBA|N/A}} | Short film; director, co-writer and producer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/nina-dobrev-the-one-short-film-interview/|title=Nina Dobrev on Writing and Directing the Short Film ''The One'' and Being Shocked to Learn About the Concept of Designer Babies|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|first=Christina|last=Radish|date=October 30, 2021|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref> |- | 2022 | ''[[Redeeming Love (2021 film)|Redeeming Love]]'' | Mae | <ref>{{cite web |last1=N'Duka |first1=Amanda |title=Logan Marshall-Green, Abigail Cowen, Nina Dobrev, Famke Janssen & More Star In ‘Redeeming Love’ Adaptation From ‘Eagle Eye’ Helmer D.J. Caruso |url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/logan-marshall-green-famke-janssen-nina-dobrev-eric-dane-more-redeeming-love-dj-caruso-pure-flix-1202920966/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 6, 2020 |date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> |- | {{TableTBA}} | ''[[Sick Girl (upcoming film)|Sick Girl]]'' | Wren Pepper | Also executive producer<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hipes |first1=Patrick |title=Nina Dobrev To Star And Executive Produce Indie Comedy ‘Sick Girl’, Debut Film From Jennifer Cram |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/nina-dobrev-sick-girl-movie-wendi-mclendon-covey-jennifer-cram-indie-comedy-1202652447/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 6, 2020 |date=July 24, 2019}}</ref> |- | {{TableTBA}} | ''Reunion'' | {{TableTBA}} | Post-production<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lang|first1=Brent|title=Dianne Doan Joins Mystery Comedy ‘Reunion’ (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/dianne-doan-comedy-reunion-lil-rel-howery-billy-magnussen-1235066425/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=November 21, 2021 |date=September 16, 2021}}</ref> |- | {{TableTBA}} | ''[[The Out-Laws (film)|The Out-Laws]]'' | {{TableTBA}} | Filming<ref>{{cite web|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|title=Ellen Barkin, Nina Dobrev Join the Cast of Netflix Comedy 'The Out-Laws'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ellen-barkin-nina-dobrev-netflix-comedy-the-out-laws-1235038582/|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=November 21, 2021|date=October 28, 2021}}</ref> |- | {{TableTBA}} | ''The Bricklayer'' | {{TableTBA}} | Filming<ref>{{cite web|last=Wichmann|first=Anna|title=Filming for Hollywood Film “The Bricklayer” Begins in Thessaloniki|url=https://greekreporter.com/2022/03/16/bricklayer-film-movie-thessaloniki-greece/|access-date=March 17, 2022|date=March 16, 2022}}</ref> |- |} {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|33em}} {{Authority control}} [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1989 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:कनाडा के लोग]] {{Actor-stub}} lnlpys40sv66vetj98vimambn18x0py 0 90670 799551 796045 2026-07-12T21:57:58Z SM7 3953 Infobox person 799551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = ई. वी. रामासामी पेरियार |image =PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg |image_size = 220px |caption = ई. वी. रामासामी पेरियार 1968 में |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1879|9|17}} |birth_place = [[इरोड जिला|इरोड]], [[मद्रास प्रेजिडेंसी]], [[ब्रिटिश भारत के प्रेसीडेंसी और प्रांत|ब्रिटिश भारत]] (अब [[इरोड जिला|इरोड जिला]], [[तमिल नाडु|तमिलनाडु]], [[भारत]]) |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1973|12|24|1879|9|17}} |death_place = [[वेलोर]], [[तमिल नाडु|तमिलनाडु]], [[भारत]] |other_names = ई. वी. आर पेरियार, वैकम वीरारी, |movement = [[स्वाभिमान आंदोलन]], [[द्रविड़ राष्ट्रवाद]] |occupation = सामाजिक कारकुन, राजनेता, सुधारक |party = [[भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस]]<br>[[जस्टिस पार्टी (भारत)|जस्टिस पार्टी]]<br> संस्थापक [[द्रविदर कड़गम]] |awards = |spouse = नगममाई (निधन 1933), [[मनिअमाई]] (1948 - 1973) }} '''इरोड वेंकट नायकर रामासामी''' (17 सितंबर 1879 — 24 दिसंबर 1973) जिनके '''पेरियार''' ([[तमिल]] में जेकर माने बा सम्मानित व्यक्ति) के नाम से भी जानल जाला, एगो भारतीय सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता आ राजनीतिज्ञ रहलें जे [[आत्मसम्मान आंदोलन]] आ [[द्रविड़ कझगम]] के सुरुआत कइलें। ई जातिवादी आ गैर बराबरी वाले [[ब्राह्मणवाद]] क विरोध कइलें जेकरे जरिए तमिल समाज में दलित चेतना आइल।<ref name="Periyar">{{cite web|url=http://www.periyar.org/html/ap_bios_eng1.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050710000455/http://www.periyar.org/html/ap_bios_eng1.asp|archive-date=10 July 2005|url-status=dead|title=About Periyar: A Biographical Sketch from 1879 to 1909|accessdate=4 January 2015|publisher=Dravidar Kazhagam}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/statue-wars-who-was-periyar-and-why-does-he-trigger-sentiment-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/63200079.cms?from=mdr|title=Statue wars: Who was Periyar and why does he trigger sentiment in Tamil Nadu?|date=2018-03-07|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328192121/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/statue-wars-who-was-periyar-and-why-does-he-trigger-sentiment-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/63200079.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=28 मार्च 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> पेरियार 1919 में [[भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस]] में शामिल भइलें लेकिन 1925 में इस्तीफा दे देलैं, काहें से कि उनके लगल कि पार्टी खाली बाभन लोग के हित क बात करत बा। ऊ गैर-बाभन द्रविड़ लोग के दमन प सवाल उठवलें काहें कि बाभन लोग गैर-बाभन के उपहार आ चंदा क आनंद त लेत रहलें लेकिन सांस्कृतिक आ धार्मिक मामला में गैर-बाभन क विरोध आ भेदभाव करत रहलें।<ref name="Kandasamy">{{cite book|title=Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of E.V. Ramasamy's Views on Untouchability|author=Kandasamy, W.B. Vansantha|author2=Florentin Smarandache|author3=K. Kandasamy|year=2005|publisher=HEXIS: Phoenix|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgb-MKcsSR0C|isbn=978-1-931233-00-2}}</ref> 1924 में पेरियार [[त्रावणकोर]] के [[वैकोम]] में भयल [[सत्याग्रह]] में भाग लेहलें।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Athiyaman|first=Pazha|date=2019-12-24|title=Periyar, the hero of Vaikom|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/periyar-the-hero-of-vaikom/article30383014.ece|access-date=2023-05-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> 1929 से 1932 तक पेरियार [[ब्रिटिश मलय]], [[यूरोप]] आ [[सोवियत संघ]] के दौरा कइलें जवना से इनके ऊपर बहुत परभाव पड़ल।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/as-tamil-nadu-celebrated-periyars-birthday-on-september-17-we-recall-the-impact-of-his-foreign-trips/ | title=As Tamil Nadu celebrated Periyar's birthday on September 17, we recall the impact of his foreign trips | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=G Olivannan | date=20 September 2016 | access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> 1939 में ई [[जस्टिस पार्टी]] के मुखिया बनलें{{efn|27 अक्टूबर 1939, 11 नवंबर 1940 आ 18 अक्टूबर 1942 के ब्रिटिश आऊर [[सी. राजगोपालाचारी]] पेरियार के प्रीमियर (मुख्यमंत्री) बनै क पेशकश कइले बाकिर ऊ मना कय देहलें।}} आ 1944 में एकर नाँव बदल के ''द्रविड़ कझगम'' रख दिहलें। बाद में पार्टी अलग हो गइल आ [[सी. एन. अन्नादुरै]] के नेतृत्व में एगो समूह 1949 में [[द्रविड़ मुनेत्र कझगम]] (डीएमके) क गठन कइलस।<ref name="Pandian">Pandian, J., (1987). ''Caste, Nationalism, and Ethnicity''. Popular Prakashan Private Ltd.: Bombay. pp. 62, 64. {{ISBN|0861321367}}.</ref> आत्मसम्मान आन्दोलन के जारी रखत घरी ऊ स्वतंत्र द्रविड़ नाडु (द्रविड़ लोगन क भूमि) क वकालत कइलें।<ref name="Chatterjee">Chatterjee, Debi [1981] (2004) ''Up Against Caste: Comparative study of Ambedkar and Periyar''. Rawat Publications: Chennai. pp. 40-42. {{ISBN|978-81-7033-860-4}}</ref> पेरियार [[तर्कवाद]], [[आत्मसम्मान आंदोलन|आत्मसम्मान]], [[महिला अधिकार|औरतन के अधिकार]] आ [[भारत में जाति|जाति]] के उन्मूलन के सिद्धांत के बढ़ावा देहलैं। == संदर्भ == {{टिप्पणीसूची}} == नोट == {{Notelist}} [[श्रेणी:तमिलनाडु के लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1879 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:1973 में निधन]] {{Poli-bio-stub}} n2sfc0lqtfj5jv7olav0k1pkmowp6wk 0 93219 799594 765238 2026-07-12T22:52:38Z SM7Bot 7808 /* top */ सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799594 wikitext text/x-wiki '''अंजना सिंह''' एगो भारतीय फिलिम अभिनेत्री बाड़ी। इहाँ के मुख्य रूप से भोजपुरी फिल्म आ टेलीविजन धारावाहिक में काम कर रहल बानी। अंजना ''एक और फौलाद'' (2012) से परदा पर शुरुआत कइली आ भोजपुरी टेलीविजन पर पहिला बेर ''भाग ना बचे कोई'' ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-10 |title=2 साल में 25 फिल्में साइन कर बना चुकी हैं रिकॉर्ड, अब बॉलीवुड में जलवा दिखाएंगी अंजना सिंह |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/%e2%80%8bbhojpuri-actress-anjana-singh-record-and-her-hot-photos-on-birthday/1492218/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-15 |title=‘उसे एड्स है, दूर रहना उससे..’, जब इस एक्ट्रेस के लिए पीठ पीछे बोली जाती थी ऐसी बातें |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/actress-anjana-singh-struggling-days-when-people-call-her-aids-patient/1468680/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-24 |title=Exclusive! 'Right now, the only thing that matters is work because several people are facing a lack of money,' says Anjana Singh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/exclusive-right-now-the-only-thing-that-matters-is-work-because-several-people-are-facing-a-lack-of-money-says-anjana-singh/articleshow/76567613.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> {{Infobox person | name = अंजना सिंह | image = Anjana Singh.jpg | alt = अंजना सिंह | caption = अंजना सिंह 2019 में | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1990|8|7}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday, Anjana Singh: Rani Chatterjee, Aamrapali Dubey, and others wish the birthday girl - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/happy-birthday-anjana-singh-rani-chatterjee-aamrapali-dubey-and-others-wish-the-birthday-girl/articleshow/77408898.cms |accessdate=4 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> | birth_place = [[लखनऊ]], [[उत्तर प्रदेश]], [[भारत]] | other_names = | occupation = अभिनेत्री | years_active = 2012–वर्तमान | education = | alma_mater = | known_for = | notable_works = {{ubl|''लाभ और रजनीती''|''नागराज''|''सांकी दरोगा''}} | spouse = }} == फिल्मोग्राफी == {| class="wikitable" !साल !फिलिम !भाषा |- |2012 |''एक और फौलाद'' |[[भोजपुरी]] |- |2012 |''लाहू के दो रंग'' |भोजपुरी |- |2012 |''लवारीश'' |भोजपुरी |- |2012 |''कैसन पियवा के चरितार बा'' |भोजपुरी |- |2013 |''राजा जी आई लव यू'' |भोजपुरी |- |2013 |''सांसार'' |भोजपुरी |- |2013 |''ट्रक ड्राइवर'' |भोजपुरी |- |2013 |''वर्दीवाला गुंडा'' |भोजपुरी |- |2013 |''दिलदार सावरिया'' |भोजपुरी |- |2013 |''तुही तो मेरी जन है राधा'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''हाथकड़ी'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''लाहू पुकारेला'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''खून भरी हमार माँग'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''अंधी टूफन'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''एक निरहुआ सरफिरा'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''बाबा रंगीला'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''प्यार मोहब्बत जिंदाबाद'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''दिल लागल दुप्पा वाली से'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''दिल ले गई ओढ़गनिया वाली'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''बिहारी रिक्शावाला'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''गरदा'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''लड़ाई'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''कट्टा तनल दुपट्टा पर'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''करेला कलामल धरतीउ के लाल'' |भोजपुरी |- |2014 |''कच्चे धागे'' |भोजपुरी |- |2015 |''बहुरानी'' |भोजपुरी |- |2015 |''लगी तोहसे लगन'' |भोजपुरी |- |2015 |''एई कैसन प्यार'' |भोजपुरी |- |2015 |''हसीना मान जाएगी'' |भोजपुरी |- |2015 |''गोला बड़ूद'' |भोजपुरी |- |2015 |''हमसे बढ़कर कौन'' |भोजपुरी |- |2016 |''बलिया के दबंगाई'' |भोजपुरी |- |2016 |''बेटा'' |भोजपुरी |- |2016 |''मोकामा 0 किमी'' |भोजपुरी |- |2016 |''दिल है के मनता नाहीं'' |भोजपुरी |- |2016 |''दबंग आशिक'' |भोजपुरी |- |2016 |''खिलाडी'' |भोजपुरी |- |2016 |''हीरो गमचावाला'' |भोजपुरी |- |2016 |''दूध का करज'' |भोजपुरी |- |2016 |''लाभ और रजनीती'' |भोजपुरी |- |2016 |''जौठी तू सेठी मु'' |[[Oriya language|Oriya]] |- |2016 |''रानी दिलबरजानी'' |भोजपुरी |- |2017 |''गुंडे है हम'' |भोजपुरी |- |2017 |''गुंडे'' |भोजपुरी |- |2017 |''रंगीला'' |भोजपुरी |- |2017 |''जिगर'' |भोजपुरी |- |2017 |''तेरे जैसा यार कहां'' |भोजपुरी |- |2017 |''त्रिशूल'' |भोजपुरी |- |2017 |''शेरदिल घातक'' |भोजपुरी |- |2018 |''[[Nagraj|नागराज]]'' |भोजपुरी |- |2018 |''[[Sanki Daroga|सांकी दरोगा]]'' |भोजपुरी |- |2018 |''बद्रीनाथ'' |भोजपुरी |- |2018 |''खुद्दर'' |भोजपुरी |- |2018 |''शिवा बनल डॉन'' |भोजपुरी |- |2018 |''मुन्ना मावाली'' |भोजपुरी |- |2018 |''बदला हिंदुस्तानी का'' |भोजपुरी |- |2018 |''माई के बीरवा'' |भोजपुरी |- |2018 |''शाहेनशाह'' |भोजपुरी |- |2019 |''मैने उनको सजन चुन लिया'' |भोजपुरी |- |2019 |''बिटिया छटी माई के'' |भोजपुरी |- |2019 |''सईया जी दगाबाज'' |भोजपुरी |- |2020 |''कसम पइदा करने वाले की 2'' |भोजपुरी<ref>{{cite news |title='Kadam Paida Karne Wali Ki 2' trailer to be out on THIS date, Nidhi Jha reveals - Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/kadam-paida-karne-wali-ki-2-trailer-to-be-out-on-this-date-nidhi-jha-reveals/articleshow/77501719.cms |accessdate=4 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anjana Singh shares a throwback photo from her beach day - Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/anjana-singh-shares-a-throwback-photo-from-her-beach-day/articleshow/77146339.cms |accessdate=4 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anjana Singh and Yash Kumar collaborate for 'Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki 2' - Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/anjana-singh-and-yash-kumar-collaborate-for-kasam-paida-karne-wale-ki-2/articleshow/72884667.cms |accessdate=4 November 2023}}</ref> |} == पुरस्कार के सूची == {| class="wikitable" !पुरस्कार !श्रेणी !साल !फिलिम !नतीजा !संदर्भ |- |अंतर्राष्ट्रीय भोजपुरी फिल्म पुरस्कार ([[लंदन]]) |बेस्ट अभिनेत्री दर्शकन के पसंद |2017 | | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web |title=Best actress viewers choice award in london |url=https://www.channeleyenews.com/2017/08/01/anjana-singh-gets-best-actress-viewers-choice-award-in-london/ |accessdate=4 November 2023 |website=channeleyenews.com |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140559/https://www.channeleyenews.com/2017/08/01/anjana-singh-gets-best-actress-viewers-choice-award-in-london/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |अंतर्राष्ट्रीय भोजपुरी फिल्म पुरस्कार ([[मलेशिया]]) |बेस्ट अभिनेत्री |2018 |जिगर | {{won}} |<ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2018 |title=International Bhojpuri Film Awards 2018: Check out the list of winners |url=http://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/international-bhojpuri-film-awards-2018-check-out-the-list-of-winners-2126960.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=Zee News}}</ref> |} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]] [[श्रेणी:1990 में जनम]] [[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी सिनेमा के ऐक्ट्रेस लोग]] [[श्रेणी:21वीं सदी के ऐक्ट्रेस]] kh7o5u8kfam26581phg6i1r6kxb4ajl 0 95409 799580 771965 2026-07-12T22:17:26Z SM7 3953 [[विकिपीडिया:हॉट-कैट|हॉट-कैट]] द्वारा [[श्रेणी:सॉफ्टवेयर]] जोड़ल गइल 799580 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ओपेन-सोर्स सॉफ्टवेयर''' (OSS) कंप्यूटर सॉफ्टवेयर हवें जे अइसन लाइसेंस के तहत जारी कइल जालें जिनहन में कॉपीराइट धारक प्रयोगकर्ता लोग के सॉफ्टवेयर आ एकरे स्रोत कोड के केहू के भी आ कौनों भी मकसद खातिर इस्तेमाल, अध्ययन, बदलाव आ बितरण के अधिकार देला। ओपन-सोर्स सॉफ्टवेयर के बिकास सहकार (कोलैबोरेशन) आ सार्वजनिक तरीका से कइल जा सके ला। {{tech-stub}} {{computer-stub}} [[श्रेणी:सॉफ्टवेयर]] 76s5rc4kqiue5psw5o9iqez1qfq2iom 0 96665 799599 785028 2026-07-12T22:53:20Z SM7Bot 7808 सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 799599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = अरविन्द ओत्ता<br>Arvind Otta | image = | image_size = | caption = Arvind Otta | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | alma_mater = अंबेडकर विश्वविद्यालय | occupation = {{hlist|मनोवैज्ञानिक| शिक्षक |मेन्टल हेल्थ एक्टिविस्ट}} | years_active = सन् २०१२-वर्तमान | height = | spouse = }} डॉ. '''अरविन्द ओत्ता''' एगो भारतीय मनोवैज्ञानिक, लेखक, [[मनोबिज्ञान]] के शिक्षक आ साइकोलॉग्स पत्रिका के संपादक बानी। <ref>{{Cite news |title=Arvind Otta's remarkable work for people affected by mental health and for their human rights |url=https://www.newsx.com/featured/arvind-otta-remarkable-mental-health-human-rights/ |work=Newsx }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> मानसिक स्वास्थ्य बेमारी से पीड़ित लोगन के अधिकार खातिर ऊ काम करेलें आ [[भारत]] में ओह लोगन के हालत सुधारे के दिशा में लागल बानी। <ref>{{Cite news |title=Speaking with Arvind Otta on His Efforts to Break Mental Health Stigmas in India |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/brand-focus/arvind-otta-makes-people-aware-of-mental-health-and-ensures-the-human-rights-of-people-with-mental-health-conditions |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref> == करियर == जामिया मिलिया इस्लामिया स [[मनोबिज्ञान]] में स्नातक आ अंबेडकर विश्वविद्यालय स स्नातकोत्तर अउरी पीएचडी करे के बाद, उ मानसिक स्वास्थ्य पेशेवर के रूप में काम शुरू कइले रहन। डॉ. ओत्ता साइकोलॉग्स पत्रिका में मुख्य संपादक आ दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय में मनोविज्ञान से संबंधित पाठ्यक्रम विकसित कइले रहन। 'उत्साह' नाम के राष्ट्रीय मानसिक स्वास्थ्य सक्रियता हुनकर प्रमुख काम में से एक बा। डॉ. ओत्ता तरह-तरह के आयोजनन के माध्यम से लोगन के मानसिक स्वास्थ्य के बारे में जागरूक करत बाड़े आ मानसिक स्वास्थ्य से प्रभावित लोगन के मानवाधिकार खातिर काम करत बाड़े। उनका विश्वास बा कि भारत में मानसिक स्वास्थ्य के स्थिति में सुधार करे खातिर व्यापक स्तर पर जागरूकता जरूरी बा। उ इंटरनेट गेमिंग आ सोशल मीडिया के लत के बच्चा आ किशोर पर पड़ रहल नकारात्मक असर पर भी काम कर रहल बाड़े अउर जागरूकता अभियान में ई मुद्दा के जोर-शोर से उठावत बाड़े।<ref>{{Cite news |title=बच्चों को डिप्रेशन का शिकार बना सकता है इंटरनेट, प्रयोग को 'लत' बनने से कैसे रोकें? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/development/internet-can-make-children-depress-how-to-stop-from-becoming-an-addiction-psychologs-suggested-remedies/articleshow/98095844.cms |work=Navbharat Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=इंटरनेट एडिक्शन का शिकार |url=https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/help-for-internet-addiction-victims-psychologs-magazine-7877758 |work=Patrika}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=Are your kids overdosing on digital media? Recognising signs of overuse and how parents can help |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/relationships/are-your-kids-overdosing-on-digital-media-recognising-signs-of-overuse-and-how-parents-can-help-101688887411456.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> == प्रकाशन के बा == अरविंद ओट्टा भारत के एकमात्र मानसिक स्वास्थ्य पत्रिका साइकोलॉग्स के मुख्य संपादक हवें। इनके कई गो किताब भी छप चुकल बाड़ी सऽ। === किताबन के बारे में बतावल गइल बा === * बायोसाइकोलॉजी(अंग्रेजी): आईएसबीएन: 9789391724474 बा * बचपन में अवसाद(अंग्रेजी): आईएसबीएन: 9789391724368 * मनोविज्ञान प्रवेश परीक्षा(अंग्रेजी): आईएसबीएन: 9789391724948 * सोशल मीडिया के लत(अंग्रेजी): आईएसबीएन: 9789391724542 * मानव स्मृति अउर समस्या के समाधान(अंग्रेजी): ISBN 9789391724313 * मानव विकास(अंग्रेजी): आईएसबीएन: 9789391724337 बा == संदर्भ दिहल गइल बा == {{Reflist}} <references /> jaumavpd1vey10tspfw9omkenempi6w 0 100225 799546 788719 2026-07-12T17:42:33Z SM7 3953 [[User:SM7/stubsorter|Stubsorter]] के मदद से {{Festival-stub}} जोड़ल गइल। 799546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''पोहिलो बोइसाख''' बंगाली नया साल हवे। ई 14 भ 15 अप्रैल के [[बंगाल]] आ [[बांग्लादेश]] अउरी [[त्रिपुरा]] में मनावल जाला। ई सायन सिस्टम के हिसाब से [[मेष संक्रांति]] के पड़े ला आ एहि दिन से [[बंगाली कलेंडर]] के पहिला दिन के गिनती होखे ला। == इहो देखल जाय == * [[नया साल]] * [[भारतीय नया साल सभ के लिस्ट]] [[श्रेणी:नया साल]] [[श्रेणी:अप्रैल के परब-तिहुआर]] [[श्रेणी:बंगाली संस्कृति]] {{Festival-stub}} 6igoyh4gw4i57ms2hy09phfn7jtionz 0 100614 799545 790670 2026-07-12T17:41:43Z SM7 3953 [[User:SM7/stubsorter|Stubsorter]] के मदद से {{Reli-stub}} जोड़ल गइल। 799545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Navaratri Bajan.jpg|thumb|260px|तमिलनाडु के कोयंबटूर में [[नवरातर]] के दौरान भजन के एक ठो कार्यक्रम।]] '''भजन''' [[भारतीय धार्मिक पंथ]] सभ आ भारतीय आध्यात्मिक बिचार सभ से जुड़ल शब्द ह। ई आमतौर प अइसन [[गीत]] होखे लें जे कौनों देवी-देवता, ईश्वर चाहे आध्यात्मिक शक्ति खातिर आदर, [[श्रद्धा|सरधा]], चाहे पूजा के भाव से भरल होखे लें।<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGregor |first1=R. S. (Ronald Stuart) |title=The Oxford Hindi-English dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/mcgregor_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |date=1993}}</ref> ई कवनो भाषा में हो सके लें।<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p97">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|author=James G. Lochtefeld|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=97}}</ref> [[संस्कृत]] ''भजनम्'' के मतलब श्रद्धा चाहे पूजा होला, आ ई “भज्” [[धातु (संस्कृत व्याकरण)|धातु]] से बनल बा,<ref name="r059">{{cite web |last1=विलियम्स|first1=मोनियर | title=MW Cologne Scan | website=IITS Koeln | url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=744 | language=no | access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref> जवन के मतलब होखे ला—पूजा कइल, आदर कइल, आ सरधा देखावल; जइसे “[[भज गोविंदम्|भज गोविन्दम्]]” (गोविन्द के भजऽ/पूजा करऽ)। भजन, अइसन गीतवनों सभ के कहल जाला, आ एकरे अलावा अइसन कार्यक्रम भा आयोजन सभ के भी भजन कहल जाला जिनहन में एक ठो भा एक से बेसी गायक लोग अइसन गीत गावे लें। अइसन आयोजन सभ में कई बेर नाचो सामिल हो सके ला।<ref name="kaminskylong484">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky|author2=Roger D. Long|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-37463-0|pages=484–485}}</ref> आमतौर पर भजन में [[तबला]], [[ढोलक]] या खंजड़ी जइसन ताल वाद्य के संगत दिहल जाला। छोट हाथ में पकड़े वाला झाल (मंजीरा) आ झांझ (करताल) के इस्तेमाल भी ताल देवे खातिर इस्तेमाल होखेला, कुछ न होखला पर खाली भर हाथ से ताली दे संगत कइल जा सके ला। भजन [[मंदिर]] में, घर में, पेड़ के नीचे खुले जगह में, नदी किनारे, या कवनो ऐतिहासिक जगह पर गावल जा सकेला। भजन गावे वाला समूह के ''मंडली'' कहल जाला।<ref>Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter. "LITERACY AND THE CHANGING CONCEPT OF TEXT: Women's Ramayana Maṇḍalī in Central India." In Boundaries of the Text: Epic Performances in South and Southeast Asia, edited by Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger and Laurie J. Sears, 43–60. University of Michigan Press, 1991. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.19503.8.</ref> एकरे अलावा [[भारतीय संगीत]] में तीन गो मुख्य बिभाजन कइल गइल हवे - [[भारतीय शास्त्रीय संगीत|शास्त्रीय]], लोक संगीत आ सुगम संगीत - भजन इनहन में से सुगम संगीत आ लोक गीत शैली के हिस्सा मानल जाला। मने की ई भारतीय संगीत के एगो बिधा (जौनर) भा शैली (इस्टाइल) के रूप में भी गिनल जाला। “भजन” शब्द के मतलब साझा कइल भी होला। आ [[गणित]] में भाग देवे के क्रिया के भी भजन भा भाजन कहल जाला। {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:गीत]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय संस्कृति]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय संगीत]] {{hinduism-stub}} {{Reli-stub}} 1l70q6qa20zgluq05e02h2cr8vpimzd 0 100715 799544 791900 2026-07-12T17:38:30Z SM7 3953 [[User:SM7/stubsorter|Stubsorter]] के मदद से {{Comp-sci-stub}} जोड़ल गइल। 799544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''कंप्यूटर साइंटिस्ट''' चाहे '''कंप्यूटर बैज्ञानिक''' ({{Langx|en|computer scientist}}) ऊ [[बैज्ञानिक|साइंटिस्ट]] होला, जवन [[कंप्यूटर साइंस|कंप्यूटर बिज्ञान]] आ तकनीक के पढ़ाई आ [[रिसर्च]] में विशेषज्ञ होखेला।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Scientist - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/computer-scientist |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=computer scientist |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/computer-scientist |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |language=en |date=29 अप्रैल 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Orsucci, Franco F.|author2=Sala, Nicoletta|year=2008|title=Reflexing Interfaces: The Complex Coevolution of Information Technology Ecosystems, Information Science Reference|page=335|publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1599046273}}</ref> कंप्यूटर साइंटिस्ट आमतौर पर [[कंप्यूटेशन]] के सैद्धांतिक पहलू पर काम करे ला। हालाँकि, ऊ अपना रिसर्च के अलग-अलग क्षेत्र में भी काम कर सकेला—जइसे एल्गोरिदम आ डेटा स्ट्रक्चर के विकास आ डिजाइन, [[सॉफ्टवेयर इंजीनियरिंग]], सूचना सिद्धांत, डेटाबेस सिद्धांत, सैद्धांतिक कंप्यूटर बिज्ञान, संख्यात्मक विश्लेषण, प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा सिद्धांत, कंपाइलर, कंप्यूटर ग्राफिक्स, कंप्यूटर विजन, रोबोटिक्स, कंप्यूटर आर्किटेक्चर आ ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम आदि। एह सभ क्षेत्र के आधार, कंप्यूटिंग के सैद्धांतिक अध्ययन हवे।<ref name="salary">{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Computer-and-Information-Technology/Computer-and-information-research-scientists.htm|title=Computer and Information Research Scientists|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=29 March 2012|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402000057/https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Computer-and-Information-Technology/Computer-and-information-research-scientists.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> कंप्यूटर साइंटिस्ट के मुख्य लक्ष्य होला कि ऊ अइसन मॉडल (अक्सर गणितीय) बनावे या परखे, जवन कंप्यूटेशनल सिस्टम—जइसे प्रोसेसर, प्रोग्राम, कंप्यूटर आ इंसान के बीच के संबंध, आ कंप्यूटर के आपस में बातचीत—के गुण के सही तरीका से समझा सके। अंतिम मकसद ई होला कि अइसन डिजाइन खोजल जाव जवन ज्यादा उपयोगी होखे—जइसे तेज, छोट, सस्ता आ बेसी सटीक। == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:बैज्ञानिक]] [[श्रेणी:कंप्यूटर बिज्ञान]] [[श्रेणी:पेशा अनुसार लोग]] {{Comp-sci-stub}} hf2nxsvpmc5iuvouvg0uat1u3eejw7n 14 101065 799607 798705 2026-07-12T23:43:36Z SM7 3953 [[विकिपीडिया:हॉट-कैट|हॉट-कैट]] द्वारा [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] खातिर नई सॉर्टकुंजी: "India" 799607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Valleys of India}} [[श्रेणी:घाटी|India]] <!-- [[Category:Valleys of Asia by country|India]]--> [[Category:भारत के थलरूप|घाटी]] pccz3buhgqt5q12c6xfo46dwxoi680y 4 101100 799547 799444 2026-07-12T19:21:32Z NeechalBOT 7874 statistics 799547 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--- stats starts--->{{प्रयोगकर्ता:Neechalkaran/statnotice}}{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%" |- ! 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{{User:Neechalkaran/template/daily |Date =१०-७-२०२६ |Pages = 81928 |dPages = 3 |Articles = 9109 |dArticles = 3 |Edits = 796172 |dEdits = 46 |Files = 54 |dFiles = 0 |Users = 40265 |dUsers = 4 |Ausers = 64 |dAusers = 1 }} {{User:Neechalkaran/template/daily |Date =११-७-२०२६ |Pages = 81931 |dPages = 3 |Articles = 9109 |dArticles = 0 |Edits = 796343 |dEdits = 171 |Files = 54 |dFiles = 0 |Users = 40270 |dUsers = 5 |Ausers = 64 |dAusers = 0 }} {{User:Neechalkaran/template/daily |Date =१२-७-२०२६ |Pages = 81937 |dPages = 6 |Articles = 9112 |dArticles = 3 |Edits = 796450 |dEdits = 107 |Files = 54 |dFiles = 0 |Users = 40277 |dUsers = 7 |Ausers = 64 |dAusers = 0 }} <!---Place new stats here---> |} <!--- stats ends---> t6g5oluhujx7i284f77qqirp3k54kle 0 101136 799524 799248 2026-07-12T12:19:55Z SM7 3953 +विकिकड़ी जोड़ल गइल 799524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = दाल पीठा | name_lang = | name_italics = | image = | image_upright = | image_alt = | caption = | alternative_name = दलपीठा, गोझा, फारा, भकोसा | type = | course = मेन कोर्स | place_of_origin = | region = [[भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]] | associated_cuisine = [[भोजपुरी व्यंजन]] | creator = | year = | mintime = | maxtime = | served = | main_ingredient = | minor_ingredient = | variations = | serving_size = | calories = | calories_ref = | protein = | fat = | carbohydrate = | glycemic_index = | similar_dish = | module = | cookbook = | commons = | other = | no_recipes = }} '''दाल पीठा''', '''दल पिठा''' चाहे '''दल पिठिया''' भा '''दल पिठी''', [[उत्तर प्रदेश|यूपी]] आ [[बिहार]] के [[भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]] क एगो पारंपरिक व्यंजन हवे। एहमें [[चाउर]] के पिसान के लोई के भीतर मसालेदार दाल के भरावन भरल जाला, आ एकरा के खउलत पानी के भाप में पकावल जाला। भारतीय भाषा सभ में "दल" के अर्थ [[दाल]] आ "पिठा" भा "पिठी" के अर्थ [[गोहूँ]] भा ताजा चाउर के आटा से बनल पकवान होला। भाप में पकावल गइल दल पिठा के साइज-शेप परंपरागत रूप से [[गुझिया]] जइसन होखेला। [[पूर्वांचल]] के [[भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]] में एकरा के '''गोझा''', '''भकोसा''' आ '''फारा''' के नाँव से जानल जाला।<ref>{{cite web |title=गुजिया तो आप सब ने खाया होगा पर क्या आपने गोझा खाया है? चखिए गोझे का स्वाद आ गई रे चटोरी में |url=https://khabarlahariya.org/new-recipe-of-goza/ |website=Khabar Lahariya (खबर लहरिया) |access-date=10 जुलाई 2026 |language=en |date=8 अक्टूबर 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=रावत |first1=उमा |title=उत्तर भारतीय चना दाल फरा रेसिपी {{!}} भकोसा {{!}} गोझा {{!}} चावल के फरे |url=https://www.foodzlife.com/post/bhakosarecipe?srsltid=AfmBOortQJ5UXh6U02Jwdex8Mg_oNocBfvRsVFth3hMdR-BJBH5w8WAm |website=FoodzLife |access-date=10 जुलाई 2026 |language=hi |date=13 जनवरी 2022}}</ref> {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:बिहार के खाना]] [[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]] {{food-stub}} 8tron9riujz0cxqvbzf6qx747ot07zv 0 101141 799532 799452 2026-07-12T16:53:50Z SM7 3953 + नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट 799532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BalosLagoonCreta.jpg|thumb| Balos coastal lagoon of northwestern [[क्रीट]] के लग्गे बैलोस लैगून। लैगून के छिछिला पानी आ [[रूम सागर]] के बीचा में पातर बलुआ बैरियर बाटे।]] [[File:Kara-Bogaz Gol from space, September 1995.jpg|thumb|[[कारा बोगज गोल]] एगो अइसन लैगून ह जे कैस्पियन सागर में बनल हवे; ई [[तुर्कमेनिस्तान]] में पड़े ला।]] [[File:Venice Lagoon December 9 2001.jpg|thumb|[[वेनिस के लैगून]] जेह में एगो टापू पर [[वेनिस]] शहर बसल हवे।]] '''लैगून''' ({{Langx|en|Lagoon}}; {{Langx|hi|अनूप}}) उथला भा छिछिल पानी के छोटहन जल भंडार भा एक किसिम के [[झील]] होला, जे कवनो बड़ जलराशि (सागर भा समुंद्र) से [[सैंडबार]], [[कोरल रीफ]], [[बैरियर आइलैंड]], बैरियर प्रायदीप भा [[थलजोड़]] जइसन सकेत आ पातर जमीनी थलरूप के जरिये अलग होखे ला।<ref name="NOAA">{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ([[NOAA]])|title=What is a lagoon? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lagoon.html |access-date=2026-07-11 |website=oceanservice.noaa.gov |language=EN-US |quote="A lagoon is a body of water separated from larger bodies of water by a natural barrier."}}</ref><ref name="c236">{{cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Maurice L. |title=Definition, Characteristics & Examples |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=4 May 1999 |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/lagoon-geography |access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> दुसरे शब्दन में कहल जाय त लैगून छोट झील होलें जे कौनों बड़हन झील भा समुंद्र से एकदम सटल होलें आ कवनों किसिम के बहुत पातर जमीनी ढाँचा दुन्नों के अलग करे ला; बहुधा ई मेन समुंद्र से जुड़लो हो सके लें। लैगूनन के आमतौर पर दू किसिम में बाँटल जाला—"तटीय लैगून" (बैरियर लैगून) आ "[[एटॉल]] लैगून"। कुछ लैगून बालू आ कंकड़ वाला समुंद्री तीरे पर भी पावल जालें। तटीय लैगून आ नदी मुहाना ([[एस्चुअरी]]) के बीच कई बेर समानता देखे के मिलेला, एहसे कुछ जलाशयन के वर्गीकरण में दुनो के बीच आंशिक मेल भी हो सकेला। दुनिया के अनेक हिस्सा के समुंद्री तटन पर लैगून बहुत आम तटीय थलरूप हवे। {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र तटीय थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र बिज्ञान]] [[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]] [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र बिज्ञान शब्दावली]] [[श्रेणी:झील]] [[श्रेणी:मूंगा]] {{समुंद्र-आधार}} {{Topography-stub}} 9ywbd8ahvbl7pnldn2mhqhnjxqf0ysd 0 101145 799520 799512 2026-07-12T12:14:42Z SM7 3953 ज्ञानसंदूक जोड़ल गइल, संदर्भ जोड़ल/सुधारल गइल 799520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion |name = टुंड्रा<br><small>Tundra</small> |map = File:Tundra Wiki 200.png |map_size = 1000 |map_caption = {{legend0|#b8d4cb|&nbsp;extent of the Arctic and Antarctic tundra}} |climate = [[ध्रुवीय जलवायु|ET]] |image = Greenland scoresby-sydkapp2 hg.jpg |image_caption = [[ग्रीनलैंड]] में टुंड्रा इलाका के एगो सीन <!-- Area is sum of areas of all WWF tundra ecoregions, from http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html and similar --> |area = 11563300<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604234555/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html |title=Ecoregions |publisher=[[वल्ड वाइल्डलाइफ फंड]]}}</ref> }} [[भौतिक भूगोल]] में '''टुंड्रा''' ({{Langx|en|Tundra}}) एगो [[बायोम]] (जीवीय प्रदेश) हवे, जहाँ बहुत बेसी ठंढक होला आ पौधा सभ के बढ़े के समय (ग्रोइंग सीजन) बहुत छोट होला; एही के कारण पेड़-पौधन ओह इलाका में बहुत बिकास ना हो पावेला। टुंड्रा के तीन प्रमुख प्रकार मानल जाला—आर्कटिक टुंड्रा,<ref name="berkeley">{{cite web |title=The Tundra Biome |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html |access-date=5 March 2006 |work=The World's Biomes |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722054716/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php |archive-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> [[अल्पाइन टुंड्रा]]<ref name="berkeley">{{cite web |title=The Tundra Biome |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html |access-date=5 March 2006 |work=The World's Biomes |publisher=University of California, Berkeley|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722054716/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php |archive-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> आ अंटार्कटिक टुंड्रा।<ref name="wwf">{{cite web |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions: Antarctica |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805095438/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html |archive-date=5 August 2011 |access-date=2 November 2009 |work=Wild World |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref> टुंड्रा के बनस्पति में मुख्य रूप से बौना झाड़ी, सेज, घास, काई (मॉस) आ लाइकेन शामिल होलें। कुछ टुंड्रा क्षेत्रन में इक्का-दुक्का पेड़वो मिले ले। टुंड्रा के वीरान इलाका आ पेड़-पौधन वाल बन के बीच के ट्रांजिशन जोन के ''ट्री लाइन'' चाहे "टिंबरलाइन" कहल जाला।<ref>{{cite web |title=Tree - Alpine, Arctic, Subalpine {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/tree/Tree-lines |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=12 जुलाई 2026 |language=en}}</ref> टुंड्रा इलाका के [[माटी]] नाइट्रोजन आ फॉस्फोरस से भरपूर होले।<ref name="berkeley" /> एह माटी में बहुत मात्रा में जैविक पदार्थ आ विघटित जैविक पदार्थ स्थायी हिममृदा ([[परमाफ्रॉस्ट]]) में मीथेन आ [[कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड]] के रूप में जमा रहे ला। इहे कारण ह कि टुंड्रा के माटी कार्बन भंडार (कार्बन सिंक) के रूप में काम करे ले। जब [[ग्लोबल वार्मिंग]] के चलते टुंड्रा इलाका में गर्मी बढ़े ला आ परमाफ्रॉस्ट पघिले लागे ला, तब ई जमा कार्बन के तेजी से वायुमंडल में छोड़े लागे ला। एकरा चलते [[ग्रीनहाउस गैस]] के मात्रा बढ़ जाले, जवन [[जलवायु परिवर्तन]] के अउरी तेज कर देला। ई प्रक्रिया एगो प्लस वाला फीडबैक चक्र पैदा करेला, जे जलवायु परिवर्तन के लगातार बढ़ावे में योगदान देला। {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:जीव भूगोल]] rddcyjobeiqc9edj49233pv6qhd5vtz 799521 799520 2026-07-12T12:16:19Z SM7 3953 सुधार कइल गइल 799521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion |name = टुंड्रा<br><small>Tundra</small> |map = File:Tundra Wiki 200.png |map_size = 1000 |map_caption = {{legend0|#b8d4cb|&nbsp;extent of the Arctic and Antarctic tundra}} |climate = [[ध्रुवीय जलवायु|ET]] |image = Greenland scoresby-sydkapp2 hg.jpg |image_caption = [[ग्रीनलैंड]] में टुंड्रा इलाका के एगो सीन <!-- Area is sum of areas of all WWF tundra ecoregions, from http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html and similar --> |area = 11563300<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604234555/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html |title=Ecoregions |publisher=[[वल्ड वाइल्डलाइफ फंड]]}}</ref> }} [[भौतिक भूगोल]] में '''टुंड्रा''' ({{Langx|en|Tundra}}) एगो [[बायोम]] (जीवीय प्रदेश) हवे, जहाँ बहुत बेसी ठंढक होला आ पौधा सभ के बढ़े के समय (ग्रोइंग सीजन) बहुत छोट होला; एही के कारण पेड़-पौधन ओह इलाका में बहुत बिकास ना हो पावेला। टुंड्रा के तीन प्रमुख प्रकार मानल जाला—आर्कटिक टुंड्रा,<ref name="berkeley">{{cite web |title=The Tundra Biome |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html |access-date=5 March 2006 |work=The World's Biomes |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722054716/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php |archive-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> [[अल्पाइन टुंड्रा]]<ref name="berkeley" /> आ अंटार्कटिक टुंड्रा।<ref name="wwf">{{cite web |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions: Antarctica |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805095438/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html |archive-date=5 August 2011 |access-date=2 November 2009 |work=Wild World |publisher=[[नेशनल ज्यॉग्रफिकल सोसाइटी]]}}</ref> टुंड्रा के बनस्पति में मुख्य रूप से बौना झाड़ी, सेज, घास, काई (मॉस) आ लाइकेन शामिल होलें। कुछ टुंड्रा क्षेत्रन में इक्का-दुक्का पेड़वो मिले ले। टुंड्रा के वीरान इलाका आ पेड़-पौधन वाल बन के बीच के ट्रांजिशन जोन के ''ट्री लाइन'' चाहे "टिंबरलाइन" कहल जाला।<ref>{{cite web |title=Tree - Alpine, Arctic, Subalpine {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/tree/Tree-lines |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=12 जुलाई 2026 |language=en}}</ref> टुंड्रा इलाका के [[माटी]] नाइट्रोजन आ फॉस्फोरस से भरपूर होले।<ref name="berkeley" /> एह माटी में बहुत मात्रा में जैविक पदार्थ आ विघटित जैविक पदार्थ स्थायी हिममृदा ([[परमाफ्रॉस्ट]]) में मीथेन आ [[कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड]] के रूप में जमा रहे ला। इहे कारण ह कि टुंड्रा के माटी कार्बन भंडार (कार्बन सिंक) के रूप में काम करे ले। जब [[ग्लोबल वार्मिंग]] के चलते टुंड्रा इलाका में गर्मी बढ़े ला आ परमाफ्रॉस्ट पघिले लागे ला, तब ई जमा कार्बन के तेजी से वायुमंडल में छोड़े लागे ला। एकरा चलते [[ग्रीनहाउस गैस]] के मात्रा बढ़ जाले, जवन [[जलवायु बदलाव|जलवायु परिवर्तन]] के अउरी तेज कर देला। ई प्रक्रिया एगो प्लस वाला फीडबैक चक्र पैदा करेला, जे जलवायु परिवर्तन के लगातार बढ़ावे में योगदान देला। {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:जीव भूगोल]] gdb9usqotd1y701vuym0318dkcmvd12 799522 799521 2026-07-12T12:17:21Z SM7 3953 [[User:SM7/stubsorter|Stubsorter]] के मदद से {{Ecology-stub}} जोड़ल गइल। 799522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion |name = टुंड्रा<br><small>Tundra</small> |map = File:Tundra Wiki 200.png |map_size = 1000 |map_caption = {{legend0|#b8d4cb|&nbsp;extent of the Arctic and Antarctic tundra}} |climate = [[ध्रुवीय जलवायु|ET]] |image = Greenland scoresby-sydkapp2 hg.jpg |image_caption = [[ग्रीनलैंड]] में टुंड्रा इलाका के एगो सीन <!-- Area is sum of areas of all WWF tundra ecoregions, from http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html and similar --> |area = 11563300<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604234555/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html |title=Ecoregions |publisher=[[वल्ड वाइल्डलाइफ फंड]]}}</ref> }} [[भौतिक भूगोल]] में '''टुंड्रा''' ({{Langx|en|Tundra}}) एगो [[बायोम]] (जीवीय प्रदेश) हवे, जहाँ बहुत बेसी ठंढक होला आ पौधा सभ के बढ़े के समय (ग्रोइंग सीजन) बहुत छोट होला; एही के कारण पेड़-पौधन ओह इलाका में बहुत बिकास ना हो पावेला। टुंड्रा के तीन प्रमुख प्रकार मानल जाला—आर्कटिक टुंड्रा,<ref name="berkeley">{{cite web |title=The Tundra Biome |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html |access-date=5 March 2006 |work=The World's Biomes |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722054716/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php |archive-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> [[अल्पाइन टुंड्रा]]<ref name="berkeley" /> आ अंटार्कटिक टुंड्रा।<ref name="wwf">{{cite web |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions: Antarctica |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805095438/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html |archive-date=5 August 2011 |access-date=2 November 2009 |work=Wild World |publisher=[[नेशनल ज्यॉग्रफिकल सोसाइटी]]}}</ref> टुंड्रा के बनस्पति में मुख्य रूप से बौना झाड़ी, सेज, घास, काई (मॉस) आ लाइकेन शामिल होलें। कुछ टुंड्रा क्षेत्रन में इक्का-दुक्का पेड़वो मिले ले। टुंड्रा के वीरान इलाका आ पेड़-पौधन वाल बन के बीच के ट्रांजिशन जोन के ''ट्री लाइन'' चाहे "टिंबरलाइन" कहल जाला।<ref>{{cite web |title=Tree - Alpine, Arctic, Subalpine {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/tree/Tree-lines |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=12 जुलाई 2026 |language=en}}</ref> टुंड्रा इलाका के [[माटी]] नाइट्रोजन आ फॉस्फोरस से भरपूर होले।<ref name="berkeley" /> एह माटी में बहुत मात्रा में जैविक पदार्थ आ विघटित जैविक पदार्थ स्थायी हिममृदा ([[परमाफ्रॉस्ट]]) में मीथेन आ [[कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड]] के रूप में जमा रहे ला। इहे कारण ह कि टुंड्रा के माटी कार्बन भंडार (कार्बन सिंक) के रूप में काम करे ले। जब [[ग्लोबल वार्मिंग]] के चलते टुंड्रा इलाका में गर्मी बढ़े ला आ परमाफ्रॉस्ट पघिले लागे ला, तब ई जमा कार्बन के तेजी से वायुमंडल में छोड़े लागे ला। एकरा चलते [[ग्रीनहाउस गैस]] के मात्रा बढ़ जाले, जवन [[जलवायु बदलाव|जलवायु परिवर्तन]] के अउरी तेज कर देला। ई प्रक्रिया एगो प्लस वाला फीडबैक चक्र पैदा करेला, जे जलवायु परिवर्तन के लगातार बढ़ावे में योगदान देला। {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:जीव भूगोल]] {{Ecology-stub}} {{environ-stub}} g17myjgrfoe9f9klc7ouzo094ouhewt 0 101146 799528 2026-07-12T16:19:40Z SM7 3953 अंग्रेजी से अनुबाद क के नया आधार लेख 799528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[भूगोल]] में ({{Langx|en|Cape}}; {{Langx|hi|अंतरीप}} भा रास) [[सागरतट]] के अइसन उभरल जमीनी हिस्सा होला, जे समुंद्र भा कवनो दूसर जलाशय के भीतर तक निकलल रहेला। अइसन केप कौनों [[हेडलैंड]], [[प्रायदीप]] भा [[प्रोमॉन्टरी]] (केप जइसन चट्टान) के रूप में हो सकेला। केप आमतौर पर तटरेखा के दिशा में अचानक आ क्लियर बदलाव के चीन्हा होला। एही कारण ई समुद्री नेविगेशन में महत्वपूर्ण चीन्हा (लैंडमार्क) के रूप में इस्तमाल कइल जालें। समुद्र के लहर, [[ज्वार-भाटा]] आ औरो दूसर प्राकृतिक कटाव के प्रॉसेस एह पर सक्रीय आ प्रभावी होखे के संभावना बेसी होला; एह कारन इनहन के कटाव तेजी से होखत हो सके ला। एही कारन जियोलाजिकल हिसाब से देखल जाय त इनहन के कुल जीवनकाल तुलनात्मक रूप से छोट मानल जाला। 8874ftolpaodzyp57uxnja6wib8m06d 799529 799528 2026-07-12T16:20:10Z SM7 3953 [[User:SM7/stubsorter|Stubsorter]] के मदद से {{Topography-stub}} जोड़ल गइल। 799529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[भूगोल]] में ({{Langx|en|Cape}}; {{Langx|hi|अंतरीप}} भा रास) [[सागरतट]] के अइसन उभरल जमीनी हिस्सा होला, जे समुंद्र भा कवनो दूसर जलाशय के भीतर तक निकलल रहेला। अइसन केप कौनों [[हेडलैंड]], [[प्रायदीप]] भा [[प्रोमॉन्टरी]] (केप जइसन चट्टान) के रूप में हो सकेला। केप आमतौर पर तटरेखा के दिशा में अचानक आ क्लियर बदलाव के चीन्हा होला। एही कारण ई समुद्री नेविगेशन में महत्वपूर्ण चीन्हा (लैंडमार्क) के रूप में इस्तमाल कइल जालें। समुद्र के लहर, [[ज्वार-भाटा]] आ औरो दूसर प्राकृतिक कटाव के प्रॉसेस एह पर सक्रीय आ प्रभावी होखे के संभावना बेसी होला; एह कारन इनहन के कटाव तेजी से होखत हो सके ला। एही कारन जियोलाजिकल हिसाब से देखल जाय त इनहन के कुल जीवनकाल तुलनात्मक रूप से छोट मानल जाला। {{Topography-stub}} 5a3i9y0n37i8l9lm6livt4ge6c391xl 799530 799529 2026-07-12T16:52:30Z SM7 3953 ±श्रेणी सुधार कइल गइल, सुधार कइल गइल 799530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Technical title}} [[भूगोल]] में '''केप''' ({{Langx|en|Cape}}; {{Langx|hi|अंतरीप}} भा रास) [[सागरतट]] के अइसन उभरल जमीनी हिस्सा होला, जे समुंद्र के भीतर तक निकलल रहेला। अइसन केप सभ कौनों [[हेडलैंड]], [[प्रायदीप]] भा [[प्रोमॉन्टरी]] (केप जइसन चट्टान) के रूप में हो सके लें। केप आमतौर पर तटरेखा के दिशा में अचानक आ क्लियर बदलाव के चीन्हा होला। एही कारण ई समुद्री नेविगेशन में महत्वपूर्ण निशान (लैंडमार्क) के रूप में इस्तमाल कइल जालें। समुद्र के लहर, [[ज्वार-भाटा]] आ औरो दूसर प्राकृतिक कटाव के प्रॉसेस एह पर सक्रीय आ प्रभावी होखे के संभावना बेसी होला; एह कारन इनहन के कटाव तेजी से होखत हो सके ला। एही कारन जियोलाजिकल हिसाब से देखल जाय त इनहन के कुल जीवनकाल तुलनात्मक रूप से छोट मानल जाला। == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र तटीय थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]] [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र बिज्ञान शब्दावली]] {{समुंद्र-आधार}} {{Topography-stub}} 1uqj55a4st60s5lghte64uyqunt7wom 799531 799530 2026-07-12T16:53:34Z SM7 3953 + नेविगेशन टेम्पलेट 799531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Technical title}} [[भूगोल]] में '''केप''' ({{Langx|en|Cape}}; {{Langx|hi|अंतरीप}} भा रास) [[सागरतट]] के अइसन उभरल जमीनी हिस्सा होला, जे समुंद्र के भीतर तक निकलल रहेला। अइसन केप सभ कौनों [[हेडलैंड]], [[प्रायदीप]] भा [[प्रोमॉन्टरी]] (केप जइसन चट्टान) के रूप में हो सके लें। केप आमतौर पर तटरेखा के दिशा में अचानक आ क्लियर बदलाव के चीन्हा होला। एही कारण ई समुद्री नेविगेशन में महत्वपूर्ण निशान (लैंडमार्क) के रूप में इस्तमाल कइल जालें। समुद्र के लहर, [[ज्वार-भाटा]] आ औरो दूसर प्राकृतिक कटाव के प्रॉसेस एह पर सक्रीय आ प्रभावी होखे के संभावना बेसी होला; एह कारन इनहन के कटाव तेजी से होखत हो सके ला। एही कारन जियोलाजिकल हिसाब से देखल जाय त इनहन के कुल जीवनकाल तुलनात्मक रूप से छोट मानल जाला। == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र तटीय थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]] [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र बिज्ञान शब्दावली]] {{समुंद्र-आधार}} {{Topography-stub}} 4mtpnad5rh2uglfla5kjxz2u6d8593g 799542 799531 2026-07-12T17:20:06Z SM7 3953 फोटो जोड़ल गइल 799542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Technical title}} [[File:Astronaut photo of Cape Town STS081-738-23.jpg|thumb|right|दक्खिन अफ्रीका के समुंद्र तट पर [[केप ऑफ गुड होप]] (बायें) आ [[केप हैंगक्लिप]] (दहिने), अंतरिक्ष से लिहल फोटो।]] [[भूगोल]] में '''केप''' ({{Langx|en|Cape}}; {{Langx|hi|अंतरीप}} भा रास) [[सागरतट]] के अइसन उभरल जमीनी हिस्सा होला, जे समुंद्र के भीतर तक निकलल रहेला। अइसन केप सभ कौनों [[हेडलैंड]], [[प्रायदीप]] भा [[प्रोमॉन्टरी]] (केप जइसन चट्टान) के रूप में हो सके लें। केप आमतौर पर तटरेखा के दिशा में अचानक आ क्लियर बदलाव के चीन्हा होला। एही कारण ई समुद्री नेविगेशन में महत्वपूर्ण निशान (लैंडमार्क) के रूप में इस्तमाल कइल जालें। समुद्र के लहर, [[ज्वार-भाटा]] आ औरो दूसर प्राकृतिक कटाव के प्रॉसेस एह पर सक्रीय आ प्रभावी होखे के संभावना बेसी होला; एह कारन इनहन के कटाव तेजी से होखत हो सके ला। एही कारन जियोलाजिकल हिसाब से देखल जाय त इनहन के कुल जीवनकाल तुलनात्मक रूप से छोट मानल जाला। == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र तटीय थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]] [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र बिज्ञान शब्दावली]] {{समुंद्र-आधार}} {{Topography-stub}} ky66yiwfz0uplihic0bl8kq3z5f5jn6 799543 799542 2026-07-12T17:20:49Z SM7 3953 बाहरी कड़ी जोड़ल गइल 799543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Technical title}} [[File:Astronaut photo of Cape Town STS081-738-23.jpg|thumb|right|दक्खिन अफ्रीका के समुंद्र तट पर [[केप ऑफ गुड होप]] (बायें) आ [[केप हैंगक्लिप]] (दहिने), अंतरिक्ष से लिहल फोटो।]] [[भूगोल]] में '''केप''' ({{Langx|en|Cape}}; {{Langx|hi|अंतरीप}} भा रास) [[सागरतट]] के अइसन उभरल जमीनी हिस्सा होला, जे समुंद्र के भीतर तक निकलल रहेला। अइसन केप सभ कौनों [[हेडलैंड]], [[प्रायदीप]] भा [[प्रोमॉन्टरी]] (केप जइसन चट्टान) के रूप में हो सके लें। केप आमतौर पर तटरेखा के दिशा में अचानक आ क्लियर बदलाव के चीन्हा होला। एही कारण ई समुद्री नेविगेशन में महत्वपूर्ण निशान (लैंडमार्क) के रूप में इस्तमाल कइल जालें। समुद्र के लहर, [[ज्वार-भाटा]] आ औरो दूसर प्राकृतिक कटाव के प्रॉसेस एह पर सक्रीय आ प्रभावी होखे के संभावना बेसी होला; एह कारन इनहन के कटाव तेजी से होखत हो सके ला। एही कारन जियोलाजिकल हिसाब से देखल जाय त इनहन के कुल जीवनकाल तुलनात्मक रूप से छोट मानल जाला। == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} == बाहरी कड़ी == * {{Commons category-inline|Capes (geography)}} {{Coastal geography}} [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र तटीय थलरूप]] [[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]] [[श्रेणी:समुंद्र बिज्ञान शब्दावली]] {{समुंद्र-आधार}} {{Topography-stub}} 03djk7mjimmn987z9er4hy6civknknf 10 101147 799700 2018-03-31T12:27:13Z en>Menchi 0 [[WP:AES|←]]Redirected page to [[Template:Hair space]] 799700 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Hair space]] {{R from modification}} 3sscg84y5x2cebjdydolph0xzh11m4o 799701 799700 2023-10-29T18:00:42Z en>MusikBot II 0 Protected "[[Template:Hairspace]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 253 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require autoconfirmed or confirmed access] (indefinite)) 799700 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Hair space]] {{R from modification}} 3sscg84y5x2cebjdydolph0xzh11m4o 799702 799701 2026-07-13T00:19:53Z SM7 3953 2 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Hairspace]] 799700 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Hair space]] {{R from modification}} 3sscg84y5x2cebjdydolph0xzh11m4o 10 101148 799703 2014-01-15T20:44:15Z en>Meteor sandwich yum 0 Created doc subpage 799703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> == Usage == <pre><span class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap">&amp;#8202;</span></pre> This template displays the “hair space” character. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here, and interwikis go in Wikidata --> [[Category:Wikipedia formatting and function templates]] }}</includeonly> e6oohm19wkd7tdxb7p1h271s6zo3w11 799704 799703 2014-01-15T21:27:35Z en>Meteor sandwich yum 0 differentiated between hair-space and thin-space, elaborated quite a bit 799704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> == Usage == <pre><span class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap">&amp;#8202;</span></pre> This template displays the “hair space” character, also known by its hexadecimal unicode alias {{border|<nowiki/>&#200A;}}. Hairspace is not the same as thinspace; it is ''slightly'' slimmer.<br> Note: the following example may not work correctly in all browsers:<br> {| class="wikitable" |- !Labels !Content |- |Hair-space |Start&#124;{{hsp}}&#124;End |- |Thin-space |Start&#124;{{thinsp}}&#124;End |- |Space |Start&#124;{{sp}}&#124;End |} == See also == * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here, and interwikis go in Wikidata --> [[Category:Wikipedia formatting and function templates]] }}</includeonly> 77s0io76eh6lr4t3uww145g8nga3apt 799705 799704 2014-01-15T21:35:05Z en>Meteor sandwich yum 0 cr. 799705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> == Usage == <pre><span class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap">&amp;#8202;</span></pre> This template displays the “hair space” character, also known by its hexadecimal unicode alias {{border|<nowiki/>&#200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}<br> Hairspace is not the same as thinspace; it is slightly slimmer.<br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Comparison chart |- !Labels !Content |- |Hair-space |Start&#124;{{hsp}}&#124;End |- |Thin-space |Start&#124;{{thinsp}}&#124;End |- |Space |Start&#124;{{sp}}&#124;End |} == See also == * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here, and interwikis go in Wikidata --> [[Category:Wikipedia formatting and function templates]] }}</includeonly> n5ml5l98dn81pckq2c5uoeq19ls0zkm 799706 799705 2014-11-16T14:20:45Z en>Sardanaphalus 0 category 799706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> == Usage == <pre><span class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap">&amp;#8202;</span></pre> This template displays the “hair space” character, also known by its hexadecimal unicode alias {{border|<nowiki/>&#200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}<br> Hairspace is not the same as thinspace; it is slightly slimmer.<br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Comparison chart |- !Labels !Content |- |Hair-space |Start&#124;{{hsp}}&#124;End |- |Thin-space |Start&#124;{{thinsp}}&#124;End |- |Space |Start&#124;{{sp}}&#124;End |} == See also == * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Spacing (inline) templates]] }}</includeonly> hqmyz9lip5ltpw5mkxc37ak7ml8n8uf 799707 799706 2014-11-16T19:56:54Z en>Sardanaphalus 0 category update 799707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> == Usage == <pre><span class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap">&amp;#8202;</span></pre> This template displays the “hair space” character, also known by its hexadecimal unicode alias {{border|<nowiki/>&#200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}<br> Hairspace is not the same as thinspace; it is slightly slimmer.<br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Comparison chart |- !Labels !Content |- |Hair-space |Start&#124;{{hsp}}&#124;End |- |Thin-space |Start&#124;{{thinsp}}&#124;End |- |Space |Start&#124;{{sp}}&#124;End |} == See also == * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> 3g8cgqj1bhif6cfyxrvtkc89amtyivq 799708 799707 2014-12-21T05:06:08Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* Usage */ need an "x" for hex char entity; use minus sign instead of vertical bar for examples 799708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> == Usage == <pre><span class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap">&amp;#8202;</span></pre> This template displays the “hair space” character, also known by its hexadecimal unicode alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}<br> Hairspace is not the same as thinspace; it is slightly slimmer.<br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Comparison chart |- !Labels !Content |- |No space |Start−−End |- |Hair-space |Start−{{hsp}}−End |- |Thin-space |Start−{{thinsp}}−End |- |Space |Start−{{sp}}−End |} == See also == * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> hzevzvg19l2liyykqfd70ouudvvdmm8 799709 799708 2014-12-21T05:20:14Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* Usage */ use <code>...</code> boxes instead 799709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> == Usage == <pre><span class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap">&amp;#8202;</span></pre> This template displays the “hair space” character, also known by its hexadecimal unicode alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}<br> Hairspace is not the same as thinspace; it is slightly slimmer.<br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Comparison chart |- !Labels !Content |- |No space |<code>Start</code><code>End</code> |- |Hair-space |<code>Start</code>{{hsp}}<code>End</code> |- |Thin-space |<code>Start</code>{{thinsp}}<code>End</code> |- |Space |<code>Start</code>{{sp}}<code>End</code> |} == See also == * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> b8jqrdzff8bods4wu752sgbq57kwn22 799710 799709 2014-12-27T06:06:00Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* Usage */ 799710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> == Usage == <pre><span class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap">&amp;#8202;</span></pre> This template displays the “hair space” character, also known by its hexadecimal unicode alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}<br> Hairspace is not the same as thinspace; it is slightly slimmer.<br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Comparison chart |- !Labels !Content !Example |- |No space |<code>Start</code><code>End</code> |Some text{{fake ref}} |- |Hair-space |<code>Start</code>{{hsp}}<code>End</code> |Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- |Thin-space |<code>Start</code>{{thinsp}}<code>End</code> |Some text{{thinsp}}{{fake ref}} |- |Space |<code>Start</code>{{sp}}<code>End</code> |Some text{{sp}}{{fake ref}} |} == See also == * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> 3d9wfmm0gp3aef07pm4hrq7wnbrvtup 799711 799710 2015-01-12T12:10:04Z en>Sardanaphalus 0 Removed heading and potentially misleading <pre>, a rephrasing plus link to [[Whitespace]], Aligned table, flatlist 799711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> This template displays the “hair space” character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}). Hair spaces are slightly thinner than [[thin space]]s (see [[Whitespace]]). ===Comparisons=== {{Aligned table |cols=4 |class=wikitable nowrap |colstyle=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; |col1style=text-align:center; |col2style=padding-left:2.5em; |col3style=font-family:monospace; |row1header=on |style1.2=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; | Name / size | →Instance← | {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} | output | ''none'' | →← | <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text{{fake ref}} | Hair | →{{hsp}}← | <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} | Thin | →{{tsp}}← | <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} | Standard{{sup|a}} | →&nbsp;← | <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} }}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{startflatlist}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{endflatlist}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> lwgpqpqcr9dxzetb6q994zkdrxd5ynp 799712 799711 2015-01-12T12:14:10Z en>Sardanaphalus 0 /* top */ inverted commas, joined sentences 799712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> This template produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). ===Comparisons=== {{Aligned table |cols=4 |class=wikitable nowrap |colstyle=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; |col1style=text-align:center; |col2style=padding-left:2.5em; |col3style=font-family:monospace; |row1header=on |style1.2=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; | Name / size | →Instance← | {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} | output | ''none'' | →← | <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text{{fake ref}} | Hair | →{{hsp}}← | <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} | Thin | →{{tsp}}← | <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} | Standard{{sup|a}} | →&nbsp;← | <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} }}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{startflatlist}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{endflatlist}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> rh69g74w3hbk8bfbb8s52e6e8sy7et6 799713 799712 2015-01-12T12:32:02Z en>Sardanaphalus 0 a slight rephrasing, added use with parameter 799713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). The template may be used with or without a parameter. If used with a parameter{{aside|i.e. as {{tcpl|hsp|''[some text/content]''}}}} it adds a hair space before and after it. ===Comparisons=== {{Aligned table |cols=4 |class=wikitable nowrap |colstyle=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; |col1style=text-align:center; |col2style=padding-left:2.5em; |col3style=font-family:monospace; |row1header=on |style1.2=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; | Name / size | →Instance← | {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} | output | ''none'' | →← | <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text{{fake ref}} | Hair | →{{hsp}}← | <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} | Thin | →{{tsp}}← | <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} | Standard{{sup|a}} | →&nbsp;← | <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> | Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} }}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{startflatlist}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{endflatlist}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> dpo2j0zjxla2d1u6t60yyt6ugm9pgzh 799714 799713 2015-03-02T23:51:12Z en>Frietjes 0 799714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). The template may be used with or without a parameter. If used with a parameter &endash;&nbsp;i.e. as {{tlf|hsp|''[some text/content]''}}&nbsp;&endash; it adds a hair space before and after it. ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || →Instance← || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || →← || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || →{{hsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || →{{tsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || →&nbsp;← || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{colbegin||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{colend}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> hpugptbphb75gr7o10fgvcvn4xd975s 799715 799714 2015-04-10T08:12:48Z 195.147.60.242 /* See also */ 799715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). The template may be used with or without a parameter. If used with a parameter &endash;&nbsp;i.e. as {{tlf|hsp|''[some text/content]''}}&nbsp;&endash; it adds a hair space before and after it. ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || →Instance← || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || →← || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || →{{hsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || →{{tsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || →&nbsp;← || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> aisfmncwu3bwn80b1iaf444q7stqxdt 799716 799715 2015-04-18T11:55:06Z en>Edokter 0 799716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || →Instance← || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || →← || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || →{{hsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || →{{tsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || →&nbsp;← || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> sj4p8rza5r6i4njl55g1efe3ebj0xe8 799717 799716 2015-04-18T11:56:06Z en>Edokter 0 /* See also */ Deleted 799717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || →Instance← || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || →← || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || →{{hsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || →{{tsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || →&nbsp;← || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> 6epddt4d73p61x18eqdxto6orh4q0yg 799718 799717 2015-05-31T12:55:40Z en>Paine Ellsworth 0 /* See also */ columnize 799718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || →Instance← || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || →← || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || →{{hsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || →{{tsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || →&nbsp;← || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] }}</includeonly> 4k6r0smvnt8tdcaw9e0u5m297d21i77 799719 799718 2015-07-17T11:15:39Z en>KOLI 0 799719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || →Instance← || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || →← || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || →{{hsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || →{{tsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || →&nbsp;← || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> 5ptftbi7axzbmwmu188shy3jp7wz43c 799720 799719 2016-08-23T09:22:05Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* Comparisons */ 799720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || <code>→</code>Instance<code>←</code> || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || <code>→</code><code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || <code>→</code>{{hsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || <code>→</code>{{tsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || <code>→</code>&nbsp;<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> irvnuqlxwqblrgt2q7hzl2qpecbrt9e 799721 799720 2016-08-23T09:42:33Z en>Hgrosser 0 Undid revision 735820433 by [[Special:Contributions/Hgrosser|Hgrosser]] ([[User talk:Hgrosser|talk]]) 799721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || →Instance← || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || →← || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || →{{hsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || →{{tsp}}← || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || →&nbsp;← || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> 5ptftbi7axzbmwmu188shy3jp7wz43c 799722 799721 2016-08-23T09:48:15Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* Comparisons */ 799722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || {{border|→|color=#000}}Instance{{border|←|color=#000}} || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || {{border|→|color=#000}}{{border|←|color=#000}} || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || {{border|→|color=#000}}{{hsp}}{{border|←|color=#000}} || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || {{border|→|color=#000}}{{tsp}}{{border|←|color=#000}} || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || {{border|→|color=#000}}&nbsp;{{border|←|color=#000}} || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> 5accs23ptavqj8c08g5sapk1gpjbhbx 799723 799722 2016-08-23T10:06:08Z en>Hgrosser 0 799723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || {{border|→|color=#000}}Instance{{border|←|color=#000}} || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || {{border|→|color=#000}}{{border|←|color=#000}} || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || {{border|→|color=#000}}{{hsp}}{{border|←|color=#000}} || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || {{border|→|color=#000}}{{tsp}}{{border|←|color=#000}} || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || {{border|→|color=#000}}&nbsp;{{border|←|color=#000}} || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> 61vhl6ehjjogt3jyxow9zle9wnpqdnf 799724 799723 2016-08-26T03:58:11Z en>Hgrosser 0 use <code>...</code>, which doesn't mess up in Safari 799724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{border|&amp;#x200A;}}{{\}}{{border|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || <code>→</code>Instance<code>←</code> || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || <code>→</code><code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || <code>→</code>{{hsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || <code>→</code>{{tsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || <code>→</code>&nbsp;<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> ng1lj8sn3j01mvhrvi1g07owqtq4cqc 799725 799724 2016-08-26T04:00:06Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* top */ 799725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{code|&#x200A;}}{{\}}{{code|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || <code>→</code>Instance<code>←</code> || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || <code>→</code><code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || <code>→</code>{{hsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || <code>→</code>{{tsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || <code>→</code>&nbsp;<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> c6nevs2jf7ck9rcac33tdo9o2hitu8e 799726 799725 2016-09-10T12:41:53Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* top */ 799726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{code|&#x200A;}}{{\}}{{code|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters. ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || <code>→</code>Instance<code>←</code> || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || <code>→</code><code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || <code>→</code>{{hsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || <code>→</code>{{tsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || <code>→</code>&nbsp;<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> bir6tey04ba5a1tkpaq7y8nxlbm4t1w 799727 799726 2016-09-14T11:20:41Z en>Hgrosser 0 799727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the "hair space" character ([[Unicode]] hexadecimal alias {{code|&#x200A;}}{{\}}{{code|U+200A}}), a space character that is slightly thinner than the "[[thin space]]" character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || <code>→</code>Instance<code>←</code> || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || <code>→</code><code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || <code>→</code>{{hsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || <code>→</code>{{tsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || <code>→</code>&nbsp;<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> cgkvgyt39gdc9ivzk4xxt6y9w3fpfin 799728 799727 2016-09-17T02:26:17Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* top */ 799728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || <code>→</code>Instance<code>←</code> || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || <code>→</code><code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || <code>→</code>{{hsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || <code>→</code>{{tsp}}<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || <code>→</code>&nbsp;<code>←</code> || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> 4ixht0g4ft3mun4j9beg827dt93043k 799729 799728 2016-09-19T11:20:14Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* Comparisons */ 799729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>Instance<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code><code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>{{hsp}}<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>{{tsp}}<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>&nbsp;<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px1}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> fopj8w0m8o0c9sitex4sfbytcff0axg 799730 799729 2016-11-06T22:55:01Z en>EEng 0 turns out I was wrongheaded when I created this 799730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>Instance<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code><code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>{{hsp}}<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>{{tsp}}<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>&nbsp;<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> e2p4oi4g6577tp37taz6wzlj5q4ni9n 799731 799730 2017-01-17T06:26:52Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* See also */ {{nnbsp}} 799731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>Instance<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code><code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>{{hsp}}<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>{{tsp}}<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>&nbsp;<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <nowiki>Some text&amp;nbsp;<ref>...</ref></nowiki> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nnbsp}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> i5de5leq1cwe4a1wbmfjd9yc6nb3qy2 799732 799731 2017-01-17T07:23:13Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* Comparisons */ Narrow no-break space 799732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name / size || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>Instance<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || {{sans-serif|Example code and ...}} || output |- | ''none'' || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code><code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <source inline>Some text<ref>...</ref></source> || Some text{{fake ref}} |- | Hair || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>{{hsp}}<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <source inline>Some text{{hsp}}<ref>...</ref></source> || Some text{{hsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Narrow no-break || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>{{nnbsp}}<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <source inline>Some text{{nnbsp}}<ref>...</ref></source> || Some text{{nnbsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Thin || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>{{tsp}}<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <source inline>Some text{{tsp}}<ref>...</ref></source> || Some text{{tsp}}{{fake ref}} |- | Standard{{sup|a}} || <code style="border:0.1px solid blue">→</code>&nbsp;<code style="border:0.1px solid blue">←</code> || <source inline>Some text&nbsp;<ref>...</ref></source> || Some text&nbsp;{{fake ref}} |- |}{{raise|{{smaller|&nbsp;{{sup|a}} Provided here by a [[non-breaking space]] ({{mono|105%|&amp;nbsp;}}).}}}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nnbsp}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> npg72cs63vi04gzp9tdwlexqzranz6a 799733 799732 2017-01-24T07:25:57Z en>Hgrosser 0 /* Comparisons */ {{Space comparison}} 799733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {{Space comparison}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nnbsp}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> 566rzjfwmm1uwf2m36a50ih5jwf29qm 799734 799733 2017-04-24T18:50:28Z en>Ahecht 0 /* See also */ {{Inline spacing templates}} 799734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {{Space comparison}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nnbsp}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> ohi2o74gv61kxagqy3rc73f72bqy3gg 799735 799734 2017-12-06T20:38:11Z en>Dinoguy1000 0 Dinoguy1000 moved page [[Template:Hsp/doc]] to [[Template:Hair space/doc]]: redirecting {{hsp}} to {{hair space}} 799734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {{Space comparison}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nnbsp}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> ohi2o74gv61kxagqy3rc73f72bqy3gg 799736 799735 2017-12-06T20:40:17Z en>Dinoguy1000 0 shortcuts 799736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {{Space comparison}} ===See also=== {{div col||10em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nnbsp}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> kgtsg8u18rbfgku56g8f0gdgdvg4di6 799737 799736 2018-01-13T19:42:19Z en>WOSlinker 0 colwidth= 799737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {{Space comparison}} ===See also=== {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nnbsp}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> oumqrp94i5x0g7mqgyesayifxyj2f12 799738 799737 2019-04-04T22:41:52Z en>Daviddwd 0 TemplateData 799738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {{Space comparison}} ===See also=== {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nnbsp}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> 0sncnlsc87mw0madfkotclytg29h7r5 799739 799738 2019-04-04T22:42:14Z en>Daviddwd 0 Template Data Header 799739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hsp}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {{Space comparison}} ===See also=== {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thinsp}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|nbsp}} * {{tl|space}} * {{tl|nnbsp}} * {{tl|zwsp}} * {{tl|zwnbsp}} {{div col end}} {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> ==Template Data== {{Template data header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> hok599a3wcl29r940ozf110ogf5hx29 799740 799739 2019-05-04T11:50:59Z en>Colonies Chris 0 minor fixes 799740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hair space}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {{Space comparison}} ===See also=== {{div col|colwidth=11em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thin space}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|spaces}} * {{tl|NNBSP}} * {{tl|zero width space}} * {{tl|zero width joiner}} {{div col end}} {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> ==Template data== {{Template data header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> gqtn8c81uvejleqhy3b33q0hrotoew1 799741 799740 2020-04-25T16:35:24Z en>Vanisaac 0 /* See also */clean up per [[WP:CAT#T]] and [[WP:AWBREQ]] add template:Sandbox other 799741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hair space}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ===Comparisons=== {{Space comparison}} ===See also=== {{div col|colwidth=11em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thin space}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|spaces}} * {{tl|NNBSP}} * {{tl|zero width space}} * {{tl|zero width joiner}} {{div col end}} {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> ==Template data== {{Template data header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> 3k9d0qrb4a0wxqctp6t0plhiiq5axje 799742 799741 2020-07-28T23:24:49Z en>Jdaloner 0 "Template data" --> "TemplateData"; moved section into proper place; adjusted section hierarchy levels. 799742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hair space}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ==Comparisons== {{Space comparison}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=11em}} * {{tl|px2}} * {{tl|thin space}} * {{tl|sp}} * {{tl|spaces}} * {{tl|narrow no-break space}} * {{tl|zero width space}} * {{tl|zero width joiner}} {{div col end}} {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> fquwcta8kehmnd28t6jbh2gwssw4gdp 799743 799742 2020-09-10T19:35:21Z en>Funandtrvl 0 /* See also */ already in navbox 799743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hair space}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ==Comparisons== {{Space comparison}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> gyhvli64gq8po21supzk1zt6tl7why9 799744 799743 2021-07-07T17:26:59Z en>Mathglot 0 /* See also */ Alias: {{very thin space}} 799744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hair space}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ==Comparisons== {{Space comparison}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== {{tl|Very thin space}}{{snd}}redirect {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> 9g8ngv8eck7scq7qm240znbcb9mx7p0 799745 799744 2023-10-29T21:26:57Z 2600:1700:A2A0:FB50:3DF8:1DDB:3DFA:69FB 799745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hair space}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ==Comparisons== {{Space comparison}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== {{tl|Very thin space}}{{snd}}redirect {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> j4ioag1klszb4tgud5heeaqe82v6re4 799746 799745 2024-08-04T04:35:39Z en>Jruderman 0 Advertise my new Mhair template in the "see also" 799746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hair space}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ==Comparisons== {{Space comparison}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== *{{tl|Very thin space}}{{snd}}redirect *Template:Mhair{{snd}}provides an em dash and a hair space, ideal for use just before a <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> signature {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> drsj46k5n7n0bkjihgpq39ufg19p0mr 799747 799746 2025-02-25T06:30:43Z en>Nomen alternativum 0 wikilink to [[Template:Mhair]] 799747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hair space}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ==Comparisons== {{Space comparison}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== *{{tl|Very thin space}}{{snd}}redirect *{{tl|Mhair}}{{snd}}provides an em dash and a hair space, ideal for use just before a <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> signature {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> csnez2p044z2cnbn88k6fewui5z57qv 799748 799747 2026-07-13T00:20:32Z SM7 3953 45 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Hair_space/doc]] 799747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} <!-- Categories at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis at Wikidata. --> {{Template shortcut|hsp|hairsp|px1}} {{tl|Hair space}} produces the [[Unicode]] character {{unichar|200a|hair space|html=|nlink=}}, a space character that is slightly thinner than the “[[thin space]]” character (see below and [[Whitespace character]]). It is forced to be non-breaking, since this is the desired behavior in most uses of this template. If a parameter is supplied, it is sandwiched on both sides with hair space characters (only the first is non-breaking). ==Comparisons== {{Space comparison}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "text to wrap in hair-spaces", "description": "optional word to surround with hair spaces", "type": "line" }, "before": { "label": "optional text before", "description": "optional word before the hair spaced param 1", "type": "line" }, "after": { "label": "optional text after", "description": "optional word or text after the hair-spaced text", "type": "line" } }, "description": "Inserts a very thin \"hair space\" unicode character, if no parameters are provided. If {{para|1}} is, that text is wrapped on each side with a hair space.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> ==See also== *{{tl|Very thin space}}{{snd}}redirect *{{tl|Mhair}}{{snd}}provides an em dash and a hair space, ideal for use just before a <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> signature {{Inline spacing templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| | <!-- Categories below this line, please: --> [[Category:Inline spacing templates]] [[Category:Character templates]] }}</includeonly> csnez2p044z2cnbn88k6fewui5z57qv 0 101149 799758 2026-07-13T01:29:29Z SM7 3953 अंग्रेजी से अनुबाद क के नया आधार लेख 799758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''यू-आकार के घाटी''', जेकरा के '''ट्रफ घाटी''' भा '''ग्लेशियल ट्रफ''' भी कहल जाला, ग्लेशियल कटाव (ग्लेशिएशन) के प्रक्रिया से बनले होले। ई खास तौर पर पर्वतीय ग्लेशियर वाला क्षेत्रन के प्रमुख भू-आकृति हवे। एह घाटी के क्रास-सेक्शन अंग्रेजी के यू (U) अक्षर नियर होखेला। एकर दुनो ढाल खड़ा आ लगभग सीधा होले, जबकि एकर तल चौड़ा, समतल भा कुछ गोलाकार होखेला। एकरे विपरीत, नदी द्वारा बनल घाटी के अनुप्रस्थ काट आमतौर पर वी (V) अक्षर के आकार के होखे ला आ ई [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] कहल जालीं। यू-आकार के घाटी तब बनै ले जब कवनो हिमनद ([[ग्लेशियर]]) ढाल के सहारे नीचे घसकत आगे बढ़ेला आ अपना साथे चट्टान के रगड़त-घिसत आ काटत घाटी के चाकर आ गहिरा बनावत जाला। जब हिमनद पघिल जाला भा पीछे लवट जाला, तब ई यू-आकार के घाटी बचल रह जाले। एह घाटी में अक्सर हिमनद द्वारा ढो के लावल गइल छोट-बड़ चट्टान आ मलबा छितराइल मिलेला, जवना के ग्लेशियल टिल भा ग्लेशियल एरैटिक कहल जाला। ew8qhiv4zsczou6npjo6i6liv5shw81 799759 799758 2026-07-13T02:09:07Z SM7 3953 फोटो जोड़ल गइल, संदर्भ जोड़ल/सुधारल गइल 799759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glacial Valley MtHoodWilderness.jpg|thumb|[[उत्तर अमेरिका]] में [[माउंट हुड]] के इलाका में एक ठो यू-आकार के घाटी]] '''यू-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|U-shaped valley}}), जेकरा के '''ट्रफ घाटी''' भा '''ग्लेशियल ट्रफ''' भी कहल जाला, [[ग्लेशियर|ग्लेशियल]] कटाव (ग्लेशिएशन) के प्रक्रिया से बनल होले। ई खास तौर पर [[ग्लेशियर]] वाला पहाड़ी क्षेत्रन के प्रमुख भू-आकृति हवे। एह घाटी के क्रास-सेक्शन अंग्रेजी के यू (U) अक्षर नियर होखेला। एकर दुनो ढाल खड़ा आ लगभग सीधा होलें, जबकि एकर तली चाकर, समतल भा कुछ गोलाई लिहले होखे ला (एकरे उल्टा, [[नदी घाटी|नदी के बनावल घाटी]] के क्रॉस-सेक्शन आमतौर पर वी (V) अक्षर के आकार के होखे ला आ ई [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] कहल जालीं)।<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/glacial-valley|title=glacial valley {{!}} geological formation|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref> यू-आकार के घाटी तब बनै ले जब कवनो हिमनद ([[ग्लेशियर]]) ढाल के सहारे नीचे घसकत आगे बढ़ेला आ अपना साथे चट्टान के रगड़त-घिसत आ काटत घाटी के चाकर आ गहिरा बनावत जाला। जब हिमनद पघिल जाला भा पीछे लवट जाला, तब ई यू-आकार के घाटी बचल रह जाले।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glacial Trough/U-Shaped Valley |url=https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |work=Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms |publisher=Department of Geography, Central Michigan University |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927124945/https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> एह घाटी में अक्सर हिमनद द्वारा ढो के ले आवल गइल छोट-बड़ चट्टान आ मलबा छितराइल मिलेला, जवना के [[ग्लेशियल टिल]] भा ग्लेशियल एरैटिक कहल जाला। {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} 4qd1z3x504h4sl94g2ya3wz6prc8946 799760 799759 2026-07-13T02:13:42Z SM7 3953 ±श्रेणी सुधार कइल गइल 799760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glacial Valley MtHoodWilderness.jpg|thumb|[[उत्तर अमेरिका]] में [[माउंट हुड]] के इलाका में एक ठो यू-आकार के घाटी]] '''यू-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|U-shaped valley}}), जेकरा के '''ट्रफ घाटी''' भा '''ग्लेशियल ट्रफ''' भी कहल जाला, [[ग्लेशियर|ग्लेशियल]] कटाव (ग्लेशिएशन) के प्रक्रिया से बनल होले। ई खास तौर पर [[ग्लेशियर]] वाला पहाड़ी क्षेत्रन के प्रमुख भू-आकृति हवे। एह घाटी के क्रास-सेक्शन अंग्रेजी के यू (U) अक्षर नियर होखेला। एकर दुनो ढाल खड़ा आ लगभग सीधा होलें, जबकि एकर तली चाकर, समतल भा कुछ गोलाई लिहले होखे ला (एकरे उल्टा, [[नदी घाटी|नदी के बनावल घाटी]] के क्रॉस-सेक्शन आमतौर पर वी (V) अक्षर के आकार के होखे ला आ ई [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] कहल जालीं)।<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/glacial-valley|title=glacial valley {{!}} geological formation|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref> यू-आकार के घाटी तब बनै ले जब कवनो हिमनद ([[ग्लेशियर]]) ढाल के सहारे नीचे घसकत आगे बढ़ेला आ अपना साथे चट्टान के रगड़त-घिसत आ काटत घाटी के चाकर आ गहिरा बनावत जाला। जब हिमनद पघिल जाला भा पीछे लवट जाला, तब ई यू-आकार के घाटी बचल रह जाले।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glacial Trough/U-Shaped Valley |url=https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |work=Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms |publisher=Department of Geography, Central Michigan University |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927124945/https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> एह घाटी में अक्सर हिमनद द्वारा ढो के ले आवल गइल छोट-बड़ चट्टान आ मलबा छितराइल मिलेला, जवना के [[ग्लेशियल टिल]] भा ग्लेशियल एरैटिक कहल जाला। {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर थलरूप]] {{topography-stub}} 9vr0saxt75gulabb3eb7guieo3px8hg 799761 799760 2026-07-13T02:17:08Z SM7 3953 संदर्भ जोड़ल/सुधारल गइल 799761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glacial Valley MtHoodWilderness.jpg|thumb|[[उत्तर अमेरिका]] में [[माउंट हुड]] के इलाका में एक ठो यू-आकार के घाटी]] '''यू-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|U-shaped valley}}), जेकरा के '''ट्रफ घाटी''' भा '''ग्लेशियल ट्रफ'''<ref name="w492" /> भी कहल जाला, [[ग्लेशियर|ग्लेशियल]] कटाव (ग्लेशिएशन) के प्रक्रिया से बनल होले। ई खास तौर पर [[ग्लेशियर]] वाला पहाड़ी क्षेत्रन के प्रमुख भू-आकृति हवे। एह घाटी के क्रास-सेक्शन अंग्रेजी के यू (U) अक्षर नियर होखेला। एकर दुनो ढाल खड़ा आ लगभग सीधा होलें, जबकि एकर तली चाकर,<ref name="w492" /> समतल भा कुछ गोलाई लिहले होखे ला (एकरे उल्टा, [[नदी घाटी|नदी के बनावल घाटी]] के क्रॉस-सेक्शन आमतौर पर वी (V) अक्षर के आकार के होखे ला आ ई [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] कहल जालीं)।<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/glacial-valley|title=glacial valley {{!}} geological formation|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref name="w492">{{cite web |last=Pariona |first=Amber |title=What Is a U-shaped Valley? |website=WorldAtlas |date=12 March 2018 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-an-u-shaped-valley.html |access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> यू-आकार के घाटी तब बनै ले जब कवनो हिमनद ([[ग्लेशियर]]) ढाल के सहारे नीचे घसकत आगे बढ़ेला आ अपना साथे चट्टान के रगड़त-घिसत आ काटत घाटी के चाकर आ गहिरा बनावत जाला। जब हिमनद पघिल जाला भा पीछे लवट जाला, तब ई यू-आकार के घाटी बचल रह जाले।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glacial Trough/U-Shaped Valley |url=https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |work=Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms |publisher=Department of Geography, Central Michigan University |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927124945/https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> एह घाटी में अक्सर हिमनद द्वारा ढो के ले आवल गइल छोट-बड़ चट्टान आ मलबा छितराइल मिलेला, जवना के [[ग्लेशियल टिल]] भा ग्लेशियल एरैटिक कहल जाला। {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर थलरूप]] {{topography-stub}} op8grdd4sigdhb4d1598sx2ir3s68mr 799762 799761 2026-07-13T02:23:45Z SM7 3953 बिस्तार कइल गइल 799762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glacial Valley MtHoodWilderness.jpg|thumb|[[उत्तर अमेरिका]] में [[माउंट हुड]] के इलाका में एक ठो यू-आकार के घाटी]] '''यू-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|U-shaped valley}}), जेकरा के '''ट्रफ घाटी''' भा '''ग्लेशियल ट्रफ'''<ref name="w492" /> भी कहल जाला, [[ग्लेशियर|ग्लेशियल]] कटाव (ग्लेशिएशन) के प्रक्रिया से बनल होले। ई खास तौर पर [[ग्लेशियर]] वाला पहाड़ी क्षेत्रन के प्रमुख भू-आकृति हवे। एह घाटी के क्रास-सेक्शन अंग्रेजी के यू (U) अक्षर नियर होखेला। एकर दुनो ढाल खड़ा आ लगभग सीधा होलें, जबकि एकर तली चाकर,<ref name="w492" /> समतल भा कुछ गोलाई लिहले होखे ला (एकरे उल्टा, [[नदी घाटी|नदी के बनावल घाटी]] के क्रॉस-सेक्शन आमतौर पर वी (V) अक्षर के आकार के होखे ला आ ई [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] कहल जालीं)।<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/glacial-valley|title=glacial valley {{!}} geological formation|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref name="w492">{{cite web |last=Pariona |first=Amber |title=What Is a U-shaped Valley? |website=WorldAtlas |date=12 March 2018 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-an-u-shaped-valley.html |access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> यू-आकार के घाटी तब बनै ले जब कवनो हिमनद ([[ग्लेशियर]]) ढाल के सहारे नीचे घसकत आगे बढ़ेला आ अपना साथे चट्टान के रगड़त-घिसत आ काटत घाटी के चाकर आ गहिरा बनावत जाला। जब हिमनद पघिल जाला भा पीछे लवट जाला, तब ई यू-आकार के घाटी बचल रह जाले।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glacial Trough/U-Shaped Valley |url=https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |work=Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms |publisher=Department of Geography, Central Michigan University |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927124945/https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> एह घाटी में अक्सर हिमनद द्वारा ढो के ले आवल गइल छोट-बड़ चट्टान आ मलबा छितराइल मिलेला, जवना के [[ग्लेशियल टिल]] भा ग्लेशियल एरैटिक कहल जाला। यू-आकार के घाटी दुनिया के बहुत सारा पहाड़ी इलाकन में पावल जालीं। एहमें [[एंडीज]], [[आल्प्स]], [[कॉकेशस]], [[हिमालय]], [[रॉकी परबत|रॉकी परबतमाला]], न्यूज़ीलैंड आ स्कैंडिनेवियाई पहाड़ प्रमुख बाड़ें। एकरे अलावा ई कार्पेथियन, पिरेनीज़, रीला पर्वत, पिरिन पर्वत, कोमेराघ पर्वत आ स्कॉटिश हाईलैंड्स में भी मिलेलीं। अमेरिका के [[ग्लेशियर नेशनल पार्क]] में सेंट मैरी नदी के घाटी<ref name="w492" /> एगो बहुत परसिद्ध यू-आकार के घाटी हवे। एकरे अलावा नैंट फ्रैंकॉन घाटी एगो प्रसिद्ध उदाहरण बा। जब यू-आकार के घाटी [[समुंद्र]] तक पहुँच जाले आ समुद्र के पानी से भर जाले, तब एकरा के [[फियोर्ड]] कहल जाला। ई नाँव नॉर्वेजियन भाषा से आइल बा, काहे कि एह तरह के भू-आकृति [[नॉर्वे]] में बहुतायत में पावल जालीं। नॉर्वे के बाहर, वेस्टर्न ब्रूक पॉन्ड फ्योर्ड, जे ग्रोस मॉर्न नेशनल पार्क में स्थित बा, एगो प्रसिद्ध फ्योर्ड हवे। {{clear}} == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर थलरूप]] {{topography-stub}} 19bo27k97o5h71yu4ob1qiur81o1pvy 799763 799762 2026-07-13T02:26:14Z SM7 3953 +विकिकड़ी जोड़ल गइल 799763 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glacial Valley MtHoodWilderness.jpg|thumb|[[उत्तर अमेरिका]] में [[माउंट हुड]] के इलाका में एक ठो यू-आकार के घाटी]] '''यू-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|U-shaped valley}}), जेकरा के '''ट्रफ घाटी''' भा '''ग्लेशियल ट्रफ'''<ref name="w492" /> भी कहल जाला, [[ग्लेशियर|ग्लेशियल]] कटाव (ग्लेशिएशन) के प्रक्रिया से बनल होले आ [[थलरूप]] सभ के वर्गीकरण में [[ग्लेशियल थलरूप]] के कटेगरी में रखल जाले। ई खास तौर पर [[ग्लेशियर]] वाला पहाड़ी क्षेत्रन के प्रमुख भू-आकृति हवे। एह घाटी के क्रास-सेक्शन अंग्रेजी के यू (U) अक्षर नियर होखेला। एकर दुनो ढाल खड़ा आ लगभग सीधा होलें, जबकि एकर तली चाकर,<ref name="w492" /> समतल भा कुछ गोलाई लिहले होखे ला (एकरे उल्टा, [[नदी घाटी|नदी के बनावल घाटी]] के क्रॉस-सेक्शन आमतौर पर वी (V) अक्षर के आकार के होखे ला आ ई [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] कहल जालीं)।<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/glacial-valley|title=glacial valley {{!}} geological formation|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref name="w492">{{cite web |last=Pariona |first=Amber |title=What Is a U-shaped Valley? |website=WorldAtlas |date=12 March 2018 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-an-u-shaped-valley.html |access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> यू-आकार के घाटी तब बनै ले जब कवनो हिमनद ([[ग्लेशियर]]) ढाल के सहारे नीचे घसकत आगे बढ़ेला आ अपना साथे चट्टान के रगड़त-घिसत आ काटत घाटी के चाकर आ गहिरा बनावत जाला। जब हिमनद पघिल जाला भा पीछे लवट जाला, तब ई यू-आकार के घाटी बचल रह जाले।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glacial Trough/U-Shaped Valley |url=https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |work=Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms |publisher=Department of Geography, Central Michigan University |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927124945/https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> एह घाटी में अक्सर हिमनद द्वारा ढो के ले आवल गइल छोट-बड़ चट्टान आ मलबा छितराइल मिलेला, जवना के [[ग्लेशियल टिल]] भा ग्लेशियल एरैटिक कहल जाला। यू-आकार के घाटी दुनिया के बहुत सारा पहाड़ी इलाकन में पावल जालीं। एहमें [[एंडीज]], [[आल्प्स]], [[कॉकेशस]], [[हिमालय]], [[रॉकी परबत|रॉकी परबतमाला]], न्यूज़ीलैंड आ स्कैंडिनेवियाई पहाड़ प्रमुख बाड़ें। एकरे अलावा ई कार्पेथियन, पिरेनीज़, रीला पर्वत, पिरिन पर्वत, कोमेराघ पर्वत आ स्कॉटिश हाईलैंड्स में भी मिलेलीं। अमेरिका के [[ग्लेशियर नेशनल पार्क]] में सेंट मैरी नदी के घाटी<ref name="w492" /> एगो बहुत परसिद्ध यू-आकार के घाटी हवे। एकरे अलावा नैंट फ्रैंकॉन घाटी एगो प्रसिद्ध उदाहरण बा। जब यू-आकार के घाटी [[समुंद्र]] तक पहुँच जाले आ समुद्र के पानी से भर जाले, तब एकरा के [[फियोर्ड]] कहल जाला। ई नाँव नॉर्वेजियन भाषा से आइल बा, काहे कि एह तरह के भू-आकृति [[नॉर्वे]] में बहुतायत में पावल जालीं। नॉर्वे के बाहर, वेस्टर्न ब्रूक पॉन्ड फ्योर्ड, जे ग्रोस मॉर्न नेशनल पार्क में स्थित बा, एगो प्रसिद्ध फ्योर्ड हवे। {{clear}} == इहो देखल जाय == * [[ग्लेशियल थलरूप]] == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर थलरूप]] {{topography-stub}} fd3xg1winda7gjbvweo7azyb57cmdic 799765 799763 2026-07-13T02:33:07Z SM7 3953 लेह घाटी 799765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glacial Valley MtHoodWilderness.jpg|thumb|[[उत्तर अमेरिका]] में [[माउंट हुड]] के इलाका में एक ठो यू-आकार के घाटी]] '''यू-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|U-shaped valley}}), जेकरा के '''ट्रफ घाटी''' भा '''ग्लेशियल ट्रफ'''<ref name="w492" /> भी कहल जाला, [[ग्लेशियर|ग्लेशियल]] कटाव (ग्लेशिएशन) के प्रक्रिया से बनल होले आ [[थलरूप]] सभ के वर्गीकरण में [[ग्लेशियल थलरूप]] के कटेगरी में रखल जाले। ई खास तौर पर [[ग्लेशियर]] वाला पहाड़ी क्षेत्रन के प्रमुख भू-आकृति हवे। एह घाटी के क्रास-सेक्शन अंग्रेजी के यू (U) अक्षर नियर होखेला। एकर दुनो ढाल खड़ा आ लगभग सीधा होलें, जबकि एकर तली चाकर,<ref name="w492" /> समतल भा कुछ गोलाई लिहले होखे ला (एकरे उल्टा, [[नदी घाटी|नदी के बनावल घाटी]] के क्रॉस-सेक्शन आमतौर पर वी (V) अक्षर के आकार के होखे ला आ ई [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] कहल जालीं)।<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/glacial-valley|title=glacial valley {{!}} geological formation|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref name="w492">{{cite web |last=Pariona |first=Amber |title=What Is a U-shaped Valley? |website=WorldAtlas |date=12 March 2018 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-an-u-shaped-valley.html |access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> यू-आकार के घाटी तब बनै ले जब कवनो हिमनद ([[ग्लेशियर]]) ढाल के सहारे नीचे घसकत आगे बढ़ेला आ अपना साथे चट्टान के रगड़त-घिसत आ काटत घाटी के चाकर आ गहिरा बनावत जाला। जब हिमनद पघिल जाला भा पीछे लवट जाला, तब ई यू-आकार के घाटी बचल रह जाले।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glacial Trough/U-Shaped Valley |url=https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |work=Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms |publisher=Department of Geography, Central Michigan University |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927124945/https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> एह घाटी में अक्सर हिमनद द्वारा ढो के ले आवल गइल छोट-बड़ चट्टान आ मलबा छितराइल मिलेला, जवना के [[ग्लेशियल टिल]] भा ग्लेशियल एरैटिक कहल जाला। यू-आकार के घाटी दुनिया के बहुत सारा पहाड़ी इलाकन में पावल जालीं। एहमें [[एंडीज]], [[आल्प्स]], [[कॉकेशस]], [[हिमालय]], [[रॉकी परबत|रॉकी परबतमाला]], न्यूज़ीलैंड आ स्कैंडिनेवियाई पहाड़ प्रमुख बाड़ें। एकरे अलावा ई कार्पेथियन, पिरेनीज़, रीला पर्वत, पिरिन पर्वत, कोमेराघ पर्वत आ स्कॉटिश हाईलैंड्स में भी मिलेलीं। अमेरिका के [[ग्लेशियर नेशनल पार्क]] में सेंट मैरी नदी के घाटी<ref name="w492" /> एगो बहुत परसिद्ध यू-आकार के घाटी हवे। एकरे अलावा नैंट फ्रैंकॉन घाटी एगो प्रसिद्ध उदाहरण बा। भारत में [[लेह घाटी]] एगो ग्लेशियरे के बनावल यू-आकार घाटी हवे। जब यू-आकार के घाटी [[समुंद्र]] तक पहुँच जाले आ समुद्र के पानी से भर जाले, तब एकरा के [[फियोर्ड]] कहल जाला। ई नाँव नॉर्वेजियन भाषा से आइल बा, काहे कि एह तरह के भू-आकृति [[नॉर्वे]] में बहुतायत में पावल जालीं। नॉर्वे के बाहर, वेस्टर्न ब्रूक पॉन्ड फ्योर्ड, जे ग्रोस मॉर्न नेशनल पार्क में स्थित बा, एगो प्रसिद्ध फ्योर्ड हवे। {{clear}} == इहो देखल जाय == * [[ग्लेशियल थलरूप]] == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर थलरूप]] {{topography-stub}} 6fc6ymcweh7lo9jf9ylxzngu1k64itz 799766 799765 2026-07-13T02:36:04Z SM7 3953 फोटो जोड़ल गइल 799766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glacial Valley MtHoodWilderness.jpg|thumb|[[उत्तर अमेरिका]] में [[माउंट हुड]] के इलाका में एक ठो यू-आकार के घाटी]] [[File:U-shaped valley at the head of Leh valley, Ladakh.JPG|thumb|240px|U-shaped valley in [[Leh]] valley, [[Ladakh]], NW Indian Himalaya. The glacier visible at the head of the valley is the last remnant of the formerly much more extensive glacier which carved it.]] '''यू-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|U-shaped valley}}), जेकरा के '''ट्रफ घाटी''' भा '''ग्लेशियल ट्रफ'''<ref name="w492" /> भी कहल जाला, [[ग्लेशियर|ग्लेशियल]] कटाव (ग्लेशिएशन) के प्रक्रिया से बनल होले आ [[थलरूप]] सभ के वर्गीकरण में [[ग्लेशियल थलरूप]] के कटेगरी में रखल जाले। ई खास तौर पर [[ग्लेशियर]] वाला पहाड़ी क्षेत्रन के प्रमुख भू-आकृति हवे। एह घाटी के क्रास-सेक्शन अंग्रेजी के यू (U) अक्षर नियर होखेला। एकर दुनो ढाल खड़ा आ लगभग सीधा होलें, जबकि एकर तली चाकर,<ref name="w492" /> समतल भा कुछ गोलाई लिहले होखे ला (एकरे उल्टा, [[नदी घाटी|नदी के बनावल घाटी]] के क्रॉस-सेक्शन आमतौर पर वी (V) अक्षर के आकार के होखे ला आ ई [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] कहल जालीं)।<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/glacial-valley|title=glacial valley {{!}} geological formation|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref name="w492">{{cite web |last=Pariona |first=Amber |title=What Is a U-shaped Valley? |website=WorldAtlas |date=12 March 2018 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-an-u-shaped-valley.html |access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> यू-आकार के घाटी तब बनै ले जब कवनो हिमनद ([[ग्लेशियर]]) ढाल के सहारे नीचे घसकत आगे बढ़ेला आ अपना साथे चट्टान के रगड़त-घिसत आ काटत घाटी के चाकर आ गहिरा बनावत जाला। जब हिमनद पघिल जाला भा पीछे लवट जाला, तब ई यू-आकार के घाटी बचल रह जाले।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glacial Trough/U-Shaped Valley |url=https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |work=Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms |publisher=Department of Geography, Central Michigan University |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927124945/https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> एह घाटी में अक्सर हिमनद द्वारा ढो के ले आवल गइल छोट-बड़ चट्टान आ मलबा छितराइल मिलेला, जवना के [[ग्लेशियल टिल]] भा ग्लेशियल एरैटिक कहल जाला। यू-आकार के घाटी दुनिया के बहुत सारा पहाड़ी इलाकन में पावल जालीं। एहमें [[एंडीज]], [[आल्प्स]], [[कॉकेशस]], [[हिमालय]], [[रॉकी परबत|रॉकी परबतमाला]], न्यूज़ीलैंड आ स्कैंडिनेवियाई पहाड़ प्रमुख बाड़ें। एकरे अलावा ई कार्पेथियन, पिरेनीज़, रीला पर्वत, पिरिन पर्वत, कोमेराघ पर्वत आ स्कॉटिश हाईलैंड्स में भी मिलेलीं। अमेरिका के [[ग्लेशियर नेशनल पार्क]] में सेंट मैरी नदी के घाटी<ref name="w492" /> एगो बहुत परसिद्ध यू-आकार के घाटी हवे। एकरे अलावा नैंट फ्रैंकॉन घाटी एगो प्रसिद्ध उदाहरण बा। भारत में [[लेह घाटी]] एगो ग्लेशियरे के बनावल यू-आकार घाटी हवे। जब यू-आकार के घाटी [[समुंद्र]] तक पहुँच जाले आ समुद्र के पानी से भर जाले, तब एकरा के [[फियोर्ड]] कहल जाला। ई नाँव नॉर्वेजियन भाषा से आइल बा, काहे कि एह तरह के भू-आकृति [[नॉर्वे]] में बहुतायत में पावल जालीं। नॉर्वे के बाहर, वेस्टर्न ब्रूक पॉन्ड फ्योर्ड, जे ग्रोस मॉर्न नेशनल पार्क में स्थित बा, एगो प्रसिद्ध फ्योर्ड हवे। {{clear}} == इहो देखल जाय == * [[ग्लेशियल थलरूप]] == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर थलरूप]] {{topography-stub}} my0in5ns9f2plkeex3ko9d9ydi17n5u 799767 799766 2026-07-13T02:38:53Z SM7 3953 बिस्तार कइल गइल, संदर्भ जोड़ल/सुधारल गइल 799767 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glacial Valley MtHoodWilderness.jpg|thumb|[[उत्तर अमेरिका]] में [[माउंट हुड]] के इलाका में एक ठो यू-आकार के घाटी]] [[File:U-shaped valley at the head of Leh valley, Ladakh.JPG|thumb|240px|U-shaped valley in [[Leh]] valley, [[Ladakh]], NW Indian Himalaya. The glacier visible at the head of the valley is the last remnant of the formerly much more extensive glacier which carved it.]] '''यू-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|U-shaped valley}}), जेकरा के '''ट्रफ घाटी''' भा '''ग्लेशियल ट्रफ'''<ref name="w492" /> भी कहल जाला, [[ग्लेशियर|ग्लेशियल]] कटाव (ग्लेशिएशन) के प्रक्रिया से बनल होले आ [[थलरूप]] सभ के वर्गीकरण में [[ग्लेशियल थलरूप]] के कटेगरी में रखल जाले। ई खास तौर पर [[ग्लेशियर]] वाला पहाड़ी क्षेत्रन के प्रमुख भू-आकृति हवे। एह घाटी के क्रास-सेक्शन अंग्रेजी के यू (U) अक्षर नियर होखेला। एकर दुनो ढाल खड़ा आ लगभग सीधा होलें, जबकि एकर तली चाकर,<ref name="w492" /> समतल भा कुछ गोलाई लिहले होखे ला (एकरे उल्टा, [[नदी घाटी|नदी के बनावल घाटी]] के क्रॉस-सेक्शन आमतौर पर वी (V) अक्षर के आकार के होखे ला आ ई [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] कहल जालीं)।<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/glacial-valley|title=glacial valley {{!}} geological formation|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref name="w492">{{cite web |last=Pariona |first=Amber |title=What Is a U-shaped Valley? |website=WorldAtlas |date=12 March 2018 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-an-u-shaped-valley.html |access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> कुछ दसा में अइसन घाटी हो सके लीं जिनहन में निचला हिस्सा यू-आकार के होखे आ ऊपरी हिस्सा वी-आकार के होखे।<ref>{{cite book |last=डेविस |first=विलियम मॉरिस |title=Glacial Erosion in the Valley of the Ticino |publisher=Appalachian Mountain Club |date=1900 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=x5ctAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026 |p=154}}</ref> यू-आकार के घाटी तब बनै ले जब कवनो हिमनद ([[ग्लेशियर]]) ढाल के सहारे नीचे घसकत आगे बढ़ेला आ अपना साथे चट्टान के रगड़त-घिसत आ काटत घाटी के चाकर आ गहिरा बनावत जाला। जब हिमनद पघिल जाला भा पीछे लवट जाला, तब ई यू-आकार के घाटी बचल रह जाले।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glacial Trough/U-Shaped Valley |url=https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |work=Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms |publisher=Department of Geography, Central Michigan University |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927124945/https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> एह घाटी में अक्सर हिमनद द्वारा ढो के ले आवल गइल छोट-बड़ चट्टान आ मलबा छितराइल मिलेला, जवना के [[ग्लेशियल टिल]] भा ग्लेशियल एरैटिक कहल जाला। यू-आकार के घाटी दुनिया के बहुत सारा पहाड़ी इलाकन में पावल जालीं। एहमें [[एंडीज]], [[आल्प्स]], [[कॉकेशस]], [[हिमालय]], [[रॉकी परबत|रॉकी परबतमाला]], न्यूज़ीलैंड आ स्कैंडिनेवियाई पहाड़ प्रमुख बाड़ें। एकरे अलावा ई कार्पेथियन, पिरेनीज़, रीला पर्वत, पिरिन पर्वत, कोमेराघ पर्वत आ स्कॉटिश हाईलैंड्स में भी मिलेलीं। अमेरिका के [[ग्लेशियर नेशनल पार्क]] में सेंट मैरी नदी के घाटी<ref name="w492" /> एगो बहुत परसिद्ध यू-आकार के घाटी हवे। एकरे अलावा नैंट फ्रैंकॉन घाटी एगो प्रसिद्ध उदाहरण बा। भारत में [[लेह घाटी]] एगो ग्लेशियरे के बनावल यू-आकार घाटी हवे। जब यू-आकार के घाटी [[समुंद्र]] तक पहुँच जाले आ समुद्र के पानी से भर जाले, तब एकरा के [[फियोर्ड]] कहल जाला। ई नाँव नॉर्वेजियन भाषा से आइल बा, काहे कि एह तरह के भू-आकृति [[नॉर्वे]] में बहुतायत में पावल जालीं। नॉर्वे के बाहर, वेस्टर्न ब्रूक पॉन्ड फ्योर्ड, जे ग्रोस मॉर्न नेशनल पार्क में स्थित बा, एगो प्रसिद्ध फ्योर्ड हवे। {{clear}} == इहो देखल जाय == * [[ग्लेशियल थलरूप]] == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर थलरूप]] {{topography-stub}} rwpveqb2j9d5a8lu8f425c9qje4sc1f 799770 799767 2026-07-13T03:35:42Z SM7 3953 बिस्तार कइल गइल, संदर्भ जोड़ल/सुधारल गइल 799770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glacial Valley MtHoodWilderness.jpg|thumb|[[उत्तर अमेरिका]] में [[माउंट हुड]] के इलाका में एक ठो यू-आकार के घाटी]] [[File:U-shaped valley at the head of Leh valley, Ladakh.JPG|thumb|240px|U-shaped valley in [[Leh]] valley, [[Ladakh]], NW Indian Himalaya. The glacier visible at the head of the valley is the last remnant of the formerly much more extensive glacier which carved it.]] '''यू-आकार के घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|U-shaped valley}}), जेकरा के '''ट्रफ घाटी''' भा '''ग्लेशियल ट्रफ'''<ref name="w492" /> भी कहल जाला, [[ग्लेशियर|ग्लेशियल]] कटाव (ग्लेशिएशन) के प्रक्रिया से बनल होले आ [[थलरूप]] सभ के वर्गीकरण में [[ग्लेशियल थलरूप]] के कटेगरी में रखल जाले। ई खास तौर पर [[ग्लेशियर]] वाला पहाड़ी क्षेत्रन के प्रमुख भू-आकृति हवे। एह घाटी के क्रास-सेक्शन अंग्रेजी के यू (U) अक्षर नियर होखेला। एकर दुनो ढाल खड़ा आ लगभग सीधा होलें, जबकि एकर तली चाकर,<ref name="w492" /> समतल भा कुछ गोलाई लिहले होखे ला (एकरे उल्टा, [[नदी घाटी|नदी के बनावल घाटी]] के क्रॉस-सेक्शन आमतौर पर वी (V) अक्षर के आकार के होखे ला आ ई [[वी-आकार के घाटी]] कहल जालीं)।<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/glacial-valley|title=glacial valley {{!}} geological formation|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref name="w492">{{cite web |last=Pariona |first=Amber |title=What Is a U-shaped Valley? |website=WorldAtlas |date=12 March 2018 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-an-u-shaped-valley.html |access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> कुछ दसा में अइसन घाटी हो सके लीं जिनहन में निचला हिस्सा यू-आकार के होखे आ ऊपरी हिस्सा वी-आकार के होखे।<ref>{{cite book |last=डेविस |first=विलियम मॉरिस |title=Glacial Erosion in the Valley of the Ticino |publisher=Appalachian Mountain Club |date=1900 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=x5ctAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&dq=V-shaped%2520valley&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026 |p=154}}</ref> यू-आकार के घाटी तब बनै ले जब कवनो हिमनद ([[ग्लेशियर]]) ढाल के सहारे नीचे घसकत आगे बढ़ेला आ अपना साथे चट्टान के रगड़त-घिसत आ काटत घाटी के चाकर आ गहिरा बनावत जाला। जब हिमनद पघिल जाला भा पीछे लवट जाला, तब ई यू-आकार के घाटी बचल रह जाले।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glacial Trough/U-Shaped Valley |url=https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |work=Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms |publisher=Department of Geography, Central Michigan University |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927124945/https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> एह घाटी में अक्सर हिमनद द्वारा ढो के ले आवल गइल छोट-बड़ चट्टान आ मलबा छितराइल मिलेला, जवना के [[ग्लेशियल टिल]] भा ग्लेशियल एरैटिक कहल जाला। यू-आकार के घाटी के एगो खास बिसेस्ता हवे मेन घाटी में आ के मिले वाली सहायिका (ट्रिब्यूटरी) सभ के घाटी अक्सर ऊँचाई पर होखे लीं; एकर क्लासिकल कारन ई बतावल जाय कि मेन घाटी अतना तेजी से गहिरा होले कि सहायिका सभ के घाटी ओतना तेजी से ना गहिरा हो पावे लीं आ अंत में ऊ मेन घाटी में [[लटकत घाटी]] (हैंगिंग वैली) के रूप में स्थापित हो जालीं।<ref name="y434">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Doughlas Wilson |title=Hanging Valleys |journal= Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York |publisher=American Geographical Society |date=1909 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4zrOAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&dq=valley%2520deepening&pg=PA671#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 July 2026 |page=}}</ref> यू-आकार के घाटी दुनिया के बहुत सारा पहाड़ी इलाकन में पावल जालीं। एहमें [[एंडीज]], [[आल्प्स]], [[कॉकेशस]], [[हिमालय]], [[रॉकी परबत|रॉकी परबतमाला]], न्यूज़ीलैंड आ स्कैंडिनेवियाई पहाड़ प्रमुख बाड़ें। एकरे अलावा ई कार्पेथियन, पिरेनीज़, रीला पर्वत, पिरिन पर्वत, कोमेराघ पर्वत आ स्कॉटिश हाईलैंड्स में भी मिलेलीं। अमेरिका के [[ग्लेशियर नेशनल पार्क]] में सेंट मैरी नदी के घाटी<ref name="w492" /> एगो बहुत परसिद्ध यू-आकार के घाटी हवे। एकरे अलावा नैंट फ्रैंकॉन घाटी एगो प्रसिद्ध उदाहरण बा। भारत में [[लेह घाटी]] एगो ग्लेशियरे के बनावल यू-आकार घाटी हवे। जब यू-आकार के घाटी [[समुंद्र]] तक पहुँच जाले आ समुद्र के पानी से भर जाले, तब एकरा के [[फियोर्ड]] कहल जाला। ई नाँव नॉर्वेजियन भाषा से आइल बा, काहे कि एह तरह के भू-आकृति [[नॉर्वे]] में बहुतायत में पावल जालीं। नॉर्वे के बाहर, वेस्टर्न ब्रूक पॉन्ड फ्योर्ड, जे ग्रोस मॉर्न नेशनल पार्क में स्थित बा, एगो प्रसिद्ध फ्योर्ड हवे। {{clear}} == इहो देखल जाय == * [[ग्लेशियल थलरूप]] == संदर्भ == {{Reflist|29em}} [[श्रेणी:घाटी]] [[श्रेणी:ग्लेशियर थलरूप]] {{topography-stub}} okdd9sepbupkcu9yyy2tbow620l3y6z 0 101150 799768 2026-07-13T03:06:40Z SM7 3953 पन्ना [[यू-आकार के घाटी]] पर अनुप्रेषित कइल गइल 799768 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[यू-आकार के घाटी]] b2nkxlt9hswd83ziugk1rm5rpygdcs0 0 101151 799773 2026-07-13T03:53:50Z SM7 3953 पन्ना [[ओपेन-सोर्स सॉफ्टवेयर]] पर अनुप्रेषित कइल गइल 799773 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ओपेन-सोर्स सॉफ्टवेयर]] niikc95mgcug8c421ps4r0yyyygsawy