नियॉन

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{{पीरियॉडिक टेबल (32 कॉलम, संछेप)}}

[[श्रेणी:रसायनशास्त्र]]
[[श्रेणी:रासायनिक तत्व]]


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    <title>निकेल</title>
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{{पीरियॉडिक टेबल (32 कॉलम, संछेप)}}

[[श्रेणी:रसायनशास्त्र]]
[[श्रेणी:रासायनिक तत्व]]


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    <title>नई दिल्ली</title>
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      <text bytes="4383" sha1="3d8yjpjkj2rdex4we06e9ajj03ly7gt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name            = नई दिल्ली
| native_name     =
| settlement_type                 = [[Capital city]] and [[List of districts of Delhi|District]]
| image_skyline                   = NewDelhiMontage.png
| image_alt                       = 
| image_caption                   = Clockwise from top left: [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]], [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]], [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], [[India Gate]]
| nickname                        = 
| map_alt                         = 
| map_caption                     = Location in Delhi State
| pushpin_map                     = India Delhi#India
| pushpin_label_position          = right
| pushpin_map_alt                 = 
| pushpin_map_caption             = 
| coordinates                     = {{coord|28|36|50|N|77|12|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name                = India
| subdivision_type1               = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Delhi]]
| established_title               = Established
| established_date                = 1911
| established_title1              = Inaugurated
| established_date1               = 1931
| named_for                       = 
| government_type                 = 
| governing_body                  = 
| leader_title1                   = 
| leader_name1                    = 
| unit_pref                       = Metric|
| total_type                      = [[Capital city]]&lt;!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --&gt;
| area_footnotes                  = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/od/indiamaps/a/new-delhi-geography.htm|title=Geography of New Delhi|author=Amanda Briney|work=About.com Education|access-date=2018-10-11|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012025/http://geography.about.com/od/indiamaps/a/new-delhi-geography.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2                  = 42.7
| area_rank                       = 
| elevation_footnotes             = 
| elevation_m                     = 216
| population_total                = 257,803&lt;!--DO NOT CHANGE IT WITH DATA ABOUT WHOLE DELHI METROPOLIS--&gt;
| population_as_of                = 2011
| population_footnotes            = &lt;ref name=2011city&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-delhi.php|title=Delhi (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|publisher=City Population|accessdate=21 मार्च 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_blank1_title         = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2016)
| population_blank1               = 26,454,000
| population_blank1_footnotes     = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNcities2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2016|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=4 मार्च 2017|page=4|format=PDF|date=अक्टूबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_rank                 = 
| population_demonym              = Dilliwale/ Delhite
| population_note                 = 
| timezone1                       = [[भारतीय मानक समय|आइएसटी]]
| utc_offset1                     = +5:30
| postal_code_type                = [[पिनकोड]]
| postal_code                     = 110xxx
| area_code                       = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-11]]
| registration_plate              = DL-1x-x-xxxx to DL-14x-x-xxxx
| blank1_name_sec1                = Civic agency
| blank1_info_sec1                = [[New Delhi Municipal Council]]
| website                         = {{URL|www.ndmc.gov.in}}
| footnotes                       = 
| leader_title2                   = 
| leader_name2                    = 
}}
'''नई दिल्ली''' [[भारत]] के राजधानी बा आ [[दिल्ली]] नगर के ११ ठो जिला सभ में एक बा।

{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत]]
[[श्रेणी:नई दिल्ली| ]]


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      <text bytes="5281" sha1="1ahtp5afvmlv8ke61osjj3avejmbw0f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox broadcasting network
| network_name = दूरदर्शन
| network_logo = 
| country      = भारत
| motto        = सत्‍यम् शिवम् सुंदरम्
| network_type = प्रसारण टेलिविजन नेटवर्क (Broadcast television network)
| available    = राष्ट्रीय
| owner        = [[प्रसार भारती]]
| key_people   =
| launch_date  = 1959
| founder      =
| past_names   = [[आकाशवाणी]]
| brand       =  डीडी
| website      = [http://www.ddindia.gov.in/DDIndiaChannel/HomePageh.aspx www.ddindia.gov.in]
|
}}
[[चित्र:Doordarshan Bhawan, Copernicus Marg, Delhi.jpg|thumbnail|दूरदर्शन भवन]]
'''दूरदर्शन''' [[भारत]] क सरकारी [[टेलीविजन|टीवी]] चैनल ह। ई भारत सरकार द्वारा नामित एगो परिषद जेवना का नाँव [[प्रसार भारती]] हवे, की अंतर्गत चलावल जाला। दूरदर्शन की प्रसारण क शुरूआत भारत में [[दिल्ली]] से सितंबर 1959 से भइल। प्रसार-कक्ष आ ट्रांसमीटर की बेसिक सेवा की लिहाज़ से ई विश्व का दूसरा सबसे बड़ प्रसारक हवे। हाले में इहो डिजिटल प्रसारण (Digital Terrestrial Transmitters)) सेवा शुरु कइलस हवे।

दूरदर्शन की राष्‍ट्रीय नेटवर्क में 64 दूरदर्शन केन्‍द्र/निर्माण केन्‍द्र, 24 क्षेत्रीय समाचार एकक, 126 दूरदर्शन रखरखाव केन्द्र, 202 उच्‍च शक्ति ट्रांसमीटर, 828 लो पावर ट्रांसमीटर, 351 अल्‍पशक्ति ट्रांसमीटर, 18 ट्रांसपोंडर, 30 चैनल तथा डीटीएच सेवा शामिल बा।

== दूरदर्शन क चैनल ==
* [[राष्‍ट्रीय चैनल]] (5): डीडी 1, डीडी न्‍यूज़, डीडी भारती, डीडी स्‍पोर्ट्स और डीडी उर्दू 
* क्षेत्रीय भाषा में उपग्रह चैनल (11): डीडी उत्तर पूर्व, डीडी बंगाली, डीडी गुजराती, डीडी कन्‍नड़, डीडी कश्‍मीर, डीडी मलयालम, डीडी सहयाद्रि, डीडी उडिया, डीडी पंजाबी, डीडी पोधीगई और डीडी सप्‍‍तगिरी 
* क्षेत्रीय राज्‍य नेटवर्क (11): बिहार, झारखण्‍ड, छत्तीसगढ़, मध्‍य प्रदेश, उत्तर प्रदेश, हरियाणा, उत्तराखण्‍ड, हिमाचल प्रदेश, राजस्‍थान, मिजोरम और त्रिपुरा 
* अंतरराष्‍ट्रीय चैनल (1): डीडी इंडिया 
* डीडी डायरेक्‍ट + : दूरदर्शन की फ्री टु एयर डीटीएच सेवा डीडी डायरेक्‍ट + का शुभारंभ प्रधानमंत्री द्वारा 16 दिसंबर, 2004 को किया गया। 33 टीवी चैनलों (दूरदर्शन / निजी) और 12 रेडियो (आकाशवाणी) चैनलों से शुरूआत हुई। इसकी सेवा क्षमता बढ़कर 55 टीवी चैनल और 21 रेडियो चैनल हो गई। अंडमान और निकोबार को छोड़कर इसके सिगनल पूरे भारत में एक रिसीवर प्रणाली से मिलते हैं।
* क्षेत्रीय चैनल- डीडी मलयालम, डीडी सप्‍‍तगिरी (तेलुगु), डीडी बंगाली, डीडी चंदन (कन्‍नड़), डीडी उडिया, डीडी सहयाद्रि (मराठी), डीडी गुजराती, डीडी कश्‍मीर (कश्‍मीरी), डीडी पंजाबी, डीडी उत्तर पूर्व, डीडी पोधीगई (तमिल),

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* [http://www.ddindia.gov.in/DDIndiaChannel/HomePageh.aspx दूरदर्शन क सरकारी वेबसाइट]

[[श्रेणी:दूरदर्शन चैनल]]


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      <text bytes="5923" sha1="i4uhxxnudezvs2zxz75tmx5ytsvjdpd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See the table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = धरान
|other_name             = 
|native_name            = 
|nickname               = लाहुरे
|settlement_type        = सहर
|motto                  = 
&lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
|image_map  
|image_skyline          = Dharan.jpg     
|imagesize              = 250px
|image_caption          = Dharan from hill sides
|flag_size              = 300px
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           =
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     =
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|image_map1             =
|mapsize1               =
|map_caption1           =
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_map_caption    = नेपाल में लोकेशन
|pushpin_mapsize        =300
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
|coordinates_display    = inline,title
|coordinates_region     = NP
|subdivision_type       = देस
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|नेपाल}} 
|subdivision_           = बिकास क्षेत्र
|subdivision_name1      = पुरबी
|subdivision_type2      = [[नेपाल के अंचल|अंचल]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[कोसी अंचल]]
|subdivision_type3      = [[नेपाल के जिला|जिला]]
|subdivision_name3      = [[सुनसरी जिला]]
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
|established_title       = Incorporated 
|established_date        = नवंबर 16, 1960 
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        = 
|governing_body         = Dharan Sub-metropolitan city

|established_title2     = &lt;!-- Incorporated  (town) --&gt;
|established_date2      =
|established_title3     = &lt;!-- Incorporated  (city) --&gt;
|established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         =
|unit_pref                = Imperial &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial  (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes           = 
|area_total_km2           = 131.6 &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_water_km2           = 4.4
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2011
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 141,439
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        = Ethnicities  (Majorities)
|population_blank1              =  Limbu, Yakkha , Rai, Sunuwar, Khas (Chhetri, Brahmin), Newar
|population_blank2_title        = Ethnicities (Minorities)
|population_blank2              = Magar, Gurung, Tamang, Madeshi 
|population_blank3_title        = धर्म
|population_blank3              = हिंदू, बौद्ध, क्रिस्तान
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|demographics_type1      = भाषा
| demographics1_title1    = आधिकारिक
| demographics1_info1     = [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]] 
&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
|timezone               = [[नेपाल समय|NST]]
|utc_offset             = +5:45
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|latd=26 |latm=49 |lats=0 |latNS=N
|longd=87 |longm=17 |longs=0 |longEW=E
|elevation_footnotes    = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            =
|elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  [[डाक कोड]]
|postal_code            = 56700  (सुनसरी), 56702  (Mangalbare)
|area_code_type        = टेलीफोन कोड
|area_code              = 025
|official_language      = नेपाली
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                = [http://www.dharan.gov.np www.dharan.gov.np]&lt;br /&gt;[http://dharanmun.gov.np dharanmun.gov.np]
|footnotes              =
}}
'''धरान''' [[नेपाल]] के [[कोसी अंचल]] के [[सुनसरी जिला]] में एक ठो [[नगरपालिका]] बाटे। इहा ज्यादा करके  [[:ne:लिम्बु जाति|लिम्बु]] ,[[:ne:राई जाति|राई]], [[:ne:सुनुवार जाति|सुनुवार]], याक्खा आ बहुत जात के लोग राहेला लोग।

इहा बहुत तरह के भासा,कला, संस्कृति आ खेला होखेला।इ सहर पहिले के नेपालि सेना सब के भार्ति करे वाला ठाव रहे।

{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के शहर]]
[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के नगरपालिका सभ]]


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    <title>आम</title>
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|name = आम&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Mango&lt;/small&gt;
|image = Mangoes pic.jpg
|image_caption = फल
|regnum = [[पौधा|प्लांटाई]]
|unranked_divisio = [[एंजियोस्पर्म]] &lt;small&gt;''Angiosperms''&lt;/small&gt;
|unranked_classis = [[यूडिकॉट्स]] &lt;small&gt;''Eudicots''&lt;/small&gt;
|unranked_ordo = [[रोसाइड]] &lt;small&gt;''Rosids''&lt;/small&gt;
|ordo = [[सैपिंडेल्स]] &lt;small&gt;''Sapindales''&lt;/small&gt;
|familia = [[एनाकार्डियासिया]] &lt;small&gt;''Anacardiaceae''&lt;/small&gt;
|genus = ''[[मैंगिफेरा]]''
|species = '''''मैंगिफेरा इंडिका'''''
|binomial = ''मैंगिफेरा इंडिका''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Mangifera indica''&lt;/small&gt;
|binomial_authority = [[कार्ल लिंनायस|लिंनायस]]
|synonyms =Mangifera austro-yunnanensis (मैंगिफेरा ऑस्ट्रो-युन्नानेसिस)&lt;small&gt;हू&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2362916 |title=Mangifera austroyunnanensis Hu — The Plant List |language=en |publisher=Theplantlist.org |date=23 मार्च 2012 |accessdate=21 जून 2016 |archive-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123656/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2362916 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}}
'''आम''' एक ठो [[कोइलीदार फर|कोइली वाला फल]] हवे। एकर बड़हन आकार के ऊँच फेड़ होला। आम के फेड़ के [[बनस्पति बिज्ञान]] के बर्गीकरण में ''मैंगीफेरा'' जाति में रखल जाला। ई [[उष्णकटिबंध|गरम इलाका]] सभ में पैदा होखे हवे आ एकरे फल खातिर बगइचा लगा के खेती होला। आम के कइयन गो [[प्रजाति]] सभ प्रकृति में जंगली तरीका से भी पावल जालीं।

बनस्पति बिज्ञान के बर्गीकरण के हिसाब से एह [[जाति (जीव बिज्ञान)|जाति]] के सगरी पौधा ''एनाकार्डियासिया'' [[परिवार (जीव बिज्ञान)|परिवार]] के सदस्य हवें, जेवना में [[काजू]] नियर अन्य कई गो फेड़ भी शामिल बाने। आम [[दक्खिनी एशिया]], मने की [[भारत]] आ आसपास के देस सभ, के [[मूल निवासी (इकोलॉजी)|मूल पैदावार]] हवे&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=मॉर्टन जे॰ |date=1987 |work=फ्रूट्स ऑफ़ वार्म क्लाइमेट्स [गरम जलवायु के फर] |publisher=न्यू-क्रॉप, न्यू क्रॉप रिसर्च ऑनलाइन प्रोग्राम, सेंटर फॉर न्यू क्रॉप्स &amp; प्लांट प्रोडक्ट्स, पुरुडू यूनिवर्सिटी |title=मैंगो|trans-title =आम|pages=221–239 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mango&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Kostermans AJHG, Bompard JM|year=1993|title=The Mangoes: Their Botany, Nomenclature, Horticulture and Utilization|isbn=9780124219205|publisher=Academic Press|url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Mangoes.html?id=UpstquPSMYoC&amp;redir_esc=y}}&lt;/ref&gt; जहाँ से &quot;भारतीय आम&quot; ''([[मैंगीफेरा इंडिका]])'' बाकी जगह पहुँचल आ आज के समय में [[उष्णकटिबंध|गरम प्रदेसन]] में एही फल के खेती सभसे ढेर हो रहल बाटे।

आम [[भारत]], [[पाकिस्तान]] आ [[फिलिपींस]] के राष्ट्रीय फल हवे आ [[बांग्लादेश]] के राष्ट्रीय फेड़ हवे।&lt;ref name=&quot;bdnews24.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/11/15/mango-tree-national-tree |title=Mango tree, national tree |trans-title=आम के फेड़, राष्ट्रीय फेड़ |date=15 नवंबर 2010 |accessdate=16 नवंबर 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==बिबरण==
[[File:Mango tree Kerala in full bloom.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[केरल]] में एक ठो आम के फेड़]]
[[File:MangoImmatureFruits.JPG|thumb|right|225px|[[अलफांसो (आम)|अलफांसो आम]] के टिकोरा आ मउर के फूल]]
[[चित्र:'Himsagar' mango stone (seed).jpg|thumb|हिमसागर आम की गुठली]]
&lt;!-- [[File:Flora Sinensis - Mango.JPG|thumb|right|''फ्लोरा सियेंसिस'' नाँव के संग्रह में माइकल बॉयम द्वारा आम के चित्रण]] --&gt;
आम के फेड़ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} तक ले ऊँच हो सके ला, आ एकरे ऊपरी फइलाव के गोलाई {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} व्यास बाला हो सके ला। ई फेड़ बहुत लंबा समय ले जियत रहे ला, कुछ अइसन नमूना भी देखे में आइल बाने जे 300 साल के होखले के बावजूद फरत मिलल बाने।&lt;ref name=Californiararefruitgrowers&gt;{{cite web |title=Mango |work=California Rare Fruit Growers |url=http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html |accessdate=4 नवंबर 2015 |archive-date=2020-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019172713/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
गहिरा माटी में, मूसर वाली जरि लगभग {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} भीतर ले चल जले आ एकरे चारों ओर बड़हन बिस्तार में अउरी सोरि सभ फइले लीं; इनहन के अलावा कई ठो अइसन सोरि भी होलीं जे जमीन में कई फीट अंदर ले जालीं आ फेड़ के खड़ा रहे में लंगर नियर मदद करे लीं। पतई सभ सदाबहार होलीं, एक के बाद एक कंछी में साधारण तरीका से जुड़ल होलीं आ इनहन के लंबाई लगभग {{convert|15|–|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} आ, चौड़ाई {{convert|6|–|16|cm|in|abbr=on}} होले; एकदम नौनिहाल पतई सभ नारंगी-गुलाबी, तेजी से कुछ बड़ भइले पर बैंगनी या चमकदार गहिरा लाल आ फिर रूढ़ भइले पर गहिरा हरियर रंग के हो जालीं। [[फूल]] लगभग {{convert|10|–|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} लमहर झोंप में लागे लें; हर एक सफेद रंग के आ फूल पाँच गो पंखुरी वाला होला जिनहन के लंबाई {{convert|5|–|10|mm|in|abbr=on}} होला; हल्का मादक महक वाला ई फूल दूर से फुलाइल होखे के सूचना देलें। आम के लगभग 400 किसिम सभ के पता बा जिनहन में ज्यादातर गरमी के सीजन में फरे लें, जबकि कुछ में साल में दू बेर फर लागे ला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/articles/fruit/varieties_mango.htm |title=Mango (Mangifera indica) varieties |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |website=toptropicals.com |accessdate=2 जनवरी 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; फर के पाके में तीन से छह महिन्ना के समय लागे ला।

पाकल फर के रूपरंग आ साइज भी अलग-अलग होला। आम के बिबिध [[किसिम (खेती)|किसिम]] सभ में पीयर, संतरहवा, लाल, भा हरियर रंग के हो सके लीं आ अंदर एक ठो लमछर आ चापट कोइली होला जेकरा चारों गूदा लपटाइल रहे ला आ कोइली रेशा निकल के गूदा में समाइल रहे लें जेकरा कारन ई जल्दी कोइली से अलगा ना होला। पाकल, बिना छीलल आम ईगो खास तरह के मीठ महक देला। कोइली में अंदर {{convert|1|–|2|mm|in|abbr=on}} मोटाई के सिंगल [[बीया]] होले जे लगभग {{convert|4|–|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} लमहर होले। बीया के अंदर ओधी के भ्रूण होला। आम के बीया हठबीया ([[:en:recalcitrant seed|recalcitrant]]) होले आ ई वातावरण के जमा देवे वाला तापमान या फिर बहुत सूखा ना बर्दास्त क सके लें।&lt;ref name=&quot;osu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physiology of Recalcitrant Seeds |url=http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf |format=PDF |last=Marcos-Filho |first=Julio |publisher=Ohio State University |accessdate=3 दिसंबर 2014 |archive-date=2014-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124220404/http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==नाँव==
[[भोजपुरी]], [[मैथिलि]], हिंदी आ कई अन्य भाषा सभ में एह फल के नाँव '''''आम''''', [[संस्कृत]] के ''आम्रः'' शब्द से निकलल हवे।&lt;ref name=&quot;BasuSingh2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Kavita Basu|author2=Dr. D. V. Singh|title=Naveen Hindi Vyavharik Vyakaran Tatha Rachna Bhaag-7: For Class-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PshuAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA15|date=28 अप्रैल 2014|publisher=Goyal Brothers Prakashan|pages=15–|id=GGKEY:JRAQERP0LAE}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

जबकि [[अंग्रेजी]] शब्द &quot;मैंगो&quot; &lt;small&gt;''(mango)'' (बहुवचन में &quot;मैंगोस&quot; ''(mangoes भा mangos)''&lt;/small&gt; मूल रूप से मलयालम भाषा के &quot;मान्ना&quot; भा &quot;मांगा&quot; से पुर्तगाली भाषा से हो के पहुँचल, लगभग 1498 में जब केरल से यूरोप खातिर मसाला के ब्यापार होखे।&lt;ref name=&quot;merriam-webster1&quot;&gt;[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mango Mango] Merriam Webster Dictionary. &lt;br /&gt;''&quot;Origin of mango: Portuguese manga, probably from Malayalam māṅga. First Known Use: 1582&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;definition&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mango |title=Definition for mango - Oxford Dictionaries Online (World English) |publisher=Oxforddictionaries.com |accessdate=17 जून 2012 |archive-date=2012-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204102543/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mango |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; एह शब्द के कौनों यूरोपीय भाषा के लिखित सामग्री में पहिला रिकार्ड इटली के लेखक लुडोविसो दि वर्देमा के 1510 के लिखल चीज में &quot;मांगा&quot; (''manga'') के रूप में मिले ला; [[फ्रांसीसी भाषा]] आ परंपरागत-बाद के [[लैटिन|लैटिन भाषा]] में एही जा से अनुवाद हो के पहुँचल; अंग्रेजी में &quot;-ओ&quot; कईसे जुड़ गइल ई बात साफ नइखे।&lt;ref name=OED &gt;Oxford English Dictionary Online entry ''mango'', n. 1. (Draft revision Sept. 2010, retrieved 13 अक्टूबर 2010)&lt;/ref&gt;

==खेती==
[[दक्खिन एशिया]] में आम के खेती भा बागबानी हजारन साल से हो रहल बा आ ई ईसा पूर्व पाँचवीं-चउथी सदी में [[दक्खिन पुरुब एशिया]] में पहुँचल, आ दसवीं सदी ईसवी में अफिरका महादीप में पूरबी हिस्सा में एकर खेती सुरू गइल।&lt;ref name=EE&gt;Ensminger 1994: 1373&lt;/ref&gt; 14वीं-सदी के [[मोरक्को]] देस के यात्री [[इब्ने-बतूता]] एकरा के मोगादिशू में पावल जाए के बिबरण दिहले बाने।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Watson, Andrew J. |title=Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700–1100 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1983 |pages=72–3 |isbn=0-521-24711-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; बाद में एकर बागबानी [[ब्राजील]], बरमूडा, [[वेस्ट इंडीज]] आ [[मैक्सिको]] में होखे लागल जहाँ कहीं उचित जलवायु मिलल।&lt;ref name=EE/&gt;

वर्तमान में आम के बागबानी सगरी बर्फ रहित इलाका में, उष्णकटिबंधीय आ उपोष्ण कटिबंधीय इलाका में होखे लागल बाटे; हालाँकि आज भी दुनिया के कुल आम पैदावार के आधा हिस्सा अकेले भारते में पैदा होला, दुसरा नंबर पर चीन बाटे।&lt;ref name=jedele&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jedele |first1=S. |last2=Hau |first2=A.M. |last3=von Oppen |first3=M. |title=An analysis of the world market for mangoes and its importance for developing countries. Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development, 2003 |url=http://www.tropentag.de/2003/abstracts/full/162.pdf |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=rediff04&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/apr/21india.htm |title=India world's largest producer of mangoes, Rediff India Abroad, 21 अप्रैल 2004 |publisher=Rediff.com |date=31 दिसंबर 2004 |accessdate=31 जनवरी 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4201 |title=Mad About mangoes: As exports to the U.S. resume, a juicy business opportunity ripens, India Knowledge@Wharton Network, June 14, 2007 |publisher=Knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu |date=14 जून 2007 |accessdate=31 जनवरी 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117191100/http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4201 |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; आम के खेती [[स्पेन]] के [[अंडालूसिया]] में भी होला काहें से कि इहाँ के समुंद्र किनारे के उपोष्णकटिबंधी जलवायु यूरोप के मुख्य भूमि के एकलौता अइसन हिस्सा सभ में बा जहाँ उष्णकटिबंधी पौधा सभ के उपज हो सके ले। स्पेन के कब्जा वाला, कनारी दीपसमूह दुसरा उल्लेखनीय इलाका बा जहाँ आम के पैदावार होले। बाकी अन्य आम उपजावे वाला जगह सभ में उत्तरी अमेरिका के फ्लोरिडा आ कैलीफोर्निया ने कोचेला घाटी, दक्खिन अमेरिका आ मध्य-अमेरिका में, कैरीबियन देस सभ में, हवाई में, दक्खिनी, पच्छिमी आ मध्य अफिरका में, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, चीन, दक्खिन कोरिया, पकिस्तान, बांग्लादेश आ दक्खिन पुरुब एशिया बानें।

भारत आम के सभसे बड़ उत्पादन करे वाला होखे के बावजूद, आम के बिस्व ब्यापार में खाली भर 1% हिस्सेदारी करे ला काहें से कि इहाँ खुदे एकर जयादातर खपत हो जाला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/may03_6p.htm | title=USAID helps Indian mango farmers access new markets | work=USAID-India | date=3 मई 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601142624/http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/may03_6p.htm | archive-date=1 जून 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/may03_6p.htm |title=आर्काइव कॉपी के बा |access-date=2017-05-03 |archive-date=2011-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111081720/http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/may03_6p.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://blog.usaid.gov/category/food-security/page/3/ | title=USAID Helps Indian Mango Farmers Access New Markets | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601142624/http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/may03_6p.htm | archive-date=1 जून 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

आम के ब्यापार होखे वाली ज्यादातर किसिम सभ मूल रूप से क्यूबा के आम के किसिम ''गोमेरा-1'' के जरि पर कलम लगा के उपजावल जालीं काहें की ई समुंद्र किनारे के भूमध्यसागरीय इलाका के आबोहवा के अनुकूल पड़े ला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=820_2 |title=actahort.org |publisher=actahort.org |accessdate=31 जनवरी 2013 |archive-date=2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228000410/http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=820_2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; आम के 1,000+ किसिम सभ में से ज्यादातर के कलमी आम के रूप में उपजावल जा सके ला। आम के कुछ छोटहन लंबाई वाली किसिम के सजावटी पौधा के रूप में भी इस्तमाल होला।

आम के फसल कई तरह के रोग आ बेमारी से भी प्रभावित होले।

==उपज==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; clear:left; width:16em; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! colspan=2|आम* के कुल उत्पादन – 2020
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ddf; width:75%;&quot;| देस
! style=&quot;background:#ddf; width:25%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;(मिलियन टन में)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{Flagu|भारत}} ||24.7
|-
| {{Flagu|इंडोनेशिया}} ||3.6
|-
| {{Flagu|चीन}} ||2.4
|-
| {{Flagu|मेक्सिको}} ||2.4
|-
| {{Flagu|पाकिस्तान}} ||2.3
|-
| {{Flagu|ब्राजील}} ||2.1
|-
| '''पूरा बिस्व''' || '''54.8'''
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;* includes mangosteens and guavas reported to FAOSTAT&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the United Nations&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title= Production of mangoes, mangosteens, and guavas in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|year=2022|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=13 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

In 2017, global production of mangoes (report includes [[mangosteen]]s and [[guava]]s) was 50.6 million [[tonne]]s, led by India with 39% (19.5 million tonnes) of the world total (see table).&lt;ref name=faostat16/&gt; China and Thailand were the next largest producers (table).

At the wholesale level, the price of mangoes varies according to the size, the variety, and other factors. The [[FOB (shipping)|FOB Price]] reported by the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] for all mangoes imported into the US ranged from approximately US$4.60 (average low price) to $5.74 (average high price) per box (4&amp;nbsp;kg/box) during 2018.&lt;ref&gt;National Mango Board.  [http://nmb-database.com/cropreports2/reportoptions.php?type=price NMB Crop Reports]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.  Accessed 2019-11-24.  Average per year of combined values.&lt;/ref&gt;

एही तरह से, अगर पुराना आँकड़ा देखल जाय तब साल 2013 के आँकड़ा अनुसार, आम, अमरुत आ मैंगोस्टीन के सामूहिक रूप से कुल उत्पादन 430लाख टन भइल, एह में 42% हिस्सा भारत देस में पैदा भइल (18 मिलियन टन)।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E|title=Production/crops of mangoes including mangosteens and guavas for 2013|publisher=United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division|date=2013|accessdate=20 मार्च 2016|archive-date=2014-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205072453/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; चीन आ थाईलैंड क्रम से दुसरा आ तिसरा नमर पर रहलें।

==कुछ परसिद्ध किसिम==
* '''[[अलफांसो (आम)|अलफांसो]]'''- या हापुस
* '''[[आम्रपाली (आम)|आम्रपाली]]'''- दसहरी आ नीलम के संकर
* '''[[चौसा]]'''- [[पाकिस्तान]] के खास किसिम
* '''[[दसहरी]]'''- मलीहाबाद, [[लखनऊ]] के खास
* '''[[लंगड़ा]]'''- [[बनारस]] आ [[बिहार]] के आम
*[[जर्दालु]]- [[बिहार]] के [[भागलपुर]] जिले में [[भवनाथपुर]] गाँव के प्रसिद्ध जर्दालु 2018 में GI टैग प्राप्त

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Alphonso mango.jpg|[[अलफांसो (आम)|अलफांसो]] चाहे हापुस
Sindhri Mango.JPG|[[पाकिस्तान]] के मीरपुर ख़ास के सिंधरी आम
File:A 'Himsagar' mango.jpg|thumb|हिमसागर आम
Vikramshila Agrovet 2 Langra Mango farm, Mathurapur, Bhagalpur Bihar.JPG|[[बनारस]] के ख़ास चीज, '''[[लंगड़ा|लंगड़ा आम]]'''
09251jfFilipino foods fruits Bulacan landmarksfvf 37.jpg|फिलिपींस के राष्ट्रीय फल, कैरीबाऊ आम
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==पकवान==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Sliced-cubed Mango 01.jpg|The &quot;hedgehog&quot; style is a form of mango preparation
Glass of Mango Juice.jpg|A glass of mango juice
MANGO SEASON (562892060).jpg|Sliced [[Ataulfo (mango)|Ataulfo]] mangoes
File:Mango Chutney.jpg|Mango [[chutney]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{आम}}
{{फल}}

[[श्रेणी:आम| ]]
[[श्रेणी:खाये जोग फल]]
[[श्रेणी:फेड़]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत के राष्ट्रीय चीन्हा]]
[[श्रेणी:देसी फल]]
[[श्रेणी:उष्णकटिबंधीय बनस्पति]]
[[श्रेणी:उष्णकटिबंधीय फल]]
[[श्रेणी:एशियाई मूल के फल]]</text>
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[[चित्र:SF From Marin Highlands3.jpg|180px|thumb|[[सैन फ्रांसिस्को]] शहर]]
[[चित्र:La Paz-center.jpg|180px|thumb|बोलीविया के राजधानी [[ला पास]]]]
[[चित्र:Ferry terminal South Harbour. Helsinki, Finland.jpg|180px|thumb|[[फिनलैंड]] के राजधानी [[हेलसिंकी]]]]

'''शहर''' भा '''नगर''' बड़हन आकार के मानव आबादी वाला जगह होला।&lt;ref name=&quot;Goodall&quot;&gt;Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuper and Kuper&quot;&gt;Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/city |title=City &amp;#124; Definition of City by Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2018-09-16 |accessdate=2018-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; शहरन में कई प्रकार के सुविधा उपलब्ध रहेला, आवागामन-यातायात के साधन के साथ साथ बजार, सिनेमा हॉल, अस्पताल, कॉलेज, बैंक आदी सब कुछ के सुविधा उपलब्ध रहेला। इहे कारण बा कि [[गाँव]] के अपेक्षा शहर में बेसी लोग रहेला। बेसी लोगन के रहे खातिर ऊँच-ऊँच भवन, घुमे फिरे खातिर पार्क नियर चीज सभ रहेला।

इतिहासी रूप से, दुनियाँ के बहुत कम्मे आबादी शहर में निवास करत रहल बा, हालाँकि, पछिला दू सदी में शाहीकरण अतना तेजी से भइल बा कि अब बिस्व के लगभग आधा से बेसी जनसंख्या शहरन में निवास करत बा। एह घटना के बिबिध परभाव सभ में बैस्विक सस्टेनबिलिटी पर दबाव भी एगो प्रमुख चिंता के बिसय बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= | last2= with Magee | first2= Liam | last3= Scerri | first3= Andy | last4= Steger | first4= Manfred B. | title= Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability | url= https://www.academia.edu/9294719 | year= 2015 | publisher= Routledge | location= London}}.&lt;/ref&gt; आज्काल्ह के शहर सभ में आमतौर पर में शहर भा कोर एरिया, मेट्रो एरिया आ आसपास के कम्यूटर जोन होला। आसपास के लोग रोजगार से ले के बिबिध मकसद से शहरन के ओर खिंचाव महसूस क्र रहल बा आ शहर में बस रहल बा। बैस्वीकरण के एह जुग में आ कम्युनिकेशन के साधन देख के इहो देखल जा रहल बा कि शहर सभ आपस में बहुत ऊँच डिग्री तक कनेक्टिविटी वाला हो चुकल बाड़ें।

[[पटना]], [[दिल्ली]], [[मुंबई]], [[कोलकाता]], [[चेन्नई]], [[बंगलौर]] आ [[हैदराबाद]] निअन कुछ शहर भारत देश के प्रमुख शहर सभ में गिनल जालें।

== परिभाषा ==
शहर के आमतौर पर अइसे परिभाषित कइल जाला कि जवन आबादी वाला इलाका गाँव चाहे कसबा (टाउन) से बड़ होखे&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Definition of CITY|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/city|website=www.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=25 फरवरी 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, मने की बेसी जनसंख्या वाला होखे, शहर (सिटी) कहाला। हालाँकि, कस्बा आ शहर के बीचा में, मने कि टाउन आ सिटी के बीच, कौनों बिसेस परिभाषा वाला अंतर ना बा आ इनहन के इस्तेमाल अदल-बदल के भी होखे ला।&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=R.J. Johnston|title=City and Society: An Outline for Urban Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8cWL3kkYBAC&amp;pg=PA13|date=15 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-67464-9|pages=13–}}&lt;/ref&gt; इंटरनेशनल रूप से पूरा दुनियाँ में कौनों निश्चित पैमाना भी ना बा कि केतना जनसंख्या वाली बस्ती शहर कहाई। उदाहरण देखल जाय तब घाना में 5,000 आबादी, अर्जेंटीना में 2,000 के आ न्यूजीलैंड में 1,000 के जनसंख्या के कम से कम होखल जरूरी बा जबकि स्वीडन नियर देस में 200 लोग के आबादी भी अगर एगो छोट जगह पर लगे-लगे रह के एक बस्ती के रूप में बसल होखे शहर कहा सके ला।&lt;ref name=&quot;Stoltman2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Joseph P. Stoltman|title=21st Century Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WrVewV6rOwC&amp;pg=PA291|date=20 October 2011|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-7464-6|pages=291–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

भारत में जनगणना बिभाग, जनगणना के रपट में, देहाती आ शहरी इलाका के रूप में बिभाजन करे ला जहाँ शहरी इलाका कहाए खाती या टेम्पलेट ओह बस्ती में नगर निगम, नगरपालिका, कैंट वगैरह होखे; 5,000 से बेसी आबादी, 75 परसेंट से बेसी जनसंख्या गैर-खेती के काम में, आ 400 प्रति किमी से बेसी जनघनत्व होखे; एकरे अलावा नगर पालिका वगैरह बिधिक एरिया के आसपास के सटल इलाका जे भले गाँव के रूप में दर्ज होखे बाकी शहरी सुबिधा सभ मौजूद होखे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=कुछ कांसेप्ट आ परिभाषा|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/kerala/13-concept-34.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=जनगणना बिभाग, भारत सरकार|accessdate=25 फरवरी 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:शहर| ]]
[[श्रेणी:समाज]]
[[श्रेणी:शहरी भूगोल| ]]
[[श्रेणी:बस्ती]]</text>
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| name = नीतीश कुमार [[पलटु चाचा]]
| image = Nitish Kumar (cropped).JPG
| nickname = सुशासन बाबू&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title= Grand comeback for 'Sushasan Babu' |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/bihar-exclusive/grand-comeback-for-sushasan-babu/102445.html |publisher=The Statesman |date= 8 नवंबर 2015 |accessdate= 12 सितंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br&gt;विकास पुरुष&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title=JD(U) picks 'vikas purush' Nitish Kumar as party president | url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/JDU-picks-vikas-purush-Nitish-Kumar-as-party-president/articleshow/51771282.cms | work=[[दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया]] | author=अखिलेश सिंह | access-date= 26 अप्रैल 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Opinion: Why Modi's vikas paled before vikas purush Nitish| url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151108/commentary-dc-comment/article/opinion-why-modi%E2%80%99s-vikas-paled-vikas-purush-nitish |work=Deccan Chronicle |author=Nayear Azad and Animesh Singh |date=8 November 2015 | location=[[पटना]] |access-date= 26 अप्रैल 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br&gt; ''मिस्टर क्लीन''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nitish Kumar: Bihar's 'Mr Clean' who humbled Narendra Modi |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/india/nitish-kumar-bihars-mr-clean-who-humbled-narendra-modi/717134 |work=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=The Free Press Journal |date=20 नवंबर 2015 |location=[[पटना]] |access-date= 27 अप्रैल 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mr Clean's tie-up with graft-tainted politician wipes out BJP in Bihar polls |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/mr-cleans-tie-up-with-graft-tainted-politician-wipes-out-bjp-in-bihar-polls |work=The Straits Times |author=Nirmala Ganapathy |date=16 November 2015 |access-date=27 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br&gt; ''लार्ड टर्नअराउंड''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Man Who Thrashed Mai-Baap Sarkar | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-man-who-trashed-mai-baap-sarkar/279449 | publisher=Outlook | date=16 जनवरी 2012 | accessdate=12 सितंबर 2016 | archive-date=2017-08-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802205308/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-man-who-trashed-mai-baap-sarkar/279449 | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|3|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = बख्तियारपुर, [[बिहार]], भारत
| alma_mater = बिहार कॉलेज ऑफ इंजीनियरिंग
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| constituency = 
| profession = राजनीतिग्य
| party = [[जनता दल (युनाइटेड)|जदयु]]
| nationality = भारतीय
| spouse = मंजू कुमारी सिन्हा
| children = 1
| office = बिहार के मुख्यमंत्री
| term_start = 27 जुलाई 2017
| term_end = 
| predecessor = खुद
| deputy = सुशील कुमार मोदी
| deputy1 = [[तेजस्वी यादव]]
| term_start1 = 22 फरवरी 2015
| term_end1 = 26 जुलाई 2017
| predecessor1 = जीतन राम माँझी
| successor1 = 
| office2 = 
| deputy2 = सुशील कुमार मोदी
| term_start2 = 24 नवंबर 2005
| term_end2 = 17 मई 2014
| predecessor2 = राष्ट्रपति शासन
| successor2 = जीतन राम माँझी
| office3 = 
| term_start3 = 3 मार्च 2000
| term_end3 = 10 मार्च 2000
| predecessor3 = राबड़ी देवी
| successor3 = राबड़ी देवी
| constituency2 = 
| office4 = रेल मंत्री
| term_start4 = 20 मार्च 2001
| term_end4 = 21 मई 2004
| predecessor4 = ममता बनर्जी
| successor4 = [[लालू प्रसाद यादव]]
| term_start5 = 19 मार्च 1998
| term_end5 = 5 अगस्त 1999
| predecessor5 = राम विलास पासवान
| successor5 = राम नाइक
| office6 = खेती मंत्री
| term_start6 = 27 मई 2000
| term_end6 = 21 जुलाई 2001
| predecessor6 = 
| successor6 = 
| term_start7 = 22 नवंबर 1999
| term_end7 = 3 मार्च 2000
| predecessor7 = 
| successor7 = 
| office8 = भूतल परिवहन मंत्री
| primeminister8 = [[अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी]]
| term_start8 = 13 अक्टूबर 1999
| term_end8 = 22 नवंबर 1999
| predecessor8 = 
| successor8 = 
| term_start9 = 14 अप्रैल 1998
| term_end9 = 5 अगस्त 1999
| predecessor9 = 
| successor9 = 
}}
'''नीतिश कुमार''' [[भारत]] देस के [[बिहार]] राज्य के [[मुख्यमंत्री]] बाने।

'''नीतीश कुमार''' उ व्यक्ति हवें जे विधान सभा के सदस्य के चुनाव से अयोग्य होके एमएलसी के नामांकित होखला के बाद बिहार के मुख्यमंत्री बनल बाड़े अवुरी एमएलसी के नामांकित मुख्यमंत्री बन गईल बाड़े, जवन कि भारत सरकार में पलायन विरोधी कानून ह, जवन कि भारत के सुप्रीम कोर्ट के मुताबिक असंवैधानिक बा।

नीतीश कुमार [[जनता दल (युनाइटेड)]] के नेता हवें। राजनीति में नीतीश के पृष्ठभूमि समाजवादी नेता के रूप में बा। अपना पहिले के मुख्यमंत्री काल में इनके समाजवादी नीति के तहत 100,000 इस्कूल मास्टरन के भर्ती, प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य केंद्र पर डाक्टरन के उपस्थिति आ काम कइल सुनिश्चित कइल, गाँवन के बिद्युतीकरण&lt;ref name=&quot;sify1&quot;&gt;{{cite news
|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jfbn4Ebeibj&amp;title=Nitish_Kumar_s_development_agenda_makes_waves_in_Bihar&amp;?vsv=TopHP3
|title=Nitish Kumar's development agenda makes waves in Bihar
|date=1 मई 2009
|work=Lok Sabha Elections 2009
|publisher=सिफ़ी न्यूज
|accessdate=26 May 2009
|archive-date=24 May 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524065254/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jfbn4Ebeibj&amp;title=Nitish_Kumar_s_development_agenda_makes_waves_in_Bihar&amp;%3fvsv=TopHP3
|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;, सड़क निर्माण, जनाना निरक्षरता के कम कइल, अपराध कम कइल आ औसत बिहारी ब्यक्ति के आमदनी में बढ़ती ले आइल&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Antholis|first1=William|title=New Players on the World Stage: Chinese Provinces and Indian States|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/essays/2013/new-players-on-the-world-stage#section4|publisher=Brookings Institution|date=22 अक्टूबर 2013|accessdate=12 नवंबर 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; कुछ मुख्य उपलब्धी गिनावल जाला। इनका मुख्यमंत्री काल में बिहार के क्यूमुलेटिव जीडीपी बढ़ती अन्य राज्यन के तुलना में सभसे ढेर रहल बा।

17 मई 2014 के मुख्यमंत्री पद से इस्थीपा दे दिहलें, एकर कारण 2014 आम चुनाव में इनके पार्टी के ख़राब परदर्शन रहल, आ इनके बाद जीतन राम माँझी मुख्यमंत्री बनलें। हालाँकि, फरवरी 2015 में दोबारा एह पद पर लवटलें जब बिहार में राजनीतिक संकट के स्थिति बन गइल रहे&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/02/22/article508925.ece/My-priority-is-to-work-for-Bihars-development-Nitish-Kumar | work=ABP News| title=Nitish Kumar returns as Bihar CM}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ राज्य चुनाव (नवंबर) 2015 में जीतलें। 10 अप्रैल 2016 के इनके पार्टी क राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष चुनल गइल। भाबिस्य में, 2019में होखे वाला चुनाव में इनके कई लोग परधानमंत्री पद के जोग कैंडीडेट मानल&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/news/nitishji-more-capable-than-modi-to-become-next-pm-tejaswi-yadav-news-national-qj3onHiaehbdc.html|title=Nitish Ji more capable than modi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-will-be-next-pm-lalu/article8495552.ece|title=Nitish will be next PM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/nitish-kumar-bihar-mahagathbandhan-bjp-2019-lok-sabha-elections/1/919349.html|title=JDU delegates want Nitish Kumar as next PM}}&lt;/ref&gt; जेह में [[लालू प्रसाद यादव]] आ तेजस्वी यादव भी सामिल रहल हालाँकि, नीतीश एह दावेदारी से इनकार कइलें।

26 जुलाई 2017 के फिर से बिहार के मुख्यमंत्री पद से इस्थीपा दे दिहलें, कारण एह महागठबंधन के हिस्सा आ उपमुख्यमंत्री तेजस्वी यादव के के खिलाफ सीबीआइ द्वारा दायर ऍफ़आईआर के बाद उपजल घटनाक्रम रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/nitish-kumar-resigns-as-bihar-chief-minister-tejashwi-yadav-lalu-yadav-grand-alliance-jdu-meeting-governor-4768045/|title=Nitish Kumar resigns as Bihar Chief Minister, says had become 'difficult for me to work'|date=26 जुलाई 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 जुलाई 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-kumar-resigns-as-bihar-cm/article19364717.ece|title=Live updates: Nitish Kumar resigns as Bihar CM; Modi welcomes decision|work=The Hindu|accessdate=26 जुलाई 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; इस्थीपा के कुछे घंटा बाद एनडीए ज्वाइन क लिहलें आ राज्यपाल से मिल के सरकार बनावे के दावेदारी रखलें, अगिला दिने फिर से पद के सपथ लिहलें।

==सुरुआती जीवन==
नीतीश कुमार के जनम बिहार के नालंदा जिला के हरनउत (कलियाँबीघा) में कबिराज रामलखन सिंह आ परमेश्वरी देवी के घरे भइल।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.livemint.com/2009/08/27220957/When-will-the-BrahminBania-he.html/ Bihar is run by a peasant Kurmi (Nitish Kumar)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824115154/http://www.livemint.com/2009/08/27220957/When-will-the-BrahminBania-he.html/ |date=24 अगस्त 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; इनके बाबूजी स्वतंत्रता सेनानी रहलें&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/nitish-kumar-know-the-new-cm-of-bihar/1/519958.html |title=आर्काइव कॉपी के बा |access-date=2017-07-27 |archive-date=2017-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730075116/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/nitish-kumar-know-the-new-cm-of-bihar/1/519958.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; आ [[महात्मा गाँधी|गाँधीवादी]] नेता आ आधुनिक बिहार के निर्माता मानल जाए वाला &quot;बिहार विभूती&quot; अनुग्रह नारायण सिंह के करीबी रहलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article3567193.ece |title=NATIONAL / NEW DELHI : Nitish Kumar entered politics with a 'wound', claims book |publisher=The Hindu |date=25 जून 2012 |accessdate=17 सितंबर 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113190311/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article3567193.ece |archive-date=2016-01-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
नीतीश कुमार 1972 में बिहार कॉलेज ऑफ इंजीनियरिंग से इलेक्ट्रिकल इंजीनियरी में डिग्री लिहलें&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/the-shadow-of-narendra-modi-in-nitish-kumars-life-555370]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160220/jsp/bihar/story_70314.jsp#.Vsi683197IV|title=New land at Bihta for NIT- DM announces plot for tech institute campus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/nitish-kumar.html Nitish's brief biography]&lt;/ref&gt; पढ़ाई के बाद ऊ बिहार राज्य बिद्युत निगम में आधा-अधूरा मन से नौकरी ज्वाइन कइलेन आ बाद में राजनीति में उतर गइलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/I-dream-of-the-old-glory-days-of-Bihar/articleshow/11323112.cms | work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया | title=I dream of the old glory days of Bihar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==अवार्ड आ पहिचान ==
* अणुव्रत सम्मान, श्वेतांबर तेरापंथ महासभा (जैन संस्था) द्वारा, बिहार में शराबबंदी लागू करे खातिर, 2017
* जेपी मेमोरियल अवार्ड, नागपुर मानव मंदिर, 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The day Patil took oath of office on Friday he honoured Nitish with the JP Memorial Award on behalf of Nagpur's Manav Mandir.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/The-day-Patil-took-oath-of-office-on-Friday-he-honoured-Nitish-with-the-JP-Memorial-Award-on-behalf-of-Nagpurs-Manav-Mandir-/articleshow/19150828.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2013-03-23|access-date=2026-02-02|issn=0971-8257|last=Faizan Ahmad|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* फॉरेन पॉलिसी मैगजीन के टॉप 100 बैस्विक चिंतक लोग में 77वाँ नमर पर, 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nitish Kumar in Foreign Policy's top 100 global thinkers|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nitish-kumar-foreign-policy-top-100-global-thinkers/1/234869.html|accessdate=14 June 2016|publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* XLRI, जमशेदपुर द्वारा, &quot;सर जहाँगीर गांधी मेडल&quot;, 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Our Bureau |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article1571232.ece |title=Business Line : Industry &amp; Economy / Economy : XLRI to fete Nitish Kumar |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date= |accessdate=17 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''&quot;एमएसएन इंडियन ऑफ दि इयर&quot;'', 2010&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4719413 |title=MSN Indian Of The Year: Nitish Kumar |publisher=News.in.msn.com |date=20 December 2010 |accessdate=17 September 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615165648/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4719413 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''एनडीटीवी इंडियन ऑफ दि इयर'' – राजनीति, 2010&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=NDTV Indian of the Year: The winners |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/indian-of-the-year/ndtv-s-indian-of-the-year-awards-2010-191081 |title=NDTV Indian of the Year: The winners |publisher=NDTV.com |date=18 February 2011 |accessdate=17 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* फ़ोर्ब्स ''&quot;इंडियन पर्सन ऑफ दि इयर&quot;'', 2010&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2011/01/03/forbes-india-person-of-the-year-nitish-kumar.html | work=Forbes | title=A Person of the Year: Nitish Kumar | date=3 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* सीएनएन-आईबीएन ''&quot;इंडियन ऑफ दि इयर अवार्ड&quot;'' – राजनीति, 2010&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/137243/cnnibn-ioty-in-politics-nitish-kumar.html |title=Nitish Kumar, CNN IBN Indian of the year-2010 |access-date=2017-07-27 |archive-date=2010-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216084407/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/137243/cnnibn-ioty-in-politics-nitish-kumar.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''एनडीटीवी इंडियन ऑफ दि इयर'' – राजनीति, 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/videos/video_player.php?id=1204670 |title=News &quot; Videos |publisher=NDTV |date= |accessdate=2012-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* इकोनॉमिक टाइम्स ''&quot;बिजनेस रिफार्मर ऑफ दि इयर&quot;'', 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4931000.cms |work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया |location=India | title=Features | date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 'पोलियो उन्मूलन चैम्पियनशिप अवार्ड' 2009, रोटरी इंटरनेशनल द्वारा&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Awards-galore-for-Nitish/articleshow/7153302.cms |work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया |location=India | title=Awards galore for Nitish |date=24 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* सीएनएन-आइबीएन ''&quot;ग्रेट इंडियन ऑफ दि इयर&quot;'' अवार्ड – राजनीति, 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianoftheyear.com/index08.php |title=Indian Of The Year 2008 -politics winner nitish kumar |access-date=2017-07-27 |archive-date=2011-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025026/http://www.indianoftheyear.com/index08.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[बिहार]]
{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
{{Commons category|Nitish Kumar}}
* {{Twitter|NitishKumar}}
* {{FaceBook |NitishKumarJDU}}
* [http://nitishspeaks.blogspot.in/ आधिकारिक ब्लॉग]
* [http://gov.bih.nic.in/Governance/NitishKumar.htm बिहार सरकार के वेबसाइट पर जीवनी]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
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|title=बिहार के मुख्यमंत्री
|years=24 नवंबर 2005{{spaced ndash}}17 मई 2014
|after=जीतन राम माँझी
}}
{{Succession box
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|title=बिहार के मुख्यमंत्री
|years=22 फरवरी 2015{{spaced ndash}}26 जुलाई 2017
|after=''Vacant''
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1951 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत के राजनीतिक नेता]]
[[श्रेणी:बिहार के लोग]]
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&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[File:Facebook icon.svg|14px|link=//facebook.com/bhwiki/]] [//facebook.com/bhwiki/ फेसबुक] – [[File:Twitter.svg|16px|link=//twitter.com/bhwikipedia]] [//twitter.com/bhwikipedia ट्विट्टर]&lt;/span&gt;
{{/हेडर}}

== Feminism and Folklore 2023 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023,
 
You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a fountain tool or dashboard.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]].
 
This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023.
 
Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]]

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 10:23, 24 दिसंबर 2022 (UTC)
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== CIS-A2K Newsletter December 2022 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

Hope everything is well. CIS-A2K's monthly Newsletter is here which is for the month of December. A few conducted events are updated in the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K wants your attention towards its December 2022 work. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and upcoming events/activities.

; Conducted events
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Launching of GLAM projects in Aurangabad|Launching of GLAM projects in Aurangabad]]
* [[:m:Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022/Online Meetup 10 Dec 2022|Online Meetup 10 Dec 2022 (Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022)]]
* [[:m:Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022|Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022]]

; Upcoming event 
* Mid-term Report 2022-2023

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/December 2022|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 16:43, 7 जनवरी 2023 (UTC)

&lt;small&gt;On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&amp;oldid=23719485 --&gt;

== Upcoming vote on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello all,

In mid-January 2023, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] will undergo a second community-wide ratification vote. This follows [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|the March 2022 vote]], which resulted in a majority of voters supporting the Enforcement Guidelines. During the vote, participants helped highlight important community concerns. The Board’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] requested that these areas of concern be reviewed.

The volunteer-led [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Revisions_Committee_members|Revisions Committee]] worked hard reviewing community input and making changes. They updated areas of concern, such as training and affirmation requirements, privacy and transparency in the process, and readability and translatability of the document itself.

The revised Enforcement Guidelines can be viewed '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|here]]''', and a comparison of changes can be found '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Comparison|here]]'''.

'''How to vote?'''

Beginning '''January 17, 2023''', voting will be open. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Voter information|This page on Meta-wiki]]''' outlines information on how to vote using SecurePoll.

'''Who can vote?'''

The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information#Voting_eligibility|eligibility requirements]]''' for this vote are the same as for the Wikimedia Board of Trustees elections.  See the voter information page for more details about voter eligibility.  If you are an eligible voter, you can use your Wikimedia account to access the voting server.

'''What happens after the vote?''' 

Votes will be scrutinized by an independent group of volunteers, and the results will be published on Wikimedia-l, the Movement Strategy Forum, Diff and on Meta-wiki. Voters will again be able to vote and share concerns they have about the guidelines. The Board of Trustees will look at the levels of support and concerns raised as they look at how the Enforcement Guidelines should be ratified or developed further.

On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:CSinha (WMF)|बात करीं]]) 10:01, 8 जनवरी 2023 (UTC)

== Voting Opens on the Revised Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines  ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 2|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''{{subst:more languages}}''

Hello all, 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting|voting period]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|revised Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] is now open! Voting will remain open for two weeks and will close at '''23:59 UTC''' on '''January 31, 2023'''. Please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|'''voter information page''']] for voter eligibility information and details on how to vote. 

For more details on the Enforcement Guidelines and the voting process, see our [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement/Voting_1|previous message]].

On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:CSinha (WMF)|बात करीं]]) 11:50, 17 जनवरी 2023 (UTC)

== Global ban for PlanespotterA320/RespectCE ==

Per the [[m:Global bans|Global bans]] policy, I'm informing the project of this request for comment: [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for PlanespotterA320 (2) ]] about banning a member from your community. Thank you.--[[User:Lemonaka|Lemonaka]] ([[User talk:Lemonaka|talk]]) 21:40, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
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== CIS-A2K Newsletter January 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

Hope everything is well. CIS-A2K's monthly Newsletter is here which is for the month of December. A few conducted events are updated in the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K wants your attention towards its January 2023 tasks. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and upcoming events/activities.

; Conducted events
* [[:m:Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022|Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022]]
* [[:m:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)/Writing Contest/Community Training 2022|Project Tiger 2.0 Training]]
* [[:m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Community Fund/Annual plan of the Centre for Internet and Society Access to Knowledge/Midpoint Report|Mid-term Report 2022-2023]]

; Upcoming event 
* [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon]]

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/January 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 18:11, 12 फरवरी 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&amp;oldid=23719485 --&gt;

== International Mother Language day 2023 Datathon ==

&lt;small&gt;Apologies to write in English.&lt;/small&gt;

Dear all,

Hope you are doing well. CIS-A2K is going to organise [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon|International Mother Language day 2023 Datathon]] on the occasion of and to celebrate International Mother language Day. The datathon will be from 21st February to 28 February 2023. During the week, we will contribute to Wikidata to add labels, descriptions, Aliases, items or properties and references to the statements. You can go through the given page link, add yourself and become a part of the event. During the datathon, we will finalise a day and organise a one or two-hour online session with a Wikidata expert to learn advanced tactics. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 17:49, 16 फरवरी 2023 (UTC)
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== Reminder: International Mother Language day 2023 Datathon ==

Dear all,

The International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon will start tomorrow (after a few hours at 00:01 am) till 28 February. To contribute please add your name [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon|here]]. We will contribute to Wikidata to add labels, descriptions, Aliases, items or properties and references to the statements.

We have created the outreach dashboard to track the activities. [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/International_Mother_Language_Day/International_Mother_Language_Day_2023_Datathon Here] is the link.


There will be an online session on Sunday. The session will be for 1:30 hrs. Please block your calendar for 4:00 to 5:30 pm. Jinoy will be there for a training session to introduce basics and the tools like 'TABernacle', 'QS' and 'Mix n Match' that can be used for adding labels and improving the existing WD item for newbies.

Please reach out if you have any questions or concerns at program@cis-india.org. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 16:58, 20 फरवरी 2023 (UTC)
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== Community feedback-cycle about updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use starts ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

: ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
: ''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours/Announcement|}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello community members,

[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department|Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department]] is organizing a feedback-cycle with community members to discuss updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use.

[[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Terms of Use|The Terms of Use (ToU)]] are the legal terms that govern the use of websites hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. We will be gathering your feedback on a draft proposal from February through April. The draft will be translated into several languages, with written feedback accepted in any language.

This update comes in response to several things:

* Implementing the Universal Code of Conduct.
* Updating project text to the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license.
* Proposal for better addressing undisclosed paid editing.
* Bringing the Terms of Use in line with current and recently passed laws affecting the Wikimedia Foundation, including the European Digital Services Act

As part of the feedback cycle two office hours will be held: the first on 2 March and the second on 4 April. 

For further information, please consult:

* The [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update|proposed update of the ToU by comparison]]
* The page for your [[metawiki:Talk:Terms of use|feedback]]
* Information about [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours|the office hours]]

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:CSinha (WMF)|बात करीं]]) 07:54, 22 फरवरी 2023 (UTC)

== Editing news 2023 #1 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;&lt;i&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2023/February|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/i&gt;

This newsletter includes two key updates about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team|Editing]] team's work:

# The Editing team will finish adding new features to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]] and deploy it.
# They are beginning a new project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]].

&lt;strong&gt;Talk pages project&lt;/strong&gt;
[[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|alt=Screenshot showing the talk page design changes that are currently available as beta features at all Wikimedia wikis. These features include information about the number of people and comments within each discussion.|thumb|300px|Some of the upcoming changes]]

The Editing team is nearly finished with this first phase of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project|Talk pages project]]. Nearly all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|new features]] are available now in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]].

It will show information about how active a discussion is, such as the date of the most recent comment. There will soon be a new &quot;{{int:skin-action-addsection}}&quot; button. You will be able to turn them off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Talk_pages_project/Usability#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20230215001000-Feedback:_Proposed_Revisions_to_%22Add_topic%22_button|tell them what you think]].

[[File:Daily edit completion rates mobile talk pages.png|thumb|300px|Daily edit completion rate by test group: DiscussionTools (test group) and MobileFrontend overlay (control group)]]

An A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} on the mobile site]] has finished. Editors were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|more successful with {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. The Editing team is enabling these features for all editors on the mobile site.

&lt;strong&gt;New Project: Edit Check&lt;/strong&gt;

The Editing team is beginning [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|a project to help new editors of Wikipedia]]. It will help people identify some problems before they click &quot;{{int:publishchanges}}&quot;. The first tool will encourage people to add references when they add new content. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist|watch]] that page for more information. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing_team/Community_Conversations#20230303|join a conference call on 3&amp;nbsp;March&amp;nbsp;2023]] to learn more.&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

–[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 23:24, 22 फरवरी 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 21:20, 27 फरवरी 2023 (UTC)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge!
&lt;/div&gt;
[[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== CIS-A2K Newsletter Feburary 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

Hope everything is well. CIS-A2K's monthly Newsletter is here which is for the month of February. A few conducted events are updated in the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K wants your attention towards its February 2023 tasks and towards upcoming events. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and upcoming events/activities.

; Conducted events
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Digitization &amp; Documentation of Cultural Heritage and Literature in Meghalaya|Digitization &amp; Documentation of Cultural Heritage and Literature in Meghalaya]]
* [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon]]
* Wikidata Online Session

; Upcoming event 
* March Month Activity on Wikimedia Commons
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Hindi Wikisource Community skill-building workshop|Hindi Wikisource Community skill-building workshop]]

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/February 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 04:50, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
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== [[टेम्पलेट:Infobox India district]] के इस्तेमाल हटावल ==

नमस्कार सभका के। एह टेम्पलेट के इस्तेमाल वर्तमान समय में 500 से बेसी पन्ना सभ पर हो रहल बाटे। एहिजा सूचित कइल जा रहल बा कि एकरे जगह पर [[टेम्पलेट:Infobox settlement]] के इस्तेमाल कइल जाई। एकरा खातिर [https://bh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=गोरखपुर_जिला&amp;diff=736269&amp;oldid=692754 एह तरीका से बदलाव] कइल जाई।

एह दौरान कुछ पन्ना सभ पर ज्ञानसंदूक सभ में दिहल जानकारी के कुछ हिस्सा अंग्रेजी में देख्लाई पड़ सके ला जेकरा के बाद में बॉट चला के एक्के साथे अनुबादित क दिहल जाई।

कौनों किसिम के सुझाव/सलाह के स्वागत बा। एह काम में मदद करे खातिर आप सभ के स्वागत बाटे। --[[User:SM7|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300&quot;&gt;SM7&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:SM7|&lt;small style=&quot;color:#6F00FF&quot;&gt;--बातचीत--&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:30, 11 मार्च 2023 (UTC)

== नीति निर्माण प्रस्ताव 2023 ==

नमस्कार सभका के, एहिजे एह प्रस्ताव द्वारा कुछ नीति सभ के प्रस्ताव समुदाय के सोझा रखल जा रहल बाड़ें जिनहन पर चर्चा आ सहमती के अनुरोध कइल जा रहल बा। संबंधित नीति सभ के बातचीत पन्ना सभ पर सवाल पूछल जा सकत बाने, सुधार सुझावित कइल जा सकत बा आ ओह चर्चा के बाद हेइजा आपन मत स्पष्ट रूप से, कारन सहित ब्यक्त कइल जा सकत बाटे।

नीति सभ जे प्रस्तावित कइल जा रहल बाड़ीं:

# [[विकिपीडिया:उल्लेखनीयता]] &lt;small&gt;([[विकिपीडिया वार्ता:उल्लेखनीयता|वार्ता पन्ना पर चर्चा करीं]])&lt;/small&gt;
# [[विकिपीडिया:कठपुतरी नीति]] &lt;small&gt;([[विकिपीडिया वार्ता:कठपुतरी नीति|वार्ता पन्ना पर चर्चा करीं]])&lt;/small&gt;
# [[विकिपीडिया:प्रतिबंध नीति]] &lt;small&gt;([[विकिपीडिया वार्ता:प्रतिबंध नीति|वार्ता पन्ना पर चर्चा करीं]])&lt;/small&gt;
# [[विकिपीडिया:रोक नीति]] &lt;small&gt;([[विकिपीडिया वार्ता:रोक नीति|वार्ता पन्ना पर चर्चा करीं]])&lt;/small&gt;
# [[विकिपीडिया:लिखाई अउरी अंक नीति]] &lt;small&gt;([[विकिपीडिया वार्ता:लिखाई अउरी अंक नीति|वार्ता पन्ना पर चर्चा करीं]])&lt;/small&gt;
# [[विकिपीडिया:मशीनी अनुबाद नीति]] &lt;small&gt;([[विकिपीडिया वार्ता:मशीनी अनुबाद नीति|वार्ता पन्ना पर चर्चा करीं]])&lt;/small&gt;
# [[विकिपीडिया:आधार|आधार लेख निर्माण नीति]] &lt;small&gt;([[विकिपीडिया वार्ता:आधार|वार्ता पन्ना पर चर्चा करीं]])
# [[विकिपीडिया:भाषा दिसानिर्देस]] ([[विकिपीडिया वार्ता:भाषा दिसानिर्देस|वार्ता पन्ना पर चर्चा करीं]])
&lt;/small&gt;

एह चर्चा में समुदाय के सगरी लोग के स्वागत बा आ आम सहमती बनावे में सहजोग के उमेद बा। --[[User:SM7|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300&quot;&gt;SM7&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:SM7|&lt;small style=&quot;color:#6F00FF&quot;&gt;--बातचीत--&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:44, 11 मार्च 2023 (UTC)
:एगो अउरी दिसानिर्देस [[विकिपीडिया:भाषा दिसानिर्देस]] ([[विकिपीडिया:भाषा दिसानिर्देस|चर्चा पन्ना]]) जोड़ल जा रहल बाटे। एहू पर, चर्चा पन्ना पर सुझाव आ सुधार आमंत्रित बाटे।--[[User:SM7|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300&quot;&gt;SM7&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:SM7|&lt;small style=&quot;color:#6F00FF&quot;&gt;--बातचीत--&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:18, 20 मार्च 2023 (UTC)

== अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया के नीति अउरी दिसानिर्देस लागू करे के प्रस्ताव ==
&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate discussion-archived mw-archivedtalk&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f5f3ef; overflow:auto; margin: 1em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate-header&quot;&gt;
:''ई चर्चा पूरा हो चुकल बाटे। &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''एम्में अब कौनों बदलाव मत करीं।'''&lt;/span&gt; आगे के टिप्पणी सभ नया खंड बना के कइल जाये के चाहीं।'' ''चर्चा के संछेप में रिजल्ट रहल''
::'''सफल प्रस्ताव''': लमहर समय ले राय खातिर खुलल रहल चर्चा में बिना कौनों बिरोध होखे आ सक्रिय योगदानकरता लोग के समर्थन के हिसाब से '''एह नीति के लागू घोषित कइल जा रहल बा।'''--[[User:SM7|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300&quot;&gt;SM7&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:SM7|&lt;small style=&quot;color:#6F00FF&quot;&gt;--बातचीत--&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:40, 1 जुलाई 2023 (UTC)
---- &lt;!-- from Template:discussion top--&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
एहिजे ई प्रस्तावित कइल जा रहल बा कि कौनों बिसय चाहे मुद्दा पर भोजपुरी विकिपीडिया पर लोकल नीति आ दिसानिर्देस के अभाव में ओह बिसय से संबंधित अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया के नीति आ दिसानिर्देस के लागू मानल जाय आ, लोकल जरूरत के मोताबिक उनहन के युक्तियुक्त ढंग से पढ़ के, उनहन के हिसाब से कामकाज आ कार्रवाई कइल जाय।

;तार्किकता (रेशनेल): भोजपुरी विकिपीडिया एगो छोट विकिपीडिया हवे आ एहिजे प्रयोगकर्ता लोग के आ बढ़ियाँ से लिखल नीति आ दिसानिर्देस सभ के कमी बा। एकरे बिपरीत अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया पर भारी प्रयोगकर्ता संख्या के राय के आधार पर आ समस्या के दसा सभ के ब्यापक अनुभव वगैरह के बाद स्थापित नीति बाड़ी स। अइसन जरूरी ना बा कि एगो ज्ञानकोश निर्माण में आवे वाली हर समस्या से भोजपुरी विकिपीडिया के समुदाय परिचित होखे; जबकि अंग्रेजी पर बहुत ब्यापक अनुभव के बाद अइसन समस्या सभ के समाधान खातिर ब्यवस्थित तरीका बनावल गइल बाड़ें।

एकर एकठो अउरी लाभ ई बा कि, हर नीति के लोकल आम सहमती से लागू करवावे के ना पड़ी आ अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया के संबंधित नीति आ दिसानिर्देस के अनुबाद क के एहिजा लिखल जा सके ला जवना से भोजपुरी प्रयोगकर्ता लोग के उनहन के समझे में सुबिधा होखे। अइसन अनुबाद नीति आ दिसानिर्देस के रूप में ओही तरीका से प्रभावी मानल जइहें काहें से कि ऊ अंग्रेजी के नीति आ दिसनिर्देस सभ के अनुबाद भर होखिहें।

;सीमा: अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया के हर नीति आ दिसानिर्देस के आँख-मूँद ढंग से एहिजे ना लागू कइल जा सके ला। कारन ई बा कि कई सारा जरूरत एहिजे लोकल हो सके लीं जिनहन खातिर अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया पर नीति भा दिसानिर्देस न मौजूद होखे। अइसनो हो सके ला कि अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया के कौनों स्थापित नीति भा दिसानिर्देस के एकदम से ओही तरीका से एहिजे लागू कइल संभव न होखे; काहे से कि एहिजे ओह चीज से संबंधित मूल ब्यवस्थवे न होखे। उदाहरण खातिर अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया पर चेकयूजर, ओभरसाइट, आर्बिट्रेशन कमेटी वगैरह नियर कई ब्यवस्था बाड़ी स जिनहन के एहिजा अभाव बा आ उनहन से संबंधित काम मेटा विकि से करावल जाला। अइसन लोकल नामौजूद ब्यवस्था संबंधी नीति; चाहे अन्य नीति सभ में इनहन से संबंधित प्रावधान एहिजे यथारूप ना लागू कइल जा सके लें। अइसन दसा में विकिपीडिया के मूल भावना के धियान में रख के, अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया के नीति आ दिसानिर्देस सभ के युक्तियुक्त ढंग से लागू करे के प्रस्ताव कइल जा रहल बाटे। एकर जिकिर संबंधित नीति में कइल गइल बा।

;लोकल: जरूरत आ सुबिधा के धियान में रख के लोकल रूप से नीति आ दिसानिर्देस बनावे खातिर प्रस्ताव ले आ के आम सहमती से अइसन नीति बनावल जा सके लीं जिनहन में अंग्रेजी के स्थापित नीति से हट के बेवस्था कइल गइल होखे।

* [[विकिपीडिया:अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया नीति अउरी दिसानिर्देस लागू|प्रस्तावित नीति के कड़ी]]

एह मुद्दा पर आपसभ के राय आ चर्चा के स्वागत बा। नीति में सुधार खातिर चर्चा एकरे [[विकिपीडिया वार्ता:अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया नीति अउरी दिसानिर्देस लागू|बातचीत पन्ना]] पर कइल जा सके ला। आ एहिजा आपन मत ब्यक्त कइल जा सके ला। सभकर स्वागत बा। --[[User:SM7|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300&quot;&gt;SM7&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:SM7|&lt;small style=&quot;color:#6F00FF&quot;&gt;--बातचीत--&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:44, 11 मार्च 2023 (UTC)

=== टिप्पणी अउरी मत ===
*नमस्कार, ये बात तो है नीति ना होने के कारण विवाद होते हैं और कई सदस्य इसका फायदा उठा के अपनी मनमानी करते हैं। ऐसा मैंने अपने अनुभव में हिन्दी विकिपीडिया में देखा है। मेरा सवाल ये है कि ऐसा किसी और विकि पे भी हो रखा है क्या ? और हम ये कैसे तय करेंगे कि कौन सी नीति मानी जाये और कौन सी नहीं ?-- [[प्रयोगकर्ता:हिंदुस्थान वासी|&lt;font color=&quot;80 00 80&quot;&gt;हिंदुस्थान वासी&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt; ''' [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:हिंदुस्थान वासी|वार्ता]]''' &lt;/sup&gt; 13:52, 21 मार्च 2023 (UTC)
**@[[प्रयोगकर्ता:हिंदुस्थान वासी|हिंदुस्थान वासी]] जी, एह तरह के व्यवस्था शुरुआती दौर में कैंटोनीज विकिपीडिया पर लागू कइल गइल रहे, जइसन कि मेटा पर एकर एक ठो हवाला मौजूद बाटे (देखीं [[:meta:Manual_for_small_and_new_Wikipedias#Rules_are_important|मेटा पर एह खंड के आखिरी लाइन]] में), हालाँकि, अब अइसन बाटे कि ना ई नइखे मालुम। बाकी ई एक ठो उदाहरण बाटे कि अइसन कइल गइल बाटे आ कइल जा सके ला।
::जहाँ तक आपके ई सवाल बाटे कि कवन नीति मानल जाय, कवन ना, एकरा बिसय में नीति में प्रस्ताव कइल गइल बाटे। जवना चीज खातिर अलगा से लोकल नीति मौजूद होखी आ आम सहमती से इहाँ स्थापित होखी, ओह चीज खातिर लोकल नीति मानल जाई, बाकी सब खातिर अंग्रेजी नीति के युक्तियुक्त तरीका से पढ़ के इहाँ लागू मानल जाई। --[[User:SM7|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300&quot;&gt;SM7&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:SM7|&lt;small style=&quot;color:#6F00FF&quot;&gt;--बातचीत--&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:46, 24 मार्च 2023 (UTC)

*'''समर्थन''' : वैसे तो पहली नज़र में यह नीति अनावश्यक सी लगती है लेकिन प्रस्ताव को पूरा पढ़ने पर प्रतीत हो रहा है कि यह करना उचित रहेगा। जहाँ सदस्यों को इस नीति से समस्या होगी, उसके सापेक्ष स्थानीय नीति प्रस्तावित करके सुधार किया जा सकता है।&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;☆★&lt;/span&gt;[[user:संजीव कुमार|&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Magenta;&quot;&gt;संजीव कुमार&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;]] ([[User talk:संजीव कुमार|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;✉✉&lt;/span&gt;]]) 05:12, 24 मार्च 2023 (UTC)
*'''समर्थन''' : कवन नियम मानल जाई आ कवन ना ई त समुदाय के ही मिलके ही तय करै के चाही। मुद्दा त ईहो बा कि एकरे बदे समुदाय केतना जागरूक बा। नियम क ज़रूरत तब पड़ैला जब कवनो समस्या होखे। अंग्रेजी क नियम बहुत सोच बिचार कयके बनावल गयल बा आ जदि मौजूदा कवनो नीति में समुदाय के समस्या होई त बिचार कयके संजीव जी के कहला अनुसार स्थानीय नियम प्रस्तावित कयल जा सकत बा। --[[User:अजीत कुमार तिवारी|&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 2px;color:red&quot;&gt;'''अजीत कुमार तिवारी'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:अजीत कुमार तिवारी|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt; '''बातचीत'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:10, 9 अप्रैल 2023 (UTC)
*'''समर्थन''' : जबतक भोजपुरी विकिपीडिया पर लोकल नीति आउर दिसानिर्देस ना बन पावत ह तब तक अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया क नीति आउर दिसानिर्देस लागू कयल जा सकत ह। {{ping|SM7}} जी प्रस्ताव भइले ढेर दिन हो गयल बा। हो सके त अब एके लागू करे पर विचार करीं। --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:सौरभ तिवारी 05|सौरभ तिवारी 05]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:सौरभ तिवारी 05|बात करीं]]) 15:02, 1 जुलाई 2023 (UTC)

चर्चा पूरा भइल आ ई नीति अब लागू मानल जाई। आप सभ के धन्यवाद। --[[User:SM7|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300&quot;&gt;SM7&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:SM7|&lt;small style=&quot;color:#6F00FF&quot;&gt;--बातचीत--&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:39, 1 जुलाई 2023 (UTC)

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== नया प्रयोगकर्ता अधिकार स्तर आ सुरक्षा स्तर लागू करे आ कुछ औजारन के प्रयोग सीमित करे के प्रस्ताव ==
{{Discussion top|reason= चर्चा पूरा भइल, प्रस्ताव Phabricator पर ले जाइल जात बा।}}
भोजपुरी विकिपीडिया पर नाया प्रयोगकर्ता अधिकार - '''सुस्थापित प्रयोगकर्ता''' के स्थापना खातिर ई प्रस्ताव रखल जात बा। ई अधिकार अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया के [[:en:WP:XC|Extended confirmed]] के नियर होखी। मने कि, प्रयोगकर्ता लोग के कुछ संपादन आ समय के बाद ई स्तर के अधिकार मिली।

* कम से कम 30 दिन पुरान खाता आ साथे-साथ कम से कम 500 संपादन के सीमा
* अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया नियर कुछ दसा में, प्रबंधक द्वारा, ऊपर बतावल सीमा से पहिले दिहल जाए के ब्यवस्था (अगर केहू पहिले से ई अधिकार प्राप्त ब्यक्ति अपना बैध दुसरे खाता खाती ई माँग करे)

एही के साथे-साथ एकर इस्तेमाल खातिर नीचे दिहल चीज प्रस्तावित कइल जा रहल बाटे:

* ई एगो '''सुरक्षा के स्तर''' होखी जेह पर, जरूरत पड़े पर, पन्ना सभ के प्रबंधक द्वारा सुरक्षित कइल जा सकत बा
* '''पन्ना स्थानांतरण''' (मूव) करे, मने कि नाँव बदले, के सुबिधा एह अधिकार आ ऊपर वाला लोग (प्रबंधक) लोग के होखी
* '''कंटेंट ट्रांसलेशन''' आ '''ट्विंकल''' नियर सुबिधा के इस्तेमाल एह अधिकार आ एकरे ऊपर वाला लोगन के होखी।
* अउरी कौनों औजार भा सुबिधा के इस्तेमाल एह अधिकार ले सीमित कइल, जइसन भबिस्य में आम सहमती द्वारा फैसला होखे।

अइसन प्रयोगकर्ता अधिकार स्तर के जरूरत एह कारन बा कि वर्तमान में सुरक्षा के स्तर ऑटोकन्फर्म के बाद सीधा प्रबंधक स्तर बाटे। बीच में एगो सुरक्षा स्तर बनावल उचित रही जेह पर महत्ववाला पन्ना सभ के सुरक्षित कइल जा सके। एकरा से पन्ना स्थानांतरण के उत्पात के रोके आ कंटेंट अनुवाद उपकरण के इस्तेमाल से अंधाधुंध लेख बनावे पर भी नियंत्रण होखी।

आपन राय नीचे दिहल जाय आ अगर कौनों सुझाव होखे तब इहाँ चर्चा कइल जाय। --[[User:SM7|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00A300&quot;&gt;SM7&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:SM7|&lt;small style=&quot;color:#6F00FF&quot;&gt;--बातचीत--&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:47, 11 मार्च 2023 (UTC)

=== टिप्पणी अउरी मत ===
#'''समर्थन''' &lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;☆★&lt;/span&gt;[[user:संजीव कुमार|&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Magenta;&quot;&gt;संजीव कुमार&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;]] ([[User talk:संजीव कुमार|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;✉✉&lt;/span&gt;]]) 05:23, 24 मार्च 2023 (UTC)
#'''समर्थन'''। भोजपुरी विकिपीडिया पर बढिया ढंग से काम करे खातिर आउर लेख क क्वालिटी सुधारे खातिर इ उचित उपाय ह। --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:सौरभ तिवारी 05|सौरभ तिवारी 05]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:सौरभ तिवारी 05|बात करीं]]) 19:35, 8 अप्रैल 2023 (UTC)
# कंटेंट ट्रांसलेसन वाले मुद्दा प हमरो राय इहे बा कि एकरे बदे सदस्यन क एक स्तर रखल बहुत ज़रूरी बा ना त कचरा बढ़त देर न लगी। बाक़ी मुद्दा पर भी '''समर्थन''' बा। --[[User:अजीत कुमार तिवारी|&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 2px;color:red&quot;&gt;'''अजीत कुमार तिवारी'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:अजीत कुमार तिवारी|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt; '''बातचीत'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:27, 9 अप्रैल 2023 (UTC)
# '''समर्थन''', यदि प्रबंधक से नीचे कोई अधिकार यहाँ मौजूद नहीं है तो ये  ठीक रहेगा । --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:हिंदुस्थान वासी|&lt;font color=&quot;80 00 80&quot;&gt;हिंदुस्थान वासी&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt; ''' [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:हिंदुस्थान वासी|वार्ता]]''' &lt;/sup&gt; 10:52, 9 मई 2023 (UTC)

{{Discussion bottom}}

== Women's Month Datathon on Commons ==

&lt;small&gt;Please help us to translate the message.&lt;/small&gt;

Hello Wikimedians,

Hope you are doing well. CIS-A2K and [[:commons:Commons Photographers User Group|CPUG]] have planned an online activity for March. The activity will focus on Wikimedia Commons and it will begin on 21 March and end on 31 March 2023. During this campaign, the participants will work on structure data, categories and descriptions of the existing images. We will provide you with the list of the photographs that were uploaded under those campaigns, conducted for Women’s Month.  

You can find the event page link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons|here]]. We are inviting you to participate in this event and make it successful. There will be at least one online session to demonstrate the tasks of the event. We will come back to you with the date and time. 

If you have any questions please write to us at the event [[:m:Talk:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons|talk page]] Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 17:49, 12 मार्च 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&amp;oldid=22433435 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimania 2023 Welcoming Program Submissions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;wikimania-program-submissions&quot;/&gt;[[File:Wikimania Singapore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Do you want to host an in-person or virtual session at Wikimania 2023? Maybe a hands-on workshop, a lively discussion, a fun performance, a catchy poster, or a memorable lightning talk? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Submissions are open until March 28''']]. The event will have dedicated hybrid blocks, so virtual submissions and pre-recorded content are also welcome. If you have any questions, please join us at an upcoming conversation on March 12 or 19, or reach out by email at wikimania@wikimedia.org or on Telegram. More information on-wiki.&lt;section end=&quot;wikimania-program-submissions&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Women's Month Datathon on Commons Online Session ==

Dear Wikimedians,

Hope you are doing well. As we mentioned in a previous message, CIS-A2K and [[:commons:Commons Photographers User Group|CPUG]] have been starting an online activity for March from 21 March to 31 March 2023. The activity already started yesterday and will end on 31 March 2023. During this campaign, the participants are working on structure data, categories and descriptions of the existing images. The event page link is [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons|here]]. We are inviting you to participate in this event. 

There is an online session to demonstrate the tasks of the event that is going to happen tonight after one hour from 8:00 pm to 9:00 pm. You can find the meeting link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons/Online Session|here]]. We will wait for you. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 13:36, 22 मार्च 2023 (UTC)
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== CIS-A2K Newsletter March 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

There is a CIS-A2K monthly Newsletter that is ready to share which is for the month of March. A few conducted events and ongoing activities are updated in the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K wants your attention towards its March 2023 tasks and towards upcoming events. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and ongoing events/activities.

; Conducted events
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons|Women's Month Datathon on Commons]]
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons/Online Session|Women's Month Datathon on Commons/Online Session]]
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Hindi Wikisource Community skill-building workshop|Hindi Wikisource Community skill-building workshop]]
* [[:m:Indic Wikisource Community/Online meetup 25 March 2023|Indic Wikisource Community Online meetup 25 March 2023]]

; Ongoing activity 
* [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon April 2023|Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon April 2023]]

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/March 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 10:30, 10 अप्रैल 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read-only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:41, 21 अप्रैल 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Foundation’s 2023-2024 Annual Plan and Upcoming Community Conversations ==

Hi Everyone,

The [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024 draft annual plan] of the Wikimedia Foundation applicable from July 2023 to June 2024 has been published and is '''open for feedback'''.

''While the entire annual plan is available in multiple languages, a [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024 short summary] is available in close to 30 languages including many from the region.''

'''Two-Way Planning/Conversations'''

Since last year, the Foundation has prioritized [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2022-2023/Two-Way_Planning two-way planning] with communities by asking community members to share their goals for the coming year.  We are hosting [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Collaboration a series of calls/discussions] across various time zones to collaborate across the movement, for South Asia-based communities;
 
# In-person session during [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2023/Program WikiConference India], on the 28th of April with the attendees of the conference. (recording to be uploaded on meta).
# '''Virtual Discussion on the 30th of April, 2023 (0600 UTC)- Join Us!'''
We would like to invite you all to participate in the '''virtual discussion on the 30th of April''' where [https://wikimediafoundation.org/profile/lisa-seitz-gruwell/ Lisa Seitz Gruwell, Chief Advancement Officer, and Deputy to the Chief Executive Officer] would be sharing and discussing the plans with the movement.

'''Call Details'''

'''Virtual Discussion''' (Via Zoom)

'''Date''': 30th April 2023 (Sunday)

'''Time''': 0600 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682834411 ZoneStamp])

[https://diff.wikimedia.org/event/30th-april-annual-planning-call/ Diff Calendar Link]

Look forward to seeing you on the call.

Please add the above details to your [https://diff.wikimedia.org/event/30th-april-annual-planning-call/ respective calendars], and do get in touch with me if you have any further questions.


[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:RASharma_(WMF) Rachit Sharma (WMF)]

&lt;small&gt;Sent using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 04:29, 25 अप्रैल 2023 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello,

As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are:

* Community members in good standing
* Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects
* Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type
* Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023
* Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations
* Confidently able to communicate in English

The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff.

The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''.

Best regards,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 19:00, 26 अप्रैल 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Automatic citations based on ISBN are broken&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot; /&gt;
Apologies if this message does not reach you in your favorite language. [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)/ISBN|You can help translate it centrally at Meta]]. Thanks for your help. 

We have recently become unable to access the WorldCat API which provided the ability to generate citations using ISBN numbers. The Wikimedia Foundation's [[mw:Editing_team|Editing team]] is investigating several options to restore the functionality, but will need to disable ISBN citation generation for now.

This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts, such as the autofill button on [[:en:Wikipedia:RefToolbar|refToolbar]]. Please note that all the other automatic ways of generating citations, including via URL or DOI, are still available.

You can keep updated on the situation [[phab:T336298|via Phabricator]], or by reading the next issues of [[m:Tech News]]. If you know of any users or groups who rely heavily on this feature (for instance, someone who has an upcoming editathon), I'd appreciate it if you shared this update with them.

[[User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]], on behalf of the Editing team.&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 19:45, 11 मई 2023 (UTC)
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== CIS-A2K Newsletter April 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

Greetings! CIS-A2K has done a few activities in the month of April and CIS-A2K's monthly Newsletter is ready to share which is for the last month. A few conducted events and ongoing activities are updated in the Newsletter. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and ongoing events/activities.

; Conducted events
* [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon April 2023|Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon April 2023]]
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wikimedia session on building archive at ACPR, Belagavi|CIS-A2K/Events/Wikimedia session on building archive at ACPR, Belagavi]]

; Ongoing activity 
* [[:c:Commons:Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023|Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023]]

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/April 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 07:50, 15 मई 2023 (UTC)
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== Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023 campaign cum photography contest ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

Dear Wikimedians,

Greetings! CIS-A2K has started the Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2022 campaign cum photography contest on Wikimedia Commons from 15 May to 30 June. The aim of the contest is to document the Mula &amp; Mutha rivers along with their tributaries in the Pune district on Wikimedia Commons in the form of images and videos. You can see more specific topics in the [[c:Commons:Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023/Rivers &amp; Topics|Rivers and Topics]] section. In this campaign,  partner organisations like, Jeevitnadi, Ecological Society, Samuchit Enviro Tech, Nisarg Sevak, National Society for Clean Cities etc. are actively participating. 

We are eager to see your contributions in this contest. For sign-up and upload please visit [[:c:Commons:Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023|Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023]]. 

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 05:19, 17 मई 2023 (UTC)
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== The upcoming calls conducted by A2K for or with communities ==

&lt;small&gt;Apologies for writing in English. Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

Dear Wikimedians, 

We are excited to announce the launch of the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/India Community Monthly Engagement Calls|A2K Monthly Engagement Call]], a series of interactive sessions aimed at fostering collaborative learning within the Wikimedia community. The motive behind starting the series of interactive sessions is to bring the community together to discuss and interact about important topics. The first Monthly Engagement call will start with [[:m:Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect|Let’s Connect]] which is an initiative to create an open and safe learning space for all Wikimedians to share and learn different skills with other peers and to add value and contribute collectively to the community. The first call in this series, organized and hosted by CIS-A2K, will take place on [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/India Community Monthly Engagement Calls/June 3, 2023 Call|June 3, 2023]], from 6:00 PM to 7:00 PM (IST).

One more announcement is about, on June 5, 2023, as we celebrate Environment Day, A2K is planning to engage communities and community members in discussions about potential activities for the month of June. These activities will involve capturing images of the environment, uploading them to Wikimedia Commons, and adding existing photos to articles on Wikipedia. We would love to invite Wikimedians to collaborate and join us in planning this activity on Sunday, May 28, 2023, from 11:00 am to 12:00 pm.

Call details are below:
* '''Preparatory Call for June Month Activity'''
* '''Sunday, May 28 · 11:00 am – 12:00 pm'''
* Time zone: Asia/Kolkata
* '''Video call link''': https://meet.google.com/rsy-nhsk-upp 

Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 08:25, 25 मई 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Selection of the U4C Building Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 04:20, 27 मई 2023 (UTC)
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== CIS-A2K Newsletter May 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

Greetings! We are pleased to inform you that CIS-A2K has successfully completed several activities during the month of May. As a result, our monthly newsletter, which covers the highlights of the previous month, is now ready to be shared. The newsletter includes updates on the conducted events and ongoing activities, providing a comprehensive overview of A2K's recent endeavours. We have taken care to mention both the conducted and ongoing events/activities in this newsletter, ensuring that all relevant information is captured.

; Conducted events
* Preparatory Call for June Month Activity
* Update on status of A2K's grant proposal

; Ongoing activity 
* [[:c:Commons:Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023|Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023]]

; Upcoming Events
* Support to Punjabi Community Proofread-a-thon

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/May 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]])
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== Invitation to join at WikiConverse India Call - June 24th, 2023 ==

&lt;small&gt;Apologies to write in English please help us to translate the message in your language&lt;/small&gt;

Greetings! WikiConverse India is a new initiative that A2K is working on to improve collaboration among communities in India. WikiConverse India aims to initiate and foster dialogue within the Indian language Wikimedia community on various topics that are important for the growth of the Wikimedia movement. Currently, we are conducting regular calls as part of this initiative. For the month of June, this call will be scheduled on June 24th, 2023, from 6:00 PM to 7:30 PM IST. A2K will invite Indian participants from recent international conferences, namely the Wikimedia Hackathon and EduWiki Conference, to share their important takeaways specifically relevant to India.

To join the WikiConverse India Call, You can find the call details below:
* WikiConverse India Call, June 24th, 2023
* Saturday, June 24 · 6:00 – 7:30pm IST
* Video call link: https://meet.google.com/qcm-rrac-qzk

If you have any questions, please write to a2k@cis-india.org. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 18:29, 16 जून 2023 (UTC)
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== Reminder: Invitation to Join WikiConverse India Call ==

&lt;small&gt;Apologies for writing in English&lt;/small&gt;

Hello all,

As we informed you earlier, CIS-A2K has begun a new initiative to improve collaboration among communities in India. WikiConverse India aims to initiate and foster dialogue within the Indian language Wikimedia community on various topics that are important for the growth of the Wikimedia movement. Currently, we are conducting regular calls as part of this initiative. For the month of June, this call will be scheduled for June 24th, 2023, today at 6:00 PM. The call meta page is already prepared and you can find it [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/WikiConverse India Calls/Takeaways of Indian Wikimedians from EduWiki Conference &amp; Hackathon|here]].

The call details are here to join us:
* '''Topic''': WikiConverse India Call
* '''Time''': Jun 24, 2023 06:00 PM India
* '''Join Zoom Meeting''': https://us06web.zoom.us/j/88637468034?pwd=MUVBVm1MVXlYNm1OTjZCNGpsM3R2dz09
* '''Meeting ID''': 886 3746 8034
** '''Passcode''': 874408

We hope you can find some time to join us and listen to the amazing stories and learning experiences from the speakers. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 10:01, 24 जून 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Announcing the new Elections Committee members&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello there, 

We are glad to announce [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|the new members and advisors of the Elections Committee]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] assists with the design and implementation of the process to select Community- and Affiliate-Selected trustees for the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. After an open nomination process, the strongest candidates spoke with the Board and four candidates were asked to join the Elections Committee. Four other candidates were asked to participate as advisors. 

Thank you to all the community members who submitted their names for consideration. We look forward to working with the Elections Committee in the near future.

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:59, 28 जून 2023 (UTC)
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== MinT Machine Translation added to your Wikipedia ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Hello}}!
 
Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language.

The WMF Language team has added another machine translation (MT) system for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation Content Translation] in your Wikipedia called MinT; you can use [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Machine_Translation/MinT MinT machine translation] when translating Wikipedia articles using the Content and Section Translation tool.
 
The WMF Language team provides the MinT service. It is hosted in the Wikimedia Foundation Infrastructure with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_machine_translation neural machine translation] models that other organizations have released with an open-source license. MinT integrates translation based on [https://ai.facebook.com/research/no-language-left-behind/ NLLB-200], [https://opus.nlpl.eu/ OpusMT], [https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/indic-trans2 IndicTrans2] and [https://github.com/Softcatala/nmt-models Softcatalà].  This MT is set as optional in your Wikipedia. Still, you can choose not to use it by selecting &quot;Start with empty paragraph&quot; from the &quot;Initial Translation&quot; dropdown menu.
 
Since MinT is hosted in the WMF Infrastructure and the models are open source, it adheres to Wikipedia's policies about attribution of rights, your privacy as a user and brand representation. You can find more information about the MinT machine translation and the models on [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content%20translation/Machine%20Translation/MinT this page].
 
Please note that the use of the MinT MT is not compulsory. However, we would want your community to:
*use it to improve the quality of the Machine Translation service
*[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation provide feedback] about its quality, and '''if you prefer the MinT machine translation as default in your Wikipedia'''.
 
We trust that introducing this MT is a good support to the Content Translation tool.
 
Thank you!
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|बातचीत]]) 22:01, 4 जुलाई 2023 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team.
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== CIS-A2K Newsletter June 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

Greetings! We are pleased to inform you that CIS-A2K has successfully completed several activities during the month of June. As a result, our monthly newsletter, which covers the highlights of the previous month, is now ready to be shared. We have taken care to mention the conducted events/activities in this newsletter, ensuring that all relevant information is captured.

; Conducted events
* Community Engagement Calls and Activities
** India Community Monthly Engagement Calls: 3 June 2023 call
** Takeaways of Indian Wikimedians from EduWiki Conference &amp; Hackathon
** Punjabi Wikisource Proofread-a-thon
* Skill Development Programs
** Wikidata Training Sessions for Santali Community
* Indian Community Need Assessment and Transition Calls
* Partnerships and Trainings
** Academy of Comparative Philosophy and Religion GLAM Project
** Wikimedia Commons sessions with river activists
** Introductory session on Wikibase for Academy of Comparative Philosophy and Religion members

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/June 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 07:27, 17 जुलाई 2023 (UTC)
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== Deploying the Phonos in-line audio player to your Wiki ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Hello}}!

Apologies if this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language.

This wiki will soon be able to use the [[mw:Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player]] implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. This is part of fulfilling a wishlist proposal of providing [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Multimedia_and_Commons/Audio_links_that_play_on_click|audio links that play on click]].

With the inline audio player, you can add text-to-speech audio snippets to wiki pages by simply using a tag:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;phonos file=&quot;audio file&quot; label=&quot;Listen&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
The above tag will show the text next to a speaker icon, and clicking on it will play the audio instantly without taking you to another page. A common example where you can use this feature is in adding pronunciation to words as illustrated on the [[wiktionary:en:English#Pronunciation|English Wiktionary]] below.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{audio|en|En-uk-English.oga|Audio (UK)}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Could become:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;phonos file=&quot;En-uk-English.oga&quot; label=&quot;Audio (UK)&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The inline audio player will be available in your wiki in 2 weeks time; in the meantime, we would like you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos|read about the features]] and give us feedback or ask questions about it in this [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:Phonos|talk page]].

Thank you!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], on behalf of the Foundation's Language team&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

02:26, 27 जुलाई 2023 (UTC)
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== Announcement of Train the Trainer 2023 and Call for Scholarship ==

Dear all,

We are excited to announce the reactivation of the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program|Train the Trainer (TTT)]] initiative by CIS-A2K in 2023. TTT aims to empower Indian Wikimedians like you with essential skills to support Wikimedia communities effectively. Through this program, we seek to enhance your capacity, encourage knowledge sharing, identify growth opportunities, and enable a positive impact on the communities you serve. The [https://forms.gle/GynAYyGzoNXh4VM26 scholarship application] period is from ‘‘‘1st to 14th August 2023’’’. Unfortunately, we regretfully cannot consider applications from non-Indian Wikimedians due to logistical and compliance-related constraints. The event is scheduled for the end of September or the beginning of October 2023, and final dates and venue details will be announced soon. We encourage your active participation in [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2023|TTT 2023]] and welcome you to apply for scholarships via the provided form.

For inquiries, please contact us at a2K@cis-india.org or nitesh@cis-india.org. We look forward to your enthusiastic involvement in making Train the Trainer 2023 a resounding success!

Regards,
Nitesh (CIS-A2K)
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== Reminder for TTT Scholarship and announcement about Event dates ==

Dear all,

We wanted to remind you about the Scholarship form for the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2023|Train the Trainer 2023 program]] and also provide you with the event dates. We encourage you to apply for scholarships to participate in Train the Trainer 2023, as it offers a valuable opportunity for you to actively contribute to your language communities. The scholarship form is accessible  [https://forms.gle/GynAYyGzoNXh4VM26 here], and the submission window will remain open until 14th August 2023. If you are genuinely interested in promoting knowledge sharing and community empowerment, we strongly encourage you to fill out the form. (Please note that we won't be able to consider applications from Wikimedians based outside of India for TTT 2023.)

The Train The Trainer program will take place on 29th, 30th September, and 1st October 2023. This program provides you an opportunity to enhance your leadership and community-building skills. Thank you for your attention.
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== CIS-A2K Newsletter July 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

Greetings! We are pleased to inform you that CIS-A2K has successfully completed several activities during the month of July. As a result, our monthly newsletter, which covers the highlights of the previous month, is now ready to be shared. We have taken care to mention the conducted events/activities in this newsletter, ensuring that all relevant information is captured.

; Conducted events
* Wikibase session with RIWATCH GLAM
* Wikibase technical session with ACPR GLAM
* Wikidata Training Sessions for Santali Community
* An interactive session with some Wikimedia Foundation staff from India

; Announcement
* Train The Trainer 2023 Program

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/July 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 16:23, 8 अगस्त 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello all,

I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. 

The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward.

Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]].

Best,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 15:35, 28 अगस्त 2023 (UTC)
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== Invitation to the Indic Community Monthly Engagement Call on September 8, 2023 ==

Dear Wikimedians,

A2K is excited to invite you to the third call of the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls|Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls]] initiative scheduled for September 8, 2023, where A2K is hosting “Learning Clinic: Collective learning from grantee reports in South Asia” by Let’s Connect. This event is designed to foster collaboration and knowledge-sharing among community members interested in the region's progress, grantees, potential grantees, and Regional Fund Committee members. The dedicated meta page is [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls/September 8, 2023 Call|here]]. Here are the details:

* Date: September 8th
* Time: 6:00 PM - 7:30 PM IST
* Language: English
* Facilitation: Jessica Stephenson (WMF - Let’s Connect), Pavan Santhosh (CIS-A2K), Chinmayee Mishra (Let’s Connect working group)
* Duration: 1.5 hours
* Zoom Link: [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/82712474511?pwd=YUF3SE8yeWpWK0I0Z2QzQW9HN2x5dz09 Zoom Link]

You can find detailed information on the given meta page. We look forward to meeting you there tomorrow. :) Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 11:01, 7 सितंबर 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read-only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-09-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-09-20T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-09-20|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]]) 09:23, 15 सितंबर 2023 (UTC)
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== Announcing Indic Wikimedia Hackathon 2023 and Invitation to Participate ==

Dear Wikimedians, 

The [[:m:Indic_MediaWiki_Developers_User_Group|Indic MediaWiki Developers User Group]] is happy to announce '''Indic Wikimedia Hackathon 2023 on 16-17 December 2023 in Pondicherry, India'''. 

The event is for everyone who contributes to Wikimedia’s technical spaces code developers, maintainers, translators, designers, technical writers and other related technical aspects. Along with that, contributors who don't necessarily contribute to technical spaces but have good understanding of issues on wikis and can work with developers in addressing them can join too. You can come with a project in mind, join an existing project, or create something new with others. The goal of this event is to bring together technical contributors from India to resolve pending technical issues, bugs, brainstorm on tooling ideas, and foster connections between contributors. 

We have scholarships to support participation of contributors residing in India. The '''scholarship form can be filled at https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd_Qqctj7I87QfYt5imc6iPcGPWuPfncCOyAd_OMbGiqxzxhQ/viewform?usp=sf_link and will close at 23:59 hrs on 15 October 2023 (Sunday) [IST].''' 

Please reach out to contact{{@}}indicmediawikidev.org if you have any questions or need support. 

Best, Indic MediaWiki Developers UG, 04:40, 4 अक्टूबर 2023 (UTC)
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== Image Description Month in India: 1 October to 31st October ==

&lt;small&gt;Apologies for writing in English.&lt;/small&gt;

Dear everyone,

We're excited to invite you to the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Image Description Month in India|Image Description Month India]] description-a-thon, set to take place from October 1st to October 31st, 2023. During this event, we'll be focusing on improving image-related content across Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons.

To stay updated and get involved, please visit our dedicated event page [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Image Description Month in India|event Page]].

Your active participation will be instrumental in enhancing Wikimedia content and making it more accessible to users worldwide. Thank you :) [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 14:35, 5 अक्टूबर 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;== Opportunities open for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission, and the Case Review Committee  ==&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;&quot;&gt;
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']]

''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/span&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;

Hi everyone! The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission]] (OC), and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Case Review Committee]] (CRC) are looking for new members. These volunteer groups provide important structural and oversight support for the community and movement. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to apply. There is more information about the roles of the groups, the skills needed, and the opportunity to apply on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''Meta-wiki page''']]. 

On behalf of the Committee Support team,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16:41, 9 अक्टूबर 2023 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== A2K Monthly Newsletter for September 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]

Dear Wikimedians,

In September, CIS-A2K successfully completed several initiatives. As a result, A2K has compiled a comprehensive monthly newsletter that highlights the events and activities conducted during the previous month. This newsletter provides a detailed overview of the key information related to our endeavors.

; Conducted events
* Learning Clinic: Collective learning from grantee reports in South Asia
* Relicensing and Digitisation workshop at Govinda Dasa College, Surathkal
* Relicensing and Digitisation workshop at Sayajirao Gaekwad Research Centre, Aurangabad
* Wiki Loves Monuments 2023 Outreach in Telangana
* Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan Photography contest results and exhibition of images
* Train The Trainer 2023

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/September 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 15:52, 10 अक्टूबर 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Review and comment on the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Dear all, 

Please review and comment on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package from now until 29 October 2023. The selection rules package was based on older versions by the Elections Committee and will be used in the 2024 Board of Trustees selection. Providing your comments now will help them provide a smoother, better Board selection process. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|More on the Meta-wiki page]].

Best,

Katie Chan &lt;br&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:12, 17 अक्टूबर 2023 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Newsletter for October 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

In the month of October, CIS-A2K achieved significant milestones and successfully concluded various initiatives. As a result, we have compiled a comprehensive monthly newsletter to showcase the events and activities conducted during the preceding month. This newsletter offers a detailed overview of the key information pertaining to our various endeavors.

; Conducted events
* Image Description Month in India
* WikiWomen Camp 2023
** WWC 2023 South Asia Orientation Call
** South Asia Engagement
* Wikimedia Commons session for Birdsong members
* Image Description Month in India Training Session

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/October 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 05:25, 7 नवंबर 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Coming soon: Reference Previews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;ReferencePreviewsDefault&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]]
A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years.  Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]].

Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget.

Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. 

* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] 
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. 
* Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. 
-- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team,
&lt;section end=&quot;ReferencePreviewsDefault&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 13:11, 15 नवंबर 2023 (UTC)
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== A2K Community Needs Assessment Form ==

In late November, A2K hosted a significant call as part of [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/WikiConverse India Calls/2023 A2K Needs Assessment Event|WikiConverse India discussions]], aiming to understand the diverse needs of Indian Communities! We deeply appreciate the active participation of every community member, as your valuable suggestions and opinions will be instrumental in shaping A2K's future initiatives. 

To enrich this collaborative effort, we've crafted a [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFfRvf844FKb1La0UC7fXHzofxrZorpr3QjDGJL1a0iOgXyQ/viewform form]. Your responses will provide key components for a broader needs assessment, offering profound insights into the community's suggestions and guiding A2K’s future plans. We invite you to invest just a few precious minutes in sharing your thoughts, ideas, efforts, and impactful initiatives! If you have any doubts or queries, feel free to reach out to nitesh@cis-india.org. 

Thank you for being an integral part of our vibrant community! Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 08:44, 5 दिसंबर 2023 (UTC)
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== Enhancing Your Wikimania 2024 Scholarship Application: Community Call and Volunteer Support ==

Dear Wikimedians,

I hope this message finds you well. A2K is excited to share news about an upcoming A2K initiative to support Indian Wikimedians in the Wikimania 2024 scholarship process.

;Community Call with Experienced Wikimedians:
Join the community call on December 9, 2023, featuring experienced Indian Wikimedians. Gain insights into the Wikimania scholarship process, key application elements, and participate in a Q&amp;A session.

;Volunteer Committee:
A dedicated volunteer committee will assist applicants through Zoom Room Support Sessions, offering one-on-one discussions, personalized feedback, and application enhancement strategies.

For more details and to register:
* Community Call Meta page: [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls/December 9, 2023 Call|link]]
* Date: 9 December 2023
* Time: 6:00 PM to 7:30 PM IST

We invite your active participation and look forward to your engagement in this community call. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 06:50, 7 दिसंबर 2023 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report for November 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

CIS-A2K wrapped up several initiatives in November, and we've compiled a detailed monthly newsletter highlighting the events and activities from the past month. This newsletter provides a comprehensive overview of key information regarding our diverse endeavors.

; Conducted events
* Heritage Walk in 175 year old Pune Nagar Vachan Mandir library
* 2023 A2K Needs Assessment Event
* Train The Trainer Report

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/November 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt; Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 05:54, 11 दिसंबर 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Body&quot;/&gt;Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland
&lt;section end=&quot;Body&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] 12:31, 13 दिसंबर 2023 (UTC)
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== Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.''

Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.&lt;br&gt; 
''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.''

The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time.

For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.&lt;br&gt;We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? ==

''Apologies for writing in English.''

The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references.

* The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here].
* Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch.
* [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]].
* Sessions will be held in January and February.
* [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.]
* Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment.

We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]]
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== A2K Monthly Report for December 2023 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate it into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

In December, CIS-A2K successfully concluded various initiatives, and we have curated an in-depth monthly newsletter summarizing the events and activities of the past month. This newsletter offers a comprehensive overview of key information, showcasing our diverse endeavors.

; Conducted events
* Digital Governance Roundtable
* Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls: Wikimania Scholarship Call
* Indic Wikimedia Hackathon 2023
* A2K Meghalaya Visit Highlights: Digitization and Collaboration
* Building Bridges: New Hiring in CIS-A2K
* Upcoming Events
** Upcoming Call: Disinformation and Misinformation in Wikimedia projects

Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/December 2023|here]]. 
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 06:54, 12 जनवरी 2024 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2024 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 07:26, 18 जनवरी 2024 (UTC)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''

-- [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 07:26, 18 जनवरी 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello all,

I am reaching out to you today to announce that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) Charter is now open. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]] now through '''2 February 2024'''. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C Charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. 

Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:08, 19 जनवरी 2024 (UTC)
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== A new feature for previewing references on your wiki ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Page Previews and Reference Previews.png|alt=Montage of two screenshots, one showing the Reference Previews feature, and one showing the Page Previews feature|right|350x350px]]
''Apologies for writing in English. If you can translate this message, that would be much appreciated.''

Hi. As announced some weeks ago &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CNPRQE2IG5ZNAVAOHBMF4AXXRLGJE6UT/|1]]] [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|2]]]&lt;/sup&gt;, Wikimedia Deutschland’s [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team introduced [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] to many wikis, including this one. This feature shows popups for references in the article text.  

While this new feature is already usable on your wiki, most people here are not seeing it yet because your wiki has set [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Relation to gadgets|a gadget as the default]] for previewing references. We plan to remove the default flag from the gadget on your wiki soon. This means: 

* The new default for reference popups on your wiki will be Reference Previews. 
* However, if you want to keep using the gadget, you can still enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|your personal settings]].
The benefit of having Reference Previews as the default is that the user experience will be consistent across wikis and with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page_Previews|Page Previews feature]], and that the software will be easier to maintain overall. 

This change is planned for February 14. If you have concerns about this change, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|please let us know on this talk page]] by February 12. – Kind regards, [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 09:30, 23 जनवरी 2024 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Last days to vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello all,

I am reaching out to you today to remind you that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) charter will close on '''2 February 2024'''. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]]. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. 

Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:00, 31 जनवरी 2024 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report for January 2024 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Feel free to translate into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

In January, CIS-A2K successfully concluded several initiatives, and we are pleased to present a comprehensive monthly newsletter summarizing the events and activities of the past month. This newsletter provides an extensive overview of key information, highlighting our diverse range of endeavors.

; Conducted Events

* Roundtable on Digital Cultures
* Discussion on Disinformation and Misinformation in Wikimedia Projects
* Roundtable on Digital Access

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/January 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 19:16, 9 फरवरी 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the results of the UCoC Coordinating Committee Charter ratification vote&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

Thank you everyone for following the progress of the Universal Code of Conduct. I am writing to you today to announce the outcome of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|ratification vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter]]. 1746 contributors voted in this ratification vote with 1249 voters supporting the Charter and 420 voters not. The ratification vote process allowed for voters to provide comments about the Charter. 

A report of voting statistics and a summary of voter comments will be published on Meta-wiki in the coming weeks.

Please look forward to hearing about the next steps soon.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:23, 12 फरवरी 2024 (UTC)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Report of the U4C Charter ratification and U4C Call for Candidates now available&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

I am writing to you today with two important pieces of information. First, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] is now available. Secondly, the call for candidates for the U4C is open now through April 1, 2024.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members are invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Per the charter, there are 16 seats on the U4C: eight community-at-large seats and eight regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement.

Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Meta-wiki]].

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:25, 5 मार्च 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2024 Selection&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
: ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
: ''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Dear all,

This year, the term of 4 (four) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Elections Committee]] will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Board Governance Committee created a Board Selection Working Group from Trustees who cannot be candidates in the 2024 community- and affiliate-selected trustee selection process composed of Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, and Shani Evenstein Sigalov [3]. The group is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2024 trustee selection process, and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. 

Here are the key planned dates:

*  May 2024: Call for candidates and call for questions
*  June 2024: Affiliates vote to shortlist 12 candidates (no shortlisting if 15 or less candidates apply) [5]
*  June-August 2024: Campaign period
*  End of August / beginning of September 2024: Two-week community voting period
*  October–November 2024: Background check of selected candidates
*  Board's Meeting in December 2024: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2024 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|this Meta-wiki page]], and make your plan.

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2024 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta-wiki page]].

Best regards,

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Governance Committee Chair, Board Selection Working Group)

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] Even though the ideal number is 12 candidates for 4 open seats, the shortlisting process will be triggered if there are more than 15 candidates because the 1-3 candidates that are removed might feel ostracized and it would be a lot of work for affiliates to carry out the shortlisting process to only eliminate 1-3 candidates from the candidate list.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]19:56, 12 मार्च 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read-only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-03-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-03-20T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-03-20|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]], 00:00, 15 मार्च 2024 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report for February 2024 ==

&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Feel free to translate into your language.&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

In February, CIS-A2K effectively completed numerous initiatives, and we are delighted to share a detailed monthly newsletter encapsulating the events and activities from the previous month. This newsletter offers a thorough glimpse into significant updates, showcasing the breadth of our varied undertakings.

; Collaborative Activities and Engagement

* Telugu Community Conference 2024
* International Mother Language Day 2024 Virtual Meet
* Wiki Loves Vizag 2024

; Reports

* Using the Wikimedia sphere for the revitalization of small and underrepresented languages in India
* Open Movement in India (2013-23): The Idea and Its Expressions Open Movement in India 2013-2023 by Soni

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/February 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 14:12, 18 मार्च 2024 (UTC)
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== CIS-A2K announcing Community Collaborations program ==

&lt;small&gt;Please feel free to translate this into your preferred language.&lt;/small&gt;

Dear Wikimedians,

Exciting news from A2K! We're thrilled to announce that CIS-A2K is now seeking proposals for collaborative projects and activities to advance Indic Wikimedia projects. If you've got some interesting ideas and are keen on co-organizing projects or activities with A2K, we'd love to hear from you.

Check out all the details about requirements, process, timelines, and proposal drafting guidelines right [[m:CIS-A2K/Community Collaboration|here]].

We're looking forward to seeing your proposals and collaborating to boost Indic Wikimedia projects and contribute even more to the open knowledge movement.

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 14:25, 18 मार्च 2024 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report for March 2024 ==

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

A2K is pleased to present its  monthly newsletter for March, highlighting the impactful initiatives undertaken by CIS-A2K during the month. This newsletter provides a comprehensive overview of the events and activities conducted, giving you insight into our collaborative efforts and engagements.

; Collaborative Activities and Engagement
* [[Commons:Wiki Loves Vizag 2024|Wiki Loves Vizag: Fostering Open Knowledge Through Photography]]

; Monthly Recap
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/She Leads|She Leads Program (Support)]]
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/WikiHour: Amplifying Women's Voices|WikiHour: Amplifying Women's Voices (Virtual)]]
* [[:m:Wikimedia India Summit 2024|Wikimedia India Summit 2024]]
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Institutional Partners/Department of Language and Culture, Government of Telangana|Department of Language and Culture, Government of Telangana]]

; From the Team- Editorial
; Comic

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/March 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 12:17, 11 अप्रैल 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now to select members of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20:20, 25 अप्रैल 2024 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report for April 2024 ==

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

We are pleased to present our monthly newsletter for April, highlighting the impactful initiatives undertaken by CIS-A2K during the month. This newsletter provides a comprehensive overview of the events and activities conducted, giving you insight into our collaborative efforts and engagements.

* In the Limelight- Chandan Chiring

; Monthly Recap
* [[Commons:Tribal Culture Photography Competition]]
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls/April 12, 2024 Call]]
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/2024/Wikipedia training to Indian Language educators|Wikipedia Training to Indian Language educators]]
* [[:m:Wiki Explores Bhadrachalam]]
* Wikimedia Summit

; From the Team- Editorial
; Comic

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/April 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 16:22, 14 मई 2024 (UTC)
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== WMF’s Annual Plan Draft (2024-2025) and Session during the South Asia Open Community Call (SAOCC) ==

Hi Everyone,

This message is regarding the [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025|Wikimedia Foundation’s Draft Annual Plan for 2024-2025]], and in continuation of [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XER6M7X2LPMRVI4N5MPXMZ5G4UUMBIQR/ Maryana’s email]; inviting inputs from members of the movement. The entire annual plan is available in multiple languages and a shorter summary is available in close to 30 languages including many from South Asia; and open for your feedback.

We invite you all to a session on the Annual Plan during 19th May's [:m:South Asia Open Community Call|South Asia Open Community Call (SAOCC)]], in line with the [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Collaboration|collaborative approach]] adopted by the foundation for finalizing Annual Plans. The discussion will be hosted by members of the senior leadership of the Wikimedia Foundation.

Call Details (Please add the details to your respective calendars)
* [https://meet.google.com/ffs-izis-bow Google Meeting]
** Date/Time: 19th May 2024 @ 1230-1400 UTC or 1800-1930 IST

You can add any questions/comments on Etherpad [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/South_Asia_Community_Call]; pre-submissions welcomed.

Ps: To know more about the purpose of an Annual Plan, please read our [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan#Frequently_Asked_Questions_(FAQ) listed FAQs]. Look forward to seeing you on the call.

Best [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 16:35, 14 मई 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;Hello all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]].

We look forward to your participation!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 मई 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

[[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]

Dear community members,

The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. 

You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. 

You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language.

On behalf of the CAC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:25, 22 मई 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the first Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote results. We are following up with the results of the first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) election]]. 

We are pleased to announce the following individuals as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a two-year term:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** –
* Northern and Western Europe
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]]
* Latin America and Caribbean
** –
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
** —
* Sub-Saharan Africa
** –
* Middle East and North Africa
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]]
* East, South East Asia and Pacific (ESEAP)
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]]
* South Asia
** –

The following individuals are elected to be community-at-large members of the U4C, fulfilling a one-year term:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]]
* –
* –
* –
* –

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. Follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]].

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:14, 3 जून 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;The final text of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now on Meta&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hi everyone,

The final text of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] is now up on Meta in more than 20 languages for your reading.

'''What is the Wikimedia Movement Charter?'''

The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a proposed document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance.

'''Join the Wikimedia Movement Charter “Launch Party”'''

Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|“Launch Party”]] on '''June 20, 2024''' at '''14.00-15.00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 your local time]). During this call, we will celebrate the release of the final Charter and present the content of the Charter. Join and learn about the Charter before casting your vote.

'''Movement Charter ratification vote'''

Voting will commence on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC.''' You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voting process, eligibility criteria, and other details]] on Meta.

If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]] or email the MCDC at [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org].

On behalf of the MCDC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:44, 11 जून 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Technology Summit (WTS) 2024 - Scholarships  ==

''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.'' 

[[metawiki:3rd_Wikimedia_Technology_Summit_(WTS_2024)|Wikimedia Technology Summit (WTS) 2024]] is focused on using technology to enhance inclusivity across Wikipedia and its associated projects. We aim to explore strategies for engaging underrepresented communities and languages while also strengthening the technical foundation. By fostering collaboration between developers, users, and researchers, we can unite our efforts to create, innovate, and advance the technology that drives open knowledge. 

We invite community members residing in India who are interested in attending WTS 2024 in person to apply for scholarships by July 10, 2024. The summit will be held at IIIT Hyderabad, India, in October 2024. 

To apply, please fill out the application form by clicking [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeoO22CuLXrNzL10rJ2guQsxuVtgJAP82EUYuZyBI46nPAHWw/viewform this link]]. 

On behalf of the WTS 2024 Scholarship Committee :[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Kasyap|Kasyap]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:Kasyap|बात करीं]]) 09:13, 11 जून 2024 (UTC)

== Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Bhojpuri Wikipedia ==

{{int:Hello}} Bhojpuri Wikipedians!

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}.

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] has been working on [[mw:MinT#MinT_for_wiki_readers|MinT for Wiki Readers]]. This feature will allow communities to access more content that is only available in other languages with machine translation in Wikipedia. We will be enabling the initial version of this feature first in Igbo Wikipedia, and your Wikipedia is the next to test and have this feature since it will be beneficial for reading content in other languages. For this, our team would like you to read about the feature and [[:bh:Special:AutomaticTranslation|'''test it''']] so you can:

* Ask us questions
* Tell us how to improve the feature
* Give us your feedback on enabling it in your Wikipedia

'''About the feature'''

The MinT for Wiki Readers is a feature that will allow readers of Bhojpuri Wikipedia to expand their reading options and knowledge beyond the language they are familiar with in Wikipedia. For instance, if someone is interested in a topic or content that only exists in the Japanese language and the person is not familiar with the language. While using the mobile web version of Wikipedia, the reader can access the machine translation version of that content in the Bhojpuri language from the language selector or the article's footer (as shown in the media files below).
{{Gallery
| align        = center
| height       =450
| width        =200
| whitebg      = no
| noborder     = yes
| File:MinT MVP Language Selector entry point video.webm|Language selector entry point.
| File:MinT_MVP_Article_footer_entry_point.png|Article footer entry point
}}

These machine-generated translations of content are clearly identified as such, and the human-created content is surfaced and recommended if available.

This feature is in its initial development. It is an early and functional version, and many aspects will be improved based on your community member's feedback on what works and what can be improved to better support your needs as readers.

'''How to try the tool'''

Before we enable this feature in your Wikipedia by the 26th June 2024, we invite members of your community to try MinT for Wiki Readers in your Wikipedia at [[:bh:Special:AutomaticTranslation|Special:AutomaticTranslation]] and give us early feedback in this thread or on [[mw:Talk:MinT#Feedback_from_Wikipedians_about_MinT_for_Wiki_Readers|this talk page]]. Our team would like to know your impression on:

* How do you use the feature
* Anything we should consider for our plans to enable it?
* Your ideas for improving it.

We greatly appreciate your time and effort in testing this tool. We eagerly look forward to your valuable feedback and questions, which will be instrumental in the further development of this feature. Thank you.

On behalf of the WMF Language team. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:UOzurumba (WMF)|बात करीं]]) 21:53, 13 जून 2024 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now open – cast your vote&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

The voting to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Wikimedia Movement Charter''']] is now open. The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance.

The final version of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|available on Meta in different languages]] and attached [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf here in PDF format] for your reading.

Voting commenced on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC'''. Please read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voter information and eligibility details]].

After reading the Charter, please [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''vote here''']] and share this note further.

If you have any questions about the ratification vote, please contact the Charter Electoral Commission at [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org'''].

On behalf of the CEC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:51, 25 जून 2024 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report for May 2024 ==

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

We are pleased to present our May newsletter, showcasing the impactful initiatives undertaken by CIS-A2K throughout the month. This edition offers a comprehensive overview of our events and activities, providing insights into our collaborative efforts and community engagements.

; In the Limelight: Openness for Cultural Heritage

; Monthly Recap
* Digitisation Workshop
* [[Commons:Tribal Culture Photography Competition]]
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wiki Technical Training 2024|Wiki Technical Training]]

; Dispatches from A2K
; Coming Soon
* Future of Commons Convening

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/May 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 12:36, 27 जून 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is ending soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

This is a kind reminder that the voting period to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] will be closed on '''July 9, 2024''', at '''23:59 UTC'''.

If you have not voted yet, please vote [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|on SecurePoll]]. 

On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]],&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:45, 8 जुलाई 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024.

The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]].

In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki.

Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]].

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:02, 10 जुलाई 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.  

As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy.

The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: 

'''Individual vote:'''

Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333).

'''Affiliates vote:'''

Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111).

'''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:'''

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].  

With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''.

We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance.

The Charter Electoral Commission,

[[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 17:52, 18 जुलाई 2024 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report for June 2024 ==

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

We are excited to share our June newsletter, highlighting the impactful initiatives undertaken by CIS-A2K over the past month. This edition provides a detailed overview of our events and activities, offering insights into our collaborative efforts and community engagements and a brief regarding upcoming initiatives for next month.

; In the Limelight- Book Review: Geographies of Digital Exclusion

; Monthly Recap
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wiki Technical Training 2024|Wiki Technical Training]]
* Strategy discussion (Post-Summit Event)

; Dispatches from A2K
* Future of Commons

;Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities
* Gearing up for Wikimania 2024
* Commons workshop and photo walk in Hyderabad

; Comic

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/June 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 06:23, 26 जुलाई 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:46, 27 जुलाई 2024 (UTC)
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== Project Announcement: Enhancing Indic Oral Culture on Wikimedia Projects ==
Hello Wikimedians! 

We are glad to announce that the Wikimedia funded project '''Enhancing Indic Oral Culture on Wikimedia projects''' is now underway. It is a project focusing on facilitating citizen archivists to document their language and culture. Training, support, compensation for field visits, and regular guidance are some of the facilities that will be provided to volunteer participants. If you or someone you know who is interested in participating, please feel free to get in touch with us and feel free to reach out to us at  [https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1/#inbox/QgrcJHsHprJJLpMxkvqcRWzNFKQqhtgbPhl?compose=CllgCJlHDnDbVzDLNdwxSMdTJVChFjvBfWxwPfbZbfgqFvFJVcgVfdjCHMxwbhsphMHtBBMGCnV '''amritsufi2@gmail.com'''] or [https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1/#inbox/QgrcJHsHprJJLpMxkvqcRWzNFKQqhtgbPhl?compose=DmwnWrRqhsNXsDVpjclDlmLsqfVmFtxjlnfXstNvZRTjWccJmwBpXbxdWLvTBznGCHbbFxJzdtzG '''yakshitharp6@gmail.com''']&lt;br&gt;

We have attached a flyer link which contains more information about the project. Here is the registration link to participate: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdpV8QD9QXn7HXlm1OdOAk5Ko0a7hIwMkfQYyeeiXt0JsO4kw/viewform?lsrp=1 '''Here''']&lt;br&gt;
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1utpEFxARxoxkfB37xKm0aN-Qxi53Y92x/view '''Invitation Link''']&lt;br&gt;

Thank You&lt;br&gt;
[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Yakshitha|Yakshitha]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:Yakshitha|बात करीं]]) 06:12, 31 जुलाई 2024 (UTC)

== Train-the-Trainer (TTT) 2024: Call for Applications ==

''Apologies for writing in English, please feel free to post this into your language.''

Dear Wikimedians,

We are thrilled to announce the 9ninth iteration of the Train-the-Trainer (TTT) program, co-hosted by CIS-A2K and the Odia Wikimedians User Group. TTT 2024 will be held from October 18-20, 2024, in Odisha.

This event aims to enhance leadership and training skills among active Indian Wikimedians, with a focus on innovative approaches to foster deeper engagement and learning.

; Key Details:

* Event Dates: October 18-20, 2024
* Location: Odisha, India
* Eligibility: Open to active Indian Wikimedians
* Scholarship Application Deadline: Thursday, August 15, 2024

We encourage all interested community members to apply for scholarships. Please review the event details and application guidelines on the [[:m:Meta page|Meta page]] before submitting your application.
Apply Here: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeshY7skcMUfevuuzTr57tKr_wwoefrJ9iehq6Gn_R8jl6FmA/viewform Scholarship Application Form]
For any questions, please post on the [[:m:Talk:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2024|Event talk page]] or email nitesh@cis-india.org. 

We look forward to your participation and contributions!

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 10:45, 31 जुलाई 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now.

'''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC.

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 6 अगस्त 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]]
Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]].

'''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. 
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand.

Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
&lt;section end=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Reminder: Apply for TTT 2024 Scholarships by August 22 ==

Dear Wikimedians,

'''Important Reminder''': The scholarship application deadline has been extended till Thursday, August 22, 2024. We encourage active Wikimedians to submit their applications before the deadline.

Please ensure you review the essential details on [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2024|Meta page]] regarding this event.

Scholarship Application [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeshY7skcMUfevuuzTr57tKr_wwoefrJ9iehq6Gn_R8jl6FmA/viewform form]
 
For any questions, please reach out on the Event talk page or via email at nitesh@cis-india.org or Chinmayee at chinumishra70@gmail.com.

Regards,

TTT 2024 Organising team

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 20:15, 20 अगस्त 2024 (UTC)
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== Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC ==

Hi all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation!

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 23:19, 22 अगस्त 2024 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report for July 2024 ==

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

We are excited to share our July newsletter, highlighting the impactful initiatives undertaken by CIS-A2K over the past month. This edition provides a detailed overview of our events and activities, offering insights into our collaborative efforts and community engagements and a brief regarding upcoming initiatives for next month.

; In the Limelight- NEP Study Report

; Monthly Recap
* [https://cis-india.org/raw/report-on-the-future-of-the-commons Future of Commons]
* West Bengal Travel Report

;Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities
* [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2024|Train the Trainer 2024]]

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/July 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 09:05, 28 अगस्त 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]].

I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** Ajraddatz

The following seats were not filled during this special election:

* Latin America and Caribbean
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* South Asia
* The four remaining Community-At-Large seats

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]].

On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:05, 2 सितंबर 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board.

Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]].

When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 12:13, 3 सितंबर 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read-only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:36, 20 सितंबर 2024 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report for August 2024 ==

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

We are excited to present our August newsletter, showcasing the impactful initiatives led by CIS-A2K throughout the month. In this edition, you'll find a comprehensive overview of our events and activities, highlighting our collaborative efforts, community engagements, and a sneak peek into the exciting initiatives planned for the coming month.

; In the Limelight- Doing good as a creative person

; Monthly Recap
* Wiki Women Collective - South Asia Call
* Digitizing the Literary Legacy of Sane Guruji
* A2K at Wikimania
* Multilingual Wikisource

;Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities
* Tamil Content Enrichment Meet
* Santali Wiki Conference
* TTT 2024

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/August 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 16:55, 26 सितंबर 2024 (UTC)
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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.&lt;/i&gt;{{tracked|T66315}}

Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project.
The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''General''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''In Other Projects''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section.

We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the   [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2.
More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;We welcome your feedback and questions.&lt;br&gt; [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 18:57, 27 सितंबर 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey ==

Dear all,

Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language.
We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community.

To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event.

Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5

Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference!

Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success.


Warm regards,

User:ZI Jony 03:19, 6 अक्टूबर 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team
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== A2K Monthly Report for September 2024 ==

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

We are thrilled to share our September newsletter, packed with highlights of the key initiatives driven by CIS-A2K over the past month. This edition features a detailed recap of our events, collaborative projects, and community outreach efforts. You'll also get an exclusive look at the exciting plans and initiatives we have in store for the upcoming month. Stay connected with our vibrant community and join us in celebrating the progress we’ve made together!

; In the Limelight- Santali Wiki Regional Conference 2024
; Dispatches from A2K

; Monthly Recap
* Book Lover’s Club in Belagavi
* CIS-A2K’s Multi-Year Grant Proposal
* Supporting the volunteer-led committee on WikiConference India 2025
* Tamil Content Enrichment Meet
* Experience of CIS-A2K's Wikimania Scholarship recipients

;Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities
* Train-the-trainer 2024
* Indic Community Engagement Call
* A2K at Wikimedia Technology Summit 2024

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/September 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 15:13, 10 अक्टूबर 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted.

The following four candidates were the most voted:

# [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]]
# [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]]
# [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]]
# [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]]

While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]]

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group

&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 अक्टूबर 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:07, 16 अक्टूबर 2024 (UTC)
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== Announcing Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024 &amp; scholarship applications ==

Dear Wikimedians,

We hope you are well. 

We are thrilled to announce the upcoming [[:metawiki:Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]], hosted by the [[:metawiki:Indic MediaWiki Developers User Group|Indic MediaWiki Developers UG]] (aka Indic-TechCom) in collaboration with the [[:metawiki:Odia Wikimedians User Group|Odia Wikimedians UG]]. The event will take place in Bhubaneswar during 20-22 December 2024.

Wikimedia hackathons are spaces for developers, designers, content editors, and other community stakeholders to collaborate on building technical solutions that help improve the experience of contributors and consumers of Wikimedia projects. The event is intended for:

* Technical contributors active in the Wikimedia technical ecosystem, which includes developers, maintainers (admins/interface admins), translators, designers, researchers, documentation writers etc.
* Content contributors having in-depth understanding of technical issues in their home Wikimedia projects like Wikipedia, Wikisource, Wiktionary, etc.
* Contributors to any other FOSS community or have participated in Wikimedia events in the past, and would like to get started with contributing to Wikimedia technical spaces.

We encourage you to follow the essential details &amp; updates on Meta-Wiki regarding this event. 

Event Meta-Wiki page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indic_Wikimedia_Hackathon_Bhubaneswar_2024

Scholarship application form: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf07lWyPJc6bxOCKl_i2vuMBdWa9EAzMRUej4x1ii3jFjTIaQ/viewform Click here to apply ]

''(Scholarships are available to assist with your attendance, covering travel, accommodation, food, and related expenses.)''

Please read the application guidance on the Meta-Wiki page before applying.

The scholarship application is open until the end of the day 2 November 2024 (Saturday).
 
If you have any questions, concerns or need any support with the application, please start a discussion on the event talk page or reach out to us contact@indicmediawikidev.org via email.

Best,

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 09:35, 19 अक्टूबर 2024 (UTC)
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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. ==

Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:29, 22 अक्टूबर 2024 (UTC)
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== Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success ==

Dear all,

We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community.

Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs.

* Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey]
* Deadline: November 10, 2024
Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference!

'''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply.
* Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here]
* Application Deadline: October 31, 2024
Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions]

Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success!


Warm regards,&lt;br&gt;
The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:11, 29 अक्टूबर 2024 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report for October 2024 ==

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

We’re thrilled to share our October newsletter, featuring the impactful work led or support by CIS-A2K over the past month. In this edition, you’ll discover a detailed summary of our events and initiatives, emphasizing our collaborative projects, community interactions, and a preview of the exciting plans on the horizon for next month.

; In the Limelight: TTT
;Dispatches from A2K

; Monthly Recap
* Wikimedia Technology Summit

; Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities
* TTT follow-ups

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/October 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 12:09, 8 नवंबर 2024 (UTC)
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== Announcing Wikifile-transfer v2, and second community call ==
Dear Wikimedia Community,

We are excited to announce the release of Wikifile-transfer v2, an enhanced tool to streamline media transfers across Wikimedia projects.  Wikifile-transfer supports users in moving non-free images across wiki projects. This tool is helpful for contributors managing media across multiple language wikis.


'''You can learn more about it here:''' https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indic-TechCom/Tools/Wikifile-transfer/v2

'''You can try the new version here:''' https://wikifile-transfer.toolforge.org/#/


We invite you to join our second community call on '''November 10, 2024, at 18:00 IST (6:00 PM)'''. This meeting is an opportunity to discuss the new features, share feedback, and connect with us.

Please add your name at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indic-TechCom/Tools/Wikifile-transfer/v2#Community_call.


Since this is a major new release, some bugs may still exist. We encourage you to report any issues you encounter to help us improve the tool further. We're looking forward to your feedback as we continue refining WikiFile-Transfer to meet the needs of our community.

Regards -[[प्रयोगकर्ता:ParasharSarthak|ParasharSarthak]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:ParasharSarthak|बात करीं]])

== Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC ==

Hello everyone,

The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone &lt;https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000&gt;). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: &lt;https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024&gt;.

This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation.

Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 नवंबर 2024 (UTC)
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== Proposal to enable the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in Bhojpuri Wikipedia ==

{{Int:Hello}} Bhojpuri Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called &quot;Contribute&quot; to your Wikipedia.

The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia.

Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Bhojpuri Wikipedia.

'''Who can access it'''

Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the &quot;Contribute&quot; icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to &quot;view contributions&quot; is also available to access the list of your contributions.

[[चित्र:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]                             [[चित्र:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]]

For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the &quot;Contributions&quot; option unless they change it to the &quot;Contribute&quot; manually.

This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the &quot;Contributions&quot; entry point as default.          

We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 10th December 2024.

We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in your Wikipedia.

We look forward to your response soon.

Thank you!

On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:UOzurumba (WMF)|बात करीं]]) 04:45, 28 नवंबर 2024 (UTC)

== [[:m:Expressions of Interest to host Wikimania 2027 in India: Initial conversation|Expressions of Interest to host Wikimania 2027 in India: Initial conversation]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

''{{int:please-translate}}''

Dear Wikimedians, 

We are excited to '''Initiate the discussions about India’s potential bid to host [[:m:Wikimania 2027|Wikimania 2027]]''', the annual international conference of the Wikimedia movement. This is a call to the community to express interest and share ideas for organizing this flagship event in India.

Having a consortium of a good number of country groups, recognised affiliates, thematic groups or regional leaders primarily from Asia for this purpose will ultimately strengthen our proposal from the region. This is the first step in a collaborative journey. We invite all interested community members to contribute to the discussion, share your thoughts, and help shape the vision for hosting Wikimania 2027 in India.

Your participation will ensure this effort reflects the strength and diversity of the Indian Wikimedia community. Please join the conversation on [[:m:Expressions of Interest to host Wikimania 2027 in India: Initial conversation#Invitation to Join the Conversation|Meta page]] and help make this vision a reality!

Regards,
&lt;br&gt;
[[:m:Wikimedians of Kerala|Wikimedians of Kerala User Group]] and [[:m:Odia Wikimedians User Group|Odia Wikimedians User Group]]
&lt;br&gt;
This message was sent with [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) by [[m:User:Gnoeee|Gnoeee]] ([[m:User_talk:Gnoeee|talk]]) 15:14, 4 दिसंबर 2024 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Report – November 2024 ==

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

We’re excited to bring you the November edition of the CIS-A2K newsletter, highlighting our impactful initiatives and accomplishments over the past month. This issue offers a comprehensive recap of our events, collaborative projects, and community engagement efforts. It also provides a glimpse into the exciting plans we have lined up for the coming month. Stay connected with our vibrant community as we celebrate the progress we’ve made together!

; In the Limelight: Tulu Wikisource

; Dispatches from A2K 
; Monthly Recap

* Learning hours Call
* Dandari-Gussadi Festival Documentation, Commons Education Project: Adilabad
* Executive Directors meeting at Oslo

; Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities
* Indic Wikimedia Hackathon 2024
* Learning Hours

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/November 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Warm regards,
CIS-A2K Team [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 16:46, 10 दिसंबर 2024 (UTC)
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== Invitation to Participate in the Wikimedia SAARC Conference Community Engagement Survey ==

Dear Community Members,

I hope this message finds you well. Please excuse the use of English; we encourage translations into your local languages to ensure inclusivity.

We are conducting a Community Engagement Survey to assess the sentiments, needs, and interests of South Asian Wikimedia communities in organizing the inaugural Wikimedia SAARC Regional Conference, proposed to be held in Kathmandu, Nepal.

This initiative aims to bring together participants from eight nations to collaborate towards shared goals. Your insights will play a vital role in shaping the event's focus, identifying priorities, and guiding the strategic planning for this landmark conference.

Survey Link: https://forms.gle/en8qSuCvaSxQVD7K6

We kindly request you to dedicate a few moments to complete the survey. Your feedback will significantly contribute to ensuring this conference addresses the community's needs and aspirations.

Deadline to Submit the Survey: 20 January 2025

Your participation is crucial in shaping the future of the Wikimedia SAARC community and fostering regional collaboration. Thank you for your time and valuable input.

Warm regards,&lt;br&gt;
[[:m:User:Biplab Anand|Biplab Anand]]
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== A2K Monthly Report – December 2024 ==

[[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]]
Dear Wikimedians,

Happy 2025! We are thrilled to share with you the December edition of the CIS-A2K Newsletter, showcasing our initiatives and achievements from the past month. In this issue, we offer a detailed recap of key events, collaborative projects, and community engagement efforts. Additionally, we provide a preview of the exciting plans we have in store for the upcoming month. Stay connected with our dynamic community as we celebrate the progress we’ve made together!

; In the Limelight: Santali Food Festival

; Dispatches from A2K 
; Monthly Recap

* Learning hours Call
* Indic Wikimedia Hackathon 2024
* Santali Food Festival

; Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities
* She Leads Bootcamp

You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/December 2024|here]].
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Warm regards,
CIS-A2K Team 
[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 17:11, 12 जनवरी 2025 (UTC)
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== Open Community Call - [[:m:Expressions of Interest to host Wikimania 2027 in India: Initial conversation|Expressions of Interest to host Wikimania 2027 in India]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

''{{int:please-translate}}''

Dear Wikimedians, 

Happy 2025.. 😊

As you must have seen, members from Wikimedians of Kerala and Odia Wikimedia User Groups initiated preliminary discussions around submitting an Expression of Interest (EoI) to have Wikimania 2027 in India. You can find out more on the [[:m:Expressions of Interest to host Wikimania 2027 in India: Initial conversation|Meta Page]]. 
 
Our aim is to seek input and assess the overall community sentiment and thoughts from the Indian community before we proceed further with the steps involved in submitting the formal EOI. 
 
As part of the same, we are hosting an '''open community call regarding India's Expression of Interest (EOI) to host Wikimania 2027'''. This is an opportunity to gather your valuable feedback, opinions, and suggestions to shape a strong and inclusive proposal.

* 📅 Date: Wednesday, January 15th 2025  
* ⏰ Time: 7pm-8pm IST 
* 📍 Platform: https://meet.google.com/sns-qebp-hck
 
Your participation is key to ensuring the EOI reflects the collective aspirations and potential of the vibrant South Asian community. 
 
Let’s join together to make this a milestone event for the Wikimedia movement in South Asia. 
 
We look forward to your presence! 
&lt;br&gt;
Warm regards,
&lt;br&gt;
[[:m:Wikimedians of Kerala|Wikimedians of Kerala]] and [[:m:Odia Wikimedians User Group|Odia Wikimedians]] User Group's
&lt;br&gt;
This message was sent with [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) by [[m:User:Gnoeee|Gnoeee]] ([[m:User_talk:Gnoeee|talk]]) at 05:55, 14 जनवरी 2025 (UTC)
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== Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! ==

Dear All,

We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. 

This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture.

* Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]]
* When: Jan 19, 2025 
* Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025).
* Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 
* Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]]

To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025.

Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language.

Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all.

Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate.

Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success!

For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:07, 16 जनवरी 2025 (UTC)
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== Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:Hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by February 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations!

The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody!

For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month.

If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: &lt;code&gt;Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt; in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page.

Thank you!

On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]].
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:15, 21 जनवरी 2025 (UTC)
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== New Wikimedia Campaign Launching Tomorrow: Indic Writing Systems Campaign 2025 ==

Dear Wikimedians,

We are excited to announce the launch of the [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems/Indic writing systems campaign 2025|Indic writing systems campaign 2025]], which will take place from 23 January 2025 (World Endangered Writing Day) to 21 February 2025 (International Mother Language Day). This initiative is part of the ongoing efforts of [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems|WikiProject writing Systems]] to raise awareness about the documentation and revitalization of writing systems, many of which are currently underrepresented or endangered.

Representatives from important organizations that work with writing systems, such as Endangered Alphabets and the Script Encoding Initiative, support the campaign. The campaign will feature two primary activities focused on the [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems/Indic writing systems campaign 2025/Lists|list of target scripts]]:

* '''Wikidata Labelathon''': A focused effort to improve and expand the information related to South Asian scripts on Wikidata.

* '''Wikipedia Translatathon''': A collaborative activity aimed at enhancing the coverage of South Asian writing systems and their cultural significance on Wikipedia.


We are looking for local organizers to engage their respective communities. If you are interested in organizing, kindly sign-up [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems/Indic writing systems campaign 2025/Local Organizers|here]]. We also encourage all Indic Wikimedians to [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems/Indic writing systems campaign 2025/Participate|join us]] in this important campaign to help document and celebrate the diverse writing systems of South Asia. 


Thank you for your support, and we look forward to your active participation. 


Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 17:29, 22 जनवरी 2025 (UTC)
Navya sri Kalli
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 जनवरी 2025 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

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--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 02:35, 29 जनवरी 2025 (UTC)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''
--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 02:35, 29 जनवरी 2025 (UTC)
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== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 फरवरी 2025 (UTC)
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== A2K Monthly Newsletter – January 2025 ==

Dear Wikimedians,

We are delighted to share the January edition of the CIS-A2K Newsletter, highlighting our initiatives and accomplishments from the past month. This issue features a detailed recap of key events, collaborative projects, and community engagement efforts. Plus, get a sneak peek at the exciting plans we have for the upcoming month. Let’s continue strengthening our community and celebrating our collective progress!

;In the Limelight

* Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons App Usage in India: Key Insights and Challenges

;Dispatches from A2K

;Monthly Highlights
* Learning Hours Call
* She Leads Bootcamp 2025
* Wikisource Reader App

; Coming Soon – Upcoming Activities
* Participation in Wikisource Conference
* Second Iteration of She Leads

Please read the full newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/January 2025|here]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. &lt;/small&gt;

Looking forward to another impactful year ahead!

Regards,
CIS-A2K Team [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 14:34, 12 फरवरी 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:28, 22 फरवरी 2025 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 मार्च 2025 (UTC)

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== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.
Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. 

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:55, 13 मार्च 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read-only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:15, 14 मार्च 2025 (UTC)
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== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 अप्रैल 2025 (UTC)
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== Invitation for the next South Asia Open Community Call (SAOCC) with a focus on WMF's Annual Plans (27th April, 2025) ==

Dear All,

The [[:m:South Asia Open Community Call|South Asia Open Community Call (SAOCC)]] is a monthly call where South Asian communities come together to participate, share community activities, receive important updates and ask questions in the moderated discussions. 

The next SAOCC is scheduled for 27th April, 6:00 PM-7:00 PM (1230-1330 UTC) and will have a section with representatives from WMF who will be sharing more about their [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|Annual Plans]] for the next year, in addition to Open Community Updates. 

We request you all to please attend the call and you can find the joining details [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/South_Asia_Open_Community_Call#27_April_2025 here]. 

Thank you! [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 08:25, 14 अप्रैल 2025 (UTC)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16:10, 16 अप्रैल 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 अप्रैल 2025 (UTC)
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== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:03, 28 अप्रैल 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:40, 29 अप्रैल 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 मई 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|बातचीत]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:06, 15 मई 2025 (UTC)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:26, 22 मई 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 03:07, 28 मई 2025 (UTC)
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== Update from A2K team: May 2025 ==

Hello everyone,

We’re happy to share that the ''Access to Knowledge'' (A2K) program has now formally become part of the '''Raj Reddy Centre for Technology and Society''' at '''IIIT-Hyderabad'''. Going forward, our work will continue under the name [[:m:IIITH-OKI|Open Knowledge Initiatives]].

The new team includes most members from the former A2K team, along with colleagues from IIIT-H already involved in Wikimedia and Open Knowledge work. Through this integration, our commitment to partnering with Indic Wikimedia communities, the GLAM sector, and broader open knowledge networks remains strong and ongoing. Learn more at our Team’s page on Meta-Wiki.

We’ll also be hosting an open session during the upcoming [[:m:South Asia Open Community Call|South Asia Open Community Call]] on 6 - 7 pm, and we look forward to connecting with you there.

Thanks for your continued support! Thank you 

Pavan Santhosh,

On behalf of the Open Knowledge Initiatives Team.
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;  Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone,  

''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)''

The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''.

This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable.

The three main features of this extension are:

* '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki.
*  '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''.
*  '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions.

'''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''&quot;Event Organizer&quot;''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment.

The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]])

If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout.

Thank you! &lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|बातचीत]]) 16:47, 29 मई 2025 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== 📣 Announcing the South Asia Newsletter – Get Involved! 🌏 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

''{{int:please-translate}}''

Hello Wikimedians of South Asia! 👋

We’re excited to launch the planning phase for the '''South Asia Newsletter''' – a bi-monthly, community-driven publication that brings news, updates, and original stories from across our vibrant region, to one page!

We’re looking for passionate contributors to join us in shaping this initiative:

* Editors/Reviewers – Craft and curate impactful content
* Technical Contributors – Build and maintain templates, modules, and other magic on meta.
* Community Representatives – Represent your Wikimedia Affiliate or community

If you're excited to contribute and help build a strong regional voice, we’d love to have you on board!

👉 Express your interest though [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfhk4NIe3YwbX88SG5hJzcF3GjEeh5B1dMgKE3JGSFZ1vtrZw/viewform this link].

Please share this with your community members.. Let’s build this together! 💬

This message was sent with [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) by [[m:User:Gnoeee|Gnoeee]] ([[m:User_talk:Gnoeee|talk]]) at 15:42, 6 जून 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:00, 13 जून 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 17:43, 17 जून 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:56, 27 जून 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes ==

''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)''

Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations.

The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''.
The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below:
[[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]]

These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages.

Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change.

Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]].

Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 12:45, 14 जुलाई 2025 (UTC)
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== Call for Expression of Interest – Advanced Train the Trainer 2025 (ATTT) ==

''Sorry for writing in English. Please feel free to translate it into your language.''

The [[:m:IIITH-OKI|Open Knowledge Initiatives]] (OKI) team at IIIT-Hyderabad is organising [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025|Advanced Train the Trainer (ATTT) 2025]], tentatively in the second week of October 2025 at IIIT-Hyderabad. 

The program is for experienced Wikimedians who have attended TTT earlier and wish to deepen their leadership, thematic expertise, and practical skills. It will run in parallel [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025/Tracks|tracks]]: 

* ''' Evaluation, Impact, and Data Storytelling''' – Measure, analyse, and communicate the impact of Wikimedia initiatives. 
* '''Project Design Challenge''' – Develop a 3-month project with mentoring and planning tools. 

Info about the event:
* Deadline: 20 August 2025 
* Apply here: [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025/Expression of Interest|Expression of Interest form]]

If you cannot apply directly on Meta, email your proposal (following the Meta template) with a valid reason to nitesh@research.iiit.ac.in. 

— Open Knowledge Initiatives Team, IIIT-Hyderabad 

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 18:00, 14 अगस्त 2025 (UTC)
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== Expression of Interest Extended: Advanced Train the Trainer 2025 ==

Dear all,

We are pleased to inform you that the deadline to submit your Expression of Interest has been extended until '''26 August'''. The [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025|Advanced Train the Trainer]] (ATTT) 2025 will be held on '''10, 11, and 12 October 2025 at IIIT-Hyderabad'''.
ATTT is designed for experienced Wikimedians who have or have not previously participated in Train the Trainer, but wish to develop further their leadership, thematic expertise, and practical application skills. The training will run in two thematic tracks:
* '''Evaluation, Impact, and Data Storytelling''' – Learn to measure, analyse, and narrate the impact of Wikimedia initiatives through hands-on labs and peer feedback.
* '''Project Design: From Learning to Action''' – Work on a 3-month project with mentoring and planning tools, turning learning into impactful, context-driven initiatives.
**  Apply here: [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025/Expression of Interest|Expression of Interest form]]
**  Deadline to apply (extended): 26 August 2025
**  Event Dates: 10-12 October 2025
We will share further updates with you soon.

''Note: If you are unsure about which track to choose, please still submit your application by answering the questions thoroughly. Our team will review it and assign you to the most suitable track. If you are not comfortable applying directly on Meta, you may send your proposal (using the Meta template and with a valid reason) to nitesh@research.iiit.ac.in. If selected, the OKI team will publish it on Meta on your behalf.''

We look forward to receiving your applications and working together to shape impactful Wikimedia leadership! 

Regards,  

Open Knowledge Initiatives Team

IIIT-Hyderabad 
[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 14:42, 20 अगस्त 2025 (UTC)
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== Final Call: Apply for Advanced Train the Trainer 2025 by Today ==

Dear all,

This is a kind reminder that today is the '''last day''' to submit your '''Expression of Interest for Advanced Train the Trainer 2025'''. If you are interested, we warmly encourage you to complete your application at the earliest using the link below: [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025/Expression of Interest|Here]]

''Please note that we will not be able to accommodate requests for reopening the form after the deadline. Once submissions close, our team will begin the review process.''

We look forward to your participation and thank you for your continued interest in strengthening leadership within our communities.

Regards, IIITH-OKI 
[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 08:35, 26 अगस्त 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''.

Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. 

'''Why we are building temporary accounts'''

Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. 

Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users.

'''How temporary accounts work'''
[[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]]
Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;~2025-12345-67&lt;/code&gt; (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it.

'''What does this mean for different groups of users?'''

'''For logged-out editors'''

* This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki.
* If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice.

'''For community members interacting with logged-out editors'''

* A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address).
* Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community.

'''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki'''

* '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.)
* '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''':
** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option.
** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range.
* Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this.

'''Our requests for you, and next steps'''

* If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]].
* If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in.
* Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options.
* Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses.

To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!&lt;section end=&quot;body&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:35, 26 अगस्त 2025 (UTC)
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== Global discussion on Welcome messages ==

&lt;div lang{{=}}&quot;en&quot; dir{{=}}&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sorry that this message is in English. {{int:please-translate}}. There is a request for comment at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Requests for comment/Welcoming policy]] on a proposal to forbid sending [[:m:welcome messages|welcome messages]] to users who have not made an edit, which is currently in practice at your wiki. Your comment on this matter would be appreciated.&lt;/div&gt;
[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 02:38, 13 सितंबर 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 
You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:42, 18 सितंबर 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]].

When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]].

'''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.'''

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Chair, Elections Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 04:48, 9 अक्टूबर 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:42, 20 अक्टूबर 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 अक्टूबर 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 नवंबर 2025 (UTC)
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== भोजपूरीके लोक साहित्य और विकिपीडिया कार्यशाला भागीदारी सूचना ==

'''[[m:Hindi Wikimedians User Group|हिंदी विकिमीडियन्स यूज़र ग्रुप]]''' एवं ''' भोजपूरी केंद्र, बनारस हिंदू विश्वविद्यालय''' द्वारा विकिमीडिया फाउंडेशन के सौजन्य से 1 दिसंबर, २०२५ को '''[[विकिपीडिया:भोजपूरीके लोक साहित्य और विकिपीडिया|भोजपूरीके लोक साहित्य और विकिपीडिया]]''' विषय पर बनारस हिंदू विश्वविद्यालय के भोजपुरी केंद्र में एगो प्रशिक्षण कार्यशाला के आयोजन करल जात बानी। इ स्थानीय स्तर के एक दिन के प्रशिक्षण कार्यशाला में 50 विद्यार्थियों एवं शोधार्थियों  के शामिल होवे के संभावना बाटे।

ई कार्यशाला में बनारस के भोजपूरी औ्र हिंदी विकिपीडिया संपादक के स्वागत बा। भाग लेवे के इच्छुक सदस्य [[विकिपीडिया:भोजपूरीके लोक साहित्य और विकिपीडिया]] के भागीदार अनुभाग में अपन हस्ताक्षर करी आ आयोजक से संपर्क करीं।। -[[प्रयोगकर्ता:अनिरुद्ध कुमार|अनिरुद्ध कुमार]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:अनिरुद्ध कुमार|बात करीं]]) 06:41, 28 नवंबर 2025 (UTC)

== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 जनवरी 2026 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 13:20, 18 जनवरी 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 19 जनवरी 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:59, 23 जनवरी 2026 (UTC)
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== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 17:11, 3 अप्रैल 2026 (UTC)
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== Invitation to join South Asian Community and the Annual Planning Discussions with WMF ==

&quot;Kindly feel free to translate this text into your own language.&quot;

Dear Community member,

We would like to invite you all to the April edition of the South Asia Open Community Call that will focus on a discussion with the leadership of the Wikimedia Foundation on their [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|Annual Plan (2026-2027)]]. 

The [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan|Foundation’s Annual Plan]] is a high-level roadmap for what the organisation aims to achieve in the coming year. It includes not only the foundation’s Goals, Progress, and plan but also a summary of Global Trends that impact the present and future of our movement. 

This is the right time for the South Asia community to participate and share their thoughts on the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual plan, helping shape it together. Share your hopes, concerns, bold ideas, and specific requests to contribute to the Foundation’s planning.

Hence, the next [[:m:South Asia Open Community Call|South Asia Open Community Call]] will be hosted on the following dates/times. Please mark the same in your calendar and sign up [[:m:Event:South Asia Open Community Call, April 2026|here]]. 

* Platform: Google Meet
* Date: 17th April, 2026
* Time: 1930-2045 IST (1400-1515 UTC)
* Registration Link: [[:m:Event:South Asia Open Community Call, April 2026|here]]

Note: Only those who have registered will receive the joining link. 

Look forward to seeing you on the call,

Best, [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 18:41, 5 अप्रैल 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 00:57, 26 अप्रैल 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== Call for Applications: TTT 2026 (Deadline Extended to 20 May) ==

''&lt;small&gt;Apologies for writing in English. Please feel free to translate this into your language.&lt;/small&gt;''

Hello everyone,

We hope you are doing well.

We would like to share that applications for the [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Train the Trainer Program/2026|Train the Trainer (TTT) 2026]] program are currently open. TTT is a capacity-building initiative aimed at supporting Wikimedians in developing training, facilitation, and leadership skills.

We are happy to inform you that the scholarship application deadline has been [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Train the Trainer Program/2026/Scholarship|extended until 20 May 2026]]. We are still receiving applications and encourage interested community members, especially emerging leaders, to [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/17eq6lJNCTVBoKRqz5IdSCiYWv-eHBrYRnx1wXfncwLI/viewform?edit_requested=true&amp;pli=1 apply].

We also request your support in sharing this opportunity within your communities and networks, so that it can reach a wider and more diverse group of participants.

Thank you for your continued support. '''OKI (IIIT-H)''' [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 13:02, 17 मई 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now in the 2026 U4C election&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 मई 2026 (UTC)
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== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|बातचीत]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 जून 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Legal &amp; Safety Contacts'''

Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 जून 2026 (UTC)
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== WikiConference India 2026: Call for Submissions and Self-funded applications ==

Dear Community Members,

We are pleased to announce that self-funded registration and the Call for Submissions for [1] [[m:WikiConference_India_2026|'''WikiConference India 2026''']] are now open.

WikiConference India 2026 will take place in Kochi, Kerala, from 4th to 6th September 2026. The conference will bring together Wikimedians, community leaders, developers, researchers, and open knowledge enthusiasts from across India and South Asia to connect, collaborate, and share experiences.

The theme for WCI 2026 is '''“Reimagining the Knowledge Commons: Community Leadership in an Evolving Wikimedia Ecosystem.”''' As the Wikimedia movement navigates rapid technological changes, including the rise of AI and new models of knowledge creation, the conference aims to create space for conversations around community leadership, knowledge equity, regional languages, open knowledge, and the future of Wikimedia in India and South Asia.

=== Self-Funded Registration ===
The self-funded registration application is now live on Pretix.

* Details and Eligibility [2] : [[m:WikiConference_India_2026/Registration|'''[Registration Meta Page Link]''']]
* Registration Form [3] :  '''https://pretix.eu/wikimedia-events/WCI2026/'''
* Last date for registration : '''July 15th, 2026'''

=== Call for Submissions ===
The Call for Submissions is now live on Eventyay.

We invite proposals for workshops, discussions, panels, interactive sessions, lightning talks, and poster presentations. Whether you are an experienced contributor or a newer community member, your ideas, experiences, and learnings can help shape the conference program and contribute to important conversations across the movement.

* Details and Guidelines [4] : '''[&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[m:WikiConference_India_2026/Programme/Submissions|Link to Meta-Wiki Submission Page]]]'''
* Submission Deadline: '''[July 15th, 2026]'''

For complete information about WikiConference India 2026, including participation details, timelines, conference updates, and submission guidelines, please refer to the official announcement:

* Detailed Announcement [5]: [[diffblog:2026/06/26/shape-the-future-call-for-submissions-open-for-wikiconference-india-2026/|'''[Blog Post Link]''']]

We encourage community members to register, submit proposals, and share this announcement within their networks.

Regards,

WikiConference India 2026 Organizing Team

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2026 

[2] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2026/Registration 

[3] https://pretix.eu/wikimedia-events/WCI2026/ 

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2026/Programme/Submissions 

[5] https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/06/26/shape-the-future-call-for-submissions-open-for-wikiconference-india-2026/  [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Amrit Sufi|Amrit Sufi]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:Amrit Sufi|बात करीं]]) 09:54, 30 जून 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  12:24, 24 जुलाई 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== Invitation to Participate in Kerala Culture Month 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia Contributors,

We are excited to announce '''[[m:Kerala_Culture_Month_2026|Kerala Culture Month 2026]]''', a collaborative campaign launched in conjunction with '''[[m:WikiConference_India_2026|WikiConference India 2026]]'''. This initiative aims to expand and enhance content about Kerala across all Wikimedia projects, creating a comprehensive, open-access knowledge base.

'''Campaign Focus:'''

* Expand Wikipedia articles about Kerala in multiple languages
* Improve content quality with citations, images, and comprehensive information
* Populate Wikimedia Commons with freely licensed Kerala media
* Enrich Wikidata with structured information about Kerala-related topics

We invite you to contribute by writing new articles, enhancing existing ones, uploading media, or organizing data on Wikidata. Whether you're an experienced editor or new to Wikimedia, your participation matters.

For more information and to get involved, visit the campaign page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Culture_Month_2026 on your preferred Wikimedia project.

Best regards, ''Communications Team, WCI 2026''

&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Shadabgdg|Shadabgdg]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:Shadabgdg|बात करीं]]) 15:55, 25 जुलाई 2026 (UTC)

== Community Tech Task Force: Technical needs assessment for Indic communities ==
''Please feel free to translate it into your language.''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Hello everyone,
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
We hope you're doing well!
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
The [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indic_MediaWiki_Developers_User_Group Indic_MediaWiki_Developers_User_Group] (IMDUG) is reaching out to Wikimedia communities across India to strengthen collaboration and better understand the technical needs of different language communities.
Last year, we piloted [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indic_Community_Task_Force_2025 Indic_Community_Task_Force_2025] initiative by engaging with two language communities to understand their technical challenges and identify opportunities for collaboration. Based on our learnings, experience, and the valuable insights we received, we are expanding the initiative this year to reach all Indic communities. Our goal is to reach every community and understand where technical support is most needed.
=== What are we looking for? ===
We invite your community to nominate one or two points of contact and share:
*The name of your Wikimedia community.
*A primary and alternate community contact.
*Telegram usernames of the nominated contacts.
*A brief overview of your community's technical challenges, needs, or priorities.
&lt;/br&gt;
This could include areas such as:
*Editing or patrolling workflows that could be improved.
*Gadgets, tools, or bots that your community needs.
*Template or interface-related challenges.
*Technical barriers faced by contributors.
*Any other broad technical priorities for your community.
=== How to participate ===
Please fill out the community response [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdhpPdn0qgHkEiYZCXEumpV-WNWm6n8bZdfR6TIkGTcbuBOew/viewform?usp=dialog form] by '''18th August'''.

If your community prefers, you are also welcome to reply directly on this message.
=== What happens next? ===
The information collected will help us:
*Build a network of community contacts for future technical collaboration.
*Understand and prioritize the technical needs of Indic Wikimedia communities.
*Plan focused technical support and community engagement activities.
*Connect communities with developers and relevant technical initiatives where appropriate.
&lt;/br&gt;
Please note that while we will carefully review every submission, our ability to provide support will depend on the complexity of the request, available expertise within the User Group, volunteer bandwidth, and available resources. Although we may not be able to address every request immediately, we will make every effort to prioritize and support as many community needs as possible, and where appropriate, connect communities with the relevant developers or technical channels.
We look forward to working more closely with your community!
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Best wishes,'''
&lt;/br&gt;
[[User:Kalli navya|Navya sri Kalli]]
&lt;/br&gt;
''On behalf of the Indic MediaWiki Developers User Group (IMDUG)''

== Invitation to pre-conference activities for WikiConference India 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia contributors,

As the Wikiconference India 2026 draws nearer, the excitement is soaring as well! We are sending this message to inform you that two pre-conference activities are being held as a part of this meetup. The Wiki Loves Villages campaign 2026 starts on 15th August 2026, so get ready to contribute! This initiative aims to expand and enhance content and media about villages across all Wikimedia projects, creating a comprehensive, open-access knowledge base.
Campaign Focus:
A. Expand Wikipedia articles about Villages in India in multiple languages
B. Improve content quality with citations, images, and comprehensive information
C. Populate Wikimedia Commons with freely licensed media about a village
D. Enrich Wikidata with structured information about Village-related topics
We invite you to contribute by writing new articles, enhancing existing ones, uploading media, or organizing data on Wikidata. Whether you're an experienced editor or new to Wikimedia, your participation matters.
For more information and to get involved, visit the campaign page ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Village_2026](https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Village_2026)) on your preferred Wikimedia project.

Another way to contribute to a pre-conference activity is the innovative Wiki Loves Medicinal Plants 2026- it is a photography campaign hosted by WikiConference India 2026. The activity already started on 1st August and ends on 31st August 2026, so gear up to document local medicinal knowledge and fill the knowledge gaps.
This initiative aims to expand and enhance freely licensed images and other media of medicinal plants in and around our surroundings.
Campaign Focus:
A. Add freely licensed images of medicinal plants.
B. Improve description of existing medicinal plants.
C. Improve depictions of images.
D. Improve wikidata items.
We invite you to contribute by adding new photos, videos or enhancing existing ones. Whether you're an experienced editor or new to Wikimedia, your participation matters.
To know more about how to contribute, rules, and tips head to the Meta page to find information ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Medicinal_Plants](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Medicinal_Plants)) on your preferred Wikimedia project.

Best regards,&lt;br&gt;WikiConference India 2026 pre-conference organizing team

-- [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Kuldeepburjbhalaike|Kuldeepburjbhalaike]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:Kuldeepburjbhalaike|बात करीं]]) 15:35, 13 अगस्त 2026 (UTC)

== निवेदन ==

हम भोजपुरी विकिपीडिया पर निक संपादन क रहल बानी आ वैश्विक स्तर पर हमार 11,900+ संपादन बा। [[विकिपीडिया:रोलबैकर्स अधिकार हेतु निवेदन#AMAN KUMAR|आपन समर्थन इहां दी]]। [[प्रयोगकर्ता:AMAN KUMAR|AMAN KUMAR]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:AMAN KUMAR|बात करीं]]) 07:45, 31 अगस्त 2026 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 
You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

* You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}.
* If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

* Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 सितंबर 2026 (UTC)
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== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:20, 21 सितंबर 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist ==
''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)''

Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary.

The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the  Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].&lt;br/&gt;
Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes.

Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]])  sent via [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 09:28, 9 अक्टूबर 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 
You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

* You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|en}}.
* If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

* Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:01, 26 अक्टूबर 2026 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Food 2026 in India – Call for Participation ==
Hello everyone,

India has a rich food culture, with diverse dishes, ingredients, cooking traditions and regional food practices. Many of these are not yet well represented on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons.

'''Wiki Loves Food 2026 in India''' is a photography competition on Wikimedia Commons organised by the [[m:Punjabi Wikimedians|Punjabi Wikimedians User Group]] as part of the international Wiki Loves Food 2026 campaign. It invites people across India to photograph local food and culinary traditions and share their images under a free license.

'''Competition details:'''

* '''Dates:''' 1 to 30 November 2026
* '''Platform:''' Wikimedia Commons
* '''Who can participate:''' Anyone with a Wikimedia Commons account

'''What can you photograph?'''

* Traditional dishes, festival foods and home-cooked meals
* Local ingredients, spices and grains
* Cooking methods and food preparation
* Street food, markets and regional food traditions

Your photographs can help improve the coverage of India's food culture across Indian-language Wikipedia articles.

For the rules, prizes and participation details, visit the [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Food 2026 in India|competition page]]

For questions, visit the [[c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Food 2026 in India|competition's talk page]]

Please share this announcement with your communities and anyone interested in documenting India's food culture. We look forward to contributions from different regions across the country.

'''Warm regards,'''

On behalf of the Wiki Loves Food 2026 India organizing team [[प्रयोगकर्ता:VanshikaRathi|VanshikaRathi]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:VanshikaRathi|बात करीं]]) 08:57, 28 अक्टूबर 2026 (UTC)

== WikiRefine: A 15-Day Wikipedia Article Improvement Campaign ==
Hello everyone,
The Open Knowledge Initiatives (OKI) team is pleased to announce '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine WikiRefine]''', a 15-day article improvement campaign taking place from '''7 to 21 November 2026'''. We invite editors from all participating language communities to take part.
The campaign aims to encourage Wikimedians to improve the overall quality of Wikipedia articles, with a focus on references, article structure, readability, images, internal links and other aspects of content development.

; Article lists 
For this campaign, we have prepared lists based on the 100 most-read articles from the last five years for participating language Wikipedias. You can find the article lists and other campaign information here:  [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine/List_of_Articles View the article lists]

;Evaluating article improvements
We will be using the [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/ WikiEval tool], developed to support the evaluation of Wikipedia content during campaigns. It will help assess article quality and track improvements made throughout WikiRefine.
;What happens after the campaign?
WikiRefine will also serve as a preparatory activity for a follow-up in-person event focused on qualitative improvements to local-language Wikipedias. We aim to bring together the top two participants (from India only)  from each participating community. Their contributions will be assessed by a jury of experienced Wikimedians familiar with the respective languages.
We encourage each community to identify up to three organisers, ensuring diverse representation of genders and both new and experienced Wikimedians. Jury members should be experienced contributors with a good understanding of their respective language Wikipedias.

'''We invite everyone to participate, improve articles and help make knowledge in our languages more comprehensive and accessible.''' ([[m:IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine/Community Sign-up|Community Sign-up page]])

For more information, please visit the [[m:IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine|WikiRefine project page]].
 
'''Note:''' A few language Wikipedia article lists have not yet been added to the dedicated page due to a technical issue with the tool. We are working to resolve this and aim to add them before the campaign begins.  Thank you! [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|बात करीं]]) 17:11, 4 नवंबर 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (OKI)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_(OKI)/lists/Indic_Wikipedia_VPs&amp;oldid=31250414 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>r14uax3bchp9vgcfto5smfuv4oxqlp6</sha1>
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      <comment>सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="137481" sha1="in6a6gl7gxx4lovqclh406l1ez4pm8c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox planet
&lt;!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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| bgcolour  = #c0c0ff
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| symbol    = [[File:Earth symbol (bold).svg|20px|🜨]]
| image     = The Blue Marble (remastered).jpg
|alt=&quot;[[दि ब्लू मार्बल]]&quot; नाँव के फोटो, ''[[अपोलो 17]]'' मिशन के दौरान लिहल गइल। ऊपरी हिस्सा में अरब प्रायदीप, अफिरका आ मैडागास्कर बा आ नीचे अंटार्कटिका।
| caption   = &quot;[[दि ब्लू मार्बल]]&quot; नाँव के फोटो, ''[[अपोलो 17]]'' मिशन के दौरान 1972 में लिहल गइल
| alt_names = &lt;!--{{ublist|style=padding-top:0.1em;|li_style=line-height:1.3em; |{{hlist|पृथिवी|बिस्व}} |{{hlist|नीला ग्रह|ब्लू मार्बल|बसुंधरा}} }}--&gt;
| epoch         = [[J2000.0|J2000]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;epoch&quot;/&gt;
| aphelion      = {{convert|152100000|km|mi AU|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;apsis&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| perihelion    = {{convert|147095000|km|mi AU|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;apsis&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| semimajor     = {{convert|149598023|km|mi AU|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref name=&quot;VSOP87&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| eccentricity  = {{val|0.0167086}}&lt;ref name=&quot;VSOP87&quot;/&gt;
| period        = {{convert|365.256363004|d|years|comma=gaps|abbr=on|lk=out|disp=x|&lt;ref name=&quot;IERS&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| avg_speed     = {{convert|29.78|km/s|km/h mph|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| mean_anomaly  = {{val|358.617|u=°}}
| inclination   = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{val|7.155|u=°}} सुरुज के बिसुवत से; |{{val|1.57869|u=°}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen294&quot;/&gt; स्थाई प्लेन से; |{{val|0.00005|u=°}} J2000 एक्लिप्टिक से}}
| asc_node      = {{val|-11.26064|u=°}}&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt; J2000 एक्लिप्टिक से
| arg_peri      = {{val|114.20783|u=°}}&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;
| satellites    =
 {{unbulleted list
  | 1 प्राकृतिक उपग्रह: [[चंद्रमा]]
  | 5 आभासी-उपग्रह
  | &gt;1 400 चालू बनावटी उपग्रह&lt;ref name=&quot;ucs&quot;/&gt;
  | &gt;16 000 अंतरिक्ष कचरा&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;space_debris&quot;/&gt;
 }}
| allsatellites = yes
| physical_characteristics = yes
| mean_radius   = {{convert|6371.0|km|mi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;hbcp2000&quot;/&gt;
| equatorial_radius = {{convert|6378.1|km|mi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=usno/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WGS-84&quot;/&gt;
| polar_radius  = {{convert|6356.8|km|mi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;cazenave_ahrens1995&quot;/&gt;
| flattening    = {{val|0.0033528}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IERS2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1/{{val|298.257222101}} (ETRS89)
| circumference =
 {{unbulleted list |class=nowrap
  | {{convert|40075.017|km|mi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;बिसुवत रेखी (|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;WGS-84&quot;&gt;[[World Geodetic System]] (''WGS-84''). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/ Available online] from [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]].&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{convert|40007.86|km|mi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;देशांतरी (|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;WGS-84-2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;Earth's [[circumference]] is almost exactly 40,000 km because the metre was calibrated on this measurement—more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.&lt;/ref&gt;
 }}
| surface_area  =
 {{unbulleted list |class=nowrap
  | {{convert|510072000|km2|sqmi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Pidwirny 2006_8&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;surfacecover&quot;/&gt;
  | {{convert|148940000|km2|sqmi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| जमीनी &lt;small&gt;(|; 29.2%)&lt;/small&gt;}}
  | {{convert|361132000|km2|sqmi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| जलक्षेत्र &lt;small&gt;(|; 70.8%)&lt;/small&gt;}}
 }}
| volume        = {{val|1.08321|e=12|u=km3}} &lt;small&gt;({{val|2.59876|e=11|u=cu mi}})&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;
| mass          = {{val|5.97237|e=24|u=kg}} &lt;small&gt;({{val|1.31668|e=25|u=lb}})&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Luzum2011&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;({{val|3.0|e=-6|ul=solar mass}})&lt;/small&gt;
| density       = {{convert|5.514|g/cm3|lb/cuin|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;
| surface_grav  = {{convert|9.807|m/s2|ft/s2|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;({{val|1|u=''g''}}; |)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST2008&quot;/&gt;
| moment_of_inertia_factor = 0.3307&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams1994&quot;/&gt;
| escape_velocity = {{convert|11.186|km/s|km/h mph|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| sidereal_day  = {{longitem|{{val|0.99726968|u=d}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen296&quot;/&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(23h&amp;nbsp;56m&amp;nbsp;4.100s)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| rot_velocity  = {{convert|1674.4|km/h|km/s km/h mph|order=out|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox2000&quot;/&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| axial_tilt    = {{val|23.4392811|u=°}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IERS&quot;/&gt;
| albedo        = {{ublist|class=nowrap |0.367 ज्यामिती &lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt; |0.306 बांड अल्बेडो&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;}}
| atmosphere    = yes
| temperatures  = yes
| temp_name1    = केल्विन
| min_temp_1    = 184&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref name=asu_lowest_temp/&gt;
| mean_temp_1   = 288&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref name=kinver20091210/&gt;
| max_temp_1    = 330&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref name=asu_highest_temp/&gt;
| temp_name2    = सेल्सियस
| min_temp_2    = −89.2&amp;nbsp;°C
| mean_temp_2   = 15&amp;nbsp;°C
| max_temp_2    = 56.7&amp;nbsp;°C
| temp_name3    = फारेनहाइट
| min_temp_3    = −128.5&amp;nbsp;°F
| mean_temp_3   = 59&amp;nbsp;°F
| max_temp_3    = 134&amp;nbsp;°F
| surface_pressure = {{val|101.325|ul=kPa}} (समुंद्र तल पर)
| atmosphere_composition =
 {{unbulleted list |class=nowrap
  | 78.08% [[नाइट्रोजन]] (N{{smallsub|2}}; dry air)&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;
  | 20.95% [[ऑक्सीजन]] (O{{smallsub|2}})
  | 0.930% [[आर्गन]]
  | 0.0402% [[कार्बनडाईऑक्साइड]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/#mlo |author=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |website=[[Earth System Research Laboratory]] |title=Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |date=8 November 2016 |access-date=3 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | ~&amp;nbsp;1% [[जल भाप]] &lt;small&gt;(मौसमी-बदलाव वाला)&lt;/small&gt;
 }}
| note = no
}}
'''पृथिवी''' भा '''पृथ्वी''' ({{Langx|en|Earth}}) (चीन्हा: [[File:Earth symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|🜨]]) चाहे [[धरती]] ({{Langx|sa|धरित्री}}) [[सौर मंडल]] में [[सूर्य]] के ओर से [[ग्रह|बुध]] अउरी [[ग्रह|शुक्र]] की बाद तिसरका [[ग्रह]] हवे। पृथिवी से मिलत जुलत संरचना वाला ग्रहन के ''पार्थिव ग्रह'' (टेरेस्ट्रियल प्लैनेट्स) कहल जाला जिनहन में पृथिवी सबसे बड़हन बाटे आ बाकी अउरी तीन गो बुध, शुक्र आ मंगल बाड़ें। पृथिवी के करीबन 71% हिस्सा पर [[समुंदर|समुंद्र]] होखे के कारन ई अंतरिक्ष से देखले पर [[नीला रंग]] के लउकेले एही से एकरा के '''नीला ग्रह'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshbandhu.co.in/vichar/why-is-the-planet-called-the-blue-planet-72212-2|title=क्यों कहते हैं पृथिवी को नीला ग्रह|date=2018-11-02|website=देशबंधु|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514061220/https://www.deshbandhu.co.in/vichar/why-is-the-planet-called-the-blue-planet-72212-2|archive-date=2022-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; भी कहल जाला। वैज्ञानिक प्रमाण की हिसाब से पृथिवी के उत्पत्ति अब से करीब साढ़े चारि अरब बरिस पहिले भइल रहल।

पृथिवी के सबसे बड़ बिसेसता बा इहाँ जियतार जिया-जंतु आ पेड़-पौधा के मिलल। अबहिन ले पूरा [[ब्रह्माण्ड]] में अउरी कौनो अइसन पिंड नइखे मिलल जेवना पर जीवन मिलला के सबूत होखे। खाली मनुष्ये ना बालुक अउरी हजारन लाखन परकार के जीवित परानी पृथिवी पर निवास करेलन। एकरी खातिर कई गो कारण जिम्मेवार बा जइसे कि पृथिवी के सूर्य से दूरी एकदम सही बा ए से ई न ढेर गरम रहेले न ढेर ठंढा हो जाले, पृथिवी के [[वायुमंडल]] में गैसन के मात्रा एकदम सही अनुपात में बा, [[ओजोन परत]] आ पृथिवी के चुंबकीय मंडल सूर्य के नोक्सानदेह किरिन सभ से जीवित परानिन के रक्षा करे लें।

पृथिवी के जीवन धारण कइला के क्षमता की कारन आ मनुष्य के एकरी ऊपर निर्भर रहला की कारण एकरा के भारतीय संस्कृति में '''धरती माई''' कहल जाला काहें कि सगरी जीव-जंतु आ पेड़-पौधा एही पृथिवी के संतान हवे लोग। संसार की प्राचीनतम ग्रंथ [[वेद]] में पृथिवी कि आराधना में एगो पूरा सूक्त बा जेवना के ''[[पृथिवी सूक्त]]'' कहल जाला। पुरानन में पृथिवी के शेषनाग की फन पर स्थित बतावल गइल बा।

पृथिवी के अध्ययन करे वाला विज्ञानन के [[पृथिवी विज्ञान]] कहल जाला। इन्हन में सबसे पुरान विज्ञान के [[भूगोल]] कहल जाला जेवन पृथिवी के अलग-अलग अस्थान के रूप आ उहाँ पावल जाए वाला [[पर्यावरण]] आ लोगन के अध्ययन आ वर्णन करे वाला विषय हवे। पृथिवी की अंदर की जानकारी के खोज करे वाला बिज्ञान [[जियोलॉजी]] कहल जाला। भूगोल में पृथिवी की ज़मीन वाला हिस्सा के स्थलमंडल, पानी वाला हिस्सा के [[जलमंडल]], पृथिवी की चारो ओर की गैस से बनल हिस्सा के [[वायुमंडल]] आ ए बाकी तीनों में व्याप्त ओ हिस्सा के जे में जीव पावल जालें, जैवमंडल कहल जाला। पृथिवी पर पावल जाए वाला [[पर्यावरण]] मनुष्य आ बाकी सभ जीव जंतु खातिर बहुत महत्व के चीज बा काहें से कि एकरी अन्दर गड़बड़ी से एकर संतुलन बिगड़ जाई टा सारा जीव जंतु के अस्तित्व समाप्त हो जाई। एही से पृथिवी की पर्यावरण के सुरक्षा खातिर बहुत व्यापक चर्चा होत बा काहें से कि मनुष्य की क्रियाकलाप से पृथिवी की [[प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण]] के खतरा पैदा हो गइल बा।

हर साल अप्रैल महीना की 22 तारिख के [[धरती दिवस|पृथिवी दिवस]] आ 5 जून के [[पर्यावरण दिवस]] मनावल जाला।

==नाँव==
पृथिवी (भा पृथ्वी) के अरथ होला &quot;बिसाल आकार वाली&quot; आ एकरा के अउरी कई गो नाँव से भी जानल जाला, जइसे कि धरती, भूमि, भू, भूँइ वगैरह। पृथिवी शब्द से जुड़ल [[पुराण]]न के कहानी भी बा। [[विष्णु पुराण]] के मोताबिक राजा पृथु के नाँव पर &quot;पृथिवी&quot; नाँव पड़ल हवे।&lt;ref name=&quot;Apte2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=V. S. Apte|title=Sanskrit-Hindi Kosh Raj Sanskaran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsSZ27z5fSYC&amp;pg=PA649|year=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|isbn=978-81-208-2097-5|pages=649–}}&lt;/ref&gt; कथा के अनुसार अंग देस के राजा वेन सुभाव से दुष्ट रहलें आ जज्ञ पूजा के रोक दिहलें जेकरे कारण तपस्वी ऋषि लोग उनके पीट के मुआ घालल आ उनके बाँह के मीसल जेकरा से पृथु नाँव के राजा पैदा भइलें। प्रजा के पृथिवी से अन्न आ शाक वगैरह मिलल बंद हो गइल रहे जेकरे कारण पृथु तीर-धेनुही ले के पृथिवी के पीछा कइलें जे गाय के रूप ध के भागल आ अंत में एह शर्त पर तइयार भइल कि ओकरा के एगो बाछा दे दिहल जाय। तब पृथु, स्वयंभू मनु के बाछा बना के पृथिवी रुपी गाय के दुहलें आ ओकरे बाद पृथिवी से फिर से अन्न वगैरह के उपज सुरू भइल।

पृथिवी के अन्य नाँव भी बाने। ''धरा'', ''धरती'' वगैरह के अरथ सभके धारण करे वाली होला। ''वसुंधरा'' के अरथ वसु सभ के धारण करे वाली। ''रसा'' के अरथ जेह में सभ रस मौजूद होखे भा जेह से रस के उत्पत्ती होखे। ''रत्नगर्भा'' मने जेह से रतन उत्पन्न होखत होखें।

[[अंग्रेजी]] में पृथिवी के ''अर्थ'' (''Earth'') कहल जाला। लातीनी भाषा में ''टेरा'' (''Terra'') आ यूनानी भाषा में ''ज्या'' भा ''जी'' (γῆ)। टेरा से ''टेरेस्ट्रियल'' वगैरह शब्द बने लें जबकि ज्याग्रफी (भूगोल), जियोलोजी (भूगर्भबिज्ञान) वगैरह शब्द यूनानी मूल शब्द से बनल हवें।

वैदिक साहित्य में [[ऋग्वेद]] आ [[अथर्ववेद]] में पृथिवी के [[पृथिवी (देवी)|देवी रूप में]] बर्णन कइल गइल बा। अथर्ववेद में पृथिवीसूक्त में पृथिवी देवी के बिस्तार से स्तुति गावल गइल बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;Winternitz&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=एम॰ विंटरनित्ज़ |title=प्राचीन भारतीय साहित्य का इतिहास ('भाग 1, खंड 1)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hFReMc5I8EC&amp;pg=PT122|publisher=मोतीलाल बनारसीदास|isbn=978-81-208-3030-1|pages=122–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=रामबिलास शर्मा|title=भारतीय संस्कृति और हिंदी प्रदेश|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODfHI4__GigC&amp;pg=PA527|year=1999|publisher=किताबघर प्रकाशन|isbn=978-81-7016-438-8|pages=527–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==समयक्रम==
{{main|धरती के इतिहास}}
===निर्माण===
[[File:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg|thumb|left|सुरुआती सौर मंडल आ ग्रह सभ के डिस्क के कल्पना आधरित चित्र]]
[[सौर मंडल]] में मौजूद सभसे पुरान पदार्थ के समय {{val|4.5672|0.0006|ul=बिलियन साल पहिले}} (''Gya'') निर्धारित कइल गइल बा।&lt;ref name=bowring_housch1995/&gt; {{val|4.54|0.04|u=Gya}}&lt;ref name=&quot;age_earth1&quot; /&gt; तक ले सुरुआती (प्राइमार्डियल) पृथिवी के निर्माण हो गइल रहे। सौर मंडल के ग्रह आ वगैरह सभ के निर्माण आ इवोल्यूशन [[सुरुज]] के साथे-साथ भइल। सिद्धांत रूप में, एगो सौर नेबुला से मॉलिक्यूलर बदरी के रूप में निकल के पदार्थ चापट डिस्क के नियर रूप लिहलस जे घुमरी करे लागल आ एही डिस्क से ग्रह सभ आ सुरुज के उत्पत्ती भइल। नेबुला में गैस, बरफ के कण, आ ब्रह्मांडी धूर रहल (जेह में प्राइमार्डियल यानि सुरुआती न्यूक्लियस भा केंद्रबिंदु भी रहलें)। नेबुलर सिद्धांत के अनुसार, ग्रहाणु (प्लैनेटेसिमल) सभ के उत्पत्ती नेबुला के पदार्थ सभ के एकट्ठा होखे (एक्रियेशन) से भइल आ सुरुआती पृथिवी के बने में 10–{{val|20|ul=मिलियन साल}} (Ma) के समय लागल।&lt;ref name=nature418_6901_949/&gt;

चंद्रमा के उत्पत्ती, जवन 4.53 बिलियन साल पहिले भइल, अभिन ले रिसर्च के बिसय बा।&lt;ref name=science310_5754_1671/&gt; कामचलाऊँ हाइपोथीसिस के मोताबिक, चंद्रमा के उत्पत्ती पृथिवी से निकलल पदार्थ के एकट्ठा होखे से भइल जब मंगल के आकार के एगो आकाशी पिंड ''थीया'' (''Theia'') पृथिवी के टकरा गइल।&lt;ref name=reilly20091022/&gt; एह सिनैरियो में, थीया के द्रब्यमान पृथिवी के द्रब्यमान के 10% के आसपास रहल,&lt;ref name=canup_asphaug2001a/&gt; भयानक टक्कर भइल,&lt;ref name=canup_asphaug2001b/&gt; आ एकर कुछ द्रब्यमान पृथिवी के साथ बिलय भी हो गइल। लगभग 4.1 आ {{val|3.8|u=Gya}} तक ले, कई सारा एस्टेरोइड टक्कर भइल जेकरा के अब [[बाद के हैबी बमबारी]] कहल जाला आ ई काफी ब्यापक रूप से चंद्रमा के सतह आ वातावरण के बदल दिहलस, एही तर्ज पर, अइसने परभाव धरती पर भी भइल।

===भूगर्भशास्त्रीय इतिहास===
{{Main article|पृथिवी के भूबैज्ञानिक इतिहास}}
[[File:USA 10654 Bryce Canyon Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|हूडू नाँव के थलरूप, अमेरिका के उटा राज्य के ब्राइस कैनियन नेशनल पार्क में।]]

धरती के [[वायुमंडल]] आ समुंद्र सभ के रचना ज्वालामुखी क्रिया आ अन्य तरीका से बाहर निकले वाली गैसन के द्वारा भइल जेह में जलभाप भी शामिल रहल। जलभाप के ठंढ़ाईला में एस्टेरोइड, प्रोटोप्लैनेट (आदिग्रह), आ [[पुच्छल तारा]] सभ से मिलल पानी आ बरफ के भी योगदान रहल।&lt;ref name=&quot;watersource&quot;/&gt; एह सिद्धांत के मोताबिक, वायुमंडल में मौजूद &quot;[[ग्रीनहाउस गैस]]&quot; सभ के कारण समुंद्र के पानी जमे ना पावल जबकि सुरुज अभी अपने वर्तमान दीप्ति के 70% भर प्रकाश देत रहे।&lt;ref name=asp2002/&gt; {{val|3.5|u=Gya}} तक ले, [[पृथिवी के चुंबकी क्षेत्र]] स्थापित हो चुकल रहल, ईहो एह काम में मदद कइलस आ [[सौर हवा]] से उड़ के वायुमंडल के बिनास होखे से बचावे में मदद कइलस।&lt;ref name=physorg20100304/&gt;

क्रस्ट, यानी पृथिवी के ऊपरी ठोस परत, के निर्माण पघिलल बाहरी परत के ठंढा होखे से बनल। दू गो मॉडल बाने&lt;ref name=williams_santosh2004/&gt; जे धरती के जमीनी हिस्सा के वर्तमान रूप के धीरे-धीरे निर्माण&lt;ref name=science164_1229/&gt; या फिर, बहुत संभावित बा कि, अचानक तेजी से भइल बिकास&lt;ref name=tp322_19/&gt; के ब्याख्या करे लें जवन कि पृथिवी के सुरुआती इतिहास में भइल रहल होखी&lt;ref name=rg6_175/&gt; आ एकरे बाद लमहर समय खातिर पृथिवी के जमीनी महादीपी हिस्सा स्थाई रूप पा गइल।&lt;ref name=science310_5756_1947/&gt;&lt;ref name=jaes23_799/&gt;&lt;ref name=ajes38_613/&gt; महादीप सभ के उत्पत्ती [[प्लेट टेक्टॉनिक्स]] के द्वारा भइल जेकरा के चलावे वाली ताकत पृथिवी के ठंढा हो रहल अंदरूनी हिस्सा से आवे ले। भूबैज्ञानिक समय पैमाना पर देखल जाव त पछिला कई सौ करोड़ साल में सुपरमहादीप सभ टूट के बिलग होखे आ दुबारा एकट्ठा होखे के प्रक्रिया से गुजरल बाने। लगभग {{val|750|u=Mya}} (मिलियन (करोड़) साल पहिले), सभसे पुरान मालुम सुपरमहादीप रोडीनिया टूटे सुरू भइल। बाद में एकर हिस्सा 600–{{val|540|u=Mya}} के आसपास दोबारा जुड़ के पैनोटिया नाँव के सुपर महादीप बनवलें। एही तरीका से अंत में पैंजिया सुपरमहादीप बनल आ {{val|180|u=Mya}} के लगभग इहो टूट गइल&lt;ref name=as92_324/&gt; जेकर टुकड़ा वर्तमान समय के [[महादीप]] हवें सऽ।

[[बर्फानी जुग]] के वर्तमान पैटर्न {{val|40|u=Mya}} में सुरू भइल आ प्लीस्टोसीन काल, {{val|3|u=Mya}}, में अउरी पोढ़ भइल। ऊँच-अक्षांस वाला इलाका सभ में एकरे बाद से कई बेर बर्फानी जुग के ग्लेशियर निर्माण आ फिर इनहन के पघिलाव के घटना भइल बा आ लगभग हर 40,000–{{val|100000|u=साल}} में चक्र के रूप में अइसन भइल बा। अंतिम महादीपी ग्लेशीयेशन करीबन 10,000&amp;nbsp;साल पहिले भइल रहे।&lt;ref name=psc/&gt;

===जीवन के उत्पत्ती आ इवोल्यूशन===
{{Life timeline}}
&lt;!-- {{Main article|Abiogenesis|Evolutionary history of life}} --&gt;
[[File:PhylogeneticTree, Woese 1990.PNG|thumb|left|पृथिवी पर जीवन के फाइलोजेनेटिक वर्गीकरण, आरएनए के एनालिसिस पर आधारित]]

अबसे लगभग चार बिलियन बरिस पहिले, केमिकल रियेक्शन के चलते पहिला अइसन अणु (मोलिक्यूल) सभ के उत्पत्ती भइल जे खुद अपने नियर अणु पैदा करे में सक्षम रहलें। एकरे लगभग आधा बिलियन साल बाद, पृथिवी के सभसे पहिला अइसन जिंदा के जीव के पैदाइश भइल जे बाद के सगरी जिंदा परानी सभ के पूर्बज मानल जा सके ला।&lt;ref name=sa282_6_90/&gt; प्रकास संश्लेषण (फोटोसिंथेसिस) के बिकास भइल आ सुरुज के रोशनी से मिले वाली उर्जा के सीधा तरीका से सजीव जीवधारी अपना भोजन बनावे में करे सुरू क दिहलें। एह से पैदा भइल ऑक्सीजन (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) वायुमंडल में जमा भइल आ सुरुज के अल्ट्रावायलेट किरन से रिएक्शन क के पृथिवी के चारों ओर ऊपरी वायुमंडल में [[ओजोन]] (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) के एगो परत बना दिहलस जे एक तरह से सगरी सजीव सभ के सुरक्षा करे वाली परत हवे।&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20131003&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Earth’s Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html |date=3 अक्टूबर 2013 |work=New York Times |accessdate=3 अक्टूबर 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकरे बाद छोटहन कोशिका सभ के बड़हन कोशिका सभ में समहित होखे के बाद काम्प्लेक्स कोशिका सभ के निर्माण भइल, जिनहन के [[यूकार्योट]] कहल जाला।&lt;ref name=jas22_3_225/&gt; वास्तविक कई कोशिका वाला जीवधारी सभ के द्वारा बनल कालोनी के सभ के स्पेशलाइजेशन बढ़त गइल। नोकसानदेह अल्ट्रावायलेट किरन के सोख लिहल जाए के बाद पृथिवी पर जीवन के बिस्तार होखे में मदद मिलल।&lt;ref name=burton20021129/&gt; अबतक ले, सभसे पुरान जीवधारी सभ के परमान के रूप में, पच्छिमी आस्ट्रेलिया के बलुआ पाथर में से लगभग 3.48 बिलियन बरिस पुरान सूक्ष्मजीवी (माइक्रोबायल) फोसिल मिलल बाड़ें,&lt;ref name=&quot;Origin1&quot;&gt;Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and Tripathi, AB. (2007). ''Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils.'' Precambrian Research 158:141–155.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Origin2&quot;&gt;Schopf, JW (2006). ''Fossil evidence of Archaean life.'' Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RavenJohnson2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Hamilton Raven |first2=George |last2=Brooks Johnson |title=Biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtlqPwAACAAJ |date=2002 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-112261-0 |page=68 |accessdate=7 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-20131113&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |title=Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html |date=13 November 2013 |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=15 November 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629230719/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AST-20131108&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Noffke |first1=Nora |last2=Christian |first2=Daniel |last3=Wacey |first3=David |last4=Hazen |first4=Robert M. |title=Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia |url=http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2013.1030 |date=8 November 2013 |journal=[[Astrobiology (journal)]] |doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1030 |accessdate=15 November 2013 |bibcode=2013AsBio..13.1103N |pmid=24205812 |pmc=3870916 |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=1103–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; जीवीय पैदाइश वाला 3.7 बिलियन बरिस पुरान ग्रेफाईट पच्छिमी ग्रीनलैंड के मेटासेडीमेंटरी चट्टान सभ में मिलल बाटे,&lt;ref name=&quot;NG-20131208&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ohtomo |first1=Yoko |last2=Kakegawa |first2=Takeshi |last3=Ishida |first3=Akizumi |last4=Nagase |first4=Toshiro |last5=Rosing |first5=Minik T. |display-authors=3 |url=http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo2025.html |date=January 2014 |title=Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks |journal=Nature Geoscience |location=London |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=25–28 |bibcode=2014NatGe...7...25O |doi=10.1038/ngeo2025 |issn=1752-0894}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ पच्छिमी आस्ट्रेलिया के 4.1 बिलियन बरिस पुरान चट्टान में से जीवी तत्व मिलल बाड़ें।&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-20151019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PNAS-20151014-pdf&quot; /&gt;

नियोप्रोटेरोजोइक (''Neoproterozoic'') काल में, {{val|750|to|580|u=Mya}} पहिले, पृथिवी के ज्यादातर हिस्सा बरफ से तोपाइल रहल होखी। अइसन हाइपोथीसिस के &quot;स्नोबाल अर्थ&quot; (बरफीला गोला रुपी पृथिवी) के नाँव से जानल जाला आ ई खासतौर पर अध्ययन आ रिसर्च के रूचि के बिसय बाटे काहें की ठीक एही के बाद ऊ घटना भइल जेकरा के कैम्ब्रियाई बिस्फोट कहल जाला, जेह में अचानक तेजी से, पृथिवी पर बहुकोशिकी-जीव सभ के रचना अउरी ढेर काम्प्लेक्स यानि जटिल बन गइल।&lt;ref name=kirschvink1992/&gt; कैंब्रियाई बिस्फोट के बाद, {{val|535|u=Mya}} के आसपास, पाँच बेर भारी पैमाना पर जीव सभ के बिलुप्त होखे के घटना भी भइल।&lt;ref name=&quot;sci215_4539_1501&quot; /&gt; अइसन सभसे हाल के बिलुप्ती घटना {{val|66|u=Mya}} में भइल, जेकर कारन एगो उल्का टक्कर के मानल जाला आ एही के बाद पृथिवी से डाइनासोर सभ के बिनास भइल आ अउरी ढेर सारा रेप्टाइल सभ के जिनगी बड़हन पैमाना पर परभावित भइल। पछिला {{val|66|ul=Myr}} में, मैमल सभ के जाति-प्राजाति में बहुत बिबीधता आइल, कुछ करोड़ बरिस पहिले, अफिरकी बनमानुस नियर जीव सभ सीधा खड़ा हो के चले सीखलें।&lt;ref name=&quot;gould1994&quot; /&gt; एकरे बाद औजार के इस्तेमाल करे सुरू कइलेन आ आपस में संबाद के बिकास भइल, दिमाग के बिस्तार भइल आ एही क्रम में आधुनिक मनुष्य सभ के उत्पत्ती भइल। खेती के खोज आ उदोगीकरण के बाद मनुष्य खुद पृथिवी के वातावरण आ जिया-जंतु के बहुत हद तक परभावित कइलस।&lt;ref name=&quot;bgsa119_1_140&quot; /&gt;

===भबिस्य===
लमहर समय के बात कइल जाव त पृथिवी के भाबिस्य सुरुज के भाबिस्य पर निर्भर बा। अगिला {{val|1.1|u=Ga}} में सुरुज के दीप्ती (ल्यूमिनासिटी) लगभग 10% बढ़ी आ अगिला {{val|3.5|u=Ga}} में ई 40% तक ले बढ़ जाई।&lt;ref name=&quot;sun_future&quot;/&gt; धरती के साथ के तापमान बढ़ी आ ई पृथिवी पर कार्बनडाईआक्साइड के मात्रा के में अइसन बदलाव होखी जेकरा कारण पौधा सभ के फोटोसिंथेसिस खातिर मिले वाला कार्बनडाईआक्साइड के मात्रा में खतरनाक तरीका ले गिरावट आई।&lt;ref name=&quot;britt2000&quot; /&gt; पेड़-पौधा के बिनास से ऑक्सीजन के कमी होखी आ जियाजंतु सभ के भी बिनास हो जाई।&lt;ref name=ward_brownlee2002/&gt; एकरे एक बिलियन साल बाद, धरती के सारा पानी गायब हो चुकल होखी&lt;ref name=carrington/&gt; आ दुनिया के औसत बैस्विक तापमान {{val|70|ul=degC}} तक ले&lt;ref name=ward_brownlee2002/&gt; ({{val|158|ul=degF}}) चहुँप चुकल होखी। एह नजरिया से देखल जाव त पृथिवी अउरी {{val|500|u=Myr}} साल तक ले निवास जोग रही,&lt;ref name=&quot;britt2000&quot;/&gt; आ संभवतः {{val|2.3|u=Ga}} तक ले अगर वायुमंडल से नाइट्रोजन निकाल दिहल जाय।&lt;ref name=pnas1_24_9576/&gt; अगर सुरुज के दसा न भी बदले आ स्थाई तौर पर अइसने रहे तबो अनुमान बा कि आधुनिक समुंद्र सभ के 27% पानी एक बिलियन साल में सरवत के जमीन के भीतर [[मैंटल (भूबिज्ञान)|मैंटल]] में चहुँप जाई, एकर कारण समुंद्रमध्य के रिज सभ से भाप वेंटिंग के घटाव होखी।&lt;ref name=hess5_4_569/&gt;

सुरुज {{val|5|u=Gyr}} में बिकसित हो के रेड जायंट बन जाई। मॉडल सभ के प्रागअनुमान बा की सुरुज के आकार में फइलाव होखी। ई फइल के {{convert|1|AU|km| lk=off|abbr=on}} के हो जाई, ई आकार एकरे वर्तमान आकार के 250 गुना होखी।&lt;ref name=&quot;sun_future&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sun_future_schroder&quot;/&gt; एह घटना के कारन पृथिवी के भागि अनिश्चिते बा। एगो रेड जायंट के रूप में, सुरुज के द्रब्यमान में 30% के कमी होखी आ पृथिवी के परिकरमा कक्षा 1.7 AU होखी जब सुरुज अपने बिस्तार के चरम पर होखी। अगर सगरी ना, त अधिकतर जिंदा चीज सभ के त बिनास होई जाई काहें की सुरुज के दीप्ती बहुत बढ़ जाई (अपना चरम पर ई वर्तमान के 5,000 गुना होखी)।&lt;ref name=&quot;sun_future&quot; /&gt; 2008 के एगो सिमुलेशन मॉडल ई बतावल की पृथिवी के परिकरमा के कक्षा अंत में ज्वारीय परभाव के चलते घट जाई आ अंत में ई सुरुज के वायुमंडल में प्रवेश क के भाफ बन जाई।&lt;ref name=&quot;sun_future_schroder&quot; /&gt;

==भौतिक बिसेसता==
===आकार आ आकृति===
{{खाली खंड}}

===रासायनिक बनावट===
{{Div Col|2}}
# 34.6% आयरन (लोहा)
# 29.5% आक्सीजन
# 15.2% सिलिकन
# 12.7% मैग्नेशियम
# 2.4% निकेल
# 1.9% सल्फर
# 0.05% टाइटेनियम
# अन्य
{{Div Col end}}
धरती के घनत्व पूरा सौरमंडल मे बाकी सगरी पिण्डन में सबसे ज्यादा बा। बाकी चट्टानी ग्रहन के संरचना कुछ अंतर की साथ पृथ्विये की नियर हउवे। चन्द्रमा के केन्द्रक छोट हवे, बुध का केन्द्रक उसके कुल आकार की तुलना मे बहुत विशाल हवे, मंगल और चंद्रमा का मैंटल कुछ मोटा हवे, चन्द्रमा और बुध मे रासायनिक रूप से भिन्न भूपटल ना पावल जाला, सिर्फ पृथिवी के अंत: और बाह्य मैंटल परत अलग है। ध्यान दिहल जाय कि ग्रहन (पृथिवी भी) के आंतरिक संरचना की बारे मे हमनी के ज्ञान सैद्धांतिक हवे।

===अंदरूनी बनावट===
{{मुख्य|पृथिवी के आंतरिक संरचना}}
[[File:Earth poster.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|पृथिवी के आतंरिक संरचना]]

'''पृथिवी के आतंरिक संरचना''' परतदार बाटे मने कि कई परत में बा। ए परतन के मोटाई का सीमांकन रासायनिक विशेषता या फर यांत्रिक विशेषता की आधार पर कइल जाला।

पृथिवी के सबसे ऊपरी परत ''क्रस्ट'' एगो ठोस परत हवे, मध्यवर्ती [[मैंटल]] बहुत ढेर गाढ़ परत हवे, आ बाहरी क्रोड तरल अउरी आतंरिक क्रोड ठोस अवस्था में हवे।

पृथिवी की आतंरिक संरचना की बारे में जानकारी के स्रोत को दू तरह के बाड़ें। प्रत्यक्ष स्रोत, जइसे [[ज्वालामुखी]] से निकलल पदार्थन के अध्ययन, समुद्र्तलीय छेदन से मिलल आंकड़ा के अध्ययन वगैरह, जेवन कम गहराई ले का जानकारी उपलब्ध करा पावे लें। दूसरी ओर अप्रत्यक्ष स्रोत की रूप में भूकम्पीय तरंगन के अध्ययन अउर अधिक गहराई की विशेषता की बारे में जानकारी देला।

यांत्रिक लक्षणों की आधार पर पृथिवी के स्थलमण्डल, दुर्बलता मण्डल, मध्यवर्ती [[मैंटल]], बाह्य क्रोड और आतंरिक क्रोड में बाँटल जाला। रासायनिक संरचना की आधार पर भूपर्पटी, ऊपरी मैंटल, निचला मैंटल, बाह्य क्रोड और आतंरिक क्रोड में बाँटल जाला।

पृथिवी की अंतरतम के ई परतदार संरचना भूकंपीय तरंगों की संचलन आ उनहन की परावर्तन आ प्रत्यावर्तन पर आधारित ह जिनहन के अध्ययन भूकंपलेखी की आँकड़न से कइल जाला। भूकंप से पैदा भइल प्राथमिक अउरी द्वितीयक तरंगन के पृथिवी की अंदर स्नेल की नियम के अनुसार प्रत्यावर्तित हो के वक्राकार पथ पर गति होले। जब दू गो परतन की बीच में घनत्व अथवा रासायनिक संरचना के अचानक परिवर्तन होला तब तरंगन के कुछ ऊर्जा उहाँ से परावर्तित हो जाले। परतन की बीच की अइसन जगहन के असातत्य (''Discontinuity'') कहल जाला।

===गरमी===
{{खाली खंड}}

===टेक्टॉनिक प्लेट===
अन्य चट्टानी ग्रहन की ऊपरी परत से अगर तुलना कइल जाय त पृथिवी के [[क्रस्ट]] (अउरी मेंटल के ऊपरी कुछ हिस्सा) कई ठोस हिस्सन में बाँटल बा जिनहन के [[प्लेट]] कहल जाला। ई प्लेट एस्थेनोस्फीयर की ऊपर तैरत रहेलीं आ एही गतिविधि के [[प्लेट टेक्टानिक]] कहल जाला।

(वर्तमान में) आठ प्रमुख प्लेट:

#'''उत्तर अमेरिकी प्लेट''' – उत्तरी अमेरिका, पश्चिमी उत्तर अटलांटिक अउरी ग्रीनलैंड
#'''दक्षिण अमेरिकी प्लेट''' – दक्षिण अमेरिका अउरी पश्चिमी दक्षिण अटलांटिक
#'''अंटार्कटिक प्लेट''' – अंटार्कटिका अउरी “दक्षिणी महासागर”
#'''यूरेशियाई प्लेट''' – पूर्वी उत्तर अटलांटिक, यूरोप अउरी भारत के अलावा एशिया
#'''अफ्रीकी प्लेट''' – अफ्रीका, पूर्वी दक्षिण अटलांटिक अउरी पश्चिमी हिंद महासागर
#''' भारतीय-आस्ट्रेलियाई प्लेट''' – भारत, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, न्यूजीलैंड अउरी हिंद महासागर के अधिकांश
#'''नाज्का प्लेट''' – पूर्वी प्रशांत महासागर से सटे दक्षिण अमेरिका
#'''प्रशांत प्लेट''' – प्रशांत महासागर के सबसे अधिक (अउरी कैलिफोर्निया के दक्षिणी तट!)

पृथिवी का भूपटल के उमिर बहुत काम हवे। खगोलिय पैमाना पर देखल जाय त ई बहुते छोटे अंतराल 500,000,000 वर्ष मे बनल हौउवे। क्षरण अउरी टेक्टानीक गतिविधी पृथिवी की भूपटल को नष्ट करत रहेले औउरी दूसरी ओर नया भूपटल के निर्माण भी होत रहेला। पृथिवी के सबसे शुरुवाती इतिहास के प्रमाण नष्ट हो चुकल बाडन। पृथिवी के आयु करीब-करीब 4.5 अरब साल से लेके 4.6 अरब साल होखला के अनुमान वैज्ञानिक लोग लगावेला। लेकिन पृथिवी पर सबसे पुरान चट्ठान 4 अरब वर्ष पुरान हउवे, 3 अरब वर्ष से पुरान चट्टान बहुत दुर्लभ रूप से मिलेली। जिवित प्राणियन के जीवाश्म के आयु 3.9 अरब बारिस से कम्मे मिलेला। जब पृथिवी पर जीवन के शुरुआत भइल ओह समय के कौनो प्रमाण अब उपलब्ध नइखे।

===धरातल===
{{खाली खंड}}

===जलमंडल===
पृथिवी की सतह का 70% हिस्सा पानी से ढंकल बा। पृथिवी अकेला एइसन ग्रह हउवे जेवना पर पानी द्रव अवस्था मे सतह पर उपलब्ध हउवे। हमनी के ई जानले जात बा कि जीवन खातिर द्रव जल बहुत आवश्यक हउवे। समुद्र के गर्मी सोखला के क्षमता पृथिवी की तापमान के स्थायी रखे मे बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हउवे। द्रव जल पृथिवी की सतह के क्षरण ([[अपरदन]]) आ मौसम की खातिर बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हवे।(मंगल पर भूतकाल मे शायद एइसन गतिविधी भइल होखे ई हो सकेला।)

==वायुमंडल==
{{main|वायुमंडल}}
पृथिवी के वायुमंडल मे 77% [[नाइट्रोजन]], 21% [[ऑक्सीजन|आक्सीजन]], अउरी कुछ मात्रा मे आर्गन, कार्बन डाई आक्साईड अउरी भाप पावल जाला। ई अनुमान लगावल जाला कि पृथिवी की निर्माण की समय कार्बन डाय आक्साईड के मात्रा ज्यादा रहल होई जेवन चटटानन में कार्बोनेट की रूप मे जम गइल, कुछ मात्रा मे सागर द्वारा अवशोषित कर लिहल गइल, बाकी बचल कुछ मात्रा जीवित प्रानी द्वारा प्रयोग मे आ गइल होई। प्लेट टेक्टानिक अउरी जैविक गतिविधी कार्बन डाय आक्साईड के थोड़-बहुत मात्रा के उत्सर्जन आ अवशोषण करत रहेलन। कार्बनडाय आक्साईड पृथिवी के सतह की तापमान के [[ग्रीन हाउस प्रभाव]] द्वारा नियंत्रण करे ले। ग्रीन हाउस प्रभाव द्वारा पृथिवी सतह का तापमान 35 डिग्री सेल्सियस की आस पास बनल रहेला नाहीं त पृथिवी के तापमान -21 डीग्री सेल्सीयस से 14 डीग्री सेल्सीयस रहत; इसके ना रहने पर समुद्र जम जाते और जीवन असंभव हो जाता। जल बाष्प भी एगो आवश्यक ग्रीन हाउस गैस हउवे।

रासायनिक दृष्टि से मुक्त आक्सीजन भी आवश्यक हवे। सामान्य परिस्थिती मे आक्सीजन विभिन्न तत्वन से क्रिया करि के विभिन्न यौगिक बनावे ले। पृथिवी की वातावरण में आक्सीजन के निर्माण अउरी नियंत्रण विभिन्न जैविक प्रक्रिया से होला। असल में जीवन के बिना मुक्त आक्सीजन संभव नइखे।

====मौसम आ जलवायु====
{{खाली खंड}}

====ऊपरी वायुमंडल====
{{खाली खंड}}

===गुरुत्वाकर्षण===
{{खाली खंड}}

===भूचुंबकता===
पृथिवी के आपन चुंबकीय क्षेत्र भी हउवे जेवन कि बाह्य केन्द्रक के विद्युत प्रवाह से निर्मित होला। सौर वायु,पृथिवी के चुंबकिय क्षेत्र और उपरी वातावरण में आयनमंडल से मिल के औरोरा बनाते है। इन सभी कारको मे आयी अनियमितताओ से पृथिवी के चुंबकिय ध्रुव गतिमान रहते है, कभी कभी विपरित भी हो जाते है।
पृथिवी का चुंबकिय क्षेत्र और सौर वायू मीलकर वान एलन विकिरण पट्टी बनावेले, जो की प्लाज्मा से बनल हुयी छल्ला की आकार के जोड़ी हउवे जेवन पृथिवी के चारो ओर वलयाकार मे पावल जाला। बाहरी पट्टी 19000 किमी से 41000 किमी तक हवे जबकि अंदरूनी पट्टी 13000 किमी से 7600 किमी तक हवे।

==उपग्रह==
{{main|चंद्रमा}}
[[चंद्रमा|चन्द्रमा]] पृथिवी के एकलौता [[उपग्रह]] हवे। चन्द्रमा पृथिवी से करीब डेढ़ लाख किलोमीटर की दूरी पर स्थित हउवे आ ई पृथिवी के चक्कर 27.3 दिन में लगावेला। बाकी ग्रह उपग्रहन की तरह चन्द्रमा भी सूर्य की अँजोर से प्रकाशित रहेला। पृथिवी की चारो ओर चक्कर लगावत घरी पृथिवी, चन्द्रमा आ सूर्य के आपस के संबंध दिशा की अनुसार बदलत रहेला जेवना से हमनी के चंद्रमा घटत-बढ़त रूप में लउकेला। एही घटना के चन्द्रमा के अवस्था कहल जाला। भारत में चन्द्रमा की अवस्था की हिसाब से [[तिथि]] अउरी [[चंद्रमास|महीना]] के गणना होला।

चंद्रमा जेतना देर में पृथिवी के एक चक्कर लगावेला (27.3 दिन) ओतने देरी में अपनी धुरी पर एक चक्कर घूमेला। एही वजह से हमनी के पृथिवी से हमेशा चन्द्रमा के एक्के हिस्सा लउकेला।

चन्द्रमा अपनी आकर्षण से ज्वार-भाटा ले आवेला। साथै-साथ चंद्रमा की आकर्षण की कारण पृथिवी की घूर्णन अउरी परिक्रमा गति के हर सदी मे 2 मिली सेकन्ड कम कर देला। ताजा रिसर्च की अनुसार 90 करोड़ वर्ष पहिले एक वर्ष मे 18 घंटा के 481 दिन होखे।

==सांस्कृतिक आ इतिहासी नजरिया==
{{Main article|संस्कृति सभ में पृथिवी}}
[[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|thumb|''[[अर्थराइज]]'' नाँव के तस्वीर, [[अपोलो&amp;nbsp;8]] के अंतरिक्ष यात्री लोग द्वारा लिहल फोटो।]]
[[File:Earth symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|left|🜨]]
पृथिवी के मानक खगोलशास्त्रीय चीन्हा चार हिस्सा में बाँटल एगो बृत्त, [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|🜨]], हवे&lt;ref name=liungman2004/&gt; जे दुनिया के चारो कोना सभ के ओर इशारा करे ला।

अलग-अलग जगह के [[संस्कृति|मानवी संस्कृति सभ]] में धरती के बारे में किसिम-किसिम के बिचार मौजूद बाने। कई जगह, धरती के देवी के रूप में मानल गइल बा। कई संस्कृति सभ में पृथिवी के [[महतारी देवी]] (''mother goddess'') आ कहीं उपजशक्ति के देवी (''fertility deity'') के रूप में देखल जाला,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Thematic Guide to World Mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore |last=Stookey |first=Lorena Laura |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-31505-3 |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore/page/116 114]–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ 20वीं सदी में जनमल गाया हाइपोथीसिस, एकरा के एक ठो सिंगल सजीव जीवधारी के रूप में देखे ले जे अपना के खुद नियमित करे ला आ निवास जोग वातावरण के स्थाई बनवले रहे ला।&lt;ref name=&quot;vanishing255&quot;&gt;Lovelock, James. ''The Vanishing Face of Gaia''. Basic Books, 2009, p. 255. {{ISBN|978-0-465-01549-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;J1972&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Lovelock |first=J.E. |title=Gaia as seen through the atmosphere |journal=Atmospheric Environment |date=1972 |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=579–80 |doi=10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5 |publisher=Elsevier |issn=1352-2310 |ref=harv |bibcode=1972AtmEn...6..579L}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lovelock1974&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lovelock |first1=J.E. |last2=Margulis |first2=L. |title=Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the Gaia hypothesis |journal=Tellus |date=1974 |volume=26 |series=Series A |issue=1–2 |pages=2–10 |doi=10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01946.x |url=http://tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/9731 |accessdate=20 अक्टूबर 2012 |publisher=International Meteorological Institute |location=Stockholm |issn=1600-0870 |ref=harv |bibcode=1974Tell...26....2L}}&lt;/ref&gt; सृष्टि के कई तरह के मत में पृथिवी के कौनो देवता भा दैवी शक्ति द्वारा बनावल मानल गइल बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

बैज्ञानिक खोज के रिजल्ट के कारण कई संस्कृति सभ में धरती के बारे में नजरिया में भी बदलाव देखल गइल बा। पच्छिमी जगत में ई मान्यता कि पृथिवी चापट बा,&lt;ref name=russell1997/&gt; छठवीं सदी ईसा पूर्व में पाइथागोरस के खोज द्वारा बदल गइल आ एकरा के गोलाकार स्वीकार कइल गइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog |title=Lives of the Necromancers |first1=William |last1=Godwin |date=1876 |page=49}}&lt;/ref&gt; पृथिवी ब्रह्मांड के केंद्र में बा इहो मान्यता रहे, ई सोरहवीं सदी में कोपरनिकस आ गैलीलियो के खोज से बदल गइल आ सौरमंडल के केंद्र में सुरुज के होखे के बात स्वीकार क लिहल गइल।&lt;ref name=arnett20060716/&gt; चर्च के बिद्वान जेम्स अशर के परभाव में पूरा पच्छिमी जगत इहे बूझत रहे कि पृथिवी के उत्पत्ति कुछ हजार साल पहिले भइल रहे, ई त उनईसवीं सदी में जाके भूबिज्ञान के खोज सभ से पता लागल की [[पृथिवी के उमिर]] कई करोड़न साल के बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth |url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeologye00unse_0 |last=Monroe |first=James |publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-495-01148-4 |location= |pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicalgeologye00unse_0/page/264 263]–65 |last2=Wicander |first2=Reed |last3=Hazlett |first3=Richard}}&lt;/ref&gt; लार्ड केल्विन नियर बिद्वान, 1864 में, थर्मोडाईनॅमिक्स के सिद्धांत के आधार पर पृथिवी के उमिर 20 करोड़ से 400 करोड़ बरिस के बीच होखे के बात कहलें, जेह पर ओह समय बहुत बिबाद मचल; ई त उनईसवीं आ बीसवीं सदी के बात बा कि रेडियोएक्टिविटी के खोज के बाद उमिर निर्धारित करे के बिस्वासजोग तरीका मिलल आ पृथिवी के उमिर कई बिलियन (अरब) बरिस बा ई बात साबित भइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=An Equation for Every Occasion: Fifty-Two Formulas and Why They Matter |url=https://archive.org/details/equationforevery0000hens |last=Henshaw |first=John M. |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-421-41491-1 |location= |pages=[https://archive.org/details/equationforevery0000hens/page/117 117]–18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth |url=https://archive.org/details/lordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5 |last=Burchfield |first=Joe D. |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-226-08043-7 |location= |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5/page/13 13]–18}}&lt;/ref&gt; पृथिवी के बारे में आदमी के नजरिया 20वीं सदी में एक बेर फिर बदलल जब पहिली बेर एकरा के अंतरिक्ष में से देखल गइल, खासतौर से जब अपोलो मिशन के दौरान लिहल गइल फोटो सभ प्रकाशित भइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://alcalde.texasexes.org/2012/06/neil-degrasse-tyson-on-why-space-matters-watch/ |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson: Why Space Matters |work=The Alcalde |first=Rose |last=Cahalan |date=5 जून 2012 |accessdate=21 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[पृथिवी पर अतिमान]]

==नोट==
&lt;!--

    List alphabetised.  Keep it that way!

--&gt;
{{reflist |30em |group=&quot;n&quot; |refs=

&lt;ref name=Aoki&gt;The ultimate source of these figures, uses the term &quot;seconds of UT1&quot; instead of &quot;seconds of mean solar time&quot;.—{{cite journal |last=Aoki |first=S. |title=The new definition of universal time |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomy-and-astrophysics_1982-01_105_2/page/359 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=1982 |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=359–61 |bibcode=1982A&amp;A...105..359A |last2=Kinoshita |first2=H. |last3=Guinot |first3=B. |last4=Kaplan |first4=G. H. |last5=McCarthy |first5=D. D. |last6=Seidelmann |first6=P. K.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=apsis&gt;aphelion = ''a'' × (1 + ''e''); perihelion = ''a'' × (1&amp;nbsp;– ''e''), where ''a'' is the semi-major axis and ''e'' is the eccentricity. The difference between Earth's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epoch&gt;All astronomical quantities vary, both [[Secular phenomena|secularly]] and [[Frequency|periodically]]. The quantities given are the values at the instant [[J2000.0]] of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=hill_radius&gt;For Earth, the [[Hill radius]] is &lt;math&gt;R_H = a\left ( \frac{m}{3M} \right )^{\frac{1}{3}}&lt;/math&gt;, where ''m'' is the mass of Earth, ''a'' is an astronomical unit, and ''M'' is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in AU is about &lt;math&gt;\left ( \frac{1}{3 \cdot 332,946} \right )^{\frac{1}{3}} = 0.01&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=jaes41_3_379&gt;Including the [[Somali Plate]], which is being formed out of the African Plate. See: {{cite journal |first=Jean |last=Chorowicz |date=अक्टूबर 2005 |title=The East African rift system |journal=[[Journal of African Earth Sciences]] |volume=43 |issue=1–3 |pages=379–410 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019 |bibcode=2005JAfES..43..379C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sidereal_solar&gt;The number of solar days is one less than the number of [[sidereal day]]s because the orbital motion of Earth around the Sun causes one additional revolution of the planet about its axis.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=solar_energy&gt;Aphelion is 103.4% of the distance to perihelion. Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% the energy at aphelion.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=surfacecover&gt;Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding [[Ice shelf|ice shelves]], and mapping conventions for [[vertical datum]]s, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the [[Vector Map]] and [http://www.landcover.org/ Global Landcover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326085837/http://www.landcover.org/ |date=2015-03-26 }} datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of Earth's surface. The ice shields of [[Antarctica]] and [[Greenland]] are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=trench_depth&gt;This is the measurement taken by the vessel ''[[Kaikō]]'' in March 1995 and is considered the most accurate measurement to date. See the [[Challenger Deep]] article for more details.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=space_debris&gt;As of July 5, 2016, the United States Strategic Command tracked a total of 17,729 artificial objects, mostly debris. See: {{cite newsletter |url=https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv20i3.pdf |title=Orbital Debris Quarterly News |volume=20 |issue=3 |page=8 |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=July 2016 |accessdate=10 अक्टूबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

==संदर्भ==
&lt;!--

    List alphabetised.  Keep it that way!

--&gt;
{{reflist |30em |refs=

&lt;ref name=aaa428_261&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Laskar |first1=J. |last2=Robutel |first2=P. |last3=Joutel |first3=F. |last4=Gastineau |first4=M. |last5=Correia |first5=A.C.M. |last6=Levrard |first6=B. |title=A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=2004 |volume=428 |issue=1 |pages=261–85 |bibcode=2004A&amp;A...428..261L |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041335}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ab2003&gt;{{cite web|author=Staff |date=September 2003 |url=http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/664nPTN2N?url=http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html |archivedate=11 मार्च 2012 |title=Astrobiology Roadmap |publisher=NASA, Lockheed Martin |accessdate=10 मार्च 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=abedon1997&gt;{{cite web|last1=Abedon |first1=Stephen T. |date=31 March 1997 |url=http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1010.htm |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F17z629O?url=http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1010.htm |archivedate=10 मार्च 2013 |title=History of Earth |publisher=Ohio State University |accessdate=19 मार्च 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;age_earth1&quot;&gt;See:
* {{cite book |first1=G.B. |last1=Dalrymple |date=1991 |title=The Age of the Earth |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofearth00unse |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=California |isbn=0-8047-1569-6}}
* {{cite web |last=Newman |first=William L. |date=9 July 2007 |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html |title=Age of the Earth |publisher=Publications Services, USGS |accessdate=20 September 2007}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dalrymple |first1=G. Brent |title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2001 |volume=190 |issue=1 |pages=205–21 |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205 |accessdate=20 September 2007 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 |bibcode=2001GSLSP.190..205D}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=aj136_5_1906&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=Dennis D. |last2=Hackman |first2=Christine |last3=Nelson |first3=Robert A. |title=The Physical Basis of the Leap Second |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2008-11_136_5/page/1906 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=136 |issue=5 |pages=1906–08 |date=November 2008 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1906 |bibcode=2008AJ....136.1906M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ajes38_613&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=R. L. |date=1991 |title=The persistent myth of crustal growth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_australian-journal-of-earth-sciences_1991-12_38_5/page/613 |journal=Australian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=613–30 |doi=10.1080/08120099108727995 |bibcode=1991AuJES..38..613A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Allen294&gt;{{cite book |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |last1=Allen |first1=Clabon Walter |last2=Cox |first2=Arthur N. |publisher=Springer |date=2000 |isbn=0-387-98746-0 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&amp;pg=PA294 |page=294 |accessdate=13 मार्च 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Allen296&gt;{{cite book |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |last1=Allen |first1=Clabon Walter |last2=Cox |first2=Arthur N. |publisher=Springer |date=2000 |isbn=0-387-98746-0 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&amp;pg=PA296 |page=296 |accessdate=17 अगस्त 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=amnat163_2_192&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hillebrand |first1=Helmut |title=On the Generality of the Latitudinal Gradient |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_2004-02_163_2/page/192 |journal=American Naturalist |date=2004 |volume=163 |issue=2 |pages=192–211 |doi=10.1086/381004 |pmid=14970922}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=angular&gt;{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=David R. |date=10 February 2006 |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html |title=Planetary Fact Sheets |publisher=NASA |accessdate=28 September 2008 |archive-date=25 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925071832/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html |url-status=dead }}—See the apparent diameters on the Sun and Moon pages.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!---
&lt;ref name=arghg4_143&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pennock |first1=R. T. |title=Creationism and intelligent design |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=143–63 |date=2003 |pmid=14527300 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110400}}&lt;/ref&gt;
---&gt;
&lt;ref name=arnett20060716&gt;{{cite web |first1=Bill |last1=Arnett |date=16 July 2006 |title=Earth |work=The Nine Planets, A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System: one star, eight planets, and more |url=http://nineplanets.org/earth.html |accessdate=9 मार्च 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=arwps4_265&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hunten |first1=D. M. |title=Hydrogen loss from the terrestrial planets |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |date=1976 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=265–92 |bibcode=1976AREPS...4..265H |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.04.050176.001405 |last2=Donahue |first2=T. M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=as92_324&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=J. B. |last2=Nance |first2=R. D. |title=How do supercontinents assemble? |journal=American Scientist |date=1965 |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=324–33 |doi=10.1511/2004.4.324}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=asp2002&gt;{{cite conference |last1=Guinan |first1=E. F. |last2=Ribas |first2=I. |editor=Benjamin Montesinos, Alvaro Gimenez and Edward F. Guinan |title=Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate |work=ASP Conference Proceedings: The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments |location=San Francisco |isbn=1-58381-109-5 |publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific |bibcode=2002ASPC..269...85G}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=asu_highest_temp&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |title=World: Highest Temperature |work=[[WMO]] Weather and Climate Extremes Archive |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |accessdate=7 अगस्त 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |archivedate=4 January 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=asu_lowest_temp&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature |title=World: Lowest Temperature |work=[[WMO]] Weather and Climate Extremes Archive |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |accessdate=7 अगस्त 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616025722/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature |archivedate=16 जून 2010 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;atmosphere&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |date=8 अक्टूबर 2003 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html |title=Earth's Atmosphere |publisher=NASA |accessdate=21 मार्च 2007 |archive-date=2020-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427090422/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;berger2002&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=Wolfgang H. |date=2002 |url=http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/cc1syllabus.shtml |title=The Earth's Climate System |publisher=University of California, San Diego |accessdate=24 मार्च 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bgsa119_1_140&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=B. H. |last2=McElroy |first2=B. J. |title=The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation |journal=Bulletin of the Geological Society of America |date=2007 |volume=119 |issue=1–2 |pages=140–56 |url=http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/119/1-2/140 |accessdate=22 April 2007 |doi=10.1130/B25899.1 |bibcode=2007GSAB..119..140W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=biodiv&gt;{{cite web|author=Staff |url=http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/default.shtml |title=Themes &amp; Issues |publisher=Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity |accessdate=29 मार्च 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407011249/http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/default.shtml |archivedate=7 April 2007 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bowring_housch1995&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bowring |first1=S. |last2=Housh |first2=T. |title=The Earth's early evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-15_269_5230/page/1535 |date=1995 |doi=10.1126/science.7667634 |journal=Science |volume=269 |pmid=7667634 |issue=5230 |bibcode=1995Sci...269.1535B |pages=1535–40}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;britt2000&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first1=Robert |last1=Britt |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html |title=Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got? |date=25 February 2000 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605231345/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html |archivedate=5 जून 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bromberg2008&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bromberg |first1=Irv |date=1 May 2008 |url=http://www.sym454.org/seasons/ |title=The Lengths of the Seasons (on Earth) |publisher=University of Toronto |accessdate=8 November 2008 |archive-date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218221421/http://www.sym454.org/seasons/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=brown_mussett1981&gt;{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Geoff C. |last2=Mussett |first2=Alan E. |title=The Inaccessible Earth |edition=2nd |date=1981 |page=166 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=0-04-550028-2}} Note: After Ronov and Yaroshevsky (1969).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=brown_wohletz2005&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=W. K. |last2=Wohletz |first2=K. H. |date=2005 |url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/ees/geodynamics/Wohletz/SFT-Tectonics.htm |title=SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |accessdate=2 मार्च 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=burton20021129&gt;{{cite web |last1=Burton |first1=Kathleen |date=29 November 2002 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html |title=Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land |publisher=NASA |accessdate=5 मार्च 2007 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011032824/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=campbelwh&gt;{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Wallace Hall |title=Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003 |location=New York |page=57 |isbn=0-521-82206-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=canup_asphaug2001a&gt;{{cite conference |last1=Canup |first1=R. M. |last2=Asphaug |first2=E. |title=An impact origin of the Earth-Moon system |conference=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2001 |work=Abstract #U51A-02 |date=2001 |bibcode=2001AGUFM.U51A..02C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=canup_asphaug2001b&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Canup |first1=R. |last2=Asphaug |first2=E. |title=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation |journal=Nature |volume=412 |pages=708–12 |date=2001 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6848/abs/412708a0.html |doi=10.1038/35089010 |pmid=11507633 |issue=6848 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..708C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=carrington&gt;{{cite news |first1=Damian |last1=Carrington |title=Date set for desert Earth |publisher=BBC News |date=21 February 2000 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/specials/washington_2000/649913.stm |accessdate=31 मार्च 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=cazenave_ahrens1995&gt;{{cite book |first1=Anny |last1=Cazenave |authorlink=Anny Cazenave |editor=Ahrens, Thomas J |date=1995 |title=Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants |publisher=American Geophysical Union |location=Washington, DC |isbn=0-87590-851-9 |chapter-url=http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016024803/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf |archivedate=16 अक्टूबर 2006 |accessdate=3 अगस्त 2008 |chapter-format=PDF |chapter=Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=cfsa2006&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |date=15 अगस्त 2006 |url=http://www.tscm.com/alert.html |title=Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert |publisher=Information Management Group |accessdate=31 मार्च 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Choi&gt;{{cite web |last1=Choi |first1=Charles Q. |title=First Asteroid Companion of Earth Discovered at Last |url=http://www.space.com/12443-earth-asteroid-companion-discovered-2010-tk7.html |date=27 July 2011 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=27 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=christou_asher2011&gt;{{cite arXiv | last1=Christou|first1=Apostolos A.|last2=Asher|first2=David J. | date=31 मार्च 2011 | title=A long-lived horseshoe companion to the Earth | eprint=1104.0036 | class=astro-ph.EP}} See table 2, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=cia&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |date=24 July 2008 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html |title=World |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=5 अगस्त 2008 |archive-date=5 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=climate_zones&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808131632/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html |archivedate=8 अगस्त 2010 |title=Climate Zones |publisher=UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs |accessdate=24 मार्च 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=cmp134_3&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s004100050465 |title=Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/contributions-to-mineralogy-and-petrology_1999-01_134_1/page/3 |date=1999 |last1=Bowring |first1=Samuel A. |journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |last2=Williams |first2=Ian S. |bibcode=1999CoMP..134....3B}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Connors&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Connors |first1=Martin |last2=Wiegert |first2=Paul |last3=Veillet |first3=Christian |title=Earth's Trojan asteroid |date=27 July 2011 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=475 |pages=481–83 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v475/n7357/full/nature10233.html |doi=10.1038/nature10233 |accessdate=27 July 2011 |issue=7357 |bibcode=2011Natur.475..481C |pmid=21796207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=cordoba2004&gt;{{cite web|first1=S. Sanz Fernández |last1=de Córdoba |date=21 जून 2004 |url=http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mqg4J7Nl?url=http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp |archivedate=17 January 2010 |title=Presentation of the Karman separation line, used as the boundary separating Aeronautics and Astronautics |publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale |accessdate=21 April 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor=Arthur N. Cox |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |url=https://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&amp;pg=PA244 |edition=4th |date=2000 |publisher=AIP Press |location=New York |isbn=0-387-98746-0 |page=244 |accessdate=17 अगस्त 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Apollo13History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_13a_Summary.htm |title=Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission: The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April–17 April 1970 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=de_pater_lissauer2010&gt;{{cite book |last1=de Pater |first1=Imke |last2=Lissauer |first2=Jack J. |title=Planetary Sciences |page=154 |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2010 |isbn=0-521-85371-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dole1970&gt;{{cite book |first1=Stephen H. |last1=Dole |date=1970 |title=Habitable Planets for Man |edition=2nd |publisher=American Elsevier Publishing Co |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R414/ |accessdate=11 मार्च 2007 |isbn=0-444-00092-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=duennebier1999&gt;{{cite web |last1=Duennebier |first1=Fred |date=12 August 1999 |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/plate-tectonics2.html |title=Pacific Plate Motion |publisher=University of Hawaii |accessdate=14 मार्च 2007 |archive-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831195803/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/plate-tectonics2.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!---
&lt;ref name=Dutch2002&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dutch |first1=S. I. |date=2002 |title=Religion as belief versus religion as fact |journal=Journal of Geoscience Education |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=137–44 |url=http://nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/Dutch_v50n2p137.pdf |accessdate=28 April 2008 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
---&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=David R. |date=1 September 2004 |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Earth Fact Sheet |publisher=NASA |accessdate=9 अगस्त 2010 |archive-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508021904/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!---
&lt;ref name=edis2003&gt;{{cite book |first1=Taner |last1=Edis |date=2003 |title=A World Designed by God: Science and Creationism in Contemporary Islam |publisher=Amherst: Prometheus |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030608143431/http://www2.truman.edu/~edis/writings/articles/CFI-2001.pdf |url=http://www2.truman.edu/~edis/writings/articles/CFI-2001.pdf |archivedate=8 जून 2003 |isbn=1-59102-064-6 |accessdate=28 April 2008 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
---&gt;
&lt;ref name=ellis2004&gt;{{cite book |first1=Lee |last1=Ellis |date=2004 |title=Who's who of NASA Astronauts |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofnasaast0000elli |publisher=Americana Group Publishing |isbn=0-9667961-4-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epsl121_1&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Vlaar |first1=N |last2=Vankeken |first2=P. |last3=Vandenberg |first3=A. |title=Cooling of the Earth in the Archaean: Consequences of pressure-release melting in a hotter mantle |date=1994 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=121 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(94)90028-0 |url=http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~keken/papers/Vlaar_EPSL94.pdf |format=PDF |bibcode=1994E&amp;PSL.121....1V |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319181621/http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~keken/papers/Vlaar_EPSL94.pdf |archivedate=19 मार्च 2012 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=espenak_meeus20070207&gt;{{cite web|last1=Espenak |first1=F. |last2=Meeus |first2=J. |date=7 February 2007 |url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEcat5/secular.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/617EmcCjR?url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEcat5/secular.html |archivedate=22 अगस्त 2011 |title=Secular acceleration of the Moon |publisher=NASA |accessdate=20 April 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=fao1994&gt;{{cite book |author=FAO Staff |date=1995 |title=FAO Production Yearbook 1994 |edition=Volume 48 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=92-5-003844-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=fisher19960205&gt;{{cite web |last1=Fisher |first1=Rick |date=5 February 1996 |url=http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~rfisher/Ephemerides/earth_rot.html |title=Earth Rotation and Equatorial Coordinates |publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |accessdate=21 मार्च 2007 |archive-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818022004/http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~rfisher/Ephemerides/earth_rot.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=fitzpatrick2006&gt;{{cite web |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Richard |date=16 February 2006 |url=http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/node69.html |title=MHD dynamo theory |publisher=NASA WMAP |accessdate=27 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!---
&lt;ref name=frye1983&gt;{{cite book |last1=Frye |first1=Roland Mushat |date=1983 |title=Is God a Creationist? The Religious Case Against Creation-Science |url=https://archive.org/details/isgodcreationist001946 |publisher=Scribner's |isbn=0-684-17993-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
---&gt;
&lt;ref name=geerts_linacre97&gt;{{cite web |last1=Geerts |first1=B. |last2=Linacre |first2=E. |url=http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/tropo.html |title=The height of the tropopause |date=November 1997 |work=Resources in Atmospheric Sciences |publisher=University of Wyoming |accessdate=10 अगस्त 2006 |archive-date=2020-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427090700/http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/tropo.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gould1994&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=Stephan J. |title=The Evolution of Life on Earth |journal=Scientific American |date=October 1994 |url=http://brembs.net/gould.html |accessdate=5 मार्च 2007 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1094-84 |volume=271 |issue=4 |pages=84–91 |pmid=7939569}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gps_time_series&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |url=http://sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov/mbh/series.html |title=GPS Time Series |publisher=NASA JPL |accessdate=2 April 2007 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050552/http://sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov/mbh/series.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison 2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Roy M. |last1=Harrison |last2=Hester |first2=Ronald E. |date=2002 |title=Causes and Environmental Implications of Increased UV-B Radiation |url=https://archive.org/details/causesenvironmen0000unse |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |isbn=0-85404-265-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=hbcp2000&gt;{{cite book |author=Various |editor=David R. Lide |date=2000 |title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse_u9i8 |edition=81st |publisher=CRC |isbn=0-8493-0481-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;heat loss&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1029/JB086iB12p11535 |title=Oceans and Continents: Similarities and Differences in the Mechanisms of Heat Loss |date=1981 |last1=Sclater |first1=John G |last2=Parsons |first2=Barry |last3=Jaupart |first3=Claude |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=86 |issue=B12 |page=11535 |bibcode=1981JGR....8611535S}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=hess5_4_569&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bounama |first1=Christine |date=2001 |last2=Franck |first2=S. |last3=Von Bloh |first3=W. |title=The fate of Earth's ocean |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=569–75 |publisher=Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research |location=Germany |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/5/569/2001/hess-5-569-2001.pdf |accessdate=3 July 2009 |doi=10.5194/hess-5-569-2001 |bibcode=2001HESS....5..569B |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627003933/https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/5/569/2001/hess-5-569-2001.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;IERS2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |accessdate=29 April 2016 |author=International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Working Group |chapter=General Definitions and Numerical Standards |chapter-url=http://www.iers.org/SharedDocs/Publikationen/EN/IERS/Publications/tn/TechnNote32/tn32_009.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=1 |editor-first=Dennis D. |editor-last=McCarthy |editor2-first=Gérard |editor2-last=Petit |url=http://www.iers.org/SharedDocs/Publikationen/EN/IERS/Publications/tn/TechnNote32/tn32.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=1 |title=IERS Conventions (2003) |publisher=Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie |work=IERS Technical Note No. 32 |year=2004 |format=PDF |location=Frankfurt am Main |page=12 |isbn=3-89888-884-3 |archive-date=12 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812171821/https://www.iers.org/SharedDocs/Publikationen/EN/IERS/Publications/tn/TechnNote32/tn32.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IERS&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |date=7 अगस्त 2007 |url=http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html |title=Useful Constants |publisher=[[International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service]] |accessdate=23 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iers1623&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |url=http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/lod-1623.html |title=IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86400s&amp;nbsp;... since 1623 |publisher=International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) |accessdate=23 September 2008 |archive-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003083543/http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/lod-1623.html |url-status=dead }}—Graph at end.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=iers1962&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |url=http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/figure3.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813203913/http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/figure3.html |archivedate=13 अगस्त 2007 |title=IERS Variations in the duration of the day 1962–2005 |publisher=International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) |accessdate=23 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=jessey&gt;{{cite web|last1=Jessey |first1=David |url=http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QVXQaCAy?url=http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html |archivedate=21 July 2007 |title=Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks |publisher=Cal Poly Pomona |accessdate=20 मार्च 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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---&gt;

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---&gt;
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&lt;ref name=kinver20091210&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8406839.stm |title=Global average temperature may hit record level in 2010 |last1=Kinver |first1=Mark |date=10 December 2009 |work=[[BBC Online]] |accessdate=22 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=kring&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kring |first1=David A |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/epo_web/impact_cratering/intro/ |title=Terrestrial Impact Cratering and Its Environmental Effects |publisher=Lunar and Planetary Laboratory |accessdate=22 मार्च 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=kuhn2006&gt;{{cite book |first1=Betsy |last1=Kuhn |date=2006 |title=The race for space: the United States and the Soviet Union compete for the new frontier |url=https://archive.org/details/raceforspaceunit0000kuhn |page=[https://archive.org/details/raceforspaceunit0000kuhn/page/34 34] |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=0-8225-5984-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Lambin2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |first1=Eric F. |last1=Lambin |first2=Patrick |last2=Meyfroidt |title=Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity |work=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |pages=3465–72 |volume=108 |issue=9 |date=1 मार्च 2011 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/108/9/3465.full.pdf |accessdate=30 अगस्त 2014 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.3465L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100480108 |pmid=21321211 |pmc=3048112}} See Table 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=lin2006&gt;{{cite web |first1=Haosheng |last1=Lin |title=Animation of precession of moon orbit |work=Survey of Astronomy AST110-6 |date=2006 |publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa |url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/users/lin/ast110-6/applets/precession_of_moon_orbit.htm |accessdate=10 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=liungman2004&gt;{{cite book |first1=Carl G. |last1=Liungman |date=2004 |chapter=Group 29: Multi-axes symmetric, both soft and straight-lined, closed signs with crossing lines |title=Symbols&amp;nbsp;– Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms |pages=281–82 |publisher=Ionfox AB |location=New York |isbn=91-972705-0-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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---&gt;
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&lt;ref name=nature412_708&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Canup |first1=R. |last2=Asphaug |first2=E. |title=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-08-16_412_6848/page/708 |journal=Nature |volume=412 |pages=708–12 |date=2001 |doi=10.1038/35089010 |pmid=11507633 |issue=6848 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..708C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=wekn_bulakh2004&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wenk |first1=Hans-Rudolf |last2=Bulakh |first2=Andreĭ Glebovich |title=Minerals: their constitution and origin |url=https://archive.org/details/mineralstheircon0000hans |page=[https://archive.org/details/mineralstheircon0000hans/page/359 359] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2004 |isbn=0-521-52958-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;WGS-84-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first1=Sigurd |last1=Humerfelt |date=26 अक्टूबर 2010 |title=How WGS 84 defines Earth |url=http://home.online.no/~sigurdhu/WGS84_Eng.html |accessdate=29 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424104419/http://home.online.no/~sigurdhu/WGS84_Eng.html |archivedate=24 April 2011 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=whitehouse20021021&gt;{{cite news |first1=David |last1=Whitehouse |title=Earth's little brother found |publisher=BBC News |date=21 अक्टूबर 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2347663.stm |accessdate=31 मार्च 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams1994&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=James G. |title=Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=108 |date=1994 |page=711 |issn=0004-6256 |doi=10.1086/117108 |bibcode=1994AJ....108..711W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=williams20051230&gt;{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Jack |date=20 December 2005 |url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/tg/wseason/wseason.htm |title=Earth's tilt creates seasons |publisher=USAToday |accessdate=17 मार्च 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=williams_santosh2004&gt;{{cite book |first1=John James William |last1=Rogers |last2=Santosh |first2=M. |date=2004 |title=Continents and Supercontinents |page=48 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |isbn=0-19-516589-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=yoder1995&gt;{{cite book |last1=Yoder |first1=Charles F. |editor=T. J. Ahrens |date=1995 |chapter=Astrometric and Geodetic Properties of Earth and the Solar System |chapter-url=http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/4_yoder.pdf |chapter-format=PDF |title=Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants |publisher=American Geophysical Union |location=Washington |isbn=0-87590-851-9 |page=8 |access-date=2017-08-12 |archive-date=2009-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707224616/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/4_yoder.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=zeilik1998&gt;{{cite book |last1=Zeilik |first1=M. |last2=Gregory |first2=S. A. |title=Introductory Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil |edition=4th |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil/page/56 56] |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |isbn=0-03-006228-4 |date=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Luzum2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Luzum |first1=Brian |last2=Capitaine |first2=Nicole |last3=Fienga |first3=Agnès |last4=Folkner |first4=William |last5=Fukushima |first5=Toshio |last6=Hilton |first6=James |last7=Hohenkerk |first7=Catherine |last8=Krasinsky |first8=George |last9=Petit |first9=Gérard |last10=Pitjeva |first10=Elena |last11=Soffel |first11=Michael |last12=Wallace |first12=Patrick |display-authors=5 |title=The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: The report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy |volume=110 |issue=4 |date=अगस्त 2011 |pages=293–304 |bibcode=2011CeMDA.110..293L |doi=10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Narottam2008&gt;{{citation
 | title=Climate Change and International Politics
 | first1=Narottam | last1=Gaan
 | publisher=Gyan Publishing House
 | year=2008 | isbn=8178356414 | page=40
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4kASIoKym8C&amp;pg=PA40
 | postscript=. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
* [http://geomag.usgs.gov USGS भू-चुम्बकीय कार्यक्रम] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/BlueMarble नासा पृथिवी वेधशाला] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth नासा के ''सौर मण्डल अन्वेषण'' द्वारा पृथिवी की रूपरेखा] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/earthandsun/earthshape.html जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण पृथिवी के आकार में परिवर्तन] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122063915/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/earthandsun/earthshape.html |date=2009-01-22 }} {{in lang|en}}

{{सौरमण्डल}}

[[श्रेणी:पृथिवी| ]]
[[श्रेणी:सौरमंडल]]
[[श्रेणी:खगोलिकी]]
[[श्रेणी:भूगोल|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>नया रॉयल कोर्ट</title>
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      <text bytes="1757" sha1="j3mrwtldtcvcwut8dzr9jyb1xu36ekq" xml:space="preserve">'''नया रॉयल कोर्ट (Nowy Dwór Królewski)''' एगो गाँव के नाम ह जौन प्रशासनिक जिला '''ग्मीना पपोवो बिस्कुपी (Gmina Papowo Biskupie) जिला में पड़ेला, जौन केल्म्नो देश '''Chełmno County''', कुयावियन-पोमेरामियन वोइवोडेशिप Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship''' के बीच में उत्तरी-मध्य [[पोलैंड]] में स्थित बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;TERYT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa|title=Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)|date=2008-06-01|language=Polish}}&lt;/ref&gt; गाँव के क्षेत्रफल 3.37 वर्ग किमी में बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;data&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first=Waldemar |last=Rodzynkowski|title=Zarys Dziejów Gminy Papowo Biskupie|year=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== गैलरी ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Koniec Nowego Dworu Królewskiego.JPG|The end of the village
File:Nowy Dwór Królewski i Niemczyk.JPG|Nowy Dwór Królewski and Niemczyk
File:Park w Nowym Dworze Królewskim.JPG|Park
File:Figurka Maryjna w Nowym Dworze Królewskim.JPG
File:Pałac w Nowym Dworze Królewskim.JPG|Palace in Nowy Dwór Królewski
File:Mapa Nowego Dworu Królewskiego.PNG|Map the Nowy Dwór Królewski (language: polish)
File:Pałac - Nowy Dwór Królewski.JPG|Palace
File:Boisko Nowy Dwór Królewski.JPG
File:Początek Niemczyka.JPG
File:Przystanek - Nowy Dwór Kólewski.JPG
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[श्रेणी:पोलैंड]]</text>
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    <title>नया साल</title>
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      <text bytes="2606" sha1="s6ffuyxv67qdcx32lyw392xnxgf0syh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Rio New Year Fireworks.jpg|220px|thumb|[[ब्राज़ील|ब्राजील]] के [[रियो डि जेनेरो|रियो डी जेनेरो]] सहर में नया साल के आतिशबाजी]]
'''नया साल''' ऊ समय होला जबसे कौनों [[कैलेंडर]] में [[साल]] के दिन गिने के सुरुआत होखे ला। [[भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]] क नया साल [[चइत]] के [[नवरातर]] के पहिला दिन से सुरु होला, [[हिंदू पतरा]] के हिसाब से चइत महीना के अँजोर के एक्कम तिथि से एकर सुरुआत होला। [[ग्रेगरियन कैलेंडर|अंग्रेजी कैलेंडर]] में नया साल के सुरुआत [[1 जनवरी|पहिली जनवरी]] से होला, एकरा के '''''[[न्यू इयर|न्यू इयर्स डे]]''''' के रूप में मनावल जाला, जहाँ-जहाँ ई कैलेंडर चलन में बाटे। एही तरीका से अलग-अलग संस्कृति सभ में आ इलाका सभ में नया साल ओहिजे चलनसार कैलेंडर के हिसाब से सुरू होखे लें।

[[साल]] के परिभाषा होला, ऊ समय जेतना देरी में [[पृथ्वी|पृथिवी]] [[सुरुज]] के चारो ओर एक चक्कर लगा लेवे ले। एह चक्कर लगावे में लगभग 365.25 दिन के समय लागे ला। हालाँकि, साल में दिन गिने के सुरुआत कवना दिन से होखे ई अलग-अलग कैलेंडर के हिसाब से अलग-अलग होला।

{{clear}}
== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[न्यू इयर]]
* [[भारतीय नया साल सभ के लिस्ट]]

[[श्रेणी:तिहुआर]]
[[श्रेणी:सालाना प्रमुख अवसर]]
[[श्रेणी:साल के दिन]]
[[श्रेणी:नया साल]]


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      <text bytes="2909" sha1="1xiywcveurjwbgqo7jpoxnfr6qxb5qw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = नजीबाबाद
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = 
| nickname                = 
| settlement_type         = शहर
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| pushpin_map             = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position  = right
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = उत्तर प्रदेश में लोकेशन
| latd                    = 29.63
| latm                    = 
| lats                    = 
| latNS                   = N
| longd                   = 78.33
| longm                   = 
| longs                   = 
| longEW                  = E
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[उत्तर प्रदेश]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[भारत के जिला|जिला]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[बिजनौर जिला|बिजनौर]]

| established_title       = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_total_km2          = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 295
| population_total         = 88,535
| population_as_of        = 2012
| population_rank         = 
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;2011 census data&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=123526|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=14 मई 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title1    = ऑफिशियल
| demographics1_info1     = [[हिंदी]]
| timezone1               = [[भारतीय मानक समय|IST]]
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| postal_code_type        = [[पिनकोड]]
| postal_code             = 246763
| area_code_type          = टेलीफोन कोड
| area_code               = 01341
| registration_plate      = UP 20
| website                 = 
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''नजीबाबाद''' [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] के [[बिजनौर जिला]] में शहर आ तहसील मुख्यालय बाटे।

{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के शहर]]
[[श्रेणी:बिजनौर जिला]]


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| name                    = देवरिया
| native_name             = देउरिया
| native_name_lang        = [[भोजपुरी]]
| other_name              =
| nickname                =
| settlement_type         = शहर
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           = 
| pushpin_map             = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position  = left
| pushpin_map_alt         =
| pushpin_map_caption     = उत्तर प्रदेश में लोकेशन
| coordinates             = {{coord|26.50167|N|83.77936|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = देश
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[उत्तर प्रदेश]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[भारत के जिला सभ के लिस्ट|जिला]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[देवरिया जिला|देवरिया]]
| established_title       = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;
| established_date        =
| founder                 =
| named_for               =

| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          =
| area_rank               =
| area_total_km2          =
| elevation_footnotes     = &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011Gov&quot;/&gt;
| elevation_m             = 68
| population_total        = 129479
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_rank         =
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      =
| population_footnotes    =
| demographics_type1      = [[भाषा]]
| demographics1_title1    = ऑफिशियल
| demographics1_info1     = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Minority Affairs|accessdate=1 April 2019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2    = दूसर&amp;nbsp;ऑफिशियल
| demographics1_info2     = [[उर्दू]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot;/&gt;
| demographics1_title3    = लोकल
| demographics1_info3     = [[भोजपुरी]]
| timezone1               = [[भारतीय मानक समय|IST]]
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| postal_code_type        = [[पिनकोड]]
| postal_code             = 274001
| area_code_type          = फोन कोड
| area_code               = 05568
| registration_plate      = UP-52
| website                 = {{URL|http://deoria.nic.in/|Official Website}}
| footnotes               =
}}
'''देवरिया''' चाहे '''देउरिया''' ({{Lang|en|Deoria}}) भारत के [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा। ई शहर एही नाँव के जिला, [[देवरिया जिला]] के मुख्यालय हवे।

== नाँव ==
देवरिया शब्द के उत्पत्ती के बारे में कई मत बा। जिला के वेबसाइट पर उपलब्ध बिबरन के मोताबिक ई &quot;देवारण्य&quot; चाहे &quot;देवपुरिया&quot; से निकलल हो सके ला; इहो मानल जाला कि देउरिया के अरथ देवता के अस्थान होला।&lt;ref name=&quot;districtweb&quot; /&gt;

== भूगोल ==
शहर मैदानी इलाका में बसल हवे, ई मैदान उत्तरी भारत के मैदान के हिस्सा हवे। शहर के लगे से कुर्ना नदी नाँव के एगो बहुत छोट नदी बहे ले जबकि छोटी गंडक नदी एह शहर के पूरुब ओर से हो के बहे ले। इलाका के मुख्य नदी [[सरजू नदी]] (घाघरा नदी) हवे जे एह शहर से कुछ दूरी पर दक्खिन ओर बाटे।

एह इलाका के मुख्य शहर [[गोरखपुर]] हवे जे देवरिया से 53 किलोमीटर के दूरी पर उत्तर पच्छिम में बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;districtweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=जिले के बारे में|url=https://deoria.nic.in/hi/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82/|accessdate=10 मई 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Census of India: Deoria |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=216958 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=20 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार देवरिया के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 129479 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 129479 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 361वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 919 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 86.8% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011Gov&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[बीआरडी पीजी कॉलेज, देवरिया]]
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

{{देवरिया जिला}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के शहर]]
[[श्रेणी:देवरिया जिला]]


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      <text bytes="59785" sha1="a1lomlf14lyi0rgvfw32yvlqk3h4p3z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = नरेंद्र मोदी
|office       = [[भारत के प्रधानमंत्री|भारत के 14&lt;sup&gt;वाँँ&lt;/sup&gt; परधानमंत्री]]
|image        = Prime Minister Of Bharat Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi.jpg
|alt          = 
|caption      = प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी
|predecessor  = [[मनमोहन सिंह]]
|president    = [[द्रौपदी मुर्मू]]
|succeeding   = [[मनमोहन सिंह]]
|successor    = 
|signature    = Signature of Narendra Modi (Hindi).svg
|party        = [[भारतीय जनता दल]]
|governor1    = सुन्दरसिंह भण्डारी&lt;br&gt;कैलाशपति मिश्र&lt;br&gt;बलराम जाखड़&lt;br&gt;नवलकिशोर शर्मा&lt;br&gt;एस॰ सी॰ जमीर&lt;br&gt;कमला बेनीवाल
|office1      = गुजरात के 14वाँँ मुख्यमंत्री
|predecessor1 = केशूभाई पटेल
|successor1   = आनंदीबेन पटेल
|birthname    = नरेन्द्र दामोदरदास मोदी 
|birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1950|9|17}}
|birth_place  = [[वड़नगर]], [[गुजरात]], [[भारत]]
|death_date   = 
|death_place  = 
|spouse       = जसोदाबेन चिमनलाल&lt;ref&gt;http://erms.gujarat.gov.in/ceo-gujarat/FileLoc/LS2014/20/Narendra_Modi019006.PDF&lt;/ref&gt;
|alma_mater   = [[दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय]]&lt;br&gt;[[गुजरात विश्वविद्यालय]]
| religion = हिन्दू
|website      = [http://www.narendramodi.in निजी वेबसाइट]
|term_start   = 26 मई 2014 
|term_end     = 
|term_start1  = 7 अक्टूबर 2001
|term_end1    = 22 मई 2014
}}बाड़ें। मोदी 26 मई 2014 के प्रधानमंत्री पद के पहिली बेर शपथ लिहलें; एकरा बाद से ऊ अबतक ले प्रधानमंत्री बाड़ें, अपना तिसरा कार्यकाल क शपथ 9 जून 2024 के लिहलें। भारत के अबतक भइल प्रधानमंत्री लोग में मोदी आजाद भारत में जनमल पहिला प्रधानमंत्री बाड़ें। एकरा पहिले ऊ [[गुजरात]] के मुख्यमंत्री रहलें आ वर्तमान में [[बनारस]] लोकसभा सीट से सांसद बाङे। '''नरेंद्र मोदी''' [[भारतीय जनता दल]] के सदस्य, [[हिंदुत्व|हिंदू राष्ट्रवादी]] आ दक्खिनपंथी संगठन राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ के सदस्य हवें।

बडनगर में एगो गुजराती परिवार में पैदा मोदी, बचपन में अपना बाबूजी के चाय के दुकान पर मदद करें, बाद में आपन दुकान लगावे लगलें। स्वयंसेवक संघ से उनके परिचय आ जुड़ाव आठ बरिस के उमिर में भइल। ग्रेजुएशन के पढ़ाई के बाद मोदी घर छोड़ दिहलें, कारण बियाह बतावल जाला जेकरा के मोदी स्वीकार ना कइलें। दू साल खातिर भारत के बिबिध इलाका सभ में घूमे के बाद 1969 या 1970 में अहमदाबाद लवटलें। 1971 में आरएसएस के फुल-टाइम मेंबर बन गइलें आ 1975 के इमरजेंसी के दौर में कुछ दिन इनके लुकाये के परल। 1985 में आरएसएस इनके भाजपा में भेज दिहलस, पार्टी के बिबिध पद पर रह के काम करत साल 2001 में एकर जनरल सेक्रेटरी बनलें।

2001 में नरेंद्र मोदी के गुजरात के मुख्यमंत्री नियुक्त कइल गइल जवना के कारण तत्काल के मुख्यमंत्री केशूभाई पटेल के खराब सेहत आ भुज के भूडोल के बाद उनके छवि में गिरावट रहल। जल्दिये मोदी बिधायक के रूप में चुन लिहल गइलें। मोदी के प्रशासन के 2002 के गुजरात दंगा में भूमिका होखे के बात कहल जाला,{{efn|2002 के गुजरात दंगा में तत्कालीन प्रशासन के भूमिका खातिर स्रोत संदर्भ&lt;ref name=&quot;Buncombe&quot; /&gt;}} या फिर दंगा करावे के आरोप भी लगावल जाला, हालाँकि कोर्ट के कौनों अइसन सबूत ना मिलल जेकरा आधार पर एक मामिला में मोदी के कौनों सजा दिहल जा सके।{{efn|2012 में न्यायालय कहलस कि तहकीकात में मोदी के खिलाफ कवनो सबूत ना मिलल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17664751|title=India Gujarat Chief Minister Modi cleared in riots case|publisher=BBC|date=10 April 2012|accessdate=17 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece|title=SIT finds no proof against Modi, says court|publisher=दि हिंदू|date=10 April 2012|accessdate=17 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} मुख्यमंत्री के रूप में गुजरात में आर्थिक बढ़ती के आगे रखे में उनके नीति के तारीफ कइल जाला,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/world/asia/16iht-letter16.html|title=Shaking Off the Horror of the Past in India|last=Joseph|first=Manu|date=15 February 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=19 May 2017|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; जबकि सेहत-सुबिधा, आ शिक्षा के बिकास के आगे बढ़ावे के मामिला में आ गरीबी दूर करे में बिफल रहे खातिर उनके सरकार के आलोचना होले।{{efn|मानवीय बिकास में बिफल रहे के बात कहे वाला स्रोत-संदर्भ।&lt;ref name=&quot;Buncombe&quot; /&gt;}}

मोदी 2014 के आम चुनाव में भाजपा के अगुआई कइलेन आ पार्टी लोकसभा में बहुमत से आइल। कौनों पार्टी के 1984 के बाद से पूर्ण बहुमत पहिली बेर मिलल बा। मोदी खुद बनारस लोक सभा सीट से चुनल गइलें। परधानमंत्री बनले के बाद से मोदी प्रशासन के कोसिस रहल बा कि देस में बिदेसी डाइरेक्ट निवेश के बढ़ावा दिहल जाय, मूलभूत संरचना पर खरच ढेर कइल जाय, आ स्वास्थ्य आ सामाजिक कल्याण के ऊपर होखे वाला खर्चा में कटौती कइल जाय। मोदी के सारकार द्वारा ब्यूरोक्रेसी के दक्षता बढ़ावे आ आ सेंट्रलाइज हो चुकल पावर के छितरावे के कोसिस में योजना आयोग के भंग क दिहल गइल बा। इनके द्वारा देस भर में हाई-प्रोफाइल सफाई अभियान चलावल गइल बा आ पर्यावरण आ मजूरी संबंधी कानून के कमजोर भा खतम क दिहल गइल बा। मोदी के देस के राजीनीत के दक्खिनपंथी राजनीति के तरफ ओरमावे खातिर इंजीनियरी करे के क्रेडिट दिहल जाला आ इनके हिंदू राष्ट्रवादी बिसवास आ गुजरात दंगा में भूमिका के ले के देस में आ देस के बाहर बिबादास्पद छवी बा; एह दुनों बात के, सामाजिक भेदभाव वाला एजेंडा रखे वाला ब्यक्ति होखे के सबूत के तौर पर भी प्रस्तुत कइल जाला।{{efn|बिबादास्पद भूमिका के चर्चा संबंधी स्रोत-संदर्भ&lt;ref name=&quot;Buncombe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=A rebirth dogged by controversy |first=Andrew|last=Buncombe |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |work=The Independent |date=19 September 2011 |accessdate=10 अक्टूबर 2012 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Menon |first=Kalyani Devaki|title=Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812222340 |year=2012 |publisher=The University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-2234-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812222340/page/26 26] |quote=Yet, months after this violent pogrom against Muslims, the Hindu nationalist chief minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, went to the polls and won a resounding victory}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mishra |first=Pankaj |title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation|url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonmo0000unse_n2r6 |date=अप्रैल 2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonmo0000unse_n2r6/page/188 188]|editor-first=Kamala |editor-last=Visweswaran|quote=The chief minister of Gujarat, a young up-and-coming leader of the Hindu nationalists called Narendra Modi, quoted Isaac Newton to explain the killings of Muslims. &quot;Every action&quot;, he said, &quot;has an equal and opposite reaction.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Indian PM Narendra Modi still mired in controversy, says expert|publisher=कनाडियन ब्रॉडकास्टिंग कॉर्पोरेशन|date=16 April 2015|accessdate=17 February 2017|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indian-pm-narendra-modi-still-mired-in-controversy-says-expert-1.3036836}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Edgy Indian state election going down to the wire |first=Rupam Jain |last=Nair |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/12/12/us-india-state-poll-idUSDEL17441120071212 |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=12 December 2007 |accessdate=10 अक्टूबर 2012 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016064718/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/12/12/us-india-state-poll-idUSDEL17441120071212 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India's Voters Torn Over Politician |first=Simon |last=Robinson |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1693370,00.html |journal=[[टाइम पत्रिका]] |date=11 December 2007 |accessdate=10 अक्टूबर 2012 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023030008/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1693370,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burke&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Gujarat leader Narendra Modi grilled for 10&amp;nbsp;hours at massacre inquiry |first1=Jason|last1=Burke |authorlink=:en:Jason Burke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/28/gujarat-narendra-modi-massacre-inquiry-india |newspaper=[[दि गार्जियन]] |date=28 मार्च 2010 |accessdate=10 अक्टूबर 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

एकरा बाद वर्ष 2019 में भारतीय जनता दल  उनका अगुवाई में दोबारा चुनाव लड़ल औरी एह बेरी पहीले से भी ज्यादा बड़का जीत हासिल भइल। पार्टी  कुल 303 सीट पर जीत हासिल कइलस। भाजपा के समर्थक दल यानी राजग के कुल 352 सीट प्राप्त भइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-11 |title=Alliance Wise Election Live Results 2019: Lok Sabha Elections Result Live Alliance Wise, Party Wise |url=https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/alliance-wise-tally-live-results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232305/https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/alliance-wise-tally-live-results/ |archive-date=2020-11-11 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=web.archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 मई 2019 के शपथ ग्रहण क के नरेन्द्र मोदी लगातार दूसरी बार प्रधानमन्त्री बनले।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=PM Narendra Modi Becomes Longest Serving Non-Congress Prime Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/pm-narendra-modi-becomes-longest-serving-non-congress-prime-minister-2279112 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218122430/https://www.ndtv.com/people/pm-narendra-modi-becomes-longest-serving-non-congress-prime-minister-2279112 |archive-date=2020-12-18 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=web.archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 के आम चुनाव में उनकर पार्टी के जीत के बाद, उनके प्रशासन  जम्मू औरी कश्मीर के विशेष राज्य के दर्जा के रद्द कर दिहाल। उनके प्रशासन  नागरिकता (संशोधन) अधिनियम, २०१९ भी पेश कइल, जिके परिणामस्वरूप देश भर में व्यापक विरोध प्रदर्शन भइल।

मोदी अपना हिन्दू राष्ट्रवादी विश्वास औरी 2002 के गुजरात दंगा के दौरान उनकर कथित भूमिका पर्वघरेलू औरी अन्तरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर विवाद के एगो आँकड़ा बनल बाटे,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |date=2013-06-01 |title=Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi’s ‘Hattrick’—High Tech Populism and           the ‘Neo-middle Class’ |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2321023013482789 |journal=Studies in Indian Politics |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1177/2321023013482789 |issn=2321-0230}}&lt;/ref&gt; जेके एगो बहिष्कारवादी सामाजिक एजेण्डे के प्रमाण के रूप में उद्धृत कइल गइल बा। मोदी के कार्यकाल में, भारत  लोकतान्त्रिक बैकस्लेडिंग के अनुभव कइले बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-03 |title=Modi's India {{!}} Princeton University Press |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691206806/modis-india |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=press.princeton.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-27 |title=Democratic Backsliding in India, the World’s Largest Democracy {{!}} V-Dem |url=https://www.v-dem.net/en/news/democratic-backsliding-india-worlds-largest-democracy/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227182459/https://www.v-dem.net/en/news/democratic-backsliding-india-worlds-largest-democracy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

‌‌एकरा बाद वर्ष 2024 में भारतीय जनता दल  उनका नेतृत्त्व में दोबारा चुनाव लड़ल औरी एह बार पार्टी कुल 240 सीट पर जीत हासिल कइल। भाजपा के समर्थक दल यानी राजग के कुल 292 सीट प्राप्त भइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-11 |title=Alliance Wise Election Live Results 2019: Lok Sabha Elections Result Live Alliance Wise, Party Wise |url=https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/alliance-wise-tally-live-results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232305/https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/alliance-wise-tally-live-results/ |archive-date=2020-11-11 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=web.archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 जून 2024 के शपथ ग्रहण क के नरेन्द्र मोदी लगातार तीसरा बार प्रधानमन्त्री बनले। शपथ ग्रहण के बाद उ पहला आइसन अन कांग्रेसी प्रधानमंत्री बनले जे 1962 के बाद लगातार तीसरा बार प्रधानमंत्री बनले औरी उ  पंडित जवाहर लाल नेहरू के बराबरी कइले।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=PM Narendra Modi Becomes Longest Serving Non-Congress Prime Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/pm-narendra-modi-becomes-longest-serving-non-congress-prime-minister-2279112 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218122430/https://www.ndtv.com/people/pm-narendra-modi-becomes-longest-serving-non-congress-prime-minister-2279112 |archive-date=2020-12-18 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=web.archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

मोदी आपन अगीला दु साल उत्तर औरी उत्तर-पूरब भारत के यात्रा में बितवले।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2024-12-28 |title=Narendra Modi |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi#CITEREFMarino2014 |journal=Wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; साक्षात्कार में, उ स्वामी विवेकानन्द द्वारा स्थापित हिंदू आश्रम के दौरा करे के वर्णन बा: कलकता के पास बेलूर मठ, अल्मोडा में अद्वैत आश्रम औरी राजकोट में रामकृष्ण मिशन। प्रत्येक आश्रम में उनके प्रवास संक्षिप्त रहे काहेकी उनके पास आवश्यक कॉलेज शिक्षा के अभाव रहे। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market &amp; Economy News |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; मोदी के जीवन में विवेकानन्द का बड़ा प्रभाव रहल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315696584|title=Swami Vivekananda|date=2015-06-12|publisher=Routledge India|isbn=978-1-317-44637-8|editor-last=Paranjape|editor-first=Makarand R.}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1968 के मध्य में, मोदी बेलूर मठ पहुचलन लेकिन उनकारा के लौटा दिहल गइल, जेकरा बाद उ सिलीगुड़ी औरी गुवाहाटी में रुकत  कलकत्ता, पश्चिम बंगाल औरी असम के दौरा किइलेन।

एकरा बाद उ 1968 से 1969 तक दिल्ली औरी राजस्थान के रास्ता गुजरात लौटे से पहले, अल्मोडा में रामकृष्ण आश्रम गइलन, जहां उनके फेर से अस्वीकार कर दिहाल गइल। 1969 के अंत में चाहे 1970 के शुरुआत में, उ अहमदाबाद के खातिर फेर से रवाना होखे से पहीले एगो संक्षिप्त यात्रा के खातिर वडनगर लवातले।,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2024-12-30 |title=Narendra Modi |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi#CITEREFMarino2014 |journal=Wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2024-12-30 |title=Narendra Modi |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi#CITEREFPanda2016 |journal=Wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; जहां उ अपना चाचा के साथे रहत रहले औरी गुजरात राज्य सड़क परिवहन निगम में अपना चाचा के कैंटीन में काम करत रहले।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2024-12-30 |title=Narendra Modi |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi#CITEREFMukhopadhyay2013 |journal=Wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

अहमदाबाद में, मोदी इनामदारी के साथे अपना परिचय के नवीनीकृत कइलान, जौन शहर में हेडगेवार भवन (आरएसएस मुख्यालय) में स्थित रहे। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1999-11-30 |title=The man behind Modi: Lakshmanrao Inamdar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20140519-narendra-modi-lakshmanrao-inamdar-rss-802639-1999-11-29 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Nilanjan |date=2014-05-14 |title=Narendra Modi: The making of the political leader |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/9NIOOTsZCFWnuFX5OO9XNL/Narendra-Modi-The-making-of-the-political-leader.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |work=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-01 |title=Narendra Modi |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi#CITEREFMarino2014 |journal=Wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; एगो वयस्क के रूप में मोदी के पहला ज्ञात राजनीतिक गतिविधि 1971 में रहे जब उ बांग्लादेश मुक्ति संग्राम में लडे खातिर अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी के नेतृत्व में दिल्ली में जनसंघ के सत्याग्रह में शामिल भईल रहले&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Sataygrah and Asatyagraha: Narendra Modi and the Liberation of Bangladesh |url=https://thewire.in/history/a-sataygrah-and-asatyagraha-narendra-modi-and-the-liberation-of-bangladesh |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=The Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lahiri |first=Ishadrita |date=2021-03-27 |title=Was Modi Arrested for Bangladesh Satyagraha? Here’s What We Know |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/was-modi-arrested-for-bangladesh-satyagraha-in-1971-here-is-what-we-know#read-more |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

इंदिरा गांधी के नेतृत्व वाला केंद्र सरकार मुक्ति वाहिनी के खुला समर्थन पे रोक लगा दिहाल; मोदी के अनुसार, उनके कुछ समय खातिर तिहाड़ जेल में रखल गइल रहे। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-27 |title=Delhi confidential: The Satyagraha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi-confidential/narendra-modi-satyagraha-bangladesh-liberation-fighters-delhi-confidential-7247247/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Political slugfest over PM Modi’s ‘Satyagraha for Bangladesh’ remarks |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/political-slugfest-over-pm-modis-satyagraha-for-bangladesh-remarks-230844 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-03-27 |title=Modi's satyagraha talk in Dhaka sparks online war |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modis-satyagraha-talk-in-dhaka-sparks-online-war/articleshow/81717548.cms |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1971 के भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्ध के बाद, मोदी  अपना चाचा के नौकरी छोड़ दिहाले और आरएसएस के पूर्णकालिक प्रचारक बन गइले,&lt;ref name=&quot;Narendra Modi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-03 |title=Narendra Modi |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi#CITEREFMukhopadhyay2013 |journal=Wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; इनामदार के अधीन काम करते हुए। &lt;ref name=&quot;Narendra Modi&quot;/&gt;

लड़ाई से कुछ समय पहीले, मोदी  भारत सरकार के खिलाफ नई दिल्ली में एगो अहिंसक विरोध प्रदर्शन में भाग लिहाले, जेकरा खातिर उनका के गिरफ्तार कर लिहाल गइल; इ गिरफ्तारी के कारण, इनामदार  मोदी के मार्गदर्शन करे के निर्णय लिहाल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-04 |title=Narendra Modi |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi#CITEREFMarino2014 |journal=Wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; मोदी के अनुसार, उ एगो आइसन सत्याग्रह के हिस्सा रहले जौना के कारण राजनीतिक लड़ाई भइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Political slugfest over PM Modi’s ‘Satyagraha for Bangladesh’ remarks |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/political-slugfest-over-pm-modis-satyagraha-for-bangladesh-remarks-230844 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2024-11-30 |title=Prime Minister's Office (India) |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister's_Office_(India) |journal=Wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1978 में, मोदी  दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय के स्कूल ऑफ ओपन लर्निंग&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-14 |title=Narendra Modi degree row: DU college says it has no data of students passing out in 1978 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narendra-modi-degree-controversy-delhi-university-rti-965536-2017-03-14 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; से राजनीति विज्ञान में कला स्नातक (बीए) के डिग्री प्राप्त काइले। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-05-10 |title=Narendra Modi’s degree ‘authentic’: Delhi University Registrar Tarun Das |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Narendra-Modi%E2%80%99s-degree-%E2%80%98authentic%E2%80%99-Delhi-University-Registrar-Tarun-Das/article60504479.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-09-13 |title=Narendra Modi: From tea vendor to PM candidate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/narendra-modi-from-tea-vendor-to-pm-candidate-210939-2013-09-12 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1983 में, उ गुजरात विश्वविद्यालय से राजनीति विज्ञान में मास्टर ऑफ आर्ट्स (एमए) के डिग्री प्राप्त कइलन, और बाहरी दूरस्थ शिक्षा के छात्र के रूप में प्रथम श्रेणी में स्नातक के उपाधि प्राप्त कइलान &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-08-19 |title=Modi proves to be an astute strategist - Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-proves-to-be-an-astute-strategist/article1-264941.aspx |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=2014-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083702/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-proves-to-be-an-astute-strategist/article1-264941.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Avasthi |first=Yogesh |date=2016-05-10 |title=Globetrotting PM Modi was weakest in 'International Relations' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/globetrotting-pm-modi-was-weakest-in-international-relations/articleshow/52200607.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-05-02 |title=Degree row- PM Modi MA with first class: Gujarat University |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-scored-62-3-in-ma-from-gujarat-univerisity-vc-2779138/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; उनके बीए और एमए डिग्रि के प्रामाणिकता के लेके विवाद बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |date=2020-10-03 |title=The curious case of TOI's report on Modi's 'dear friend' |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/03/the-curious-case-of-tois-report-on-modis-dear-friend |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Tathagata |date=2018-06-16 |title=The curious case of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s degree |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/the-curious-case-of-prime-minister-narendra-modis-degree |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=National Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2024-11-27 |title=The Caravan |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caravan |journal=Wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; द इकोनॉमिक टाइम्स के अनुसार, मोदी के इरादा अपना पाठक लोगन के आरएसएस की कार्यप्रणाली समझावेके रहे, औरी आरएसएस के सदस्य के आश्वस्त करे के रहे कि उ वैचारिक रूप से उनके साथे जुड़ल रहियन। प्रधान मंत्री बनले के बाद उ एग्जाम वॉरियर्स नाम के एगो पुस्तक भी लिखले, जौन बच्चा सब के खातिर सराहनीय परीक्षा के सामना करे खातिर एगो मार्गदर्शिका रहे। मोदी  आठ गो अन्य किताब भी लिखलन, जेमें ज्यादातर बच्चा सब के खातिर लघु कहानि बा।

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-04-09 |title=Jyotipunj: Narendra Modi writes on 'my organisation, my leaders' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jyotipunj-narendra-modi-writes-on-my-organisation-my-leaders/articleshow/2936428.cms |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; मोदी  दूंगों गुजराती गरबा गीत के बोल लिखले बाड़े; गरबो, ध्वनि भानुशाली द्वारा गावल गइल औरी तनिष्क बागची द्वारा संगीतबद्ध कइल गइल, औरी माडी, दिव्या कुमार द्वारा गावल गइल और मीत ब्रदर्स द्वारा संगीतबद्ध कइल गइल। गाने 2023 में शरद ऋतु नवरात्रि के अवसर पर जारी कइल गइल रहे। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-18 |title=Narendra Modi |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi#cite_note-559 |journal=Wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912468.003.0008|title=Business-Friendly Gujarat Under Narendra Modi|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=2019-01-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-091246-8|pages=211–233}}&lt;/ref&gt;

एबंडेंस इन मिलेट्स, फालू औरी गौरव शाह के एगो गाना, जेमे बाजरा के प्रचार खातिर मोदी द्वारा दिहल गइल भाषण रहे, के 2024 ग्रैमी अवार्ड्स खातिर सर्वश्रेष्ठ वैश्विक संगीत प्रदर्शन श्रेणी में नामांकन मिलल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Song Featuring PM Modi Nominated For Grammy Awards |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/song-featuring-pm-narendra-modi-nominated-for-grammy-awards-4565922 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 GRAMMYs: See The Full Winners &amp; Nominees List {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=grammy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 41वां लोकमान्य तिलक राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार 2023 से प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी के सम्मानित कइल गइल।
* 2014 के लोकसभा चुनाव में भारतीय जनता पार्टी के नेतृत्व वाला राष्ट्रीय जनतांत्रिक गठबंधन (एनडीए) के भारी जीत के बाद, मोदी  26 मई 2014 के भारत के प्रधान मंत्री के रूप में शपथ लीहले, उ देश के आजादी के बाद पैदा होने वाला पहिला भारतीय प्रधान मंत्री बन गइले। 
* 2001 में, केशुभाई पटेल के स्वास्थ्य ख़राब चलत रहे और भाजपा उप-चुनावों में कुछ राज्य विधानसभा सीट हार गइल। सत्ता के दुरुपयोग, भ्रष्टाचार और खराब प्रशासन के आरोप लगा वल गइल औरी 2001 में भुज में आइल भूकंप से निपटे खातिर उनके प्रशासन के तरीका से पटेल के प्रतिष्ठा के नुकसान पहुंचल रहे।

== निजी जीवन ==

नरेंद्र मोदी के जाति के पारंपरिक परंपरा के अनुसार, उनकर परिवार  जशोदाबेन चिमनलाल मोदी के साथ सगाई कर दिहाल, जेकरा बाद उनकर शादी तब भइल जब उ 17 बरिस के रहली औरी  इ  18 बरिस के रहले।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469629537.003.0003|title=The Child Was to Be His Wife|last=Syrett|first=Nicholas L.|date=2016-10-03|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-2953-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-02-07 |title=Narendra Modi’s Estranged Wife Escapes Unhurt From Car Crash in India (Published 2018) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/07/world/asia/india-narendra-modi-wife.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; एके तुरंत बाद, उ अपन पत्नी के छोड़ दिहाले।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; और घर छोड़ दिहाले। इ जोडा कबो तलाक ना लिहल लेकिन कई दशक तक उनके सार्वजनिक घोषणा में इ वियाह के जिक्र ना रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-02-07 |title=Narendra Modi’s Estranged Wife Escapes Unhurt From Car Crash in India (Published 2018) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/07/world/asia/india-narendra-modi-wife.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; अप्रैल 2014 में, राष्ट्रीय चुनाव से कुछ समय पहीले, जेमें उ सत्ता हासिल कइले, मोदी सार्वजनिक रूप से पुष्टि काइले कि उ शादीशुदा हाउवान और उनकर पत्नी जशोदाबेन हइ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-13 |title=Narendra Modi Fast Facts - CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/19/world/narendra-modi-fast-facts/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913201412/https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/19/world/narendra-modi-fast-facts/index.html |archive-date=2018-09-13 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=सीएनएन}}&lt;/ref&gt; मोदी के एगो जीवनी लेखक ने लिखल बा कि मोदी  शादी के गुप्त रखल काहेकी उ आरएसएस में प्रचारक ना बन पवते, जेकरा खातिर कबों ब्रह्मचर्य के आवश्यकता हत रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-09-13 |title=Narendra Modi: From tea vendor to PM candidate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/narendra-modi-from-tea-vendor-to-pm-candidate-210939-2013-09-12 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=इंडिया टुडे |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== गुजरात के मुख्यमंत्री के रूप में ==
2001 में केशुभाई पटेल (तत्कालीन मुख्यमंत्री) के सेहत बिगड़े लगल रहे औरी भाजपा चुनाव में काइगो सीट हारत रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&amp;pg=PA116|title=Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings|date=2009|publisher=Business Standard Books|isbn=978-81-905735-4-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकरा बाद भाजपा के राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष मुख्यमंत्री के रूप में मोदी के नया उम्मीदवार के रूप में रखले। हालांकि भाजपा के नेता लालकृष्ण आडवाणी, मोदी के सरकार चलावे के अनुभव के कमी के कारण चिंतित रहले। मोदी  पटेल के उप मुख्यमंत्री बनले के प्रस्ताव के ठुकरा दिहाले औरी आडवाणी व अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी से कहके कि यदि गुजरात के जिम्मेदारी देवेके बा त पूरा दीहल जाओ अन्यथा ना दिहाल जाओ। 3 अक्टूबर 2001 के इ केशुभाई पटेल के जगह गुजरात के मुख्यमंत्री बनले। एकरा साथ ही उनका पर दिसम्बर 2002 में होखे वाला चुनाव के पूरा जिम्मेदारी भी रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Narendra Modi – Leading the race to 7 RCR |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/general-elections-2014/pm-candidates/narendra-modi-leading-the-race-to-7-rcr_921104.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; सुरुआती जीवन आ शिक्षा ==
नरेंद्र मोदी के जनम 17 सितंबर 1950 के एगो गुजराती परिवार में, मेहसाणा जिला (ओह समय के बांबे स्टेट, अब गुजरात) के वडनगर में भइल। बाबूजी दामोदरदास मूलचंद मोदी (c.1915 - 1989) आ महतारी हीराबेन मोदी (जनम c.1920) के छह गो में नरेंद्र मोदी तिसरा संतान रहलें।{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=13, 15, 29–30, 74}} मोदी के परिवार मोध-घाँची-तेली समुदाय के हवे,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-belongs-to-modh-ghanchi-caste-which-was-added-to-obcs-categories-in-1994-says-gujarat-government-1986389|title=Narendra Modi belongs to Modh-Ghanchi caste, which was added to OBCs categories in 1994, says Gujarat government {{!}} Latest News &amp; Updates at Daily News &amp; Analysis|date=9 May 2014|work=dna|access-date=19 May 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-brother-asks-teli-community-to-adopt-modi-prefix-4386125/|title=PM Modi's brother asks Teli community to adopt 'Modi' prefix|date=20 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=19 May 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-is-a-Teli-Ghanchi-OBC-BJP/articleshow/34084111.cms|title='Modi is a Teli-Ghanchi OBC': BJP - Times of India|work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया|access-date=19 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; जेकरा के सरकारी तौर पर अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग (ओबीसी) में गिनल जाला।&lt;ref name=&quot; TOI Modh-Ghanchi-Teli&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-is-a-Teli-Ghanchi-OBC-BJP/articleshow/34084111.cms|title= 'Modi is a Teli-Ghanchi OBC': BJP|work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया|date=23 April 2014|accessdate=17 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-office-of-prime-minister-a-largely-north-indian-upper-caste-hindu-affair-114050700846_1.html|title=The office of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian upper-caste, Hindu affair|last=Ghai|first=Rajat|date=7 May 2014|work=Business Standard India|access-date=19 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

लरिकाईं में मोदी वडनगर रेलवे टीशन पर चाय बेचे में अपने बाबूजी के मदद करें, बाद में अपना भाई के साथे खुद के छाया के दुकान बस अड्डा के लगे चलवलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/international/i-have-special-association-with-tea-modi-tells-lankan-tamils-2433622.html|title='I have a special association with tea', Modi tells Lankan Tamils|work=www.oneindia.com|access-date=19 May 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ALWaDAAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;pg=PA20#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|title=High School Essays|last=Sinha|first=N. C.|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-93-5186-604-6|location=|pages=20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; मोदी साल 1967 में वडनगर से इंटर के इम्तिहान पास कइलें, जहाँ उनके एगो अध्यापक औसत दर्जा के बिद्यार्थी आ बाद-बिबाद में रूचि रखे वाला आ थियेटर में लगाव रखे वाला बिद्यार्थी के रूप में बतवलें।&lt;ref name=&quot;Jose Caravan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned?page=1,1|title=The Emperor Uncrowned|last=Jose|first=Vinod K.|date=1 मार्च 2012|work=The Caravan|pages=2–4|authorlink=:en:Vinod Jose|accessdate=11 April 2013|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201924/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned?page=1,1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; बाद-बिबाद प्रतियोगिता में मोदी के कुशलता उनके संघे पढ़े वाला बिद्यार्थी आ उनके मास्टर साहब लोग चिन्हित कइल।{{sfn|Marino|2014|p=16}} मोदी नाटकन (थियेटरन) में बहुत बिसाल व्यक्तित्व (लार्जर-देन-लाइफ) वाला किरदार निभावल पसंद करें जे उनके राजनीतिक कैरियर में भी झलके ला।{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|p=82}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/2014/fullnews-24257.html |title=Modi's life dominates publishing space (Election Special) |work=New Kerala |date=14 मार्च 2014 |accessdate=4 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

आठ बरिस के उमिर में मोदी के राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ (आरएसएस) के बारे में मालुम भइल आ ऊ लोकल शाखा में जाए सुरू कइलेन। एकरे बाद मोदी लक्ष्मणराव इनामदार, जिनके वकील साहब के नाँव से जानल जाय, मिलने आ उहे इनका के बालस्वयंसेवक बनवलें आ इनके राजनीतिक अभिभावक बनलें।{{sfn|Marino|2014 |p=24}} आरएसएस में अपना शिक्षा के दौरान मोदी वसंत गजेंद्रगाडकर आ नाथालाल जघड़ा से मिललें जे लोग भारतीय जनसंघ के नेता आ 1980 में भारतीय जनता दल के गुजरात इकाई के संस्थापक सदस्य रहल लोग। पढ़ाई के दौरान लरिकाईंये में इनके बियाह जसोदाबेन नरेंद्रभाई मोदी से तय हो गइल जेकरा के मोदी ना स्वीकार कइलें {{sfn|Marino|2014|p=21}} आ एही कारन उपजल पारिवारिक तनाव के कारन 1967 में घर छोड़ देवे के फैसला कइलें।{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=22–23}}

एकरे बाद मोदी दू साल उत्तर भारत आ [[पूर्बोत्तर भारत|पूर्वोत्तर भारत]] के जगह-जगह घुमलें, कवना-कवना जगह गइलें आ रहलें एकरे बारे में बहुत बिबरन ना मिले ला।{{sfn|Marino|2014|p=25}} अपना इंटरभ्यू में मोदी, स्वामी विवेकानंद के स्थापित बेलूर मठ (कलकत्ता लगे), एकरे बाद अल्मोड़ा के अद्वैत आश्रम आ रामकृष्ण मिशन, राजकोट जाए के बात कहले बाने। एह में से हर जगह कुछे दिन खातिर रह पवलें काहें कि उनके कॉलेज के शिक्षा अभिन पूरा ना भइल रहल।{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=30–33}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|pp=128–129}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-26/news/50099180_1_narendra-modi-swami-vivekananda-belurmath|title=Narendra Modi invited to Ramakrishna Mission's headquarter in Belurmath|work=द इकॉनोमिक टाइम्स|date=26 मई 2014|accessdate=17 अक्टूबर 2014|archive-date=2014-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031144902/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-26/news/50099180_1_narendra-modi-swami-vivekananda-belurmath|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; विवेकानंद के इनके जीवन पर बहुत परभाव बतावल जाला।&lt;ref name=ts0716&gt;{{cite news |title=The tale of two Narendras: Narendra Modi and Swami Vivekananda |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/india/the-tale-of-two-narendras-narendra-modi-and-swami-vivekananda-152114.html|work=दि स्टेट्समैन |date=5 जुलाई 2016|accessdate=17 फरवरी 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1968 के गर्मी के सुरुआत में मोदी बेलूर मठ चहुँपलें बाकी इहाँ से वापस लवटा दिहल गइलें, जेकरा बाद कलकत्ता पच्छिम बंगाल आ आसाम में घूमलें, सिलीगुड़ी आ गौहाटी में रुकलें।{{sfn|Marino|2014|p=26}} मोदी अल्मोड़ा के रामकृष्ण आश्रम चहुँपलें आ एहू जा उनके ना लिहल गइल, एकरे बाद दिल्ली [[राजस्थान]] होखत वापस 1968–69 में गुजरात लवट अइलें।{{sfn|Marino|2014|p=27}} 1969 के अंत में या फिर 1970 के सुरुआत में मोदी कुछ दिन खातिर वडनगर अइलें आ एकरा बाद अहमदाबाद चल गइलें।{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=28–29}} इहँवा मोदी अपने रिश्तेदार के इहाँ, गुजरात राज्य परिवहन कारपोरेशन के कैंटीन में काम करे लगलें।{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|p=131}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|p=138}}

अहमदाबाद में मोदी दोबारा इनामदार से दोबारा मिललें जे ओह समय शहर के हेगडेवार भवन (शहर के आरएसएस मुख्यालय) में रहलें।&lt;ref name=&quot;vakilsaheb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|title=The man behind Modi: Lakshmanrao Inamdar|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-lakshmanrao-inamdar-rss/1/359926.html|work=इंडिया टुडे |location=Ahmedabad |year=2014 |accessdate=22 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint-modi-growth&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Nilanjan|title=Narendra Modi: The making of the political leader|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/9NIOOTsZCFWnuFX5OO9XNL/Narendra-Modi-The-making-of-the-political-leader.html |year=2014 |accessdate=22 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn | Marino | 2014 |p=35}} 1971 के भारत-पाक लड़ाई के बाद मोदी अपना चाचा के साथे काम कइल छोड़ के पूरा टाइम खातिर आरएसएस के प्रचारक बन गइलें{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2013|p=138}} आ इनामदार के मातहत काम करे लगलें।{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=35–40}} लड़ाई के कुछे दिन पहिले मोदी भारत सरकार के खिलाफ एगो शांतिपूर्ण धरना-परदर्शन में हिस्सा लिहलें जेकरा खातिर उनके गिरफ्तार कइल गइल रहे; इहे कारन बतावल जाला कि इनामदार इनके सिखावे-पढ़ावे खातिर बीछलें।{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=35–40}} कई साल बाद 2001 में इनामदार के जीवनी छपल जेह में मोदी सहायक लेखक रहलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mentoring Modi |first=Prateek |last=Goyal |date=18 May 2014 |url=http://www.punemirror.in/pune/cover-story/Mentoring-Modi/articleshow/35270364.cms |work=Pune Mirror |accessdate=21 जून 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; साल 1978 में मोदी राजनीतिशास्त्र में बीए कइलें,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-degree-controversy-delhi-university-rti/1/903745.html |title=Narendra Modi degree row: DU college says it has no data of students passing out in 1978|work=[[इंडिया टुडे]] |accessdate=9 जून 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय के पत्राचार माध्यम से,{{sfn | Marino | 2014 |p=48}} आ थर्ड डिवीजन पास भइलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Narendra-Modi%E2%80%99s-degree-%E2%80%98authentic%E2%80%99-Delhi-University-Registrar-Tarun-Das/article14311846.ece |title=Narendra Modi’s degree ‘authentic’: Delhi University Registrar Tarun Das|work=[[दि हिंदू]] |accessdate=9 जून 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; पाँच बरिस बाद, 1982 में, गुजरात विश्वविद्यालय से [[राजनीति बिज्ञान]] में एमए के डिग्री लिहलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Avasthi|first=Yogesh|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/globetrotting-pm-modi-was-weakest-in-international-relations/articleshow/52200607.cms|title=Globetrotting PM Modi was weakest in 'International Relations'|accessdate=17 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-proves-to-be-an-astute-strategist/article1-264941.aspx |title=Modi proves to be an astute strategist |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 December 2007 |accessdate=17 April 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083702/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-proves-to-be-an-astute-strategist/article1-264941.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2008 में, मोदी  ज्योतिपुंज नाम के एगो गुजराती पुस्तक प्रकाशित कइलन, जेमें आरएसएस नेता लोगन के प्रोफाइल शामिल बा। सबसे लंबा समय तक एम. एस. गोलवलकर रहले, जेकरा नेतृत्व में आरएसएस के विस्तार भईल औरी जिनका के मोदी पूज्य श्री गुरुजी (&quot;पूजा के योग्य गुरु&quot;) के रूप में संदर्भित करतरन।

==नोट==
&lt;references group=&quot;नोट&quot;/&gt;

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
{{Commons category|Narendra Modi}}

;ऑफिशियल
* [http://pmindia.gov.in/en/ Official website (Prime Minister's office)]
* {{Official website|http://www.narendramodi.in}} (personal)
* [http://www.bjp.org/leadership/shri-narendra-modi Official page on Bharatiya Janata Party's website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222221309/http://www.bjp.org/leadership/shri-narendra-modi |date=2018-12-22 }}

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[[श्रेणी:भारत के परधानमंत्री]]</text>
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      <text bytes="29059" sha1="n95j4o3kn0uxfncm21xfsta0jtobwcb" xml:space="preserve">'''दैलेख जिला''' [[नेपाल|नैपाल]] देस की मध्य पश्चिमांचदैलेखमा

कतिवटा

गाउ पालिकाएं

रनगर पालिकाएं

32000

ल विकास क्षेत्र आ [[भेरी अंचल]] का एगो जिला हवे। ई जिला एगो विकट [[पहाड़|पहाड़ी]] जिला कुल की श्रेणी मे गिनल जाला। जिला क भूगोलीय आकृति तिभुज नियर बा। इहाँ क सबसे ऊँच चोटी &quot;महाबुलेक&quot; हवे आ सबसे कम ऊँचाई वाला जगह &quot;तल्लो डुंगेश्वर&quot; नाँव क अस्थान ह। ए जिला क सीमा पुरुब ओर [[भेरी अंचल]] की [[जाजरकोट जिला]] की साथे, पच्छिम ओर [[सेती अंचल]] की [[अछाम जिला]] की साथे, दक्खिन ओर भेरी अंचल की [[सुर्खेत जिला]] आ उत्तर ओर [[कर्णाली अंचल]] की [[कालीकोट जिला]] की साथै जुड़ल बाटे।

ए जिला की भूगोलीय बनावट के मुख्यरूप से तीन हिस्सा में बाँटल गइल बा - 
# नदी तटिय क्षेत्र तथा मैदानी क्षेत्र
# मध्य पहाड़ी तथा महाभारत पर्वत श्रृंखला क्षेत्र
# उच्च पहाड़ी तथा हिमाली क्षेत्र

==नाँव क उत्पत्ति==
ए अस्थान क नाँव &quot;दैलेख&quot; कइसे पड़ल एकरी बारे में कई गो कहानी प्रचलित बा। एगो कहानी की मोताबिक प्राचीन काल में ई स्थान महर्षि [[दधीचि]] क तपोभूमि रहल आ एही आधार पर एके &quot;दधिलेख&quot; कहल गइल आ फिन बाद में इहे दधिलेख बदल के दैलेख बनि गइल। दूसरा कहानी की मोताबिक प्राचीन काल में यह स्थान देवता लोगन का निवास स्थान रहल आ [[देवलोक]] कहल जाव जेवन बाद में बिगड़ के दैलेख हो गइल। एगो तीसरका मत इहो बा कि इहँवा तमाम दही दूध मिलेला आ एही कारण ए के दैलेख कहल जाला।

ए जिला क नाँव भी जिला मुख्यालय दैलेख की नाँव पर रक्खल गइल बा।&lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh/&gt; 
== इतिहास ==

दैलेख जिला बाइसे राज्यकाल में [[खस]] राज्य क जाड़ा क राजधानी की रूप में परिचित दुल्लु अउरी बेलासपुर दू गो राज्यन में बंटल रहे। प्राचीन आ मध्यकाल में गू गो राज्यं में बंटल ए जिला के शाहकालीन नेपाल पुर्नएकीकरण अभियान में गोरखाली राजकुमार [[बहादुर शाह]] की द्वारा सन 1789 की आसपास नेपाल राज्य में जोड़ला क तथ्य इतिहासी वर्णन में मिलेला। &lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh/&gt;

जिला की विभिन्न जगह पर अस्थापित [[मन्दिर]], [[देवल]] आ शिलालेख आदि ए जिला की इतिहास क आजो परिचय दे रहल बाड़ें। कहल जाला कि की दैलेख जिला मुख्यालय पुरानो बजार में प्रसिद्ध कोतगढी पुराना समय में एगो किला रहे। वि.सं. 2009 साल पहिले [[अछाम जिला|अछाम]], [[सुर्खेत जिला|सुर्खेत]] आ [[जाजरकोट जिला|जाजरकोट]] जिलन के कुछ क्षेत्र भी एही जिला में जुड़ल रहे। &lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh/&gt; राजा रजौटा उन्मुलन ठीक 2016 की बाद आधुनिक नेपाल क प्रशासनिक ढाँचा बमोजिम गौडा अउरी 2018 साल बद ई जिला पूर्व मे भैरीलेक अउरी कट्टीभञ्ज्याङ्ग, उत्तर में महाबुलेक, पश्चिम में कर्णाली नदी, आ दक्षिण में तीनचुला की अन्दर आवे वाला इलाका के दैलेख जिला में मिला के सीमांकन क इललोग। &lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ddcdailekh.gov.np/ |title=ddc Dailekh |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-date=2014-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706204643/http://www.ddcdailekh.gov.np/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; राणा कालिन प्रधान मन्त्री जंग बहादुर राणा क बचपन दैलेख जिला की दुल्लु क्षेत्र में बीतल हवे। दैलेख जिला क लोग वि.सं. 2007 साल की क्रान्ति में पश्चिम नेपाल में सबसे आगे रहे। तत्कालीन भुमीगत [[नेपाली काँग्रेस]] पाटी के दैलैख की कटुवाल क निवासी शेर सिंह खड्का [[कालीकोट जिला|कालिकोट]], [[जुम्ला जिला|जुम्ला]], [[अछाम जिला|अछाम]], [[डोटी जिला|डोटी]] आदी पश्चिमी जिलन पर कब्जा कइले रहलें। अइसहीं वि.सं. 2036 की जनमत संग्रह में आ 2046 की जन आन्दोलन में भी दैलेख क रंग बहादुर शाही, बिनोद कुमार शाह, मणी राज रेग्मी गणेश बहादुर खड्का, शिव राज जोशी, रंग नाथ जोशी, गोविन्द बन्दी, हेम बहादुर शाही, हर्क बहादुर शाही, पुर्ण ब. शाही, भद्र ब. शाही, तर्क ब. बडुवाल, बजिर सिंह बि.क. चिदानन्द स्वामी नियर बहुत नेता लोग साथ दिहल। वि.सं 2063 की जन आन्दोलन में भी उपर गिनावल लोगन की संघे मिल के कुछ नया नेता लोग जैसे:- थिर ब. कार्की, रत्नेश श्रेष्ठ, कृष्ण बी.सी. राज ब. बुढा, राम प्रसाद इत्यादी लोग हिस्सा लिहल।&lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh/&gt;

== भूगोल ==
===लोकेशन आ बिस्तार ===
दैलेख जिला क बिस्तार अक्षांस: 28.35&quot; से 29.8&quot; उत्तर ले आ पुरुब पच्छिम बिस्तार देशान्तर 81.25&quot; से 81.53&quot; पूर्व ले बाटे। एकर सीमा बनावे वाला अउरी जिला पुरुब ओर जाजरकोट, पश्चिम ओर अछाम, उत्तर में कालिकोट आ दक्खिन में सुर्खेत जिला बाटे।

जिला क कुल क्षेत्रफल: 1502 वर्ग कि.मि. (देश का कुल भू-भाग का 1.02%) बाटे आ इहाँ सब से ऊँच अस्थान: समुद्र सतह से 4168 मीटर (महाबुलेक) आ सबसे नीचाई वाला अस्थान 544 मीटर (तल्लो डुङ्गेश्वर) बाटे।

राजनैतिक हिसाब से दैलेख जिला के 49 गा.वि.स., 2 नगरपालिका, 2 निर्वाचन क्षेत्र आ 11 इलाकन में विभाजित कइल गइल बा।&lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh/&gt;
=== भूमि आकार ===
नदी तट से हिमालय तक फइलल इहँवा की जमीनी भूमि आकार के तीन हिस्सा में विभाजित कइल जाला&lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh/&gt;:

* नदी निर्मित तट (544–1000मि.),
* मध्य पहाडी क्षेत्र (1000–2100मि.)
* महाभारत श्रृंखला आ पहाड़ी भू-भाग (2100 मी से उपर)

यह भूमि आकार वाला इलाका जिला क क्रम से करीब 10%, 37%, आ 53% रकबा घेरले बाड़ें। मध्य पहाड़ी क्षेत्र में जिला का 85% से भी ज्याद जनसंख्या आ बस्ती केन्द्रित बा। &lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh/&gt;

== प्रशासनिक विभाजन ==
* निर्वाचन क्षेत्र संख्या=2
* इलाका क्षेत्र संख्या=11
दैलेख जिला में पहिले कुल 60 गा.वि.स. (ग्राम पञ्चायत) रहे। 5 गा.वि.स.के मिला के [[नारायण नगरपालिका]] बनावल गइल, आ 6 गा.वि.स. के मिला के [[दुल्लु|दुल्लु नगरपालिका]] बनावल गइल। ए समय ए जिला में 49 [[गाउँ विकास समिति|गा.वि.स.]] आ दू गो [[नगरपालिका]] बाटे।

== संस्कृति ==
दैलेख जिले में बिभिन्न जाती तथा बिभिन्न धर्म का क लोग रहेला। इहँवा [[हिन्दू धर्म]] की लोगन क बिसेस अधिकता बा। इहाँ हिन्दू लोगन का कुल तिहुआर मनावल जाला। [[दशहरा|दशैं]], [[दीपावली|तिहार]], [[खिचड़ी|माघी]], [[होली|होरी]], [[बैशाखी|नयां बर्ष]], रक्षावंधन, तीज इत्यादी कुल तिहुआरण के हिन्दू धर्मावलम्बी की अलावा अन्य धर्म क लोग भी मनावत देखल जाला। ई जिला बहु-जाती बहु-भाषी भइला की बावजूद भी इहाँ हिन्दू संस्कृती के ढेर मान्यता दिहल जाला। हिन्दू त्यौहारन की दिन सरकारी छुट्टी होला और जगह-जगह पर मेला लागे ला।

== पर्यटन ==
दैलेख जिला बिकट पहाड़ी जिला जरुर हवे बाकी एही से ई पर्यटन खातिर एगो रमणीय अस्थान बनि गइल बा। इहाँ पुराना जमाना क बनल देवल, किला, दरगाह आदी जिला की हर हिस्सा में देखाई देला। जैसे:-
# जिला मुख्यालय नयां बजार स्थित प्रशिद्ध कोतगढी ए गो पुराना किला हवे। 
# भुर्ती गांव आ रावतकोट में पञ्च देवल के पाण्डव लोगन क बनावल निसानी कहल जाला। 
# यहां &quot;पञ्चकोशी&quot; नामक एगो तिर्थ स्थल बा जहां पर पांच अलग-अलग जगह पर मन्दिर बा। &quot;पादुका&quot;, &quot;नाभीस्थान&quot;, &quot;श्रीस्थान&quot;, &quot;कोटिला&quot;, &quot;धुलेश्वर&quot; पञ्चकोशी तिर्थ क मुख्य स्थान हउवें।

ए अस्थानन पर कौनो न कौनो दैविक घटना जरुर मिलेला। कहीं पानी में आग क ज्योती बरत मिलेला त कहीं जमीन में से धूर निकलता लउकेला। कहल जाला कि [[महाभारत]] की समय में युधिष्ठिर का मुकावला नागरुप क राजा नहुष की साथ एही पञ्चकोशी अस्थान पर भइल रहे। राजा युधिष्ठिर नाग रुपी नहुक के ज्ञान दिहलें तब जाके नाहक के मुक्तीमिलल। नाग रुपी नहुष क शिर श्रीस्थान पर, गोड़ पादुका आस्थान पर, नाभ नाभिस्थान पर, कक्ष कोटिला पर आ एही तरे धुलेश्वर पर धुलगिरल रहे। &lt;ref&gt;जन कहानियां&lt;/ref&gt;

एकरी साथे ए जिला में पर्यटक लोगन का मन मोहित करे वाला कई गो अस्थान बाटे। [[चित्र:कर्तिखम्म.jpg|250px|thumb|नेपाली भाषा क पहिला शिलालेख (दामु पाल क शिलालेख)]]
जिला की मध्यपश्चिम भाग से हो के बहत छामगाड आ पूर्व के तर्फ बहत लोहोरे नदिन क संगम '''चुप्रा''' दैलेख जिला क बहुत आकर्षक भूगोलीय स्थल मानल जाला। खस राजा नागराज क हिमाली राज्य क जाड़ा क राजधानी दैलेख दुल्लुक्षेत्र में '''पञ्चकोशी''' तीर्थस्थल में श्रीस्थान आ नाभिस्थान की भितर नित्य प्रज्वलित ज्वाला जी नेपाल क राष्ट्रिय स्तर क धार्मिक, इतिहासी अउरी पर्यटकीय अस्थान हवे। भुर्ती गांव में एक साथ रहे 22 देवल के विश्व सम्पदा सम्भाव्य लिस्ट में रखल गइल बाटे। रावतकोट गावं में पञ्चदेवल, जिला मुख्यालय पर [[कोत गढी]] आ दुल्लु क्षेत्र में रहे [[कीर्ति खम्बा]], [[सात खम्बा]], पटङ्गेनी दरबार, जंगबहादुर राणा के पिता बाल नरसिंह कुवँर का समाधी स्थल, '''बालेश्वर मन्दिर''' जेवना क चिनाई पुराना जमाना में उर्दी क बेसन भें के बनावल सीमेंट नियर चीज से कइल गइल बा, देखे लायक बाटे। एकरी आसपास की गो पौराणिक शिलालेख इहाँ क प्रमुख पर्यटन अस्थान हवें।&lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh/&gt;

===पर्यटन अस्थान===
[[चित्र:Dhuleshwar.jpg|250px|thumb|दैलेख जिला में स्थित पंचकोशी तीर्थस्थल क एगो मन्दिर - धुलेश्वर मन्दिर]]
दैलेख की भूगोलीय दृष्टी से पहाडी जिला होखाले की वजह से इहाँ बहुत पर्यटकिय क्षेत्र बाटे। नेपाल क परमुख मानल जाए वाला [[पञ्चकोशी|पंचकोशी तिर्थस्थल]] एही जिला में बाटे। एकरी साथै साथ नेपाल क एकलौता प्रमुख शिलालेख दुल्लु स्थित कीर्तिखम्बा आ वैज्ञानिकन की अनुसार मृत [[जवालामुखी]] मानल जाए वाली चोटी [[धुलेश्वर]] एही जिला में अवस्थित बाटे।

साथे साथ नेपाल क एक मात्र पेट्रोल, गैस आ मिट्टितेल क खानि एही जिला में मिलले क सम्भावना बाटे। प्राचिन मत अनुसार डुन्गेश्वर में दधिचि ऋषि के आश्रम रहल ई विश्वास कइल जाला। एही तरे बैक का लेक के महाभारत की पात्र [[दोर्ण|दोर्णाचार्य]] क तपोभूमी द्रोणाचल पर्वत कहल जाला। &lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh/&gt;

=== धार्मिक सम्पदा ===
[[file:थामा.jpg|250px|thumb|पश्चिम दैलेख की तोलीपाटा गांव स्थित थामा चौघरा मैया की मन्दिर में लागल भक्तन क लाइन]]
इहाँ पर कई धार्मिक सम्पदा रहल बाड़ी। यहां के कुछ धार्मिक सम्पदाओं का नाम प्रकार नीचे दिहल जात बा-

[[चित्र:Vindrasaini.jpg|200px|thumb|दैलेख जिला क लयाँटी विन्द्रासैनी गा.वि.स. में विन्द्रसैनी देवी क मन्दिर]] 
{{Div col|3}}
* बुकि मैया स्थान
* भ्वानी स्थान
* पञ्चकोशी
*शिरस्थान
*नाभिस्थान
*पादुकास्थान
*धुलेश्वर
*डुंगेश्वर
* कोटिलास्थान
*थामा चौघेरा मैया स्थान
*विन्द्रासैनी मन्दिर
*तियाडी स्थान नेपा
*धर्मगद्दी दुल्लु
*बालेश्वर मन्दिर दुल्लु
*विलासपुर मन्दिर
* नारायण मन्दिर
*शिखर द्वारि (घोडा दाउनि)
{{Div col end}}

=== सांस्कृतिक सम्पदा तथा देवल ===
[[चित्र:भुर्ति देवल.jpg|thumb|250px|भुर्ती गांव स्थित देवल]]
[[नुवाकोट जिला|नुवाकोट]] से लेके भारत की [[गढ़वाल]] तक की इलाका में विभिन्न जगह में प्राचिन काल में देवल निर्माण कइल गइल बा। बाकिर सब से ढेर संख्या मे देवल दैलेख जिला मिलेला। स्थानिय जन विश्वास अनुसार महाभारत काल के पात्र [[पाण्डव|पाण्डवों]] द्वारा निर्माण किए बताए गए ये देवल क्यों और किस प्रयोजन के लिय निर्माण किएगए हें, इस का आज तक कोही ठोस प्रमाण नहीं है। दैलेख जिला कि विभिन्न क्षेत्र में अस्थापित देवल अउरी अन्य सम्पदा निम्नलिखित बाटे:
{{Div col|3}}
*भूर्ति में रहे देवल
*रावतकोट में रहे देवल
* रानीवन के देवल
* अन्य विभिन्न गा. वि. स. में रहे देवल
* किर्ति खम्ब शिलालेख दुल्लु
* भैरबी
* दुल्लु दरबार पटांगिनी के देवल तथा अभिलेख
* दामुपाल का शिलालेख
* सातखम्ब गमौडी
* प्राचिन दुल्लुकोट
* दैलेख बजार स्थित कोतगडी
{{Div col end}}

पर्यटकीय दृष्टिकोण से उपर उल्लिखित सभी सम्पदा स्थित स्थानों में सडक की पहुंच दै। शित काल में सवारी साधन से यात्रा करना सम्भव है। यह सम्पदाएं तक पहुंचने के लिय जिला विकास समिति और गावं विकास समिति के ओर से निरन्तर लगानी होरही है। जितना पहुंच के लिए सडक में लगानी हुइ है, इस तुलना में यह सम्पदाओं का संरक्षण और सम्बर्धन में लगानी हो नही पारहा है। स्थानीय समुदाय को भी इनकी महत्वा के विषय में समझ नहोने के कारण यह अमूल्य सम्पदायें जीर्ण अवस्था में पहुंचे हें।

== दैलेख जिला से उद्गम हुए विभिन्न जातीयां ==
दैलेख जिला को विभिन्न जात जातीओं का उद्गम स्थल के रूप में भी लिया जाता है क्यों की इस जिले के विभिन्न स्थानों से उद्गम हुए जाती के लोग नेपाल और [[भारत]] के विभिन्न जगहों पर बसे हुए हें। जैसे की :- 
{{Div col|3}}
*दुल्लु से दुलाल 
*बासी से बस्याल
*बड से बराल और बडाल
*लम्जी से लम्जेल
*नेपा से नेपाल जाती
*लामीछानी से लामिछाने
*लयाँटी से लुईँटेल
*भुर्ती से भुर्तेल
*दवडा से दवाडी
*पराजुल से पराजुली 
*दह से दाहाल
*कट्टी से कट्टेल
*रिजु से रिजाल
*हुमेगांव से हुमागाई
*लम्सु से लम्साल
{{Div col end}}
इत्यादी जगहों से उपर उल्लेखित जातिन क पैदाइश भइल मानल जाला। उपर उल्लेखित जात के लोग संसार की कवनों भी कोने में बसल होखें बाकी ऊ लोग अपना उद्गम स्थान के रूप में दैलेख जिला के जरूर पहिचाने ला।&lt;ref name=DDC_Dailekh/&gt;

== दैलेख जिला प्रशासनिक विभाजन ==
[[चित्र:NepalDailekhDistrictmap.png|250px|thumb|दैलेख जिला के गा.वि.स. और नगर पालिकाओं का नकशा]]
दैलेख जिला के 49 गा. वि. स. (गाउं विकाश समिती/ ग्राम पञ्चायत), 2 नगर पालिका, 2 सांसदीय क्षेत्र अउरी 11 ब्लॉकन में विभाजीत कइल गइलबाटे। दैलेख जिला के गा. वि. स./नगरपालिका के नाम लिस्ट नीचे दिहल जात बा:- 
{{Div col|4}}
* नगरपालिका
# [[नारायण नगरपालिका|नारायण]]
#[[दुल्लु नगरपालिका|दुल्लु]]
* गा.वि.स.
# [[अवल पराजुल]]
# [[कट्टी]]
# [[काल भैरव]]
# [[कासिकांध]]
# [[कालिका]]
# [[कुसापानी]]
# [[खरीगैरा]]
# [[खड्कावाडा]]
# [[गमौडी]]
# [[गोगनपानी]]
# [[गौरी]]
# [[चामुण्डा]]
# [[चौराठा]]
# [[जगनाथ]]
# [[जम्बुकांध]]
# [[डांडा पराजुल]]
# [[तिलेपाटा]]
# [[तोली]]
# [[तोलीजैसी]]
# [[द्वारी]]
# [[नौमुले]]
# [[पगनाथ]]
# [[पिलाडी]]
# [[पिपलकोट]]
# [[बराह]]
# [[बडखोला]]
# [[बडा भैरव]]
# [[बालुवाटार]]
# [[बांसी]]
# [[बिन्ध्यबासीनी]]
# [[बेलपाटा]]
# [[भैरी कालिकाथुम]]
# [[भवानी]]
# [[मालिका]]
# [[मेहतोली]]
# [[राकम कर्णाली]]
# [[रावतकोट]]
# [[रानीवन]]
# [[रुम]]
# [[लकान्द्र]]
# [[लयांटी विन्द्रासैनी]]
# [[लाकुरी]]
# [[लालिकांडा]]
# [[विसाला]]
# [[सल्लेरी, दैलेख|सल्लेरी]]
# [[सात्तला]]
# [[सिंगौडी]]
# [[सिंहासैन]]
# [[सेरी]]
{{Div col end}}
&lt;/div&gt;
{{Geographic location
|Centre = दैलेख
|North = [[कालीकोट जिला|कालिकोट]]
|Northeast = 
|East = [[जाजरकोट जिला|जाजरकोट]]
|Southeast = 
|South = [[सुर्खेत जिला|सुर्खेत]]
|Southwest = 
|West = [[अछाम जिला|अछाम]]
|Northwest = 
}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{reflist|}}

== देखें ==
{{नेपाल क प्रान्त आ जिला}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के जिला]]</text>
      <sha1>n95j4o3kn0uxfncm21xfsta0jtobwcb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>टेम्पलेट:Infobox settlement</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>9527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>811752</id>
      <parentid>811421</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:21:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SM7</username>
        <id>3953</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>सफाई कइल गइल</comment>
      <origin>811752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="58670" sha1="fmfbl7b9k18h1veloavmlnc21vjxau5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Infobox
| child = {{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}
| templatestyles = Infobox settlement/styles.css
| bodyclass = ib-settlement vcard

&lt;!--** names, type, and transliterations ** --&gt;
| above = &lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}&lt;/div&gt;
    {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;nickname ib-settlement-native&quot; {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang=&quot;{{{native_name_lang}}}&quot;}}&gt;{{{native_name}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}{{#if:{{{other_name|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;nickname ib-settlement-other-name&quot;&gt;{{{other_name}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}

| subheader = {{#if:{{{type|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;category&quot;&gt;{{{type|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}

| rowclass1 = mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official
| data1 = {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Transliteration language 1*** --&gt;
| rowclass2 = mergedtoprow
| header2 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1}}}&amp;nbsp;transcription(s)}}

| rowclass3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label3 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type}}}
| data3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info|}}}}}}}

| rowclass4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label4 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type1}}}
| data4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info1|}}}}}}}

| rowclass5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label5 =&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type2}}}
| data5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info2|}}}}}}}

| rowclass6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label6 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type3}}}
| data6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info3|}}}}}}}

| rowclass7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label7 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type4}}}
| data7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info4|}}}}}}}

| rowclass8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label8 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type5}}}
| data8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info5|}}}}}}}

| rowclass9 = mergedbottomrow
| label9 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type6}}}
| data9 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info6|}}}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Transliteration language 2*** --&gt;
| rowclass10 = mergedtoprow
| header10 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2}}}&amp;nbsp;transcription(s)}}

| rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label11 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type}}}
| data11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info|}}}}}}}

| rowclass12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label12 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type1}}}
| data12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info1|}}}}}}}

| rowclass13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label13 =&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type2}}}
| data13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info2|}}}}}}}

| rowclass14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label14 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type3}}}
| data14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info3|}}}}}}}

| rowclass15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label15 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type4}}}
| data15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info4|}}}}}}}

| rowclass16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label16 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type5}}}
| data16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info5|}}}}}}}

| rowclass17 = mergedbottomrow
| label17 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type6}}}
| data17 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info6|}}}}}}}
&lt;!-- end ** names, type, and transliterations ** --&gt;

&lt;!-- ***Skyline Image*** --&gt;
| rowclass18 = mergedtoprow
| data18 = {{#if:{{{image|}}}|&lt;!--
  --&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage&lt;!--
        --&gt;|image={{{image|}}}&lt;!--
        --&gt;|size={{{image_size|}}}|sizedefault=250px|upright={{{image_upright|}}}&lt;!--
        --&gt;|alt={{{alt|}}}&lt;!--
        --&gt;|title={{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}}}&lt;!--
  --&gt;{{#if:{{{caption|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption&quot;&gt;{{{caption|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}} }}

&lt;!-- ***Flag, Seal, Shield and Coat of arms*** --&gt;
| rowclass19 = mergedtoprow
| class19 = maptable
|  data19 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_seal|}}}{{{image_shield|}}}{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}
|{{Infobox settlement/columns
| 1 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_flag}}}|size={{{flag_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|125px|100x100px}}|border={{yesno |{{{flag_border|}}}|yes=yes|blank=yes}}|alt={{{flag_alt|}}}|title=Flag of {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption-link&quot;&gt;{{Infobox settlement/link|type=Flag|link={{{flag_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| 2 = {{#if:{{{image_seal|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100x100px}}|alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|title=Official seal of {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}|class={{{seal_class|}}}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption-link&quot;&gt;{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{if empty|{{{seal_type|}}}|Seal}}|link={{{seal_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| 3 = {{#if:{{{image_shield|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_shield|}}}||size={{{shield_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100x100px}}|alt={{{shield_alt|}}}|title=Coat of arms of {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption-link&quot;&gt;{{Infobox settlement/link|type=Coat of arms|link={{{shield_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| 4 = {{#if:{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|size={{{blank_emblem_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100x100px}}|upright={{{blank_emblem_upright|}}}|alt={{{blank_emblem_alt|}}}|title=Official logo of {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption-link&quot;&gt;{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{{blank_emblem_type|}}}|link={{{blank_emblem_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| 5 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{map_size|}}}|sizedefault=100x100px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption-link&quot;&gt;{{{map_caption}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}}}
| 0 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}{{#property:P625}}|{{#invoke:Location map|infobox_pushpin_map
   | pushpin_label = {{if empty|{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}
   | default_width = 250 &lt;!-- Shouldn't this be set to 150 and the if empty below removed? --&gt;
   | pushpin_map_size = 150
  }}}}}}
 }}
}}

&lt;!-- ***Etymology*** --&gt;
| rowclass20 = mergedtoprow
|  data20 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|Etymology: {{{etymology}}} }}
&lt;!-- ***Nickname*** --&gt;
| rowclass21 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
|  data21 = {{#if:{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|&lt;!--
            --&gt;{{Pluralize from text|parse_links=1|{{if empty|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{nicknames|}}}{{force plural}}}}|&lt;!--
               --&gt;link={{{nickname_link|}}}|singular=Nickname|likely=Nickname(s)|plural=Nicknames}}:&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--
                  --&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-nickname nickname&quot;&gt;{{if empty|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{nicknames|}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--
            --&gt;{{Main other|{{Pluralize from text|parse_links=1|{{{nickname|}}}|&lt;!--
                            --&gt;likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list]]}}}}}}
&lt;!-- ***Motto*** --&gt;
| rowclass22 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
|  data22 = {{#if:{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|&lt;!--
            --&gt;{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{mottoes|}}}{{force plural}}}}|&lt;!--
               --&gt;link={{{motto_link|}}}|singular=Motto|likely=Motto(s)|plural=Mottoes}}:&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--
                  --&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-nickname nickname&quot;&gt;{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{mottoes|}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--
            --&gt;{{Main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{motto|}}}|&lt;!--
                            --&gt;likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list]]}}}}}}
&lt;!-- ***Anthem*** --&gt;
| rowclass23 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
|  data23 = {{#if:{{{anthem|}}}|{{#if:{{{anthem_link|}}}|[[{{{anthem_link|}}}|Anthem:]]|Anthem:}} {{{anthem}}}}}
&lt;!-- ***Map*** --&gt;
| rowclass24 = mergedtoprow
|  data24 = {{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}||{{#if:{{{image_map|}}}
|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{map_size|}}}|sizedefault=250px|upright={{{image_upright|}}}|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption&quot;&gt;{{{map_caption}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
}}}}
| rowclass25 = mergedrow
|  data25 = {{#if:{{{image_map1|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map1}}}|size={{{map_size1|}}}|sizedefault=250px|upright={{{image_upright|}}}|alt={{{map_alt1|}}}|title={{{map_caption1|Location of {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption1|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption&quot;&gt;{{{map_caption1}}}&lt;/div&gt;}} }}

| data26 = {{#invoke:Infobox mapframe
  | autoWithCaption
  | onByDefault = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|}}}{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map1|}}}|no|yes}}
  | mapframe-frame-width = 250
  | mapframe-stroke-width = 2
  | mapframe-length_km = {{{length_km|}}}
  | mapframe-length_mi = {{{length_mi|}}}
  | mapframe-width_km = {{{width_km|}}}
  | mapframe-width_mi = {{{width_mi|}}}
  | mapframe-area_km2 = {{{area_total_km2|}}}
  | mapframe-area_ha = {{{area_total_ha|}}}
  | mapframe-area_acre = {{{area_total_acre|}}}
  | mapframe-area_sq_mi = {{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}
  | mapframe-type = city
  | mapframe-population = {{if empty|{{{population_metro|}}}|{{{population_total|}}}}}
  | mapframe-marker = town
  | mapframe-wikidata = yes
  | mapframe-caption = Interactive map of {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
}}

&lt;!-- ***Pushpin Map*** --&gt;
| rowclass28 = mergedtoprow
|  data28 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}{{#property:P625}}|{{#invoke:Location map|infobox_pushpin_map
   | default_width = 250
   | pushpin_label = {{if empty|{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}
  }}
  }}
}}

&lt;!-- ***Coordinates*** --&gt;
|  data29 = {{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|{{#if:{{#invoke:string|match|s={{{coordinates|}}}|pattern=geo-inline-hidden|ignore_errors=true|plain=true}}|&lt;!-- Nothing to display --&gt;
  |Coordinates{{#if:{{{coor_pinpoint|}}}{{{coor_type|}}}|&amp;#32;({{if empty|{{{coor_pinpoint|}}}|{{{coor_type|}}}}})}}: {{#invoke:ISO 3166|geocoordinsert|nocat=true|1={{{coordinates|}}}|country={{{subdivision_name|}}}|subdivision1={{{subdivision_name1|}}}|subdivision2={{{subdivision_name2|}}}|subdivision3={{{subdivision_name3|}}}|type=city{{#if:{{{population_total|}}}|{{#iferror:{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{{population_total}}}|R}}+1}}||({{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_total}}}|,|}}|R}})}}}} }}{{{coordinates_footnotes|}}} }}}}

| rowclass30 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map1|}}}{{{pushpin_map|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedrow}}
| label30 = {{if empty|{{{grid_name|}}}|Grid&amp;nbsp;position}}
|  data30 = {{{grid_position|}}}

&lt;!-- ***Subdivisions*** --&gt;
| rowclass31 = mergedtoprow
| label31 = {{{subdivision_type}}}
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type|}}}|{{{subdivision_name|}}} }}

| rowclass32 = mergedrow
| label32 = {{{subdivision_type1}}}
|  data32 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}|{{{subdivision_name1|}}} }}

| rowclass33 = mergedrow
| label33 = {{{subdivision_type2}}}
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type2|}}}|{{{subdivision_name2|}}} }}

| rowclass34 = mergedrow
| label34 = {{{subdivision_type3}}}
|  data34 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type3|}}}|{{{subdivision_name3|}}} }}

| rowclass35 = mergedrow
| label35 = {{{subdivision_type4}}}
|  data35 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type4|}}}|{{{subdivision_name4|}}} }}

| rowclass36 = mergedrow
| label36 = {{{subdivision_type5}}}
|  data36 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type5|}}}|{{{subdivision_name5|}}} }}

| rowclass37 = mergedrow
| label37 = {{{subdivision_type6}}}
|  data37 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|{{{subdivision_name6|}}} }}

&lt;!--***Established*** --&gt;
| rowclass38 = mergedtoprow
| label38 = {{if empty|{{{established_title|}}}|Established}}
|  data38 = {{{established_date|}}}

| rowclass39 = mergedrow
| label39 = {{{established_title1}}}
|  data39 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}|{{{established_date1|}}} }}

| rowclass40 = mergedrow
| label40 = {{{established_title2}}}
|  data40 = {{#if:{{{established_title2|}}}|{{{established_date2|}}} }}

| rowclass41 = mergedrow
| label41 = {{{established_title3}}}
|  data41 = {{#if:{{{established_title3|}}}|{{{established_date3|}}} }}

| rowclass42 = mergedrow
| label42 = {{{established_title4}}}
|  data42 = {{#if:{{{established_title4|}}}|{{{established_date4|}}} }}

| rowclass43 = mergedrow
| label43 = {{{established_title5}}}
|  data43 = {{#if:{{{established_title5|}}}|{{{established_date5|}}} }}

| rowclass44 = mergedrow
| label44 = {{{established_title6}}}
|  data44 = {{#if:{{{established_title6|}}}|{{{established_date6|}}} }}

| rowclass45 = mergedrow
| label45 = {{{established_title7}}}
|  data45 = {{#if:{{{established_title7|}}}|{{{established_date7|}}} }}

| rowclass46 = mergedrow
| label46 = {{{extinct_title}}}
|  data46 = {{#if:{{{extinct_title|}}}|{{{extinct_date|}}} }}

| rowclass47 = mergedrow
| label47 = Founder
|  data47 = {{{founder|}}}

| rowclass48 = mergedrow
| label48 = [[Namesake|Named for]]
|  data48 = {{{named_for|}}}

&lt;!-- ***Seat of government and subdivisions within the settlement*** --&gt;
| rowclass49 = mergedtoprow
| label49 = {{if empty|{{{seat_type|}}}|Seat}}
|  data49 = {{{seat|}}}

| rowclass50 = mergedrow
| label50 = {{if empty|{{{seat1_type|}}}|Former seat}}
|  data50 = {{{seat1|}}}

| rowclass51 = mergedrow
| label51 = {{if empty|{{{seat2_type|}}}|Former seat}}
|  data51 = {{{seat2|}}}

| rowclass52 = {{#if:{{{seat|}}}{{{seat1|}}}{{{seat2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label52 = {{if empty|{{{parts_type|}}}|Boroughs}}
|  data52 = {{#if:{{{parts|}}}{{{p1|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{parts_style|}}}|para
  |&lt;b&gt;{{{parts|}}}{{#if:{{both|{{{parts|}}}|{{{p1|}}}}}|&amp;#58;&amp;nbsp;|}}&lt;/b&gt;{{comma separated entries|{{{p1|}}}|{{{p2|}}}|{{{p3|}}}|{{{p4|}}}|{{{p5|}}}|{{{p6|}}}|{{{p7|}}}|{{{p8|}}}|{{{p9|}}}|{{{p10|}}}|{{{p11|}}}|{{{p12|}}}|{{{p13|}}}|{{{p14|}}}|{{{p15|}}}|{{{p16|}}}|{{{p17|}}}|{{{p18|}}}|{{{p19|}}}|{{{p20|}}}|{{{p21|}}}|{{{p22|}}}|{{{p23|}}}|{{{p24|}}}|{{{p25|}}}|{{{p26|}}}|{{{p27|}}}|{{{p28|}}}|{{{p29|}}}|{{{p30|}}}|{{{p31|}}}|{{{p32|}}}|{{{p33|}}}|{{{p34|}}}|{{{p35|}}}|{{{p36|}}}|{{{p37|}}}|{{{p38|}}}|{{{p39|}}}|{{{p40|}}}|{{{p41|}}}|{{{p42|}}}|{{{p43|}}}|{{{p44|}}}|{{{p45|}}}|{{{p46|}}}|{{{p47|}}}|{{{p48|}}}|{{{p49|}}}|{{{p50|}}}}}
  |{{#if:{{{p1|}}}|{{Collapsible list|title={{{parts|}}}|expand={{#switch:{{{parts_style|}}}|coll=|list=y|{{#if:{{{p6|}}}||y}}}}|1={{{p1|}}}|2={{{p2|}}}|3={{{p3|}}}|4={{{p4|}}}|5={{{p5|}}}|6={{{p6|}}}|7={{{p7|}}}|8={{{p8|}}}|9={{{p9|}}}|10={{{p10|}}}|11={{{p11|}}}|12={{{p12|}}}|13={{{p13|}}}|14={{{p14|}}}|15={{{p15|}}}|16={{{p16|}}}|17={{{p17|}}}|18={{{p18|}}}|19={{{p19|}}}|20={{{p20|}}}|21={{{p21|}}}|22={{{p22|}}}|23={{{p23|}}}|24={{{p24|}}}|25={{{p25|}}}|26={{{p26|}}}|27={{{p27|}}}|28={{{p28|}}}|29={{{p29|}}}|30={{{p30|}}}|31={{{p31|}}}|32={{{p32|}}}|33={{{p33|}}}|34={{{p34|}}}|35={{{p35|}}}|36={{{p36|}}}|37={{{p37|}}}|38={{{p38|}}}|39={{{p39|}}}|40={{{p40|}}}|41={{{p41|}}}|42={{{p42|}}}|43={{{p43|}}}|44={{{p44|}}}|45={{{p45|}}}|46={{{p46|}}}|47={{{p47|}}}|48={{{p48|}}}|49={{{p49|}}}|50={{{p50|}}}}}
    |{{{parts}}}
    }}
  }} }}

&lt;!-- ***Government type and Leader*** --&gt;
| rowclass53 = mergedtoprow
| header53 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}}{{{governing_body|}}}{{{leader_name|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}}{{{leader_name2|}}}{{{leader_name3|}}}{{{leader_name4|}}}|Government&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{government_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
&lt;!-- ***Government*** --&gt;
| rowclass54 = mergedrow
| label54 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Type
|  data54 = {{{government_type|}}}

| rowclass55 = mergedrow
| label55 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Body
| class55 = agent
|  data55 = {{{governing_body|}}}

| rowclass56 = mergedrow
| label56 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title}}}
|  data56 = {{#if:{{{leader_title|}}}|{{{leader_name|}}} {{#if:{{{leader_party|}}}|({{Polparty|{{{subdivision_name}}}|{{{leader_party}}}}})}}}}
| rowclass57 = mergedrow
| label57 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title1}}}
|  data57 = {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}|{{{leader_name1|}}}}}
| rowclass58 = mergedrow
| label58 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title2}}}
|  data58 = {{#if:{{{leader_title2|}}}|{{{leader_name2|}}}}}
| rowclass59 = mergedrow
| label59 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title3}}}
|  data59 = {{#if:{{{leader_title3|}}}|{{{leader_name3|}}}}}
| rowclass60 = mergedrow
| label60 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title4}}}
|  data60 = {{#if:{{{leader_title4|}}}|{{{leader_name4|}}}}}
| rowclass61 = mergedrow
| label61 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title5}}}
|  data61 = {{#if:{{{leader_title5|}}}|{{{leader_name5|}}}}}

| rowclass62 = mergedrow
| label62 = {{{government_blank1_title}}}
|  data62 = {{#if:{{{government_blank1_title|}}}|{{{government_blank1|}}}}}
| rowclass63 = mergedrow
| label63 = {{{government_blank2_title}}}
|  data63 = {{#if:{{{government_blank2_title|}}}|{{{government_blank2|}}}}}
| rowclass64 = mergedrow
| label64 = {{{government_blank3_title}}}
|  data64 = {{#if:{{{government_blank3_title|}}}|{{{government_blank3|}}}}}
| rowclass65 = mergedrow
| label65 = {{{government_blank4_title}}}
|  data65 = {{#if:{{{government_blank4_title|}}}|{{{government_blank4|}}}}}
| rowclass66 = mergedrow
| label66 = {{{government_blank5_title}}}
|  data66 = {{#if:{{{government_blank5_title|}}}|{{{government_blank5|}}}}}
| rowclass67 = mergedrow
| label67 = {{{government_blank6_title}}}
|  data67 = {{#if:{{{government_blank6_title|}}}|{{{government_blank6|}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Geographical characteristics*** --&gt;
&lt;!-- ***Area*** --&gt;
| rowclass68 = mergedtoprow
| header68 = {{#if:{{{area_total_km2|}}}{{{area_total_ha|}}}{{{area_total_acre|}}}{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_total_dunam|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_urban_km2|}}}{{{area_urban_ha|}}}{{{area_urban_acre|}}}{{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_rural_ha|}}}{{{area_rural_acre|}}}{{{area_rural_km2|}}}{{{area_metro_km2|}}}{{{area_metro_ha|}}}{{{area_metro_acre|}}}{{{area_blank1_km2|}}}{{{area_blank1_ha|}}}{{{area_blank1_acre|}}}{{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_blank1_sq_mi|}}}
 |{{#if:{{both|{{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;|1}}|{{{area_total_km2|}}}{{{area_total_ha|}}}{{{area_total_acre|}}}{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_total_dunam|}}}}}
   |&lt;!-- displayed below --&gt;
   |Area&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{area_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
  }}
 }}

| rowclass69 = {{#if:{{both|{{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;|1}}|{{{area_total_km2|}}}{{{area_total_ha|}}}{{{area_total_acre|}}}{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_total_dunam|}}}}}|mergedtoprow|mergedrow}}
| label69 = &lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{both|{{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;|1}}|{{{area_total_km2|}}}{{{area_total_ha|}}}{{{area_total_acre|}}}{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_total_dunam|}}}}}
  |Area&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{area_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
  |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{#if:{{{total_type|}}}|{{{total_type}}}|{{#if:{{{area_metro_km2|}}}{{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_urban_km2|}}}{{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_rural_km2|}}}{{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_metro|}}}{{{population_urban|}}}{{{population_rural|}}}|{{if empty|{{{type|}}}|City}}|Total}}}}
  }}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data69 = {{#if:{{{area_total_km2|}}}{{{area_total_ha|}}}{{{area_total_acre|}}}{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_total_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_total_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_total_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_total_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_total_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#switch:{{{dunam_link|}}}||on|total=on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}

| rowclass70 = mergedrow
| label70 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Land
|  data70 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_land_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_land_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_land_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_land_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|land|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}
| rowclass71 = mergedrow
| label71 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Water
|  data71 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_water_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_water_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_water_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_water_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|water|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }} {{#if:{{{area_water_percent|}}}| &amp;nbsp;{{{area_water_percent}}}{{#ifeq:%|{{#invoke:string|sub|{{{area_water_percent|}}}|-1}}||%}}}}}}
| rowclass72 = mergedrow
| label72 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;[[Urban area|Urban]]&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{area_urban_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data72 = {{#if:{{{area_urban_km2|}}}{{{area_urban_ha|}}}{{{area_urban_acre|}}}{{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_urban_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_urban_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_urban_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_urban_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_urban_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|urban|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}

| rowclass73 = mergedrow
| label73 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rural&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{area_rural_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data73 = {{#if:{{{area_rural_km2|}}}{{{area_rural_ha|}}}{{{area_rural_acre|}}}{{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_rural_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_rural_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_rural_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_rural_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_rural_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|rural|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}
| rowclass74 = mergedrow
| label74 =&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Metro&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{area_metro_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data74 = {{#if:{{{area_metro_km2|}}}{{{area_metro_ha|}}}{{{area_metro_acre|}}}{{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_metro_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_metro_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_metro_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_metro_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_metro_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|metro|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}
&lt;!-- ***Area rank*** --&gt;
| rowclass75 = mergedrow
| label75 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rank
|  data75 = {{{area_rank|}}}

| rowclass76 = mergedrow
| label76 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{area_blank1_title}}}
|  data76 = {{#if:{{{area_blank1_km2|}}}{{{area_blank1_ha|}}}{{{area_blank1_acre|}}}{{{area_blank1_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_blank1_dunam|}}}
  |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_blank1_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_blank1_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_blank1_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_blank1_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_blank1_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|blank1|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}

| rowclass77 = mergedrow
| label77 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{area_blank2_title}}}
|  data77 = {{#if:{{{area_blank2_km2|}}}{{{area_blank2_ha|}}}{{{area_blank2_acre|}}}{{{area_blank2_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_blank2_dunam|}}}
  |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_blank2_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_blank2_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_blank2_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_blank2_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_blank2_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|blank2|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}

| rowclass78 = mergedrow
| label78 = &amp;nbsp;
|  data78 =  {{{area_note|}}}

&lt;!-- ***Dimensions*** --&gt;
| rowclass79 = mergedtoprow
| header79 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}}{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}}|Dimensions&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{dimensions_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}

| rowclass80 = mergedrow
| label80 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Length
|  data80 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}}
 | {{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp
      |km  ={{{length_km|}}}
      |mi  ={{{length_mi|}}}
      |pref={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }} }}

| rowclass81 = mergedrow
| label81 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Width
|  data81 = {{#if:{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp
      |km  ={{{width_km|}}}
      |mi  ={{{width_mi|}}}
      |pref={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }} }}

&lt;!-- ***Elevation*** --&gt;
| rowclass82 = mergedtoprow
| label82 = {{#if:{{{elevation_link|}}}|[[{{{elevation_link|}}}|Elevation]]|Elevation}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{elevation_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_point|}}}|&amp;#32;({{{elevation_point}}})}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data82 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp
      |m   ={{{elevation_m|}}}
      |ft  ={{{elevation_ft|}}}
      |pref={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }} }}

| rowclass83 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label83 = Highest&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{elevation_max_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_max_point|}}}|&amp;#32;({{{elevation_max_point}}})}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data83 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp
      |m   ={{{elevation_max_m|}}}
      |ft  ={{{elevation_max_ft|}}}
      |pref={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }} }}
&lt;!-- ***Elevation max rank*** --&gt;
| rowclass84 = mergedrow
| label84 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rank
|  data84 =  {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}| {{{elevation_max_rank|}}} }}

| rowclass85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label85 = Lowest&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{elevation_min_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_min_point|}}}|&amp;#32;({{{elevation_min_point}}})}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}
  |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp
      |m   ={{{elevation_min_m|}}}
      |ft  ={{{elevation_min_ft|}}}
      |pref={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }} }}
&lt;!-- ***Elevation min rank*** --&gt;
| rowclass86 = mergedrow
| label86 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rank
|  data86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Population*** --&gt;
| rowclass87 = mergedtoprow
| label87 = Population&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{population_as_of|}}}|{{nbsp}}({{{population_as_of}}})}}{{{population_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data87 = {{fix comma category|{{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;
    | {{#if:{{{population_total|}}}
      | {{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_total}}}|,|}}}}
      }}
    }}
  }}

| rowclass88 = mergedtoprow
| header88 ={{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;
     |
     |{{#if:{{{population_total|}}}{{{population_urban|}}}{{{population_rural|}}}{{{population_metro|}}}{{{population_blank1|}}}{{{population_blank2|}}}{{{population_est|}}}
       |Population&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{population_as_of|}}}|{{nbsp}}({{{population_as_of}}})}}{{{population_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
    }}
  }}

| rowclass89 = mergedrow
| label89 = &lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{#if:{{{total_type|}}}|{{{total_type}}}|{{#if:{{{population_metro|}}}{{{population_urban|}}}{{{population_rural|}}}{{{area_metro_km2|}}}{{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_urban_km2|}}}{{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_rural_km2|}}}{{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}|{{if empty|{{{type|}}}|City}}|Total}}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data89 = {{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;
     |
     |{{#if:{{{population_total|}}}
       | {{fix comma category|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_total}}}|,|}}}}}}
    }}
  }}


| rowclass90 = mergedrow
| label90 = &lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Estimate&amp;nbsp;{{#if:{{{pop_est_as_of|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;({{{pop_est_as_of}}}){{{pop_est_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data90 = {{#if:{{{population_est|}}}|{{fix comma category|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_est}}}|,|}}}}}} }}

&lt;!-- ***Population rank*** --&gt;
| rowclass91 = mergedrow
| label91 =&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rank
|  data91 = {{{population_rank|}}}

| rowclass92 = mergedrow
| label92 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Density
|  data92 = {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_total|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_total|}}}
      |dunam={{if empty|{{{area_land_dunam|}}}|{{{area_total_dunam|}}}}}
      |ha   ={{if empty|{{{area_land_ha|}}}|{{{area_total_ha|}}}}}
      |km2  ={{if empty|{{{area_land_km2|}}}|{{{area_total_km2|}}}}}
      |acre ={{if empty|{{{area_land_acre|}}}|{{{area_total_acre|}}}}}
      |sqmi ={{if empty|{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}|{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

&lt;!-- ***Population density rank*** --&gt;
| rowclass93 = mergedrow
| label93 = &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rank
|  data93 = {{{population_density_rank|}}}

| rowclass94 = mergedrow
| label94 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;[[Urban area|Urban]]&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{population_urban_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data94 = {{#if:{{{population_urban|}}}| {{fix comma category|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_urban}}}|,|}}}}}} }}

| rowclass95 = mergedrow
| label95 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Urban&amp;nbsp;density
|  data95 = {{#if:{{{population_density_urban_km2|}}}{{{population_density_urban_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_urban|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_urban_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_urban_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_urban|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_urban_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_urban_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_urban_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_urban_dunam|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

| rowclass96 = mergedrow
| label96 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;[[Rural area|Rural]]&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{population_rural_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data96 = {{#if:{{{population_rural|}}}|{{fix comma category|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_rural}}}|,|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass97 = mergedrow
| label97 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rural&amp;nbsp;density
|  data97 = {{#if:{{{population_density_rural_km2|}}}{{{population_density_rural_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_rural|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_rural_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_rural_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_rural|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_rural_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_rural_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_rural_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_rural_dunam|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

| rowclass98 = mergedrow
| label98 =&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;[[Metropolitan area|Metro]]&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{population_metro_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data98 = {{#if:{{{population_metro|}}}| {{fix comma category|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_metro}}}|,|}}}}}} }}

| rowclass99 = mergedrow
| label99 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Metro&amp;nbsp;density
|  data99 =  {{#if:{{{population_density_metro_km2|}}}{{{population_density_metro_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_metro|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_metro_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_metro_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_metro|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_metro_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_metro_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_metro_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_metro_dunam|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

| rowclass100 = mergedrow
| label100 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{population_blank1_title|}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{population_blank1_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data100 = {{#if:{{{population_blank1|}}}|{{fix comma category|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_blank1}}}|,|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass101 = mergedrow
| label101 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_blank1_title|}}}|{{{population_blank1_title}}} density|Density}}
|  data101 =  {{#if:{{{population_density_blank1_km2|}}}{{{population_density_blank1_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_blank1|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_blank1_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_blank1_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_blank1|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_blank1_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_blank1_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_blank1_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_blank1_sq_mi|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_blank1_dunam|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

| rowclass102 = mergedrow
| label102 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{population_blank2_title|}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{population_blank2_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data102 = {{#if:{{{population_blank2|}}}|{{fix comma category|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_blank2}}}|,|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass103 = mergedrow
| label103 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_blank2_title|}}}|{{{population_blank2_title}}} density|Density}}
|  data103 = {{#if:{{{population_density_blank2_km2|}}}{{{population_density_blank2_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_blank2|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_blank2_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_blank2_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_blank2|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_blank2_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_blank2_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_blank2_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_blank2_sq_mi|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_blank2_dunam|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref|}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

| rowclass104 = mergedrow
| label104 = &amp;nbsp;
|  data104 = {{{population_note|}}}

| rowclass105 = mergedtoprow
| label105 = {{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{population_demonym|}}}|{{{population_demonyms|}}}{{force plural}}}}|&lt;!--
                --&gt;link=Demonym|singular=Demonym|likely=Demonym(s)|plural=Demonyms}}
|  data105 = {{if empty|{{{population_demonym|}}}|{{{population_demonyms|}}}}}{{Main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{population_demonym|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list]]}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Demographics 1*** --&gt;
| rowclass106 = mergedtoprow
| header106 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{{demographics_type1}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{demographics1_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| rowclass107 = mergedrow
| label107 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title1}}}
|  data107 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title1|}}}|{{{demographics1_info1|}}}}}}}
| rowclass108 = mergedrow
| label108 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title2}}}
|  data108 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title2|}}}|{{{demographics1_info2|}}}}}}}
| rowclass109 = mergedrow
| label109 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title3}}}
|  data109 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title3|}}}|{{{demographics1_info3|}}}}}}}
| rowclass110 = mergedrow
| label110 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title4}}}
|  data110 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title4|}}}|{{{demographics1_info4|}}}}}}}
| rowclass111 = mergedrow
| label111 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title5}}}
|  data111 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title5|}}}|{{{demographics1_info5|}}}}}}}
| rowclass112 = mergedrow
| label112 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title6}}}
|  data112 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title6|}}}|{{{demographics1_info6|}}}}}}}
| rowclass113 = mergedrow
| label113 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title7}}}
|  data113 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title7|}}}|{{{demographics1_info7|}}}}}}}
| rowclass114 = mergedrow
| label114 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title8}}}
|  data114 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title8|}}}|{{{demographics1_info8|}}}}}}}
| rowclass115 = mergedrow
| label115 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title9}}}
|  data115 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title9|}}}|{{{demographics1_info9|}}}}}}}
| rowclass116 = mergedrow
| label116 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title10}}}
|  data116 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title10|}}}|{{{demographics1_info10|}}}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Demographics 2*** --&gt;
| rowclass117 = mergedtoprow
| header117 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{{demographics_type2}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{demographics2_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| rowclass118 = mergedrow
| label118 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title1}}}
|  data118 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title1|}}}|{{{demographics2_info1|}}}}}}}
| rowclass119 = mergedrow
| label119 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title2}}}
|  data119 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title2|}}}|{{{demographics2_info2|}}}}}}}
| rowclass120 = mergedrow
| label120 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title3}}}
|  data120 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title3|}}}|{{{demographics2_info3|}}}}}}}
| rowclass121 = mergedrow
| label121 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title4}}}
|  data121 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title4|}}}|{{{demographics2_info4|}}}}}}}
| rowclass122 = mergedrow
| label122 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title5}}}
|  data122 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title5|}}}|{{{demographics2_info5|}}}}}}}
| rowclass123 = mergedrow
| label123 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title6}}}
|  data123 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title6|}}}|{{{demographics2_info6|}}}}}}}
| rowclass124 = mergedrow
| label124 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title7}}}
|  data124 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title7|}}}|{{{demographics2_info7|}}}}}}}
| rowclass125 = mergedrow
| label125 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title8}}}
|  data125 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title8|}}}|{{{demographics2_info8|}}}}}}}
| rowclass126 = mergedrow
| label126 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title9}}}
|  data126 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title9|}}}|{{{demographics2_info9|}}}}}}}
| rowclass127 = mergedrow
| label127 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title10}}}
|  data127 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title10|}}}|{{{demographics2_info10|}}}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Time Zones*** --&gt;
| rowclass128 = mergedtoprow
| header128 = {{#if:{{{time_zone1_location|}}}|{{#if:{{{time_zone2|}}}|[[{{if empty|{{{time_zone_link|}}}|Time zone}}|Time&amp;nbsp;zone]]s|[[{{if empty|{{{time_zone_link|}}}|Time zone}}|Time&amp;nbsp;zone]]}}|}}

| rowclass129 = {{#if:{{{time_zone1_location|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
|  label129 = {{#if:{{{time_zone1_location|}}}|{{{time_zone1_location|}}}|{{#if:{{{time_zone2_location|}}}|{{{time_zone2_location|}}}|{{#if:{{{time_zone2|}}}|[[{{if empty|{{{time_zone_link|}}}|Time zone}}|Time&amp;nbsp;zone]]s|[[{{if empty|{{{time_zone_link|}}}|Time zone}}|Time&amp;nbsp;zone]]}}}}}}
|  data129 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1|}}}{{{utc_offset|}}}
 |[[UTC{{if empty|{{{utc_offset1|}}}|{{{utc_offset}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{time_zone1|}}}{{{time_zone|}}}|({{if empty|{{{time_zone1|}}}|{{{time_zone|}}}}})}}
 |{{if empty|{{{time_zone1|}}}|{{{time_zone|}}}}}
 }} 
| rowclass130 = mergedrow
| label130 = &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])&lt;/span&gt;
|  data130 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1_DST|}}}{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}
     |[[UTC{{if empty|{{{utc_offset1_DST|}}}|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{time_zone1_DST|}}}{{{time_zone_DST|}}}|({{if empty|{{{time_zone1_DST|}}}|{{{time_zone_DST|}}}}})}}
     |{{if empty|{{{time_zone1_DST|}}}|{{{time_zone_DST|}}}}}
    }}

| rowclass131 = mergedrow
| label131 = {{if empty|{{{time_zone2_location|}}}|&lt;nowiki /&gt;}}
|  data131 = {{#if:{{{time_zone1|}}}{{{time_zone|}}}{{{utc_offset1|}}}{{{utc_offset|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{utc_offset2|}}}
   |[[UTC{{{utc_offset2|}}}]] {{#if:{{{time_zone2|}}}|({{{time_zone2|}}})}}
   |{{{time_zone2|}}}
   }}
 }}
| rowclass132 = mergedrow
| label132 = &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])&lt;/span&gt;
|  data132 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset2_DST|}}}|[[UTC{{{utc_offset2_DST|}}}]] {{#if:{{{time_zone2_DST|}}}|({{{time_zone2_DST|}}})}}
     |{{{time_zone2_DST|}}}
    }}

| rowclass133 = mergedrow
| label133 = {{if empty|{{{time_zone3_location|}}}|&lt;nowiki /&gt;}}
|  data133 = {{#if:{{{time_zone1|}}}{{{time_zone|}}}{{{utc_offset1|}}}{{{utc_offset|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{utc_offset3|}}}
   |[[UTC{{{utc_offset3|}}}]] {{#if:{{{time_zone3|}}}|({{{time_zone3|}}})}}
   |{{{time_zone3|}}}
   }}
 }}
| rowclass134 = mergedrow
| label134 = &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])&lt;/span&gt;
|  data134 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset3_DST|}}}|[[UTC{{{utc_offset3_DST|}}}]] {{#if:{{{time_zone3_DST|}}}|({{{time_zone3_DST|}}})}}
     |{{{time_zone3_DST|}}}
    }}

| rowclass135 = mergedrow
| label135 = {{if empty|{{{time_zone4_location|}}}|&lt;nowiki /&gt;}}
|  data135 = {{#if:{{{time_zone1|}}}{{{time_zone|}}}{{{utc_offset1|}}}{{{utc_offset|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{utc_offset4|}}}
   |[[UTC{{{utc_offset4|}}}]] {{#if:{{{time_zone4|}}}|({{{time_zone4|}}})}}
   |{{{time_zone4|}}}
   }}
 }}
| rowclass136 = mergedrow
| label136 = &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])&lt;/span&gt;
|  data136 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset4_DST|}}}|[[UTC{{{utc_offset4_DST|}}}]] {{#if:{{{time_zone4_DST|}}}|({{{time_zone4_DST|}}})}}
     |{{{time_zone4_DST|}}}
    }}

| rowclass137 = mergedrow
| label137 = {{if empty|{{{time_zone5_location|}}}|&lt;nowiki /&gt;}}
|  data137 = {{#if:{{{time_zone1|}}}{{{time_zone|}}}{{{utc_offset1|}}}{{{utc_offset|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{utc_offset5|}}}
   |[[UTC{{{utc_offset5|}}}]] {{#if:{{{time_zone5|}}}|({{{time_zone5|}}})}}
   |{{{time_zone5|}}}
   }}
 }}
| rowclass138 = mergedrow
| label138 = &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])&lt;/span&gt;
|  data138 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset5_DST|}}}|[[UTC{{{utc_offset5_DST|}}}]] {{#if:{{{time_zone5_DST|}}}|({{{time_zone5_DST|}}})}}
     |{{{time_zone5_DST|}}}
    }}

&lt;!-- ***Postal Code(s)*** --&gt;
| rowclass139 = mergedtoprow
| label139 = {{if empty|{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{Pluralize from text|any_comma=1|parse_links=1|{{{postal_code|}}}|link=Postal code|singular=Postal&amp;nbsp;code|plural=Postal&amp;nbsp;codes}}}}
| class139 = adr
|  data139 = {{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;{{{postal_code}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}

| rowclass140 = {{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label140 = {{if empty|{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{Pluralize from text|any_comma=1|parse_links=1|{{{postal2_code|}}}|link=Postal code|singular=Postal&amp;nbsp;code|plural=Postal&amp;nbsp;codes}}}}
| class140 = adr
|  data140 = {{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;{{{postal2_code}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}

&lt;!-- ***Area Code(s)*** --&gt;
| rowclass141 = {{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label141 = {{if empty|{{{area_code_type|}}}|{{Pluralize from text|any_comma=1|parse_links=1|{{if empty|{{{area_code|}}}|{{{area_codes|}}}{{force plural}}}}|&lt;!--
                                             --&gt;link=Telephone numbering plan|singular=Area&amp;nbsp;code|likely=Area&amp;nbsp;code(s)|plural=Area&amp;nbsp;codes}}}}
|  data141 = {{if empty|{{{area_code|}}}|{{{area_codes|}}}}}{{#if:{{{area_code_type|}}}||{{Main other|{{Pluralize from text|any_comma=1|parse_links=1|{{{area_code|}}}|||[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list]]}}}}}}

&lt;!-- Geocode--&gt;
| rowclass142 = {{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{area_code|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label142 = [[Geocode]]
| class142 = nickname
|  data142 = {{{geocode|}}}

&lt;!-- ISO Code--&gt;
| rowclass143 = {{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{area_code|}}}{{{geocode|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label143 = [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 code]]
| class143 = nickname
|  data143 = {{{iso_code|}}}

&lt;!-- Vehicle registration plate--&gt;
| rowclass144 = {{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{area_code|}}}{{{geocode|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label144 = {{if empty|{{{registration_plate_type|}}}|[[Vehicle registration plate|Vehicle registration]]}}
|  data144 = {{{registration_plate|}}}

&lt;!-- Other codes --&gt;
| rowclass145 = {{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{area_code|}}}{{{geocode|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}{{{registration_plate|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label145 = {{{code1_name|}}}
| class145 = nickname
|  data145 = {{#if:{{{code1_name|}}}|{{{code1_info|}}}}}

| rowclass146 = {{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{area_code|}}}{{{geocode|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}{{{registration_plate|}}}{{{code1_name|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label146 = {{{code2_name|}}}
| class146 = nickname
|  data146 = {{#if:{{{code2_name|}}}|{{{code2_info|}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Blank Fields (two sections)*** --&gt;
| rowclass147 = mergedtoprow
| label147 = {{if empty|{{{blank_name_sec1|}}}|{{{blank_name|}}}|{{{custom_label_sec1|}}}}}
|  data147 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec1|}}}{{{blank_name|}}}{{{custom_label_sec1|}}}|{{if empty|{{{blank_info_sec1|}}}|{{{blank_info|}}}|{{{custom_data_sec1|}}}}}}}

| rowclass148 = mergedrow
| label148 = {{{custom_label1_sec1|}}}
|  data148 = {{#if:{{{custom_label1_sec1|}}}|{{{custom_data1_sec1|}}}}}

| rowclass149 = mergedrow
| label149 = {{{custom_label2_sec1|}}}
|  data149 = {{#if:{{{custom_label2_sec1|}}}|{{{custom_data2_sec1|}}}}}

| rowclass150 = mergedrow
| label150 = {{{custom_label3_sec1|}}}
|  data150 = {{#if:{{{custom_label3_sec1|}}}|{{{custom_data3_sec1|}}}}}

| rowclass151 = mergedrow
| label151 = {{{custom_label4_sec1|}}}
|  data151 = {{#if:{{{custom_label4_sec1|}}}|{{{custom_data4_sec1|}}}}}

| rowclass152 = mergedrow
| label152 = {{{custom_label5_sec1|}}}
|  data152 = {{#if:{{{custom_label5_sec1|}}}|{{{custom_data5_sec1|}}}}}

| rowclass153 = mergedrow
| label153 = {{{custom_label6_sec1|}}}
|  data153 = {{#if:{{{custom_label6_sec1|}}}|{{{custom_data6_sec1|}}}}}

| rowclass154 = mergedrow
| label154 = {{{custom_label7_sec1|}}}
|  data154 = {{#if:{{{custom_label7_sec1|}}}|{{{custom_data7_sec1|}}}}}

| rowclass155 = mergedtoprow
| label155 = {{{custom_label_sec2|}}}
|  data155 = {{#if:{{{custom_label_sec2|}}}|{{{custom_data_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass156 = mergedrow
| label156 = {{{custom_label1_sec2|}}}
|  data156 = {{#if:{{{custom_label1_sec2|}}}|{{{custom_data1_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass157 = mergedrow
| label157 = {{{custom_label2_sec2|}}}
|  data157 = {{#if:{{{custom_label2_sec2|}}}|{{{custom_data2_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass158 = mergedrow
| label158 = {{{custom_label3_sec2|}}}
|  data158 = {{#if:{{{custom_label3_sec2|}}}|{{{custom_data3_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass159 = mergedrow
| label159 = {{{custom_label4_sec2|}}}
|  data159 = {{#if:{{{custom_label4_sec2|}}}|{{{custom_data4_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass160 = mergedrow
| label160 = {{{custom_label5_sec2|}}}
|  data160 = {{#if:{{{custom_label5_sec2|}}}|{{{custom_data5_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass161 = mergedrow
| label161 = {{{custom_label6_sec2|}}}
|  data161 = {{#if:{{{custom_label6_sec2|}}}|{{{custom_data6_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass162 = mergedrow
| label162 = {{{custom_label7_sec2|}}}
|  data162 = {{#if:{{{custom_label7_sec2|}}}|{{{custom_data7_sec2|}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Website*** --&gt;
| rowclass163 = mergedtoprow
| label163 = Website
|  data163 = {{{website|}}}

| class164 = maptable
| data164 = {{{module|}}}

&lt;!-- ***Footnotes*** --&gt;
| belowrowclass = mergedtoprow
| below = {{{footnotes|}}}
}}&lt;!-- Check for unknowns
--&gt;{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox settlement}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{if empty|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox settlement}}]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;| ignoreblank=y | mapframe_args=y | pushpin_map_args=y | alt | anthem | anthem_link | area_blank1_acre | area_blank1_dunam | area_blank1_ha | area_blank1_km2 | area_blank1_sq_mi | area_blank1_title | area_blank2_acre | area_blank2_dunam | area_blank2_ha | area_blank2_km2 | area_blank2_sq_mi | area_blank2_title | area_code | area_code_type | area_codes | area_footnotes | area_land_acre | area_land_dunam | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_metro_acre | area_metro_dunam | area_metro_footnotes | area_metro_ha | area_metro_km2 | area_metro_sq_mi | area_note | area_rank | area_rural_acre | area_rural_dunam | area_rural_footnotes | area_rural_ha | area_rural_km2 | area_rural_sq_mi | area_total_acre | area_total_dunam | area_total_ha | area_total_km2 | area_total_sq_mi | area_urban_acre | area_urban_dunam | area_urban_footnotes | area_urban_ha | area_urban_km2 | area_urban_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_dunam | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_percent | area_water_sq_mi | blank_emblem_alt | blank_emblem_link | blank_emblem_size | blank_emblem_type | blank_emblem_upright | caption | code1_info | code1_name | code2_info | code2_name | coor_pinpoint | coor_type | coordinates | coordinates_footnotes | custom_data1_sec1 | custom_data1_sec2 | custom_data2_sec1 | custom_data2_sec2 | custom_data3_sec1 | custom_data3_sec2 | custom_data4_sec1 | custom_data4_sec2 | custom_data5_sec1 | custom_data5_sec2 | custom_data6_sec1 | custom_data6_sec2 | custom_data7_sec1 | custom_data7_sec2 | custom_data_sec1 | custom_data_sec2 | custom_label1_sec1 | custom_label1_sec2 | custom_label2_sec1 | custom_label2_sec2 | custom_label3_sec1 | custom_label3_sec2 | custom_label4_sec1 | custom_label4_sec2 | custom_label5_sec1 | custom_label5_sec2 | custom_label6_sec1 | custom_label6_sec2 | custom_label7_sec1 | custom_label7_sec2 | custom_label_sec1 | custom_label_sec2 | demographics1_footnotes | demographics1_info1 | demographics1_info10 | demographics1_info2 | demographics1_info3 | demographics1_info4 | demographics1_info5 | demographics1_info6 | demographics1_info7 | demographics1_info8 | demographics1_info9 | demographics1_title1 | demographics1_title10 | demographics1_title2 | demographics1_title3 | demographics1_title4 | demographics1_title5 | demographics1_title6 | demographics1_title7 | demographics1_title8 | demographics1_title9 | demographics2_footnotes | demographics2_info1 | demographics2_info10 | demographics2_info2 | demographics2_info3 | demographics2_info4 | demographics2_info5 | demographics2_info6 | demographics2_info7 | demographics2_info8 | demographics2_info9 | demographics2_title1 | demographics2_title10 | demographics2_title2 | demographics2_title3 | demographics2_title4 | demographics2_title5 | demographics2_title6 | demographics2_title7 | demographics2_title8 | demographics2_title9 | demographics_type1 | demographics_type2 | dimensions_footnotes | dunam_link | elevation_footnotes | elevation_ft | elevation_link | elevation_m | elevation_max_footnotes | elevation_max_ft | elevation_max_m | elevation_max_point | elevation_max_rank | elevation_min_footnotes | elevation_min_ft | elevation_min_m | elevation_min_point | elevation_min_rank | elevation_point | embed | established_date | established_date1 | established_date2 | established_date3 | established_date4 | established_date5 | established_date6 | established_date7 | established_title | established_title1 | established_title2 | established_title3 | established_title4 | established_title5 | established_title6 | established_title7 | etymology | extinct_date | extinct_title | flag_alt | flag_border | flag_link | flag_size | footnotes | founder | geocode | governing_body | government_blank1 | government_blank1_title | government_blank2 | government_blank2_title | government_blank3 | government_blank3_title | government_blank4 | government_blank4_title | government_blank5 | government_blank5_title | government_blank6 | government_blank6_title | government_footnotes | government_type | grid_name | grid_position | image | image_blank_emblem | image_flag | image_map | image_map1 | image_seal | image_shield | image_size | image_upright | iso_code | leader_name | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_name5 | leader_party | leader_title | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | leader_title5 | length_km | length_mi | map_alt | map_alt1 | map_caption | map_caption1 | map_size | map_size1 | module | motto | motto_link | mottoes | name | named_for | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nickname_link | nicknames | official_name | other_name | p1 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  <page>
    <title>यूनाइटेड किंगडम</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10506</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>804294</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:17:08Z</timestamp>
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        <id>7808</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Administrative divisions */ सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="48864" sha1="ad3oq9fagfp98cg43tsqmp2rqlk7yh3" xml:space="preserve">{{अनुवाद|अंग्रेजी}}
{{Infobox country
| name = {{nowrap|यूनाइटेड किंगडम ऑफ}} {{nowrap|ग्रेट ब्रिटेन एंड नॉर्दर्न आयरलैंड}}
| common_name = यूनाइटेड किंगडम
| image_flag = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
| alt_flag = झंडा
| image_coat = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg
| alt_coat = राजशाही के चीन्हा
| symbol_type = {{nowrap|[[:en:Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|Royal coat of arms]]{{#tag:ref |स्कॉटलैंड में एगो दूसर राजशाही चीन्हा प्रयोग होला: [[:File:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Scotland).svg|[देखे खातिर क्लिक करीं]]].|group=&quot;नोट&quot;}}&lt;!--(end nowrap:)--&gt;}}
| symbol_width = 90px
| national_anthem = {{nowrap|1=&quot;[[:en:God Save the King|God Save The King]]&quot;{{#tag:ref |There is no authorised version of the national anthem as the words are a matter of tradition; only the first verse is usually sung.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=National Anthem|url=https://www.royal.uk/national-anthem|website=Official web site of the British Royal Family|accessdate=4 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; No law was passed making &quot;God Save the Queen&quot; the official anthem. In the English tradition, such laws are not necessary; proclamation and usage are sufficient to make it the national anthem. &quot;God Save the Queen&quot; also serves as the [[:en:Honors music|Royal anthem]] for certain [[:en:Commonwealth realms]]. |group=&quot;नोट&quot;}} &lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the King.oga|center]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--(end nowrap:)--&gt;}}
| image_map = Europe-UK.svg
| alt_map = महादीपीय यूरोप के उत्तर-पच्छिम में मौजूद दू गो दीप।
| map_caption = {{map_caption |countryprefix=the |country={{nobold|यूनाइटेड&amp;nbsp;किंगडम}} |location_color=गहिरा हरियर |region=यूरोप |region_color=गहिरा मटियाहूँ |subregion= [[यूरोपियन&amp;nbsp;युनियन]] |subregion_color=हरियर}}
| languages_type = ऑफिशियल भासा&lt;br&gt;{{nobold|आ राष्ट्रीय भासा सभ}}
| languages = [[अंग्रेजी भाषा|अंग्रेजी]]&lt;!---NOTE: Just English, don't add &quot;British English&quot;---&gt;
| languages2_type = पहिचानल क्षेत्रीय&lt;br&gt;भासा सभ{{#tag:ref |Under the [[:en:Council of Europe|Council of Europe]]'s [[:en:European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]], Scots, Ulster Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish Gaelic and Irish are officially recognised as [[:en:Regional language|regional]] or [[:en:Minority language|minority]] languages by the [[:en:Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] for the purposes of the Charter.&lt;ref name=&quot;reglang&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&amp;NT=148&amp;VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 |publisher=[[:en:Council of Europe]] |accessdate=12 दिसंबर 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175720/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&amp;NT=148&amp;VL=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ईहो देखल जाय [[:en:Languages of the United Kingdom]]. |group=&quot;नोट&quot;&lt;!--(end #tag:)--&gt;}}
| languages2 = {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.3em;|item_style=white-space; |[[:en:Scots language|Scots]]|[[:en:Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster&amp;nbsp;Scots]]|[[:en:Welsh language|Welsh]]|[[:en:Cornish language|Cornish]]|[[:en:Scottish&amp;nbsp|Scottish Gaelic]]&lt;!--Keep &quot;Scottish Gaelic&quot;; people will find &quot;Gaelic&quot; confusing, as the Irish language is also commonly called &quot;Gaelic&quot;--&gt;|[[:en:Irish language|Irish]]}}
| ethnic_groups = {{ublist|list_style=line-height:1.3em; |class=nowrap |87.1% [[:en:White people|White]] |7.0% [[:en:British Asian|Asian]] |3.0% [[:en:Black British|Black]] |2.0% [[:en:Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]] |0.9% others}}
| ethnic_groups_year = [[:en:United Kingdom Census 2011|2011]]
| demonym = {{hlist|[[ब्रिटिश लोग|बिटिश]] | ब्रिटन}}
| capital = [[लंदन]]
| latd = 51
| latm = 30
| latNS = N
| longd = 0
| longm = 7
| longEW = W
| largest_city = capital
| government_type = [[:en:Unitary state|Unitary]] [[:en:Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[:en:constitutional monarchy|Constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[:en:Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[चार्ल्स III]]
| leader_title2 = [[परधानमंत्री]]
| leader_name2 = [[एंडी बर्नहैम]]
| legislature = Parliament
| upper_house = {{nowrap|[[:en:House of Lords]]}}
| lower_house = {{nowrap|[[:en:House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]}}
| sovereignty_type = [[:en:History of the formation of the United Kingdom|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[:en:Acts of Union of England and Scotland]]
| established_date1 = {{nowrap|1 मई 1707}}
| established_event2 = [[:en:Acts of Union of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| established_date2 = {{nowrap|1 जनवरी 1801}}
| established_event3 = [[:en:Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922|Irish Free State Constitution Act]]
| established_date3 = {{nowrap|5 दिसंबर 1922}}
| EUseats = 78
| area_rank = 78वाँ
| area_magnitude = 1 E11
| area_km2 = 242495
| area_sq_mi = 93628
| area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf|format=PDF|title=Demographic Yearbook – Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|year=2012|accessdate=9 अगस्त 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| percent_water = 1.34
| population_estimate_rank = 22वाँ
| population_estimate = 65,102,385&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/uk-population/|title=U.K. Population (2016) - Worldometers|work=worldometers.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = 63,181,775&lt;ref name=&quot;pop_census&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |title=2011 UK censuses |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=17 दिसंबर 2012 |archive-date=2016-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131125807/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2016
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_census_rank = 22वाँ
| population_density_km2 = 255.6
| population_density_sq_mi = 661.9
| population_density_rank = 51वाँ
| GDP_PPP_year = 2015
| GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$2.679 trillion}}
| GDP_PPP_rank = 9वाँ
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $41,159&lt;ref name=IMF&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&amp;ey=2021&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=112&amp;s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CNGAP_NPGDP%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=91&amp;pr.y=9|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=वल्ड इकोनामिक आउटलुक डेटाबेस|date=2016|publisher=अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष|accessdate=15 अप्रैल 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 25वाँ
| GDP_nominal_year = 2015
| GDP_nominal_rank = 5वाँ
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $43,771&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 13वाँ
| GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$2.849 trillion}}&lt;!--NOTE: Do no update with 2016 &quot;IMF staff estimates&quot;, wait until actual data is published--&gt;
| Gini_year = 2014
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini = 31.6
| Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;eurogini&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC) |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12 |publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer |accessdate=11 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank = 33वाँ
| HDI_year = 2014 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change = increase &lt;!-- increase / decrease / steady --&gt;
| HDI = 0.907 &lt;!--number only, between 0 and 1--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=14 दिसंबर 2015 |accessdate=14 दिसंबर 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 14वाँ
| currency = [[पौंड&amp;nbsp;स्टर्लिंग]]&lt;ref group=&quot;नोट&quot;&gt;कुछ अइसन देस जवन कुछ हद तक खुदशासित बाड़ें, राजशाही के निर्भर राज्यक्षेत्र बाड़ें आ कुछ समुन्दर पर ब्रिटिश क्षेत्र आपन खुद के पौंड करेंसी छापे लें, या फिर दुसरे देस के करेंसी इस्तमाल करे लें, ढेर जानकारी खातिर अंग्रेजी में देखल जाय [[:en:List of British currencies]]।&lt;/ref&gt;
| currency_code = GBP{{))!}}; {{!((}}Pound sign{{!}}£
| time_zone = [[ग्रीनिच मीन टाइम|GMT]]&lt;ref group=&quot;नोट&quot;&gt;यूके के कुछ निर्भर राज्यक्षेत्र एह टाइम जोन से बाहर बाड़ें। अंग्रेजी में देखल जाय [[:en:Time in the United Kingdom#British territories]]।&lt;/ref&gt;
| utc_offset = &amp;#8203;&lt;!--NOTE: Please do not remove. This is a blank character entity so that the infobox displays &quot;UTC&quot; without a specified offset.--&gt;
| time_zone_DST = [[ब्रिटिश समर टाइम|BST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +1
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&amp;nbsp;([[एनो डोमिनी|AD]])
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = +44
| cctld = .uk
 &lt;!--| national_motto = | religion = | footnotes = --&gt;
}}
'''यूनाइटेड किंगडम ऑफ ग्रेट ब्रिटेन एंड नॉदर्न आयरलैंड'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ओंकार सिंह जनौटी |title=यूके, जीबी, ब्रिटेन और इंग्लैंड में फर्क |url=https://www.dw.com/hi/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95/g-19338153 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=dw.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), संछेप में '''यूनाइटेड किंगडम''', जौना के आमतौर पर '''यूके''' या '''ब्रिटेन''' कहल जाला [[यूरोप]] के एगो [[संप्रभु राज्य]] बाटे। [[महादीपीय यूरोप|यूरोपीय मुख्य भूमि]] के उत्तर-पच्छिमी किनारे पर मौजूद यूनाइटेड किंगडम के अंतर्गत, [[ग्रेट ब्रिटेन]] (जवना के नाँव बोलचाल में अक्सरहा पुरा देस खातिर इस्तेमाल कइ दिहल जाला) आ [[आयरलैंड]] दीप के उत्तरी पूरबी भाग, अ अउरी बहुत सारा छोट-छोट [[दीप]] आवेलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Definition of Great Britain in English |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=29 अक्टूबर 2014 |quote=Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom. |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223902/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[उत्तरी आयरलैंड]] एक मात्र अइसन हिस्सा बाटे जवन कौनों दूसर राष्ट्र (आयरलैंड रिपब्लिक) के साथे जमीनी सीमा वाला बा।&lt;ref group=&quot;नोट&quot;&gt;Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another state, two of [[British Overseas Territories|its Overseas Territories]] also share land borders with other states. [[Gibraltar]] shares [[Gibraltar-Spain border|a border]] with [[Spain]], while the [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia|Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] share borders with the [[Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]], [[Northern Cyprus|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] and UN [[buffer zone]] separating the two Cypriot polities.&lt;/ref&gt; एह जमीनी सीमा के छोड़ दिहल जाव तब यूके चारों ओर से [[अटलांटिक महासागर]] से घेराइल बाटे, जहाँ एकरे पूरुब ओर [[नॉर्थ सागर]], दक्खिन में [[इंग्लिश चैनल]] आ दक्खिन-दक्खिन पच्छिम में [[सेल्टिक सागर]] बाड़ें। ग्रेट ब्रिटेन आ आयरलैंड के बीच के समुंद्र के [[आयरिश सागर]] कहल जाला। क्षेत्रफल में {{convert|93800|sqmi|km2}} बिस्तार वाला यूनाइटेड किंगडम [[:en:List of countries by area|दुनिया के 78वाँ संप्रभु राज्य]] आ [[:en:List of European countries by area|यूरोप में 11वाँ]] अस्थान पर बाटे। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई देस [[:en:List of countries and dependencies by population|21वाँ नम्बर]] के सभसे ढेर जनसंख्या वाला देस बाटे आ एकर जनसंख्या लगभग 65.1 मिलियन बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=65&amp;pr.y=9&amp;sy=2014&amp;ey=2021&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=subject&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=122%2C941%2C124%2C946%2C423%2C137%2C939%2C181%2C172%2C138%2C132%2C182%2C134%2C936%2C174%2C961%2C178%2C184%2C136&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=United Kingdom |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate= 1 अप्रैल 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; एही से ई [[यूरोपियन युनियन]] के चउथा सभसे घना आबादी वाला देस बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;brexit&quot; group=&quot;नोट&quot;&gt;Following the [[United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016|referendum]] of 23 जून 2016, the UK will withdraw from the EU at a date to be determined.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://visual.ons.gov.uk/uk-perspectives-2016-the-uk-in-an-european-context/ |title=UK Perspectives 2016: The UK in a European context |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=26 मई 2016 |accessdate=16 जून 2016 |archive-date=2016-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626190615/http://visual.ons.gov.uk/uk-perspectives-2016-the-uk-in-an-european-context/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

युनाइटेड किंगडम एगो [[:en:constitutional monarchy]] (संबैधानिक राजतंत्र) हवे जहाँ [[संसदीय ब्यवस्था]] वाला शासन बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, ''What is constitutional monarchy?'']. Retrieved 17 July 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html CIA, ''The World Factbook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102141059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |date=2021-01-02 }}. Retrieved 17 July 2013&lt;/ref&gt; एकर [[राजधानी]] [[लंदन]], एगो महत्वपूर्ण [[बैस्विक शहर]] आ फाइनेंस के केन्द्र बाटे जहाँ के शहरी आबादी 10,310,000 बा आ ई यूरोप के चउथा सभसे बड़ा शहर बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950-2030, [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/ World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 revision], Population Division of the [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]]. Retrieved 22 फरवरी 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; वर्तमान में एकर इहाँ के राजशाही के प्रमुख 6 फरवरी 1952 से [[एलिजाबेथ II|महारानी एलिजाबेथ II]] बाड़ी। यूनाइटेड किंगडम में चार गो देस (country) आवे लें: [[इंग्लैंड]], [[स्कॉटलैंड]], [[वेल्स]], आ [[उत्तरी आयरलैंड]]।&lt;ref name=&quot;page823&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |title=Countries within a country |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |date=10 जनवरी 2003 |accessdate=8 मार्च 2015 |archive-date=2015-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401232410/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; बाद के तीनों के प्रशासनिक [[:en:devolution in the United Kingdom|स्वायत्तता]] दिहल गइल बाटे,&lt;ref name=&quot;devoladmins&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |title=Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland |publisher=United Kingdom Government |accessdate=17 अप्रैल 2013 |quote=In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise an executive, known as the devolved administrations...}}&lt;/ref&gt; हालांकि, ई तीनों खातिर अलग-अलग किसिम के बाटे&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7859034.stm |title=Fall in UK university students |work=BBC News |date=29 जनवरी 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |title=Country Overviews: United Kingdom |publisher=Transport Research Knowledge Centre |accessdate=28 मार्च 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; आ इनहन के राजधानी, क्रम से [[एडिनबर्ग]], [[कार्डिफ]], आ [[बेलफास्ट]] बा। नगिचे के [[आइल्स ऑफ मैन]], [[बालिविक ऑफ गुएर्नसी]] आ [[बालिविक ऑफ जर्सी]] युनाइटेड किंगडम के हिस्सा ना हवे बलुक, [[:en:Crown dependencies]] हवें [[युनाइटेड किंगडम सरकार|ब्रिटिश सरकार]] इनहन के सुरक्षा आ अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रतिनिधित्व करे ला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archivedate=3 अक्टूबर 2012|title=Key facts about the United Kingdom |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http:/www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517|accessdate=6 मार्च 2015|publisher=[[Directgov]] |quote=&lt;blockquote style=&quot;padding-top:0; margin-top:0; padding-left:0; padding-right:0;&quot;&gt;The full title of this country is 'the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales. The United Kingdom (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 'Britain' is used informally, usually meaning the United Kingdom.&lt;br&gt;The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK.&lt;/blockquote&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- The relationships among the countries of the United Kingdom have [[History of the formation of the United Kingdom|changed over time]]. Wales was annexed by the [[Kingdom of England]] under the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|Acts of Union]] of 1536 and 1542. [[Treaty of Union|A treaty]] between England and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] resulted in 1707 in a unified [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], which merged in 1801 with the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] to form the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. In 1922, five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the country, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.&lt;ref group=&quot;नोट&quot;&gt;The [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the [[Irish War of Independence]]. Effective one year later, it established the [[Irish Free State]] as a separate [[dominion]] within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. The UK's current name was [[Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927|adopted in 1927]] to reflect the change.&lt;/ref&gt; The UK has [[British Overseas Territories|fourteen Overseas Territories]].&lt;ref name=overseasterrirories&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/protecting-and-developing-the-overseas-territories |title=Supporting the Overseas Territories |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |accessdate=9 मार्च 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These are the remnants of the [[British Empire]] which, at its height in the 1920s, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land mass and was the [[List of largest empires#All empires at their greatest extent|largest empire in history]]. British influence can be observed in the [[English language|language]], [[culture of the United Kingdom|culture]], and [[common law|legal systems]] of many of [[List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom|its former colonies]].

The United Kingdom is a [[developed country]] and has the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|fifth-largest economy]] by nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|ninth-largest economy]] by [[purchasing power parity]]. The UK is considered to have a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] and is categorised as very high in the [[Human Development Index]], ranking [[List of countries by Human Development Index|14th in the world]]. It was the world's first [[Industrialisation|industrialised]] country and the world's foremost [[Power (international relations)|power]] during the 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstindustrialn00unse |publisher=Routledge |location=London |author=Mathias, P. |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-26672-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ferguson&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |year=2004 |title=Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power |url=https://archive.org/details/empirerisedemise0000ferg_p9m6 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-02328-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UK remains a [[great power]] with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific, and political [[Sphere of influence|influence]] internationally.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| author1=T. V. Paul |author2=James J. Wirtz |author3=Michel Fortmann | title=Balance of Power| publisher=State University of New York Press, 2005
| year=2005| pages = 59, 282 | isbn = 0791464016| url=https://www.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&amp;pg=PA59&amp;dq=&quot;Great+power&quot;}} ''Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States'' p.59&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;David M. McCourt&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=McCourt |first=David |title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics |publisher=University of Michigan Press |date=28 मई 2014 |location=United States of America|pages=|isbn=0472072218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&amp;dq=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=TCJkU8TOE6mS7Abw14HIBg&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|recognised]] [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear weapons state]] and its [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth]] in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;SIPRI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1604.pdf |title = Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2015 |publisher = [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |format=PDF |accessdate= 5 अप्रैल 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iiss.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.iiss.org/en/publications/military%20balance/issues/the-military-balance-2016-d6c9|title = The Military Balance 2016|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = }}&lt;/ref&gt; The UK has been a [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]] since its first session in 1946. It has been a [[Big Four (European Union)|leading]] [[member state of the European Union|member state]] of the [[European Union]] (EU) and its predecessor, the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC), since 1973. However, on 23 जून 2016, [[United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016|a nationwide referendum on the UK's membership of the EU]] resulted in a 51.9 % vote for exit. The UK is also a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[Council of Europe]], the [[G7 finance ministers]], the [[G7 forum]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], [[NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), and the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). --&gt;

== भूगोल ==
{{Main article|Geography of the United Kingdom}}
[[चित्र:Uk topo en.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Map of United Kingdom showing hilly regions to north and west, and flattest region in the south-east.|The topography of the UK]]
The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately {{convert|243610|km2|sqmi|-1}}. The country occupies the major part of the [[British Isles]]&lt;ref&gt;Oxford English Dictionary: &quot;British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[archipelago]] and includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland and some smaller surrounding islands. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the south-east coast coming within {{convert|35|km|mi|0|disp=flip}} of the coast of northern France, from which it is separated by the [[English Channel]].&lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |title=United Kingdom |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=23 September 2008 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102141059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1993 10 % of the UK was forested, 46 % used for pastures and 25 % cultivated for agriculture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlapedia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd |url=http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm |title=United Kingdom&amp;nbsp;– Atlapedia Online |publisher=Atlapedia.com |accessdate=26 अक्टूबर 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Greenwich Observatory]] in London is the defining point of the [[Prime Meridian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |title=The Prime Meridian at Greenwich |author=ROG Learning Team |date=23 अगस्त 2002 |work=Royal Museums Greenwich |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |accessdate=11 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United Kingdom lies between latitudes [[49th parallel north|49°]] to [[61st parallel north|61° N]], and longitudes [[9th meridian west|9° W]] to [[2nd meridian east|2° E]]. Northern Ireland shares a {{convert|360|km|mi|0|adj=on|disp=flip}} land boundary with the Republic of Ireland.&lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;/&gt; The coastline of Great Britain is {{convert|17820|km|mi|0|disp=flip}} long.&lt;ref name=&quot;UK coastline&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |first=Giles |last=Darkes |date=जनवरी 2008 |accessdate=24 January 2015 |publisher=The [[British Cartographic Society]] |archive-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522042745/http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is connected to [[continental Europe]] by the [[Channel Tunnel]], which at {{convert|50|km|mi|0|disp=flip}} ({{convert|38|km|mi|0|disp=flip}} underwater) is the longest underwater tunnel in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218114514/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure|archivedate=18 December 2010 |title=The Channel Tunnel |publisher=Eurotunnel |accessdate=8 मार्च 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Geography of England|England]] accounts for just over half of the total area of the UK, covering {{convert|130395|km2|sqmi|-1}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm |work=BBC News |title=England&amp;nbsp;– Profile |date=11 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the country consists of lowland terrain,&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlapedia&quot;/&gt; with mountainous terrain north-west of the [[Tees-Exe line]]; including the [[Lake District|Cumbrian Mountains]] of the Lake District, the [[Pennines]], [[Exmoor]] and [[Dartmoor]]. The main rivers and estuaries are the [[River Thames|Thames]], [[River Severn|Severn]] and the [[Humber]]. England's highest mountain is [[Scafell Pike]] ({{convert|978|m|ft|0}}) in the [[Lake District]]. Its principal [[Rivers of England|rivers]] are the Severn, Thames, Humber, Tees, Tyne, Tweed, Avon, Exe and Mersey.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlapedia&quot;/&gt;
{{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Keswick Panorama - Oct 2009.jpg | width1 = 225 | caption1 = The [[Skiddaw|Skiddaw massif]], town of [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]] and [[Derwent Water]] in [[Lake District|Lakeland]]| alt1 = | image2 = Quiraing Isle of Skye Pano.jpg | width2 = 225 | caption2 = [[Isle of Skye|Skye]] is one of the major islands in the [[Inner Hebrides]] and part of the [[Scottish Highlands]] }}

[[Geography of Scotland|Scotland]] accounts for just under a third of the total area of the UK, covering {{convert|78772|km2|sqmi|-1}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |title=Scotland Facts |publisher=Scotland Online Gateway |accessdate=16 July 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html| archivedate=21 जून 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and including nearly eight hundred [[List of islands of Scotland|islands]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html |title=The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands|work=The Independent |location=London |date=1 जून 2000 |first=Jon |last=Winter | accessdate=8 मार्च 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; predominantly west and north of the mainland; notably the [[Hebrides]], [[Orkney|Orkney Islands]] and [[Shetland|Shetland Islands]]. Scotland is the most mountainous country in the UK and its topography is distinguished by the [[Highland Boundary Fault]]—a [[Fault (geology)|geological rock fracture]]—which traverses Scotland from [[Isle of Arran|Arran]] in the west to [[Stonehaven]] in the east.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst7728.html |title=Overview of Highland Boundary Fault |work=Gazetteer for Scotland |publisher=University of Edinburgh |accessdate=27 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Fault (geology)|fault]] separates two distinctively different regions; namely the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] to the north and west and the [[Scottish Lowlands|lowlands]] to the south and east. The more rugged Highland region contains the majority of Scotland's mountainous land, including [[Ben Nevis]] which at {{convert|1343|m|ft|0}} is the highest point in the British Isles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |title=Ben Nevis Weather |publisher=Ben Nevis Weather |accessdate=26 अक्टूबर 2008 |archive-date=2018-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924202417/http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lowland areas—especially the narrow waist of land between the [[Firth of Clyde]] and the [[Firth of Forth]] known as the [[Central Lowlands|Central Belt]]—are flatter and home to most of the population including [[Glasgow]], Scotland's largest city, and [[Edinburgh]], its capital and political centre, although upland and mountainous terrain lies within the [[Southern Uplands]].

[[geography of Wales|Wales]] accounts for less than a tenth of the total area of the UK, covering {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|-1}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm |title=Profile: Wales |work=BBC News |date=9 जून 2010 |accessdate=7 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wales is mostly mountainous, though [[South Wales]] is less mountainous than [[North Wales|North]] and [[mid Wales]]. The main population and industrial areas are in South Wales, consisting of the coastal cities of [[Cardiff]], [[Swansea]] and [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], and the [[South Wales Valleys]] to their north. The highest mountains in Wales are in [[Snowdonia]] and include [[Snowdon]] ({{lang-cy|Yr Wyddfa}}) which, at {{convert|1085|m|ft|0}}, is the highest peak in Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlapedia&quot;/&gt; The 14, or possibly 15, Welsh mountains over {{convert|3,000|ft|m|abbr=off}} high are known collectively as the [[Welsh 3000s]]. Wales has over {{convert|1680|mi|0|abbr=off|disp=flip}} of coastline.&lt;ref name=&quot;UK coastline&quot; /&gt; Several islands lie off the Welsh mainland, the largest of which is [[Anglesey]] (''Ynys Môn'') in the north-west.

[[चित्र:Gough and Inaccessible Islands-113067.jpg|thumb|[[Cliff]]s at [[Gough and Inaccessible Islands]], declared [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1995.]]
[[Geography of Ireland|Northern Ireland]], separated from Great Britain by the [[Irish Sea]] and [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]], has an area of {{convert|14160|km2|sqmi|-1}} and is mostly hilly. It includes [[Lough Neagh]] which, at {{convert|388|km2|sqmi|0}}, is the largest lake in the British Isles by area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |title=Geography of Northern Ireland |publisher=University of Ulster |accessdate=22 May 2006 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118133131/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The highest peak in Northern Ireland is [[Slieve Donard]] in the [[Mourne Mountains]] at {{convert|852|m|ft|0}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlapedia&quot;/&gt;

=== Climate ===
{{Main article|Climate of the United Kingdom}}
The United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round.&lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;/&gt; The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below {{convert|-11|C|lk=on}} or rising above {{convert|35|C}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ |title=UK climate summaries |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=1 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The prevailing wind is from the south-west and bears frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean,&lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;/&gt; although the eastern parts are mostly sheltered from this wind since the majority of the rain falls over the western regions the eastern parts are therefore the driest. Atlantic currents, warmed by the [[Gulf Stream]], bring mild winters;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152|title=Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream)|work=UK Climate Projections|publisher=Met Office|accessdate=8 मार्च 2015|archive-date=2018-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017162552/http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground. Summers are warmest in the south-east of England, being closest to the European mainland, and coolest in the north. Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground, and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills.
{{Image frame|width=250|content=&lt;center&gt;{{Image label begin|image=United Kingdom countries.svg|link=|width=250|float=none}}
{{Image label small|x=0.625|y=1.2|scale=250|text =&lt;big&gt;[[England]]&lt;/big&gt;}}
{{Image label small|x=0.375|y=0.7|scale=250|text=&lt;big&gt;[[Scotland]]&lt;/big&gt;}}
{{Image label small|x=0.4|y=1.3|scale=250|text= &lt;big&gt;[[Wales]]&lt;/big&gt;}}
{{Image label small|x=0.15|y=0.95|scale=250|text =&lt;big&gt;[[Northern Ireland|Northern&lt;br&gt;Ireland]]&lt;/big&gt;}}
{{Image label end}}&lt;/center&gt;
|caption= The four [[countries of the United Kingdom]]}}

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main article|Administrative geography of the United Kingdom}}
There is no consistent system of administrative or geographic demarcation across the United Kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/report%20of%209th%20uncsgn%20n0750902%20en.pdf |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5lhCIacyi?url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/9th-UNCSGN-Docs/E-CONF-98-48-Add1.pdf |archivedate=1 December 2009 |title=Ninth UN Conference on the standardization of Geographical Names |date=अगस्त 2007 |author=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] |publisher=UN Statistics Division |accessdate=21 अक्टूबर 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each country of the United Kingdom has its own arrangements, whose origins often pre-date the UK's formation. Until the 19th century there was little change to those arrangements, but there has since been a constant evolution of role and function,&lt;ref name=&quot;barlow&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Barlow |first=I.M. |title=Metropolitan Government |url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl |year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-02099-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; most significantly the devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The organisation of [[local government in England]] is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to local arrangements. Legislation concerning local government in England is the responsibility of the UK's parliament and the government, as England has no devolved legislature. The upper-tier [[subdivisions of England]] are the nine [[Regions of England|regions]], now used primarily for statistical purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/national/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5hYQkeu1p?url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/national/ |archivedate=15 जून 2009 |publisher=Government Offices |accessdate=3 July 2008 |title=Welcome to the national site of the Government Office Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; One region, [[Greater London Authority|Greater London]], has had a directly elected assembly and mayor since 2000 following popular support for the proposal in a [[Greater London Authority referendum, 1998|referendum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023053/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp |archivedate=21 April 2008 |title=A short history of London government |publisher=Greater London Authority |accessdate=4 अक्टूबर 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was intended that other regions would also be given their own elected [[Regional assembly (England)|regional assemblies]], but a proposed assembly in the [[North East England|North East]] region was rejected by a [[Northern England devolution referendums, 2004|referendum in 2004]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article503255.ece |title=Prescott's dream in tatters as North East rejects assembly |accessdate=15 February 2008 |work=The Times |location=London |first1=Jill |last1=Sherman |first2=Andrew |last2=Norfolk |date=5 November 2004 |quote=The Government is now expected to tear up its twelve-year-old plan to create eight or nine regional assemblies in England to mirror devolution in Scotland and Wales. |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525121618/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article503255.ece |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; Below the regional tier, some parts of England have [[metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England|county councils]] and district councils and others have [[unitary authorities]]; while London consists of 32 [[London borough]]s and the [[City of London]]. Councillors are elected by the [[Plurality voting system|first-past-the-post]] system in single-member wards or by the [[Plurality-at-large voting|multi-member plurality system]] in multi-member wards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lga.gov.uk/lga/aio/39780 |title=Local Authority Elections |publisher=Local Government Association |accessdate=8 मार्च 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118195001/http://www.lga.gov.uk/lga/aio/39780 |archivedate=18 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For [[Local government in Scotland|local government purposes]], Scotland is divided into [[subdivisions of Scotland|32 council areas]], with wide variation in both size and population. The cities of [[Glasgow]], Edinburgh, [[Aberdeen]] and [[Dundee]] are separate council areas, as is the [[Politics of the Highland council area|Highland Council]] which includes a third of Scotland's area but only just over 200,000 people. Local councils are made up of elected councillors, of whom there are 1,223;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xJnMrHvK?url=http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf |archivedate=20 मार्च 2011 |title=STV in Scotland: Local Government Elections 2007 |publisher=Political Studies Association |accessdate=2 अगस्त 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; they are paid a part-time salary. Elections are conducted by [[single transferable vote]] in multi-member wards that elect either three or four councillors. Each council elects a [[Provost (civil)|Provost]], or [[Chairman|Convenor]], to chair meetings of the council and to act as a figurehead for the area. [[Councillor]]s are subject to a [[Ethical code|code of conduct]] enforced by the [[Standards Commission for Scotland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Councillors' Code of Conduct: 3rd Edition – December 2010 |url=http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2010/12/10145144/0 |publisher=The Scottish Government |accessdate=9 मार्च 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The representative association of Scotland's local authorities is the [[Convention of Scottish Local Authorities]] (COSLA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cosla.gov.uk/about/decision-making-cosla |title=Who we are |publisher=Convention of Scottish Local Authorities |accessdate=5 July 2011 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521085754/http://www.cosla.gov.uk/about/decision-making-cosla |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Local government in Wales]] consists of 22 unitary authorities. These include the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport which are unitary authorities in their own right.&lt;ref name=&quot;unitary&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en |title=Unitary authorities |publisher=Welsh Government |year=2014 |accessdate=9 मार्च 2015 |archive-date=2015-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310210146/http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Elections are held every four years under the first-past-the-post system.&lt;ref name=&quot;unitary&quot; /&gt; The most recent elections were held in May 2012, except for the [[Isle of Anglesey]]. The [[Welsh Local Government Association]] represents the interests of local authorities in Wales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wlga.gov.uk/ |title=Welsh Local Government Association |publisher=Welsh Local Government Association |accessdate=20 मार्च 2008 |archive-date=2008-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081111154039/http://www.wlga.gov.uk/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Local government in Northern Ireland]] has since 1973 been organised into 26 district councils, each elected by single transferable vote. Their powers are limited to services such as collecting waste, controlling dogs and maintaining parks and cemeteries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm |title=NI local government set for shake-up |work=BBC News |date=18 November 2005 |accessdate=15 November 2008 |first=Mark |last=Devenport}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 13 मार्च 2008 the executive agreed on proposals to create 11 new councils and replace the present system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm |title=Foster announces the future shape of local government |publisher=Northern Ireland Executive |date=13 मार्च 2008 |accessdate=20 अक्टूबर 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725002254/http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm |archivedate=25 July 2008 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; The next local elections were postponed until 2016 to facilitate this.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.nio.gov.uk/local-government-elections-to-be-aligned-with-review-of-public-administration/media-detail.htm?newsID=15153 |title=Local Government elections to be aligned with review of public administration |publisher=Northern Ireland Office |date=25 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217174725/http://www.nio.gov.uk/local-government-elections-to-be-aligned-with-review-of-public-administration/media-detail.htm?newsID=15153|archivedate=17 February 2013 |accessdate=8 मार्च 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Clear}}

== नोट ==
&lt;references group=&quot;नोट&quot;/&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Sovereign states of Europe}}

[[श्रेणी:यूरोप के देस]]
[[श्रेणी:यूनाइटेड किंगडम| ]]
[[श्रेणी:ब्रिटिश दीप]]
[[श्रेणी:दीपीय देस]]
[[श्रेणी:जी20 देस]]
[[श्रेणी:जी7 देस]]
[[श्रेणी:जी8 देस]]
[[श्रेणी:नाटो के सदस्य देश]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तरी यूरोप]]
[[श्रेणी:पच्छिमी यूरोप]]
[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी भासाभासी देस आ राज्यक्षेत्र]]
[[श्रेणी:यूनाइटेड नेशंस के सदस्य देस]]</text>
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|name           = नालंदा खुला विश्वविद्यालय
|image_name     = 
|image_size     = 
|motto          = 
|established    = 1987
|chancellor     = [[बिहार के राज्यपाल]]
|vice_chancellor= 
|city           = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
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|students= 
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'''नालंदा खुला विश्वविद्यालय''' [[बिहार]] के राजधानी [[पटना]] में एगो ओपन इन्वर्सिटी बाटे।
{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
*[http://www.nou.ac.in/ Nalanda Open University Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818115808/http://www.nou.ac.in/ |date=2023-08-18 }}

{{Universities in Bihar}}

[[श्रेणी:बिहार के विश्वविद्यालय आ कालेज]]


{{University-stub}}</text>
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      <text bytes="628" sha1="k2l64b6ubwcfpymr76rodn0sfffagju" xml:space="preserve">'''दर्शन''' भा '''दर्शनशास्त्र''' [[जीवन]] से जुड़ल मूल सवालन पर बिचार करे वाला बिद्या हवे। इ मूल सवाल में से कुछ के गिनावल जाय त [[वास्तविकता]], [[सत्य]], [[अस्तित्व]], [[मन]], [[ज्ञान]], [[प्रमाण]], [[जीवन मूल्य]] आ [[नैतिकता]] वगैरह प्रमुख बिसय बा।

[[श्रेणी:दर्शन]]


{{Philo-stub}}</text>
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&lt;!--See the table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                   = तुर्माखाँद गाँवपालिका
|other_name             = Turmakhand Rural Municipality
|native_name            = &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = [[गाँवपालिका]]
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|image_caption          =
|image_flag             =
|image_seal             =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|pushpin_map            = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize        = 360
|pushpin_map_caption    = नेपाल के नक्शा में तुर्माखाँद गाँवपालिका के स्थान
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type       = देश
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश सभ|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[प्रदेश संख्या 7]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ|जिला]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[अछाम जिला]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          = &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|established_title      = स्थापना
|established_date       = 10 मार्च 2017
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
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|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 24940
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|population_blank1_title        = Ethnicities
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
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|utc_offset             = +5:45
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|latd= 
25.56
|longd= 
21.22
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''' तुर्माखाँद गाँवपालिका''' [[नेपाल]] के [[प्रदेश संख्या 7]] के [[अछाम जिला]] के 6 गो गाँवपालिका में से एगो ह। ई गाँवपालिका में 8 गो वार्ड संख्या बा। 2011 के जनगणना के हिसाब से ई गाँवपालिका के कुल जनसंख्या 24940 बा आ कुल क्षेत्रफल 232.07 वर्ग किमी बा। एकर मुख्यालय तुर्माखाँद में स्थित बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nepal-mun-admin.php?adm2id=1408 |title=CITY POPULATION – statistics, maps &amp; charts |date=8 अक्टूबर 2017 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=29 अगस्त 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

नया संविधान के अंतर्गत 744 गो नया स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई लागू भइला के बाद '''रहफ''', '''भैरवस्थान''', '''तुर्माखाँद''', '''नाडा''', '''रानीवन''', '''तोषी'' आ '''धमाली''' गा.वि.स.मिलाके तुर्माखाँद गाँवपालिका बनल ह। इ गाँवपालिका के स्थापना 10 मार्च 2017 के भइल ह।

{{clear}}

[[श्रेणी:अछाम जिला]]</text>
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    <title>दीया और बाती हम</title>
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| name = दीया और बाती हम
| image = 
| genre = भारतीय धारावाहिक
| creator = शशि सुमित प्रोडक्शन्स
| writer = शशि मित्तल&lt;br&gt;सीमा मंत्री&lt;br&gt;रघुवीर शेखावत
| format = ड्रामा
| network = [[स्टार प्लस]]
| country = [[भारत]]
| language = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
| director = सुमित मित्तल&lt;br&gt;रोहित राज गोयल
| editor = जय घड़ियाली 
| company = शशि सुमित प्रोडक्शनस्
| num_seasons = 01
| producer = शशि मित्तल&lt;br&gt;सुमित मित्तल 
| first_aired = 29 अगस्त 2011
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'''दीया और बाती हम''' एगो [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]धारावाहिक बा जोहन स्टार प्लस पर प्रसारित होवे बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nayaindia.com/entertainment/Bollywood-cinema/tvnews/star-plus-of-the-and-142402.html|title=स्टार प्लस के &quot;दीया और बाती हम&quot; की दुगुनी सफलता|publisher=नया इंडिया|date=5 सितंबर 2013|accessdate=11 नवंबर 2014}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ई धारावाहिक 29 अगस्त 2011 क शुरुआत भइल। धारावाहिक टीआरपी रेटिंग में पहले स्थान पर बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bbc.co.uk/hindi/entertainment/2014/09/140926_trp_story_rs|title=फिर चमका &quot;दीया और बाती हम&quot;|publisher=बीबीसी हिंदी|date=28 सितंबर 2014|accessdate=11 नवंबर 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== कलाकार ==
* अनस राशिद – सुरज राठी 
* दीपिका सिंह – संध्या सूरज राठी
* नीलू वघेला – संतोष अरूण राठी
* अशोक लोखंडे – अरूण राठी
* करन गोडवानी – विक्रम राठी
* कनिका महेश्वरी – मीनाक्षी विक्रम राठी
* वरूण जैन – मोहित राठी
* पूजा सिंह – एमली मोहित राठी
* सहरिश अली – छवि राठी 
* आर्यन शर्मा – छोटू 
* रश्मि पित्रे – चतुरी

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist}}

{{स्टार प्लस क धारावाहिक}}

[[श्रेणी:स्टार प्लस के धारावाहिक]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय टेलीविजन धारावाहिक]]


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    <title>नगमा</title>
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| name         = Nagma
| image        = File:Heroine Nagma.jpg
| caption      =
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|12|25}}
| birth_place  = [[Mumbai]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], [[India]]
| death_date   =
| occupation   = Actor, politician
| partner      =
| relatives    = [[Roshini (actress)|Roshini]] (half-sister)&lt;br/&gt;[[Jyothika]] (half-sister)&lt;br/&gt;Tharun Parsi (half-sister)
| spouse       =
| birthname    = Nandita Arvind Morarjii
| othername    = Nagma Sadanah
| party        = [[Indian National Congress]]
| yearsactive  = 1990—present&lt;br&gt;(as a politician)
}}
'''नगमा''' भोजपुरी फिलिम के एगो हिरोइन बानीं।

{{clear}}

[[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी सिनेमा के ऐक्ट्रेस लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1974 में जनम]]


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    <title>नारायण देसाई</title>
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| alt         = 
| caption     = वेडची में नारायण देसाई (2007 में)
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| nationality = भारतीय 
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| known_for   = गांधी कथा, गांधीवाद 
| occupation  = गांधीवादी चिंतक एवं वक्ता 
}}

'''नारायण देसाई''' (24 दिसम्बर 1924 - 15 मार्च 2015) एगो परसिद्ध गाँधीवादी रहलें। देसाई जी [[महात्मा गाँधी|गाँधीजी]] के निजी सचिव आ उनकर जीवनीकार [[महादेव देसाई]] के लड़िका रहलें। नारायण देसाई भूदान आंदोलन आ सम्पूर्ण क्रांति आंदोलन से जुड़ल रहलें आ उनके &quot;गाँधी कथा&quot; खातिर जानल जाला जेवन ऊ 2004 में सुनावे शुरू कइलें।

==जीवन==
===बाल्यकाल===
महात्मा गाँधी के निजी सचिव अउरी जीवनीकार महादेव देसाई की पुत्र के रूप में इनकर जनम 24 दिसम्बर 1924 के [[गुजरात]] की [[वलसाड]] में भइल।&lt;ref name=&quot;प्रभात&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=प्रख्यात गांधीवादी नारायण देसाई का निधन|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/national/gandhian-narayan-desai-died/356112.html|accessdate=16 मार्च 2015|publisher=प्रभात खबर|date=16 मार्च 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PTI 1926&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author=PTI | title=Noted Gandhian Narayan Desai passes away | website=The Economic Times | date=15 मार्च 2015| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/noted-gandhian-narayan-desai-passes-away/articleshow/46571699.cms | accessdate=15 मार्च 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[साबरमती आश्रम]] में बचपन बीतल अउरी आरंभिक शिक्षा कि बाद इहाँके पढ़ाई छोड़ दिहलिन आ अपने बाबूजी के निर्देशन में बाद के शिक्षा ग्रहण कइलीं।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/03/15/narayan-desai-passes-away/|title=Narayan Desai passes away|work=DeshGujarat|accessdate=15 मार्च 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===आरंभिक जीवन===
नारायण देसाई क विवाह प्रसिद्द स्वतंत्रता सेनानी नबकृष्ण चौधुरी अउरीमालतीदेवी चौधरी की पुत्री उत्तरा चौधरी से भइल। एकरी बाद दूनो जन [[सूरत]] की लगे [[वेड़छी]] नामक एगो छोट गाँव में चले गये जहाँ पति-पतनी दूनो लोग पढ़ावे के काम शुरू कइलीं। आचार्य विनोबा भावे के भूदान आंदोलन से जुड़के देसाई जी गुजरात में काफ़ी भूदान यात्राएं कइलीं। देसाई जी भूदान आंदोलन के मुखपत्र &quot;भूमिपुत्र&quot; क शुरूआत कइलीं अउरी 1959 ले एकर संपादक रहलीं।&lt;ref name=&quot;PTI 1926&quot;/&gt;

==गांधीवादी के रूप में==
[[File:Narayan Desai spinning.jpg|thumb|right|260px|सूत कातत नारायण देसाई जी]]
नारायण देसाई गाँधीजी की आदर्श पर अटूट श्रद्धा अउरी विश्वास रखत रहलीं। इहाँके आपन पूरा जिनगी महात्मा जी की बतायवल डहर पर चलिके बितवलीं आ एही आदर्शन के परचार प्रसार करे में लागल रहलीं।

उहाँके 'तरुण शांति सेना' के नेतृत्व कइलीं, वेडची में अणु शक्ति रहित विश्व खातिर एगो विद्यालय के अस्थापना कइलीं आ [[गांधी शान्ति प्रतिष्ठान]], [[गांधी विचार परिषद]] अउरी [[गांधी स्मृति संस्थान]] से जुड़ल रहलीं।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=मोहन|first1=सुरेन्द्र|title=समाजवाद, धर्मनिरपेक्षता अउरीसामजिक न्याय|publisher=राजकमल प्रकाशन|page=82|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1d6AkuSKf78C&amp;lpg=PA82&amp;dq=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88&amp;pg=PA82#v=onepage&amp;q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88&amp;f=false|accessdate=16 मार्च 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

देसाई जी गुजरात विद्यापीठ के 23 जुलाई 2007 से पिछले साल नवंबर ले कुलाधिपति रहलीं।&lt;ref name=&quot;प्रभात&quot; /&gt;

==गाँधी कथा==
नारायण देसाई जी 2004 में एगो नई पहल कइलीं जे में उहाँके गाँधी जी के जीवन क कहानी सुनावे शुरू कइलीं। एके [[गाँधी कथा]] क नाँव दिहल गइल।

==निधन==
15 मार्च 2015 के नारायण देसाई क निधन हो गइल।&lt;ref name=&quot;प्रभात&quot; /&gt; एकरा पहिले इहाँके 10 दिसम्बर से कोमा में रहलीं बाकी फिन से चैतन्य हो के स्वास्थ्यलाभ करत रहलीं जेकरा बाद अचानक इहाँ के निधन हो गइल।

==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
* [http://gandhiashramsabarmati.org/hi/the-museum-falang/gallery/video-gallery-hindinew/category/MTk5.html गांधी कथा क वीडियो गैलरी ], साबरमती स्थित गांधी आश्रम की वेबसाइट पर।

[[श्रेणी:गाँधीवादी]]
[[श्रेणी:1924 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:2015 में निधन]]</text>
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    <title>नस्तालीक़</title>
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      <text bytes="23796" sha1="pvrs9summ9fpgv5zy9ne8at8gaat1pq" xml:space="preserve">[[चित्र:nastaliq.jpg|thumb|upright|Chalipa panel, [[Mir Emad]].]]
'''नस्तालीक़''' ({{Nastaliq|نستعلیق}}), इस्लामी कैलिग्राफी के एक प्रमुख पद्धति ह। इका जन्म [[इरान]] में चौदहवीं-पन्द्रहवीं शताब्दी में भइल रहल। ई इरान, दक्षिणी एशिया एवं तुर्की के क्षेत्रवन में बहुतायत में प्रयोग होत रहल। कभी कभी इके प्रयोग [[अरबी]] लिखे खातिर भी कइल जाला। शीर्षक आदि लिखे खातिर इके प्रयोग खूब होखेला।

नस्तालीक के एगो रूप [[उर्दू]] एवं [[फारसी]] लिखे में प्रयुक्त होखेला। [[उर्दू]] अधिकांशतः नस्तालीक़ [[लिपि]] में लिखल जाला, जवन फ़ारसी-अरबी लिपि के एगो रूप ह। उर्दू दाहिना से बाँवे तरफ लिखल जायेला। भारत में उर्दू [[देवनागरी]] में भी लिखल जायेला।

==वर्णमाला==
नीचे के सारिणी में नस्त'अलिक लिपि आ उका उच्चारण दिहल गइल बा।

&lt;table border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#999999&quot;&gt;अक्षर (अकेला)&lt;/th&gt;
  &lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#999999&quot;&gt;अक्षर का नाम&lt;/th&gt;
  &lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#999999&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;अक्षर का नाम&lt;/th&gt;
  &lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#999999&quot;&gt;
  उच्चारण&lt;/th&gt;
  &lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#999999&quot;&gt;
  IPA में उच्चारण&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''alif''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;अलिफ़ &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;अ, आ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ə, ɑ:]&lt;/span&gt; after a consonant;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''be''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;बे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ब&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[b]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;پ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''pe''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;पे&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;प&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[p]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ت&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''te *''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;ते&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;
  &lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;त&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;
  &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;dental [t̪]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ٹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ṭe''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;टे&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;
  &lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ट&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;  retroflex &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ʈ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ث&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''se''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;से&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;स&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[s]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ج&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''jīm''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;जीम&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[dʒ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;چ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ce''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;चे&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;च&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[tʃ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ح&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''baṛī he''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;बड़ी हे&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ह&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[h]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;خ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''xe''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ख़े&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ख़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[x]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;د&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''dāl''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;दाल&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;द&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;dental &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[d̪]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ڈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ḍāl''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;डाल&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ड&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;retroflex &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ɖ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ذ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''zāl''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ज़ाल&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[z]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ر&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''re''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;रे&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;र&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;dental &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[r]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ڑ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ṛe''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ड़े&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ड़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;retroflex &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ɽ] flap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ز&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ze''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ज़े&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[z]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ژ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ze''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ज़े&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ʒ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;س&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''sīn *''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;सीन&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;स&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[s]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ش&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''śīn''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;शीन&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;श&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ʃ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ص&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''svād''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;स्वाद&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;स&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[s]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ض&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''zvād''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ज़्वाद&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[z]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ط&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''to''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;तो&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;त&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[t]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ظ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''zo''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ज़ो&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[z]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ع&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''aen''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;'अएन&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;'अ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ɑ:]&lt;/span&gt; after a consonant;

otherwise &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ʔ]&lt;/span&gt;,
  &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ə]&lt;/span&gt;, or silent.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;غ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ġaen''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ग़एन&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ग़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ɣ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''fe''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;फ़े&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;फ़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[f]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ق&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''qāf''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;क़ाफ़&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;क़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[q]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ک&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''kāf''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;काफ़&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;क&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[k]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;گ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''gāf''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;गाफ़&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ग&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[g]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''lām''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;लाम&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ल&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[l]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;م&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''mīm''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;मीम&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;म&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[m]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''nūn''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;नून&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;न&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[n]&lt;/span&gt; or a nasal vowel&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;و&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''vāo''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;वाओ&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;व, 
  उ, ऊ, ओ, औ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[v, u, ʊ, o,au]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ہ, ﮩ, ﮨ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''choṭī he''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;छोटी हे&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ह्, अः, (आ)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ɑ]&lt;/span&gt; at the end of 
a word,

otherwise &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[h]&lt;/span&gt;   or silent&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ھ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''do caśmī he''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;दो चश्मी हे&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;-ह (फ, थ, ठ, छ, भ, &lt;br /&gt; ध, झ, घ बनाने के लिये)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;indicates that the preceding consonant is

aspirated (p, t, ch, k) or murmured (b, d, j, g).&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ی&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''choṭī ye''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;छोटी ये&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;य, ई, ए, ऐ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[j, i, e, ɛ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ے&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''baṛī ye''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;बड़ी ये&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ऐ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[eː]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ء&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''hamzā''&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;हम्ज़ा&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;'अ, -&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ʔ]&lt;/span&gt; or silent&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
'''*''' ''भारतीय मूल के शब्दवन में प्रयुक्त''

== उर्दू-देवनागरी लिप्यन्तरण ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Arial;&quot;
!उर्दू!!देवनागरी!!उर्दू!!देवनागरी
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ا}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|अ
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|آ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|आ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ب}} 
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ब
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|بھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|भ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|پ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|प
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|پھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|फ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ت}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|त
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|تھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|थ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ٹ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ट
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ٹھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ठ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ث}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|स
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ج}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ज
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|جھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|झ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|چ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|च
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|چھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|छ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ح}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ह
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|خ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ख़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|د}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|द
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|دھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ध
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ڈ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ड
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ڈھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ढ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ذ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ज़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ر}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|र
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ڑ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ड़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ز}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ज़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ژ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|श्ज़/झ़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|س}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|स
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ش}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|श
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ص}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|स
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ض}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ज़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ط}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|त
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ظ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ज़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ع}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;| 
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|غ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ग़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ف}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|फ़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ق}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|क़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ک}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|क
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|کھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ख
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|گ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ग
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|گھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|घ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ل}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ल
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|م}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|म
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ں}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ँ
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ن}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|न
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|و}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|व/ऊ
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ھ ہ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ह
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ی}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|य/ई
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ے}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ए
|
|
|}

&lt;gallery&gt;
Agra India persian poem.jpg
Persian prince tomb taj mahal.jpg
Agra castle India persian poem.jpg
Agra castle India persian poem.jpg
Persian inscriptions.jpg
Persian prince tomb taj mahal.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== बाहरी कड़ियाँ ==
* [http://kaulonline.com/chittha/2007/07/urdu-devanagari-comparison/ '''उर्दू देवनागरी लिपियाँ - एक तुलनात्मक अध्ययन'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905103046/http://kaulonline.com/chittha/2007/07/urdu-devanagari-comparison/ |date=2008-09-05 }} - रमण कौल द्वारा हिंदी चिट्ठे '''इधर-उधर की''' पर जुलाई 31, 2007 को प्रकाशित
* [http://technical-hindi.googlegroups.com/web/Urdu%20to%20Devanagari%20script%20converter_13.htm?gda=I0ufcVsAAAAuXRjXEDjML03KxzWVTk6DFwoAVNaoauDXU5ZEZ_6e_mG1qiJ7UbTIup-M2XPURDQgda-TdoHHy6HsDM8cj0vz9JqOpM0LXV-vz4P5q3bw0U9Vahnk5hTpq5tRPUV_Axk उर्दू -&gt; देवनागरी लिपि परिवर्तक]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://indiasphere.net/hindi_671 नागरी लिपि और फ़ारसी लिपि - आपसी संबंध]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Commonscat|Nastaliq}}

[[श्रेणी:लिखाई]]
[[श्रेणी:उर्दू]]</text>
      <sha1>pvrs9summ9fpgv5zy9ne8at8gaat1pq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>811876</id>
      <parentid>811875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:46:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SM7Bot</username>
        <id>7808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* वर्णमाला */ सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]]</comment>
      <origin>811876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23591" sha1="6cnmh419yednhkh63230bfih2h3ry48" xml:space="preserve">[[चित्र:nastaliq.jpg|thumb|upright|Chalipa panel, [[Mir Emad]].]]
'''नस्तालीक़''' ({{Nastaliq|نستعلیق}}), इस्लामी कैलिग्राफी के एक प्रमुख पद्धति ह। इका जन्म [[इरान]] में चौदहवीं-पन्द्रहवीं शताब्दी में भइल रहल। ई इरान, दक्षिणी एशिया एवं तुर्की के क्षेत्रवन में बहुतायत में प्रयोग होत रहल। कभी कभी इके प्रयोग [[अरबी]] लिखे खातिर भी कइल जाला। शीर्षक आदि लिखे खातिर इके प्रयोग खूब होखेला।

नस्तालीक के एगो रूप [[उर्दू]] एवं [[फारसी]] लिखे में प्रयुक्त होखेला। [[उर्दू]] अधिकांशतः नस्तालीक़ [[लिपि]] में लिखल जाला, जवन फ़ारसी-अरबी लिपि के एगो रूप ह। उर्दू दाहिना से बाँवे तरफ लिखल जायेला। भारत में उर्दू [[देवनागरी]] में भी लिखल जायेला।

==वर्णमाला==
नीचे के सारिणी में नस्त'अलिक लिपि आ उका उच्चारण दिहल गइल बा।

&lt;table border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#999999&quot;&gt;अक्षर (अकेला)&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#999999&quot;&gt;अक्षर का नाम&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#999999&quot;&gt;
 &lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;अक्षर का नाम&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#999999&quot;&gt;
 उच्चारण&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#999999&quot;&gt;
 IPA में उच्चारण&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''alif''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;अलिफ़ &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;अ, आ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ə, ɑ:]&lt;/span&gt; after a consonant;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''be''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;बे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ब&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[b]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;پ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''pe''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;पे&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;प&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[p]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ت&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''te *''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;ते&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;त&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;
 &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;dental [t̪]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ٹ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ṭe''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;टे&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ट&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt; retroflex &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ʈ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ث&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''se''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;से&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;स&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[s]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ج&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''jīm''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;जीम&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[dʒ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;چ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ce''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;चे&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;च&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[tʃ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ح&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''baṛī he''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;बड़ी हे&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ह&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[h]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;خ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''xe''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ख़े&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ख़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[x]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;د&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''dāl''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;दाल&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;द&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;dental &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[d̪]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ڈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ḍāl''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;डाल&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ड&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;retroflex &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ɖ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ذ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''zāl''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ज़ाल&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[z]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ر&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''re''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;रे&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;र&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;dental &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[r]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ڑ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ṛe''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ड़े&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ड़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;retroflex &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ɽ] flap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ز&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ze''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ज़े&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[z]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ژ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ze''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ज़े&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ʒ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;س&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''sīn *''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;सीन&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;स&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[s]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ش&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''śīn''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;शीन&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;श&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ʃ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ص&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''svād''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;स्वाद&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;स&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[s]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ض&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''zvād''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ज़्वाद&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[z]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ط&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''to''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;तो&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;त&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[t]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ظ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''zo''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ज़ो&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ज़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[z]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ع&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''aen''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;'अएन&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;'अ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ɑ:]&lt;/span&gt; after a consonant;

otherwise &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ʔ]&lt;/span&gt;,
 &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ə]&lt;/span&gt;, or silent.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;غ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''ġaen''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;ग़एन&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ग़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ɣ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''fe''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;फ़े&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;फ़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[f]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ق&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''qāf''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;क़ाफ़&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;क़&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[q]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ک&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''kāf''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;काफ़&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;क&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[k]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;گ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''gāf''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;गाफ़&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ग&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[g]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''lām''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;लाम&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ल&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[l]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;م&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''mīm''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;मीम&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;म&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[m]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''nūn''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;नून&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;न&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[n]&lt;/span&gt; or a nasal vowel&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;و&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''vāo''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;वाओ&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;व, 
 उ, ऊ, ओ, औ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[v, u, ʊ, o,au]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ہ, ﮩ, ﮨ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''choṭī he''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;छोटी हे&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ह्, अः, (आ)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ɑ]&lt;/span&gt; at the end of 
a word,

otherwise &lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[h]&lt;/span&gt;  or silent&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ھ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''do caśmī he''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;दो चश्मी हे&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;-ह (फ, थ, ठ, छ, भ, &lt;br /&gt; ध, झ, घ बनाने के लिये)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;indicates that the preceding consonant is

aspirated (p, t, ch, k) or murmured (b, d, j, g).&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ی&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''choṭī ye''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;छोटी ये&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;य, ई, ए, ऐ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[j, i, e, ɛ]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ے&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''baṛī ye''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;बड़ी ये&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;ऐ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[eː]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span xml:lang=&quot;ur&quot; lang=&quot;ur&quot;&gt;ء&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;''hamzā''&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;हम्ज़ा&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;'अ, -&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Pronunciation in IPA&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;[ʔ]&lt;/span&gt; or silent&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
'''*''' ''भारतीय मूल के शब्दवन में प्रयुक्त''

== उर्दू-देवनागरी लिप्यन्तरण ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Arial;&quot;
!उर्दू!!देवनागरी!!उर्दू!!देवनागरी
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ا}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|अ
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|آ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|आ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ب}} 
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ब
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|بھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|भ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|پ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|प
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|پھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|फ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ت}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|त
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|تھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|थ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ٹ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ट
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ٹھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ठ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ث}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|स
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ج}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ज
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|جھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|झ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|چ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|च
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|چھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|छ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ح}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ह
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|خ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ख़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|د}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|द
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|دھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ध
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ڈ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ड
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ڈھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ढ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ذ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ज़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ر}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|र
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ڑ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ड़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ز}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ज़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ژ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|श्ज़/झ़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|س}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|स
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ش}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|श
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ص}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|स
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ض}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ज़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ط}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|त
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ظ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ज़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ع}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;| 
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|غ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ग़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ف}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|फ़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ق}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|क़
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ک}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|क
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|کھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ख
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|گ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ग
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|گھ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|घ
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ل}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ल
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|م}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|म
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ں}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ँ
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ن}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|न
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|و}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|व/ऊ
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ھ ہ}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ह
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ی}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|य/ई
|
|
|-
|style=&quot;line-height:150%;font-size:150%;&quot;|{{Nastaliq|ur|ے}}
|style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;|ए
|
|
|}

&lt;gallery&gt;
Agra India persian poem.jpg
Persian prince tomb taj mahal.jpg
Agra castle India persian poem.jpg
Agra castle India persian poem.jpg
Persian inscriptions.jpg
Persian prince tomb taj mahal.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== बाहरी कड़ियाँ ==
* [http://kaulonline.com/chittha/2007/07/urdu-devanagari-comparison/ '''उर्दू देवनागरी लिपियाँ - एक तुलनात्मक अध्ययन'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905103046/http://kaulonline.com/chittha/2007/07/urdu-devanagari-comparison/ |date=2008-09-05 }} - रमण कौल द्वारा हिंदी चिट्ठे '''इधर-उधर की''' पर जुलाई 31, 2007 को प्रकाशित
* [http://technical-hindi.googlegroups.com/web/Urdu%20to%20Devanagari%20script%20converter_13.htm?gda=I0ufcVsAAAAuXRjXEDjML03KxzWVTk6DFwoAVNaoauDXU5ZEZ_6e_mG1qiJ7UbTIup-M2XPURDQgda-TdoHHy6HsDM8cj0vz9JqOpM0LXV-vz4P5q3bw0U9Vahnk5hTpq5tRPUV_Axk उर्दू -&gt; देवनागरी लिपि परिवर्तक]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://indiasphere.net/hindi_671 नागरी लिपि और फ़ारसी लिपि - आपसी संबंध]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Commonscat|Nastaliq}}

[[श्रेणी:लिखाई]]
[[श्रेणी:उर्दू]]</text>
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      <text bytes="15572" sha1="c7yje4r3xt2uzu4wnioatklm9cbgrvd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox geopolitical organization
|name = 
 {{collapsible list
  |titlestyle = background:transparent; font-size:9pt;
  |title = {{resize|11.5pt|South Asian Association &lt;br&gt;for Regional Cooperation}}
  |{{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle= font-size:9pt;
    | rowclass1 = mergedrow| label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: | data1 = {{lang|bn|দক্ষিণ এশীয় আঞ্চলিক সহযোগিতা সংস্থা}}
    | rowclass2 = mergedrow| label2 = [[Dari language|Dari]]: | data2 = &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;{{lang|prs|اتحادیه همکاری‌های منطقه‌ای جنوب آسی}}&lt;/div&gt;
    | rowclass3 = mergedrow| label3 = [[Dzonghka]]: | data3 = {{lang|dz|&lt;big&gt; ༄ ལྷོ ཨེསིཨ་ རེ་གིཨོནལ་ ཅོཨོཔེརཏིཨོན་ ཀོ་མི་ཏི། &lt;/big&gt;}}
    | rowclass4 = mergedrow| label4 = [[Hindi]]: | data4 = {{lang|hi|दक्षिण एशियाई क्षेत्रीय सहयोग संगठन}}
    | rowclass5 = mergedrow| label5 = [[Maldivian language|Maldivian]]: | data5 = &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;{{lang|dv|&lt;small&gt;ދެކުނު އޭޝިޔާގެ ސަރަޙައްދީ އެއްބާރުލުމުގެ ޖަމިއްޔާ&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;
    | rowclass6 = mergedrow| label6 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: | data6 = {{lang|ne|दक्षिण एशियाली क्षेत्रीय सहयोग सङ्गठन}}
    | rowclass7 = mergedrow| label7 = [[Pashto language|Pashto]]: | data7 = &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ps|د سویلي اسیا لپاره د سیمه ایزی همکارۍ ټولنه}}&lt;/div&gt;
    | rowclass8 = mergedrow| label8 = [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: | data8 = {{lang|si|දකුණු ආසියාතික කලාපීය සහයෝගිතා සංවිධානය}}
    | rowclass9 = mergedrow| label9 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: | data9 = {{lang|ta|தெற்காசிய நாடுகளின் பிராந்தியக் கூட்டமைப்பு}}
    | rowclass10 = mergedrow| label10 = [[उर्दू]]: | data10 = &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ur|{{nq|جنوبی ایشیائی علاقائی تعاون کی تنظیم}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
}}
}}
|linking_name = South Asia
|symbol_type = Logo
|image_symbol = 
|image_map = South Asia (orthographic projection) without national boundaries.svg
|map_caption = 
|image_map2 = SAARC3.svg
|map_caption2  = &lt;div style=&quot;padding-left:7.0em;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;{{legend|#0B1473|Member states}} {{legend|#A2A9F5|Observer states}}&lt;/div&gt;
|official_languages     = [[English language|English]]
|membership_type = Member states
|membership =
{{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = [[#Current members|8 members]]
|{{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} |{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} |{{flagcountry|Bhutan}} |{{flagcountry|India}} |{{flagcountry|Maldives}} |{{pad|6px}}{{flagcountry|Nepal}} |{{flagcountry|Pakistan}} |{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} |
----
}}
{{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = [[#Observer|9 observers]]
|{{flagcountry|Australia}} |{{flagcountry|China}} |{{flagcountry|European Union}} |{{flagcountry|Iran}} |{{flagcountry|Japan}} |{{flagcountry|Mauritius}} |{{flagcountry|Myanmar}} |{{flagcountry|South Korea}} |{{flagcountry|United States}} |
----
}}
|demonym = [[South Asian]]
|admin_center_type = [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat|Headquarters]]
|admin_center = [[Kathmandu]]
|leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[SAARC Secretary General|Secretary-General]]}}
|leader_name1 = [[Arjun Bahadur Thapa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sg&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Nepal's Arjun Bahadur Thapa is SAARC's new Secretary General |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/nepals-arjun-bahadur-thapa-is-saarcs-new-secretary-general/ |newspaper=Biharprabha News |agency=IANS |accessdate=3 मार्च 2014 |archive-date=2016-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001210527/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/nepals-arjun-bahadur-thapa-is-saarcs-new-secretary-general/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|established = 8 December 1985
| GDP_PPP = US$9.9&amp;nbsp;trillion &lt;ref name=&quot;imf.org&quot;&gt;[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=88&amp;pr.y=15&amp;sy=2015&amp;ey=2015&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C556%2C513%2C514%2C558%2C564%2C524%2C534&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&amp;grp=0&amp;a= IMF]&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank = 3rd
| GDP_PPP_year = 2015
| GDP_nominal = US$ 2.9&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf.org&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_rank = 5th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2015
| currency = 
    {{collapsible list
    |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
    |title = 8 currencies
  |{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]]&amp;nbsp;{{nowrap|([[ISO 4217|AFN]])}}
  |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladeshi taka|Taka]] (৳)&amp;nbsp;{{nowrap|([[ISO 4217|BDT]])}}
  |{{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutanese ngultrum|Ngultrum]]&amp;nbsp;{{nowrap|([[ISO 4217|BTN]])}}
  |{{flagicon|India}} [[Indian rupee|Rupee]] (₹)&amp;nbsp;{{nowrap|([[ISO 4217|INR]])}}
  |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldivian rufiyaa|Rufiyaa]]&amp;nbsp;{{nowrap|([[ISO 4217|MVR]])}}
  |{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepalese rupee|Rupee]]&amp;nbsp;{{nowrap|([[ISO 4217|NPR]])}}
  |{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistani rupee|Rupee]]&amp;nbsp;{{nowrap|([[ISO 4217|PKR]])}}
  |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lankan rupee|Rupee]]&amp;nbsp;{{nowrap|([[ISO 4217|LKR]])}}
 }}
| time_zone =
| utc_offset = [[UTC+4:30|+4:30]] to [[UTC+6|+6]]
| time_zone_DST = | DST_note = | utc_offset_DST =
| calling_code =
 {{collapsible list
  |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
  |title = 10 codes
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}}  &amp;nbsp;[[+880]]
| {{flagicon|India}}       &amp;nbsp;[[+91]]
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}}    &amp;nbsp;[[+92]]
| {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} &amp;nbsp;[[+93]]
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}   &amp;nbsp;[[+94]]
| {{flagicon|Maldives}}    &amp;nbsp;[[+960]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}}      &amp;nbsp;[[+975]]
| {{flagicon|Nepal}}       &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[+977]]
}}
|official_website = {{URL|http://www.saarc-sec.org/}}
|area_rank = 7th&lt;!--gives link to list--&gt;
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|area_km2 = 5,099,611 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|area_sq_mi = {{Convert|5,099,611|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|percent_water = 6.8
|population_estimate = 1,713,870,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population Division World Urbanization Prospects 2014 |url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316115959/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/ |archive-date=2018-03-16 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=esa.un.org |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_rank = 1st&lt;!--gives link to list--&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2015
|population_density_km2 = 336.1 &lt;!--1,713,870,000 / 5,099,611km2 = 336.1 people/km2--&gt;
|population_density_sq_mi = 870.4 &lt;!--1,713,870,000 / 1,968,971sq_mi = 870.4 people/sq_mi--&gt;
|population_density_rank =
|cctld = [[.asia]]&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;.asia is representative of all of Asia; member states also have their own TLDs.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
}}

[[चित्र:SAARC3.svg|thumb|350px|right|गहिरा नीला रंग में सदस्य देस आ हल्का नीला रंग में प्रेक्षक देस सभ]]
'''दक्खिन एशियाई क्षेत्रीय सहजोग संगठन''' (हिंदी:[[:hi:दक्षिण एशियाई क्षेत्रीय सहयोग संगठन|दक्षिण एशियाई क्षेत्रीय सहयोग संगठन]] (दक्षेस), अंग्रेज़ी:[[:en:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]](SAARC)) [[दक्षिण एशिया|दक्खिन एशिया]] के आठ गो देस सभ के आर्थिक आ राजनीतिक संगठन हवे। एह संगठन की सदस्य देसवन की जनसंख्या (लगभग 1.5 अरब) के देखल जाय त ई कौनों भी क्षेत्रीय संगठन की तुलना में ढेर प्रभावशाली बा।

एकर अस्थापना 8 दिसम्बर 1985 के [[भारत]], [[पाकिस्तान]], [[बांग्लादेश]], [[श्री लंका|श्रीलंका]], [[नेपाल]], [[मालदीव]] आ [[भूटान]] के मिला के भइल रहे। बाद में अप्रैल 2007 में एकरी 14वाँ शिखर सम्मेलन में [[अफ़ग़ानिस्तान]] एकर आठवाँ सदस्य बन गइल।

== सचिवालय == 
संगठन के संचालन सदस्य देस सभ के मंत्रिपरिषद द्वारा नियुक्त महासचिव करे लें लोग, जिनहन लोगन के नियुक्ति तीन साल बदे देसवन के वर्णमाला क्रम की अनुसार कइल जाले।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Secretariat/18/|title = SAARC Secretariat|accessdate = मई 17, 2013|publisher = SAARC|archive-date = 2013-05-29|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130529185141/http://saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Secretariat/18/|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== सदस्यता ==
===वर्तमान सदस्य देस===
आज की समय में एह संगठन में नीचे दिहल गइल देस सदस्य बाने (अंग्रेजी के अक्षर क्रम में):

* {{पताका|अफगानिस्तान}}
* {{पताका|बांग्लादेश}}
* {{पताका|भूटान}}
* {{पताका|भारत}}
* {{पताका|मालदीव}} 
* {{पताका|नेपाल}} 
* {{पताका|पाकिस्तान}} 
* {{पताका|श्रीलंका}}

===प्रेक्षक देश===

* {{पताका|ऑस्ट्रेलिया}}
* {{पताका|चीन}}
* {{पताका|यूरोपीय संघ}}
* {{पताका|ईरान}}
* {{पताका|जापान}}
* {{पताका|मॉरिशस}}
* {{पताका|म्यान्मार}}
* {{पताका|दक्षिण कोरिया}}
* {{पताका|संयुक्त राज्य}}

== महासचिव ==
{| style=&quot;background:transparent;&quot;
|width=&quot;200px&quot;| {{पताका|बांग्लादेश}} [[अबुल अहसान]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| [[16 जनवरी]], [[1987]] से [[15 अक्टूबर]], [[1989]]&lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|भारत}}   [[कांत किशोर भार्गव]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| [[17 अक्टूबर]], [[1989]] से [[31 दिसंबर]], [[1991]]&lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|मालदीव}}  [[इब्राहिम हुसैन जाकी]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| [[1 जनवरी]] [[1992]] से [[31 दिसंबर]], [[1993]]&lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|नेपाल}}   [[यादव कांत सिलवाल]]   ||align=&quot;right&quot;| [[1 जनवरी]], [[1994]] से [[31 दिसंबर]], [[1995]]&lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|पाकिस्तान}}  [[नईम यू हासन]]    ||align=&quot;right&quot;| [[1 जनवरी]], [[1996]] से [[31 दिसंबर]], [[1998]]&lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|श्रीलंका}} [[निहाल रोडरिगो]]     ||align=&quot;right&quot;| [[1 जनवरी]], [[1999]] से [[10 जनवरी]], [[2002]]&lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|बांग्लादेश}} [[क्यू.ए.एम.ए. रहीम]]    ||align=&quot;right&quot;| [[11 जनवरी]], [[2002]] से [[28 फरवरी]], [[2005]]&lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|भूटान}}   [[ल्योपनो चेन्क्याब दोरज़ी]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| [[1 मार्च]], [[2005]] से [[29 फरवरी]], [[2008]]&lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|भारत}}   [[शील कांत शर्मा]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| [[1 मार्च]], फेब्रुअरी 28, 2011[[2008]] से &lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|मालदीव}} [[फतिमाथ धियाना सइद]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| मार्च 1, 2011 से मार्च 11, 2012&lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|मालदीव}} [[अहमद सलिम]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| मार्च 12, 2012 से फेब्रुअरी 28, 2014&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saarc-sec.org SAARC website]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;
| {{पताका|नेपाल}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[अर्जुन बहादुर थापा]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 1 मार्च 2014 से अबतक&lt;ref name=&quot;18summit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Kathmandu, Nepal to host 18th SAARC Summit in November 2014|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/kathmandu-nepal-to-host-18th-saarc-summit-this-year/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=20 फरवरी 2014|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915005441/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/kathmandu-nepal-to-host-18th-saarc-summit-this-year/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
|}

== शिखर सम्मेलन ==
# [[7 दिसंबर]], [[1985]] [[ढाका]] 
# [[16 नवंबर]], [[1986]] [[बैंगलोर]] 
# [[21 नवंबर]], [[1987]] [[काठमांडू]] 
# [[29 दिसंबर]], [[1988]] [[इस्लामाबाद]] 
# [[21 नवंबर]], [[1990]] [[माले]]
# [[21 दिसंबर]], [[1991]] [[कोलंबो]] 
# [[10 अप्रैल]], [[1993]] [[ढाका]] 
# [[21 मई]], [[1995]] [[नयी दिल्ली]] 
# [[12 मई]], [[1997]] [[माले]] 
# [[29 जुलाई]], [[1998]] [[कोलंबो]]
# [[4 जनवरी]], [[2002]] [[काठमांडू]] 
# [[2 जनवरी]], [[2004]] [[इस्लामाबाद]] 
# [[12 नवंबर]], [[2005]] [[ढाका]] 
# [[13 अप्रैल]], [[2007]] [[नयी दिल्ली]]
# 1-3 अगस्त, [[2008]], [[कोलंबो]]
# 28-29 अप्रिल, [[2010]],[[थिम्पू]]
# 10-11 नोभेम्बर, [[2011]], [[अद्दु	]]
# 27-28 नोभेम्बर, [[2014]], [[काठमांडू]]

== यह भी देखें ==
* [[दक्षिण एशियाई मुक्त व्यापार क्षेत्र]]
* [[दक्षिण पूर्वी एशियाई राष्ट्रों का संगठन]]

== संदर्भ ==
{{टिप्पणीसूची}}

== बाहरी कड़ी सभ ==
* [http://nepaliheadlines.com/2014-11-16-13-49-02.html सार्क का औचत्य क्या है?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129175113/http://nepaliheadlines.com/2014-11-16-13-49-02.html |date=2014-11-29 }} (हिंदी में)
* [http://www.saarc-sec.org/ दक्षेस के आधिकारिक वेबसाइट]

[[श्रेणी:क्षेत्रीय संगठन सभ]]</text>
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    <title>बियाह</title>
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      <text bytes="5144" sha1="07dyuttph0urc3wtgx0mhet1jjq9607" xml:space="preserve">'''बियाह''' एगो [[संस्कार]] हवे जेवना में लड़िका आ लड़की के सामजिक रूप से एक संघे [[पति]]-[[पत्नी]] की तरे रहे आ जीवन बितावे खातिर एक-दूसरा द्वारा चुनल आ सर्ब समाज द्वारा एके मान्यता दिहल जाला।
[[चित्र:Bihari_Bride_and_groom.jpg|alt=Bihari Bride and groom|thumb|बिहारी वर वधु बियाह के बिधि करऽत।]]

जब लईका आ लईकी एक दूसरा के, समाज क़ानून या रीती रिवाज के साक्षी राखी, के एक दोसरा के आपन जीवन साथी बनावेले बिआह कहल जाला। बिआह हिंदी भाषा के &quot; बिबाह &quot; शब्द के अपभ्रंस रूप ह। भोजपुरी भाषा के ई देशज शब्द के श्रेणी में आवेला। उर्दू के निकाह शब्द के मतलब बिआह ना होला। इस्लाम सभ्यता में बिआह ना होला। एह संस्कृति में बंस बढ़ावे खाती चाहे मानव के मूल जरूरत मैथुन के पूर्ति खाती मेहर (धन) देके कनिया कीनल जाला। एगो पुरुष क्ईओगो कनिया किन सकता एकर इस्लाम सभ्यता में आजादी बा।

==परिचय==
[[चित्र:Bihari_wedding_sindoordaan.jpg|thumb|373x373px]]
'बिआह' शब्द के प्रयोग मुख्य रूप से दूगो अर्थ में होला। एकर पहिला अर्थ उ क्रिया, संस्कार, विधि या पद्धति ह; जेकरा से मरद-मेहरारू के स्थायी-संबंध बनेला तथा एह सबंध के परिणाम के रूप में जामल संतान के माता पिता के सम्पत्ति के अधिकार मिलेला। पुराना जमाना के आ मध्यकाल के धर्मशास्त्री के साथ  वर्तमान युग के समाजशास्त्री भी, समाज से मान्यता मिलल, परिवार की स्थापना करेवाला कवनो पद्धति के बिआह मान लेत रहन लेकिन मनुस्मृति के टीकाकार मेधातिथि (3। 20) के शब्द के अनुसार बिआह के एगो सुनिश्चित पद्धति आ अनेक विधि से संपन्न होखे वाला आ कन्या के अर्धांगिनी बनाने वाला संस्कार मानेले |भोजपुरी संस्कृति में मनु समृति के आधार प रचना भइल हिन्दू बिबाह पद्धति के प्रचलन ज्यादा बा।

बिआह के दोसर मतलब समाज के चलन आ समाज में मानल विधि से अपनावल मरद-मेहरारू के  संबंध आ पारिवारिक जीवन भी होला। एह संबंध से मरद-मेहरारू के अनेक प्रकार के अधिकार आ कर्तव्य मिलेला एकरा से एक ओर जहाँ समाज मरद-मेहरारू के मैथुन के अधिकार देला ओहिजे दोसरा ओर मरद के मेहरारू आ संतान के पालन एवं भरणपोषण खाती मजबूर करेला। ई बिआह के दोसरका मतलब बिधवा आदि के समाज में सम्मान आ अधिकार देबे खाती ह।  बिआह समाज में जामल लईकन के स्थिति के निर्धारण करेला आ संपत्ति के उत्तराधिकार देला भोजपुरी संस्कृति में बिआह से जामल संतान के ही उत्तराधिकार दिहल जाला।

[[श्रेणी:संस्कार]]
[[श्रेणी:सामाजिक संस्था]]</text>
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|type          = हिंदू पर्व
|longtype      = [[हिंदू]]
|image         = বাগবাজার সার্বজনীন দুর্গোৎসব ২০১৮.jpg
|caption       = दुर्गा पूजा 
|official_name = दुर्गा पूजा
|nickname      = [[अकाल बोधन]]
|observedby    = [[हिंदू]]
|begins        = [[कुआर]] महीना के अँजोर पाख के छठ से&lt;ref name=&quot;Durga Puja Tithi and Timing&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Durga Puja Tithi and Timing |trans-title=दुर्गा पूजा के तिथि आ समय |url=http://www.durgapuja.net/durga-puja-timing/ |accessdate=14 अक्टूबर 2015 |language=en |archive-date=2012-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914002137/http://www.durgapuja.net/durga-puja-timing/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ends          = कुआर के अँजोर पाख के दशमी तिथि के&lt;ref name=&quot;Durga Puja Tithi and Timing&quot;/&gt;
|date2023      = 
|celebrations  = 
|observances   = 
|duration = 5 दिन
|frequency = सालाना
|relatedto     = [[पितृ पक्ष|महालय]], [[नवरात्र]], [[दशहरा]]
}}
'''दूर्गा पूजा''', जौना के '''दुर्गोत्सव''' आ '''शरद [[नवरातर]]''' ({{Langx|sa|शारदीय नवरात्र}}) के नाँव से जानल जाला, चाहे '''शरदोत्सव''', मय [[दक्खिन एशिया|दक्खिनी एशिया]] में मनावल जाए वाला एगो सालाना [[हिंदू तिहुआर सब के लिस्ट|हिंदू तिहुआर]] ह जे में हिंदू देवी [[दुर्गा]] के पूजा कइल जाले। ए में छः दिन के ''महालय'', ''षष्ठी'', ''महा सप्तमी'', ''[[दुर्गा अष्टिमी|महा अष्टमी]]'', ''महा नवमी'' आ ''[[दशहरा|विजयदशमी]]'' के रूप में मनावल जाला। दुर्गा पूजा मनावे के तिथि सब पारम्परिक [[हिंदू पतरा]] की हिसाब से आवे लीं आ ए तिहुआर से जुड़ल कुआर महीना की अँजोर पाख के ''देवी पक्ष'', ''देवी पखवाड़ा'' के नाँव से भी जानल जाला।

'''दुर्गा पूजा''' के ई पर्व हिंदू देवी दुर्गा के बुराई के चीन्हा राक्षस [[महिषासुर]] पर [[बिजयदसिमी|विजय]] के रूप में मनावल जाला। एही से दुर्गा पूजा के ई पर्व बुराई पर भलाई के बिजय के रूप में भी मानल जाला।

दुर्गा पूजा भारतीय राज्य [[असम]], [[बिहार]], [[झारखण्ड]], [[मणिपुर]], [[ओडिशा]], [[त्रिपुरा]] आ सभसे ढेर [[पश्चिम बंगाल]] में व्यापक रूप से मनावल जाला है जहाँ ए समय पांच-दिन के सालाना छुट्टी रहे ले।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = Durga Puja – a Celebration of Female Supremacy | trans-title = दुर्गा पूजा – महिला प्रभुत्व कर उत्सव | author = परमिता बोरा | publisher = ईएफ न्यूज़ इंटरनेशनल | url = http://www.efi-news.com/2011/10/durga-puja-celebration-of-female.html | date = 2 अक्टूबर 2011 | accessdate = 14 अक्टूबर 2015 | language = en | archive-date = 2012-04-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051716/http://www.efi-news.com/2011/10/durga-puja-celebration-of-female.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; बंगाली हिंदू आ आसामी हिन्दुअन के बहुलता वाला क्षेत्र जइसे की पश्चिम बंगाल, असम, त्रिपुरा में ई साल के सभसे बड़हन उत्सव मानल जाला। ई ख़ाली हिंदू लोगन के तिउहार ना हवे बलुक ई बंगाली हिंदू समाज में सामाजिक-[[संस्कृति|सांस्कृतिक]] रूप से सबसे महत्व वाला तिहुआर भी हवे। पश्चिमी भारत के अलावा दुर्गा पूजा के उत्सव [[दिल्ली]], [[उत्तर प्रदेश]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], [[गुजरात]], [[पंजाब (भारत)|पंजाब]], [[कश्मीर]], [[आन्ध्र प्रदेश]], [[कर्नाटक]] आ [[केरल]] में भी मनावल जाला। दुर्गा पूजा के तिहवार 91% हिंदू आबादी वाले [[नेपाल]] आ 8% हिंदू आबादी वाले [[बांग्लादेश]] में भी एगो बड़ परब के रूप में मनावल जाला। वर्तमान में विभिन्न प्रवासी आसामी आ [[बंगाली भाषा|बंगाली]] सांस्कृतिक संगठन, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरीका, कनाडा, यूनाइटेड किंगडम, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, जर्मनी, फ्रांस, नीदरलैण्ड, सिंगापुर आ कुवैत सहित अलग-अलग देसवन में भी धूमधाम से ई तिहवार मनावे ला लोग। साल 2006 में [[ब्रिटिश संग्रहालय]] में एगो बिसाल दुर्गापूजा के उत्सव के आयोजन भइल रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/art40138?ixsid= |title=Durga: Creating An Image Of The Goddess At The British Museum |trans-title= दुर्गा: ब्रिटिश संग्राहलय में देवी की तस्वीर बनाते हुये |publisher=कल्चर 24 |author=सिबा मत्ती |date=12 सितंबर 2006 |accessdate=14 अक्टूबर 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

दुर्गा पूजा के परचार आ एकर परसिद्धि ब्रिटिश राज में बंगाल आ भूतपूर्व असाम में धीरे-धीरे बढ़ल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Article on Durga Puja |trans-title=दुर्गा पूजा पर लेख |url=http://online.assam.gov.in/web/durga-puja |publisher=असम ऑनलाइन पोर्टल |accessdate=14 अक्टूबर 2015 |language=en |archive-date=2015-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228091628/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/durga-puja |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; हिंदू सुधारक लोग दुर्गा के भारत में एगो नया पहिचान दिहल आ एकरा के भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के चीन्हा भी बनावल।

==नाँव==
[[File:জি. ডি. ব্লক সল্টলেক দুর্গা পুজো ২০১৮.jpg|thumb|200px|left|दुर्गोत्सव २०१८  - जी. डी. ब्लॉक साल्टलेक, कोलकाता]]
[[File:Nabapatrika Snan on Saptami Morning Of Durgapuja.jpg|thumb|200px|left|दुर्गापूजा की सत्तिमी के सबेरे नबपत्रिका स्नान]]

बंगाल, आसम, ओडिशा में दुर्गा पूजा के ''[[अकालबोधन]]'' (&quot;दुर्गा के असामयिक जागरण&quot;), ''शरदियो पुजो'' (&quot;शरत्कालीन पूजा&quot;), ''शरोदोत्सब'' ({{lang-bn|&lt;big&gt;শারদোৎসব&lt;/big&gt;}} (&quot;पतझड़ का उत्सव&quot;), ''महा पूजो'' (&quot;महा पूजा&quot;), ''मायेर पुजो'' (&quot;माँ की पूजा&quot;) या खाली ''पूजा'' या''पुजो'' भी कहल जाला। [[पूर्वी बंगाल]] (बांग्लादेश) में, दुर्गा पूजा के ''भगवती पूजा'' के रूप में भी मनावल जाला। एकरा के पश्चिम बंगाल, बिहार, असम, ओडिशा, दिल्ली आ मध्य प्रदेश में ''दुर्गा पूजा'' भी कहल जाला।

पूजा के गुजरात, उत्तर प्रदेश, पंजाब, केरल अउरी महाराष्ट्र में [[नवरात्रि]] के रूप में&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.durga-puja.org/navratri-puja.html Navratri Puja], Durga-puja.org&lt;/ref&gt; [[कुल्लू|कुल्लू घाटी]], हिमाचल प्रदेश में [[कुल्लू का दशहरा|कुल्लू दशहरा]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.durga-puja.org/kullu-dussehra.html Kullu Dussehra], Durga-puja.org&lt;/ref&gt; [[मैसूर]], कर्नाटक में मैसूर दशहरा,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.durga-puja.org/mysore-dussehra.html Mysore Dussehra], Durga-puja.org&lt;/ref&gt; तमिलनाडु में बोमाई गोलू आ आन्ध्र प्रदेश में बोमाला कोलुवू के रूप में भी मनावल जाला।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.durga-puja.org/bommai-kolu.html &quot;Bommai-kolu&quot;], Durga-puja.org&lt;/ref&gt;

==पच्छिम बंगाल में दुर्गा पूजा==
[[चित्र:Durga Puja DS.jpg|thumb|200px|right| पांडाल में सजल एगो दुर्गा मुर्ती]]

जाड़ा के सुरुआत के समय दुर्गा के पूजा बंगाल में सबसे बड़हन हिंदू पर्व ह। दुर्गा पूजा नेपाल आ [[भूटान]] में भी स्थानीय परम्परा अउरी बिबिध रूप की साथे मनावल जाला। ''पूजा'' के अरथ हवे &quot;आराधना&quot; अउरी दुर्गा पूजा बंगाली पंचांग के छठवाँ महीना कुआर (अश्विन) में बढ़त चान की छठवीं तिथि से दसिमी ले मनावल जाला। हालाँकि, कबो-कब, सौर माह में आ चन्द्रमाह में अंतर होखला पर ई बाद वाले महीना कातिक में भी मनावल जाला। ग्रेगोरी कैलेण्डर की हिसाब से ई तिहवार के तिथि कुल सितंबर आ अक्टूबर महीना में पड़े लीं।

कृत्तिबास रामायण में [[राम]], रावण से युद्ध के दौरान देवी दुर्गा के आवाहन करे लें। जबकि परम्परा में दुर्गा के पूजा बसंत में होखे। लड़ाई में अचानक ई जरूरत पड़ले की कारन, राम की द्वारा देवी दुर्गा के बेसमय आवाहन कइल गइल आ एही से एकरा के [[अकाल बोधन]] भी कहल जाला।

== माई के पूजा होला ==
[[बंगाल]], [[आसाम|असम]], [[ओडिशा]] में दुर्गा पूजा के अकालबोधन (&quot;दुर्गा के असमय जागरण&quot;), शारदियो पुजो (&quot;शरद ऋतु के पूजा&quot;), शारदोत्सब (बंगाली: শোরদদোটব (&quot;शरद ऋतु के उत्सव&quot;), महापूजो (&quot;महान पूजा&quot; के नाँव से जानल जाला&quot;), एकरा के मेयर पुजो (&quot;माई के पूजा&quot;) या बस पूजा भा पुजो भी कहल जाला। पूर्वी बंगाल (बांगलादेश) में भी दुर्गा पूजा [[भगवती, अर्घाखाँची|भगवती]] पूजा के रूप में मनावल जाला। [[पश्चिम बंगाल]], [[बिहार]], असम, ओडिशा, [[दिल्ली]] आ [[मध्य प्रदेश]] में एकरा के दुर्गा पूजा भी कहल जाला। सालन के दौरान [[दिल्ली]]-एनसीआर में 250 से ढेर अलग-अलग पंडाल सभ में दुर्गा पूजा के आयोजन होला।

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{हिंदू धर्म बिसय}}
{{हिंदू तिहुआर}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू धर्म]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदू तिहुआर]]
[[श्रेणी:कुआर महीना के तिहुआर]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4034" sha1="r5kht8j4hj11a4i4bshl9c9b1u9f89n" xml:space="preserve">'''''नमामि गंगे''''' (Namami Gange Programme; शाब्दिक अरथ: गंगा के (हम) परनाम करत बानी) भारत सरकार के एगो प्रोग्राम बा जे जून 2014 में सुरू कइल गइल।&lt;ref&gt;[http://nmcg.nic.in/hi/NamamiGangah.aspx नमामि गंगे], मुख्य सरकारी वेबसाइट, ''nmcg.nic.in'' पर।&lt;/ref&gt; ई इंटीग्रेटेड संरक्षण मिशन{{efn|एकर पूरा नाँव &quot;एकीकृत गंगा संरक्षण मिशन परियोजना&quot; हवे जेकरा के सहज नाँव &quot;नमामि गंगे&quot; दिहल गइल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=स्वच्छ गंगा परियोजना|url=https://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/clean-ganga-project.html|website=hindi.mapsofindia.com|accessdate=15 मई 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} के तहत चलावल जा रहल बा। एकर मुख्य उद्देश्य [[गंगा|गंगा नदी]] में [[प्रदूषण]] ([[गंगा प्रदूषण]]) के कम कइल बा। एह प्रोग्राम के तहत एक्के साथे लगभग तीन सौ प्रोजेक्ट सभ के सुरुआत साल 2016 में भइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=सिंह|first1=अजय|title=नमामि गंगे योजना के तहत आज देशभर में 231 परियोजनाओं की हुई शुरुआत|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/uttarakhand/modi-government-to-launch-namami-gange-projects-today-1428785|accessdate=15 मई 2018|work=NDTVIndia}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ई भारत के परधानमंत्री [[नरेंद्र मोदी]] के ड्रीम प्रोजेक्ट के रूप में सुरू कइल गइल। हालाँकि, कैग (CAG) के एगो रपट के बाद एह परियोजना पर बिबादो भइल। एह रपट में बतावल गइल रहे कि एह प्रोजेक्ट के धनराशि में से भारी मात्रा में हिस्सा खर्चा ना भइल रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=नमामि गंगे कोष के लगभग 25,00 करोड़ रुपये नहीं हुए इस्तेमाल: कैग|url=http://thewirehindi.com/29017/cag-report-shows-funds-for-namami-ganga-remain-unused/|accessdate=15 मई 2018|work=thewirehindi.com|agency=भाषा|date=20 दिसंबर 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

एकरा खातिर [[जर्मनी]] के एगो संस्था के साथे समझौता भी भइल रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=नमामि गंगे के लिए भारत और जर्मनी के बीच समझौता|url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/namami-ganga-project-india-germany-agreement/85774/|accessdate=15 मई 2018|work=जनसत्ता|agency=भाषा|date=14 अप्रैल 2016|language=hi-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[गंगा प्रदूषण]] (चाहे गंगा नदी में प्रदूषण)

{{clear}}
==नोट==
&lt;references group=&quot;नोट&quot;/&gt;

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
* [http://nmcg.nic.in/hi/indexh.aspx राष्ट्रीय स्वच्छ गंगा मिशन], ऑफिशियल वेबसाइट।

[[श्रेणी:गंगा]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत में प्रदूषण]]


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      <text bytes="3688" sha1="bwo355nba9labtikhwnd6iyiheqvfg3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = नबद्वीप
| native_name             = নবদ্বীপ
| native_name_lang        = bn
| other_name              = नवदीप
| nickname                = 
| settlement_type         = शहर
| image_skyline           = Yogapith, Mayapur.jpg
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = नबदीप के लगे [[मायापुर]] में [[चैतन्य महाप्रभु]] के जनम भूईं पर बनल एगो मंदिर
| pushpin_map             = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = पच्छिम बंगाल में लोकेशन
| latd                    = 23.42
| latm                    = 
| lats                    = 
| latNS                   = N
| longd                   = 88.37
| longm                   = 
| longs                   = 
| longEW                  = E
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{झंडा|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[पच्छिम बंगाल]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[भारत के जिला|जिला]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[नदिया जिला|नदिया]]
| established_title       = अस्थापित
| established_date        = 1063 ई
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_total_km2          = 98.01
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 14
| population_sex ratio    =932|932
| population_total         = 125,543
| population_urban        = 175474
| population_child     = 8388
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_rank         = 
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;2011 census data&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=339072|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=3 दिसंबर 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title1    = भाषा
| demographics1_info1     = [[बंगाली]], [[अंग्रेजी]]
| timezone1               = [[भारतीय मानक समय|IST]]
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| postal_code_type        = [[पिनकोड|PIN]]
| postal_code             = 741302
| area_code_type          = टेलीफोन कोड
| area_code               = 03472
| registration_plate      = WB 52
| blank1_name_sec1        = [[लोक सभा]] चुनाव क्षेत्र
| blank1_info_sec1        = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1        = [[बिधान सभा]] चुनाव क्षेत्र
| blank2_info_sec1        = [[Nabadwip (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]]
| website                 = {{URL|nadia.nic.in/}}
{{URL|http://www.nabadwipmunicipality.org/}}
| footnotes               = 
}}
'''नबद्वीप''' &lt;small&gt;({{Lang-bn|নবদ্বীপ}})&lt;/small&gt; [[पच्छिम बंगाल]] के [[नदिया जिला]] में एगो शहर आ [[नगर पालिका]] बाटे।

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

{{पच्छिम बंगाल के शहर}}

[[श्रेणी:पच्छिम बंगाल के शहर आ कस्बा]]</text>
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    <title>दामोदर राव</title>
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      <text bytes="8936" sha1="r4yh4fzr5dqezuavruzsf30b47njaf1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| Name            = दामोदर राव
| Img             = damodarraao.jpg
| Img_capt        = दामोदर राव
| Background      = solo_singer
| Birth_name      = मिथिलेश सिंह
| Alias           = दामोदर, दामोदर राव, मुन्ना बिहारी, दामोदर मनु
| Born            = {{birth date and age|1977|8|21|mf=y}} [[पश्चिमी चंपारण]], [[बेतिया]], [[नरकटियागंज]], [[बिहार]], [[भारत]]
| Instrument      = [[हारमोनियम]], [[पियानो]]
| Genre           = [[हिंदी सिनेमा]], [[नाटक]], [[लोक संगीत]], [[भजन]]
| Occupation      = [[संगीतकार]], [[गायक]], [[अभिनेता]]
| Years_active    = 2007 - अबतक ले
| Label           = [[सुपर कैसेट इंडस्ट्रीज|टी-सीरीज़]], [[मोजर बियर]], [[सोनी म्यूजिक]], [[टाइम्स म्यूजिक]], [[विनस]], एंगल म्यूजिक, वेव म्यूजिक, साईं रिकार्ड्स
| Associated_acts = 
| URL             = {{url|www.damodarraao.com/ }}
}}
'''दामोदर राव''' (जन्म 21 अगस्त 1977) एगो भारतीय सिंगर, म्यूजिक डाइरेक्टर आ एक्टर हउवें। इनकर संगीत मधुर अउरी कर्णप्रिय होला। दामोदर राव अबतक ले लगभग सत्तर गो से भी बेसी हिंदी आ भोजपुरी फिल्मन में आपन मधुर संगीत देले बाड़न। आ लगभग 950 गो से भी बेसी म्यूजिक एल्बम बनवले बाड़न। राव एगो सुरीला गायको हउवन, इनकर गावल कई गो एल्बम बजार में उपलब्ध बाड़ें। इनकर गावल भोजपुरी में किताब भी मार्केट में मिलेला, आ इनकर गावल हिंदी में साईं भजन के पुस्तक ''साईं आराधना'' नाँव से बजार में बिकाला। आज भोजपुरी फ़िल्मी समाज में इनकर बहुत बड़ा योगदान बा, साथे साथे हिंदी फिल्म जगत में भी आप मजबूत पइठ बनावे के फेरा में बाड़ें। दामोदर राव बेस्ट संगीतकार के कई गो अवार्ड भी प्राप्त कइले बाड़न।

दामोदर राव के जन्म भारत के बिहार राज्य के [[पश्चिम चंपारण जिला]] बेतिया के नरकटियागंज शहर में भइल रहे, राव अभी मुंबई में अपना पूरा परिवार के साथे रहेलें, राव संगीत परिवार से संबंध राखेलें, इनकर पिता रामधनी राव एगो क्षेत्रिय लोक गायक रहलें। दामोदर राव अबले लगभग 90 गो से ज्यादा फिल्म में आपन संगीत देलें बाड़न, जेमे कई गो भाषा शामिल बा जइसे हिंदी, भोजपुरी, मैथिली, हरियाणवी, पंजाबी आदि। दामोदर राव बहुत सारा एल्बम रेकार्ड कइले बाड़न, काफी एल्बम में इ खुद गवलें भी बाड़ें आ साथे साथ अभिनय भी कइले हउवन। इनकर एगो गाना «भारत को बचाना ही होगा मोदी को लाना ही होगा» काफी प्रसिद्ध भइल रहे जेकर गायक सुमित बाबा रहलें।
आ एगो अउरी गाना ''डी जे वाला भाई करा भोल्युम हाई'' जवना के गायिका रहली देवी, इहो गाना सुपर हिट भइल रहे। इनका संगीत में अब तकले भोजपुरी फिल्म जगत के सारा कलाकार लो काम कइले बा, आ हिंदी जगत के भी लगभग सारा बड़का गायक लो गीत गवले बा। जइसे कुमार सानु, [[उदित नारायण]], [[सपना अवस्थी]], [[साधना सरगम]], विनोद राठोर, [[अनूप जलोटा]], [[अनुराधा पौडवाल]], [[रूप कुमार राठौर]], पवन सिंह, इन्दू सोनाली, रितेश पांडे, अरविंद अकेला 'कल्लू', प्रमोद प्रेमी यादव, राकेश मिश्रा, खुशबू जैन, अदिति राज, विपिन सचदेवा, [[कल्पना पटवारी]], मोहन राठौर, [[अलका याग्निक]], [[मनोज तिवारी]], शाहिद माल्या, शबाब साबरी, संचिति सकट, अलोक कुमार, पामेला जैन आदि।

== अवार्ड आ इनाम ==
राव के 2014 में दर्शनिक मुंबई प्रेस मीडिया 2012 के बेस्ट म्यूजिक डाइरेक्टर के अवार्ड दिहल गइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Best Music Director of The Year 2012: IndiaEvery.in |url=http://www.jogira.com/damodar-raao-get-best-composer-award/|accessdate=10 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; भोजपुरी फिलिम ''मजनू मोटरवाला'' खातिर उनकरा के आपकी आवाज़ फाउंडेशन द्वारा बेस्ट म्यूजिक डाइरेक्टर आ मुंबई गौरव पुरस्कार 2014 से सम्मानित कइल जा चुकल बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Best Music Director of The Year 2013: IndiaEvery.in|url=http://kerala.indiaeveryday.in/gallery/riyaz-khan/19.htm|date=27 December 2014|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=8 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173223/http://kerala.indiaeveryday.in/gallery/riyaz-khan/19.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 में मुंबई के दर्शनिक समाचारपत्र आ एवरशाइन मित्रमंडल द्वारा उनकरा के छत्रपति शिवाजी गौरव पुरस्कार दिहल गइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=दामोदर राव को छत्रपति शिवाजी गौरव अवार्ड: pressnote.in |url=http://www.pressnote.in/Bolly-wood-news_325965.html|accessdate=10 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

अक्टूबर 2016 तक राव 50 गो फिल्मी आ भक्ति संगीत एल्बम में म्यूजिक दे के एगो उल्लेख जोग उपलब्धि हासिल कइले बाड़न। एह एल्बमन में कई प्रसिद्ध गायकन के गावल गीत शामिल बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=damodar-rao-make-record-of-50-albums-in-this-navratr: arrechintu.com |url=https://www.arrechintu.com/bhojpuri/damodar-rao-make-record-of-50-albums-in-this-navratri/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235413/https://www.arrechintu.com/bhojpuri/damodar-rao-make-record-of-50-albums-in-this-navratri/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 April 2017|accessdate=12 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:संगीतकार]]
[[श्रेणी:1977 में जनम]]


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      <text bytes="4231" sha1="qwlvrf153dlos7jrs7fvu15krtk0f9r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox mountain
| name = दमावंद
| photo = Damavand in winter.jpg
| photo_caption = दमावंद परबत के जाड़ा में के सीन
| elevation_m = 5671 
| elevation_ref = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.en.iran.ir/about/natural-regions ईरान के भूगोल] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117111208/http://www.en.iran.ir/about/natural-regions |date=2015-01-17 }}, (अंग्रेजी में)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/Ararat/damavand-trip.html Petter Bjorstad 2007 trip report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819081307/http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/Ararat/damavand-trip.html |date=2017-08-19 }}, (अंग्रेजी में)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;peaklist&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-58750648-ni39-3.jpg U.S. military topographic mapping] gives 18,365 feet (5,598 meters). A [http://www.summitpost.org/detailed-map-of-central-alborz-mountains/189982/c-154322 summitpost map based on local 1:50,000 mapping] gives 5,628 metres. This is supported by [[GPS]] [http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/Ararat/damavand-trip.html evidence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819081307/http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/Ararat/damavand-trip.html |date=2017-08-19 }}  and [[SRTM]] data.&lt;/ref&gt;
| prominence_m = 4667
| prominence_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;peaklist&quot;&gt;[http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/iran.html &quot;Kuh-e Damavand&quot; - Iran Ultra Prominence] peaklist.org. पहुँच तिथी: 19 दिसंबर 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;peakbagger&quot;&gt;{{cite pb|name=Damavand, Iran|id=10467}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 12th]]&lt;/small&gt;
| map = Iran |relief=1
| map_caption = ईरान में लोकेशन
| label_position = bottom
| listing = [[Volcanic Seven Summits]]&lt;br /&gt;[[List of countries by highest point|Country high point]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| location = [[Amol County|Amol]], [[Mazandaran|Māzandarān]], [[Iran]]
| range = [[अल्बोर्ज़]]
| lat_d = 35 | lat_m = 57 | lat_s = 20 | lat_NS = N
| long_d = 52 | long_m = 06 | long_s = 36 | long_EW = E
| coordinates_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;peakbagger&quot;/&gt;
| type = [[परतदार ज्वालामुखी]]
| age = 
| last_eruption = 5350 BCE ± 200 साल
| first_ascent = 905 by Abu Dolaf Kazraji&lt;ref name=&quot;SummitPost&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150400/damavand.html|title=SummitPost: Damavand|accessdate=19 दिसंबर 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| easiest_route = [[हाइकिंग|हाइक]]
}}
'''दमावंद परबत''' &lt;small&gt;({{lang-fa|دماوند}})&lt;/small&gt; [[ईरान]] के सभसे ऊँच परबत हवे आ [[एशिया]] के सभसे ऊँच [[ज्वालामुखी परबत]] भी मानल जाला&lt;ref group=नोट 1&gt;कुनलुन श्रेणी में कुछ परबत एह से ऊँच बाने जवन ज्वालामुखी क्रिया से बनल बाटें बाकी उन्हन के ज्वालामुखी परबत ना मानल जाला।&lt;/ref&gt; ई एक ठो [[परतदार ज्वालामुखी]] परबत हवे।

== टिप्पणी ==

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}
==बाहरी कड़ी==
{{Commons and category|Mount Damavand|माउंट दमावंद}}
*[http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386g/iran.pdf यूएस भूविज्ञानी सर्वे]
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html सीआईए-वल्ड फैक्टबुक] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |date=2012-02-03 }}
* {{cite gvp |1=0302-01-|2=Damavand}}

{{Authority control}}

[[श्रेणी:ईरान के भूगोल]]
[[श्रेणी:ईरान के परबत]]
[[श्रेणी:ईरान के राष्ट्रीय चीन्हा]]


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&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = नरंगा
| native_name_lang        = mai
| settlement_type         = गाँव
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_map               = 
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = 
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| latd  =  |latm  =  |lats  =  |latNS  = 
| longd =  |longm =  |longs =  |longEW = 
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = प्रदेश
| subdivision_name1       = [[बिहार]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[भारत के जिला सभ|जिला]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[सीतामढ़ी जिला|सीतामढ़ी]]
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = 
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| unit_pref               = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_note               = 
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|author        = स्टीवर्ट बटरफील्ड&lt;br&gt;कैटरीना फेक
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'''फ़्लिकर''' ({{Lang|en|Flickr}}) एक ठो इमेज (तस्वीर) होस्ट करे वाली आ वीडियो होस्ट करे वाली [[वेबसाइट]] आ [[वेब सर्विस]] बाटे। एकर निर्माण लुडीकॉर्प द्वारा सन् 2004 में कइल गइल आ सन 2005 में [[याहू!]] द्वारा एकरा अधिग्रहण कर लिहल गइल। ई फोटो आ वीडियो शेयर करे खातिर एगो पॉपुलर वेबसाइट भी बा आ ब्लॉगर लोग आ सोशल मीडिया के लोग द्वारा काफ़ी इस्तेमाल कइल जाले।&lt;ref name=&quot;flickr-photo-use-by-bloggers&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Terdiman|title=Photo Site a Hit With Bloggers|url=http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2004/12/65958|quote=Flickr enables users to post photos from nearly any camera phone or directly from a PC. It also allows users to post photos from their accounts or from their cameras to most widely used blog services. The result is that an increasing number of bloggers are regularly posting photos from their Flickr accounts.|work=Wired (magazine)|date=2004-12-09|accessdate=13 जून 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320190118/http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2004/12/65958|archive-date=2014-03-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकरे आलावा कई फोटो रिसर्चर लोग भी अपने काम खातिर एह में खोज करे ला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
{{Commons category|Flickr}}
*{{official website|https://www.flickr.com/}}

{{इंटरनेट-आधार}}

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{{Infobox aircraft type
|type            = [[प्रयोग बिमान|प्रयोग खातिर]] [[सौर ऊर्जा बिमान]]
|national origin = [[स्विट्जरलैंड|स्विस]]
|manufacturer    = सोलर इंपल्स
|designer        = 
|first flight    = 3 दिसंबर 2009
|number built    = 2 (प्रोटोटाइप के जोड़ के)
|program cost    = &lt;!--Total program cost--&gt;
}}
|}
'''सोलर इंपल्स''' ({{Lang|en|Solar Impulse}}) [[स्विट्जरलैंड]] के एक ठो प्रोजेक्ट बाटे जवन लंबी दूरी वाला [[प्रयोग बिमान|प्रयोग खातिर]] बनल [[सौर उर्जा बिमान]] प्रोजेक्ट बाटे। इहे नाँव एह प्रोजेक्ट के तहत उड़े वाला जहाज के भी बाटे।&lt;ref name=NYT-20130501&gt;{{cite news|last=Cardwell|first=Diane|title=Cross-Country Solar Plane Expedition Set for Takeoff|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/business/energy-environment/cross-country-solar-plane-expedition-set-for-takeoff.html|date=1 मई 2013|work=[[न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स]]|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ई प्रोजेक्ट के पइसा-रुपया के सगरी ब्यवस्था निजी रूप से दू लोग - स्विट्जरलैंड के इंजिनियर आ बिजनेसमैन [[आंद्रे ब्रोशबर्ग]] आ स्विट्ज़रेलैंड के [[बर्ट्रेंड पिकार्ड]], जे एगो पाइलट बाड़ें, मिल के कइले बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/03.21.html|title=A Speck in the Sky|work=न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स|date=21 मार्च 1999|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; सोलर इंपल्स के मुख्य मकसद पुरा तरीका से खाली सौर उर्जा से उड़े वाला बिमान से पृथिवी के चक्कर लगा के बिना प्रदूषण वाली उर्जा आ टेक्नालॉजी के ओर दुनिया भर के लोगन के धियान खींचल बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;Div, Stav. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/solar-powered-flight-a7057666.html &quot;Solar Impulse 2: The groundbreaking aircraft demonstrating the possibilities of clean energy&quot;], ''The Independent'', June 2, 2016&lt;/ref&gt; एही मकसद के ऊपर आपन बिचार बतावत घरी, फ़ोर्ब्स पत्रिका में माइक स्कॉट लिखलें कि: &quot;अगर हमनी खाली सौर उर्जा के प्रयोग आ उर्जा एफिशिएंसी बढ़ावे वाली टेक्नालॉजी के इस्तेमाल से पुरा बिस्व के चक्कर लगावे में सफल हॉट बानी जा, प्रदूषण रहित टेक्नालॉजी के अन्य क्षेत्र सभ में इस्तेमाल के असीम संभावना साबित हो जाई।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;कोटेशन:If we can fly around the world using only the power of the sun and the optimisation of energy efficiency technologies, the potential of clean technologies in other applications is immense.&quot;; Scott, Mike. [http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikescott/2016/04/21/solar-plane-takes-to-the-skies-again-to-show-potential-of-clean-energy/#7840d166234f &quot;Solar Plane Takes to the Skies Again to Display Clean Energy's Power Potential&quot;], ''Forbes'', 21 अप्रैल 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

फोटोवोल्टिक सेल से सुरुज के रौशनी से उर्जा पावे वाला ई एक सीट वाला जहाज अपने खुद के उर्जा से उड़ान के शुरुआत करे में सक्षम बाटे। एकर प्रोटोटाइप&lt;ref group=&quot;नोट&quot;&gt;मेन जहाज से पहिले नमूना के रूप में बनावल जहाज, एकरा के सोलर इंपल्स 1 नाँव दिहल गइल रहल।&lt;/ref&gt;, जवना के '''''सोलर इंपल्स 1''''' नाँव दिहल गइल, 36 घंटा ले उड़ान भरे खातिर डिजाइन कइल गइल रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/documents/hbsia_mission.php?lang=en&amp;group=hbsia|title=HB-SIA Mission|author=Solar Impulse Project|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=2011-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022510/http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/documents/hbsia_mission.php?lang=en&amp;group=hbsia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकर पहिली टेस्ट उड़ान सन् 2009 में भइल। जुलाई 2010 में ई पुरा एक दिन-रात के उड़ान भरलस आ अपना 26 घंटा के एह उड़ान में लगभग 9 घंटा के रात के उड़ान पूरा कइलस।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.swisster.ch/news/science-tech/swiss-solar-plane-makes-history-with-night-flight.html &quot;Swiss solar plane makes history with night flight&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710042340/http://www.swisster.ch/news/science-tech/swiss-solar-plane-makes-history-with-night-flight.html |date=2010-07-10 }}. ''Swisster''. 8 जुलाई 2010. पहुँच तिथि 22 जून 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; सन् 2012 में पिकार्ड आ ब्रोशबर्ग मिलके सफलता के साथ स्विट्जरलैंड से स्पेन ले आ ओकरे बाद मोरक्को ले के उड़ान पूरा कइल।&lt;ref name=MadridRabat/&gt; सन् 2013 में अमेरिका के ऊपर से कई स्टेज के उड़ान भी भइल।&lt;ref name=Mission/&gt;&lt;ref name=Engadget&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.engadget.com/2013/07/06/solar-impulse-ends-cross-country-us-flight-slightly-early-in-ny/?utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_source=Feed_Classic&amp;utm_campaign=Engadget|title=Solar Impulse ends cross-country US flight slightly early in NY due to torn left wing|publisher=Engadget|date=6 जुलाई 2013|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

एगो दूसर जहाज, '''''सोलर इंपल्स 2''''', सन् 2014 में बन के पूरा भइल आ एह में अउरी ढेर सोलर सेल आ अधिका ताकत वाला मोटर लगावल गइल। मार्च 2015 में पिकार्ड आ ब्रोशबर्ग पुरा दुनिया के चक्कर लगावे के कोसिस सुरू कइल, ई उड़ान के सुरुआत [[अबु धाबी]] से सुरू भइल।&lt;ref name=Batrawy&gt;{{cite web| author=Batrawy, Aya|date=9 मार्च 2015|url=http://news.yahoo.com/solar-powered-plane-takes-off-flight-around-world-041503078.html| title=Solar-powered plane takes off for flight around the world|publisher=एशोसिएटेड प्रेस|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; बिमान के उड़ान के प्लान अगस्त 2015 में दुनिया के चक्कर (कई खंड में) पूरा करे के रहल।&lt;ref name=TheNational&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://www.thenational.ae/uae/pilots-to-take-off-from-abu-dhabi-for-historic-solar-powered-flight|title = Pilots to take off from Abu Dhabi for historic solar-powered flight|last = Al Wasmi|first = Naser|date = 25 September 2014|work = The National|accessdate = 22 जून 2016|archive-date = 25 August 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160825043033/http://www.thenational.ae/uae/pilots-to-take-off-from-abu-dhabi-for-historic-solar-powered-flight|url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; जून 2015 ले, जहाज एशिया के पार कर लिहलस,&lt;ref name=Leg7/&gt; आ जुलाई 2015 में, जापान से हवाई दीप ले के उड़ान, जवन एकर सभसे लमहर उड़ान रहल, उहो पूरा कर लिहलस।&lt;ref name=JapanHawaii/&gt; हालाँकि, एह उड़ान खंड में जहाज के बैटरी के कुछ नोकसान पहुँचल जवना के मरम्मत करे में महीन्नन लागि गइल।&lt;ref name=Resume2/&gt; सोलर इंपल्स 2 आपन उड़ान के अप्रैल 2016 में दुबारा सुरू कइलस&lt;ref name=bbc20160421&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36068059 |title=Solar Impulse sets off for California after long lay-off| first=Jonathan |last=Amos |date=21 अप्रैल 2016 |work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ कैलिफोर्निया पहुँचल।&lt;ref name=CO&gt;Berger, Noah. [http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/science-technology/article73631912.html &quot;Solar-powered plane completes journey across Pacific Ocean&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507174027/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/science-technology/article73631912.html |date=2016-05-07 }}, ''[[The Charlotte Observer]]'', 24 अप्रैल 2016&lt;/ref&gt; मई आ जून भर में ई अमेरिका के क्रास कइलस आ 11 जून के न्यूयॉर्क पहुँचल&lt;ref name=Crossing/&gt;

हाल में, 20 जून के ई जहाज अपना उड़ान में अटलांटिक महासागर के पार करे खातिर न्यूयॉर्क से उड़ल&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/solar-impulse-2-begins-atlantic-crossing/article8755261.ece |title=Solar Impulse 2 begins Atlantic crossing |language=en |publisher=दि हिंदू |date=2015-03-09 |accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ 23 जून के स्पेन के सेविल में उतरल आ पहिला अइसन उड़ान पूरा करे वाला बिमान बनल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Amos |first=Jonathan |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36598140 |title=Solar Impulse completes Atlantic crossing with landing in Seville - BBC News |language=en |publisher=Bbc.com |date= |accessdate=2016-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- ==प्रोजेक्ट के बिकास आ फंडिंग==
[[बर्ट्रेंड पिकार्ड]] initiated the Solar Impulse project in November 2003 after undertaking a feasibility study in partnership with the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/6652| work=Solar Impulse| title=What happened between 2001 and 2003?|date=31 December 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a mechanical engineer, co-founder [[André ब्रोशबर्ग]] directed the construction of each aircraft and oversees the preparation of the flight missions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/tech/2011/11/29/solar-impulse-aircraft.cnn|accessdate=22 जून 2016|work=CNN|author=CNN|title=Can solar power fuel future flight| date=29 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2009, they had assembled a multi-disciplinary team of 50 engineers and technical specialists from six countries, assisted by about 100 outside advisers and 80 technological partners.&lt;ref name=mainstages&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/airplane/major-steps/|title=Major steps|publisher=Solar Impulse|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SI-Building/&gt;

The project is financed by a number of private companies and individuals, as well as receiving around [[Swiss franc| CHF]] 6 million ([[US dollar|US$]]6.4 million) in funding from the Swiss government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/government-supports-solar-impulse-with-chf6m/41279522|title=Government supports Solar Impulse with CHF6m|publisher=SwissInfo.ch|date=18 फरवरी 2015|accessdate= 22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The project's private financial backers include [[Omega SA]], [[Solvay (company)|Solvay]], [[Schindler Group|Schindler]], [[ABB Group|ABB]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=पिकार्ड|first=बर्ट्रेंड|title=Solar Impulse gets a lift!| url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/7401|date=4 अप्रैल 2014|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Peter Diamandis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/7292| publisher=Solar Impulse|title=Peter Diamandis our New Patron|author=Viktoria Dijakovic|date=10 October 2013| accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[EPFL]], the [[European Space Agency]] and [[Dassault]] have provided technical expertise, while [[SunPower]] provided the aircraft's photovoltaic cells.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://global.sunpowercorp.com/about/sponsor/solar-impulse/|title=Solar Impulse – Around the world in a solar airplane |publisher=SunPower|accessdate= 22 जून 2016}}; and {{cite web| last1=Dijakovic| first1=Viktoria| title=Construction HB-SIB Solar Cells|url=http://info.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/6544|publisher=Solar Impulse|date=17 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=partners&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/partner.php?lang=en&amp;group=partner| title=Partners, Financing Structure| publisher=Solar Impulse |accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

पिकार्ड stated that the entire project from its beginnings in 2003 until mid-2015 had cost €150 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/27/solar-impulse-round-the-world-flight-raise-20-million-euros| publisher=The Guardian| title=Solar Impulse's troubled round-the-world flight: ‘We need to raise €20m'|author=Joshi Herrmann| date=27 July 2015|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; It raised another €20 million in late 2015 to continue the round-the-world flight.&lt;ref name=Resume1&gt;Al Wasmi, Naser. [http://www.thenational.ae/uae/exclusive-solar-impulse-headed-back-to-abu-dhabi-the-long-way-round &quot;Exclusive: Solar Impulse headed back to Abu Dhabi the long way round&quot;], ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]'', January 8, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;
 --&gt;
===टाइमलाइन===
* 2003: प्रोजेक्ट के सफलता से संबंधित अध्ययन शुरू भइल
* 2004-2005: कंसेप्ट के बिकास
* 2006: लंबी उड़ान के प्रयोग
* 2006-09: पहिला बिमान के निर्माण शुरू भइल
* 2009: सोलर इंपल्स 1 के पहिली उड़ान
* 2009–2011: आदमी सहित टेस्ट उड़ान&lt;ref name=Lipsey&gt;{{cite web|author=Lipsey, Sid|url=https://www.yahoo.com/travel/secrets-of-the-solar-powered-plane-that-might-make-110026751682.html|title=Secrets of the Solar-Powered Plane That Might Make History|publisher=Yahoo|date= 4 फरवरी 2015|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011-12: यूरोप आ उत्तरी अफिरका में कई गो टेस्ट उड़ान
* 2011-13: दुसरा बिमान के निर्माण सुरू (HB-SIB; सोलर इंपल्स 2)
* 2013: सोलर इंपल्स1 के महादीपीय उड़ान, अमेरिका में&lt;ref name=NYT-20130501/&gt;&lt;ref name=Mission&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/across-america/| title=Across America| publisher=Solar Impulse| year=2013| accessdate=22 जून 2016| archive-date=2013-06-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629085555/http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/across-america/| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Engadget/&gt;
* 2014: सोलर इंपल्स 2 के पहिली उड़ान
* 2015-16: पृथिवी के चक्कर लगावे के कोसिस सुरू, 16 खंड में 2 साल के दौरान, उड़ान चालू...&lt;ref name=Amos1/&gt;&lt;ref name=Molko/&gt;

==सोलर इंपल्स 1 (HB-SIA)==
[[File:Cockpit HB-SIA.jpg|thumb|Solar Impulse 1 – fuselage and motors]]
[[File:Prototype HB-SIA.jpg|thumb|Solar Impulse 1 – wing structure]]
पहिला सोलर इंपल्स जहाज के रजिस्ट्रेशन HB-SIA के नाँव से भइल आ ई नमूना देखावे खातिर बनावल गइल रहल। एकर कॉकपिट बिना प्रेशर वाली रहल। एकर पाँख सिंगल रहल जवना के नीचे चार गो लिथियम आयन बैटरी एगो मोटर आ दू पंखा वाला प्रोपेलर लागल रहल। पाँख के हल्लुक बनावे खातिर कार्बन फाइबर के मधुमक्खी के छाता के डिजाइन में सजावट वाला बनावल गइल रहल।&lt;ref name=SIApdf/&gt; 11,628 [[फोटोवोल्टिक सेल]] सभ के पाँख के ऊपर आ साइड में लगावल गइल रहल जवन दिन में सुरुज के रोशनी से बिजली पैदा करें आ रात खातिर बैटरी के चार्ज करें, ई डिजाइन सिद्धांत रूप में अनंत काल खातिर जहाज के उड़े बदे बिजली पैदा करे वाली रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Engeler|first=Eliane|title=Solar plane lands after completing 24-hour flight|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9GQS2FG2.htm|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Avion&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/challenge_solar.php?lang=en&amp;group=challenge|title=Plane|accessdate=22 जून 2016|publisher=Solar Impulse|archive-date=2011-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628112009/http://solarimpulse.com/common/documents/challenge_solar.php?lang=en&amp;group=challenge|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

जहाज के सभसे बड़हन सीमा इहे बैटरी के छमता रहल। जहाज के एकरा दिन के उड़ान के समय हासिल ऊँचाई के भी फ़ायदा के रात में इस्तेमाल करे के प्लान कइल गइल रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/blog.php?lang=en&amp;group=media&amp;id=105&amp;comment=visible|title=Description of HB-SIA|work=SolarImpulse.com|date=22 June 2010|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=26 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022519/http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/blog.php?lang=en&amp;group=media&amp;id=105&amp;comment=visible|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===लच्छन जानकारी===
{{Aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=प्लेन
|jet or prop?=प्रॉप
|ref=Solar Impulse Project&lt;ref name=SIApdf&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/pdf/hb-sia/hb-sia_en.pdf|title=Around the World in a Solar Airplane: Solar Impulse|format=PDF|author=Solar Impulse|year=2009|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=2011-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022440/http://www.solarimpulse.com/pdf/hb-sia/hb-sia_en.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''and'' Diaz&lt;ref name=Diaz&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gizmodo.com/262940/solar-impulse-around-the-world-in-a-100-sun+powered-airplane|title=Solar Impulse: Around the World in a 100% Sun-powered Airplane|last=Diaz|first=Jesus|date=23 मई 2007|publisher=Gizmodo|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=2014-08-28|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140828201147/http://gizmodo.com/262940/solar-impulse-around-the-world-in-a-100-sun-powered-airplane|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|crew=1
|length main=21.85 मीटर
|length alt=71.7 फीट
|span main=63.4 मीटर
|span alt=208 फीट
|height main=6.40 मीटर
|height alt=21.0 फीट
|area main=11,628 photovoltaic cells rated at 45 kW peak: {{Nowrap|200 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;}}
|area alt=2,200 वर्ग फीट
|airfoil=
|aspect ratio=19.7
|empty weight main=
|empty weight alt=
|loaded weight main= 1,600 किलोग्रा॰
|loaded weight alt= 3,500 पाउंड
|useful load main=
|useful load alt=
|max takeoff weight main= 2,000 किलोग्रा॰
|max takeoff weight alt= 4,400 पौंड
|more general='''टेक-ऑफ स्पीड:''' {{convert|35|km/h}}
|engine (prop)=इलेक्ट्रिक मोटर
|type of prop=
|number of props=4
|power main= 4 x 21 kWh [[लिथियम-आयन बैटरी]] ({{Nowrap|450 किलोग्रा॰}}), 7.5 kW बिजली देले
|power alt= 10 HP
|propeller or rotor?=प्रोपेलर
|propellers=
|number of propellers per engine=1
|propeller diameter main=3.5 m at 200 to 400 rpm
|propeller diameter alt=11 फीट
|max speed main=
|max speed alt=
|max speed more=
|cruise speed main= {{convert|70|कि॰मी॰/घं॰}}
|cruise speed alt=
|cruise speed more=
|stall speed main=
|stall speed alt=
|stall speed more=
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|endurance= 36 घं॰ (प्रोजेक्टेड)
|ceiling main= 8,500 मीटर
|ceiling alt= 27,900 फीट
|ceiling more= अधिकतम {{convert|12000|m}}
|climb rate main=
|climb rate alt=
|climb rate more=
|loading main=
|loading alt=
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main=
|power/mass alt=
|more performance=
}}

===उड़ान इतिहास===

==== पहिली उड़ान आ अउरी सुरुआती उड़ान ====
[[File:Flea Hop HB-SIA - Solar Impulse.jpg|thumb|सोलर इंपल्स 1, पहिली उड़ान, &quot;flea hop&quot; टेस्ट उड़ान में, ड्यूबेनडार्फ में 3 दिसंबर 2009]]
26 जून 2009 के सोलर इंपल्स के पहिली बेर पब्लिक के सोझा देखावल गइल। एगो छोट उड़ान 3 दिसंबर 2009 के टेस्ट कइल गइल&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8393688.stm|title=Record solar plane's first 'hop'|date=3 December 2009|work=BBC|accessdate=22 जून 2016|first=जेसन|last=पाल्मर}}&lt;/ref&gt; जवना के मार्कस शेर्डल रहलें।&lt;ref name=newscientist3Dec09&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18233-solarpowered-piloted-plane-makes-its-first-flea-hop.html|title=Solar-powered piloted plane makes its first 'flea hop'|author=Tom Simonite|date=3 December 2009|work=Web Edition|publisher=New Scientist|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 अप्रैल 2010 के, जहाज 87 मिनट के टेस्ट उड़ान भरलस, एहू के पाइलट मार्कस शेरडल रहलें। ई उड़ान में जहाज {{convert|1200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} के ऊँचाई ले पहुँचल&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=&lt;!--start post navigation--&gt; Previous post Next post|url=http://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/04/solar-airplane-completes-maiden-voyage|title=Solar Airplane Completes Maiden Voyage|work=Wired.com|date=7 अप्रैल 2010|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105214251/http://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/04/solar-airplane-completes-maiden-voyage/|archive-date=2014-01-05|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 28 मई 2010 के ई जहाज आपन पहिली अइसन उड़ान भरलस जवना में ई पुरा तरीका से सौर उर्जा से चलल आ साथे साथ बैटरी भी चार्ज कइलस।&lt;ref name=AvWeb31May10&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/SolarImpulseFliesOnPureSunlight_202647-1.html|title=Solar Impulse Flies On Pure Sunlight|accessdate=22 जून 2016|last=Grady|first=Mary|date=मई 2010|archive-date=2010-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604034523/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/SolarImpulseFliesOnPureSunlight_202647-1.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====पहिली रातभर के उड़ान====
आठ जुलाई 2010 के सोलर इम्पल्स 1 आदमी के साथ आपन पहिली 26 घंटा के उड़ान कइलस जवन पुरा तरीका से सौर उर्जा पर निर्भर रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last=Maron|first=Dina Fine|title=Swiss Team to Launch Solar Night Flight|url=http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2010/07/06/06climatewire-swiss-team-to-launch-solar-night-flight-9738.html|work =The New York Times|agency=[[ClimateWire]]| date=6 July 2010|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Solar Impulse completes record-breaking flight|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/energy/solarpower/7878526/Solar-Impulse-completes-record-breaking-flight.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=22 जून 2016|location=London|archive-date=29 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129121734/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/energy/solarpower/7878526/Solar-Impulse-completes-record-breaking-flight.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Paur|first=Jason|title=Solar Airplane to Fly Through the Night (Tonight!)|url=http://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/07/solar-airplane-to-fly-through-the-night-tonight|work=Wired|date=7 July 2010|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105045116/http://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/07/solar-airplane-to-fly-through-the-night-tonight|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; जहाज के ब्रोशबर्ग उड़ावत रहले आ ई सेन्ट्रल यूरोपीय टाइम के हिसाब से 7 जुलाई के सबेरे 06:51 पर स्विट्जरलैंड के एगो हवाई अड्डा से उड़ान भर के अगिला दिने सबेरे 09:00 बजे लैंडिंग कइलस।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=van Loon|first=Jeremy|title=Solar-Powered Plane Lands Safely After Overnight Flight|url=http://news.businessweek.com/article.asp?documentKey=1377-a4lM164962iU-6B58GM9T9AIUVKONT5V3EIC6KO|work=[[BusinessWeek]]|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=13 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713014428/http://news.businessweek.com/article.asp?documentKey=1377-a4lM164962iU-6B58GM9T9AIUVKONT5V3EIC6KO|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; एह उड़ान में ई जहाज अधिकतम {{convert|8700|m|abbr=on}} के ऊँचाई ले पहुँचल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Solar-powered plane lands safely after 26-hour flight|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/europe/10550430.stm|publisher=BBC|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; कौनों सौर उर्जा से चले वाला जहाज खातिर ई ओह समय के सबसे देरी ले चले वाली आ सभसे ढेर ऊँचाई ले पहुँचे वाली आदमी सहित उड़ान रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/09/world/europe/09plane.html|accessdate=22 जून 2016|work=The New York Times| author=Alan Cowell|title=Solar-Powered Plane Flies for 26 Hours|date=8 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fai.org/news-of-records/35101-the-fai-ratifies-solar-impulses-world-records|title=The FAI ratifies Solar Impulse's World Records|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=2012-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127143011/http://www.fai.org/news-of-records/35101-the-fai-ratifies-solar-impulses-world-records|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====अंतर्राष्ट्रीय आ अंतराराष्ट्रीय उड़ान====
=====बेल्जियम आ फ़्रांस (2011)=====
13 मई 2011 के लोकल समय 21:30 पर जहाज बेल्जियम के ब्रशेल्स में उतरल। स्विट्जरलैंड से ब्रेशेल्स के ई उड़ान 13 घंटा के रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.planet-techno-science.com/ciel-et-espace/solar-impulse-premier-vol-international-reussi-pour-lavion-solaire/|title=Solar Impulse: Premier vol international réussi pour l’avion solaire|publisher=Planet Techno Science|date=14 मई 2011|accessdate=22 जून 2016|language=fr|archive-date=2013-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104043004/http://www.planet-techno-science.com/ciel-et-espace/solar-impulse-premier-vol-international-reussi-pour-lavion-solaire/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकर पाइलट ब्रोशबर्ग रहलें।

एगो अउरी अंतर्राष्ट्रीय उड़ान के कोशिस फ्रांस में 12 जून 2011 के भइल बाकी जहाज के खाराब मौसम के कारन वापस लवटे के पड़ल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A setback for Solar Impulse: the solar plane favours safety and heads back to Brussels|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/news_affich.php?lang=en&amp;group=news&amp;IdArticle=90|accessdate=22 जून 2016|date=June 2011|archive-date=2011-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022858/http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/news_affich.php?lang=en&amp;group=news&amp;IdArticle=90|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; दुसरा प्रयास में, 14 जून के, ब्रोशबर्ग, एगो 16 घंटा के उड़ान के बाद पेरिस में उतरलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Solar Impulse Plane: A Rare Treat For Crowds in Paris|url=http://tv.ibtimes.com/solar-impulse-plane-a-rare-treat-for-crowds-in-paris/890.html|accessdate=22 जून 2016|last=Marisa|first=Krystian|date=June 2011|archive-date=2012-07-23|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723122419/http://tv.ibtimes.com/solar-impulse-plane-a-rare-treat-for-crowds-in-paris/890.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====पहिली अंतरार्राष्ट्रीय उड़ान (2012)=====
5 जून 2012 के सोलर इम्पल्स आपन पहिली अंतरमहादीपी उड़ान, 19 घंटा के, पूरा कइलस जब ई स्पेन के मैड्रिड से उड़ के मोरक्को के रबात में उतरल।&lt;ref name=MadridRabat&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/05/aviation-solar-idUSL5E8H5A4U20120605|title=Solar plane completes maiden intercontinental trip|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=5 June 2012|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164331/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/05/aviation-solar-idUSL5E8H5A4U20120605|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====अमेरिका (2013)=====
[[File:Solar Impulse JFK July 14 2013.jpg|thumb|14 जुलाई 2013 के, न्यूयॉर्क के जॉन एफ केनेडी एअरपोर्ट पर प्रदर्शन खातिर खड़ा सोलर इम्पल्स 1]]
3 मई 2013 के सोलर इम्पल्स 1 आपन अमेरिका पार उड़ान के शुरुआत कइलस आ कैलिफोर्निया से उड़ के छह खंड में आपन ई उड़ान पूरा क के 7 जुलाई के न्यू यॉर्क पहुँचल।

ई सागरी खंड (leg) 14 से 22 घंटा के बीच के समय वाला रहलें।&lt;ref name=Mission/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Solar plane leaves Calif. on cross-country trip|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_SOLAR_PLANE?SITE=FLDAY&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;utm_source=twitterfeed&amp;utm_medium=twitter|work=Daytona Beach News Journal|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; दूसरा खंड, जवना में ई जहाज डलास पहुँचल, अपने समय के सौर उर्जा से चले वाला जहाज खातिर नया बिस्व रेकार्ड बनवलस।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Solar plane completes 2nd leg of trip in Texas|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/solar-plane-completes-2nd-leg-trip-texas|publisher=AP|date=23 मई 2013|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=2013-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104072425/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/solar-plane-completes-2nd-leg-trip-texas|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=Solar Plane Completes Longest Leg of Cross-Country Flight|url=http://news.yahoo.com/solar-plane-completes-longest-leg-cross-country-flight-143703130.html|publisher=Yahoo News|date=23 मई 2013|accessdate=22 जून 2016}}; {{cite web|title=FAI Record ID #16815 – Straight distance, pre-declared waypoints|url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16815|publisher=FAI|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=2013-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130238/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16815|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=FAI Record ID #16817 – Free Distance|url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16817|publisher=FAI|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-date=4 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130334/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16817|url-status=dead}}; and {{cite web|title=FAI Record ID #16816 – Distance along a course, pre-declared waypoints|url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16816|publisher=FAI|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=2013-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130155/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16816|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; सोलर इम्पल्स के एह अमेरिकी उड़ान के बाद न्यूयॉर्क में प्रदर्शनी खातिर रखल गइल आ एकरा बाद अगस्त 2013 में एके खोल के (डी-असेम्बल क के) स्विट्जरलैंड में एकरे आपने मूल हवाई अड्डा पर ले जाइल गइल आ उहाँ एगो हैंगर में सुरक्षित रख दिहल गइल।

;'''अमेरिकी उड़ान के बिस्तृत रास्ता'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;
|-
! खंड (Leg) 
! सुरू&lt;ref&gt;सगरी सुरुआत के टाइम [[UTC]] में, सगरी तारीख साल 2013 के।&lt;/ref&gt;
! अंत
! सुरुआत के जगह
! अंत के जगह
! दूरी
! उड़ान समय
! औसत गति
! पाइलट
|-
! 1
| &amp;nbsp;3 मई 14:12 
| &amp;nbsp;4 मई 08:30
| मोफेट फील्ड, कैलिफोर्निया &lt;!-- ([[Moffett Federal Airfield|KNUQ]]) --&gt;
| फीनिक्स, एरिजोना &lt;!-- ([[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|KPHX]]) --&gt;
| align=right | &amp;nbsp;कि॰मी॰
| align=right | 18 घंटा 18 मिनट
| align=right | &amp;nbsp;कि॰मी॰/घ॰
| [[बर्ट्रेंड पिकार्ड]]
|-
! 2
| 22 मई 12:47 
| 23 मई 07:08 
| फीनिक्स, एरिजोना &lt;!-- ([[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|KPHX]]) --&gt;
| डलास, टेक्सास &lt;!-- ([[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport|KDFW]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 1541&amp;nbsp;km
| align=right | 18 घंटा 21 मिनट
| align=right | 84&amp;nbsp;कि॰मी॰/घ॰
| [[आंद्रे ब्रोशबर्ग]]
|-
! 3
| &amp;nbsp;3 जून 10:06 
| &amp;nbsp;4 जून 07:28 
| डलास, टेक्सास &lt;!-- ([[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport|KDFW]]) --&gt;
| सेंट लुईस, मिसौरी &lt;!-- ([[Lambert–St. Louis International Airport|KSTL]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 1040&amp;nbsp;कि॰मी॰
| align=right | 21 घंटा 22 मिनट
| align=right | 49&amp;nbsp;कि॰मी॰/घ॰
| बर्ट्रेंड पिकार्ड
|-
! 4
| 14 जून 11:01 
| 15 जून 02:15 
| सेंट लुईस, मिसौरी &lt;!-- ([[Lambert–St. Louis International Airport|KSTL]]) --&gt;
| सिनसिनाटी, ओहायो &lt;!-- ([[Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport|KLUK]]) --&gt;
|
| align=right | 15 घंटा 14 मिनट
|
| आंद्रे ब्रोशबर्ग
|-
! 5
| 15 जून 15:10
| 16 जून 05:15
| सिनसिनाटी, ओहायो &lt;!-- ([[Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport|KLUK]]) --&gt;
| वाशिंगटन डी॰सी॰ &lt;!-- ([[Washington Dulles International Airport|KIAD]]) --&gt;
|
| align=right | 14 घंटा 5 मिनट
|
| बर्ट्रेंड पिकार्ड
|-
! 6
| &amp;nbsp;6 जुल॰ 09:56 
| &amp;nbsp;7 जुल॰ 05:15 
| वाशिंगटन डी॰सी॰ &lt;!-- ([[Washington Dulles International Airport|KIAD]]) --&gt;
| न्यूयॉर्क &lt;!-- ([[John F. Kennedy International Airport|KJFK]]) --&gt;
|
| align=right | 19 घंटा 19 मिनट
|
| आंद्रे ब्रोशबर्ग
|}
''स्रोत:''&lt;ref name=AcrossAmerica1&gt;{{cite web|title=Across America Event Summary|url=http://info.solarimpulse.com/en/solar-flights/across-america/|publisher=Solar Impulse|accessdate=22 जून 2016|archive-date=2015-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305085713/http://info.solarimpulse.com/en/solar-flights/across-america|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==सोलर इंपल्स 2==
====उड़ान के बिबरन====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;
! खंड
! सुरुआत&lt;ref group=&quot;नोट&quot;&gt;All start times are given as [[UTC]]. All start dates for legs 1 to 8 are 2015; start dates for legs 8 to 15 are 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
! सुरू के जगह
! अंत के जगह
! उड़ान समय
! {{tooltip|दूरी|कुल वास्तविक उड़ान दूरी}}
! औसत गति
! अधिकतम ऊँचाई
! पाइलट
|-
! 1
| 9 मार्च 2015 03:12
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[अबू धाबी]], [[यूनाइटेड अरब अमीरात|UAE]] &lt;!-- ([[Al Bateen Executive Airport|OMAD]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|OMA}} [[मस्कट, ओमान]] &lt;!-- ([[Muscat International Airport|OOMS]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 13&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;1&amp;nbsp;मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|772|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|59.2|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|6383|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| [[आंद्रे ब्रोशबर्ग|आं॰ ब्रोशबर्ग]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 1: Abu Dhabi to Muscat|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-1-from-Abu_Dhabi-to-Muscat|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2016-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419174809/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-1-from-Abu_Dhabi-to-Muscat|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 2
| 10 मार्च 02:35
| {{flagicon|OMA}} [[मस्कट, ओमान|मस्कट]], [[ओमान]] &lt;!-- ([[Muscat International Airport|OOMS]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[अहमदाबाद]], [[भारत]] &lt;!-- ([[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|VAAH]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 15&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;20&amp;nbsp;मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|1593|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=FAIIndia&gt;Solar Impulse team records the distance as 1,593 km. The FAI website states that the &quot;Straight Distance – pre-declared waypoints&quot; was 1,468 km. [http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=175429 FAI &quot;Record ID #17429&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113155406/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=175429 |date=2016-01-13 }}, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, accessed 1 August 2015&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=right | {{convert|103.9|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|8874|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| पिकार्ड&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 2: Muscat to Ahmedabad|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-2-from-Muscat-to-Ahmedabad|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2016-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419174811/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-2-from-Muscat-to-Ahmedabad|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 3
| 18 मार्च 01:48
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[अहमदाबाद]], [[भारत]] &lt;!-- ([[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|VAAH]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[बनारस]], [[भारत]] &lt;!-- ([[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|VIBN]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 13&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;15&amp;nbsp;मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|1170|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|88.3|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|5182|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| ब्रोशबर्ग&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 3: Ahmedabad to Varanasi|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-3-from-Ahmedabad-to-Varanasi|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2017-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020164250/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-3-from-Ahmedabad-to-Varanasi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 4
| 18 मार्च 23:52
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[बनारस]], [[भारत]] ([[लाल बहादुर शास्त्री हवाईअड्डा|VIBN]])
| {{flagicon|MYA}} [[मांडले]], [[म्याँमार]] &lt;!-- ([[Mandalay International Airport|VYMD]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 13&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;29&amp;nbsp;मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|1536|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|113.9|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|8230|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| पिकार्ड&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 4; Varanasi to Mandalay|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-4-from-Varanasi-to-Mandalay|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2017-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106142103/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-4-from-Varanasi-to-Mandalay|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 5
| 29 मार्च 21:06
| {{flagicon|MYA}} [[मांडले]], [[म्याँमार]] &lt;!-- ([[Mandalay International Airport|VYMD]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[चोंगकिंग]], [[चीन]] &lt;!-- ([[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|ZUCK]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 20&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;29&amp;nbsp;मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|1636|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|79.9|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|8634|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| Piccard&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 5: Mandalay to Chongqing|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-5-from-Mandalay-to-Chongqing|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2017-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016111504/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-5-from-Mandalay-to-Chongqing|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 6
| 20 अप्रैल 22:06
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[चोंगकिंग]], [[चीन]] &lt;!-- ([[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|ZUCK]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[नानजिंग]], [[चीन]] &lt;!-- ([[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|ZSNJ]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 17&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;22&amp;nbsp;मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|1384|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|79.7|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|4270|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| Piccard&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 6: Chongqing to Nanjing|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-6-from-Chongqing-to-Nanjing|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2017-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016111221/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-6-from-Chongqing-to-Nanjing|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 7
| 30 मई 18:39
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[नानजिंग]], [[चीन]] &lt;!-- ([[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|ZSNJ]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[नागोया]], [[जापान]]{{ref|rw1|N1}} &lt;!-- ([[Nagoya Airfield|RJNA]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 44&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;9&amp;nbsp;मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|2942|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|66.6|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|8634|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
|Borschberg&lt;ref name=Leg7&gt;[http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-7-from-Nanjing-to-Nagoya &quot;Leg 7: Nanjing to Nagoya&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602192428/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-7-from-Nanjing-to-Nagoya |date=2015-06-02 }}, Solar Impulse, accessed 29 July 2015; [http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1438636 &quot;Solar Impulse touches down on unscheduled Japan stop&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016111407/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-7-from-Nanjing-to-Nagoya |date=2017-10-16 }}, ''The Sun Daily'' (Malaysia), 2 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FAIJapan&gt;The FAI website states that the &quot;Free distance along course&quot; was 2614.5 km. [http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17558 FAI &quot;Record ID #17558&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113155406/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17558 |date=2016-01-13 }}, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, accessed 29 July 2015&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 8
| 28 जून 18:03
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[नागोया]], [[जापान]] &lt;!-- ([[Nagoya Airfield|RJNA]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kalaeloa, Hawaii]], [[USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Kalaeloa Airport|PHJR]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 117&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;52&amp;nbsp;मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|8924|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|75.7|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|8634|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
|Borschberg&lt;ref name=FAIHawaii/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-8-from-Nagoya-to-Hawaii &quot;Leg 8: Nagoya to Hawaii&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623003030/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-8-from-Nagoya-to-Hawaii |date=2016-06-23 }}, Solar Impulse, accessed 29 July 2015&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 9
| 21 अप्रैल 2016 16:15
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kalaeloa, Hawaii]], [[USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Kalaeloa Airport|PHJR]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View, CA]], [[USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Moffett Federal Airfield|KNUQ]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 62&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;29&amp;nbsp;मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|4086|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|65.4|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|8634|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
|Piccard&lt;ref name=bbc20160421/&gt;&lt;ref name=leg9&gt;{{cite web |title=Leg 9: Hawaii to Mountain View |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-9-from-Hawaii-to-Mountain_View_CA |publisher=Solar Impulse |accessdate=21 अप्रैल 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424075146/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-9-from-Hawaii-to-Mountain_View_CA |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 10
| 2 मई 12:03
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View, CA]], [[USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Moffett Federal Airfield|KNUQ]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix, AZ, USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Phoenix Goodyear Airport|KGYR]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 15&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;52 मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|1113|km|nmi|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| align=right | {{convert|70.2|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|6706|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
|Borschberg&lt;ref name=Leg10&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-10-from-San_Francisco-to-Phoenix|title=Leg 10: San Francisco to Phoenix|publisher=Solar Impulse|accessdate=2 मई 2016|archive-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023075810/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-10-from-San_Francisco-to-Phoenix|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 11
| 12 मई 11:05
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix, AZ, USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Phoenix Goodyear Airport|KGYR]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa, OK, USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Tulsa International Airport|KTUL]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 18&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;10 मिनट 
| align=right | {{convert|1570|km|nmi|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| align=right | {{convert|86.4|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|6706|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
|Piccard&lt;ref name=&quot;leg11&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 11: Phoenix to Tulsa|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-11-from-Phoenix-to-Tulsa|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023075604/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-11-from-Phoenix-to-Tulsa|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 12
| 21 मई 09:22
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa, OK, USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Tulsa International Airport|KTUL]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, OH, USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Dayton International Airport|KDAY]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 16&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;34 मिनट 
| align=right | {{convert|1113|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|67.2|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|6401|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
|Borschberg&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 12: Tulsa to Dayton|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-12-from-Tulsa-to-Dayton|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2017-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016111453/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-12-from-Tulsa-to-Dayton|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 13
| 25 मई 08:02
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, OH, USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Dayton International Airport|KDAY]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Lehigh Valley|Lehigh Valley, PA, USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Lehigh Valley International Airport|KABE]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 16&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;49 मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|1044|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|62.2|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|4572|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
|Piccard&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 13: Dayton to Lehigh Valley|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-13-from-Dayton-to-Lehigh_Valley|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2017-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016111402/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-13-from-Dayton-to-Lehigh_Valley|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 14
| 11 जून 03:18
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Lehigh Valley|Lehigh Valley, PA, USA]] &lt;!-- ([[Lehigh Valley International Airport|KABE]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[न्यूयॉर्क]] &lt;!-- ([[John F. Kennedy International Airport|KJFK]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 4&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;41 मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|265|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|56.6|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|915|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
|Borschberg&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Leg 14: Lehigh Valley to New York |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-14-from-Lehigh_Valley-to-New_York |publisher=Solar Impulse |access-date=2016-06-23 |archive-date=2017-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018204452/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-14-from-Lehigh_Valley-to-New_York |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 15
| 20 जून 06:30
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[न्यूयॉर्क]] &lt;!-- ([[John F. Kennedy International Airport|KJFK]]) --&gt;
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[सेविल]], [[स्पेन]] &lt;!-- ([[Seville Airport|LEZL]]) --&gt;
| align=right | 71&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;8 मिनट
| align=right | {{convert|6265|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|88.1|km/h|kn|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
| align=right | {{convert|8534|m|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
|Piccard&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 15: New York to Seville|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-15-from-New_York-to-Seville|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2017-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018193533/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-15-from-New_York-to-Seville|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 16
|
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Seville]], [[Spain]]
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] ([[Al Bateen Executive Airport|OMAD]])
| align=right | 120&amp;nbsp;घंटा&amp;nbsp;(planned)
| align=right | {{convert|5845|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}&amp;nbsp;(planned)
| align=right | &lt;!-- Calculated speed --&gt;
| align=right | &lt;!-- Maximum altitude --&gt;
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leg 16: Europe to Abu Dhabi|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-15-from-Europe-to-Abu_Dhabi|publisher=Solar Impulse|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2016-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704171654/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-15-from-Europe-to-Abu_Dhabi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==नोट==
&lt;references group=&quot;नोट&quot;/&gt;
* {{note|rw1|N1}} — खंड 7 के उड़ान के योजना में 144-घंटा के लगातार उड़ान, चीन के नानजिंग से हवाई ले के ({{convert|9132|km|nmi|disp=flip|abbr=on}}) के, रहल बाकिर खराब मौसम के चलते एकरा के जापान के नगोया में उतरे के पड़ल।&lt;ref name=Leg7/&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
{{Columns-list|2|
* [[इलेक्ट्रिक बिमान]]
&lt;!-- * [[List of circumnavigations]]
* [[Solar vehicle]]
* [[Renewable energy by country]] --&gt;

;अन्य सौर उर्जा से चले वाला
* गॉसमर पेंग्विन &lt;small&gt;([[:en:Gossamer Penguin|Gossamer Penguin]])&lt;/small&gt;
* हेलिओस प्रोटोटाइप &lt;small&gt;([[:en:Helios Prototype|Helios Prototype]])&lt;/small&gt;
* क्विंटिक्यू जेफिर &lt;small&gt;([[:en:QinetiQ Zephyr|QinetiQ Zephyr]])&lt;/small&gt;
* सोलर चैलेंजर &lt;small&gt;([[:en:Solar Challenger|Solar Challenger]])&lt;/small&gt;
* तुरानोर प्लैनेटसोलर &lt;small&gt;([[:en:Tûranor PlanetSolar|Tûranor PlanetSolar]])&lt;/small&gt;, पृथिवी के चक्कर लगावे वाला पहिला सौर उर्जा बिमान

&lt;!-- ;रिकार्ड
* [[Flight endurance record]]
* [[List of firsts in aviation]] --&gt;
}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.solarimpulse.com Official website] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_9oDFMiIhw&amp;feature=share&amp;list=UUCSjLVJs5wD_BKaQqzXwyhg YouTube channel]
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/बर्ट्रेंड_पिकार्ड_s_solar_powered_adventure.html &quot;बर्ट्रेंड पिकार्ड's solar-powered adventure&quot;]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – lecture at [[TED (conference)|TED]] (17 min). July 2009
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=50136262n &quot;Solar-powered plane aims to fly around the world&quot;]. ''[[60 Minutes]]''. [[CBS News]]. December 2012
* [http://www.howitworksdaily.com/news/how-does-the-solar-impulse-plane-work/ &quot;How does Solar Impulse work?&quot;] [[How It Works Magazine|''How It Works'']]. 13 मई 2011
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8394881.stm &quot;Record-attempting solar powered plane's first 'hop']&quot;. [[BBC]]. 4 December 2009
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10534960.stm &quot;Solar Impulse plane starts 24-hour test flight&quot;] . BBC. 7 July 2010

{{टेक-आधार}}

[[श्रेणी:बिमान]]
[[श्रेणी:स्विट्जरलैंड में बनल बिमान]]
[[श्रेणी:सौर उर्जा बिमान]]
[[श्रेणी:प्रयोग बिमान]]</text>
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    <title>निचला सदन</title>
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      <text bytes="742" sha1="d1s6ul00m0ufiku3td442c2q2uy3e4c" xml:space="preserve">'''निचला सदन''' संसद या बिधायिका के दू सदन (या तीन सदन) वाली ब्यवस्था में एगो सदन होला, दुसरका के [[ऊपरी सदन]] कहल जाला। &quot;निचला&quot; एकर ऑफिशियल स्टेटस हवे बाकी बहुत सारा देसवन में ई ढेर ताकतवर सदन होला। उदाहरण खातिर भारत में [[लोकसभा]] निचला सदन हवे।

[[श्रेणी:राजनीति]]
[[श्रेणी:राजनीति बिज्ञान]]


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एगो '''देस कोड टॉप-लेवल डोमेन''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:country code top-level domain|country code top-level domain]]}}) या '''सीसीटीऍलडी''' ('''ccTLD''') [[इंटरनेट]] के एक ठो [[टॉप-लेवल डोमेन]] होला जवन आमतौर पर कौनो देस, संप्रभु राज्य, या [[निर्भर राज्यक्षेत्र]] (जवना के आपन देस कोड होखे) खातिर निश्चित होला।

==बाहरी कड़ी==
संबंधित वेबसाइट
* [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA's list of TLDs] – official site
* [http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/cctld/index.html World Intellectual Property Organization] ([[:en:WIPO]]) [[:en:Domain name]] dispute resolution
* [http://www.wwtld.org/ World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names]
* [http://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/domreg.html Norid: Domain name registr ies around the world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129141354/http://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/domreg.html |date=2007-01-29 }}
* [http://www.robert.net/ccTLD/ ccTLD and TLD analysis of several Zone files] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103171355/http://www.robert.net/ccTLD/ |date=2015-11-03 }}
* [http://ccnso.icann.org/ The ICANN Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO)]

{{Clear}}
{{ccTLD}}

[[श्रेणी:इंटरनेट]]
[[श्रेणी:देस कोड]]


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    <title>नमकीन दलदल</title>
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      <text bytes="3695" sha1="k7nyqrevwjhxn255szp0lbf44pmgk32" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Salt pannes and pools high and low tide.gif|thumb|340px|'''नमकीन दलदल''' [[भाटा]], औसत लेवल, ज्वार आ बहुत ऊँच ज्वार के समय ]]
'''नमकीन दलदल''', '''नून के दलदल''' या अंग्रेजी मे ''साल्ट मार्श'' (salt marsh), जेकरा के ज्वारीय दलदल भी कहल जाला एक प्रकार के [[इकोसिस्टम]] होला जे समुंद्र के किनारे वाला इलाका में जमीन के आ [[समुंदरी पानी|नमकीन पानी]] भ [[खारा पानी]] के बीच वाला हिस्सा होला। ई हिस्सा [[ज्वार]] आवे पर पानी के अंदर बूड़ जाला आ जवार उतरले पर उपरा जाला। एह इलाका में ज्यादातर [[हैलोफाईट|नीमक बर्दाश्त करे वाला]] पौधा आ घास होखे लीं या छोटहन साइज के झाड़ी होलीं।&lt;ref name=&quot;adam&quot;&gt;Adam, P (1990). Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge University Press. New York.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;woodroffe&quot;&gt;Woodroffe, CD (2002). Coasts: form, process and evolution. Cambridge University Press. New York.&lt;/ref&gt; ई बनस्पति समुंदरी ना होले बलुक मूल रूप से जमीनी होले आ एह नमकीन दलदल सभ के निमार्ण खातिर [[अवसाद|गाद]] रोके में इन्हन के महत्व वाली भूमिका होले। नमक के दलदल, पानी के [[भोजन-जाल]] में महत्व वाला योगदान देला आ जमीनी जानवरन खातिर भी भोजन उपलब्ध करावे लें; समुंद्र के किनारा के मैनेजमेंट आ संरक्षण में ही इनहन के भूमिका महत्वपूर्ण बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;woodroffe&quot;/&gt;

{{Clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
{{Commons category|Salt marshes}}
*[http://famosaslough.org/ Friends of Famosa Slough] {{in lang|en}}
*[http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/physical/coastal/saltmarsh.html Geography resource for schools] {{in lang|en}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025173045/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/07/17/cause_sought_as_marshes_turn_into_barren_flats/ Johnson, CY (2006). Cause sought as marshes turn into barren flats. The Boston Globe.] {{in lang|en}}
*[http://mnsa.info Marine Nature Study Area] operated by the Town of Hempstead: Dept. of Conservation &amp; Waterways, located in Oceanside, New York, USA {{in lang|en}}
*[http://wetland.neers.org/ New England Sudden Wetland Dieback] {{in lang|en}}
*[http://www.saltmarshalliance.org/smnc.html Salt Marsh Nature Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822060928/http://www.saltmarshalliance.org/smnc.html |date=2012-08-22 }} located in the [[Marine Park]] section of Brooklyn, New York, USA {{in lang|en}}

{{coastal geography}}
{{Wetlands}}

[[श्रेणी:माटी]]
[[श्रेणी:समुंद्रतटीय भूगोल]]
[[श्रेणी:समुंद्र तटीय थलरूप]]


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{{Infobox person
| name        = नागार्जुन
| image       = Library park (cropped).jpg
| imagesize   = 
| caption     = [[ललित नारायण मिथिला विश्वविद्यालय]], बिहार, भारत के लाइब्रेरी पार्क में नागार्जुन क मुर्ती
| birth_name  = वैद्य नाथ मिश्र
| birth_date  = {{birth date|df=yes|1911|6|30}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Biblio/nagarjun.html The People's poet – Nagarjun] ''Library'', ''University of Virginia''. ''From Biblio, Nov–Dec 1998, p. 8-9''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://coolbihari.blogspot.com/2007/07/unsung-heroes-of-bihar-baba-nagarjuna.html Unsung Heroes of Bihar – Nagarjun]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- Do not add flag icons to place of birth/death, per [[WP:FLAG]] --&gt;
| birth_place = सतलखा, [[मधुबनी जिला]], बिहार
| death_date  = {{death date and age|df=yes|1998|11|5|1911|6|30}}
| death_place = ख्वाजा सराय, [[दरभंगा जिला]], बिहार&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/208475.stm South Asia, Hindi poet, Nagarjun, dead] ''BBC News'', 5 नवंबर 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;
| occupation  = कवि, लेखक, निबंधकार, उपन्यासकार, शिक्षक
| years_active = 1930 — 1994
| spouse      = अपराजिता देवी
| other_names   = यात्री
| awards      = 1969:[[साहित्य अकादमी सम्मान]] &lt;br&gt;1994: [[साहित्य अकादमी फेलोशिप]]
}}
'''नागार्जुन''', '''बाबा नागार्जुन''' (30 जून 1911 — 5 नवंबर 1998; जनम नाँव '''वैद्यनाथ मिश्र''' आ मैथिली में रचना खातिर उपनाँव '''यात्री''') [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]आ [[मैथिली]] भाषा के लेखक, कवि आ अउरी कई बिधा के रचनाकार रहलें। ऊ आजादी के आंदोलन में भी हिस्सा लिहलें आ लंका में कुछ दिन पढ़े-पढ़ावे का काम भी कइलें। बाद में ऊ बौद्ध धरम में दीक्षा ले लिहले रहलें।

== प्रमुख रचना सभ ==
;उपन्यास
* ''रतिनाथ की चाची''
* ''बाबा बटेसर नाथ''

{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:1911 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:1998 में निधन]]
[[श्रेणी:बिहार के कवी]]
[[श्रेणी:बिहार के लेखक]]
[[श्रेणी:मैथिली-भाषा के कवि]]
[[श्रेणी:मैथिली-भाषा के लेखक]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदी-भाषा के कवि]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदी-भाषा के लेखक]]


{{Poet-stub}}
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    <title>दीपिका कुमारी</title>
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      <text bytes="4475" sha1="252th6jxqefxbzzd5yfo9xon6fk99dl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox badminton player
| name           = दीपिका कुमारी
| image          = Purnima mahato with deepika kumari at world cup final,istanbul.jpg
| imagesize      = &lt;!--Only for images narrower than 220 pixels.--&gt;
| caption        = पूर्णिमा महतो के साथे दीपिका कुमारी (बायें) 
| birth_name     = 
| fullname       = 
| nickname       = 
| nationality    = [[भारतीय]]
| residence      = [[राँची]], [[झारखंड]], [[भारत]]
| birth_date     = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|06|13}}
| birth_place    = [[राँची]], [[बिहार]], [[भारत]]
| death_date     = 
| death_place    = 
| height         = {{convert|1.61|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (2010)
| weight         = {{convert|56|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (2010)
| website        = 
| country        = [[भारत]]
| sport          = [[तीरंदाजी]]
| event          = 
| collegeteam    = 
| club           = टाटा आर्चरी अकादमी 
| team           = भारतीय तीरंदाजी महिला टीम 
| turnedpro      = 2006
| coach          = 
| retired        = 
| coaching       = 
| worlds         = 
| regionals      = 
| nationals      = 
| olympics       = 
| paralympics    = 
| highestranking = 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= India's Deepika Kumari becomes World No. 1 archer |url= http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/192199-indias-deepika-kumari-becomes-world-no-1-archer |publisher= ''NDTV'' |date= 21 जून 2012 |accessdate= 4 दिसंबर 2013 |archive-date= 2013-07-20 |archive-url= https://archive.ph/20130720182222/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/192199-indias-deepika-kumari-becomes-world-no-1-archer |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| pb             = 
| medaltemplates = 
{{MedalSport|महिला [[तीरंदाजी]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|फिटा आर्चरी विश्व कप}}
{{MedalSilver| फिटा आर्चरी विश्व कप 2011 इस्तांबुल व्यक्तिगत प्रतिस्पर्धा}}
{{MedalSilver| फिटा आर्चरी विश्व कप 2012 टोकियो व्यक्तिगत प्रतिस्पर्धा}}
{{MedalSilver| फिटा आर्चरी विश्व कप 2013 पेरिस व्यक्तिगत प्रतिस्पर्धा}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[राष्ट्रमंडल खेल]]}}
{{MedalGold| 2010 राष्ट्रमंडल खेल दिल्ली महिला रिकर्व व्यक्तिगत}}
{{MedalGold| 2010 राष्ट्रमंडल खेल दिल्ली रिकर्व टीम}}
{{MedalCompetition|एशियन गेम}}
{{MedalBronze| एशियन गेम 2010 गुयांझौ रिकर्व टीम}}
}}
'''दीपिका कुमारी''' (जनम 13 जून 1994) एक ठो भारतीय महिला रिकर्व [[तीरंदाजी|तीरंदाज]] बाड़ी। बिल्कुल निचला पायदान से [[तीरंदाजी|निशानेबाजी]] के खेल में शुरुआत करे वाली दीपिका आज अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर के ऊपरी सभ में से एक बाड़ी।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=मिश्रा|first=मानसी|title=दीपिका कुमारी की सफलता के मंत्र|url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news/lifestyle/lifestylenews/article1-story-50-50-362024.html|accessdate=4 दिसंबर 2013|newspaper=हिंदुस्तान लाइव|date=13 सितंबर 2010|archive-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517140442/https://www.livehindustan.com/news/lifestyle/lifestylenews/article1-story-50-50-362024.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1994 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:झारखंड के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय महिला खेलाड़ी]]
[[श्रेणी:महिला तीरंदाज]]


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      <text bytes="2573" sha1="lh3pq92n2d8327ddxc1oyr9fzvg5zht" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Newspaper
| name                = नवभारत टाइम्स
| logo                = [[File:Navbharat Times.gif|175px|Navbharat Times]]
| image               = 
| caption             =
| type                = दैनिक [[अखबार]]
| format              = [[ब्रॉडशीट]]
| foundation          =
| price on weekdays   =
| price on sundays    =
| owners              = [[दि टाइम्स ग्रुप|बेनेट कोलमैन &amp; कं॰ लि॰]]
| publisher           = बेनेट कोलमैन &amp; कं॰ लि॰
| editor              = 
| headquarters        = [[मुंबई]]
| language            = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
| circulation         = 769,146 रोज&lt;ref name=ABCIND&gt;{{cite web| url= http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Details%20of%20language%20wise%20most%20circulated%20dailies%20for%20the%20audit%20period%20Jan%20June%202015.pdf| title=Submission of circulation figures for the audit period July - December 2015| publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations]] |accessdate=5 जनवरी 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| circulation_date    = नवंबर 2015
| sister newspapers   = ''[[दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[दि इकोनॉमिक टाइम्स]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[ई समय]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[महाराष्ट्र टाइम्स]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[विजय कर्णाटक]]'' 
| ISSN                =
| oclc                =
| website             = [http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/ NavbharatTimes.com]
}}
'''''नवभारत टाइम्स''''' ('''''NBT''''') भारत में छपे वाला एक ठो [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]][[अखबार]] बाटे। एकर प्रकाशन ''[[टाइम्स ग्रुप]]'' खातिर ''बेनेट कोलमैन कं॰ लि॰'' द्वारा [[मुंबई]] से कइल जाला। इहे पब्लिकेशन, [[दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया]] के प्रकाशन भी करे ला।

मुंबई के अलावा, ''नवभारत टाइम्स'' के संस्करण [[दिल्ली]] आ लखनऊ से भी छपे ला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदी अखबार]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत में छपे वाला अखबार]]


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    <title>दिल्ली राज्य बिधानसभा चुनाव, 2015</title>
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      <text bytes="27331" sha1="19fazku9ca3cbig9cgwskgh3ltnhyq9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| election_name    = दिल्ली बिधान सभा चुनाव, 2015 
| country           = भारत
| type              = parliamentary
| ongoing           = हाँ
| previous_election = दिल्ली राज्य विधानसभा चुनाव, 2013
| previous_year     = 2013 
| previous_mps      = 
| election_date     = 07 फरवरी 2015 
| elected_mps       =
| next_election     = दिल्ली बिधानसभा चुनाव, 2020  
| next_year         = 2020 
| seats_for_election = [[दिल्ली विधानसभा]] में सभ 70 सीट
| majority_seats    = 36 
| turnout           = 67.08% 
&lt;!-- AAP --&gt;
| image1           =
| leader1           = [[अरविंद केजरीवाल]]
| party1           = आम आदमी पार्टी
| last_election1   = 28 सीट
| leaders_seat1    = [[नई दिल्ली बिधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र, दिल्ली|नई दिल्ली]]
| colour1 = 
| seats1            = 67 
| seat_change1      = {{increase}} 39
| popular_vote1     =
| percentage1       = 54.3%
| swing1            = {{increase}} 24.8%
&lt;!-- BJP --&gt;
| image2            = [[File:Kiran Bedi, Lec Dems - cropped.jpg|160x150px]]
| leader2           = [[किरण बेदी]] (''हार'')
| alliance2        = भाजपा-शिअद
| party2           = भारतीय जनता पार्टी
| leaders_seat2     = [[कृष्णा नगर बिधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र, दिल्ली|कृष्णा नगर]]
| last_election2    = 32 सीटें
| colour2 = 
| seats2           = 3 
| seat_change2      = {{decrease}} 29 
| popular_vote2     =
| percentage2      = 32.3%
| swing2            = {{decrease}} 0.8%
&lt;!-- INC --&gt;
| image3            = [[File:Ajay Maken at NDTV Sports event.jpg|160x150px]]
| leader3           =[[अजय माकन]] (''हार'')
| party3            = भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
| colour3 = 
| leaders_seat3     = [[सदर बाज़ार बिधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र, दिल्ली|सदर बाजार]]
| last_election3    = 8 सीट
| seats3            = 0
| seat_change3      = {{decrease}} 8 
| popular_vote3     =
| percentage3       = 9.7% 
| swing3            = {{decrease}} 14.9%
&lt;!-- bottom --&gt;
| title             = मुख्यमंत्री
| before_election   = [[राष्ट्रपति शासन]]
| before_party      =
| after_election    = [[अरविन्द केजरीवाल]]
| after_party       = [[आम आदमी पार्टी]] 
| map_image         = 2015 Delhi election map.svg
| map_size          = 250px
| map_caption       = दिल्ली के नक्सा पर 2015 विधानसभा चुनाव के नतीजा देखावल गइल बाटे
&lt;!--Assembly seats diagram--&gt;
[[File:Delhi Assembly 2015.svg|350px|center]]

}}

'''दिल्ली विधान सभा चुनाव''' 2015, 7 फरवरी 2015 के आयोजित कइल गइल आ परिणाम 10 फ़रवरी 2015 के घोषित कइल गइल। इ चुनाव दिल्ली के कुल 70 ठे विधानसभा सीट पर लड़ल गइल। &lt;ref&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-elections-on-फरवरी-7/article6781169.ece&lt;/ref&gt;

== पृष्ठभूमि ==
[[दिल्ली राज्य विधानसभा चुनाव, 2013|2013 के दिल्ली विधानसभा चुनावन में]], [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]] (अपना चुनाव पूर्व सहयोगी [[शिरोमणि अकाली दल]] के साथ) 70 सीट में से 32 गो जितले रहल आ सभसे बड़हन पार्टी के रूप में आगे आइल रहल। हालाँकि, भाजपा के बहुमत तब्बो पर ना मिल पावल आ सरकार ना बन पावल। दिल्ली के तत्कालीन लेफ्टिनेंट गवर्नर [[नजीब जंग]] सरकार बनावे खातिर आम आदमी पार्टी के, जे भारतीय जनता पार्टी के बाद दूसरी सबसे बड़ी पार्टी रहल, आमंत्रित कइलेन।

28 दिसंबर, 2013 के, आप पार्टी [[भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस]] से बाहर से समर्थन लेहले के बाद राज्य सरकार के गठन कइलस। पुरान मुख्यमंत्री [[शीला दीक्षित]] के हरावे वाले आप के नेता [[अरविंद केजरीवाल]] दिल्ली के 7 वें मुख्यमंत्री बनलें। हालाँकि, 14 फरवरी 2014 के (शासन के 49 दिनों के बाद) अरविंद केजरीवाल अपना एह पद से इस्तीफा दे दिहलें। एही कारण दिल्ली में लगभग एक साल खातिर [[राष्ट्रपति शासन]] बनल रहल। 12 जनवरी 2015 के [[भारतीय निर्वाचन आयोग|भारत के निर्वाचन आयोग]] राज्य विधानसभा चुनाव 7 फ़रवरी 2015 को आयोजित करे के घोषणा कइलस।

==अनुसूची आ मतदाता==
चुनाव आयोग 12 जनवरी 2015 के चुनाव के कार्यक्रम के घोषणा कइलस।&lt;ref&gt;[http://ceodelhi.gov.in/WriteReadData/assemblyelection2015/PN%20for%20NCTD_12012015.pdf Schedule of General Election to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi, 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-bgcolor=&quot;#FFEEE6&quot;
| अधिसूचना के तारीख
|14 जनवरी 2015
|बुधवार
|-bgcolor=&quot;#F5FDFF&quot;
|नामांकन के अंतिम तिथि
|21 जनवरी 2015
|बुधवार
|-bgcolor=&quot;#FFEEE6&quot;
|संवीक्षा के तिथि
|22 जनवरी 2015
|गुरुवार
|-bgcolor=&quot;#F5FDFF&quot;
|वापसी के अंतिम तिथि
|24 जनवरी 2015
|शनिवार
|-bgcolor=&quot;#FFEEE6&quot;
|मतदान के तारीख
|7 फ़रवरी 2015
|शनिवार
|-bgcolor=&quot;#F5FDFF&quot;
|गिनती के तिथि
|10 फरवरी 2015
|मंगलवार
|-bgcolor=&quot;#FFEEE6&quot;
|पूरा चुनाव
|12 फरवरी 2015
|गुरुवार
|}

==मतदाता आँकड़ा सभ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:100%;line-height:30px;&quot;
|-
| संपूर्ण&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/delhi-elections-2015/top-stories/Delhi-elections-2015-Delhis-voters-list-swells-by-2-24-lakh-as-final-rolls-are-published/articleshow/46060522.cms Delhi elections 2015: Delhi’s voters’ list swells by 2.24 lakh as final rolls are published]&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,33,09,078
|-
| पुरुष || 73,89,089 
|-
| स्त्री || 59,19,127 
|-
| तीसरे लिंग || 862 
|-
| सेवा || 5,510 
|-
| भारतीय निवासी उत्तर|| 27 
|}

== नतीजा ==

10 फरवरी 2015 के वोट के गिनती भइल। आप पार्टी 70 गो में से 67 सीट जित गइल आ भाजपा खाली 3 गो सीट पवलस।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title='केजरी की आंधी' में उड़ गया मोदी का 'विजय रथ', किरण बेदी भी नहीं बचा पाईं 'सबसे सुरक्षित' सीट|date=10 फरवरी 2015|accessdate=10 फरवरी 2015|publisher=एनडीटीवी इंडिया|url=http://khabar.ndtv.com/news/assembly-polls-2015/delhi-election-result-dream-victory-for-arvind-kejriwals-aap-bjp-flattened-738335?update=1423580541|archive-date=2015-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210165635/http://khabar.ndtv.com/news/assembly-polls-2015/delhi-election-result-dream-victory-for-arvind-kejriwals-aap-bjp-flattened-738335?update=1423580541|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== सारांश ===

{{Pie chart
|caption = '''चुनाव में बिभिन्न दल के वोट प्रतिशत।'''
|other = yes
|value1 = 53.4
|label1 = [[आम आदमी पार्टी|आप]]
|color1 = {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|value2 = 32.2
|label2 = [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी|भाजपा]] 
|color2 = orange
|value3 = 9.7
|label3 = [[भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस|कांग्रेस]]
|color3 = aqua 
|value4 = 1.3
|label4 = [[बहुजन समाज पार्टी|बसपा]]
|color4 = blue
|value5 = 0.6
|label5 = [[इनेलो]]
|color5 = silver
|value6 = 0.5
|label6 = निर्दलीय
|color6 = red
|value7 = 0.5
|label7 = [[शिरोमणि अकाली दल]]
|color7 = darkblue
|value8 = 0.4
|label8 = [[नोटा]]
|color8 = darkgreen
}}

===बिधायक सूची&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ |title=आर्काइव कॉपी के बा |access-date=2016-09-06 |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160549/http://eciresults.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!	निर्वाचन क्षेत्र	!!	निर्वाचन-क्षेत्र सं.	!!	बढ़त-प्राप्त कैंडीडेट !!	बढ़त-प्राप्त दल	!!	पिछड़ल कैंडीडेट !!	पिछड़ल दल	!!	अंतर(मार्जिन)

|-													
|	अम्‍बेडकर नगर	||	48	||	[[अजय दत्त]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	अशोक कुमार	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	42460
|-													
|	आदर्श नगर	||	4	||	[[पवन कुमार शर्मा]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	राम किशन सिंघल	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	20741
|-													
|	आर. के. पुरम	||	44	||	[[प्रमिला टोकस]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	अनिल कुमार शर्मा	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	19068
|-													
|	उत्‍तम नगर	||	32	||	[[नरेश बाल्यान]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	पवन शर्मा	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	30419
|-													
|	ओखला	||	54	||	[[अमानतुलाह खान]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	ब्रह्म सिंह	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	64532
|-													
|	करावल नगर	||	70	||	[[कपिल मिश्रा]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	मोहन सिंह बिष्ट	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	44431
|-													
|	करोल बाग	||	23	||	[[विशेष रवि]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	योगेन्द्र चांदोलिया	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	32880
|-													
|	कृष्णा नगर	||	60	||	[[एस के बग्गा, एडवोकेट]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	किरण बेदी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	2277
|-													
|	कस्‍तूरबा नगर	||	42	||	[[मदन लाल]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	रविन्द्र चौधरी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	15896
|-													
|	कालकाजी	||	51	||	[[अवतार सिंह कालकाजी]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	हरमीत सिहँ कालका	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	19769
|-													
|	किरारी	||	9	||	[[रीतूराज गोविन्द]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	अनिल झा	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	45172
|-													
|	कोण्‍डली	||	56	||	[[मनोज कुमार]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	हुकम सिंह	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	24759
|-													
|	ग्रेटर कैलाश	||	50	||	सौरभ भरद्वाज	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	राकेश कुमार गुल्लैया	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	14583
|-													
|	गाँधी नगर	||	61	||	[[अनिल कुमार बाजपेयी]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	जितेन्द्र	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	7482
|-													
|	गोकलपुर	||	68	||	[[फतेह सिंह]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	रणजीत सिंह	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	31968
|-													
|	घोण्‍डा	||	66	||	[[श्री दत्त शर्मा]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	साहब सिंह चौहान	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	8093
|-													
|	चाँदनी चौक	||	20	||	[[अलका लाम्बा]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	सुमन कुमार गुप्ता	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	18287
|-													
|	छतरपुर	||	46	||	[[करतार सिंह तंवर]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	ब्रह्म सिंह तंवर	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	22240
|-													
|	जंगपुरा	||	41	||	[[प्रवीण कुमार]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	मनिन्दर सिंह धीर	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	20450
|-													
|	जनक पुरी	||	30	||	[[राजेश ऋषि]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	प्रो. जगदीश मुखी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	25580
|-													
|	तुगलकाबाद	||	52	||	[[सही राम]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	विक्रम बिधूड़ी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	33701
|-													
|	त्रिनगर	||	16	||	[[जितेन्द्र सिंह तोमर]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	नन्द किशोर गर्ग	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	22311
|-													
|	त्रिलोकपुरी	||	55	||	[[राजू धींगान]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	किरण वैद्य	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	29754
|-													
|	तिमारपुर	||	3	||	[[पंकज पुष्कर]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	रजनी अब्बी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	20647
|-													
|	तिलक नगर	||	29	||	[[जरनैल सिंह]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	राजीव बब्बर	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	19890
|-													
|	देवली	||	47	||	प्रकाश	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	अरविन्द कुमार	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	63937
|-													
|	द्वारका	||	33	||	[[आदर्श शास्त्री]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	प्रद्दुम्न राजपूत	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	39366
|-													
|	दिल्‍ली छावनी	||	38	||	[[सुरेन्द्र सिंह]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	करण सिंह तँवर	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	11198
|-													
|	नई दिल्‍ली	||	40	||	[[अरविन्द केजरीवाल]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	नुपुर शर्मा	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	31583
|-													
|	नजफगढ़	||	35	||	[[कैलाश गहलोत]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	भरत सिंह	||	इंडियन नेशनल लोक दल	||	1555
|-													
|	नरेला	||	1	||	[[शरद कुमार]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	नील दमन खत्री	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	40292
|-													
|	नांगलोई जाट	||	11	||	[[रघुविंद्र शौकीन]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	मनोज कुमार शौकीन	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	37024
|-													
|	पटपड़गंज	||	57	||	[[मनीष सिसौदिया]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	विनोद कुमार बिन्नी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	28761
|-													
|	पटेल नगर	||	24	||	[[हज़ारी लाल चौहान]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	कृष्णा तीरथ	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	34638
|-													
|	पालम	||	37	||	[[भावना गौड़]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	धर्म देव सोलंकी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	30849
|-													
|	बदरपुर	||	53	||	[[नारायन दत्त्त शर्मा]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	रामवीर सिंह बिधूड़ी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	47583
|-													
|	बुराड़ी	||	2	||	[[संजीव झा]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	गोपाल झा	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	67950
|-													
|	बल्लीमारान	||	22	||	[[इमरान हुसैन]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	श्याम लाल मोरवाल	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	33877
|-													
|	बवाना	||	7	||	[[वेद प्रकाश]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	गुगन सिंह	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	50023
|-													
|	बादली	||	5	||	[[अजेश यादव]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	देवेन्द्र यादव	||	इंडियन नेशनल कांग्रेस	||	35376
|-													
|	बाबरपुर	||	67	||	[[गोपाल राय]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	नरेश गौड़	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	35488
|-													
|	बिजवासन	||	36	||	[[कर्नल देवेन्द्र सहरावत]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	सत प्रकाश राणा	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	19536
|-													
|	मंगोल पूरी	||	12	||	[[राखी बिरला]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	राज कुमार चौहान	||	इंडियन नेशनल कांग्रेस	||	22699
|-													
|	मटिआला	||	34	||	[[गुलाब सिंह]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	राजेश गहलोत	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	47004
|-													
|	मटिया महल	||	21	||	[[असीम अहमद खान]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	शोएब इक़बाल	||	इंडियन नेशनल कांग्रेस	||	26096
|-													
|	मुन्‍डका	||	8	||	[[सुखवीर सिंह]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	आज़ाद सिंह	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	40826
|-													
|	मुस्‍तफाबाद	||	69	||	[[जगदीश प्रधान]]	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	हसन अहमद	||	इंडियन नेशनल कांग्रेस	||	6031
|-													
|	महरौली	||	45	||	[[नरेश यादव]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	सरिता चौधरी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	16951
|-													
|	माडल टाउन	||	18	||	[[अखिलेश पति त्रिपाठी]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	विवेक गर्ग	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	16706
|-													
|	मादीपुर	||	26	||	[[गिरीश सोनी]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	राज कुमार	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	29387
|-													
|	मालवीय नगर	||	43	||	[[सोमनाथ भारती]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	डॉ. नंदिनी शर्मा	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	15897
|-													
|	मोती नगर	||	25	||	[[शिव चरण गोयल]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	सुभाष सचदेवा	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	15221
|-													
|	राजिन्‍द्र नगर	||	39	||	[[विजेंदर गर्ग विजय]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	आर. पी. सिंह	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	20051
|-													
|	राजौरी गार्डन	||	27	||	[[जरनैल सिंह]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	मनजिन्दर सिंह सिरसा	||	शिरोमणि अकाली दल	||	10036
|-													
|	रिठाला	||	6	||	[[महेंद्र गोयल]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	कुलवन्त राणा	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	29251
|-													
|	रोहतास नगर	||	64	||	[[सरिता सिंह]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	जितेन्द्र महाजन	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	7874
|-													
|	रोहिणी	||	13	||	[[विजेंदर कुमार]]	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	सी. एल. गुप्ता	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	5367
|-													
|	लक्ष्मी नगर	||	58	||	[[नितिन त्यागी]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	बी.बी. त्यागी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	4846
|-													
|	वजीरपुर	||	17	||	[[राजेश गुप्ता]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	डॉ. महेंद्र नागपाल	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	22044
|-													
|	विकास पुरी	||	31	||	[[महिंदर यादव]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	संजय सिंह	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	77665
|-													
|	विश्वास नगर	||	59	||	[[ओम प्रकाश शर्मा]]	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	डॉ. अतुल गुप्ता	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	10158
|-													
|	शकूर बस्‍ती	||	15	||	[[सत्येन्द्र जैन]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	एस सी वत्स	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	3133
|-													
|	शालीमार बाग	||	14	||	[[बंदना कुमारी]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	रेखा गुप्ता	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	10978
|-													
|	शाहदरा	||	62	||	[[रामनिवास गोयल]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	जितेन्द्र सिंह शंटी	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	11731
|-													
|	संगम विहार	||	49	||	[[दिनेश मोहनिया]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	शिव चरण लाल गुप्ता	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	43988
|-													
|	सदर बाजार	||	19	||	[[सोम दत्त]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	परवीन कुमार जैन	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	34315
|-													
|	सुल्तानपुर माजरा	||	10	||	[[संदीप कुमार]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	प्रभू दयाल	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	64439
|-													
|	सीमापुरी	||	63	||	[[राजेंद्र पाल गौतम]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	कर्मवीर	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	48821
|-													
|	सीलमपुर	||	65	||	[[मौहम्मद इश्राक]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	संजय जैन	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	27887
|-													
|	हरि नगर	||	28	||	[[जगदीप सिंह]]	||	आम आदमी पार्टी	||	अवतार सिंह हित	||	भारतीय जनता पार्टी	||	26496
|-													
|}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:2015 में भारत]]
[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली बिधानसभा]]</text>
      <sha1>19fazku9ca3cbig9cgwskgh3ltnhyq9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>नई दिल्ली रेलवे स्टेशन</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>35689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>811839</id>
      <parentid>805919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:37:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SM7Bot</username>
        <id>7808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9758" sha1="47wvsznooru34ljlwgyx9hp97z6142m" xml:space="preserve">नई [[दिल्ली]] रेलवे स्टेशन अजमेरी गेट और पहाड़गंज की बीच आइल दिल्ली क मुख्य रेलवे स्टेशन ह। इ यात्री संख्या और रेल अवागमन दुन्नु मामला में देश क सबसे व्यस्त रेलवे स्टेशन ह। इ अपनी 16 प्लेटफॉर्म की साथ रोज करीब 400 गाड़ी और 5 लाख यात्री लोगन के संभालेला। नई दिल्ली रेलवे स्टेशन [[कानपुर]] की साथ सबसे ज्यादा मार्ग इंटरलॉकिंग प्रणाली की मामला में विश्व रिकोर्ड बनवले बा, एइजा कुल 48गो इंटरलॉकिंग बा। इ स्टेशन मध्य दिल्ली में कनॉट प्लेस से उत्तर की तरफ 2 किमी दुरी पर स्थित बा।&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?610476 नई दिल्ली बोलीदाताओं द्वारा शेयरों की क्रॉस धारण करने पर जाम में रेलवे]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} आउटलुक (मैगज़ीन) , 22 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cleartrip.com/trains/stations/NDLS |title=नई दिल्ली ट्रेन की समय सारिणी |publisher=क्लियरट्रिप.कॉम |date=| accessdate=7 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

अधिकतर पूर्व आ दक्षिण की तरफ जाए वाली गाड़ी एहिजा से शुरू होली स। एकरी अलावा कई गो अन्य दिशा में जाए वाली गाड़ी एईजा से होके जाली स। अधिकतर शताब्दी एक्सप्रेस गाड़ी एइजा से चलेली स आ एइजा ख़त्म होली स। राजधानी एक्सप्रेस गाड़ी क इ मुख्य हब ह, जवन की एकर [[भारत]] क व्यस्तम रेलवे स्टेशन होखले क एगो मुख्य वजह ह।

==इतिहास==

1911 की बाद नया शाही राजधानी नई दिल्ली क स्थापना से पहिले, पूरा शहर के और आगरा – दिल्ली रेलवे लाइन के सेवा दिहलस, इ लाइन ओ समय आज की [[लुटियंस दिल्ली|लुटियंस]] कहल जाए वाला इलाका और इंडिया गेट खातिर जवन जगह छोड़ल गइल रहे ओइजा से होते हुए राजपथ से होके गुजरे। बाद में इ रेलवे लाइन यमुना नदी की तरफ स्थानान्तरण करा गइल ओकरी बाद इ नया राजधानी खातिर रास्ता की तौर प 1924 में खुलल। ए रेलवे लाइन खातिर शिवाजी और तिलक नांव से दुगो पुल अस्तित्व में अई न स। ईस्ट इंडियन रेलवे कम्पनी जवन ओ समय में ए क्षेत्र क रेलवे क देखभाल करे, 1926 में पहाड़गंज और अजमेरी गेट की बीच एक महला इमारत और एगो प्लेटफ़ॉर्म बनवले क मंजूरी दिहलस। बाद में एही स्टेशन के नई दिल्ली रेलवे स्टेशन की तौर प जानल गइल। 1927-28 में, नई दिल्ली पूंजीगत परियोजना पूरा भइल जवने की तहत 4.79 मील (7.71 किमी) ले नया लाइन डरले क कार्य भइल। रेलवे स्टेशन पर कईगो नया ढाँचा बनल और असल इमारत कई साल ले पार्सल ऑफिस की तौर प सेवा दिहलस।

==आधुनिकीकरण==

2007 में फर्रेल्स के 2010 की कॉमन वेल्थ खेलन की पहिले ए स्टेशन क आधुनिकीकरण और विस्तार क जिम्मेदारी मिलल। उन क काम स्टेशन और ओकरी आसपास क सम्पति क विकास कइले क रहे। एकर पहिला फेज खेल की शुरूआत ले परिचालन में ले अइले क योजना रहे।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/07/04/stories/2007070452721000.htm टेरी फैरेल ऐंड पार्टनर्स दिल्ली रेलवे स्टेशन के डिजाइन करने के लिए] बिज़नस लाइन, 4 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; इ पुनःविकास क योजना प रुपिया 60 बिलियन खर्च क अंदाज रहे और इ विस्तार एवं आधुनिकिकरण खातिर 13गो संघ की तरफ से बोली लागल। सितंबर 2009 में अजमेरी गेट की तरफ क स्टेशन क नया इमारत क हिस्सा उत्तर रेलवे खोल दिहलस।&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/16/stories/2009091657520400.htm नई दिल्ली नए रेलवे स्टेशन की इमारत हो जाता है] द हिन्दू, 16 September 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

==वाई फाई==

फ्री वाई फाई क सुविधा उपलब्ध करावे खातिर उत्तर रेलवे मई 2013 में एगो टेंडर निकलले रहे जवन की [[मुम्बई]] क कम्पनी जीतलस, ए परियोजना क अनुमानित लागत रूपया 8 मिलियन रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/free-wifi-at-new-delhi-railway-station-soon/article4965285.ece | location=चेन्नई, इंडिया | work=द हिन्दू | title=नई दिल्ली रेलवे स्टेशन पर जल्द ही मुक्त वाईफ़ाई | date=29 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; बाद में एही साल में इ सुविधा शुरू हो गइल।&lt;ref name=&quot;medianama&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.medianama.com/2013/07/223-free-wifi-at-new-delhi-railway-station/|title=नई दिल्ली रेलवे स्टेशन से मुफ्त वाई-फाई सेवा देने के लिए; फिर भी एक अन्य पायलट?-मीडियानामा|publisher=मीडियानामा .कॉम |accessdate=30 मई 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindubusinessline&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/free-wifi-connectivity-at-delhi-railway-station-soon/article4963152.ece|title=दिल्ली रेलवे स्टेशन पर मुफ्त वाई-फाई कनेक्टिविटी जल्द ही &amp; # 124; बिज़नस लाइन|publisher=दहिन्दूबिज़नसलाइन.कॉम|accessdate=30 मई 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==दिल्ली मेट्रो==

नई दिल्ली रेलवे स्टेशन पर दिल्ली मेट्रो क येलो लाइन क सेवा की साथ दिल्ली एअरपोर्ट मेट्रो एक्सप्रेस (ओरेंज लाइन) क सेवा उपलब्ध बा जवन की सीधा इंदिरा गाँधी अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा से जुड़ेला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=आज से इंदिरा गांधी अंतरराष्ट्रीय लिंक पर 2 नई मेट्रो स्टेशन |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-15/delhi/29889056_1_dhaula-kuan-station-r-infra-officials-new-delhi-railway-station |publisher=द टाइम्स ऑफ़ इंडिया |date=15 August 2011 |access-date=2016-09-07 |archive-date=2012-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925063915/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-15/delhi/29889056_1_dhaula-kuan-station-r-infra-officials-new-delhi-railway-station |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==संदर्भ==

[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत के रेलवे स्टेशन]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1286" sha1="34nsm7mtaftykhc7zvz4u5333b02gx1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television
| show_name = नामकरण
| image = 
| caption = 
| genre = 
| creator = 
| based_on = 
| picture_format = 
| director = 
| writer = 
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| judges = 
| starring = 
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| country = भारत
| language = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
| producer = 
| location = [[मुंबई]], [[भारत]]
| cinematography =
| camera = 
| runtime =  
| company = 
| distributor = 
| channel = [[स्टार प्लस]]
| first_aired  = {{start date|df=yes|2016|9|12}}
| last_aired = &lt;!-- {{end date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| website = 
}}

'''नामकरण''' एगो भारतीय हिंदी [[धारावाहिक]] हवे जेवन [[स्टार प्लस]] पर प्रसारित हो रहल बा।

==कलाकार==
* विरफ पटेल
* सायंतानी घोष
* बरखा बिष्ट
* रीमा लगू
* गुल्फाम खान
* महिमा मक्वाना

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==

{{स्टार प्लस के धारावाहिक}}


{{Tv-prog-stub}}</text>
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      <text bytes="8900" sha1="mdb4kq67x2rbaxamjptmpi2di1793zk" xml:space="preserve">द पार्क चेन्नई एगो पांच सितारा डीलक्स होटल ह&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
  | last = 
  | first = 
  | authorlink = 
  | coauthors = 
  | title =श्रेणी: 5 सितारा डीलक्स
  | work = के रूप में स्वीकृत होटलों की सूची: 2013/06/01
  | publisher = पर्यटन मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार 
  | year = 2013
  | url = http://tourism.gov.in/TourismDivision/HotelList.aspx?Name=Hotels%20and%20Restaurants&amp;HCID=48
  | doi = 
  | accessdate = 6 जनवरी 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
  | last = फरवाह
  | first = दिनकर
  | coauthors = 
  | title = एपीजे सुरेंद्र भविष्य के घटनाक्रम के बारे में उत्साहित
  | newspaper = 
  | location = 
  | pages = 
  | language = 
  | publisher = 
  | date = 1–15 September 2008
  | url = http://www.expresshospitality.com/20080915/market05.shtml
  | accessdate = 4 December 2011
  | archive-date = 26 April 2012
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426020649/http://www.expresshospitality.com/20080915/market05.shtml
  | url-status = dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;, जवन [[भारत]] की [[चेन्नई]] में, अन्ना फ्लाईओवर जंक्शन की, तत्कालीन जेमिनी स्टूडियो परिसर में, अन्ना सलाई प स्थित बा। इ होटल, एपीजे सुरेंद्र ग्रुप का हिस्सा ह, एके करीब 1,000 मिलियन रुपया की निवेश से 15 मई 2002 के खोलाइल रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
  | last = 
  | first = 
  | coauthors = 
  | title = चेन्नई में प्रीमियम बुटीक होटल
  | newspaper = द  हिन्दू
  | location = चेन्नई
  | pages = 
  | language = 
  | publisher = द  हिन्दू
  | date = 16 मई 2002
  | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/05/16/stories/2002051601991800.htm
  | accessdate = 4 December 2011
  | archive-date = 20 June 2014
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140620083901/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/05/16/stories/2002051601991800.htm
  | url-status = dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==इतिहास==

जहां पार्क होटल आज खड़ा बा उ 1940 ले इतिहासी फिल्म स्टूडियो जेमिनी स्टूडियो क स्थान रहे। इ स्टूडियो के 1940 में आग से भारी नुकसान पहुँचल। बाद में एकर पुनः निर्माण कके फेर से खोलल गइल, ओकरी बाद इ पूरा उपमहाद्वीप में सबसे बढ़िया फिल्म मेकिंग स्टूडियो में से एगो बनल। 1990 में स्टूडियो की कोना में दुगो ईमारत बनली स। 21वी सदी की शुरुआत में, कोलकाता स्थित पार्क ग्रुप ऑफ़ होटल्स एकर अहाता में आइल 3 सितारा सम्पति के खरीद लिहलस और एके 5 सितारा लग्जरी होटल में बदल दिहलस और एके 15 मई 2002 के खोललस। एही साल में ही अन्य ब्लॉक्स की नीलामी क तैयारी इंडियन बैंक द्वारा कइल गइल रहे जेकर रिज़र्व कीमत 930 मिलियन रूपए रखाईल रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
  | last = मुथियाह
  | first = स.
  | coauthors = 
  | title = रिकॉलिंग व्हाट जैमिनी डिड
  | newspaper = द  हिन्दू
  | location = चेन्नई
  | pages = 
  | language = 
  | publisher = द  हिन्दू
  | date = 8 July 2002
  | url = http://hindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/08/stories/2002070800130300.htm
  | accessdate = 3 फरवरी 2012
  | archive-date = 8 July 2012
  | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120708225020/http://hindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/08/stories/2002070800130300.htm
  | url-status = dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
  | last = अशोकमित्रं
  | first =
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = बॉस के साथ जेमिनी स्टूडियो में अपने वर्षों
  | publisher = ओरिएंट लांगमैन
  | series = ओरिएंट लांगमैन का सिनेमा पुस्तकें
  | volume =
  | edition =
  | year = 2002
  | location =
  | pages =
  | language =
  | url =
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 81-250-2087-X
  | mr =
  | zbl =
  | jfm = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2010 में होटल क एगो क़ानूनी लड़ाई, ओपन स्पेस रिजर्वेशन भूमि की खातिर, कारपोरेशन ऑफ़ चेन्नई के साथ भइल जेपर की होटल की दीवाल का ढांचा फव्वारन की साथ बनल रहे।

==होटल==

ए कला संदर्भित बुटीक होटल में कुल 214 कमरा बान स जे में 127 डीलक्स कमरा, 31 लक्ज़री कमरा, 41 निवासीय कमरा, 6 स्टूडियो सुइट्स, 5 डीलक्स सुइट्स, 3 प्रीमियर सुइट्स तथा एगो प्रेसिडेन्सिअल सुइट्स बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cleartrip.com/hotels/info/the-park-chennai-40260 |title=द पार्क चेन्नई के बारे में|publisher=क्लियरट्रिप.कॉम |date=|accessdate=3 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; होटल अपने अतिथि लोगन क खइले पीयले क विशेष सेवा प्रदान करेला, एमें थाई खाना पसंद करे वाला अतिथि लोगन खातिर लोटस नाम क रेस्तरां बा, एकरी अलावा सिक्स ओ वन नामक बार, पास्ता चोको बार, तथा आठवाँ महला पर स्थित एक्वा रेस्तरां भी शामिल बा। शहर की लेदर व्यवसाय की याद में ए होटल में दि लेदर बार नाम से भी एगो बार बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news 
  | last = 
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  | title = पार्क होटल चेन्नई संपत्ति की शुरूआत 
  | newspaper = बिज़नस लाइन 
  | location = चेन्नई
  | pages = 
  | language = 
  | publisher = द  हिन्दू
  | date = 16 मई 2002 
  | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/05/16/stories/2002051601551200.htm
  | accessdate = 4 Aug 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; शोपिंग आदि जरूरत क पूर्ति खातिर एगो शोपिंग आर्केड क निर्माण कइल गइल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
  | last =
  | first =
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = पार्क होटल, चेन्नई - चेन्नई में डीलक्स होटल
  | work =
  | publisher = चेन्नई हब
  | date =
  | url = http://www.chennaihub.com/hotels-in-india/the-park-hotel-chennai.html
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 3 Feb 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==पुरस्कार==

2006 में, फोर्ब्स &quot;अट्रीयम&quot;, जवनकी पार्क होटल चेन्नई में बा, एके एकरी इटालियन शेफ अंटोनियो कर्लुसियो द्वारा डिजाईन कइल गइल मेनू की साथ, भारत की दसगो सबसे अधिक महंगा रेस्तरां की श्रेणी में रखलस।

==संदर्भ==

[[श्रेणी:चेन्नई के होटल]]
[[श्रेणी:तमिलनाडु के होटल]]</text>
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    <title>भोजपुर जदीद</title>
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      <text bytes="1201" sha1="9o5fn7jy38kxf9ecu0kgcdifykpzyy3" xml:space="preserve">'''भोजपुर जदीद''' (Bhojpur Jadid, उर्दू: {{nq|بھوجپور جدید}}, नयका/नवका भोजपुर) भारतीय राज्य [[बिहार]] के [[बक्सर जिला]] के [[डुमराँव ब्लाक]] में एक ठो गाँव बाटे।

==जनसंख्या==
साल 2011 के जनगणना के रपट&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=भोजपुर जदीद के जनसंख्या, बक्सर, बिहार|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/248116-bhojpur-kadim-bihar.html|website=census2011.co.in|publisher=भारत के जनगणना|accessdate=19 अक्टूबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार भोजपुर जदीद के कुल जनसंख्या 17,088 रहल आ हेइजा 2,947 गो घर रहलें। गाँव के साक्षरता 68.20% रहल आ लिंगानुपात 914 रहल।

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:बिहार के गाँव]]
[[श्रेणी:बगसर जिला]]


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    <title>धनतेरस</title>
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      <text bytes="1978" sha1="ioqd17mtizc5owit24emz1qc3p1gun6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = &lt;center&gt;धनतेरस&lt;/center&gt; &lt;!-- It does NOT render centered without the HTML tags, in IE, anyway. --&gt;&lt;!-- This should render centered without html tags --&gt;
| image        =
| caption      =
| nickname     =
| observedby   = [[हिंदू]]
| date         = [[कातिक बदी तेरस]]
| date2016     = 28 अक्टूबर
| date2017     = 17 अक्टूबर&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://calendar-panchang.com/2017-marathi-calendar-panchang/1/|title=2017 Marathi Panchang Calendar|accessdate=2016-10-22|archive-date=2016-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026181539/http://calendar-panchang.com/2017-marathi-calendar-panchang/1/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| observances  = सोना या कीमती धातु खरीदल, बरतन खरीदल
| celebrations =
| type         = हिंदू
| longtype     = धार्मिक, भारत, नैपाल
| significance = धनवंतरी के पूजा
| frequency    = सालाना
}} 
'''धनतेरस''' {{Lang-sa|धनत्रयोदशी}} एक ठो हिंदू तिहवार बाटे जे [[कातिक]] महीना के अन्हरिया के [[कातिक बदी तेरस|तेरस]] तिथि के मानवल जाला। ई तिहुआर के दिन से [[दिपावली]] के सुरुआत हो जाला। एह दिन लोग नया बरतन आ सोना खरीदे ला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu festivals}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू तिहुआर]]
[[श्रेणी:दिपावली]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदू तिथि अनुसार पड़े वाला तिहुआर]]&lt;!--Please do not remove this until this is sorted into the proper calendar category--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="2835" sha1="tgm8sbs6n2x0x33wjpvhsvjugcxl7ql" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television
| show_name = दिल देके देखो
| image = 
| caption = 
| genre = नाट्य, प्रेम
| creator = 
| director = मन सिंह मंकु
| story = रघुवीर शेखावत
| screenplay = रघुवीर शेखावत &lt;br&gt; ''संवाद:'' &lt;br&gt; रघुवीर शेखावत
| creative_director = शेफाली लाल
| starring = 
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 18 (11 नवम्बर 2016)
| country = भारत
| language = हिंदी
| executive_producer = सिद्धान्त गोस्वामी
| producer = मनीष गोस्वामी
| location = [[मुंबई]]
| editor = गंगा कचरला &lt;br&gt; अमित सिंह &lt;br&gt;अंकुश अंबरे &lt;br&gt;अजय बाथम
| cinematography = पंकज कछवा
| camera = 
| runtime = 22 मिनट 
| company = 
| distributor = 
| picture_format = 576i (SDTV) &lt;br&gt; 1080i (HDTV)
| channel = [[सब टीवी]]
| first_aired  = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|18}}
| last_aired   = वर्तमान&lt;!-- {{end date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| website = http://www.sabtv.com/en_in/show/dil-de-ke-dekho/227
}}
'''दिल देके देखो''' एगो भारतीय हिंदी धारावाहिक हवे जेवन [[सब टीवी]] पर प्रसारित हो रहल बा। एकर पहिला प्रसारण 18 अक्टूबर 2016 के भइल। एकर निर्माता मनीष गोस्वामी आ निर्देशक मन सिंह मंकू बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Dil-Deke-Dekho-will-highlight-love-stories-across-three-generations/articleshow/54641336.cms|title=Love stories across three generations|newspaper=द टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया|date=3 अक्टूबर 2016|accessdate=4 अक्टूबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==कलाकार==
* अंजु जाधव - प्रीत चोपड़ा 
* अभिषेक बजाज - राहुल शास्त्री 
* अमित टंडन - कमल चोपड़ा 
* प्रीत कौर मधन - सिमरन शास्त्री 
* नवनीत निशान - तुलसी चोपड़ा 
* कंवलजीत सिंह - हृदयनाथ शास्त्री 
* जीतेन लालवानी - शेरी चोपड़ा 
* ऋतु वशिष्ठ - मोहिनी शास्त्री

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
{{सब टीवी के धारावाहिक}}


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| name                    = नागपुर
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 2497777
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[महाराष्ट्र]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नागपुर''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nagpur|Nagpur]]}}) भारत के [[महाराष्ट्र]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नागपुर के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 2405665 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 2497777 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 13वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 963 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 91.92% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| image_caption           = 
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| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नासिक''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nashik|Nashik]]}}) भारत के [[महाराष्ट्र]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नासिक के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 1486053 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 1562769 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 24वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 899 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 89.85% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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'''धनबाद''' ({{Lang|en|Dhanbad}}) भारत के [[झारखंड]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार धनबाद के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 1162472 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 1195298 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 33वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 891 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 79.47% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:झारखंड के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[महाराष्ट्र]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नवी मुंबई''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Navi Mumbai|Navi Mumbai]]}}) भारत के [[महाराष्ट्र]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नवी मुंबई के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 1120547 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 1120547 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 35वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 837 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 89.62% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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      <text bytes="2470" sha1="4mg80h0h1xipt690rax6o0fpqca26nr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = दुर्गापुर
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
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| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
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| population_total        = 581409
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
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| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
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| subdivision_name1       = [[पच्छिम बंगाल]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''दुर्गापुर''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Durgapur|Durgapur]]}}) भारत के [[पच्छिम बंगाल]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दुर्गापुर के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 566517 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 581409 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 77वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 925 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 86.02% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

{{पच्छिम बंगाल के शहर}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:पच्छिम बंगाल के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| name                    = दावणगेरे
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
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| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
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| population_total        = 434971
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[कर्नाटक]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''दावणगेरे''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Davanagere|Davanagere]]}}) भारत के [[कर्नाटक]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दावणगेरे के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 434971 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 434971 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 102वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 979 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 84.9% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:कर्नाटक के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| name                    = धुले
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| longd                   = 
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| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
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| subdivision_name1       = [[महाराष्ट्र]]
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| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''धुले''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Dhule|Dhule]]}}) भारत के [[महाराष्ट्र]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार धुले के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 375559 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 375559 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 118वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 941 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 87.86% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
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| longd                   = 
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| subdivision_name1       = [[आंध्र प्रदेश]]
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| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
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'''निजामाबाद''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nizamabad|Nizamabad]]}}) भारत के [[आंध्र प्रदेश]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार निजामाबाद के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 311152 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 311152 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 143वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 1008 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 78.52% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:आंध्र प्रदेश के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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'''दरभंगा''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Darbhanga|Darbhanga]]}}) भारत के [[बिहार]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दरभंगा के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 296039 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 306089 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 149वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 902 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 79.4% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:बिहार के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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'''देवास''' ({{Lang|en|Dewas}}) भारत के [[मध्य प्रदेश]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार देवास के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 289550 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 289550 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 153वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 929 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 84.64% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:मध्य प्रदेश के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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      <text bytes="2421" sha1="0jptugetv1o5mtilvbafusnawtk3hls" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = दमदम
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 249142
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[पच्छिम बंगाल]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''दमदम''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Dum Dum|Dum Dum]]}}) भारत के [[पच्छिम बंगाल]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दमदम के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 249142 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 249142 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 181वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 973 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 91% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

{{पच्छिम बंगाल के शहर}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:पच्छिम बंगाल के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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    <title>नागरकोयिल</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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| name                    = नागरकोयिल
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 224849
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[तमिल नाडु]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नागरकोयिल''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nagercoil|Nagercoil]]}}) भारत के [[तमिल नाडु]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नागरकोयिल के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 224849 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 224849 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 195वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 1045 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 94.99% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:तमिल नाडु के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| name                    = नडियाद
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 225132
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[गुजरात]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नडियाद''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nadiad|Nadiad]]}}) भारत के [[गुजरात]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नडियाद के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 218095 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 225132 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 205वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 942 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 86.78% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:गुजरात के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| name                    = नांगलोई जाट
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 205596
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[दिल्ली]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नांगलोई जाट''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nangloi Jat|Nangloi Jat]]}}) भारत के [[दिल्ली]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नांगलोई जाट के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 205596 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 205596 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 220वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 868 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 82.69% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली राज्य के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
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| population_total        = 203123
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[झारखंड]]
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| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''देवघर''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Deoghar|Deoghar]]}}) भारत के [[झारखंड]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार देवघर के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 203123 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 203123 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 224वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 881 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 85.68% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:झारखंड के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:पबित्र हिंदू नगर]]


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| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
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| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[आंध्र प्रदेश]]
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| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नांदयाल''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nandyal|Nandyal]]}}) भारत के [[आंध्र प्रदेश]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नांदयाल के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 200516 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 211787 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 229वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 995 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 76.21% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:आंध्र प्रदेश के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
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| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
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| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 182429
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
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| coordinates_display     = inline,title
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| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
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'''दीनापुर''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Dinapur Nizamat|Dinapur Nizamat]]}}) भारत के [[बिहार]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दीनापुर के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 182429 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 182429 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 253वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 883 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 77.01% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:बिहार के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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    <title>देवली</title>
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      <text bytes="2273" sha1="4dvjhi79eib4x9jjhn4wzhzkrndjqdn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = देवली
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 169122
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[दिल्ली]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''देवली''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Deoli|Deoli]]}}) भारत के [[दिल्ली]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार देवली के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 169122 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 169122 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 276वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 860 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 84.28% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली राज्य के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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    <title>नवसारी</title>
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      <text bytes="2337" sha1="40f8e2gcpevf39mzbmrispmftp6k0q5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = नवसारी
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 282753
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[गुजरात]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नवसारी''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Navsari|Navsari]]}}) भारत के [[गुजरात]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नवसारी के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 160941 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 282753 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 290वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 930 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 88.36% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:गुजरात के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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    <title>दल्लोपुरा</title>
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| name                    = दल्लोपुरा
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 154791
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[दिल्ली]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''दल्लोपुरा''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Dallo Pura|Dallo Pura]]}}) भारत के [[दिल्ली]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दल्लोपुरा के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 154791 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 154791 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 301वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 905 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 83.15% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली राज्य के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


{{India-geo-stub}}</text>
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    <title>नागपट्टिनम</title>
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      <text bytes="2405" sha1="36aw250q5k9nq3a8ih0jgtfki3kveu5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = नागपट्टिनम
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
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| population_total        = 102905
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[तमिल नाडु]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नागपट्टिनम''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nagapattinam|Nagapattinam]]}}) भारत के [[तमिल नाडु]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नागपट्टिनम के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 102905 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 102905 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 482वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 1026 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 89.02% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:तमिल नाडु के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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      <text bytes="2344" sha1="237glu35to9qyudz5ea2zthizk3epu5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = नागौर
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
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| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 108540
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[राजस्थान]]
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| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नागौर''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nagaur|Nagaur]]}}) भारत के [[राजस्थान]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नागौर के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 102872 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 108540 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 483वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 945 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 70.68% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:राजस्थान के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
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| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
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| population_as_of        = 2011
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| population_total        = 100284
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
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| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''दतिया''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Datia|Datia]]}}) भारत के [[मध्य प्रदेश]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दतिया के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 100284 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 100284 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 495वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 900 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 80.56% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:मध्य प्रदेश के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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| name                    = नागदा
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 100039
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
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'''नागदा''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nagda|Nagda]]}}) भारत के [[मध्य प्रदेश]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नागदा के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 100039 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 100039 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 496वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 947 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 80.71% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:मध्य प्रदेश के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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    <title>नलगोंडा</title>
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      <text bytes="2458" sha1="9b216set7otx7hwqwfxxyhyn05b68jq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = नलगोंडा 
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
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| etymology               = 
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| population_total        = 153736 
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| longd                   = 
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| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
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| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नलगोंडा''' ({{Lang|en|Nalgonda}}) भारत के [[आंध्र प्रदेश]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नलगोंडा के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 135744 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 153736 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 347वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 997 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 86.83% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:आंध्र प्रदेश के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = राजस्थान 
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''धौलपुर''' ({{Lang|en|Dhaulpur}}) भारत के [[राजस्थान]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार धौलपुर के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 125989 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 133229 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 372वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 865 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 75.57% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:राजस्थान के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
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| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
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| population_total        = 147515 
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
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| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = मध्य प्रदेश 
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''दमोह''' ({{Lang|en|Damoh}}) भारत के [[मध्य प्रदेश]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दमोह के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 125101 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 147515 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 379वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 916 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 86.18% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:मध्य प्रदेश के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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| subdivision_name1       = नागालैंड 
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''दीमापुर''' ({{Lang|en|Dimapur}}) भारत के [[नागालैंड]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दीमापुर के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 122834 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 122834 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 384वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 910 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 86.03% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:नागालैंड के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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}}
'''धर्मावरमम''' ({{Lang|en|Dharmavaram}}) भारत के [[आंध्र प्रदेश]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार धर्मावरमम के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 121874 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 121874 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 386वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 958 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 71.07% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:आंध्र प्रदेश के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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'''दबग्राम''' ({{Lang|en|Dabgram}}) भारत के [[पच्छिम बंगाल]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दबग्राम के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 119040 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 119040 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 400वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 949 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 73.2% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

{{पच्छिम बंगाल के शहर}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:पच्छिम बंगाल के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| name                    = दार्जिलिङ्ग 
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 132016 
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = पच्छिम बंगाल 
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''दार्जिलिङ्ग''' ({{Lang|en|Darjiling}}) भारत के [[पच्छिम बंगाल]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दार्जिलिङ्ग के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 118805 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 132016 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 401वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 1007 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 93.85% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

{{पच्छिम बंगाल के शहर}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:पच्छिम बंगाल के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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    <title>नगाँव</title>
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| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
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| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नगाँव''' ({{Lang|en|Nagaon}}) भारत के [[आसाम]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नगाँव के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 117722 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 147137 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 412वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 974 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 89.15% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:आसाम के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| name                    = नरसरावपेट 
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 117568 
| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = आंध्र प्रदेश 
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नरसरावपेट''' ({{Lang|en|Narasaraopet}}) भारत के [[आंध्र प्रदेश]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नरसरावपेट के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 116250 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 117568 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 421वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 977 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 79.59% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:आंध्र प्रदेश के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
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| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
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| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = महाराष्ट्र 
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नंदुरबार''' ({{Lang|en|Nandurbar}}) भारत के [[महाराष्ट्र]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; के अनुसार नंदुरबार के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 111037 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 111037 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 441वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 934 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 88.09% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| name                    = दिल्ली छावनी 
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[शहर]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
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| latd                    = 
| longd                   = 
| coordinates_type        = 
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| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
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| subdivision_name1       = दिल्ली 
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| subdivision_name2       = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''दिल्ली छावनी''' ({{Lang|en|Delhi Cantonment}}) भारत के [[दिल्ली]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार दिल्ली छावनी के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 110351 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 110351 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 444वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 731 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 89.82% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली राज्य के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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| name                    = दानापुर
| other_name              = दानापुर निजामत
| nickname                = 
| settlement_type         = शहर
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| pushpin_map             = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position  = right
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = बिहार में लोकेशन
| coordinates             = {{coord|25|38|N|85|3|E|display=inline,title}}
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| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = राज्य
| subdivision_name1       = [[बिहार]]
| subdivision_type2       = प्रमंडल
| subdivision_name2       = पटना
| subdivision_type3       = जिला 
| subdivision_name3       = [[पटना जिला|पटना]]
| subdivision_type4       = नगरीय झुंड
| subdivision_name4       = [[पटना]]
| subdivision_type5       = Ward
| subdivision_name5       = 40 वार्ड
| established_title       = स्थापित
| established_date        = 1887
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          =
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_total_km2          = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_total        = 182,241
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_rank         = 
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_footnotes    = 
| demographics_type1      = भाषा
| demographics1_title1    = आधिकारिक
| demographics1_info1     = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
| timezone1               = [[भारतीय मानक समय|IST]]
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| postal_code_type        = [[पिनकोड]]
| postal_code             = 801101/03/05/08/09/13/12 &lt;br/&gt;801501/03/06&lt;br/&gt;800111
| area_code_type          = फोन कोड
| area_code               = 06115
| registration_plate      = BR-01
| blank1_name_sec1        = 
| blank1_info_sec1        = 
| blank2_name_sec1        = 
| blank2_info_sec1        = 
| website                 = {{URL|danapur.biharurban.in}}
| iso_code                = IN-BR
| footnotes               = 
}}
'''दानापुर''' [[भारत]] के एक ठो शहर बा।
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
File:ArmyPublicSchool Ent.jpg|आर्मी स्कूल दानापुर कैंट का स्कूल प्रवेश
File:School Garden.jpg|आर्मी पब्लिक स्कूल दानापुर कैंट का स्कूल गार्डन
File:Danapur Cantonment.jpg|दानापुर छावनी
File:Building of Army Public School, Danapur Cantonment.jpg|आर्मी पब्लिक स्कूल दानापुर छावनी का भवन
File:School building in Bihar.jpg|आर्मी पब्लिक स्कूल दानापुर छावनी का भवन
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:बिहार के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''नांदेड-वाघाला''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Nanded-Waghala|Nanded-Waghala]]}}) भारत के [[महाराष्ट्र]] राज्य में एक ठो शहर बा।

==जनसांख्यिकी==
साल 2011 के जनगणना&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=22 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; अनुसार नांदेड-वाघाला के कुल शहरी जनसंख्या 550439 बाटे आ आसपास के उपशहरी इलाका के मिला लिहल जाय तब कुल जनसंख्या 550439 बा। जनसंख्या के हिसाब से ई भारत के 79वाँ शहर बाटे।
जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में [[लिंगानुपात]] 928 आ [[साक्षरता दर|साक्षरता के दर]] 85.93% बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[भारत के शहर]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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'''दुमका''' भारत के [[झारखंड]] राज्य में एक ठो [[शहर|कसबा]] बाटे।

{{Clear}}

[[श्रेणी:झारखंड के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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'''दांगुवापसी''' भारत के [[झारखंड]] राज्य में एक ठो [[शहर|कसबा]] बाटे।

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[[श्रेणी:झारखंड के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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'''देवरीकलाँ''' भारत के [[झारखंड]] राज्य में एक ठो [[शहर|कसबा]] बाटे।

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[[श्रेणी:झारखंड के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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{{Clear}}

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'''दुग्दा''' भारत के [[झारखंड]] राज्य में एक ठो [[शहर|कसबा]] बाटे।

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'''नगरी कलां''' भारत के [[झारखंड]] राज्य के धनबाद जिला मे एक ठो [[शहर|कसबा]] बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table - 3 : Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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== सन्दर्भ ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:झारखंड के शहर‏‎ आ कस्बा]]


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'''दारी, झारखंड''' भारत के [[झारखंड]] राज्य में एक ठो [[शहर|कसबा]] बाटे।

{{Clear}}

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| name               = दीपिका पादुकोण
| image              = Deepika Padukone Cannes 2018 (cropped).jpg
| alt                = Deepika Padukone is seen smiling at the camera
| caption            = दीपिका पादुकोण 2018 के कान फिलिम फेस्टिवल में
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1986|1|5}}
| birth_place        = कोपेनहेगन, डेनमार्क
| nationality        = भारतीय
| occupation         = ऐक्ट्रेस
| yearsactive        = 2005–अबतक
| father             = प्रकाश पादुकोण
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[रणवीर सिंह]]|2018}}
| works              = 
| awards             = 
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}}
'''दीपिका पादुकोण''' (जनम: 5 जनवरी 1986) एक ठो भारतीय फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। दीपिका के [[बॉलीवुड|हिंदी सिनेमा]] में एक्टिंग करे खातिर [[बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस लोग के लिस्ट|बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस]] के रूप में जानल जाला। पादुकोण के कई ठे अवार्ड मिल चुकल बाड़ें जेह में फिल्फेयरो सामिल बा।

बैडमिंटन खिलाड़ी प्रकाश पादुकोण के बेटी पादुकोण के जनम कोपेनहेगन में भइल रहे आ इनकर परवरिश बंगलौर में भइल। किशोरावस्था में ऊ राष्ट्रीय स्तर के चैम्पियनशिप में बैडमिंटन खेलत रहली बाकिर एह खेल में आपन कैरियर छोड़ के फैशन मॉडल बन गइली। जल्दिये इनके फिलिमी भूमिका खातिर ऑफर मिलल आ ऊ 2006 में कन्नड़ फिलिम ''ऐश्वर्या'' के टाइटिल किरदार के रूप में अभिनय के शुरुआत कइली। एकरे बाद पादुकोण अपना पहिली बॉलीवुड रिलीज रोमांस ''ओम शांति ओम'' (2007) में शाहरुख खान के साथ डबल रोल निभवली जेह में इनके बेस्ट फीमेल डेब्यू खातिर फिल्मफेयर अवार्ड मिलल। पादुकोण के रोमांस फिलिम ''लव आज कल'' (2009) में अभिनय करे वाली भूमिका खातिर तारीफ मिलल, बाकी एकरे बाद कुछ समय खातिर झटका लागल।

== प्रमुख फिलिम ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
! साल
! फिलिम
! किरदार
! भाषा 
! टिप्पणी
|-
| 2006 || ''ऐश्वर्या'' || ऐश्वर्या || कन्नड़ || 
|-
| 2007 || ''[[ओम शांति ओम]]'' || शांतिप्रिया/संध्या (सैंडी) || हिंदी || [[फिलिमफ़ेयर महिला प्रथम अभिनय पुरस्कार]]&lt;br /&gt; नामित–[[फिलिमफ़ेयर सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्री पुरस्कार]]
|-
| 2008 || ''[[बचना ऐ हसीनो]]'' || गायत्री || हिंदी || 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2009 || ''[[चाँदनी चौक टू चाइना]]'' || सखी/सूज़ी || हिंदी, [[यू चीनी|कैंटोनी]] || 
|-
| ''[[बिल्लू (फिलिम)|बिल्लू]]'' || स्वयं || हिंदी || &quot;लव मेरा हिट-हिट&quot; गीत में विशेष उपस्थिति 
|-
| ''[[लव आज कल (2009 फिलिम)|लव आज कल]] || मीरा पंडित || हिंदी ||
|-
| ''[[मैं और मिसेज खन्ना]]'' || रायना खान || हिंदी || विशेष उपस्थिति 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2010 || ''[[कार्तिक कॉलिंग कार्तिक]]'' || शोनाली मुखर्जी || हिंदी ||
|-
| ''[[हाउसफुल (2010 फिलिम)|हाउसफुल]]'' || सौंदर्या राव (सैंडी) || हिंदी || 
|-
| ''[[लफंगे परिंदे]]'' || पिंकी पालकर || हिंदी ||
|-
| ''[[ब्रेक के बाद]]'' || आलिया खान || हिंदी ||
|-
| ''[[खेलें हम जी जान से]] || [[कल्पना दत्त]] || हिंदी || 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2011 || ''दम मारो दम'' || अनाम || हिंदी || &quot;मिट जाए ग़म (दम मारो दम)&quot; गीत में विशेष उपस्थिति 
|-
| ''[[आरक्षण (2011 फिलिम)|आरक्षण]]'' || पूर्बी आनंद || हिंदी ||
|-
| ''[[देसी बॉयज]]'' || राधिका अवस्थी || हिंदी ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[कॉकटेल]]'' || वेरोनिका मलाने || हिंदी || नामित–फिलिमफ़ेयर सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्री पुरस्कार
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2013 || ''[[रेस 2]]'' || एलेना || हिंदी ||
|-
| ''[[बॉम्बे टॉकीज़ (फिलिम)|बॉम्बे टॉकीज़]]'' || ख़ुद || हिंदी, अंग्रेज़ी || &quot;अपना बॉम्बे टॉकीज़&quot; गीत में विशेष उपस्थिति 
|-
| ''[[ये जवानी है दीवानी]]'' || नैना तलवार || हिंदी || 
|-
| ''[[चेन्नई एक्सप्रेस]]'' || मीनालोचनी || हिंदी,[[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]] ||
|-
| ''[[गोलियों की रासलीला रामलीला]]'' || लीला सनेरा || हिंदी ||
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2014 || ''कोचादियान'' || राजकुमारी वधाना || तमिल ||
|-
| ''फाइंडिंग फैनी'' || एंजी || हिंदी/अंग्रेज़ी ||
|-
| ''[[हैप्पी न्यू ईयर (2014 फिलिम)|हैप्पी न्यू ईयर]] || मोहिनी || हिंदी ||
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2015 || ''[[पीकू]] || पीकू बनर्जी || हिंदी ||
|-
| ''[[तमाशा (2015 फिलिम)|तमाशा]] || तारा माहेश्वरी || हिंदी ||
|-
| ''[[बाजीराव मस्तानी (फिलिम)|बाजीराव मस्तानी]] || मस्तानी || हिंदी ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[पद्मावत (फिलिम)|पद्मावत]]'' || रानी पद्मिनी || हिंदी ||
|-
|2020
|''छपाक''
|मालती
|हिंदी
|
|-
|2021
|''[[83 (फिलिम)|83]]''
|
|
|-
|2022
|''गहराइयाँ''
|अलीशा &quot;अल&quot; खन्ना
|हिंदी
|}

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1986 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस]]


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| name        = नंदिता दास
| image       = Nandita Das at the screening of Gattu in 2012 (01).jpg
| caption     = 2012 में नंदिता दास
| birth_date  = {{birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = [[मुंबई]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], India
| nationality = [[Indian People|Indian]]
| occupation  = [[ऐक्ट्रेस]], [[Film director|Director]]
| children    = 1
| imagesize   =
| birthname   = 
| othername   = 
| yearsactive = 1989, 1996–present
| spouse      = Soumya Sen (2002–07){{cn|date=मार्च 2016}} &lt;br /&gt;Subodh Maskara (2010–2017) (Separated)
}}
'''नंदिता दास''' एक ठो भारतीय फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। नंदिता दास के [[बॉलीवुड|हिंदी सिनेमा]] में एक्टिंग करे खातिर [[बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस लोग के लिस्ट|बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस]] के रूप में जानल जाला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1969 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के लोग]]


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| name = निम्मी
| image = Nimmi.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|2|18}}
| birth_place = [[आगरा]], [[भारत]]
| spouse = ऍस. अली राजा 1965– 1 नवंबर 2007 (निधन तक)
| birthname = नवाब बानो
| yearsactive = 1949–1965
}}
'''निम्मी''' एक ठो भारतीय फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। निम्मी के [[बॉलीवुड|हिंदी सिनेमा]] में एक्टिंग करे खातिर [[बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस लोग के लिस्ट|बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस]] के रूप में जानल जाला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1933 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:2020 में निधन]]


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| name          = Deepti Naval
| image         = Deepti Naval.jpg
| image_caption       = Deepti Naval 
| birth_date    = {{birth date and age|1951|2|3|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Amritsar]], India
| nationality    = [[American]]
| alma_mater    = [[Hunter College]], New York City
| occupation    = Actress, director, writer, 
| years_active  = 1979–present
| spouse        = [[Prakash Jha]] (divorced)
| children      = Disha
| website       = http://www.deeptinaval.com/
}}
'''दीप्ति नवल''' एक ठो भारतीय फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। दीप्ति नवल के [[बॉलीवुड|हिंदी सिनेमा]] में एक्टिंग करे खातिर [[बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस लोग के लिस्ट|बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस]] के रूप में जानल जाला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1951 में जनम]]


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| name                  = निगार खान
| image                 = Negar Khan.jpg
| caption               = 2004 में निगार खान
| birth_place           = [[Tabriz]], [[ईरान]]
| birth_date            = {{bya|1984}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.metacafe.com/topics/negar_khan/ | title=Negar's details on Metacafe | accessdate=फरवरी 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| othername             = निगार खान 
| occupation            = [[ऐक्ट्रेस]], [[मॉडल (profession)|मॉडल]]
| spouse                = [[साहिल खान]] (2004-2005)
}}

'''निगार खान''' एक ठो ईरानी मूल के फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। निगार खान के [[बॉलीवुड|हिंदी सिनेमा]] में एक्टिंग करे खातिर [[बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस लोग के लिस्ट|बॉलीवुड ऐक्ट्रेस]] के रूप में जानल जाला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1984 में जनम]]


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    <title>दी ग्रैंड न्यू डेल्ही</title>
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      <text bytes="3732" sha1="60m4a7uhlufkqvz6jzdf03oh8omxd5j" xml:space="preserve">'''दी ग्रैंड न्यू डेल्ही''' नई [[दिल्ली]] की वसंत कुंज में कईगो महत्वपूर्ण जगह और शॉपिंग मॉल की लगे आइल एगो 5 सितारा लग्जरी होटल ह जवन की बिजनस यात्रा चाहें घुमले फिरले की दौरान रुकले रहले क आरामदायक सुविधा देला। इ होटल सराफ होटल एंटरप्राइज क ध्वजवाहक संपत्ति ह। ए होटल में 390 कमरा बान स। एमें 8 गो रेस्तरां बान स जवने क नांव ह, कास्केडस, आईटी&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Italian-Food-Fest-hosted-by-Amit-Modi-at-The-Grand-in-Delhi/articleshow/34961806.cms | work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया | title=Italian Food Fest hosted by Amit Modi at The Grand in Delhi | date=11 मई 2014 | accessdate=2 फरवरी 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Amit-Modi-hosts-Italian-week-celebrations-at-the-Grand-Hotel-in-Delhi/articleshow/32666200.cms | work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया | title=Amit Modi hosts Italian week celebrations at the Grand Hotel in Delhi | date=25 मार्च 2014 | accessdate=2 फरवरी 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;, कारावे&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.sodelhi.com/food-festivals/16328-new-delhi-to-new-york-food-festival-at-caraway-indian-brasserie-vasant-kunj-new-delhi | work=Sodelhi.com | title=New Delhi to New York Food Festival at Caraway - Indian Brasserie | accessdate=2 फरवरी 2015 | archive-date=2015-02-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208030312/http://www.sodelhi.com/food-festivals/16328-new-delhi-to-new-york-food-festival-at-caraway-indian-brasserie-vasant-kunj-new-delhi | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, वोकटोक, जी बार&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Work-and-fun-came-together-at-this-G-Bars-industry-night-hosted-by-Amit-Modi-in-Delhi/articleshow/35165995.cms | work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया |  title=Work and fun came together at this G Bar's industry night hosted by Amit Modi in Delhi | date=16 मई 2014 | accessdate=2 फरवरी 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/bar-reviews/Bar-Review-The-G-spot/articleshow/6011633.cms | work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया |  title=Bar Review: The G spot! | date=15 जनवरी 2015 | accessdate=2 फरवरी 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;, क्रिस्टल लोंज, एक्वा बार और इंडल्ज।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.cleartrip.com/hotels/info/the-grand-vasant-kunj-41187 | publisher=cleartrip.com | title=The Grand New Delhi Hotel Rooms | date=| accessdate=16 फरवरी 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==इतिहास==

इ होटल सराफ एंटरप्राइज द्वारा सन 2000 में खोलल गइल रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thegrandnewdelhi.com/about-us/about-us.html | work=The Grand New Delhi | title=About Us | accessdate=2 फरवरी 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ए होटल के वर्ल्ड लग्जरी होटल अवार्ड से नवाजल गइल बा।

==संदर्भ==

[[श्रेणी:होटल]]</text>
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| name = द इकोनॉमिस्ट
| image = 'The Economist' cover (September 8, 2001).png
| caption = 8 सितंबर 2001 क संस्करण, कभर पन्ना।&lt;ref&gt;The title and its design are references to the book ''[[No Logo]]'' (1999).&lt;/ref&gt;
| type = साप्ताहिक [[अखबार]]
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| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1843|09}}
| founder = जेम्स विल्सन
| owners = द इकोनॉमिस्ट ग्रुप
| ISSN = 0013-0613
| political = क्लासिकल लिबरलिज्म&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Contrastive Media Analysis |year=2012 |page=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Radicalism (historical)|Radicalism]]&lt;br /&gt;सांस्कृतिक उदारवाद&lt;br&gt;आर्थिक उदारवाद&lt;br /&gt;सेंटरिज्म&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/09/economist-explains-itself-0|work=The Economist|title=Is The Economist left- or right-wing?|date=2 September 2013|accessdate=24 अप्रैल 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21564556|work=The Economist|title=True Progressivism|date=13 अक्टूबर 2012|accessdate=16 अक्टूबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| headquarters = 25 सेंट जेम्स गली&lt;br /&gt;वेस्टमिन्स्टर&lt;br /&gt;[[लंदन]], इंग्लैंड
| editor = जैनी मिंटन बेडोस
| price = £5.00 &lt;br /&gt;US$5.99 &lt;br /&gt;€5.20 &lt;br /&gt;A$10.50 &lt;br /&gt;C$7.50 &lt;br /&gt;HK$80
| website = {{URL|http://www.economist.com/}}
| circulation = 1,554,948 (print)&lt;ref name=pgazette&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/seriously-popular-economist-now-claims-reach-53m-readers-week-print-and-online |title=Seriously popular: The Economist now claims to reach 5.3m readers a week in print and online |publisher=pressgazette.co.uk |date= |accessdate=22 जून 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''''द इकोनॉमिस्ट''''' एख थो [[अंग्रेजी भाषा]] के पत्रिका-फॉरमेट में छपे वाला साप्ताहिक [[अखबार]] बाटे जे [[लंदन]] से छपे ला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:पत्रिका]]
[[श्रेणी:अखबार]]


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      <text bytes="1384" sha1="070p7g7vtuo13kjsq5g6sanw0bulwwd" xml:space="preserve">'''नारी सशक्तीकरण''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Women's empowerment|Women's empowerment]]}}) एक ठो बिचार आ कार्रवाही के तरीका बाटे जे दुनिया में [[औरत]]न के मजबूती देवे, आर्थिक आ सामाजिक भागीदारी निश्चित करे आ औरतन के सामान्य स्थिति में सुधार खातिर&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/businesses-and-foundations/womens-empowerment-principles |title=Women’s Empowerment Principles &amp;#124; UN Women – Headquarters |publisher=Unwomen.org |date= |accessdate=2017-03-13 |archive-date=2017-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426143924/http://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/businesses-and-foundations/womens-empowerment-principles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; समर्पित बा। हाल के समय में [[नारीवाद]] के बढ़त परभाव भी औरतन के हक खातिर जरूरी बिचारधारा के बढ़ावा दे रहल बाटे।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:नारीवाद]]
[[श्रेणी:समाज]]


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      <text bytes="2404" sha1="6x3coullle6iy0c9hn7huk2k4iigqvn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox newspaper
| name                = दि टेलिग्राफ
| logo                = 
| image               = 
| caption             = 
| type                = दैनिक अखबार
| format              = [[ब्रॉडशीट]]
| foundation          = 7 जुलाई 1982
| ceased publication  =
| owners              = [[एबीपी समूह]]
| publisher           =  
| editor              = आर॰ राजगोपाल 
| chiefeditor         = अरूप सरकार
| assoceditor         =
| maneditor           =
| staff               = 
| language            = [[अंग्रेजी]]
| political           = 
| circulation         = 464,588 रोज&lt;ref name=ABCIND&gt;{{cite web| url= http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(Language%20wise).pdf| title=Submission of circulation figures for the audit period July - December 2015| publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations]] |accessdate=5 जनवरी 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| circulation_date    = जन॰−जून 2016 
| headquarters        = 6, प्रफुल्ल सरकार गली, [[कलकत्ता]], [[पच्छिम बंगाल]], भारत
| sister newspapers   = [[आनंद बाजार पत्रिका]]&lt;br&gt;[[इबेला]]
| oclc                = 271717941
| ISSN                = 
| website             = {{URL|http://www.telegraphindia.com/}}
}}
'''दि टेलिग्राफ''' [[अंग्रेजी भाषा]] के [[भारतीय मीडिया|भारतीय अखबार]] बाटे जे [[कलकत्ता]] से छपे ला। ई अखबार, दैनिक अखबार हवे आ 7 जुलाई 1982 से लगातार छप रहल बाटे। ई एबीपी ग्रुप द्वारा प्रकाशित कइल जाला आ ''[[दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया]]'' के साथे कंपटीशन करे ला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:कलकत्ता]]
[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी भाषा के भारतीय अखबार]]
[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी भाषा के अखबार]]


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      <text bytes="1043" sha1="bq77hkoxh5dufyrynpq9iktg9l7rqt5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = नाओमी वाट्स
| image         = Naomi Watts Cannes 2015 cropped.jpg
| caption       = नाओमी, 2015 के [[कान फिलिम फेस्टिवल]] में
| birth_name    = नाओमी एलीन वाट्स
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|9|28}}
| birth_place   = Shoreham, Kent, [[इंग्लैंड]]
| occupation    = [[ऐक्ट्रेस]], फिलिम प्रोड्यूसर
| years_active  = 1986–अबतक ले
| partner       = Liev Schreiber (2005–16)
| children      = 2
| relatives =
}}
'''नाओमी वाट्स''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Naomi Watts|Naomi Ellen Watts]]}}; जनम 28 सितंबर 1968) एक ठो ब्रिटिश आ [[हॉलीवुड]] [[ऐक्ट्रेस]] बाड़ी।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1968 में जनम]]


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      <text bytes="1979" sha1="2dcntq2j7zc3aunpmjvhncdrf3w6ox5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox magazine
|image_file        = 
| image_size      = 
| image_caption   = 
|website           = {{url|hollywoodreporter.com}}
|publisher         = लिन सीगल
|editor            = जैनिस मिन
|editor_title      = संपादकीय डाइरेक्टर
|previous_editor   =
|frequency         = हप्तावर
|category          = मनोरंजन
|company           = एल्ड्रिज इंडस्ट्रीज
|circulation       = 
|circulation_year  = दिसंबर 2012
|firstdate         = {{start date and age|1930|9|3}}
|country           = यूनाइटेड स्टेट्स
|based             = [[लॉस एंजेलिस]], [[कैलिफोर्निया]], [[यूनाइटेड स्टेट्स]]
|language          = अंग्रेजी
|issn              = 0018-3660
}}
'''''दि हॉलीवुड रिपोर्टर''''' (टीऍचआर) एक ठो अमेरिकी डिजिटल आ छापा मीडिया के पत्रिका बाटे जे 1930 में शुरू भइल&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Billy Wilkerson|url=http://www.onlinenevada.org/articles/billy-wilkerson|accessdate=अक्टूबर 8, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613042436/http://www.onlinenevada.org/articles/billy-wilkerson|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ अमेरिकी सिनेमा से संबंधित खबर, फैशन, लाइफस्टाइल पर सामग्री छापे ला।

सन् 2010 में ई दोबारा लॉन्च भइल आ हप्तावार छपे सुरू भइल।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी भाषा के पत्रिका]]
[[श्रेणी:हॉलीवुड]]


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| logo            = [[File:NewYorkTimes.svg|250px]]
| image           = 
| caption         = 
| type            = [[दैनिक अखबार]]
| format          = [[ब्रॉडशीट]]
| owners          = दि न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स कंपनी&lt;br /&gt;(कार्लोस स्लिम (17%))&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2016/06/01/these-15-billionaires-own-americas-news-media-companies/#3256b4ab30b4|title=These 15 Billionaires Own America's News Media Companies|first=केट|last=विन्टन|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| publisher       = आर्थर औश सुल्जबर्गर जूनियर
&lt;!-- For editors, see http://www.nytimes.com/ref/business/media/asktheeditors.html --&gt;
| editor          = डीन बकेट
| opeditor        = जेम्स बेनेट
| sportseditor    = जेसन स्टालमैन&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jason Stallman – Times Insider|url=https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/author/jason-stallman/|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| photoeditor     = माइकल मकनेली
| staff           = 1,150 समाचार बिभाग के कर्मचारी&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytco.com/pdf/DidYouKnow_March2010_FINAL.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509170833/http://www.nytco.com/pdf/DidYouKnow_March2010_FINAL.pdf|archivedate=2012-05-09|title=Did You Know? Facts about The New York Times|trans-title=का आपके मालुम रहल? न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स के बारे में तथ्य|format=PDF|accessdate=23 अप्रैल 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| foundation      = {{Start date and age|1851|9|18}} (''न्यू यॉर्क डेली टाइम्स'' के रूप में)
| ceased publication =
| headquarters    = दि न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स बिल्डिंग&lt;br /&gt;620 आठवीं गली&lt;br /&gt;[[न्यू यॉर्क सिटी]], न्यू यॉर्क 10018
| circulation     = {{plainlist|
* 571,500 Daily&lt;ref name= SEC1&gt;{{cite web|url= http://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0000071691/37d516f5-b9da-4ca8-a50f-d70630760094.pdf|title=New York Times Company 10-K|date=22 फरवरी 2017|work=nypost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1,087,500 अतवार&lt;ref name= SEC1/&gt;
}}
| ISSN            = 0362-4331
| oclc            = 1645522
| website         = {{URL|http://www.nytimes.com}}
| publishing_country = यूनाइटेड स्टेट्स
| image_alt       = border
| alt             =
| founders        = {{plainlist|
* हेनरी जार्विस रेमंड
* जॉर्ज जोंस
}}
| circulation_date = मई (अतवार) / नवंबर (दैनिक) 2016
| slogan          = &quot;All the News That's Fit to Print&quot;
| image_size      = 250px
}}
'''''दि न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स''''' ([[अंग्रेजी]]: The New York Times) (छोट रूप में '''''NYT''''' या '''''दि टाइम्स''''') अमेरिकी [[दैनिक अखबार]] बाटे जेकर स्थापना [[न्यू यॉर्क सिटी]] में 1851 में भइल आ ई 18 सितंबर 1851 से अबतक ले लगातार छप रहल बाटे। ई अखबार ''दि न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स कंपनी'' द्वारा छापल जाला। ''दि न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स'' अबतक ले 119 गो पुलित्जर पुरस्कार पा चुकल बाटे जे कौनों अन्य अखबार से ढेर बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;Pulitzer&quot;&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=23 जून 2015 |url=http://www.nytco.com/pulitzer-prizes/|title=Pulitzer Prizes – The New York Times Company|publisher=The New York Times Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/17/nation/la-na-pulitzers-20120417|title=Pulitzer winners span old, new media|last=Rainey|first=James|author2=Garrison, Jessica |date=17 अप्रैल 2012|work= Los Angeles Times |accessdate=23 अप्रैल 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/n/newyorktimes_the/index.html|title=The New York Times |work=The New York Times|accessdate=23 अप्रैल 2012 |author=Michael Chabon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी भाषा के अखबार]]
[[श्रेणी:अमेरिका में छपे वाला अखबार]]
[[श्रेणी:न्यू यॉर्क सिटी]]


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      <text bytes="2682" sha1="tbda1f42gz2q22p3y6l279me4nt8bif" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name           = नाइट ऑफ़ कप्स
| image          = 
| alt            = 
| caption        = 
| director       = [[टेरेंस मलिक]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
*निकोलस गोंडा
*सारा ग्रीन
*केन काओ
}}
| writer         = [[टेरेंस मलिक]]
| narrator        =[[बेन किंग्सले]]
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
*Christian Bale
*Cate Blanchett
*Natalie Portman}}
| music          = हानान टाउनशेंड
| cinematography = Emmanuel Lubezki
| editing        = {{Plainlist|
*Geoffrey Richman
*Keith Fraase
*A. J. Edwards
}}
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
*Dogwood Films
*FilmNation Entertainment
*Waypoint Entertainment
}}
| distributor    = Broad Green Pictures
| released       = {{film date|2015|02|08|[[65th Berlin International Film Festival|Berlinale]]|2016|03|04|United States}}
| runtime        = 118 minutes&lt;!--Theatrical runtime: 117:57--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/knight-cups-film | title=''KNIGHT OF CUPS'' (15) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=मार्च 4, 2016 | accessdate=मार्च 4, 2016 | archive-date=2016-03-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307205141/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/knight-cups-film | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/terrence-malicks-knight-cups-gets-long-synopsis-runtime/|title=Terrence Malick's 'Knight of Cups' Gets a Long Synopsis and a Runtime|date=2 फरवरी 2015|accessdate=2 फरवरी 2015|archive-date=2015-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204052900/http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/terrence-malicks-knight-cups-gets-long-synopsis-runtime/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = यूनाइटेड स्टेट्स 
| language       = अंग्रेजी
| budget         = 
| gross          = $1.1 मिलियन&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Knight-of-Cups#tab=summary|title=Knight of Cups|website=The Numbers|accessdate=11 मई 2016|archive-date=2023-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515044330/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Knight-of-Cups#tab=summary|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| border         = no
}}
'''''नाइट ऑफ कप्स''''' ([[अंग्रेजी]]:Knight of Cups) एक ठो अमेरिकी प्रायोगिक-ड्रामा फिलिम बा जे 2016 में रिलीज भइल।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:2016 के फिलिम]]


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|name         = द जंगल बुक
|image        = File:JunglebookCover.jpg
|caption      = पहिला संस्करण के कभर फोटो
|author       = [[रुडयार्ड किपलिंग]]
|illustrator  = जॉन लाकवुड किपलिंग (रुडयार्ड के बाबूजी)
|country      = यूनाइटेड किंगडम
|language     = अंग्रेजी
|series       = दि जंगल बुक्स
|genre        = लड़िकन के किताब
|publisher    = मैकमिलन
|release_date = 1894
|isbn         = &lt;!-- NA --&gt;
|preceded_by  = &quot;इन दि रुख&quot;
|followed_by  = द सेकेंड जंगल बुक
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'''''द जंगल बुक''''' ({{Lang|en|The Jungle Book}}) अंग्रेज लेखक [[रुडयार्ड किपलिंग]] के 1894 में लिखल कहानी संग्रह हवे। एह किताब में जादातर किरदार जानवर बाड़ें, जइसे कि शेर खान बाघ आ बलू भालू। लेकिन मुख्य किरदार एगो लइका बा, जेकरा &quot;मानव बच्चा&quot; यानी मोगली कहल गइल बाटे, जेकर पालन-पोषण जंगल में भेड़ियन के झुंड कइले बा। अधिकतर कहानी भारत के जंगल में बसल बाड़ीं, आ एगो जगह &quot;सीओनी&quot; (सिवनी) के नाँव बार-बार आवेला, जे मध्य प्रदेश के बीच वाला इलाका ह।

किताब के मेन थीम लइका के छोड़ दिहल आ फिर एकरा बाद दुसरा द्वारा फिन पालन-पोषण हवे, जइसन कि मोगली के जिनगी में होखल देखावल गइल बाटे, जे किपलिंग के खुद के बचपने के झलक देवे ला। ई थीम ''रिकी-टिकी-टावी'' आ द व्हाइट सील समेत मोगली के दुश्मनन पर विजय में झलकेला। एगो अउरी महत्त्वपूर्ण थीम जंगल के कानून आ आजादी के बा; ई कहानी सभ जानवरन के व्यवहार के बारे में ना हईं, ना त ई डार्विनियन जीवित बचे के संघर्ष पर आधारित हईं, बलुक ई मानव आर्कटाइप के जानवरन के रूप में पेश करेलीं। ई कहानी सभ 'जंगल के कानून' के माध्यम से अधिकार के सम्मान, आज्ञाकारिता आ समाज में अपन स्थान के पहिचान सिखावे लीं; अलग-अलग दुनिया के बीच आवाजाही के आजादियो झलके ले, जइसे मोगली के जंगल आ गाँव के बीच आवाजाही के आजादी।

द जंगल बुक हमेसा से लोकप्रिय किताब रहल बा, आ इहे कारन बा की एकरा के फिलिम आ अन्य मीडिया में कई बेर रूपांतर भइल बाटे। स्वाति सिंह जइसन आलोचक कहले बाड़ी कि जे आलोचक लोग किपलिंग के साम्राज्यवाद थोपे के बात कहे लें, उहो लोग किपलिंग के कहानी सुनावे के ताकत के सराहे ला। ई किताब स्काउट आंदोलन पर भी असर डालले बा, जेकरे संस्थापक रॉबर्ट बैडेन-पॉवेल किपलिंग के दोस्त रहलन। पर्सी ग्रेंजर आपन ''जंगल बुक साइकिल'' नाँव के म्यूजिकल कंपोजीशन के रचना एही किताब के कोटेशन पर आधारित कइके कइलन।

एह कहानी पर कई बेर फिलिम आ एनिमिएशन सीरीज बन चुकल बा।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी-भाषा के काम]]


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| image       = Dev Patel (29870651654).jpg
| caption     =  अक्टूबर 2016 में पटेल
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|04|23}}
| birth_place = हैरो, [[लंदन]], [[इंग्लैंड]]
| occupation  = एक्टर
| years_active = 2006–अबतक ले
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'''देव पटेल''' (जनम 23 अप्रैल 1990) एक ठो भारतीय अंग्रेज एक्टर बाने। इनके 2008 में आइल फिलिम ''[[स्लमडॉग मिलियनायर]]'' में जमाल अहमद नाँव के किरदार खातिर प्रसिद्धि मिलल।

{{clear}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1990 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय अंग्रेज लोग]]


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      <text bytes="2074" sha1="1ao71d490sdbe4uwn8w16rcalhfqxmb" xml:space="preserve">[[File:8marchrallydhaka (55).JPG|thumb|[[अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नारी दिवस]] के [[ढाका]], बांग्लादेश, में 8 मार्च 2005 के आयोजित रैली में शामिल औरत लोग]]
[[file:Feminism symbol.svg|thumb]]

'''नारीवाद''' या '''औरतवाद''' ({{Lang|en|[[:en:Feminism|feminism]]}}) कई राजनीतिक आंदोलन अउरी बिचारधारा सभ, आ सामाजिक आंदोलन सभ के एकट्ठा रूप बा जेकर लक्ष्य बा: औरतन के राजीनीतिक, आर्थिक, ब्याक्तिगत आ सामाजिक अधिकार सभ के परिभाषा दिहल आ एकरा सभ के आगे बढ़ावल।&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawkesworth&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hawkesworth | first=Mary E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk |year=2006|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27 |isbn=9780742537835}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beasley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Beasley |first=Chris |title=What is Feminism? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas |year=1999|publisher=Sage |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11 |isbn=9780761963356}}&lt;/ref&gt; एह में औरतन खातिर समाज, शिक्षा आ नौकरी के क्षेत्र में बराबरी के हक दियवावल शामिल बा।

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:नारीवाद| ]]
[[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक बिचारधारा]]
[[श्रेणी:सामाजिक आंदोलन]]
[[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक आंदोलन]]


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| name =
| logo                 = The_Daily_Telegraph.png
| image                =
| image_size           =
| image_alt            =
| caption              = 
| type                 = दैनिक अखबार
| format               = [[ब्रॉडशीट]]
| owners               = [[टेलिग्राफ मीडिया समूह]]
| editor               = क्रिस इवान्स&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Fred McConnell |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jan/21/tony-gallagher-exits-daily-telegraph-editor |title=Tony Gallagher exits as Daily Telegraph editor &amp;#124; Media |work=The Guardian |date=21 जनवरी 2014 |accessdate=17 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| foundation           = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1855|6|29}}
| political            = कंजर्वेटिव (रूढ़िवादी)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-explained-newspapers-10211039.html General Election 2015 explained: Newspapers]&lt;br /&gt;Independent.&lt;br /&gt;प्रकाशित 28 अप्रैल 2015. पहुँचतिथि 9 दिसंबर 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{hlist|[[बीच-दक्खिनपंथी राजनीति|बीच-दाहिने]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3409185.stm | title=The UK's 'other paper of record' |accessdate=20 दिसंबर 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=19 जनवरी 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;b1&quot;&gt;Burnham, 1955. p. 1&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| headquarters         = 111 बकिंघम पैलेस रोड, [[लंदन]], SW1W 0DT
| circulation          = 460,054
| circulation_date     = दिसंबर 2016
| circulation_ref      = &lt;ref name= &quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Print ABCs: Seven UK national newspapers losing print sales at more than 10 per cent year on year|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/print-abcs-seven-uk-national-newspapers-losing-print-sales-at-more-than-10-per-cent-year-on-year/|website=Press Gazette|accessdate=28 जनवरी 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| sister newspapers    = ''दि संडे टेलीग्राफ''
| ISSN                 = 0307-1235
| oclc                 = 49632006&lt;!--Among others, including 6412514.--&gt;
| website              = [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ telegraph.co.uk]
| price                = [[पाउंड स्टर्लिंग|£]]0.90 &lt;small&gt;(Monday-Friday)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;£1.60 &lt;small&gt;(शनीचर)&lt;/small&gt;
| publishing_country   = यूनाइटेड किंगडम
}}

'''''दि डेली टेलिग्राफ''''', ''({{Lang|en|The Daily Telegraph}})'', [[ब्रिटिश]] राष्ट्रीय दैनिक अखबार बा जे राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर यूनाइटेड किंगडम में आ अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर सर्कुलेशन में बा। एकर सुरुआत सन् 1855 में ''दि डेली टेलिग्राफ एंड कूरियर'' के नाँव से भइल रहल।

अखबार के ब्रिटेन के राष्ट्रीय [[रिकार्ड अखबार]] के रूप में प्रतिष्ठा बाटे आ [[बीबीसी]] द्वारा एकरा के &quot;दुनिया के सभसे महान टाइटिल में से एक&quot; मानल गइल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38390488|title=What does the future hold for the Daily Telegraph?|last=Rajan|first=Amol|date=2016-12-21|newspaper=BBC News|language=en|access-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; अखबार के मोटो हवे: ''&quot;रहल, बा आ रही&quot;''{{#tag:ref|&quot;Was, is, and will be&quot;|group=&quot;नोट&quot;|name=&quot;नोट1&quot;}}।&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/3558377/The-Daily-Telegraph-motto-Was-is-and-will-be.html|title=The Daily Telegraph motto: Was, is, and will be|newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=2016-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==नोट==
&lt;references group=&quot;नोट&quot;/&gt;

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
{{Commons category|The Daily Telegraph}}
* {{official website|http://www.telegraph.co.uk/}}
* [http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/greenslade/2006/09/post_2.html Leaping into the future at ''The Telegraph''{{'}}s Camelot – from ''The Guardian''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220150028/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/greenslade/2006/09/post_2.html |date=2007-02-20 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[श्रेणी:यूनाइटेड किंगडम में छपे वाला अखबार]]
[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी भाषा के अखबार]]


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| opeditor             = मार्क हेनरी
| sportseditor         = 
| photoeditor          = 
| staff                = 
| foundation           = {{start date and age|1821|5|5|df=yes}} (मानचेस्टर गार्जियन के रूप में)
| founder              = जॉन एडवर्ड टेलर
| political            = [[बीच-बामपंथी राजनीति|बीच-बायें]]
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| ceased publication   = 
| headquarters         = किंग्स प्लेस, [[लंदन]]
| circulation          = 161,091
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| circulation_ref      = &lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Print ABCs: Seven UK national newspapers losing print sales at more than 10 per cent year on year|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/print-abcs-seven-uk-national-newspapers-losing-print-sales-at-more-than-10-per-cent-year-on-year/|website=Press Gazette|accessdate=28 जनवरी 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| sister newspapers    = ''[[दि ऑब्जर्वर]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[दि गार्जियन वीकली]]''
| ISSN                 = 0261-3077
| oclc                 = 60623878
| website              = {{url|www.theguardian.com}}
| image_border         = 
| cost                 = [[पाउंड स्टर्लिंग|£]]1.40 [[यूरो|€]]1.65 (आयरलैंड रिप॰ में)
| publishing_country   = [[यूनाइटेड किंगडम]]
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'''''दि गार्जियन''''', ''({{Lang|en|The Guardian}})'' एक ठो [[ब्रिटिश]] दैनिक अखबार बाटे।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[श्रेणी:यूनाइटेड किंगडम में छपे वाला अखबार]]
[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी भाषा के अखबार]]


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      <text bytes="2931" sha1="88xt3guhgpo97uyhyepcxr4xdyhldk2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox newspaper
| name         = द इंडिपेंडेंट
| logo         =
| image        =
| caption      =
| type         = ऑनलाइन अखबार
| format       = वेबसाइट
| owners       = अलेक्जेंडर लेबेदेव&lt;br /&gt;एव्ग्नी लेवेदेव
| publisher    = इंडिपेंडेंट प्रिंट लिमिटेड
| editor       = क्रिश्चियन ब्रावटन
| foundation   = {{start date and age|1986|10|7}}
| political    = [[उदारवाद|उदारवादी]]
| headquarters = नॉर्थक्लिफ़ हाउस
| circulation  = 57,930, सोमार से सनीचर; 97,218 अतवार (जून 2015)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/national-newspaper-abcs-june-2015-most-tabloids-suffer-double-digit-declines-sun-reclaims-sunday-top?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=2015-07-10&amp;utm_source=Press+Gazette+-+Weekly Circulation figures ''Press Gazette'' 10 July 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN         = 0951-9467
| oclc         = 185201487
| website      =
| image_size   =
| image_alt    =
| cost         = मुफ्त
| publishing_city = [[लंदन]]
| publishing_country = यूनाइटेड किंगडम
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'''''द इंडिपेंडेंट''''' ''({{Lang|en|The Independent}})'' एगो ब्रिटिश दैनिक [[ऑनलाइन अखबार]] बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC ind stop&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Independent to cease as print edition|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35561145|accessdate=12 फरवरी 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=12 फरवरी 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1986 में एक ठो राष्ट्रीय दैनिक के रूप में स्थापित ई अखबार [[लंदन]] से छपे ला, आ सन् 2010 में रूसी [[ओलिगार्क]] अलेक्जेंडर लेबेदेव एकर मालिक बनलें।&lt;ref name=&quot;i2010-03-25&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Independent titles sold to Lebedev family company |date=25 मार्च 2010 |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/independent-titles-sold-to-lebedev-family-company-1927436.html |work=The Independent |accessdate =25 मार्च 2010 |location=लंदन|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; मार्च 2016 में एकर कागजी छपल संस्करण बंद हो गइल आ अब ई ऑनलाइन उपलब्ध बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC ind stop&quot;/&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
*{{Official|www.independent.co.uk|mobile=m.independent.co.uk}}

{{authority control}}

[[श्रेणी:यूनाइटेड किंगडम में छपे वाला अखबार]]


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|name      = दक्कन हेराल्ड
|image     = 
|caption   = 
|type      = [[दैनिक अखबार]]
|format    = [[ब्रॉडशीट]]
|owners    = दि प्रिंटर्स (मैसूर) प्राइवेट लिमिटेड
|foundation = 1948
|founder   = केएन गुरुस्वामी
|political = 
|headquarters =  [[बंगलौर]], [[कर्नाटक]], [[भारत]]
|circulation = 253,108 [[दैनिक अखबार|रोज]] (जनवरी–जून 2014)
|readerhip = 458,000 (2013)
|website   = [http://www.deccanherald.com www.deccanherald.com]
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'''''दक्कन हेराल्ड''''' ({{Lang|en|''Deccan Herald''}}) भारतीय राज्य कर्नाटक के बंगलौर से छपे वाला अंग्रेजी भाषा के दैनिक अखबार बाटे। सन् 2013 में ई आपन मोबाइल, एन्ड्राॅइड आ आईफोन संस्करण लांच कइलस।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mobstac.deccanherald|title=Deccan Herald - Android Apps on Google Play|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/deccanherald/id735965368?mt=8 |title=DeccanHerald on the App Store |publisher= |access-date=2017-03-22 |archive-date=2018-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140014/https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/deccanherald/id735965368?mt=8 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी भाषा के भारतीय अखबार]]


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      <text bytes="8560" sha1="1ll2janz9vipexkxipop271kemnzykm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name                    = दिल्ली
|official_name           = दिल्ली राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र
|settlement_type         = [[संघ राज्यक्षेत्र]] आ राजधानी शहर
|image_skyline           = Delhi Montage New 2020.jpg
|image_caption           = ऊपर से घड़ी के सुई के दिसा में: अक्षरधाम मंदिर, इण्डिया गेट, जामा मस्जिद, बंगला साहिब गुरद्वार, कमल मंदिर, लाल किला, हुमायूँ के मकबरा
|image_map               = IN-DL.svg
|map_caption             = भारत में लोकेशन
|coordinates             = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type        = देस
|subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
|established_title       = बसल
|established_date        = 6वीं सदी ईसा पूर्व, 3000 B.C. (कथा अनुसार)
|established_title1      = स्थापन
|established_date1       = 1857
|established_title2      = राजधानी बनल
|established_date2       = 1911
|established_title3      = संघ रा॰ क्षेत्र स्थापना
|established_date3       = 1956
|established_title4      = रा॰रा॰क्षे॰&lt;ref name=NCTact/&gt;
|established_date4       = 1 फरवरी 1992 
| seat_type              = राजधानी
| seat                   = [[नई दिल्ली]]
| parts_type             = जिला
| parts_style            = para
| p1                     = 11
|leader_party            =  
|leader_title            = ले॰ गवर्नर
|leader_name             = अनिल बैजल&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया]]|location =Delhi|date=31 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title1           = मुख्यमंत्री
|leader_name1            = [[अरविंद केजरीवाल]] ([[आम आदमी पार्टी|AAP]]) 
| total_type             = [[संघ राज्यक्षेत्र]]&lt;!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --&gt;
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total_km2 = 1484.0
|area_total_sq_mi = 573.0
|area_water_sq_mi = 6.9
|area_rank = 31&lt;sup&gt;वाँ&lt;/sup&gt;
|elevation_m = 200–250
|elevation_ft = 650–820
&lt;!-- Population, demographics --&gt;
|population_total = 16,787,941
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2011.co.in Delhi&quot;/&gt;
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_sq_mi = 29,298
|population_urban = 16,349,831&lt;!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--&gt; (2&lt;sup&gt;सरा&lt;/sup&gt;)
|population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;delhi2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations &amp; Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 फरवरी 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_blank1_title   = शहर
|population_blank1=11,034,555 (2&lt;sup&gt;सरा&lt;/sup&gt;)
|population_blank1_footnotes=&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011.co.in Delhi&quot;/&gt;
|population_blank2_title  = मेट्रो (2016)
|population_blank2        = 26,454,000&lt;!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--&gt;
|population_blank2_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNcities2016&quot;/&gt;
|population_demonym       = 
|postal_code_type         = [[पिनकोड]]
|postal_code              = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX]
|area_code                = +91 11
|iso_code                 = [[:en:ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]]
|blank_name_sec1          = मेट्रो जीडीपी
|blank_info_sec1          = $167 to $370 billion ([[पीपीपी]])
|website                  = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} 
|demographics_type1 = भाषा
|demographics1_title1 = ऑफिशियल
|demographics1_info1 = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OLA 2000&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&amp;lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|demographics1_title2 = अन्य ऑफिशियल
|demographics1_info2 = [[पंजाबी भाषा|पंजाबी]], [[उर्दू]]
|blank3_name = 
|blank3_info = 
|timezone =  [[भारतीय मानक समय|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
}}
'''दिल्ली''' चाहे '''दिल्ली राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र (NTC)''' [[भारत]] के राजधानी आ [[संघ राज्य क्षेत्र]] हवे। दिल्ली के तीन ओर से [[हरियाणा]] आ पूरुब में [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] से बाडर बने ला। बरिस 2011 के जनगणना के आँकड़ा अनुसार, प्रापर दिल्ली नगर के कुल जनसंख्या 110 लाख (11 मिलियन) से बेसी रहल, मने कि भारत में [[मुंबई]] के बाद एकर दुसरा स्थान रहल; मय एनटीसी के जनसँख्या लमसम 168 लाख रहल। दिल्ली के नगरी इलाका अब अउरी बिस्तार वाला परिभाषा के साथे देखल जा रहल बा आ फरीदाबाद, गुड़गांव, नोएडा आ गाजियाबाद नियर इलाका सभ के [[राष्ट्रिय राजधानी क्षेत्र (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय राजधानी क्षेत्र (एनसीआर)]] के रूप में साल 2016 में अनुमानित जनसंख्या 23 मिलियन से बेसी रहल। एह परिभाषा के हिसाब से, [[यूनाइटेड नेशंस]] एकरा के दुनिया के दुसरा सभसे बड़ शहरी इलाका मान रहल बा। 2016 के आर्थिक स्थिति के अनुमान सभ के आधार पर ई भारत के या त सभसे बेसी या फिर दुसरा नमर के सभसे ढेर उत्पादक मेट्रो एरिया बाटे। ई भारत में दुसरा सभसे धनी शहर भी बा, मुंबई के बाद, इहाँ कुल धन $450 बिलियन आँकल गइल बा आ एह शहर में 18 गो बिलियनायर आ 23,000 मिलियनायर लोग निवास करत बा।

{{clear}}

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[राष्ट्रिय राजधानी क्षेत्र (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय राजधानी क्षेत्र]]
* [[नई दिल्ली]]
* [[पांडिचेरी]]
* [[भारत के राजधानी शहर]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
* {{official website|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/index.jsp Official Tourism Site of Delhi, India]
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi Delhi] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry

{{Geographic location
|Centre = दिल्ली
|North = [[हरियाणा]]
|East = [[उत्तर प्रदेश]]
|South = [[हरियाणा]]
|West = [[हरियाणा]]
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली| ]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत|*]]
[[श्रेणी:दसलाखी शहर]]


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      <text bytes="11205" sha1="tghp5yr14lj8rj1xdc0cw17a4itttj8" xml:space="preserve">{{Technical title}}
[[File:Global Temperature Anomaly.svg|thumb|320 px|alt=refer to caption|1880 से 2016 के बीच बैस्विक औसत सतही-तापमान के बदलाव के ट्रेंड, 1951–1980 के औसत के तुलना में। करिया रेखा - बैस्विक सालाना औसत, लाल रेखा - पाँच साल के खिड़की से स्मूथ कइल, आ नीला रंग से 95% बिस्वास इंटरवल।]]

'''ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंग''' ({{Langx|en|global warming}}), मने कि '''बैस्विक गरमाव''' आ '''जलवायु में बदलाव''' ({{Langx|en|climate change}})&lt;!-- DO NOT WIKILINK &quot;जलवायु बदलाव&quot; because here it is being used in the colloquial sense and means the current climate change; this is the article about that topic. A short explanation and wikilink for the article titled &quot;Climate change&quot; is in the hatnote right before this sentence.--&gt; पछिला लगभग एक सदी के समय में [[पृथिवी]] के [[जलवायु|जलवायु सिस्टम]] में औसत तापमान के बढ़ती आ एकरा से जुड़ल परभाव सभ खातिर इस्तेमाल होखे वाला शब्दावली हईं सऽ।&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20151128-jg&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Gillis |first=Justin |title=Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/28/science/what-is-climate-change.html |date=28 November 2015 |work=[[दि न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स]] |accessdate=29 November 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|year=1989|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic19simp|last=Simpson|first=John|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=(Global warming is a) gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFC’s, and other pollutants.|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; कई तरह के बैज्ञानिक सबूत ई देखा रहल बाने कि [[जलवायु|जलवायु सिस्टम]] गरम हो रहल बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|chapter=2: Observations: Atmosphere and Surface|author=Hartmann, D. L.; Klein Tank, A. M. G.; Rusticucci, M.|year=2013|chapter-url=http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter02_FINAL.pdf |page=198|quote=Evidence for a warming world comes from multiple independent climate indicators, from high up in the atmosphere to the depths of the oceans. They include changes in surface, atmospheric and oceanic temperatures; glaciers; snow cover; sea ice; sea level and atmospheric water vapour. Scientists from all over the world have independently verified this evidence many times.|title=IPCC WGI AR5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Myth vs Facts....|url=http://epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment/myths-facts.html|publisher=EPA (US)|year=2013|access-date=2017-05-04|archive-date=2011-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206110610/http://epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment/myths-facts.html|url-status=dead}}The U.S. Global Change Research Program, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have each independently concluded that warming of the climate system in recent decades is 'unequivocal'. This conclusion is not drawn from any one source of data but is based on multiple lines of evidence, including three worldwide temperature datasets showing nearly identical warming trends as well as numerous other independent indicators of global warming (e.g., rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-20151129&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |title=Earth is a wilder, warmer place since last climate deal made |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151129/eu-climate-countdown-since-1997-edf9d62e51.html |date=29 November 2015 |accessdate=29 November 2015 |archive-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202040332/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151129/eu-climate-countdown-since-1997-edf9d62e51.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; उन्नईसवीं सदी के बीच के दौर में तापमान नापे खातिर अइसन बैज्ञानिक उपकरण सभ के बिकास भइल जे 1950 से पहिले मौजूद भी ना रहलें आ इनहन से नापल रिकार्ड में पुराजलवायु बिज्ञान के रिकार्ड सभ के जोड़ के हजार साल से भी पाछे के जलवायु के बारे में जानल जा सकत बा।&lt;ref&gt;IPCC, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis - Summary for Policymakers, Observed Changes in the Climate System, [http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf p. 4], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}}.  &quot;Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

साल 2013 में [[आइपीसीसी]] (IPCC) के पाँचवा रपट में ई साफ़ कहल गइल कि &quot;बीसवीं सदी के मध्य के बाद से गरमाहट में जवन बढ़ती देखल जा रहल बा ओकर सभसे प्रमुख कारण मनुष्य के प्रभाव के होखले के ''बहुत ढेर संभावना'' बा&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;It is ''extremely likely'' that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.&quot; IPCC, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis - Summary for Policymakers, Observed Changes in the Climate System, [http://www.climatechange2013.org/spm p. 15], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt; सभसे बड़ा पैमाना पर मनुष्य के परभाव [[ग्रीनहाउस गैस]] - [[कार्बनडाई आक्साइड]], [[मीथेन]], [[नाइट्रस ऑक्साइड]] वगैरह के वातावरण में छोड़ले के रूप में बा। रपट में जलवायु मॉडल सभ के भबिस्यानुमान (प्रोजेक्शन) के सारांश ई बतावत बाड़ें की 21वीं सदी में औसत सतही तापमान {{convert|0.3|to|1.7|C-change|1}} ले अउरी बढ़ले के संभावना बा अगर अनुमान कम से कम के बारे में लगावल जाय आ अधिक से अधिक ई {{convert|2.6|to|4.8|C-change|1}} तक ले भी हो सकेला।&lt;ref&gt;Stocker ''et al.'', [http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_TS_FINAL.pdf Technical Summary], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के परभाव पूरा बिस्व के हर इलाका में बराबर ना होखी, बलुक ई एक प्रदेश से दूसरा प्रदेश के बीच अलग-अलग मात्र में रही।&lt;ref&gt;
{{citation
 | author=Parry, M.L.
 | url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/tssts-4-2.html |title=Box TS.6. The main projected impacts for regions
 | chapter=Technical summary
 | chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ts.html
|display-authors=etal}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG2|2007|pp=59–63}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Solomon ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ts.html Technical Summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128003303/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ts.html |date=2018-11-28 }},
[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts-5-3.html Section TS.5.3: Regional-Scale Projections], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; गरमाहट में बढती के फल के रूप में ई अनुमान लगावल गइल बा कि एकरा से पूरा बिस्व के ताप बढ़ी, [[समुंद्र तल में उठान]] होखी, [[बरखा]] के पैटर्न में बदलाव होखी आ [[उपोष्णकटिबंध]] में [[रेगिस्तान]] सभ के बिस्तार बढ़ी।&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite journal
 |last1= Lu       |first1= Jian
 |last2= Vechhi   |first2= Gabriel A.
 |last3= Reichler |first3= Thomas
 |title= Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming
 |journal= Geophysical Research Letters
 |volume=34 |issue= 6 |page= L06805
 |year= 2007
 |url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006GL028443/epdf
 |format=PDF
 |doi=10.1029/2006GL028443
 |bibcode=2007GeoRL..3406805L
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[पेरिस समझौता]]
* [[जलवायु बदलाव]]
* [[ग्रीनहाउस गैस]]
* [[पर्यावरण पर मनुष्य के परभाव]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
* [http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ NASA: जलवायु बदलाव: हमनी के कइसे मालुम बा?] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-overview.html बैस्विक गरमाव का बा?] – नेशनल ज्याग्राफिक {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/indicators/ बैस्विक जलवायु बदलाव सूचक] – NOAA {{in lang|en}}
* [http://geology.com/sea-level-rise/ बैस्विक समुंद्र तल उठान] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.cop21paris.org/ पेरिस जलवायु सम्मलेन] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://www.bbc.com/hindi/science-48234082 ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंग को ख़त्म करने का मास्टर प्लान], पल्लब घोष, बीबीसी हिंदी पर। {{In lang|hi}}

[[श्रेणी:ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंग| ]]
[[श्रेणी:जलवायु बदलाव]]
[[श्रेणी:जलवायु इतिहास]]
[[श्रेणी:आर्थिक समस्या]]
[[श्रेणी:पर्यावरण पर मनुष्य के परभाव]]
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'''पर्यावरणी गिरावट''' (Environmental degradation) चाहे '''पर्यावरणी क्षय''', [[हवा]], [[पानी]] आ [[माटी]] नियर [[प्राकृतिक संसाधन]] सभ के क्षय के कारण; [[इकोसिस्टम]] के बिनास; [[हैबिटाट बिनास]]; जंगली जियाजन्तु के बिनास; आ [[प्रदूषण]] पर्यावरण के गुणवत्ता में कमी हवे। पर्यावरणी गिरावट में कौनों भी अइसन बदलाव के शामिल कइल जा सके ला जवना क परभाव बिनासक या फिर अनचाहल होखे।&lt;ref&gt;Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 581-589.&lt;/ref&gt;

पर्यावरणी गिरावट के [[यूनाइटेड नेशंस]] के खतरा, चुनौती आ बदलाव पर पैनल द्वारा सभसे प्रमुख दस गो खतरा सभ में गिनावल गइल बाटे। यूनाइटेड नेशंस के आफत-बिपत कम करे खातिर इंटरनेशनल रणनीति में पर्यावरणी गिरावट के &quot;सामाजिक आ इकोलॉजिकल लक्ष्य आ जरूरत सभ के हासिल करे में पर्यावरण के क्षमता में कमी&quot; के रूप में परिभाषित कइल गइल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm |title=ISDR : Terminology |publisher=The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction |access-date=2010-06-09 |date=2004-03-31 |quote=the reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives, and needs. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103034845/http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm |archive-date=2013-01-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; पर्यावरणी गिरावट भा पर्यावरणी क्षय कई रूप में हो रहल बाटे। [[हैबिटाट बिनास|प्राकृतिक पर्यावास (हैबिटाट) के बिनास]] होखे चाहे प्राकृतिक संसाधन सभ के क्षय होखे, पर्यावरणी गिरावट भा क्षय होखे ला। एह समस्या से लड़े खातिर पर्यावरणी सुरक्षा आ पर्यावरणी संसाधन मैनेजमेंट उपाय बाड़ें। खराब किसिम के मैनेजमेंट जवना से पर्यावरण के क्वालिटी में गिरावट आवत होखे पर्यावरणी संघर्ष आ संकट सभ के जनम देलें, बिभिन्न समुदाय सभ अइसन खराब मैनेजमेंट के खिलाफत क सके ला।

{{clear}}
== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[हैबिटाट बिनास]]
* [[जैवविविधता]]
* [[प्रदूषण]]
* [[पर्यावरण पर मनुष्य के परभाव]]
* [[पर्यावरणी मुद्दा|पर्यावरणी समस्या आ मुद्दा]]

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:पर्यावरण पर मनुष्य के परभाव]]
[[श्रेणी:पर्यावरण बिज्ञान]]
[[श्रेणी:पर्यावरण]]

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'''नामाका गिरगिट''' नीमीबियाई रेगिस्तान में पावल जाए वाला गिरगिट हवे। ई 25 सेंटीमीटर लंबाई वाला हो सके ला आ रेगिस्तानी आबोहवा में रहे खातिर खास क्षमता वाला होला, जइसे की ई मौसम अनुसार आपन शरीर के तापमान के कंट्रोल करे खातिर रंग बदल सके ला। [[नामीबिया]], [[दक्खिन अफिरका]] आ दक्खिनी [[अंगोला]] में पावल जाला।

{{clear}}

[[श्रेणी:गिरगिट]]


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| name                = धर्मेंद्र
| image               = Shri Dharmendra Deol on April 04, 2012.jpg
| caption             = 2012 में धर्मेंद्र
| office              = [[लोक सभा]] [[सांसद]]
| term_start          = 13 मई 2004
| term_end            = 16 मई 2009
| predecessor         = रामेश्वर लाल डूडी
| successor           = अर्जुन राम मेघवाल
| constituency        = बीकानेर
| birth_name          = धर्मेंद्र केवल किशन देओल
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1935|12|08|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[नसराली]], [[पंजाब प्रांत (ब्रिटिश भारत)|पंजाब, ब्रिटिश भारत]]&lt;br/&gt;(अब [[पंजाब]], भारत)
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2025|11|24|1935|12|08|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[मुंबई]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], भारत
| citizenship         = [[ब्रिटिश राज|ब्रिटिश भारतीय]] (1935–1947)&lt;br /&gt;[[भारतीय]] (1947–2025)
| other_names         = 
| party               = [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]]
| spouse              = {{ublist|{{marriage|प्रकाश कौर|1954}}|{{marriage|[[हेमा मालिनी]]|1980}}}}
| children            = 6, जेह में सनी देओल, बॉबी देओल आ ईशा देओल सामिल बा लोग
| relatives           = 
| alma_mater          = रामगढ़िया कॉलेज, [[फगवाड़ा]]&lt;br /&gt;[[पंजाब यूनिवर्सिटी, चंडीगढ़]]
| occupation          = {{hlist|एक्टर|राजनीतिक नेता}}
| awards              = [[पद्मभूषण]] (2012)
| signature           = Autograph Dharmendra.svg
| nickname            = {{hlist|''ही-मैन''|''गरम धरम''}}
| width               = 
}}
'''धर्मेंद्र केवल किशन देओल''' (8 दिसंबर 1935 — 24 नवंबर 2025), जिनका के '''धर्मेंद्र''' नाँव से जानल जाय, [[भारतीय सिनेमा]] एक्टर, प्रोड्यूसर आ राजनीतिक नेता रहलें, जे मुख्य रूप से हिंदी फिलिम इंडस्ट्री में आपन काम खातिर जानल जालें। ऊ भारतीय सिनेमा के इतिहास में सबसे महान, सबसे सफल आ सबसे आकर्षक फिल्म स्टार लोगन में गिनल जात रहलें। 65 साल के करियर में धर्मेंद्र 300 से बेसी फिलिम सभ में काम कइलन। हिंदी सिनेमा में सभसे बेसी हिट फिलिम सभ में एक्टिंग करे के रिकॉर्डवो उनहीं के नाँवे बाटे।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
{{commonscat|Dharmendra}}

{{भारतीय फिलिम एक्टर लोग की सूची}}

[[श्रेणी:भारतीय पुरुष फिलिम एक्टर]]
[[श्रेणी:1935 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:2025 में निधन]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम एक्टर]]


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      <text bytes="1729" sha1="ow3v6716rvbhcxeu398m2hi0973t9sx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Naseeruddin Shah
| image              = Naseeruddin Shah.jpg
| caption            = 
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1950|7|20|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| yearsactive        = 1972–present
| nationality        = [[भारत]]n
| spouse             = Parveen Murad, also known as Manara Sikri (deceased)&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[[Ratna Pathak]]|1982}}
| children           = 3, including [[Imaad Shah|Imaad]], [[Vivaan Shah|Vivaan]]
| alma_mater         = [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[National School of Drama]]
| occupation         = Actor, Environmentalist
| birth_name         = Naseeruddin Shah
| relatives          = [[Zameerud-din Shah]] (brother)&lt;br&gt;[[Dina Pathak]] (mother-in-law)&lt;br&gt;[[Supriya Pathak]] (sister-in-law)&lt;br&gt;[[Mohommed Ali Shah]] (nephew)
| awards             = [[Padma Bhushan]], [[Padma Shri]], [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]
| notable_works      = 
| signature          = 
| signature_alt      = &lt;!-- Naseeruddin Shah Signature--&gt;
}}
'''नसीरुद्दीन शाह''' एक ठो [[भारतीय सिनेमा|भारतीय फिलिम]] [[एक्टर]] बाने।

{{clear}}
==इहो देखल जाय==

==बाहरी कड़ी==
{{commonscat|Naseeruddin Shah}}

{{भारतीय फिलिम एक्टर लोग की सूची}}

[[श्रेणी:भारतीय पुरुष फिलिम एक्टर]]
[[श्रेणी:1950 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम एक्टर]]


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      <text bytes="3752" sha1="sqff6wa7osimfrov1778pis0kk7ve4h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox cultivar
| name = ''आम'' 'दसहरी'
| image = Dosehri.JPG
| genus = ''[[आम]]''
| cultivar = 'दशहरी'
| origin = [[भारत]]
}}
[[चित्र:'Dasheri' mango.jpg|thumb|left|दसहरी आम]]
[[चित्र:'Dasheri' mango (sliced).jpg|thumb|'दसहरी' आम (कटा हुआ)]]
'''दसहरी''' भा '''दशहरी''' [[आम]] के एक ठो किसिम हवे। [[भारतीय आम]] के ई किसिम खाली भारते में ना बलुक बिस्व के कई देसन में पसंद कइल जाला। मूल रूप से ई [[लखनऊ]] के लगे मलीहाबाद से कुछ दूर पर मौजूद दशहरी नाँव के गाँव&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Rishi |url=https://www.gaonconnection.com/up-election-2017/malihabad-lucknow-dussehri-gaon-malihabad-uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017-election-issue-dussehri-mango-protection |title=अतीत के पन्नों में न खो जाए दशहरी आम, कभी नहीं बनता चुनावी मुद्दा |publisher=Gaonconnection.com |date=2017-01-31 |accessdate=2017-05-30 |archive-date=2021-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016062717/https://www.gaonconnection.com/up-election-2017/malihabad-lucknow-dussehri-gaon-malihabad-uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017-election-issue-dussehri-mango-protection |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=रामदत्त त्रिपाठी बीबीसी संवाददाता, लखनऊ |url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2010/07/100707_dashehri_demo_ac.shtml |title=BBC Hindi - भारत - दशहरी गाँव को कूड़ाघर बनाने का विरोध |publisher=Bbc.com |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2017-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; के एक ठो आम के फेड़ से जनमल किसिम हवे। दशहरी गाँव में एकर मूल फेड़ अभिन ले मौजूद बा आ इतिहासी चीज मानल जाला आ लगभग 200 साल पुरान फेड़ हवे।

एकरा के आमतौर पर मलीहाबादी भी कहल जाला। भारत में एकरा के पसंद कइल जाला आ अउरी देसन के भी एह आम के निर्यात कइल जाला। जवना बाहर के देसन में ई आम भेजल जाला उनहन में अरब देस, मध्य पूर्व के देस आ [[अमेरिका]] प्रमुख बाने आ हाल के खबर के मोताबिक ई आम अब [[रूस]] के बजार में भी भेजल जाई।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaldastak.com/story/view/dashahri-mango-export-for-russia |title=अब रूस के बाजार में भी मिलेगा दशहरी आम |publisher=Nationaldastak.com |date=2016-05-04 |accessdate=2017-05-31 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[लंगड़ा]]
* [[नीलम (आम)|नीलम]]
* [[आम्रपाली (आम)|आम्रपाली]]

== संदर्भ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{आम}}

[[श्रेणी:आम के भारतीय किसिम]]
[[श्रेणी:आम के किसिम]]


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| name              = नामचा बरवा
| photo             = Namcha Barwa from the west.jpg
| photo_caption     = नामचा बरवा, पच्छिम से देखे पर
| elevation_m       = 7782
| elevation_ref     = &lt;ref name=&quot;peaklist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/everest.html|title=High Asia II: Himalaya of Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and adjoining region of Tibet|publisher=Peaklist.org|accessdate=2014-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[List of highest mountains|Ranked 28th]]&lt;/small&gt;
| prominence_m      = 4106
| prominence_ref    = &lt;ref name=&quot;peaklist&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 19th]]&lt;/small&gt;
| map               = &lt;!-- China Tibet topography --&gt;&lt;!-- नामौजूद नक्शा --&gt;
| map_caption       = पूरबी तिब्बत में लोकेशन 
| map_size          =
| label_position    =
| listing           = अल्ट्रा
| location          = [[तिब्बत]]&lt;br&gt;[[मीडोंग काउंटी]]&lt;br&gt;मैकमोहन रेखा के उत्तर में
| range             = [[हिमालय]]
| coordinates       = {{coord|29|37|45|N|95|03|21|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref   = &lt;ref name=&quot;peaklist&quot;/&gt;
| first_ascent      = 1992, चीनी-जापानी दल
| easiest_route     = SSW ridge on rock, snow and ice
}}
'''नामचा बरवा''' [[हिमालय]] परबत श्रेणी के एक ठो चोटी बाटे आ परंपरागत परिभाषा के अनुसार, जेह में हिमालय के बिस्तार [[सिंधु नदी|सिंधु गॉर्ज]] से ले के [[ब्रह्मपुत्र]] नदी के मोड़ ले मानल जाला, ई चोटी हिमालय के सभसे पूरबी ऊँच चोटी हवे।

{{clear}}
==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[हिमालय]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:सात हजारी परबत चोटी]]
[[श्रेणी:हिमालय]]


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      <text bytes="1919" sha1="aix1unlutji3ri3mhklwd981ouro5tg" xml:space="preserve">{{about|पालतू प्रजाति|अउरी दूसर अरथ|मुर्गा (बहुअर्थी)|पकवान|चिकन}}
{{Taxobox
 | name          = देसी मुर्गा&lt;br&gt;Chicken
 | status        = DOM
 | image         = Male and female chicken sitting together.jpg
 | image_caption = मुर्गा (बायें) आ मुर्गी (दहिने)
 | regnum        = [[Animal]]ia
 | phylum        = [[Chordata]]
 | classis       = [[Aves]]
 | ordo          = [[Galliformes]]
 | familia       = [[Phasianidae]]
 | subfamilia    = [[Phasianinae]]
 | genus         = ''[[जंगली मुर्गा|Gallus]]''
 | species       = ''[[लाल जंगली मुर्गा|G. gallus]]''
 | subspecies    = '''''G. g. domesticus'''''
 | trinomial    = ''Gallus gallus domesticus''
 | trinomial_authority  =([[लिंनायस]], 1758)
}}
'''देसी मुर्गा''' या '''मुर्गा''' या '''चिकन''' ''(Gallus gallus domesticus)'', [[जंगली मुर्गा]] सभ के पालतू बनावल प्रजाति हवे जेकरा के अंडा आ माँस खातिर पोसल जाला। ई दुनिया के सभसे प्रचलित मांसाहार में से एक बा। इनहने के एक ठो खास नसल [[ब्रायलर|ब्रायलर मुर्गा]] हवे जे मुर्गी फारम सभ में मुख्य रूप से माँस खातिर पोसल जाला।

{{clear}}
==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[मुर्गा]]
* [[जंगली मुर्गा]]
* [[कड़कनाथ]]
* [[भारत के चिरई]]

[[श्रेणी:भारत के चिरई]]


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|italic title   =
|name           = दादा कामरेड
|image          = 
|image_size     = 
|caption        = 
|alt            = 
|author         = [[यशपाल]]
|title_orig     = 
|orig_lang_code = 
|title_working  = 
|translator     = 
|illustrator    = 
|cover_artist   = 
|country        = भारत
|language       = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
|subject        = 
|genre          = उपन्यास
|published      = लोकभारती प्रकाशन (राजकमल प्रकाशन) (भारत), 1941
|media_type     = छापा (हार्डबैक &amp; पेपरबैक)
|pages          = 136
|awards         = 
|isbn           = 9788180313721
|oclc           = 
|dewey          = 891.433
|congress       = 
|wikisource     = 
|exclude_cover  = 
}}

'''''दादा कामरेड''''' [[हिंदी भाषा]] के एगो उपन्यास बा। एकर लेखक [[यशपाल]] रहलें। ''दादा कामरेड'' यशपाल के पहिला उपन्यास हवे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | jstor=40873491 | title=Yashpal : Fighter For Freedom -- Writer For Justice | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-south-asian-literature_fall-1977-summer-1978_13_1-4/page/n72 | author=Corinne Friend | journal=Journal of South Asian Literature | year=1977–1978 | volume=13 | issue=1/4 | pages=65–90}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदी भाषा के उपन्यास]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय उपन्यास]]


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| author       = जॉर्ज आर॰ आर॰ मार्टिन
| language     = [[अंग्रेजी]]
| country      = [[यूनाइटेड स्टेट्स]]
| genre        = फैंटेसी
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| caption      =
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| pub_date     =
| pages        =
| preceded_by  = अ डांस विद ड्रैगन्स
| followed_by  = अ ड्रीम ऑफ स्प्रिंग
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'''''दि विंड्स ऑफ विंटर''''' [[अंग्रेजी|अंग्रेजी भाषा]] में छपे वाला उपन्यास बा जेकर लेखक जॉर्ज आर॰ आर॰ मार्टिन बाने। ई उपन्यास मार्टिन के उपन्यास सीरीज ''अ सांग ऑफ आइस एंड फायर'' के छठवाँ भाग होखी। मार्टिन के अनुसार एह सिरीज के अंतिम दू उपन्यास बहुत बड़हन होखिहें (मैनुस्क्रिप्ट पन्ना 1,500+ हरेक के होखी)।

जनवरी 2017 में मार्टिन ई घोषणा कइलेन कि, उनके बिस्वास बा कि &quot;एह साल&quot; ई उपन्यास छप जाई, एह साल से उनके इशारा 2017 रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://grrm.livejournal.com/515302.html |title=Doom, Despair, Defeat |publisher=Not a Blog |accessdate=11 जनवरी 2017 |date=9 जनवरी 2017 |author=Martin, George R. R.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/01/10/george-r-r-martin-winds-of-winter-release-2017-date/ |title=George R.R. Martin on Winds of Winter release date: 'I think this year' |publisher=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=11 जनवरी 2017 |date=11 जनवरी 2017 |author=Hibberd, James}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी-भाषा के उपन्यास]]
[[श्रेणी:अमेरिकी उपन्यास]]
[[श्रेणी:भबिस्य में छपे वाली किताब]]


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      <text bytes="2841" sha1="71both5g2lncad2p2zyxibm9090imv7" xml:space="preserve">'''देसभाषा''', '''देसी भाषा''', '''जनभाषा''' या '''''वर्नाक्यूलर''''' अइसन भाषा या बोली के कहल जाला जे कौनों खास समुदाय या भूगोलीय इलाका के लोग द्वारा (अनौपचारिक रूप से) बोलल जाए वाली भाषा होखे, जबकि ओ लोग के साहित्य के भाषा, राष्ट्रभाषा, मानक भाषा या संपर्क भाषा कौनों दूसर होखे। कई लोग ''वर्नाक्यूलर'' के इस्तेमाल ''नॉन-स्टैंडर्ड डायलेक्ट'', यानि अइसन बोली जेकरा मानक दर्जा न मिलल होखे, खातिर करे ला।

==कांसेप्ट==
देसभाषा या वर्नाक्यूलर के पहिचान अक्सरहा कुछ अन्य तरह के भाषा सभ से बिभेद देखा के कइल जाला। यानि ई अइसन कांसेप्ट हवे जे दूसरा से तुलना क के परिभाषित कइल जाला:

===आम भाषाबिज्ञान में===
# ''[[लिंगुआ फ्रैंका]]'' (संपर्क भाषा) से अलग ब्यक्ति के जवन मूल भाषा बा ओकरा के देसभाषा (वर्नाक्यूलर) कहल जा सके ला।
# डायग्लॉसिया (भाषाई वर्चस्व) के तहत कमजोर, हीन भा तुच्छ बूझल जाए वाली भाषा।

===समाजभाषाबिज्ञान में ===
# सामजिक स्थिति के अनुसार, माहौल के तत्कालीन स्थिति में, अनौपचारिक भाषारूप (रजिस्टर)।
# गैर-मानक बोली
# काल्पनिक भाषा के रूप में, जहाँ ई वास्तव में भाषा या बोली ना बलुक कुछ अटोव (एब्सट्रैक्ट) चलन (नॉर्म) के समूह भर मान लिहल जाय।

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[लिंगुआ फ्रैंका]]
* [[राष्ट्रभाषा]]

[[श्रेणी:भाषा बिज्ञान]]
[[श्रेणी:भाषा]]


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      <text bytes="755" sha1="33imzov7bhskqfzqoircyw7r221yy54" xml:space="preserve">'''''थोर: राग्नारोक''''' (''Thor: Ragnarok'') एगो अमेरिकी फिलिम बा। ई मार्वल कॉमिक्स के सुपरहीरो थोर पर आधारित बा आ वाल्ट डिज्नी द्वारा एकर बितरण कइल गइल। फिलिम के डाइरेक्टर ताईका वाईतीती बाने आ इ फिलिम 3 नवंबर 2017 में रिलीज भइल।

[[श्रेणी:अमेरिकी फिलिम]]
[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी-भाषा के फिलिम]]
[[श्रेणी:2017 के फिलिम]]


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    <title>प्राइवेसी के अधिकार</title>
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      <text bytes="4529" sha1="jf02mbjvcy9ngtl6opr071gv326hnpd" xml:space="preserve">'''प्राइवेसी के अधिकार''' भा '''''राइट टू प्राइवेसी''''' (Right to privacy) एगो कानूनी अधिकार ह जे सरकार भा कवनो अउरी दूसर पार्टी के, केहू आम ब्यक्ति के प्राइवेसी (एकांतता भा निजता) के खतरा या नोकसान चहुँपावे से रोके ला। ई अधिकार दुनिया के करीब 150 से ज्यादा संबिधान सभ में बर्णित बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;https://www.constituteproject.org/search?lang=en&amp;key=privacy&lt;/ref&gt;

हाल में, [[भारत]] में एह अधिकार पर बहस हो रहल बा&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=किस देश में कितनी सुरक्षित है नागरिकों की सूचना|url=http://www.dw.com/hi/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE/g-39755799|website=dw.com/hi|publisher=रेडियो डायेचविले|accessdate=28 जुलाई 2017|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;, मामिला सुप्रीम कोर्ट के सोझा बाटे आ नौ गो जज लोग के बेंच एह मामिला पर बिचार क रहल बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;dw28Jul2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=निजता का अधिकार मौलिक अधिकार है या नहीं|url=http://www.dw.com/hi/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82/a-39756087|website=dw.com/hi|publisher=रेडियो दायेचविले|accessdate=28 जुलाई 2017|language=hi|date=19 जुलाई 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==परिभाषा==
मरियम वेबस्टर डिक्शनरी के अनुसार, &quot;(राइट ऑफ प्राइवेसी) केहू ब्यक्ति के निजी मामिला में (बिना अधिकार बाहरी) प्रवेश भा (निजी चीज के) पब्लिसिटी से आजाद रहे के अधिकार ह{{efn|the right of a person to be free from intrusion into or publicity concerning matters of a personal nature&quot; - Merriam-Webster.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/legal/right%20of%20privacy&lt;/ref&gt;}}। एकर परिभाषा कई तरह से दिहल जाले, हालाँकि भारत के सुप्रीम कोर्ट में चालू एगो सुनवाई के दौरान कोर्ट के कहनाम रहल कि ‘राइट टू प्राइवेसी' के एक ठो मूलभूत अधिकार माने से पहिले एकरा के सही तरह से परिभाषित कइल जरूरी होखी आ निजता यानि प्राइवेसी के सगरी तत्वन के बिल्कुल ठीक तरह से परिभाषित कइल लगभग असंभव बा। जस्टिस चंद्रचूड़ एह मामिला में कहलें कि प्राइवेसी के कवनो भी परिभाषा दिहल जाय, असल में एह तरीका से प्राइवेसी के दायरा किकुर के छोटे होखी।&lt;ref name=&quot;dw28Jul2017&quot; /&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[मूल अधिकार]]
* [[भारत में मूल अधिकार]]

==नोट==
&lt;references group=&quot;नोट&quot;/&gt;
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:नागरिक अधिकार आ आजादी]]


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| caption       = 
| director      = निकोलाज आर्सेल
| producer      = {{plainlist|
* अकीवा गोल्ड्समैन
* ब्रायन ग्रेजर
* रॉन हार्वर्ड
* स्टीफेन किंग
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* अकीवा गोल्ड्समैन
* जेफ़ पिंकर
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* निकोलाज आर्सेल
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* इदरीस एल्बा
* मैथ्यू मककंघी
* टॉम टेलर
* क्लाउडिया किम
* फ्रान क्रांज
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| cinematography = रैस्मस वाइडबीक
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* एलन एडवर्ड
* डैन जिम्मरमैन
}}
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* मीडिया राइट्स कैपिटल
* इमैजिन एंटरटेनमेंट
* वीड रोड पिक्चर्स
}}
| distributor    = [[कोलंबिया पिक्चर्स]]
| released       = {{film date|2017|7|31|म्यूजियम ऑफ माडर्न आर्ट|2017|8|4|यूनाइटेड स्टेट्स}}
| runtime        = 95 मिनट&lt;ref name=AllMovie/&gt;
| country        = अमेरिका
| language       = अंग्रेजी
| budget         = $60 मिलियन
| gross          = 
}}

'''''दि डार्क टावर''''' (''The Dark Tower'') 2017 में आइल अमेरिकी साइंस फिक्शन फिलिम बा&lt;ref name=AllMovie&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-dark-tower-v640349 |title=The Dark Tower (2017) |publisher=AllMovie |accessdate=1 अगस्त 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; जेकर डाइरेक्टर निकोलाज आर्सेल बाने। फिलिम [[स्टीफेन किंग]] के एही नाँव के सीरीज के आगे बढ़ावे वाला हिस्सा ह। एह फिलिम में इदरीस एल्बा आ रोलैंड डेस्चेन मुख्य भूमिका में बा लोग।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/may/03/the-dark-tower-trailer-idris-elba-matthew-mcconaughey-fantasy-epic|title=The Dark Tower trailer: Idris Elba and Matthew McConaughey go to war in the fantasy epic|last=film|first=Guardian|date=2017-05-03|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-07-19|language=en|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620004006/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/may/03/the-dark-tower-trailer-idris-elba-matthew-mcconaughey-fantasy-epic|archivedate=2017-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
*{{Official website|http://www.thedarktower-movie.com}}
*{{IMDb title|1648190|The Dark Tower}}


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'''दक्खिन भारतीय सिनेमा''' [[भारत]] के दक्खिनी राज्य सभ के लोकल सिनेमा सभ के एकट्ठा संबोधन हवे; एह में तमिल, तेलुगु, कन्नड़, मलयालम आ तुलु भाषा में बने वाली फिलिम सभ के सामिल कइल जाला। ई सिनेमा सभ के इंडस्ट्री अलग-अलग भाषा के क्षेत्र अनुसार [[चेन्नई]], [[हैदराबाद]], [[बंगलौर]], [[कोच्चि]] &amp; [[त्रिवेंद्रम]], आ [[मैंगलोर]] नियर शहर सभ में स्थित बाटे।

{{clear}}

[[श्रेणी:भारतीय सिनेमा]]
[[श्रेणी:दक्खिन भारत]]


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      <text bytes="3735" sha1="i1374f52ms8lbvazwjyyec1eiz3uune" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| image        =
| caption      = ज्वार भट्टा में हुसैन
| birth_name   = 
| birth_date   = {{birth date |df=yes|1922|5|15}}
| birth_place  = उसिया दिलदारनगर, [[गाजीपुर]], [[उत्तर प्रदेश]], [[ब्रिटिश भारत]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema-scripts-a-success-story-for-five-decades/story-eIm0eF5NVInsQVT9qZp8eN.html |title=Bhojpuri cinema scripts a success story for five decades &amp;#124; entertainment |publisher=Hindustan Times |date= |accessdate=2017-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=yes|1987|10|16|1922|5|15}} 
| death_place  = [[मुंबई]], भारत
| occupation   = [[एक्टर]]&lt;br /&gt;डाइरेक्टर&lt;br /&gt;प्रोड्यूसर&lt;br /&gt;स्क्रिप्ट लेखक
| years_active = 1953–1987
| nationality  = भारतीय
}}
'''नाज़िर हुसैन''' (15 मई 1922 – 16 अक्टूबर 1987) एगो भारतीय फिलिम एक्टर, डाइरेक्टर आ प्रोड्यूसर रहलें।&lt;ref name=INA&gt;{{cite web | title=Nazir Hussain: From INA to Bollywood | date=15 May 2012 | first=Danish | last=Khan | url=http://twocircles.net/2012may15/nazir_hussain_ina_bollywood.html | publisher=TwoCircles | access-date=9 August 2017 | archive-date=24 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224180633/http://twocircles.net/2012may15/nazir_hussain_ina_bollywood.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/such-a-long-journey/558114 | title=Such a long journey | first=Jaskiran |last=Kapoor | date=23 December 2009 | newspaper=The Indian Express | accessdate=3 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://hindi.oneindia.in/movies/bollywood/deepfocus/2009/05/a-brief-history-of-bhojpuri-cinema-part-two.html | title=golden age of bhojpuri cinema | first=Jaskiran | last=Kapoor | date=8 May 2009 | newspaper=online india | accessdate=16 February 2014 | archive-date=26 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226092832/https://hindi.filmibeat.com/features/05/a-brief-history-of-bhojpuri-cinema-part-two.html%20 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.brandbharat.com/english/hindi_cinema/bhojpuri_cinema.html | title=The bhojpuri (purvanchal) film industries | first=Jaskiran | last=Kapoor | date=8 May 2009 | accessdate=16 February 2014 | archive-date=26 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226092842/http://www.brandbharat.com/english/hindi_cinema/bhojpuri_cinema.html%20 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; लगभग 500 हिंदी फिलिम सभ में चरित्र अभिनेता के भूमिका निभावे वाला नाज़िर हुसैन भोजपुरी सिनेमा के भी हस्ती रहलें आ उनुके भोजपुरी सिनेमा के पितामह कहल जाला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}
==इहो देखल जाय==
{{भारतीय फिलिम एक्टर लोग की सूची}}

[[श्रेणी:भारतीय पुरुष फिलिम एक्टर]]
[[श्रेणी:गाजीपुर जिला के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1922 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:1987 में निधन]]
[[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी सिनेमा के मरद एक्टर लोग]]


{{india-actor-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>दारा सिंह</title>
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      <text bytes="2815" sha1="0dn5d8x2astk4evd54p2l1lbt52u60i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name        = दारा सिंह
|image       = Dara Singh 1.jpg
|alt         = दारा सिंह
|caption     = Singh at [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]'s birthday party in February 2010
|birth_name  = Dara Singh Randhawa
|birth_date  = {{birth date|1928|11|19|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]&lt;ref name=&quot;toi20120712&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dara-Singh-passes-away/articleshow/14838702.cms |title=Dara Singh Passes Away |date=12 July 2012 |work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया |accessdate=2016-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|death_date  = {{death date and age|2012|7|12|1928|11|19|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], [[भारत]]
|death_cause = [[Heart attack]]
|height      = 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)&lt;ref name=height&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&amp;dat=19660509&amp;id=bt8jAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=yScEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3133,7086073&amp;hl=en |title=Wrestler Finds Acting Easy, Is Idol Of India's Morie Fans, p.2 |publisher=[[The Milwaukee Journal]] |date=9 May 1966 |location=[[Bombay]] |accessdate= }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|yearsactive = 1947–1983 (wrestler) &lt;br&gt; 1950–2012 (actor) &lt;br&gt; 2003-2009 (politician)
|nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
|children    = 6 including;&lt;br&gt;[[Vindu Dara Singh]]
|family      = See [[List of Hindi film clans#Randhawa family|Randhawa family]]
|spouse      = {{Marriage|Bachno Kaur|1942|1952}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|Surjit Kaur|May 11, 1961}}
|title       = &quot;रुस्तम ए हिंद&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;Ironman of Indian Cinema&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;The Original Muscle Man of Bollywood&quot;
|occupation  = [[Professional wrestling|Professional wrestler]], [[Actor]], 
|website     = {{URL|http://dara-singh.com}}
|module      =
{{Infobox professional wrestler|child=yes
| names      = दारा सिंह
| height     = {{height|ft=6|in=2}}&lt;ref name=height/&gt;
| weight     = {{convert|127|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| billed     = [[पंजाब]], [[भारत]]
| trainer    = हरनाम सिंह
| debut      = 1948
| retired    = 1983
}}
}}
'''दारासिंह''' एकठो [[भारतीय सिनेमा]] के अभिनेता और एक पहलवान रहलें।

{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}
{{भारतीय फिलिम एक्टर लोग की सूची}}

[[श्रेणी:भारतीय पुरुष फिलिम एक्टर]]
[[श्रेणी:1928 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदी फिलिम एक्टर]]


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      <text bytes="10740" sha1="38zu1ydk6qka4umfza8vac74rqlazdo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox airline
| airline = South African Airways
| logo = 
| IATA = SA
| ICAO = SAA
| callsign = SPRINGBOK
| logo_size = 200
| founded = {{Start date and age|1934|02|01|df=y}}
| focus_cities = {{nowrap|Cape Town International Airport}}
| hubs = {{nowrap|O.R. Tambo International Airport}}
| frequent_flyer = Voyager
| alliance = Star Alliance 
| fleet_size = 53
| destinations = 42
| parent = Government of South Africa
| company_slogan = ''Bringing the world to Africa and taking Africa to the world''
| headquarters = OR Tambo International Airport&lt;br&gt;Kempton Park, Gauteng, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng, South Africa
| key_people =  Musa Zwane (Acting CEO)
| revenue = {{increase}} [[South African rand|R]]27,1&amp;nbsp;billion (2012/13 &lt;abbr title=&quot;Fiscal year&quot;&gt;FY&lt;/abbr&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;defenceweb.co.za&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=33511:saa-revenue-up-but-losses-continue-for-2013&amp;catid=114:civil-aviation&amp;Itemid=247|title=SAA revenue up but losses continue for 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| operating_income = {{decrease}}South African rand 60&amp;nbsp;million (2012/13 &lt;abbr title=&quot;Fiscal year&quot;&gt;FY&lt;/abbr&gt;)
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.flysaa.com/bi/ja/Documents/Financials/SAA_AR_2012_web.pdf|title=Fiscal|publisher=flysaa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| profit = {{decrease}} South African rand-991&amp;nbsp;million Loss (2012/13 &lt;abbr title=&quot;Fiscal year&quot;&gt;FY&lt;/abbr&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;defenceweb.co.za&quot;/&gt;
| assets ={{decrease}} [[South African rand|R]]14,044&amp;nbsp;million (2009/10 &lt;abbr title=&quot;Fiscal year&quot;&gt;FY&lt;/abbr&gt;)&lt;ref name=SAA_2010_Annual_Report&gt;{{cite web|title=Sustain Profitability: Annual Report 2010|publisher=South African Airways|url=https://www.flysaa.com/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_5D76D3D217737135BBB491607A891BB54A324000/filename/SAAAnnualReport2010.pdf|accessdate=31 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|37}}
| subsidiaries =Mango
|num_employees = 8,525 (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.staralliance.com/en/member-airline-details?airlineCode=SA|accessdate=29 March 2017|title=South African Airways|date=नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| website ={{URL|https://www.flysaa.com}} 
}}

दक्षिण अफ़्रीकी एयरवेज (एसएए) दक्षिण अफ्रीका का ध्वजवाहक ह। एकर मुख्यालय ऑर तामो अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा की एयरवेज पार्क प बा, जवन की केम्पटन पार्क, एकूरहुलेनी, गौतेंग में बा। इ एयरलाइन, एसए एक्सप्रेस, एसए एयरलाइन और एकर कम लागत वाली वाहक, मैंगो की साथ साझेदारी में, दक्षिण अफ्रीका की अन्दर और पूरा महाद्वीप में, और एकरी जोहान्सबर्ग हब ऑर तामो अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा से आठ अंतरमहाद्वीपीय मार्गन प एकरी 54 एयरक्राफ्ट की बेड़ा की साथ उड़ान भरेले। मूसा झवेन नवंबर 2015 से एकर कार्यकारी सीईओ हंवं।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.flysaa.com/about-us/leading-carrier/about-saa/brief-history| title= दक्षिण अफ़्रीकी एयरवेज के बारे में|publisher=flysaa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

दक्षिण अफ्रीकी सरकार द्वारा यूनियन एयरवेज क अधिग्रहण की बाद 1934 में दक्षिण अफ्रीकी एयरवेज क स्थापना भइल रहे। ए एयरलाइन क शुरूआत में दक्षिण अफ्रीकी रेलवे और हार्बर्स प्रशासन द्वारा देखरेख और नियंत्रण कइल गइल। अफ्रीकी देशन द्वारा रंगभेद विरोधी प्रतिबंधन से रंगभेद की दौरान ठहराव वाला हवाईअड्डन से एयरलाइन वंचित हो गइली स, जेसे उन्हन के ए महाद्वीप के लंबा दूरी की विमानन की साथ बाईपास करे के मजबूर होखे के पड़ल। ए समय की दौरान, एके एकरी अफ्रीकी नांव, सुद-अफ्रिकाएनस ल्यूगेंस (एसएएल) द्वारा भी जानल जाव, जेके बाद में हटा दिहल गइल। 1997 में एसएए आपन नांव, छवि और विमान क वेशभूषा बदल दिहलस और ऑनलाइन टिकट सेवा शुरू कइलस। 2006 में, एसएए एगो स्वतंत्र एयरलाइन की रूप में संचालित करे खातिर ट्रांसनेट, जवन की ओकर मूल कंपनी रहे ओसे अलग हो गइल। एसएए टेनिस पेशेवरन की एसोसिएशन क आधिकारिक एयरलाइन ह।  SAA, एगो कम लागत वाली घरेलू एयरलाइन मैंगो क मालिक ह, और ऐयरलिंक और दक्षिण अफ्रीकी एक्सप्रेस की साथ संबंध स्थापित कइले बा।इ स्टार अलायंस क सदस्य ह।
==इतिहास==
[[File:Junkers-f13.jpg|thumb|एसएए ने कई संयुग्मित यूनियन एयरवेज के विमानों के साथ आपरेशन की शुरुआत की, जिसमें चित्रित चित्र जैसा जंकर्स एफ.13 भी शामिल है]]
दक्षिण अफ्रीकी सरकार द्वारा यूनियन एयरवेज की अधिग्रहण की बाद 1 फरवरी 1934 के दक्षिण अफ्रीकी एयरवेज क गठन भइल। चालीस कर्मचारी सदस्य, एगो डे हवललैंड DH.60 जिप्सी मॉथ, एगो डे हैविलैंड 80ए पुस मॉथ, तीनगो जंकर एफ-13एस और एगो पट्टा पर लिहल जंकरर्स एफ 13 और जंकर्स ए50 अधिग्रहण में शामिल रह न स। अधिग्रहण की बाद, सरकार एयरलाइन क नांव बदल के दक्षिण अफ्रीकी एयरवेज क दिहलस और एकर नियंत्रण दक्षिण अफ्रीकी रेलवे और हार्बर प्रशासन (अब ट्रांसनेट) के दे दिहलस। चार्टर परिचालन क ओ ही वर्ष में शुरुआत हो गइल रहे। अगिला वर्ष में 1 फरवरी के, इ विमान कम्पनी स्वीड्स ल्यूगेंस / दक्षिण पश्चिम एयरवेज (अब एयर नामीबिया) के अधिग्रहण कइलस, जवन एकरी पहिले 1932 से विंडहोक और किमबर्ली की बीच साप्ताहिक एयर-मेल क सेवा प्रदान करे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1966/1966%20-%201219.html|title= SOUTH AFRICAN AIRWAYS|publisher=Flight International}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.cleartrip.com/flight-booking/south-african-airlines.html| title=दक्षिण अफ़्रीकी एयरवेज| publisher=क्लेअरट्रिप. कॉम}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ए समय की दौरान, दक्षिण अफ्रीकी एयरलाइन तीनगो जंकर्स जू 52/3 एम विमान क ऑर्डर दिहलस, जवन की अक्टूबर 1934 में मिलल और 10 दिन बाद सेवा में उतारल गइल। ए विमानन के चार चालक दल की साथ 14 यात्री ले जाए खातिर कॉन्फ़िगर कइल गइल रहे। इन्हन से डरबन-ईस्ट लंदन-पोर्ट एलिजाबेथ-जॉर्ज / मोसेल बे-केप टाउन मार्ग पर साप्ताहिक सेवा की साथ तीन बेर साप्ताहिक डरबन-जोहान्सबर्ग सेवा सक्षम भइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=707&amp;optReportType=AllModels&amp;cboAllModel=707&amp;ViewReportF=View+Report|title=707 Model Summary|publisher=Boeing Commercial Airplanes|access-date=2017-09-06|archive-date=2015-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904102020/http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=707&amp;optReportType=AllModels&amp;cboAllModel=707&amp;ViewReportF=View+Report|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1 जुलाई 1935 के, SAA आपन संचालन रैंड हवाई अड्डा प स्थानांतरित क दिहलस काहेंकी इ तेजी से स्पष्ट हो गइल रहे की जोहान्सबर्ग देश का विमानन केन्द्र बन जाई, जवन की रैंड-डरबन-ईस्ट लंदन-पोर्ट एलिजाबेथ-केप टाउन सेवा की शुभारंभ की साथ भइल।
==सन्दर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हवाई जहाज]]
[[श्रेणी:हवाई जहाज सेवा]]</text>
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|name           = दक्खिन बिहार केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय
|native_name    = CUSB
|image          =
|established    = 2009
|type           = केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय
|vice_chancellor= एच॰ सी॰ एस॰ राठौर 
|city           = गया
|state          = [[बिहार]]
|country        = [[भारत]]
|website        = {{url|cusb.ac.in}}
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'''दक्खिन बिहार केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय''' [[बिहार]] राज्य में एगो केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय बा। एकर मुख्य कैम्पस गया में बा आ एगो अउरी कैंपस [[पटना]] में बाटे। 27 फरवरी 2014 के [[मीरा कुमार]] हेकर शिलान्यास कइले रही।

एकर स्थापना साल 2009 में भइल।

{{clear}}

{{Universities in Bihar}}

[[श्रेणी:बिहार के विश्वविद्यालय]]
[[श्रेणी:बिहार में शिक्षा]]


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      <text bytes="1545" sha1="dn8rlgk4nhnaax0axe74m84b82i5vq3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox University
|name           = नव नालंदा महाविहार
|image          =
|motto          =  
|established    = 1951
|type           = सरकारी, डीम्ड यूनिवर्सिटी 
|endowment      =
|chairman       =
|Pro-chancellor =
|vice_chancellor= 
|president      =
|city           = [[नालंदा]]
|state          = [[बिहार]]
|country        = [[भारत]]
|coor           =
|publictransit  =
|undergrad      =
|postgrad       =
|staff          =
|former_names   = 
|website        = {{Official website|http://www.nnm.ac.in}}
|footnotes      =
}}
'''नव नालंदा महाविहार''' बिहार के [[नालंदा]] में शिक्षा के केंद्र बा। साल 1951 में एकर स्थापना प्राचीन ज्ञान के बढ़ावे बदे भइल आ एह में भारत के पहिला राष्ट्रपति [[राजेंद्र प्रसाद]] के मुख्य भूमिका रहल। साल 2006 में एकरा के मानद विश्वविद्यालय (डीम्ड यूनिवर्सिटी) के दरजा दिहल गइल।

{{clear}}

{{Universities in Bihar}}

[[श्रेणी:बिहार के विश्वविद्यालय]]
[[श्रेणी:बिहार में शिक्षा]]


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    <title>दीनदयाल उपाध्याय</title>
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      <text bytes="2316" sha1="3t7tvkwh6itpuhynkrva5oq0bvhyycf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = पंडित
| office        = भारतीय जनसंघ अध्यक्ष
| term_start    = 1967
| term_end      = 1968
| predecessor   = बलराज मधोक
| successor     = [[अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी]]
| image         = Deendayal Upadhyaya 1978 stamp of India.jpg
| birth_date    = {{birth date|df=yes|1916|09|25}}
| death_date    = {{death date and age|df=yes|1968|02|11|1916|09|25}}
| birth_place   = [[मथुरा जिला]], संजुक्त प्रांत (यूपी), [[ब्रिटिश भारत]]
| death_place   = [[मुगलसराय]], [[उत्तर प्रदेश]], [[भारत]]
| nationality   = [[भारत के लोग|भारतीय]]
| alma_mater    = बिड़ला इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ साइंस टेक
| party         = भारतीय जन संघ
| occupation    = राजनीतिक नेता, बिचारक
}}
'''दीनदयाल उपाध्याय''' (25 सितंबर 1916 - 11 फरवरी 1968) एगो भारतीय नेता रहलें। उपाध्याय, भारतीय जनसंघ के अध्यक्ष रहलें, भारतीय जनसंघ से बर्तमान [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]] (भाजपा) के उदै भइल हवे।

उपाध्याय, राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ से जुड़ल रहलें। संपादक के रूप में ''राष्ट्र धर्म'' आ ''पांचजन्य'' आ ''स्वदेश'' नियर पत्र-पत्रिका सभ के सुरुआत आ संपादन कइलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Deendayal Upadhyaya |url=http://www.bjp.org/pandit-deendayal-upadhyaya |publisher=Bharatiya Janata party |accessdate=12 सितंबर 2014}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:1916 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:1968 में निधन]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के लोग]]


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    <title>दिग्विजय सिंह</title>
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      <text bytes="2210" sha1="8qct4ztwiujk5vv9ctts6q9amcrb4rp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Indian politician
| name           = दिग्विजय सिंह
| image          = Digvijaya Singh.jpg
| alma_mater     = SGSITS इंदौर
| caption        = 2002 में सिंह
| birth_date     = {{Birth date and age|1947|2|28|df=y}}
| birth_place    = [[इंदौर]], होलकर राज (अब [[मध्य प्रदेश]]), [[ब्रिटिश भारत]]
| residence      =
| death_date     =
| death_place    =
| office         = राज्य सभा सांसद
| constituency   = मध्य प्रदेश
| term_start     = 10 अप्रैल 2014
| term_end       = 
| predecessor    =
| successor      =
| office1        = मध्य प्रदेश के 15वाँ मुख्यमंत्री
| constituency1  = राघोगढ़ बिधानसभा सीट
| term1          = 7 दिसंबर 1993 – 8 दिसंबर 2003
| predecessor1   = सुंदरलाल पटवा
| successor1     = [[उमा भारती]]
| party          = [[भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस]]
| spouse         = आशा दिग्विजय सिंह&lt;br/&gt;(1969–2013)&lt;br/&gt;अमृता राय&lt;br/&gt;(2015–present)
| partner        = 
| website        = [http://www.digvijayasingh.in/ DigvijayaSingh.in]
| profession     = रानजीतिक नेता
}}
'''दिग्विजय सिंह''' (जनम 28 फरवरी 1947) एगो भारतीय राजनीतिक नेता बाने। सिंह, [[भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस]] के नेता हवें आ वतर्मान में राज्यसभा सांसद बाने जबकि एकरे पहिले ई [[मध्य प्रदेश]] के मुख्यमंत्री रह चुकल बाने।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1947 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:मध्य प्रदेश के लोग]]


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| name            = रश्मी देसाई
| birth_name      = दिव्या देसाई&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Divya is now Rashmi | author = TNN  | work = दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया | date = 29 जनवरी 2008 | accessdate = 8 जुलाई 2016 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Divya-is-now-Rashmi/articleshow/2739751.cms }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image           = Rashami Desai graces the Barrel &amp; Co launch (10) (cropped).jpg
| caption         = 2018 में देसाई
| birth_date      = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1986|02|13}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mrunal Jain wishes sister Rashami Desai a happy birthday!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mrunal-Jain-wishes-sister-Rashami-Desai-a-happy-birthday/articleshow/50973073.cms|website=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया|accessdate=8 जुलाई 2016|date=13 फरवरी 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=`Uttaran` changed my life: Rashmi Desai|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/-uttaran-changed-my-life-rashmi-desai_122351.html|website=Zee News|accessdate=8 July 2016|date=7 नवंबर 2012|quote=After taking a break from the show, the 26-year-old went on to shake a leg on dance reality show ‘Jhalak Dikhlaa Jaa’.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| years_active    = 2004-वर्तमान
| nationality     = [[भारत के लोग|भारतीय]]
| spouse          = नंदीश संधू (2012–2015)
| known_for       = ''उतरन'' में तपस्या रघुवेंद्र प्रताप राठौड़ के रोल
| occupation      = [[ऐक्ट्रेस]], मॉडल, डांसर
| awards          = इंडियन टेली अवार्ड
}}
'''रश्मी देसाई''' (जनम 13 फरवरी 1986) एगो भारतीय ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी। कई थे टीवी सीरियल आ क्षेत्रीय सिनेमा के फिलिम सभ में रोल करे वाली देसाई [[भोजपुरी सिनेमा|भोजपुरी]] में भी कई फिलिम सभ में काम क चुकल बाड़ी। आपन कैरियर के सुरुआत बी-ग्रेड के फिलिम सभ से करे वाली देसाई के कलर्स टीवी के धारावाहिक ''उतरन'' आ &amp;टीवी के धारावाहिक ''हमारी अधूरी कहानी'' में काम करे से सभसे ढेर परसिद्धी मिलल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=PTI|title=Rashmi Desai: TV is for masses, has more reach than films|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rashmi-Desai-TV-is-for-masses-has-more-reach-than-films/articleshow/51287139.cms|work=दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया|accessdate=8 जुलाई 2016|date=7 मार्च 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; देसाई 2012 में ''झलक दिखला जा 5'', 2014 में ''फियर फैक्टर: खतरों के खिलाड़ी 6'' आ 2015 में ''नच बलिये 7'' नियर रियलिटी शो सभ में प्रतिभागी रहली। देसाई ''स्वच्छ सर्वेक्षण 2017'' नाँव से चलावल गइल पहल में भी भागीदार रहली जे स्वच्छ भारत मिशन के हिस्सा रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/PIB_India/status/761808453916561408/photo/1|title=Union Minister MVenkaiahNaidu felicitates various artists for their contribution towards Swachh Bharat|publisher=[[ट्विटर]]|date=6 अगस्त 2016|accessdate=12 अगस्त 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2017|02}}, कलर्स टीवी के कार्यक्रम ''दिल से दिल तक'' में शरवोरी के किरदार क रहल बाड़ी।

{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1986 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी सिनेमा के ऐक्ट्रेस लोग]]


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      <text bytes="4741" sha1="jgcpopje5gipstyv1h2xpo8iirn3gvj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name=दुबई
|official_name=
|native_name=&lt;span style=&quot;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;{{lang|ar|دبي}}&lt;/span&gt;
|settlement_type=[[मेट्रोपॉलिस]]
|translit_lang1_type=अरबी
|translit_lang1_info= دبي
|image_skyline=
|image_caption= बायें से घड़ी के सुई के दिसा में; [[बुर्ज खलीफा]], [[बुर्ज अल अरब]]; पाल्म जुमेरा आ वर्ल्ड आइलैंड के उपग्रहफोटो; दुबई मरीना; आ शेख जायद रोड।&lt;br&gt;
|image_flag       = 
|image_shield       =
|pushpin_map            = UAE#Asia
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_relief           = yes
|pushpin_mapsize        = 
|pushpin_map_caption    = यूएई में लोकेशन
|coordinates = {{coord|25|15|47|N|55|17|50|E|type:adm1st_region:AE|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type1=देस
|subdivision_type2=अमीरत
|subdivision_name1={{flag|यूनाइटेड अरब अमीरात}}
|subdivision_name2=[[दुबई अमीरत|दुबई]]
|founder=अल मख्तूम
|seat=Dubai
|parts_type=
|parts=
|government_type=राजशाही
|leader_title=[[अमीर, उपाधि|अमीर]]
|leader_name=मोहम्मद बिन राशिद अल मख्तूम
|leader_title1=
|leader_name1=
|area_footnotes=&lt;ref&gt;एह में बनावटी दीप भी शामिल बाने।&lt;/ref&gt;
|area_magnitude=
|area_total_km2=4114
|population_total=2,865,560&lt;ref name=&quot;Home&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dsc.gov.ae/en-us |title=Home |publisher=Dsc.gov.ae |date= |accessdate=2017-11-16 |archive-date=2018-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094158/https://www.dsc.gov.ae/en-us |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_as_of= 21 अक्टूबर 2017
|population_blank1= '''राष्ट्रीयता:''' &lt;br/&gt; 43.3% भारतीय &lt;br/&gt; 23% अमीराती &lt;br/&gt; 17% पाकिस्तानी &lt;br/&gt; 7.5% बांग्लादेसी &lt;br/&gt; 4.2% फिलिपिनो &lt;br/&gt; 1.5% श्रीलंकाई &lt;br/&gt; 0.3% अमेरिकी &lt;br/&gt; 5.2% बाकी देस के
|website=[http://www.dm.gov.ae/wps/portal/MyHomeEn Dubai Municipality]&lt;br/&gt;[http://www.visitdubai.com/ Dubai Tourism]
|footnotes=
|blank_name= नॉमिनल जीडीपी
|blank_info=2015 अनुमान
|blank1_name=कुल
|blank1_info=[[अमेरिकी डालर|US$]] 105 अरब&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Report/Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20at%20Current%20Prices%202015-2014.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=22 जनवरी 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104150120/https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Report/Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20at%20Current%20Prices%202015-2014.pdf |archivedate=4 नवंबर 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|blank2_name=प्रति ब्यक्ति
|blank2_info=US$ 44,000
|utc_offset=+4
|timezone=अमीरात मानक समय
}}
'''दुबई''' [[यूनाइटेड अरब अमीरात]] (यूएई) में सभसे बड़ शहर बा। फारस के खाड़ी के दक्खिन पूरबी किनारा पर मौजूद ई शहर यूएई के सात गो अमीरत सभ में से एक, दुबई अमीरत, के राजधानी भी हवे। पच्छिमी एशिया में ई एगो ग्लोबल शहर हवे आ बिजनेस, परिवहन (सामान आ आदमीजन) के बहुत महत्व के धुरी हवे।

सुरुआती दौर में दुबई के बढ़त में पेट्रोलियम तेल के भारी रोल रहल हालाँकि, एह देस के तेल भंडार सीमित बा आ अब उत्पादन कम होला। दुबई अमीरत के कुल आगम के 5 प्रतिशत के आसपास तेल से आवे ला। वर्तमान में इहाँ आगम खाती पर्यटन, एवियेशन, रियल इस्टेट आ फाइनेंस संबंधी सेवा पर निर्भर बा।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:यूनाइटेड अरब अमीरात]]
[[श्रेणी:एशिया के शहर]]


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| image              = Durga Temple gate.JPG
| alt                = लाल रंग में मंदिर के मुख्य दरवाजा के ऊपरी हिस्सा
| caption            = मुख्य दरवाजा
| map_type           = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh
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| coordinates        = {{coord|25.288622|82.999279|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country            = {{flag|भारत}}
| state              = [[उत्तर प्रदेश]]
| district           = [[वाराणसी जिला|बनारस]]
| location           = दुर्गा कुंड, भेलूपुर, [[बनारस]]
| elevation_m        = 85
| deity              = [[दुर्गा]]
| festivals          = [[दुर्गा पूजा]]&lt;br&gt;[[नवरातर]]
| architecture       = [[हिंदू मंदिर आर्किटेक्चर|नागर]]
| inscriptions       =
| year_completed     = 18वीं सदी
| creator            = बंगाल के महारानी
| website            = &lt;!--{{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
}}
'''दुर्गा मंदिर''' भारतीय राज्य उत्तर प्रदेश के पूरबी हिस्सा के प्रमुख शहर आ हिंदू धरम के परसिद्ध तीरथ [[बनारस]] में देवी [[दुर्गा]] के मंदिर बा। बनारस के भेलूपुर मोहल्ला में आवे ला आ आसपास के इलाका के दुर्गा कुंड भी कहल जाला। मंदिर के बगले में उत्तर ओर चौहद्दीदार कुंड बा जेकरा के दुर्गा कुंड कहल जाला।

मंदिर के पूरा भवन लाल रंग के हवे आ अठारहवीं सदी में बनवावल गइल। एकर निर्माण बंगाल के केहू रानी द्वारा करावल गइल हवे।

{{clear}}

{{Temples in Varanasi}}

[[श्रेणी:बनारस के हिंदू मंदिर]]
[[श्रेणी:बनारस के पर्यटक आकर्षण]]


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    <title>धनगढी</title>
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&lt;!--See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;| name                            = Dhangadhi Sub Metropolitan City
| native_name                     = धनगढी उप-महानगरपालिका
| other_name                      = Dhangadhi City
| settlement_type                 = [[List of cities in Nepal|Sub-Metropolitan City]]
| image_skyline                   = Dhangadhi_dt.jpg
| imagesize                       = 300px
| image_caption                   = City at glance
| image_flag                      = 
| image_seal                      = 
| nickname                        = 
| motto                           = &lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
| image_map                       = 
| mapsize                         = 
| map_caption                     = 
| pushpin_map                     = Nepal Sudurpashchim Pradesh#Nepal  &lt;!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
| pushpin_label_position          = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize                 = 300
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location in Nepal
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;| coordinates                     = {{coord|28|41|N|80|36|E|type:city_region:NP|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|Nepal}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[Nepalese Federal States|Province]]
| subdivision_type2               = [[Zones of Nepal|Zone]]
| subdivision_type3               = [[Districts of Nepal|District]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Sudurpashchim Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2               = 
| subdivision_name3               = [[Kailali District|Kailali]]
&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;| established_title               = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
| established_date                = &lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
| government_footnotes            = 
| government_type                 = 
| leader_title                    = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name                     = Nirpa Bahadur Odd ([[Nepali Congress|NC]])
| leader_title1                   = [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name1                    = Sushila Mishra Bhatta ([[Nepali Congress|NC]])
| unit_pref                       = &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
| area_footnotes                  = 
| area_total_km2                  = 261.75

&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;| elevation_footnotes             = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
| elevation_m                     = 109
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;| population_total                = 
| population_as_of                =
| population_footnotes            = 
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_blank1_title         = Ethnicities

&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;| population_note                 = 
| postal_code_type                = [[Post code]]
| postal_code                     = 10900
| area_code                       = 091
| website                         = [http://dhangadhimun.gov.np/ www.dhangadhimun.gov.np]
| footnotes                       = 
| timezone                        = [[Nepal Standard Time|NST]]
| utc_offset                      = +5:45
| timezone_DST                    = 
| utc_offset_DST                  = 
| blank_name                      = 
| blank_info                      = 
}}

'''धनगढी''' [[कैलाली जिला]] के सदरमुकाम आ &amp;nbsp;[[सुदुर पश्चिमाञ्चल]] भी हा।काठमाडौं से करिब ७५० किलोमिटर के दुरी मे रहाल इ सहर समुन्द्री सतह से कारिब १०९ मिटर के उचाइ मे बा। इहे नगर के जदिक भारत के उतर परदेस के गाैरीफन्टा के सीमा से जुटल बा।

{{नेपाल के प्रदेश}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के शहर]]


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    <title>धमेक स्तूप</title>
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      <text bytes="6539" sha1="fyq07xxx2qpke71ecewyci7n6tjz303" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox religious building
| building_name    = धमेक स्तूप
| image            = Dhamek Stupa, Sarnath.jpg
| image_size       = 240px
| caption          = धमेक स्तूप
| location         = {{flagicon|भारत}} [[भारत]]
| map_type         = Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates      = {{coord|25.3808|83.0245|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation=[[बौद्ध धर्म]] से
| province         = उत्तर प्रदेश
| district         = वाराणसी जिला
| consecration_year=
| status           = संरक्षित
| architecture_type= [[स्तूप]]
| specifications   =
| year_completed   = 500 ईसवी
| length=  
| width            = 28
| width_nave       = 
| height_max       = 43.6
| materials        =
}}
'''धमेक''', '''धम्मेक''' भा '''धमेख''' स्तूप, उत्तर प्रदेश में [[बनारस]] के लगे मौजूद शहर आ तीरथ [[सारनाथ]] में एगो प्रमुख [[बौद्ध मंदिर|बौद्ध स्तूप]] बाटे। सारनाथ में [[गौतम बुद्ध]] आपन पहिला उपदेश दिहले रहलें, एह घटना के [[बौद्ध धर्म]] में &quot;धर्मचक्र प्रवर्तन&quot; कहल जाला आ एही के उपलक्ष में सारनाथ में कई गो स्तूप आ मंदिर बनावल गइल बाने जेह में से ई धमेक स्तूप सभसे बड़हन आ प्रमुख बाटे।

वर्तमान रूप में ई स्तूप दुमंजिला सिलिंडर के आकृति में लगभग 43.6 मीटर ऊँच, आ 28 मीटर डाया वाला, ईंटा के बनल चीज बा। मानल जाला कि एह अस्थान पर बुद्ध से पहिले भी समाधि सभ के निर्माण भइल रहे। एह वर्तमान स्तूप के निर्माण लगभग 500 ईस्वी में भइल बतावल जाला जे [[मौर्य साम्राज्य|मौर्य सम्राट]] [[अशोक]] द्वारा बनवावल एगो स्तूप के जगह पर बनावल गइल हवे। वर्तमान में, अशोक के बनवावल [[धर्मराजिक स्तूप, सारनाथ|धर्मराजिका स्तूप]] के चबूतरा भर बचल बा जे एह स्तूप के बगले में मौजूद बा। अशोक के परसिद्ध [[अशोक स्तंभ|सिंह स्तंभ]] भी एह स्तूप के बगले में लगावल गइल रहे जेकर मुकुट वर्तमान में [[सारनाथ म्यूजियम]] में रखल बा आ जेकर आकृति ले के भारत के राजचीन्हा बनावल गइल हवे।

== नाँवउत्पत्ती ==
धमेक, धम्मेक, धमेख भा धम्मेख के हिज्जे भेद एकरा नाँव में देखे के मिले ला। अलेक्जेंडर कनिंघम के मत के हिसाब से &quot;धमेक&quot; शब्द संस्कृत के ''धर्मोपदेशक'' के अपभ्रंश हवे{{sfn|कनिंघम|1871|p=113}} जबकि हालाँकि दयाराम साहनी के बिचार में ई संस्कृत शब्द ''धर्मेक्षा'' के रूपांतर ह।{{sfn|Upadhyay|Tiwari|2007|p=132}} आर्कियोलाजिकल सर्वे ऑफ़ इंडिया के रपट में ए. वेनिस के हवाला से दुसरके मत के समर्थन होखे ला - मने कि ''धर्मेक्षा'' से उत्पत्ती बतावल गइल बा।{{sfn|Oertel|1908|p=60}} खोदाई में मिलल एक ठो माटी के सीलिंग पर ''धमाक जयतु'' लिखल मिलला के हवाला से इहो अनुमान लगावल जाला कि ई कबो ''धमाक'' कहात रहल होखी।{{sfn|Upadhyay|Tiwari|2007|pp=132-33}}

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[धर्मराजिक स्तूप, सारनाथ|धर्मराजिका स्तूप]]
* [[चौखंडी स्तूप]]
* [[साँची स्तूप]]

{{clear}}
== फुटनोट ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

== संदर्भग्रंथ ==
* {{cite book |last1=कनिंघम |first1=अलेक्जेंडर |title=Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65 by Alexander Cunningha M: 1/ by Alexander Cunningham. 1 |date=1871 |publisher=Governement central Press |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=x9jNVBV97kkC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{cite book |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Udaynarayan |last2=Tiwari |first2=Gautam |title=भारतीय स्थापत्य एवं कला |date=2007 |publisher=मोतीलाल बनारसी दास पब्लिशर्स |isbn=978-81-208-2901-5 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=XK98V2LDAJIC&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;lpg=PA132&amp;dq=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95&amp;pg=PA132#v=onepage&amp;q=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95&amp;f=false |language=hi}}
* {{cite book|last=Oertel|first=Friedrich Oscar|author-link=F. O. Oertel|title=Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905|chapter=Excavations at Sarnath|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|location=Calcutta|year=1908|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up}}

[[श्रेणी:सारनाथ]]
[[श्रेणी:बनारस]]
[[श्रेणी:बनारस के पर्यटक आकर्षण]]


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| image            = Dharmarajika Stupa.JPG
| image_size       = 240px
| caption          = धर्मराजिक स्तूप
| location         = {{flagicon|भारत}} [[भारत]]
| map_type         = Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates      = {{coord|25.380991|83.022897|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation=[[बौद्ध धर्म]] से
| province         = उत्तर प्रदेश
| district         = वाराणसी जिला
| consecration_year=
| status           = संरक्षित
| architecture_type= [[स्तूप]]
| specifications   =
| year_completed   = 
| length=  
| width            = 
| width_nave       = 
| height_max       = 
| materials        =
}}
'''धर्मराजिक स्तूप''', उत्तर प्रदेश के बनारस के नगीचे, [[सारनाथ]] में सम्राट [[अशोक]] के बनवावल स्तूप रहल। वर्तमान में एकर चबूतरा भर बचल बा जे सारनाथ के परसिद्ध [[धम्मेक स्तूप]] के बगल में पच्छिम ओर मौजूद बा।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:बनारस]]
[[श्रेणी:सारनाथ]]


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    <title>दि 15:17 टु पैरिस</title>
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      <text bytes="3273" sha1="im0ruk7o6kvjodaimclutsio6f8bzuo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name = दि 15:17 टु पैरिस
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption = थिएट्रिकल रिलीज पोस्टर
| director = [[क्लिंट ईस्टवुड]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* क्लिंट ईस्टवुड
* जेसिका मेइयर
* टिम मूर
* क्रिस्टीना रिवेरा
}}
| screenplay = डोरोथी ब्लाइस्कल
| based on = {{Based on|''The 15:17 to Paris: The True Story of a Terrorist, a Train, and Three American Heroes''|Jeffrey E. Stern, स्पेंसर स्टोन, एंथनी सैडलर, आ अलेक स्कारलाटोस}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* स्पेंसर स्टोन, आ 
* एंथनी सैडलर
* अलेक स्कारलाटोस
* जूडी ग्रीयर
* जेना फिशर
* राय कोरासानी
}}
| music = क्रिश्चियन जैकब &lt;br /&gt; टॉमस न्यूमैन
| cinematography = टॉम स्टर्न
| editing = ब्लू मरे
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[वार्नर ब्रोस. पिक्चर्स]]&lt;ref name=insight&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php|title=Film releases|work=[[वेरायटी इनसाइट]]|accessdate=26 अक्टूबर 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* मैलपासो प्रोडक्शंस&lt;ref name=insight/&gt;
}}
| distributor = वार्नर ब्रदर्स एंटरटेनमेंट&lt;ref name=insight/&gt;
| released = {{Film date|2018|2|9|अमेरिका}}
| runtime =
| country = अमेरिका
| language = अंगरेजी
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''दि 15:17 टु पैरिस'''''' (उच्चारण: दि फ़िफ्टीन सेवेंटीन टु पैरिस) एगो अमेरिकी थ्रिलर फिलिम बा। फिलिम के डाइरेक्टर क्लिंट ईस्टवुड बाड़ें आ फिलिम के कहानी फ्रांस में साल 2015 में भइल एगो रेल-हमला पर लिखल गइल किताब ''दि 15:17 टु पैरिस: दि ट्रू स्टोरी ऑफ अ टेररिस्ट, अ ट्रेन, एंड थ्री अमेरिकन हीरोज'' पर आधारित बा, एह किताब के लेखक जेफ्री ई. स्टर्न, स्पेंसर स्टोन, एंथनी सैडलर, आ अलेक स्कारलाटोस बा लोग। फिलिम में भी स्टोन, सैडलर, आ स्कारलाटोस, तीनों लोग आपन रोल खुदे कइले बाटे।

फिलिम के 9 फरवरी 2018 के [[वार्नर ब्रोस. पिक्चर्स]] द्वारा रिलीज कइल जाई।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:2018 के फिलिम]]


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| name        = दीपक मिश्रा
| honorific-suffix = 
| image       = Dipak Mishra.png 
| alt         = 
| caption     = शपथग्रहण के समय मिश्र, राष्ट्रपति भवन में
| office =  भारत के 45वाँ चीफ जस्टिस 
| term_start = 28 अगस्त 2017
| term_end =
| appointer = [[रामनाथ कोविंद]]
| predecessor = जगदीश सिंह खेहर
| successor  = 
| office1      = सुप्रीम कोर्ट के जज
| term_start1  = 10 अक्टूबर 2011
| term_end1    = 27 अगस्त 2017
| nominator1   = 
| appointer1   = राष्ट्रपति प्रणब मुखर्जी
| successor1   = 
| office2 = पटना हाइकोर्ट के चीफ जस्टिस
| term_start2 = दिसंबर 2009
| term_end2= मई 2010
| predecessor2 = 
| office3 = दिल्ली हाइकोर्ट के चीफ जस्टिस
| term_start3 = 24 मई 2010
| term_end3 = 10 अक्टूबर 2011 
| predecessor3 = 
| successor3 =  
| birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|10|3}}
| birth_place = 
| death_date  = 
| death_place = 
| alma_mater = एम. एस. लॉ कालेज, कटक
| relatives = रंगनाथ मिश्र (चाचा)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dipak Mishra, the Man behind Nation Anthem ruling to be next CJI|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dipak-mishra-will-be-the-next-chief-justice-of-india/articleshow/59973189.cms|accessdate=9 अगस्त 2017|work=दि इकोनामिक टाइम्स |date=9 अगस्त 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''न्यायमुर्ती दीपक मिश्रा''' (जनम 3 अक्टूबर 1953) [[भारत]] के मुख्य न्यायाधीश यानी चीफ जस्टिस बाड़ें। मिश्र, भारत के 44वाँ चीफ जस्टिस जे. एस. खेहर के बाद एह पद पर आइल बाड़ें आ एकरे पहिले ई पटना हाइकोर्ट आ दिल्ली हाइकोर्ट के मुख्य न्यायाधीश रह चुकल बाड़ें।

{{clear}}

==सन्दर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1953 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत के चीफ जस्टिस]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत के लोग]]


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&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                     =  भगवानपुर
|other_name               = Bhagwanpur
|native_name              = 
|nickname                 = 
|settlement_type          = [[गांवपालिका]]
|motto                    =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline            = 
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = 
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               = 
|image_map                = 
|mapsize                  = 
|map_caption              = 
|pushpin_map              = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position   = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize          = 300px
|pushpin_map_caption      = भगवानपुर गांवपालिका 
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type         = देश
|subdivision_name         = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1        = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[प्रदेश संख्या २]]
|subdivision_type3        = [[नेपाल के जिला|जिला]]
|subdivision_name3        = [[सिराहा जिला]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes     =
|government_type          = [[स्थानीय सरकार]]
|governing_body           = [[गांव कार्यपालिका]]
|leader_title             = [[अध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name              = वेचन प्रसाद यादव ([[संघीय समाजवादी फोरम]])&lt;ref&gt;http://hamrakura.com/news-details/30578/2017-09-25&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title1            = [[उपाध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name1             = सीता देवी यादव 
|leader_title2            = [[कार्यकारी अधिकृत|कार्यकारी]]
|leader_name2             = 
|established_title        = स्थापना
|established_date         = २७ [[फाल्गुण]] २०७३
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref                = 
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 33.30
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of         = 2073
|population_footnotes     =
|population_note          =
|population_total         = 20,957
|population_density_km2   = auto
|population_blank1_title  = जातीय 
|population_blank1        =
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone                 = [[नेपाल के प्रमाणिक समय]] 
|utc_offset               = +5:45
|timezone_DST             =
|utc_offset_DST           =
|latd                     = 26.51
|longd                    = 86.75 
|coordinates_display      = title,inline
|coordinates_type         = type:adm2nd_source:unmaps-enwiki
|coordinates_region       = NP
|coor_pinpoint            = [[भगवानपुर]]
|elevation_footnotes      = 
|elevation_m              =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type         = 
|postal_code              =
|area_code                = +977-33
|blank_name               = केन्द्र
|blank_info               = पहिले के '''भगवानपुर''' गाविस के [[कार्यालय]]
|website                  =
|footnotes                =  
}}
नेपाल में '''नेपालके नया 744 स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई''' लागू भइला के बाद से '''सिराहा जिला''' के पहिले के '''भगवानपुर''', '''नहरा रिगौल''' आ '''ईनर्वा''' [[गांव विकास समिति|गाविस]] के आपस में मिलाके '''भगवानपुर गांवपालिका''' बनल ह।&lt;ref name=&quot;गांवपालिका व नगरपालिका &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=गांवपालिका व नगरपालिका कौन जिला मे कितना?|url=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084|accessdate=25 January 2018|publisher=लोकान्तर|date=25 January 2018|ref=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084}}&lt;/ref&gt; ई गांवपालिका में 5 गो '''वार्ड''' बा। इ गांवपालिका के कूल जनसंख्या 20,957बा आ क्षेत्रफल 33.30 वर्गकिलोमिटर बाटे। एकर केंद्र पहिले के '''भगवानपुर''' गाविस के कार्यालय मे राखल गइल बा। इ गांवपालिका के उत्तर में '''सखुवानान्कारकट्टी गांवपालिका''' दक्खिन मे [[भारत]] पुरब मे [[सप्तरी जिला]] आ पश्चिम में '''नवराजपुर गांवपालिका''' बाटे। 
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=स्थानीय तह के विवरण|url=http://www.mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|website=सङ्घीय मामिला तथा स्थानीय विकास मन्त्रालय|publisher=[[नेपाल सरकार]]|accessdate=25 January 2018|archive-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317214821/http://mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
*[http://www.ddcsiraha.gov.np/ जिला समन्वय समिति के कार्यालय, सिराहा, नेपाल] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609030358/http://dccsiraha.gov.np// |date=2020-06-09 }}

{{सिराहा जिला के स्थानीय प्रशासन}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के गाँवपालिका]]
[[श्रेणी:प्रदेश संख्या 2 के गाँवपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:सिराहा जिला के नगरपालिका आ गाँवपालिका सभ]]</text>
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&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                     = नवराजपुर
|other_name               = Nawarajpur
|native_name              = 
|nickname                 = 
|settlement_type          = [[गांवपालिका]]
|motto                    =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline            = 
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = 
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               = 
|image_map                = 
|mapsize                  = 
|map_caption              = 
|pushpin_map              = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position   = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize          = 300px
|pushpin_map_caption      = नवराजपुर गांवपालिका 
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type         = देश
|subdivision_name         = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1        = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[प्रदेश संख्या २]]
|subdivision_type3        = [[नेपाल के जिला|जिला]]
|subdivision_name3        = [[सिराहा जिला]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes     =
|government_type          = [[स्थानीय सरकार]]
|governing_body           = [[गांव कार्यपालिका]]
|leader_party             = [[नेपाली कांग्रेस]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2017/09/628156&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title             = [[अध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name              = विश्वमोहन यादव
|leader_title1            = [[उपाध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name1             = शोभाकुमारी यादव ([[नेपाली कांग्रेस]])
|leader_title2            = [[कार्यकारी अधिकृत|कार्यकारी]]
|leader_name2             = 
|established_title        = स्थापना
|established_date         = २७ [[फाल्गुण]] २०७३
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref                = 
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 32.18
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of         = 2073
|population_footnotes     =
|population_note          =
|population_total         = 19019
|population_density_km2   = auto
|population_blank1_title  = जातीय 
|population_blank1        =
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone                 = [[नेपाल के प्रमाणिक समय]] 
|utc_offset               = +5:45
|timezone_DST             =
|utc_offset_DST           =
|latd                     = 26.60
|longd                    = 86.42
|coordinates_display      = title,inline
|coordinates_type         = type:adm2nd_source:unmaps-enwiki
|coordinates_region       = NP
|coor_pinpoint            = [[नवराजपुर]]
|elevation_footnotes      = 
|elevation_m              =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type         = 
|postal_code              =
|area_code                = +977-33
|blank_name               = केन्द्र
|blank_info               = पहिले के [[नवराजपुर]] गाविस के [[कार्यालय]]
|website                  =
|footnotes                =  
}}
नेपाल में [[नेपालके स्थानीय तह|नया 744 स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई]] लागू भइला के बाद से [[सिराहा जिला]] के पहिले के [[भगवतीपुर, सिरहा|भगवतीपुर]], [[मझौरा]] आ [[नवराजपुर]] गांव विकास समिति सभ के मिला के '''नवराजपुर गांवपालिका''' बनल ह।&lt;ref name=&quot;गांवपालिका व नगरपालिका &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=गांवपालिका व नगरपालिका कौन जिला मे कितना?|url=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084|accessdate= 20 January 2018|publisher=लोकान्तर|date= 20 January 2018|ref=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084}}&lt;/ref&gt; ई गांवपालिका में 5 गो [[वार्ड]] बा। इ गांवपालिका के कूल जनसंख्या 19,019 बा आ क्षेत्रफल 32.18 वर्गकिलोमिटर बाटे। एकर केंद्र पहिले के [[नवराजपुर]] गाविस के कार्यालय मे राखल गइल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=स्थानीय तह के विवरण|url=http://www.mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|website=सङ्घीय मामिला तथा स्थानीय विकास मन्त्रालय|publisher=[[नेपाल सरकार]]|accessdate=20 January 2018|archive-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317214821/http://mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==भौगोलिक अवस्थिति==
नवराजपुर गांवपालिका नेपाल के सिराहा जिला के हिस्सा हवे आ ई नेपाल में दक्खिनी-पूरबी हिस्सा में पड़े ला। ई इलाका नेपाल के [[तराई]] वाला इलाका हवे, मने कि पहाड़ प्रदेश के दक्खिन में समथर जमीन वाला इलाका हऽ। इहाँ के जलवायु के निचला उष्णकटिबंधी जलवायु में रखल गइल बा&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lillesø|first1=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last2=Shrestha|first2=Tirtha B.|last3=Dhakal|first3=Lokendra P.|last4=Nayaju|first4=Ratna P.|last5=Shrestha|first5=Rabin|title=The Map of Potential Vegetation of Nepal|journal=Development and Environment|date=2005|issue=2|url=http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/20497354/de2_001.pdf|publisher=Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet|language=en|format=pdf|access-date=2018-01-31|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032538/http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/20497354/de2_001.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; हालाँकि, कोपेन के जलवायु बर्गीकरण के हिसाब से ई इलाका Cwb कटेगरी में रखल जाला।

==यातायात== 
इहा से लहान तथा सिराहा के लेल सुबह के समय बस पावेला

==हटिया आ मेला== 
*सोनवर्षा हटिया = सायंकाल लागेला इहा साग-सब्जी के साथ-साथ शराब के बढि़या व्यापार होला। 
*बैशाख 1 तारीख के दिन ( विक्रम संवत ) इहा मेला लागत बाटे।

==प्रमुख व्यक्तित्व== 
*चित्रलेखा यादव&lt;ref&gt;https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/experts/chitralekha-yadav/&lt;/ref&gt; के जन्म इहे गाँवपालिका मे भेल रहे।&lt;ref&gt;https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2016/03/397400&lt;/ref&gt;

==प्रशासन==
नेपाल के बाकी गाँवपालिका सभ नियर, नवराजपुर गाँवपालिका में भी स्थानीय प्रशासन के ब्यवस्था बा। इहवों, गाँवपालिका के एक ठो कार्यालय बा आ गाँवपालिका के स्थानीय प्रशासन [[गांव कार्यपालिका]] द्वारा चलावल जाला जेकर अध्यक्ष आ उपाध्यक्ष चुनाव होकर चुनल जाला।

गाँवपालिका में आवे वाला गाँव सभ, जिनहन के पाहिले गाँउ बिकास समीति (गाविस) कहल जाय, के कुल संख्या आ नाँव नीचे दिहल गइल बा:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! गिनती !! गाँव के नाँव
|-
| 1. || भगवतीपुर  
|-
| 2. || मझौरा 
|-
| 3. || नवराजपुर 
|-

|}

==जातीयता== 
 इहा थारू, यादव,तत्मा, मलाह, तेली, डोम आदि जातजातिके बस्ती हबे।

==धर्म==
[[हिन्दू धर्म|हिन्दू]], [[मुस्लिम धर्म|मुस्लिम]] आ [[इसाई धर्म|इसाई]]

==इहो  देखल जाय==
* [[नेपाल के गाँवपालिका सभ के लिस्ट]]
* [[नेपाल के नगरपालिका सभ के लिस्ट]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
*[http://www.ddcsiraha.gov.np/ जिला समन्वय समिति के कार्यालय, सिराहा, नेपाल] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609030358/http://dccsiraha.gov.np// |date=2020-06-09 }}

{{Geographic location |state = expanded
|Centre    = नवराजपुर 
|North     = लहान नगरपालिका 
|Northeast =
|East      = भगवानपुर गांवपालिका  
|Southeast =
|South     = भारत 
|Southwest =
|West      = बरियारपट्टी गांवपालिका 
|Northwest= 
}}

{{सिराहा जिला के स्थानीय प्रशासन}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के गाँवपालिका]]
[[श्रेणी:प्रदेश संख्या 2 के गाँवपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:सिराहा जिला के नगरपालिका आ गाँवपालिका सभ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10461" sha1="p2oy4d7iglqdz585ykqwl4uyiw1bhr4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                     = नवराजपुर
|other_name               = Nawarajpur
|native_name              = 
|nickname                 = 
|settlement_type          = [[गांवपालिका]]
|motto                    =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline            = 
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = 
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               = 
|image_map                = 
|mapsize                  = 
|map_caption              = 
|pushpin_map              = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position   = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize          = 300px
|pushpin_map_caption      = नवराजपुर गांवपालिका 
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type         = देश
|subdivision_name         = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1        = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[प्रदेश संख्या २]]
|subdivision_type3        = [[नेपाल के जिला|जिला]]
|subdivision_name3        = [[सिराहा जिला]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes     =
|government_type          = [[स्थानीय सरकार]]
|governing_body           = [[गांव कार्यपालिका]]
|leader_party             = [[नेपाली कांग्रेस]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2017/09/628156&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title             = [[अध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name              = विश्वमोहन यादव
|leader_title1            = [[उपाध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name1             = शोभाकुमारी यादव ([[नेपाली कांग्रेस]])
|leader_title2            = [[कार्यकारी अधिकृत|कार्यकारी]]
|leader_name2             = 
|established_title        = स्थापना
|established_date         = २७ [[फाल्गुण]] २०७३
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref                = 
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 32.18
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of         = 2073
|population_footnotes     =
|population_note          =
|population_total         = 19019
|population_density_km2   = auto
|population_blank1_title  = जातीय 
|population_blank1        =
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone                 = [[नेपाल के प्रमाणिक समय]] 
|utc_offset               = +5:45
|timezone_DST             =
|utc_offset_DST           =
|latd                     = 26.60
|longd                    = 86.42
|coordinates_display      = title,inline
|coordinates_type         = type:adm2nd_source:unmaps-enwiki
|coordinates_region       = NP
|coor_pinpoint            = [[नवराजपुर]]
|elevation_footnotes      = 
|elevation_m              =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type         = 
|postal_code              =
|area_code                = +977-33
|blank_name               = केन्द्र
|blank_info               = पहिले के [[नवराजपुर]] गाविस के [[कार्यालय]]
|website                  =
|footnotes                =  
}}
नेपाल में [[नेपालके स्थानीय तह|नया 744 स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई]] लागू भइला के बाद से [[सिराहा जिला]] के पहिले के [[भगवतीपुर, सिरहा|भगवतीपुर]], [[मझौरा]] आ [[नवराजपुर]] गांव विकास समिति सभ के मिला के '''नवराजपुर गांवपालिका''' बनल ह।&lt;ref name=&quot;गांवपालिका व नगरपालिका &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=गांवपालिका व नगरपालिका कौन जिला मे कितना?|url=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084|accessdate= 20 January 2018|publisher=लोकान्तर|date= 20 January 2018|ref=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084}}&lt;/ref&gt; ई गांवपालिका में 5 गो [[वार्ड]] बा। इ गांवपालिका के कूल जनसंख्या 19,019 बा आ क्षेत्रफल 32.18 वर्गकिलोमिटर बाटे। एकर केंद्र पहिले के [[नवराजपुर]] गाविस के कार्यालय मे राखल गइल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=स्थानीय तह के विवरण|url=http://www.mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|website=सङ्घीय मामिला तथा स्थानीय विकास मन्त्रालय|publisher=[[नेपाल सरकार]]|accessdate=20 January 2018|archive-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317214821/http://mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==भौगोलिक अवस्थिति==
नवराजपुर गांवपालिका नेपाल के सिराहा जिला के हिस्सा हवे आ ई नेपाल में दक्खिनी-पूरबी हिस्सा में पड़े ला। ई इलाका नेपाल के [[तराई]] वाला इलाका हवे, मने कि पहाड़ प्रदेश के दक्खिन में समथर जमीन वाला इलाका हऽ। इहाँ के जलवायु के निचला उष्णकटिबंधी जलवायु में रखल गइल बा&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lillesø|first1=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last2=Shrestha|first2=Tirtha B.|last3=Dhakal|first3=Lokendra P.|last4=Nayaju|first4=Ratna P.|last5=Shrestha|first5=Rabin|title=The Map of Potential Vegetation of Nepal|journal=Development and Environment|date=2005|issue=2|url=http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/20497354/de2_001.pdf|publisher=Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet|language=en|format=pdf|access-date=2018-01-31|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032538/http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/20497354/de2_001.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; हालाँकि, कोपेन के जलवायु बर्गीकरण के हिसाब से ई इलाका Cwb कटेगरी में रखल जाला।

==यातायात== 
इहा से लहान तथा सिराहा के लेल सुबह के समय बस पावेला

==हटिया आ मेला== 
*सोनवर्षा हटिया = सायंकाल लागेला इहा साग-सब्जी के साथ-साथ शराब के बढि़या व्यापार होला। 
*बैशाख 1 तारीख के दिन ( विक्रम संवत ) इहा मेला लागत बाटे।

==प्रमुख व्यक्तित्व== 
*चित्रलेखा यादव&lt;ref&gt;https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/experts/chitralekha-yadav/&lt;/ref&gt; के जन्म इहे गाँवपालिका मे भेल रहे।&lt;ref&gt;https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2016/03/397400&lt;/ref&gt;

==प्रशासन==
नेपाल के बाकी गाँवपालिका सभ नियर, नवराजपुर गाँवपालिका में भी स्थानीय प्रशासन के ब्यवस्था बा। इहवों, गाँवपालिका के एक ठो कार्यालय बा आ गाँवपालिका के स्थानीय प्रशासन [[गांव कार्यपालिका]] द्वारा चलावल जाला जेकर अध्यक्ष आ उपाध्यक्ष चुनाव होकर चुनल जाला।

गाँवपालिका में आवे वाला गाँव सभ, जिनहन के पाहिले गाँउ बिकास समीति (गाविस) कहल जाय, के कुल संख्या आ नाँव नीचे दिहल गइल बा:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! गिनती !! गाँव के नाँव
|-
| 1. || भगवतीपुर 
|-
| 2. || मझौरा 
|-
| 3. || नवराजपुर 
|-

|}

==जातीयता== 
 इहा थारू, यादव,तत्मा, मलाह, तेली, डोम आदि जातजातिके बस्ती हबे।

==धर्म==
[[हिन्दू धर्म|हिन्दू]], [[मुस्लिम धर्म|मुस्लिम]] आ [[इसाई धर्म|इसाई]]

==इहो  देखल जाय==
* [[नेपाल के गाँवपालिका सभ के लिस्ट]]
* [[नेपाल के नगरपालिका सभ के लिस्ट]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
*[http://www.ddcsiraha.gov.np/ जिला समन्वय समिति के कार्यालय, सिराहा, नेपाल] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609030358/http://dccsiraha.gov.np// |date=2020-06-09 }}

{{Geographic location |state = expanded
|Centre    = नवराजपुर 
|North     = लहान नगरपालिका 
|Northeast =
|East      = भगवानपुर गांवपालिका  
|Southeast =
|South     = भारत 
|Southwest =
|West      = बरियारपट्टी गांवपालिका 
|Northwest= 
}}

{{सिराहा जिला के स्थानीय प्रशासन}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के गाँवपालिका]]
[[श्रेणी:प्रदेश संख्या 2 के गाँवपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:सिराहा जिला के नगरपालिका आ गाँवपालिका सभ]]</text>
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&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                     =  नरहा  
|other_name               = Narha
|native_name              = 
|nickname                 = 
|settlement_type          = [[गांवपालिका]]
|motto                    =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline            = 
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = 
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               = 
|image_map                = 
|mapsize                  = 
|map_caption              = 
|pushpin_map              = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position   = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize          = 300px
|pushpin_map_caption      = नरहा गांवपालिका 
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type         = देश
|subdivision_name         = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1        = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[प्रदेश संख्या २]]
|subdivision_type3        = [[नेपाल के जिला|जिला]]
|subdivision_name3        = [[सिराहा जिला]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes     =
|government_type          = [[स्थानीय सरकार]]
|governing_body           = [[गांव कार्यपालिका]]
|leader_title             = [[अध्यक्ष]] 
|leader_name         = रामशरण यादव ([[एमाले]])
|leader_title1            = [[उपाध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name1             = गुलाब देवी चौधरी 
|leader_title2            = [[कार्यकारी अधिकृत|कार्यकारी]]
|leader_name2             = 
|established_title        = स्थापना
|established_date         = २७ [[फाल्गुण]] २०७३
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref                = 
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 29.28
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of         = 2073
|population_footnotes     =
|population_note          =
|population_total         = 19,369
|population_density_km2   = auto
|population_blank1_title  = जातीय 
|population_blank1        =
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone                 = [[नेपाल के प्रमाणिक समय]] 
|utc_offset               = +5:45
|timezone_DST             =
|utc_offset_DST           =
|latd                     = 26.77
|longd                    = 86.29
|coordinates_display      = title,inline
|coordinates_type         = type:adm2nd_source:unmaps-enwiki
|coordinates_region       = NP
|coor_pinpoint            = [[नरहा]]
|elevation_footnotes      = 
|elevation_m              =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type         = 
|postal_code              =
|area_code                = +977-33
|blank_name               = केन्द्र
|blank_info               = पहिले के '''नरहा बलकाबा''' गाविस के [[कार्यालय]]
|website                  =
|footnotes                =  
}}
नेपाल में '''नेपालके नया 744 स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई''' लागू भइला के बाद से '''सिराहा जिला''' के पहिले के '''देवीपुर''', '''चन्द्रअयोध्यापुर'', '''बर्चबा''' आ '''नरहा बलकबा''' गांव विकास समिति सभ के मिला के '''नरहा गांवपालिका''' बनल ह।&lt;ref name=&quot;गांवपालिका व नगरपालिका &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=गांवपालिका व नगरपालिका कौन जिला मे कितना?|url=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084|accessdate=25 January 2018|publisher=लोकान्तर|date=25 January 2018|ref=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084}}&lt;/ref&gt; ई गांवपालिका में 5 गो '''वार्ड''' बा। इ गांवपालिका के कूल जनसंख्या 19,369 बा आ क्षेत्रफल29.28 वर्गकिलोमिटर बाटे। एकर केंद्र पहिले के '''नरहा बलकाबा''' गाविस के कार्यालय मे राखल गइल बा। इ गांवपालिका के उत्तर मे [[गोलबजार नगरपालिका]] दक्खिन मे [[विष्णुपुर गांवपालिका]] पुरब मे [[गोलबजार नगरपालिका]] आ पश्चिम मे [[मिर्चैया नगरपालिका]], [[कल्याणपुर नगरपालिका]] बाटे! &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=स्थानीय तह के विवरण|url=http://www.mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|website=सङ्घीय मामिला तथा स्थानीय विकास मन्त्रालय|publisher=[[नेपाल सरकार]]|accessdate=25 January 2018|archive-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317214821/http://mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
*[http://www.ddcsiraha.gov.np/ जिला समन्वय समिति के कार्यालय, सिराहा, नेपाल] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609030358/http://dccsiraha.gov.np// |date=2020-06-09 }}

{{सिराहा जिला के स्थानीय प्रशासन}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के गाँवपालिका]]
[[श्रेणी:प्रदेश संख्या 2 के गाँवपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:सिराहा जिला के नगरपालिका आ गाँवपालिका सभ]]</text>
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&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                      = धुनीवेंशी 
|other_name               = Dhunibensi 
|native_name              = 
|nickname                 = 
|settlement_type          = [[नेपाल के नगरपालिका सभ के लिस्ट|नगरपालिका]]
|motto                    =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline            = 
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = 
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               = 
|image_map                = 
|mapsize                  = 
|map_caption              = 
|pushpin_map              = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position   = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize          = 300px
|pushpin_map_caption      = धुनीवेंशी    
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type         = देश
|subdivision_name         = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1        = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[प्रदेश संख्या ३]]
|subdivision_type3        = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ के लिस्ट|जिला]]
|subdivision_name3        = [[धादिंग जिला]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes     =
|government_type          = [[नेपाल के प्रशासनिक बिभाजन|स्थानीय सरकार]]
|governing_body           = [[नगर कार्यपालिका]]
|leader_title                =  नगर प्रमुख 
|leader_name             = बाल कृष्ण आचार्य  ([[एमाले]])&lt;ref&gt;http://bijulikhabar.com/स्थानीय-निर्वाचन/{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title1            = उप-प्रमुख
|leader_name1             =निरू खरेल ([[एमाले]])&lt;ref&gt;http://archive.setopati.com/raajneeti/68459/{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title2            = [[कार्यकारी अधिकृत|कार्यकारी]]
|leader_name2             =  
|established_title        = स्थापना
|established_date         = 27 फाल्गुण 2073 (20 सितंबर 2015)
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref                = 
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 96.30
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of         = 2011
|population_footnotes     =
|population_note          =
|population_total         = 31,029
|population_density_km2   = auto
|population_blank1_title  = जातीय 
|population_blank1        =
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone                 = [[नेपाल मानक समय|नेपाल समय]] 
|utc_offset               = +5:45
|timezone_DST             =
|utc_offset_DST           =
|latd                     = 27.717
|longd                    = 85.150
|coordinates_display      = title,inline
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|coordinates_region       = NP
|coor_pinpoint            = नौविसे      
|elevation_footnotes      = 
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&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
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|blank_info               = पहिले के '''नौविसे''' गाविस के [[कार्यालय]]
|website                  = 
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}}

'''धुनीवेंशी नगरपालिका''', [[नेपाल]] के [[धादिंग जिला]] में एगो नगरपालिका बा। ई नगरपालिका में 9 गो वार्ड बा। एह नगरपालिका के कुल जनसंख्या 31,029 बा आ क्षेत्रफल 96.30 वर्गकिलोमीटर बाटे।

नेपाल में नेपालके नया 744 स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई लागू भइला के बाद से [[धादिंग जिला]] के पहिले के '''छत्रेदेउराली''', '''जीवनपुर''' आ '''नौविसे''' गाँव विकास समिति सभ के मिला के [[धुनीवेंशी नगरपालिका]] बनल ह।&lt;ref name=&quot;division&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=गाँवपालिका व नगरपालिका कौन जिला मे कितना?|url=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084|accessdate=8 फरवरी 2018|publisher=लोकान्तर|date=8 फरवरी 2018|ref=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084}}&lt;/ref&gt;

एकर केंद्र पहिले के '''नौविसे''' गाविस के कार्यालय मे राखल गइल बा। एह नगरपालिका के उत्तर मे [[नुवाकोट जिला]] दक्खिन मे [[मकवानपुर जिला]] पुरब मे [[काठमांडू जिला]] आ पश्चिम मे [[थाक्रे गांवपालिका]], [[मकवानपुर जिला]] बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=स्थानीय तह के विवरण |url=http://www.mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list |website=mofald.gov.np |publisher=संघीय मामिला तथा स्थानीय विकास मंत्रालय, [[नेपाल सरकार]] |accessdate=8 फरवरी 2018 |archive-date=2019-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317214821/http://mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==इहो  देखल जाय==
* [[नेपाल के गाँवपालिका सभ के लिस्ट]]
* [[नेपाल के नगरपालिका सभ के लिस्ट]]

==संदर्भ==
{{reflist|33em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी== 
*धुनीवेंशी नगरपालिका के कार्यालय]
{{Geographic location |state = expanded
|Centre   = धुनीवेंशी नगरपालिका 
|North     = [[नुवाकोट जिला]]
|Northeast = 
|East      = [[काठमांडू जिला]] 
|Southeast = 
|South     = [[मकवानपुर जिला]]
|Southwest = 
|West      = [[थाक्रे गांवपालिका]], [[मकवानपुर जिला]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{धादिंग जिला}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के गाँवपालिका]]
[[श्रेणी:प्रदेश संख्या 3 के गाँवपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:धादिंग जिला के नगरपालिका आ गाँवपालिका सभ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="676" sha1="12i2a6j86ah78bw4d7zmnalriyyjn6s" xml:space="preserve">'''देवता''' [[हिंदू धर्म|हिंदू]] [[देव (हिंदू धर्म)|देव]] लोग के कहल जाला, एक किसिम के छोट अरथ में। देवता लोग में कई देवी आ देव शामिल बाने, ग्राम देवता आ कुल देवता वगैरह नियर चीज भी एह में जुड़ल बा।

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[देव (हिंदू धर्म)]]
* [[ईश्वर]]

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू देवी-देवता]]


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      <text bytes="3216" sha1="pjo0x47ej6rwi75r0mfrzihy0jh9pah" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Koppen World Map Cwa Cfa.png|thumb|right|400px|''कुछ गरम ताप वाली आ गर्मीं में खूब गरम ताप वाली जलवायु'' के पेटी, सुधारित कोपेन बर्गीकरण सिस्टम के अनुसार; एह में 0&amp;nbsp;°C (32&amp;nbsp;°F) के सभसे ठंढा महीना के ताप के सीमा मानल गइल बा।
{{legend|#C6FF4E|Cfa}}
{{legend|#96FF96|Cwa}}]]
'''नम उपोष्ण कटिबंधी जलवायु''' (Humid subtropical climate) एगो [[जलवायु]] प्रकार भा जलवायु पेटी हवे जेह में गर्म आ नम गरमी के [[सीजन]] होला जबकि जाड़ा कुछ सहज (बहुत जादा ठंढा ना) होला। एह किसिम के जलवायु बहुधा सगरी महादीप सभ के दक्खिनी-पूरबी किनारे प पावल जाले, आमतौर पर 25° आ 35° अक्षांस के बीच में आ ई बगल के [[उष्णकटिबंध]]ी इलाका के ओर से ध्रुव के ओर बढ़े पर मिले लीं (मने उत्तरी गोलार्ध में उष्णकटिबंध के उत्तर ओर आ दक्खिनी गोलार्ध में उष्णकटिबंध के दक्खिन ओर)। ज्यादातर दसा में ई समुंदर किनारे वाला हिस्सा में पावल जालीं, हालाँकि, एह जलवायु के बिस्तार महादीपी हिस्सा में अंदर की ओर भी दूर ले चहुँपे ला जइसे कि [[चीन]] आ [[भारत]] में, अउरी [[अमेरिका]] में।

[[कोपेन के जलवायु वर्गीकरण]] में एह किसिम के जलवायु के '''Cfa''' आ '''Cwa''' चीन्हा दिहल जाला। ई नम आ बिचबिचवा ताप वाली जलवायु मानल जालीं। एह जलवायु प्रदेश सभ में सभसे ठंढा महीना के औसत तापमान {{convert|-3|°C}} आ {{convert|18|°C}} के बीच रहे ला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/global/climate_max.html |title=JetStream |publisher=Srh.noaa.gov |date= |accessdate=2018-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[कोपेन के जलवायु वर्गीकरण]]
* [[मानसून]]
* [[भारत के जलवायु]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:जलवायु]]
[[श्रेणी:कोपेन के जलवायु वर्गीकरण]]


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|common_name = Nicaragua
|native_name = {{native name|es|República de Nicaragua|fontsize=70%}}
|image_flag = Flag of Nicaragua.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg

|image_map = Nicaragua (orthographic projection).svg
|capital = {{raise|0.2em|[[File:Coat of Arms of Managua.svg|20px|link=Official seal of Managua]]}}&amp;nbsp;[[मानागुआ]]
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|official_languages = [[स्पेनिश भाषा|निकारागुआई स्पेनी]]

|area_km2 = 130375
|area_rank = 96th

|population_estimate =
|population_census = 6,167,237&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Población Total, estimada al 30 de Junio del año 2012 |url=http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20a%C3%B1o%202012%20INIDE.pdf |publisher=National Nicaraguan Institute of Development Information |accessdate=24 मार्च 2013 |pages=1–5 |language=Spanish |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230512/http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20a%C3%B1o%202012%20INIDE.pdf |archivedate=2 May 2013 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''निकारागुआ''' [[मध्य अमेरिका]] में एगो देस बा। मध्य आमेरिका के थलजोड़ वाला हिस्सा में ई सभसे बड़ देस हवे आ एकरे उत्तर में [[होंडुरास]], पूरुब ओर [[कैरेबियन सागर]], दक्खिन में [[कोस्टा रिका]] आ पच्छिम में [[प्रशांत महासागर]] बाड़ें। एह देस के राजधानी आ सभसे बड़ शहर [[मानागुआ]] हवे। मध्य अमेरिकी थलजोड़ वाला इलाका में मानागुआ तिसरा सभसे बड़ शहर हवे जबकि तेगुसिगाल्पा आ ग्वाटेमाला सिटी एह से बड़ शहर हवें। निकारागुआ के जनसंख्या लगभग कई जातीयता वाली बा जेह में मूलनिवासी लोग, यूरोपीय लोग, अफिर्की लोग आ एशियाई लोग सामिल बा। देस के सभसे ढेर बोलल जाए वाली भाषा [[स्पेनिश भाषा]] हऽ। एकरे अलावा ''मस्कीटो कोस्ट'' (मच्छर वाला समुंदरी किनारा) के मूलनिवासी लोग आपन मूल भाषा सभ भी बोले ला आ इहाँ कुछ जनसंख्या अंग्रेजी बोले वाला लोग के भी बा।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[श्रेणी:मध्य अमेरिका के देस]]
[[श्रेणी:यूनाइटेड नेशंस के सदस्य देस]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर अमेरिका के देस]]


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'''दक्खिन-पुरुब एशिया में [[हिंदू धर्म]]''' के ब्यापक परभाव इहाँ के इतिहास, संस्कृति, आ समाज पर देखे में आवे ला। पहिली से पाँचवीं सदी ईसवी के बीच इहाँ भारतीय लिखाई सिस्टम के चलन आइल आ पहिली बेर इहाँ के लोग आपन चीज लिखित रूप में दर्ज कइल।

हिंदू राजा लोग के राज स्थापित होखे के कारन इहाँ के राजब्यवस्था आ सामाजिक संरचना प हिंदू धर्म के परभाव देखे में आवे ला; सभसे सहज उदाहरण के रूप में जगह आ लोग के नाँव में भारतीय भाषा आ हिंदू संस्कृति के परभाव देखल जा सके ला। इहाँ के आर्किटेक्चर आ कला प हिंदू धर्म के साफ परभाव पड़ल लउके ला, परसिद्ध [[अंकोरवाट]] के मंदिर जे दुनिया के सभसे बिसाल परिसर वाला हिंदू मंदिर हवे, हेइजे बाटे।

==इतिहास==
==क्षेत्रवार==
===कंबोडिया===
===इंडोनेशिया===
===वियतनाम===
इतिहासी रूप से [[चंपा (राज)|चंपा]] नाँव के राज्य वर्तमान समय के बिचला आ दक्खिनी वियतनाम में बिस्तार लिहले रहे, प्रायदीपी हिस्सा के पूरबी किनारा पर। एह राज्य के लोग, जे [[चम लोग]] कहाला, ओह जमाना में हिंदू धर्म के [[शैव मत|शैव शाखा]] के माने। चम लोग के लगभग दू हजार साल के लमहर इतिहास बा, एह दौरान इहाँ बहुत कुछ बदलल भी बा।

वर्तमान में ''चम बलमोन'' (बाँभन) आ अउरी बाकी चाम लोग हिंदू धर्म के माने वाला बा। हालाँकि इनहन लोग के सटीक जनसंख्या के आँकड़ा सरकारी जनगणना से ना मौजूद बा, अनुमान के मोताबिक इहाँ अब खाली 70,000 से 1,00,000 के करीब हिंदू लोग बचल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/media-43869320 |title=वियतनाम में सिमटती हिंदू आबादी - BBC News हिंदी |publisher=Bbc.com |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2018-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=ज़ुबैर अहमद बीबीसी संवाददाता, वियतनाम से लौटकर |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-43826033 |title=वियतनाम के हिंदू मिटने की कगार पर! - BBC News हिंदी |publisher=Bbc.com |date= |accessdate=2018-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू धर्म]]
[[श्रेणी:देस अनुसार हिंदू धर्म]]


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}}
[[File:Oryza sativa MHNT.BOT.2015.2.52.jpg|thumb|''Oryza sativa'']]
'''एशियाई धान''' (बैज्ञानिक नाँव: ''ओराइजा सैटाइवा'', ''Oryza sativa'') भा खाली भर '''धान''', एक किसिम के घास हवे जेकर बीया भी धान कहाला आ एही बीया के भूसी बिलगा के [[चाउर]] उपराजल जाला जे दुनिया के काफी बड़हन इलाका के जनसंख्या के मुख्य भोजन हवे। एह तरीका से, ई बनस्पति एक किसिम के फसल हवे जे खाद्यान्न खाती खेती क के उपराजल जाला। एह फसल के मुख्य इलाका [[पूरबी एशिया]], [[दक्खिन-पूर्ब एशिया]] आ [[भारतीय उपमहादीप]] हवें।

{{clear}}
==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[अफिरकी धान]] - धान बंस के दुसरकी प्रजाति जे अफिरका महादीप में उपजावल जाले।

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:चाउर| ]]
[[श्रेणी:अनाज]]


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{{automatic taxobox
|image = Gealypic5.JPG
|display_parents = 3
|taxon = Oryza
|authority = [[कार्ल लिंनायस|लि.]]
|type_species = ''[[धान|ओराइजा सैटाइवा]]''
|type_species_authority = [[कार्ल लिंनायस|लि.]]&lt;ref&gt;lectotype designated by Duistermaat, Blumea 32: 174 (1987)&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms_ref =
|synonyms =
* ''Padia'' &lt;small&gt;Moritzi&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Porteresia'' &lt;small&gt;Tateoka&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Indoryza'' &lt;small&gt;A.N.Henry &amp; B.Roy&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''ओराइजा''' एगो घास के जाति हवे जेह में मुख्य रूप से दू गो प्रजाति पावल जालीं, [[धान|एशियाई धान]] आ [[अफिरकी धान]] जिनहन से चाउर निकालल जाला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:बनस्पति बिज्ञान]]


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      <text bytes="1870" sha1="ay9xaose810zjpgzkj5zrc0wh7vzw18" xml:space="preserve">'''दुबराज''' भा '''दूबराज''', महकउवा [[चाउर]] के एगो किसिम हवे। ई धान मुख्य रूप से [[छत्तीसगढ़]] आ आसपास के इलाका में उपजावल जाला। हाल के समय में किसान एह चावल के उपजावे में कम रूचि ले रहल बाड़ें आ एकरे आ एकरे नियर अउरी कई गो चावल सभ के संरक्षण खाती कोसिस कइल जा रहल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://naidunia.jagran.com/special-story-raipur-news-178987 |title=Raipur news 178987 |publisher=Naidunia.jagran.com |date= |accessdate=2018-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=ट्रेंडिंग न्यूज़ अलर्ट |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhatisgarh/bilaspur/news/CHH-BIL-OMC-identification-of-chhattisgarh-fragrant-rice-5003017-NOR.html |title=प्रदेश में जवां फूल, भोग, दुबराज, लुचई जैसी किस्में धान की उगाई जाती रही हैं |publisher=Bhaskar.com |date=2015-05-25 |accessdate=2018-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[बासमती]]
* [[काला नमक (चाउर)|कालानमक]]

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
* Sidar, Hemant Kumar; ''[http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/91383 CHARACTERIZATION OF DUBRAJ RICE ACCESSIONS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL AND QUALITY CHARACTERS]'', Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. {{in lang|en}}

[[श्रेणी:चाउर]]
[[श्रेणी:चाउर के किसिम]]


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      <text bytes="4220" sha1="ib6qq53jnckm82ijho7j4vq4rcrtxy4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = नियोम
| settlement_type         = 
| image_skyline           = 
| image_caption           = 
| pushpin_map             = Saudi Arabia
| pushpin_map_caption     = सउदी अरब में लोकेशन
| coordinates             = {{coord|28|17|17|N|34|50|42|E|region:AE-AZ|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = देस
| subdivision_name        = [[सऊदी अरब]]
| subdivision_type1       = 
| subdivision_name1       = 
| established_title       = घोषणा भइल
| established_date        = 24 अक्टूबर 2017
| founder                 = मुहम्मद बिन सलमान
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = 
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title1           = डाइरेक्टर
| leader_name1            = क्लॉस क्लेनफील्ड
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 26500
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 
| population_as_of        = 
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = अरब मानक समय
| utc_offset1             = +03
| website                 = {{URL|http://www.discoverneom.com/}}
| footnotes               = 
}}
'''नियोम''' (अंग्रेजी: NEOM, अरबी:{{nq|نيوم}} ''नियूम'') [[सऊदी अरब]] में एगो प्रस्तावित मेगासिटी बाटे। प्रस्ताव के अनुसार जब ई बिसाल शहर बन के तइयार होखी तब एकर कुल रकबा लगभग 26,500 वर्ग किलोमीटर होखी आ एकर सीमा [[मिस्र]] आ [[जॉर्डन]] देसन के छुई।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/hi/new-saudi-mega-city-neom/g-41126162 |title=सऊदी मेगासिटी नियोम में क्या होगा खास? &amp;#124; वीडियो और तस्वीरें &amp;#124; DW &amp;#124; 26.10.2017 |publisher=DW |date= |accessdate=2018-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; एह मेगाशहर (यानी बहुत बिसाल शहर) के आर्थिक क्षेत्र के रूप में बिकसित करे के योजना बा आ ई [[लाल सागर]] के उत्तरी छोर पर आ अकाबा के खाड़ी के साथे जुड़ल किनारा तक ले बिस्तार लिहले होखी, ई लोकेशन भी महत्व के बा काहें से कि दुनिया के परसिद्ध जलमार्ग [[स्वेज नहर]] इहाँ से कुछे दूर पच्छिम में बा।

समाचरन के मोताबिक एकरा निर्माण खातिर पहिला ठीका (कांट्रेक्ट) मिलियो चुकल बा। वर्तमान ता'बुक शहर से लगभग 150 किलोमीटर पच्छिम में, लाल सागर के किनारा वाला हिस्सा में राजा लोग के महल आ अउरी शाही भवन सभ एह योजना के सभसे पहिला निर्माण होखिहें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=By Reuters |url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/construction/389487-saudi-awards-first-contracts-for-500bn-neom-city |title=Saudi awards first contracts for $500bn Neom city - Construction,Saudi Arabia |publisher=ArabianBusiness.com |date=2018-02-08 |accessdate=2018-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:सउदी अरब]]


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'''दानयांग-कुनशान ग्रांड पुल''' एगो {{Nowrap|{{convert| 164.8 |km|adj=on}}}} लमहर [[वियादक्ट]] बा जे बीजिंग-शंघाई हाई स्पीड रेलवे के रास्ता में बा। ई दुनियाँ के सभसे लमहर पुल बाटे।&lt;ref name=NYTimes2017-06-10/&gt;

== पुल ==
ई पुल पूरबी चीन के जियांगसु प्रांत में बा आ शंघाई आ नानजिंग के बीच के रेलवे लाइन पर बनल बाटे। ई पुल [[यांगत्जी नदी]] के डेल्टा वाला इलाका में बनल हवे जहाँ कि एकदम से निचाई वाली जमीन बा आ धान के खेत, नहर, झील आ छोट-छोट नद्दी सभ के इलाका हवे।  पुल, यांगत्जी नदी के लगभग समांतर होखे गुजरे ला आ करीबन   {{Convert|5|to|50|mi|abbr=on|disp=flip|sigfig=1}} दक्खिन ओर बा। ई कई जो आबादी वाला जगह सभ के उत्तर से होक गुजरे ला जिनहन में दान्यांग, चांगझोऊ, वूक्सी, सुझोऊ, आ कुनशान (पच्छिम से पुरुब के ओर) बाड़ें। एह पुल के करीबन {{Convert|9|km|mi|लमहर|adj=mid}} खंड पूरा तरीका से पानी के ऊपर बा जे सुझोऊ के यांगचेंग झील के ऊपर से गुजरे ला।&lt;ref name=&quot;expert&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://expertscolumn.com/content/danyang-kunshan-grand-bridge-longest-bridge|title=Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge, the Longest Bridge|date=सितंबर 12, 2011|work=expertscolumn.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218135156/http://expertscolumn.com/content/danyang-kunshan-grand-bridge-longest-bridge|archivedate=18 February 2012|author=Muhammad Farooq|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ई पुल साल 2010 में बन के पूरा भइल आ साल 2011 आवाजाही खातिर खोल दिहल गइल। एकरा बनावे में करीबन 10,000 लोग लागल रहे आ निर्माण के काम कुल चार साल ले चलल, निर्माण के कुल लागत लगभग $8.5 बिलियन आइल। दानशान कुनयांग ग्रैंड ब्रिज, साल 2011 तक ले के रिकार्ड अनुसार गिनीज बुक ऑफ वल्ड में सभसे लमहर पुल के रिकार्डधारी पुल के रूप में दर्ज बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;gwr&quot;&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-bridge Longest bridge], Guinness World Records. Last accessed July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== इहो देखल जाय ==

* [[जियाओझोऊ खाड़ी के पुल]]
* [[दुनिया के सभसे लमहर पुलhjg hjjv jhhjv jhvghjv ghddseo hjfyddas  सभ के लिस्ट]]

{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=NYTimes2017-06-10&gt;
{{cite news 
| url         = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/world/asia/china-bridges-infrastructure.html
| title       = China’s New Bridges: Rising High, but Buried in Debt China has built hundreds of dazzling new bridges, including the longest and highest, but many have fostered debt and corruption
| publisher   = [[New York Times]]
| author      = Chris Buckley
| date        = 2017-06-10
| page        = A6
| location    = [[Chishi, China]]
| archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20170610215456/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/world/asia/china-bridges-infrastructure.html
| archivedate = 2017-06-10
| deadurl     = No 
| quote       = China also has the world’s longest bridge, the 102-mile Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge, a high-speed rail viaduct running parallel to the Yangtze River, and is nearing completion of the world’s longest sea bridge, a 14-mile cable-stay bridge skimming across the Pearl River Delta, part of a 22-mile bridge and tunnel crossing that connects Hong Kong and Macau with mainland China.
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[श्रेणी:चीन]]
[[श्रेणी:पुल]]
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'''दूध''' उज्जर रंग के तरल पदारथ हवे जे स्तनधारी (''मैमल'') जानवरन के [[स्तन]] ग्रंथि से निकले ला। मुख्य रूप से ई मादा स्तनधारी जीव के बच्चा पैदा होखे के बाद कुछ समय खातिर स्तन ग्रंथि द्वारा पैदा कइल जाला आ छोट बच्चा सुरुआत में एही पर निरभर रहे ला। दूध पियावे वाला काल में, एकदम से सुरुआती दौर में जवन दूध होला ओकरा के बकेना के दूध कहल जाला आ एह में ''कोलोस्ट्रम'' नाँव के पदार्थ होला जे नया पैदा भइल शिशु खाती कई तरह से फायदेमंद होला काहें से कि एह में महतारी के शरीर से आइल ''एंटीबाडी'' सभ सामिल होखे लें जे बेमारी से लड़े में मददगार होलें।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:खाना]]


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| subdivision_name  = {{झंडा|नेपाल}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश सभ|प्रदेश]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[कोशी प्रदेश]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[नेपाल के प्रशासनिक विभाजन|बिकास क्षेत्र]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[पूर्वांचल विकास क्षेत्र, नेपाल|पूर्वांचल]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[नेपाल के अंचल|अंचल]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[मेची अंचल|मेची]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ के लिस्ट|जिला]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[उदयपुर जिला, नेपाल|उदयपुर]]

| established_title = स्थापना
| established_date  = 10 मार्च 2017&lt;br/&gt;27 फागुन 2073 ([[नेपाली कैलेंडर|बिक्रम सं॰]])
| government_type  = स्थानीय सरकार
| governing_body   = [[गांव कार्यपालिका]]

| area_total_km2   =  &lt;!-- रिप्लेस करीं  --&gt;
| population_total =  &lt;!-- रिप्लेस करीं  --&gt;
| population_as_of       = 2017
| population_footnotes   = &lt;ref name=&quot;election_result&quot; /&gt;
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[नेपाल समय]]
| utc_offset             = +5:45
}}
'''रौतामाई''' [[नेपाल]] के [[कोशी प्रदेश]] के [[उदयपुर जिला, नेपाल|उदयपुर जिला]] में एगो [[गाँवपालिका]] बा। नेपाल में नाया 744 स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई&lt;ref name=&quot;लोकांतर&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=गांवपालिका व नगरपालिका कौन जिला मे कितना?|url=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084|accessdate=25 January 2018|publisher=लोकान्तर|date=25 January 2018|ref=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084}}&lt;/ref&gt; लागू भइला के बाद से पुरनका समय के नामेटार, भुटार, लाफेगाँउ, पोखरी आ रौता [[गाँव बिकास समीति]] (गाविस) सभ के मिला दिहल गइल आ एह गाँवपालिका के स्थापना भइल। एह गाँवपालिका के अब कुल 8 वार्ड में बाँटल गइल आ एकर कार्यालय पहिले के भुटार गाविस के केंद्र पर रखल गइल बा। गाँवपालिका के कुल जनसंख्या 23,481 बा आ कुल रकबा 204 वर्ग किलोमीटर बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;election_result&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mofald.gov.np/sites/default/files/News_Notices/Final%20District%201-75%20Corrected%20Last%20for%20RAJPATRA.pdf|title=MOFALD List of Gaupalika|access-date=2017-06-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==प्रशासनिक बिभाजन==
रौतामाई गाँवपालिका के निर्माण से पहिले ई इलाका कई गो गाविस सभ में बिभाजित रहल जिनहन के आपस में बिलय क के ई गाँवपालिका बनावल गइल। ई गाविस सभ बा:
* नामेटार, 
* भुटार, 
* लाफेगाँउ, 
* पोखरी आ 
* रौता

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==

&lt;!-- {{Geographic location |state = expanded
|Centre    = 
|North     = 
|Northeast = 
|East      = 
|Southeast = 
|South     = 
|Southwest = 
|West      = 
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{{उदयपुर जिला, नेपाल}}

[[श्रेणी:उदयपुर जिला, नेपाल के नगरपालिका आ गाँवपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:कोशी प्रदेश के गाँवपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के गाँवपालिका]]


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    <title>हेनिपावाइरस</title>
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      <text bytes="5281" sha1="8gkha6j1tp4qzvmvkwt8ks8auj8hko3" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| image              = CSIRO ScienceImage 1718 The Hendra Virus.jpg
| image_caption      = ''हेंड्रा हेनिपावायरस'' के रंगीन ट्रांसमिशन इलेक्ट्रान माइक्रोग्राफ (ca. 300 नैनोमीटर लंबाई)&lt;!--scale in [[:File:CSIRO ScienceImage 1719 Hendra Virus.jpg]] --&gt;
| name               = हेनिपावाइरस &lt;br&gt; ''Henipavirus''
| virus_group        = v
| ordo               = ''[[मोनेगावाइरालेस]]''
| familia            = ''[[पैरामाइक्सोवाइरीडाई]]''
| genus              = '''''हेनिपावाइरस'''''
| type_species       = ''हेंड्रा हेनिपावाइरस''
| subdivision_ranks  = [[प्रजाति]]
| subdivision        =
''सीडर हेनिपावाइरस''&lt;br/&gt;
''घानाई हेनिपावाइरस''&lt;br/&gt;
''हेंड्रा हेनिपावाइरस''&lt;br/&gt;
''मोजियांग हेनिपावाइरस''&lt;br/&gt;
''निपाह हेनिपावाइरस''
}}
'''हेनिपावाइरस''' ''(Henipavirus)'' एक किसिम के आरएनए वायरस बाटे जे जीव बिग्यानी बर्गीकरण में ''[[पैरामाइक्सोवाइरीडाई]]'' वाइरस परिवार में आवे ला, आ इनहन के कुल (ऑर्डर) ''[[मोनेगावाइरालेस]]'' हवे। एकर पाँच गो प्रजाति के चीन्हन जा चुकल बाटे। ई वाइरस सभ प्राकृतिक रूप से [[फल]] खाए वाला चमगादुर सभ में पावल जालें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Li |first=Y |last2=Wang |first2=J |last3=Hickey |first3=AC |last4=Zhang |first4=Y |last5=Li |first5=Y |last6=Wu |first6=Y |last7=Zhang |first7=Huajun |title=Antibodies to Nipah or Nipah-like viruses in bats, China [letter] |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2008 |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=1974–6 |doi=10.3201/eid1412.080359|pmid=19046545 |displayauthors=7 |last8=Han |first8=Zhenggang |last9=McEachern |first9=Jennifer |last10=Broder |first10=Christopher C. |last11=Wang |first11=Lin-Fa |last12=Shi |first12=Zhengli |pmc=2634619}}&lt;/ref&gt; इनहन के मुख्य लच्छन सभ में लमहर जीनोम सभसे प्रमुख बा। इनहन के इन्फेक्शन से घरेलू [[जानवर]] आ मनुष्य सभ के बेमार होखे आ मौत होखे के भी संभावना होले।&lt;ref name=sobrino5&gt;{{cite book|chapterurl=http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|year=2008|chapter=Hendra and Nipah Virus|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|url=http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|author1=Sawatsky|access-date=2018-05-24|archive-date=2016-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202716/http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

मई 2018 में [[निपाह वाइरस इन्फेक्शन]] के [[भारत]] के [[केरल]] राज्य में फइले के खबर आइल आ कई लोग के मौत होखे के रपट मिलल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nipah Virus: 11 Dead, Centre Keeps Close Watch on Kerala|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/nipah-virus-death-centre-keeps-close-watch-on-kerala|accessdate=24 मई 2018|work=The Quint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[हिमाचल प्रदेश]] में मुर्दा चमगादुर मिले के कारन एकरे प्रकोप फइले के खतरा खाती भी सतर्कता के खबर आइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nipah scare in Himachal school after 18 dead bats found on premises|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/18-dead-bats-in-himachal-school-causes-nipah-virus-scare/story-nabYLgd5FEzCwsCDvhoJpM.html|accessdate=24 मई 2018|work=https://www.hindustantimes.com/|date=24 मई 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; धियान देवे वाली बात ई बा कि निपाह वाइरस, हेनिपावाइरस जाति के एगो प्रजाति हवे जे प्राकृतिक रूप से चमगादुर सभ में रहे ला आ सभसे पहिले एकरा के मलेशिया के निपाह नाँव के जगह पर चिन्हित कइल गइल रहल, 1998 में ई उहाँ फइलल रहे आ काफी लोग के मौत भइल रहे।

{{clear}}
==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[निपाह वाइरस इन्फेक्शन]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:वाइरस]]


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      <text bytes="16282" sha1="10l5sylin8pijxdd8d6c0mv0o9elvfx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name            = निपाह वाइरस इन्फेक्शन&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Nipah virus infection&lt;/small&gt;
| synonyms        =
| image           = Henipavirus structure.svg
| alt             =
| caption         = [[हेनिपावाइरस]] के रूपरचना
| field           =
| symptoms        = बोखार, कपार बथल, साँस के समस्या
| complications   = एन्सेफेलाइटिस आ कोमा
| onset           =
| duration        =
| types           =
| causes          = [[हेनिपावाइरस|निपाह वाइरस]]
| risks           = संपर्क में आवे वाला लोग के
| diagnosis       =
| differential    =
| prevention      =
| treatment       =
| medication      =
| prognosis       =
| frequency       =
| deaths          =
}}
'''निपाह वाइरस इन्फेक्शन''' ('''NiV''') जीव सभ में वाइरस के एक तरह के इन्फेक्शन बाटे जे [[हेनिपावाइरस]] जाति के निपाह वाइरस से होखे ला। सगरी हेनिपावाइरस सभ चमगादुर में प्राकृतिक रूप से पावल जालें आ इनहन से पालतू जानवर आ आदमिन के भी इन्फेक्शन होखे के खतरा बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = WHO Nipah Virus (NiV) Infection |url = http://www.who.int/csr/disease/nipah/en/ |website = www.who.int |accessdate = 21 May 2018 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093759/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/nipah/en/ |archivedate = 18 April 2018 |df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; एकर पहिचान सभसे पहिले फलभक्षी चमगादड़ में भइल जे एकर प्राकृतिक होस्ट हवे।&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Nipah Virus (NiV) CDC |url = https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/index.html |website = www.cdc.gov |publisher = CDC |accessdate = 21 May 2018 |language = en-us |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171216043000/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/index.html |archivedate = 16 December 2017 |df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; कुल 582 गो मनुष्य में निपाह वाइरस के इन्फेक्शन रिकार्ड कइल गइल बा, एह में 54 प्रतिशत जानलेवा इन्फेक्शन रहलें।&lt;ref name = christopher&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = Broder |first1 = Christopher C. |last2 = Xu |first2 = Kai |last3 = Nikolov |first3 = Dimitar B. |last4 = Zhu |first4 = Zhongyu |last5 = Dimitrov |first5 = Dimiter S. |last6 = Middleton |first6 = Deborah |last7 = Pallister |first7 = Jackie |last8 = Geisbert |first8 = Thomas W. |last9 = Bossart |first9 = Katharine N.|last10=Wang|first10=Lin-Fa |title = A treatment for and vaccine against the deadly Hendra and Nipah viruses |journal = Antiviral Research |date = अक्टूबर 2013 |volume = 100 |issue = 1 |pages = 8–13 |doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.012 |url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354213001691?via%3Dihub |accessdate = 21 May 2018 |language = en |issn = 0166-3542 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = whoseasia&gt;{{cite web|title=Nipah virus outbreaks in the WHO South-East Asia Region|url=http://www.searo.who.int/entity/emerging_diseases/links/nipah_virus_outbreaks_sear/en/|website=South-East Asia Regional Office|publisher=WHO|accessdate=23 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; एही कारण ई चिंता के बिसय के रूप में सोझा आइल बाटे।

[[बिस्व स्वास्थ संगठन|बिस्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन]] (डब्लूएचओ) के अनुसार, अभिन तक ले एकर कौनों टीका (वैक्सीन) ना बा आ इलाज के तरीका इंटेंसिव सपोर्ट देखभाल भर बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;http://www.who.int/csr/disease/nipah/en/&lt;/ref&gt;

== चीन्हा आ लच्छन ==

इन्फेक्शन होखे के बाद एकर चीन्हा आ लच्छन 3{{ndash}}14 दिन के बाद देखाई पड़े सुरू हो जालें। सुरुआती लच्छन में बोखार भइल, कपार बथल, ओंघाईल रहल आ बाद में आगे चल के दिमागी बिचलन आ मानसिक कन्फ्यूजन होखे ला। ई लच्छन सभ कभी-कभार बस 24{{ndash}}48 घंटा में भी कोमा में बदल सके लें। एकरे साथे साथ एन्सेफेलाइटिस (दिमाग में सूजन भा आम भाषा में दिमागी बोखार) भी जुड़ के मामिला के अउरी जटिल बना सके ला। बेमारी के सुरुआती अवस्था में साँस के परेशानी सभ भी देखल जा सके लीं।&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc&quot; /&gt; अइसन मरीज लोग जेकरा ई इन्फेक्शन भइल होखे आ साँस के समस्या (जोखाम-खांसी) से भी परभावित होखे, ढेर चानस रहे ला कि अइसन लोग से दुसरहा बेकती के भी ई वाइरस इन्फेक्शन हो जाव।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = Luby |first1 = Stephen P. |last2 = Hossain |first2 = M. Jahangir |last3 = Gurley |first3 = Emily S. |last4 = Ahmed |first4 = Be-Nazir |last5 = Banu |first5 = Shakila |last6 = Khan |first6 = Salah Uddin |last7 = Homaira |first7 = Nusrat |last8 = Rota |first8 = Paul A. |last9 = Rollin |first9 = Pierre E. |last10 = Comer |first10 = James A. |last11 = Kenah |first11 = Eben |last12 = Ksiazek |first12 = Thomas G. |last13 = Rahman |first13 = Mahmudur |title = Recurrent Zoonotic Transmission of Nipah Virus into Humans, Bangladesh, 2001–2007 |journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases |date = 2009 |volume = 15 |issue = 8 |pages = 1229–1235 |doi = 10.3201/eid1508.081237 |pmc = 2815955 |issn = 1080-6040 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180522034837/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815955/ |archivedate = 22 May 2018 |df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; अगर ई कौनों इलाका में महामारी के रूप में फइल जाय, ई लच्छन सभ वाला ब्यक्ति लोग के एह बेमारी होखे के चानस रहे ला।

== रिस्क ==

[[File:Pteropus vampyrus2.jpg|thumb|फलभक्षी चमगादुर एकर प्राकृतिक होस्ट हवें।]]

अइसन लोग जे एह वाइरस से ग्रस्त होखे, ओह लोग से अस्पताल के कर्मचारी जइसे कि नर्स आ देखभाल करे वाला लोग के ई इन्फेक्शन हो जाए के काफी रिस्क रहे ला। मलेशिया आ सिंगापूर में इहो देखल गइल बा कि एह वाइरस से ग्रस्त सूअर सभ के नजदीकी के कारन भी मनुष्य में एकर इन्फेक्शन भ गइल। भारत आ बांग्लादेस में, अइसन तरकुल के फेड़ के ताड़ी से ई इनफेक्शन भइल बा जेह पर एह वाइरस वाला गादुर रहत होखें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1 = Luby |first1 = Stephen P. |last2 = Gurley |first2 = Emily S. |last3 = Hossain |first3 = M. Jahangir |title = TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN INFECTION WITH NIPAH VIRUS |date = 2012 |publisher = National Academies Press (US) |url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114486/ |accessdate = 21 May 2018 |language = en |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180522034837/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114486/ |archivedate = 22 May 2018 |df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== फइलाव ==

निपाह वाइरस के फइलाव (सामयिक प्रस्फोट - आउटब्रेक) सभ कई देसन में रिकार्ड कइल गइल बाड़ें; मलेशिया, सिंगापुर, बंगलादेश आ भारत एह में सामिल बाड़ें। एह वाइरस से सभसे ढेर मौत के दर [[बांग्लादेश]] में देखल गइल बा आ इहाँ ई टिपिकल रूप में जाड़ा के सीजन में फइले ला अइसन पावल गइल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author = Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, Ksiazek TG, Mishra A |title = Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India |journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume = 12 |issue = 2 |pages = 235–40 |date = February 2006 |pmid = 16494748 |url = https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol12no02/05-1247.htm#1 |doi = 10.3201/eid1202.051247 |pmc = 3373078 |last2 = Comer |last3 = Lowe |last4 = Rota |last5 = Rollin |last6 = Bellini |last7 = Ksiazek |last8 = Mishra }}&lt;/ref&gt; पहिली बेर ई वाइरस साल 1998 में मलेशिया के प्रायदीपी इलाका के सूअर आ सूअर पाले वाला किसान लोग में देखल गइल। साल 1999 के बीच तक, मलेशिया में कुल 265 से ढेर आदमिन में एन्सेफेलाइटिस के केस सोझा आइल, कुल 105 लोग के मौत दर्ज कइल गइल, जबकि कुल 11 गो केस एन्सेफेलाइटिस भा साँस के समस्या के सिंगापुर में सोझा आइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = Eaton |first1 = BT |last2 = Broder |first2 = CC |last3 = Middleton |first3 = D |last4 = Wang |first4 = LF |title = Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous. |journal = Nature reviews. Microbiology |date = January 2006 |volume = 4 |issue = 1 |pages = 23–35 |doi = 10.1038/nrmicro1323 |pmid = 16357858 |accessdate = }}&lt;/ref&gt; साल 2001 में, एह वाइरस के प्रकोप बांग्लादेस के मैहरपुर जिला में सोझा आइल&lt;ref name=chadha&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L |title = Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India |journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume = 12 |issue = 2 |pages = 235–40 |year = 2006 |pmid = 16494748 |url = https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no02/05-1247.htm |doi = 10.3201/eid1202.051247 |pmc = 3373078 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629142002/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol12no02/05-1247.htm |archivedate = 29 जून 2011 |df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hsu&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD |title = Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh |journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume = 10 |issue = 12 |pages = 2082–7 |year = 2004 |pmid = 15663842 |url = https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no12/04-0701.htm |doi = 10.3201/eid1012.040701 |pmc = 3323384 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110411233331/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no12/04-0701.htm |archivedate = 11 April 2011 |df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; आ भारत के सिलिगुड़ी में दर्ज कइल गइल।&lt;ref name=chadha /&gt; अइसन प्रस्फोट फिन से दोबारा 2003, 2004 आ 2005 में नवगाँव जिला, मानिकगंज जिला, राजबारी जिला आ तंगैल जिला में सोझा आइल।&lt;ref name=hsu /&gt;

बांग्लादेस में एकरे बाद के साल सभ में भी वाइरस के प्रकोप देखल गइल।&lt;ref name = whoseasia /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date = 18 मार्च 2008 |newspaper = The Daily Star |title = Arguments in Bahodderhat murder case begin |url = http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=28294 |accessdate = 21 May 2014 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024191333/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=28294 |archivedate = 24 अक्टूबर 2012 |df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
मई 2018 में, भारतीय राज्य [[केरल]] के [[कोज्झीकोड़ जिला]] में एह वाइरस के प्रकोप फइले के रपट आइल,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/05/22/rare-brain-damaging-virus-spreads-panic-in-india-as-death-toll-rises/|title=Rare, brain-damaging virus spreads panic in India as death toll rises|last=Bever|first=Lindsey|date=2018-05-22|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-05-23|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; दस लोग के मौत एह कारन दर्ज कइल गइल जेह में स्वस्थ्यकर्मी लोग भी सामिल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44207740 | title=Lini Puthussery: India's 'hero' nurse who died battling Nipah virus | publisher=BBC News | access-date=22 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; जे लोग मरल बा ऊ ज्यादातर कोज्झिकोड़ आ मल्लापुरम जिला से बा, एह अइसन मरीजन के देखरेख करे वाली 31-बरिस के नर्स भी सामिल बाड़ी। {{as of|2018|5|23}}, करीबन 8 लोग के अलगा रोक के रखल गइल बा काहें से कि ई लोग बेमार लोग के संपर्क में आइल रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/five-dead-dozens-quarantined-as-virus-fears-spread-in-india|title=Rare brain-damaging Nipah virus kills 10 in India, prompts rush to hospitals|last=hermesauto|date=2018-05-22|work=The Straits Times|access-date=2018-05-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nipah Virus: 11 Dead, Centre Keeps Close Watch on Kerala|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/nipah-virus-death-centre-keeps-close-watch-on-kerala|accessdate=24 मई 2018|work=The Quint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[हिमाचल प्रदेश]] में मुर्दा चमगादुर मिले के कारन एकरे प्रकोप फइले के खतरा खाती भी सतर्कता के खबर आइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nipah scare in Himachal school after 18 dead bats found on premises|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/18-dead-bats-in-himachal-school-causes-nipah-virus-scare/story-nabYLgd5FEzCwsCDvhoJpM.html|accessdate=24 मई 2018|work=https://www.hindustantimes.com/|date=24 मई 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[हेनिपा वाइरस]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:बेमारी]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4345" sha1="rutblrma1yk9rz3gjgyidk9s91zyuqg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See the table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name  = माईजोगमाई
|other_name             = 
|native_name            = माईजोगमाई गाउँपालिका
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = [[नेपाल के गाँवपालिका सभ के लिस्ट|गाँवपालिका]]
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          =
|image_flag             =
|image_seal             =
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            =
|pushpin_map           = Nepal Koshi Province#Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = &lt;!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;
|pushpin_mapsize        = 300
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
|pushpin_map_caption    = प्रदेश संख्या 1 में लोकेशन
|pushpin_relief         = 1
|coordinates            = {{coord|26.95|88.04|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type       = देस
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[कोशी प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ के लिस्ट|जिला]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[इलाम जिला|इलाम]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;

|established_title      = अस्थापना
|established_date       = 10 मार्च 2017
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref              =  &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes         =
|area_total_km2         =  172.41&lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2011
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 21044
|population_density_km2         = auto
|population_blank1_title        = Ethnicities
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone               = [[नेपाल समय]]
|utc_offset             = +5:45
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|elevation_footnotes    = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_max_m        = 
|elevation_min_m        = 
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type       = डाक कोड
|postal_code            = 
|area_code              = 
|website                = [http://chulachulimun.gov.np/ official website]
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''माईजोगमाई गाउँपालिका''' [[नेपाल]] के [[कोशी प्रदेश]] के इलाम जिला में एगो [[गाँवपालिका]] बा। एह गाँवपालिका के अस्थापना 10 मार्च 2017 के भइल आ नाया प्रशासनिक बिभाजन लागू भइल जेह में पहिले के गाँव बिकास समिति (गाविस) सभ के बिलय क के नाया गाँवपालिका सभ बनल।

साल 2011 के जनगणना के आँकड़ा अनुसार एह गाँवपालिका के कुल जनसँख्या 21,044 बा आ रकबा 172.41 वर्ग किलोमीटर बा।

==पहिले के गाविस सभ==
माईजोगमाई गाउँपालिका में सामिल पहिले के गाविस सभ के नाँव नीचे दिहल जा रहल बा:
* नयाँबजार
* नाम्सालिङ
* जोगमाई
* सोयाङ
* प्याङ

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

{{इलाम जिला}}

[[श्रेणी:इलाम जिला के गाँवपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:कोशी प्रदेश के गाँवपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के गाँवपालिका]]


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      <text bytes="9372" sha1="f38jfa9szgw8xm7yjr2b4ogjux0vrv3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox continent
|title               = Southeast Asia
|image               = Southeast Asia (orthographic projection).svg
|area                = {{convert|4493944|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|population          = {{UN_Population|South-Eastern Asia}} ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|3rd]]){{UN_Population|ref}}
|density             = {{convert|135.6|/km2|abbr=on}}
|GDP_nominal         = $2.557&amp;nbsp;trillion ([[exchange&amp;nbsp;rate]])&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot; /&gt;
|GDP_PPP             = $7.6&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=ACIF2013&gt;{{cite book|title=ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF) 2013|date=Feb 2014|publisher=ASEAN|location=Jakarta|isbn=978-602-7643-73-4|page=1|edition=6th|url=http://www.asean.org/images/resources/2014/May/2.%20Feb%202014%20-%20ASEAN%20Community%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf|accessdate=9 May 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103519/http://www.asean.org/images/resources/2014/May/2.%20Feb%202014%20-%20ASEAN%20Community%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf|archivedate=4 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_per_capita      = $4,018 (exchange rate)&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot; /&gt;
|HDI                 = 0.684
|demonym             = Southeast Asian
|countries           = {{collapsible list
| title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|11 states]]
| {{flag|Brunei}}   
| {{flag|Cambodia}}   
| {{flag|Indonesia}}   
| {{flag|Laos}}   
| {{flag|Malaysia}}  
| {{flag|Myanmar}}   
| {{flag|Philippines}}   
| {{flag|Singapore}}   
| {{flag|Thailand}}   
| {{flag|Timor Leste}}   
| {{flag|Vietnam}}
     }}
|list_countries      = 
|dependencies        = 
* {{flag|Christmas Island}}
* {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} 
|unrecognized        =
|languages           = {{collapsible list
  | title       = Official languages
  | [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
  | [[English language|English]]
  | [[Filipino language|Filipino]]
  | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
  | [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
  | [[Lao language|Lao]]
  | [[Malay language|Malay]]
  | [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
  | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
  | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
  | [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
  | [[Thai language|Thai]]
  | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
 }}
 {{collapsible list
  | title       = Other&amp;nbsp;languages
  | titlestyle  = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;
  | bullets     = true
  | '''[[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]''':&lt;br /&gt;[[Arabic language|Arabic]]
  | '''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]''':
   {{hlist
    | [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
    | [[Mon language|Mon]]
    | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
    | [[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]]
    | [[Aslian languages|Aslian]]
    | [[Austroasiatic languages|etc.]]
   }}
  | '''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]''':
   {{hlist
    | [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])
    | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
    | [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
    | [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
    | [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
    | [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]
    | [[Madurese language|Madurese]]
    | [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]
    | [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]
    | [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
    | [[Batak languages|Batak]]
    | [[Bikol languages|Bikol]]
    | [[Banjar language|Banjar]]
    | [[Balinese language|Balinese]]
    | [[Waray language|Waray]]
    | [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]
    | [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]
    | [[Buginese language|Buginese]]
    | [[Cham language|Cham]]
    | [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]
    | [[Iban language|Iban]]
    | [[Kadazan language|Kadazan]]
    | [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang/Lundayeh]]
    | [[Moken languages|Moken]]
    | [[Austronesian languages|etc.]]
   }}
  | '''[[Creole languages|Creoles]]''':
   {{hlist
    | [[Chavacano]]
    | [[Tok Pisin language|Tok Pisin]]
    | [[Kristang language|Kristang]]
    | [[Betawi language|Betawi]]
    | [[Ambonese Malay|Ambonese]]
   }}
  | '''[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]''':
   {{hlist
    | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
    | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
    | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
   }}
  | '''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''':
   {{hlist
    | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
    | [[English language|English]]
    | [[French language|French]]
    | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
    | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
    | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
    | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
    | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
    | [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
    | [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
   }}
  | '''[[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]]''':
   {{hlist
    | [[Thai language|Thai]]
    | [[Lao language|Lao]]
    | [[Shan language|Shan]]
   }}
  | '''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]''':
   {{hlist
    | [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
    | [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]
    | [[Karen languages|Karen]]
    | [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
    | [[Cantonese]]
    | [[Min Chinese|Min]]
   }}
  | and [[Languages of Asia|many others]]
 }}
|time                ={{collapsible list
  | title       = {{nowrap|UTC+5:30 to UTC+9}}
  | titlestyle  = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;
  | {{bulleted list
     | [[UTC+5:30|'''UTC+5:30''': Andaman and Nicobar&amp;nbsp;Islands]]
     | [[UTC+6:30|'''UTC+6:30''': Burma • Cocos&amp;nbsp;(Keeling) Islands]]
     | [[UTC+7|'''UTC+7:00''': Cambodia • Christmas&amp;nbsp;Island • Indonesia • Laos • Thailand • Vietnam]]
     | [[UTC+8|'''UTC+8:00''': Brunei • Indonesia • Malaysia • Philippines • Singapore]]
     | [[UTC+9|'''UTC+9:00''': Indonesia]]
    }}
 }}
|internet            =
|cities              = 
&lt;!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --&gt;
{{Collapsible list
  | title       = Capital cities
     | {{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]
     | {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]]
     | {{flagicon|East Timor}} [[Dili]]
     | {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]]
     | {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]]
     | {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]]
     | {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]]
     | {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Nay Pyi Daw]]
     | {{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Phnom Penh]]
     | {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]]
     | {{flagicon|Laos}} [[Vientiane]]
    }}
 {{Collapsible list
  | title       = Largest cities
     | {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]]
     | {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]]
     | {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Cebu City]]
     | {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Davao City]]
     | {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[George Town, Penang|George Town]]
     | {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Haiphong]]
     | {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]]
     | {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh City]]
     | {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]]
     | {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]]
     | {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]]
     | {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Mandalay]]
     | {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]]
     | {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Surabaya]]
     | {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Yangon]]
    }}
|footnotes           = 
&lt;!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. ALSO, PLEASE LIMIT THE NUMBER OF CITIES TO THE 3 LARGEST CITIES OF EACH ASEAN NATION. THANKS! --&gt;
&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD BANGLADESH TO THIS LIST. THIS DEFINITION OR THE ADDITION OF BANGLADESH TO SOUTHEAST ASIA IS NOT A COMMONLY ACCEPTED DEFINITION BY ORGANISATIONS SUCH AS THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE CIA. BANGLADESH IS COMMONLY ACCEPTED AS PART OF SOUTH ASIA. THE CURRENT COUNTRIES LISTED HERE (BRUNEI, BURMA/MYANMAR, CAMBODIA, EAST TIMOR/TIMOR LESTE, INDONESIA, LAOS, MALAYSIA, THE PHILIPPINES, SINGAPORE, THAILAND, AND VIETNAM) ARE THE MOST ACCEPTED DEFINITION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA. PLEASE DISCUSS CHANGES REGARDING THE ADDITION OF BANGLADESH IN THE TALK PAGE. PLEASE ALSO REFER TO THE CURRENT MAPS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA BEING USED FOR THIS ARTICLE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. --&gt;
}}
'''दक्खिन पुरुब एशिया''' (अंग्रेजी: ''साउथईस्ट एशिया''; Southeast Asia) [[एशिया]] महादीप के एगो इलाका हवे जेह में अइसन देस सभ सामिल बाड़ें जे भूगोलीय रूप से [[चीन]] के दक्खिन में, [[भारत]] के पुरुब ओर, न्यू गिनी के पच्छिम ओर आ ऑस्ट्रेलिया के उत्तर ओर पड़े लें। एह इलाका के उत्तर वाल इलाका पुरुब एशिया कहाला, एकरे पच्छिम में दक्खिन एशिया आ बंगाल के खाड़ी बा, पूरुब में ओशेनिया बाटे आ दक्खिन में ऑस्ट्रेलिया आ हिंद महासागर बाड़ें।

{{clear}}
==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[दक्खिन एशिया]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:एशिया के क्षेत्र]]
[[श्रेणी:दक्खिन पुरुब एशिया| ]]


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      <text bytes="4114" sha1="exusqjwo4wy6rydtp01lw6zz3jz84by" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name           = दमक
| settlement_type= [[नेपाल के नगरपालिका सभ के लिस्ट|नगरपालिका]]
| official_name  = दमक नगरपालिका
| pushpin_map           = Nepal Koshi Province#Nepal
| image_seal            =
| pushpin_label_position= top
| pushpin_mapsize       = 300
| pushpin_map_caption   = प्रदेश संख्या 1 आ नेपाल में लोकेशन
| coordinates       = {{coord|26.63|87.70|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type  = देस
| subdivision_name  = {{झंडा|नेपाल}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश सभ|प्रदेश]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[कोशी प्रदेश]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ के लिस्ट|जिला]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[झापा जिला|झापा]]

| established_title = स्थापना
| established_date  = 10 मार्च 2017&lt;br/&gt;27 फागुन 2073 ([[नेपाली कैलेंडर|बिक्रम सं॰]])
| government_type  = स्थानीय सरकार
| governing_body   =

| area_total_km2   =  70.86
| population_total =  75102
| population_as_of       = 2017
| population_footnotes   = &lt;ref name=&quot;election_result&quot; /&gt;
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[नेपाल समय]]
| utc_offset             = +5:45
}}
'''दमक''' [[नेपाल]] के [[कोशी प्रदेश]] के [[झापा जिला]] में एगो [[नगरपालिका]] बा। नेपाल में नाया 744 स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई&lt;ref name=&quot;लोकांतर&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=गांवपालिका व नगरपालिका कौन जिला मे कितना?|url=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084|accessdate=25 January 2018|publisher=लोकान्तर|date=25 January 2018|ref=http://lokaantar.com/taja_samachar/2084}}&lt;/ref&gt; लागू भइला के बाद से पुरनका समय के दमक नगरपालिका के अइसहीं बिना कौनों बदलाव के राखल गइल। एह नगरपालिका के अब कुल 10 वार्ड में बाँटल गइल बा। नगरपालिका के कुल जनसंख्या 75,102 बा आ कुल रकबा 70.86 वर्ग किलोमीटर बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;election_result&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mofald.gov.np/sites/default/files/News_Notices/Final%20District%201-75%20Corrected%20Last%20for%20RAJPATRA.pdf|title=MOFALD List of Gaupalika|access-date=2017-06-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==जनसंख्या==
साल 2017 में नेपाली इलेक्शन के समय भइल जनगणना के अनुमान अनुसार एह नगरपालिका के कुल जनसंख्या 75,102 रहल आ कुल रकबा 70.86 वर्ग किलोमीटर रहल।&lt;ref name=&quot;election_result&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==

{{Geographic location |state = expanded
|Centre    = दमक
|North     = [[इलाम जिला]]
|Northeast = 
|East      = [[कमल, झापा|कमल गा॰पा॰]]
|Southeast = 
|South     = [[गौरादह नगरपालिका]]
|Southwest = 
|West      = [[मोरंग जिला]]
|Northwest = 
}}
{{झापा जिला}}
{{कोशी प्रदेश}}

[[श्रेणी:झापा जिला के नगरपालिका आ गाँवपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के नगरपालिका सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:कोशी प्रदेश]]


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    <title>दिमाग</title>
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      <text bytes="1248" sha1="96s3l57cp7zipoqf1a8skdbvkj6xqrf" xml:space="preserve">'''दिमाग''' (हिंदी: मस्तिष्क, अंग्रेजी: ब्रेन, Brain) देह के एगो अंग होला जे सगरी ''[[वर्टीब्रेट]]'' जंतु सभ में आ ज्यादातर ''[[इन्वर्टीब्रेट]]'' जंतु सभ में [[नर्वस सिस्टम]] के केंद्र के रूप में काम करे ला। दिमाग, '''कपार''' में मौजूद होला आ एह में बहुत भारी संख्या में न्यूरान होखे लें जे सिनाप्सीज के जरिये सरीर के बाकी हिस्सा से जुड़ल होखे लें।

दिमाग, जंतु सभ में, देखे-सुने वाला अंग, मने की [[संबेदी अंग]] सभ के नगीचे मौजूद होला। भौतिक रूप से एकर मुख्य काम होला शरीर के बाकी सगरो अंग पर कंट्रोल रखल।


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    <title>नॉर्मन बोरलॉग</title>
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      <text bytes="4055" sha1="nvcepysr2cj9hg9sh7znmk2zkarfut4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox scientist
|name = Norman Borlaug
|image = Norman Borlaug.jpg
|caption = Borlaug speaking at the Ministerial Methodist Conference and Expo on Agricultural Science and Technology, June 2003
|birth_date = {{birth date|1914|03|25}}
|birth_name = Norman Ernest Borlaug
|birth_place = [[Cresco, Iowa|Cresco]], [[Iowa]], United States
|death_date = {{death date and age|2009|09|12|1914|03|25}}&lt;ref name=natureobituary&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Swaminathan|first1=M. S.|authorlink1=M. S. Swaminathan|title=Obituary: Norman E. Borlaug (1914–2009) Plant scientist who transformed global food production|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-10-15_461_7266/page/894|journal=Nature|volume=461|issue=7266|year=2009|pages=894–894|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/461894a|bibcode=2009Natur.461..894S}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|death_place = [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], United States
|citizenship = [[United States]]
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|ethnicity = [[Norse]]
|field = {{Plainlist|
* [[Agronomy]]
* [[Plant pathology]]
* [[Genetics]]}}
|thesis_title = Variation and Variability in Fusarium Lini
|thesis_year = 1942
|thesis_url = http://search.proquest.com/docview/301865400
|work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
* [[DuPont]]
* Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program (Mexico)
* [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]]
* [[Texas A&amp;M University]]}}
|alma_mater = [[University of Minnesota]] {{small|(B.S., 1937) (Ph.D, 1942)}}
|known_for = {{unbulleted list |[[हरित क्रांति]] |[[World Food Prize]]}}
|awards = &lt;!-- {{Plainlist|
* [[Nobel Peace Prize]] {{small|(1970)}}
* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] {{small|(1977)}}
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] {{small|(1987)}}&lt;ref name=frs&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2013.0012|title=Norman Ernest Borlaug. 25 March 1914 -- 12 September 2009|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=59|pages=59–72|year=2013|last1=Phillips|first1=R. L.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vannevar Bush Award]] {{small|(2000)}}
* [[Public Welfare Medal]] {{small|(2002)}}
* [[National Medal of Science]] {{small|(2004)}}
* [[Congressional Gold Medal]] {{small|(2006)}}
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] {{small|(2006)}}}} --&gt;
}}
'''नॉर्मन अर्नेस्ट बोरलॉग''' (Norman Ernest Borlaug; 25 मार्च 1914 – 12 सितंबर 2009) एगो अमेरिकी [[कृषि भूगोल|कृषी]] बैज्ञानिक रहलें। इनके [[हरित क्रांति]] में योगदान खाती &quot;हरित क्रांति के पिता&quot; के रूप में जानल जाला आ एह खाती इनके नोबल शांति पुरस्कार भी दिहल गइल।

बोरलाग के मुख्य काम [[मैक्सिको]] में रिसर्च के दौरान गोहूँ के बौना किसिम के खोज कइल रहे जे उपज अधिका दे आ बेमारी सभ के प्रतिरोधक क्षमता वाला वेरायटी रहल। एह वेरायटी से मैक्सिको, पाकिस्तान आ भारत में 1960 के दशक में गोहूँ के उत्पादन में भारी बढ़ती भइल आ ई देस अनाज के मामिला में आत्मनिर्भर भ गइलेन।

बाद में बोरलाग अपना खोज आ रिसर्च से एशिया आ अफिरका के अउरी देस सभ में खेती के उपज बढ़ावे खाती काम कइलें।

{{Clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:अमेरिका के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1914 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:2009 में निधन]]


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      <text bytes="5021" sha1="l5ijhb4j8ilx54oy2pj2jro11mghlr1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --&gt;
| name         = धर्मवीर भारती
| image        = 
| imagesize    = 
| alt          = 
| caption      = 
| pseudonym    = 
| birth_name    = 
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|12|25}}
| birth_place   = [[इलाहाबाद]], उत्तर प्रदेश, [[ब्रिटिश भारत]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|df=yes|1997|9|4|1926|12|25}}
| death_place   = बंबई
| occupation   = लेखक (कवी, उपन्यासकार, नाटककार)
| nationality  = भारतीय
| ethnicity    = 
| education    = एम.ए., डी.फिल.
| alma_mater   = [[इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय]]
| period       = 
| genre        = 
| subject      = 
| movement     = 
| notableworks = ''[[गुनाहों का देवता]]'' (1949, उपन्यास)&lt;br /&gt;''[[सूरज का सातवाँ घोड़ा]]'' (1952, उपन्यास)&lt;br /&gt;''[[अंधा युग]]'' (1953, नाटक)
| spouse       = कांता भारती (बियाह 1954) (पहिली) &lt;br&gt; पुष्पा भारती (दूसरी)
| partner      = 
| children     = 
| influences   = 
| influenced   = 
| awards       = 1972: [[पद्मश्री]] &lt;br&gt;1984: Valley Turmeric Best Journalism Award&lt;br&gt;1988: Best Playwright Maharana Mewar Foundation Award&lt;br&gt;1989: [[संगीत नाटक अकादमी]]&lt;br&gt;राजेंद्र प्रसाद शिखर सम्मान&lt;br&gt;भारत भारती सम्मान&lt;br&gt;व्यास सम्मान
| signature    = 
| website      = 
| portaldisp   = 
}}

'''धर्मवीर भारती''' (25 दिसंबर 1926 – 4 सितंबर 1997) हिंदी भाषा के जानल-मानल कवी, उपन्यासकार, नाटककार आ सामाजिक चिंतक रहलें। भारती पापुलर हिंदी पत्रिका ''[[धर्मयुग]]'' के मुख्य संपादक रहलें,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A trio of aces |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-01/india/28306316_1_ram-leela-lord-ram-common-man |publisher=[[दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया]] |date=1 May 2010 |access-date=2018-06-22 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101116/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-01/india/28306316_1_ram-leela-lord-ram-common-man |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; एह पद पर 1960 से 1997 में अपने निधन तक काम कइलें।&lt;ref name=b&gt;The Illustrated weekly of India: Volume 108, Issues 39–50, 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;

भारती के भारत सरकार द्वारा 1972 में साहित्य खातिर पद्मश्री से सम्मानित कइल गइल। इनकर लिखल उपन्यास ''[[गुनाहों का देवता]]'' हिंदी साहित्य में एगो क्लासिक बन गइल। एगो अउरी उपन्यास ''[[सूरज का सातवाँ घोड़ा]]'' अपना कहानी कहे के शैली खाती अनोखे मानल जाला आ एह पर श्याम बेनेगल एही नाँव से 1992 में फिलिम बनवलें जेकरा के नेशनल फिल्म फेयर पुरस्कार मिलल। ''[[अंधा युग]]'' एगो नाटक हवे जेह में महाभारत के जुद्ध के ठीक बाद के कहानी के आधार बना के लिखल गइल हवे जेकरा के अब्बो नाटक मंडली सभ द्वारा खेलल जाला।

साल 1988 इनके संगीत नाटक अकादमी द्वारा सम्मानित कइल गइल, ई संगीत, डांस आ ड्रामा के भारत के राष्ट्रीय संस्था हवे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees |publisher=[[संगीत नाटक अकादमी]] Official website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archivedate=17 फरवरी 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदी-भाषा के लेखक]]
[[श्रेणी:1926 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:1997 में निधन]]


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    <title>ॐ नमः शिवाय</title>
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      <id>811622</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-05T01:59:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SM7</username>
        <id>3953</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>सुधार कइल गइल</comment>
      <origin>811622</origin>
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      <text bytes="9706" sha1="ne6fpjq33nvaes0fz4inrihk2ejsitc" xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[चित्र:Om-Namah-Shivaaya.jpg|thumb|[[देवनागरी|देवनागरी लिपि]] में &quot;ॐ नमः शिवाय&quot; मंत्र]]
[[चित्र:Om Namah Shivaya audio.wav|thumb|ॐ नमः शिवाय ऑडियो]]

'''''ॐ नमः शिवाय''''' एगो हिंदू [[मंत्र|मंतर]] बा। [[हिंदू धर्म]] के चलनसार धार्मिक रीति रिवाज में ई काफी महत्व के मंतर हवे आ [[शैव मत]] में सभसे प्रमुख मंत्र में से एक हवे। एकरा के '''पंचाक्षर मंत्र''' भा '''शिव पंचाक्षर''' भी कहल जाला। एक शाब्दिक अरथ होला &quot;[[शिव|भगवान शिव]] के नमस्कार बा&quot;।

ई मंत्र अपना पंचाक्षर रूप &quot;न मः शि वा य&quot; में [[कृष्ण यजुर्वेद]] के ''[[श्री रुद्रम्]]'' के हिस्सा के रूप में&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/path-to-siva/web/ch16.html |title=What Is the Namaḥ Śivāya Mantra? from the &quot;Path to Siva&quot; Book |last=Satguru Bodhinatha |first=Veylanswami |publisher=Himalayan Academy |year=2017 |isbn=9781934145722 |location=USA |pages=chapter 16}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ [[शुक्ल यजुर्वेद]] के ''रुद्राष्टाध्यायी'' में आइल बा।

== अउरी ग्रंथन में ==

&quot;ॐ नमः शिवाय&quot; मंतर में आवे वाला पाँच अक्षर — 'न', 'म', 'शि', 'वा', 'य' — के उल्लेख श्री रुद्रं चमकं में मिलेला, जे [[कृष्ण यजुर्वेद]] के हिस्सा ह। ई मंतर ओह समय के ह, जब &quot;शिव&quot; शब्द अबहीं तक नाम ना बनल रहे, बलुक [[रुद्र]] देवता के संबोधन के रूप में इस्तेमाल होखत रहे। ओह संदर्भ में &quot;शिव&quot; के मतलब होला — मंगलकारी, शुभ, स्नेही, यानी रुद्र के शांत रूप के आदर से कहल जाला।

एह मंतर के उल्लेख [[रुद्राष्टाध्यायी]] में भी बा, जे शुक्ल यजुर्वेद के हिस्सा ह।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/HindiBook--rudrashtadhyayi.pdf/HindiBook--rudrashtadhyayi#page/n90/mode/1up |title=rudrashtadhyayi |page=Check first verse's second line. There you can see namah shivaya written in Sanskrit }}&lt;/ref&gt;

पूरा [[पंचाक्षर स्तोत्र]] (पाँच अक्षर वाला स्तुति) इहे मंतर के समर्पित बा।

तमिल भाषा में लिखल [[तिरुमंतिरम्]] नाम के ग्रंथ में ई मंतर के मतलब आ महत्व के बारे में विस्तार से बतावल गइल बा।

[[शिव पुराण]] के पहिल खंड (अध्याय 1.2.10 — शब्द-ब्रह्म तनु), विद्येश्वर संहिता, आ वायवीय संहिता के अध्याय 13 में ई मंतर &quot;ॐ नमः शिवाय&quot; के रूप में आवेला। शिव पुराण में एह मंतर के कई जगह &quot;पंचाक्षर मंतर&quot; (5 अक्षर वाला मंतर) आ &quot;षडाक्षर मंतर&quot; (6 अक्षर वाला, जब '[[ॐ]]' जोड़ल जाला) कह के भी उल्लेख भइल बा।

तमिल शिवभक्तन के प्रसिद्ध भजन &quot;तिरुवाचकम्&quot; के शुरुआत भी एह पाँच अक्षर — 'न', 'म', 'शि', 'वा', 'य' — से होखे ला।

== अलग-अलग भाषा आ लिखाई में ==
[[चित्र:Om Namah Shivaya in Sri Rudram Hymn.png|thumb|336x336px| कृष्ण यजुर्वेद के ''श्री रुद्रम'' में नमः शिवाय]]
[[चित्र:Om_Namah_Shivaya_in_Panchakshara_form.png|पाठ=Panchakshara mantra|thumb|336x336px|पञ्चाक्षर के रूप में 'नमः शिवाय' मंत्र]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;
|+अलग-अलग भाषा आ लिखाई सभ में ॐ नमः शिवाय
!भाषा 
|-
|[[संस्कृत भाषा|संस्कृत]]-हिंदी-भोजपुरी&lt;br&gt;(देवनागरी लिखाई)
|ॐ नम: शिवाय 
|-
|[[कन्नड़ भाषा|कन्नड़]]
|ಓಂ ನಮಃ ಶಿವಾಯ
|-
|[[मलयालम भाषा|मलयालम]]
|ഓം നമഃ ശിവായ
|-
|[[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]] 
|ஓம் நம சிவாய
|-
|[[तेलुगू भाषा|तेलुगु]]
|ఓం నమః శివాయ
|-
|[[बंगाली भाषा|बांग्ला]]
|ওঁ নমঃ শিবায়
|-
|[[गुजराती भाषा|गुजराती]]
|ૐ નમઃ શિવાય
|-
|[[पंजाबी भाषा|पंजाबी]]
|ਓਮ ਨਮਃ ਸ਼ਿਵਾਯ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/knowmyshivcom/singnificance-of-panchakshari|title=Translation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020083515/https://sites.google.com/site/knowmyshivcom/singnificance-of-panchakshari|archive-date=20 अक्टूबर 2020|dead-url=|access-date=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ओड़िया भाषा|ओड़िया]]
|ଓଁ ନମଃ ଶିଵାୟ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.moodiabahi.com/2017/06/shri-shiva-panchakshara-stotra-in-odia-download-pdf.html?m=1|title=odia translation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329184754/http://www.moodiabahi.com/2017/06/shri-shiva-panchakshara-stotra-in-odia-download-pdf.html?m=1|archive-date=29 मार्च 2018|dead-url=|access-date=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[रूसी भाषा|रूसी]]
|Ом Намах Шивайа
|}

== मंत्र के ब्याख्या ==
[[सिद्ध शैव मत]] आ [[शैव सिद्धांत]] परंपरा में “नमः शिवाय” के भगवान शिव के पंच बोध तत्व मानल जाला, जवन पाँच तत्व के सार्वभौमिक एकता के बतावेला:

*Na (न) ध्वनि पृथ्वी के दर्शावेला
*Ma (म) ध्वनि जल के दर्शावेला
*Śi (शि) ध्वनि अग्नि के दर्शावेला
*Vā (वा) ध्वनि प्राण वायु के दर्शावेला
*Ya (य) ध्वनि आकाश या ether के दर्शावेला

एह मंत्र के समग्र मतलब हवे कि “सार्वभौमिक चेतना एके बा।”

===पंचाक्षर मंत्र===
ई पाँच अक्षर वाला रूप (पंच अक्षर), जवन “ॐ” के हटाके बनल बा।

शैव सिद्धांत में ई पाँच अक्षर के मतलब अउरी तरह से भी समझावल जाला:

*Na (न) भगवान के छिपावे वाली कृपा (concealing grace)
*Ma (म) संसार
*Śi (शि) शिव के प्रतीक
*Vā (वा) भगवान के प्रकट करे वाली कृपा (revealing grace)
*Ya (य) आत्मा (Ātman)

''तिरुमंतिरम्'' (शैव सिद्धांत के एगो ग्रंथ) में कहल गइल बा: “उनकर चरण ‘न’ अक्षर हवे। नाभि ‘म’ हवे। कंधा ‘शि’ हवे। मुँह ‘वा’ हवे। आ माथा के ऊपर चमकत केंद्र ‘य’ हवे। एही तरह शिव के पाँच अक्षर वाला रूप बनत बा।”

{{Clear}}
== इहो देखल जाय ==
{{div col |colwidth=30em}}
* [[शिव तांडव स्तोत्र]]
* [[शिव महिम्न स्तोत्र]]
* [[रुद्राष्टक]]
* [[हर-हर महादेव]]
* [[ॐ नमो नारायणाय]]
{{div col end}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू धर्म]]
[[श्रेणी:शैव मत]]
[[श्रेणी:संस्कृत शब्द, वाक्य आ सूक्ति]]


{{hinduism-stub}}</text>
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      <comment>/* अउरी ग्रंथन में */ {{Saivism}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="9717" sha1="0y9w4f5kcjyyr5lp4b5uyxeqs0p0voe" xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[चित्र:Om-Namah-Shivaaya.jpg|thumb|[[देवनागरी|देवनागरी लिपि]] में &quot;ॐ नमः शिवाय&quot; मंत्र]]
[[चित्र:Om Namah Shivaya audio.wav|thumb|ॐ नमः शिवाय ऑडियो]]

'''''ॐ नमः शिवाय''''' एगो हिंदू [[मंत्र|मंतर]] बा। [[हिंदू धर्म]] के चलनसार धार्मिक रीति रिवाज में ई काफी महत्व के मंतर हवे आ [[शैव मत]] में सभसे प्रमुख मंत्र में से एक हवे। एकरा के '''पंचाक्षर मंत्र''' भा '''शिव पंचाक्षर''' भी कहल जाला। एक शाब्दिक अरथ होला &quot;[[शिव|भगवान शिव]] के नमस्कार बा&quot;।

ई मंत्र अपना पंचाक्षर रूप &quot;न मः शि वा य&quot; में [[कृष्ण यजुर्वेद]] के ''[[श्री रुद्रम्]]'' के हिस्सा के रूप में&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/path-to-siva/web/ch16.html |title=What Is the Namaḥ Śivāya Mantra? from the &quot;Path to Siva&quot; Book |last=Satguru Bodhinatha |first=Veylanswami |publisher=Himalayan Academy |year=2017 |isbn=9781934145722 |location=USA |pages=chapter 16}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ [[शुक्ल यजुर्वेद]] के ''रुद्राष्टाध्यायी'' में आइल बा।

== अउरी ग्रंथन में ==
{{Saivism}}
&quot;ॐ नमः शिवाय&quot; मंतर में आवे वाला पाँच अक्षर — 'न', 'म', 'शि', 'वा', 'य' — के उल्लेख श्री रुद्रं चमकं में मिलेला, जे [[कृष्ण यजुर्वेद]] के हिस्सा ह। ई मंतर ओह समय के ह, जब &quot;शिव&quot; शब्द अबहीं तक नाम ना बनल रहे, बलुक [[रुद्र]] देवता के संबोधन के रूप में इस्तेमाल होखत रहे। ओह संदर्भ में &quot;शिव&quot; के मतलब होला — मंगलकारी, शुभ, स्नेही, यानी रुद्र के शांत रूप के आदर से कहल जाला।

एह मंतर के उल्लेख [[रुद्राष्टाध्यायी]] में भी बा, जे शुक्ल यजुर्वेद के हिस्सा ह।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/HindiBook--rudrashtadhyayi.pdf/HindiBook--rudrashtadhyayi#page/n90/mode/1up |title=rudrashtadhyayi |page=Check first verse's second line. There you can see namah shivaya written in Sanskrit }}&lt;/ref&gt;

पूरा [[पंचाक्षर स्तोत्र]] (पाँच अक्षर वाला स्तुति) इहे मंतर के समर्पित बा।

तमिल भाषा में लिखल [[तिरुमंतिरम्]] नाम के ग्रंथ में ई मंतर के मतलब आ महत्व के बारे में विस्तार से बतावल गइल बा।

[[शिव पुराण]] के पहिल खंड (अध्याय 1.2.10 — शब्द-ब्रह्म तनु), विद्येश्वर संहिता, आ वायवीय संहिता के अध्याय 13 में ई मंतर &quot;ॐ नमः शिवाय&quot; के रूप में आवेला। शिव पुराण में एह मंतर के कई जगह &quot;पंचाक्षर मंतर&quot; (5 अक्षर वाला मंतर) आ &quot;षडाक्षर मंतर&quot; (6 अक्षर वाला, जब '[[ॐ]]' जोड़ल जाला) कह के भी उल्लेख भइल बा।

तमिल शिवभक्तन के प्रसिद्ध भजन &quot;तिरुवाचकम्&quot; के शुरुआत भी एह पाँच अक्षर — 'न', 'म', 'शि', 'वा', 'य' — से होखे ला।

== अलग-अलग भाषा आ लिखाई में ==
[[चित्र:Om Namah Shivaya in Sri Rudram Hymn.png|thumb|336x336px| कृष्ण यजुर्वेद के ''श्री रुद्रम'' में नमः शिवाय]]
[[चित्र:Om_Namah_Shivaya_in_Panchakshara_form.png|पाठ=Panchakshara mantra|thumb|336x336px|पञ्चाक्षर के रूप में 'नमः शिवाय' मंत्र]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;
|+अलग-अलग भाषा आ लिखाई सभ में ॐ नमः शिवाय
!भाषा 
|-
|[[संस्कृत भाषा|संस्कृत]]-हिंदी-भोजपुरी&lt;br&gt;(देवनागरी लिखाई)
|ॐ नम: शिवाय 
|-
|[[कन्नड़ भाषा|कन्नड़]]
|ಓಂ ನಮಃ ಶಿವಾಯ
|-
|[[मलयालम भाषा|मलयालम]]
|ഓം നമഃ ശിവായ
|-
|[[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]] 
|ஓம் நம சிவாய
|-
|[[तेलुगू भाषा|तेलुगु]]
|ఓం నమః శివాయ
|-
|[[बंगाली भाषा|बांग्ला]]
|ওঁ নমঃ শিবায়
|-
|[[गुजराती भाषा|गुजराती]]
|ૐ નમઃ શિવાય
|-
|[[पंजाबी भाषा|पंजाबी]]
|ਓਮ ਨਮਃ ਸ਼ਿਵਾਯ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/knowmyshivcom/singnificance-of-panchakshari|title=Translation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020083515/https://sites.google.com/site/knowmyshivcom/singnificance-of-panchakshari|archive-date=20 अक्टूबर 2020|dead-url=|access-date=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ओड़िया भाषा|ओड़िया]]
|ଓଁ ନମଃ ଶିଵାୟ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.moodiabahi.com/2017/06/shri-shiva-panchakshara-stotra-in-odia-download-pdf.html?m=1|title=odia translation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329184754/http://www.moodiabahi.com/2017/06/shri-shiva-panchakshara-stotra-in-odia-download-pdf.html?m=1|archive-date=29 मार्च 2018|dead-url=|access-date=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[रूसी भाषा|रूसी]]
|Ом Намах Шивайа
|}

== मंत्र के ब्याख्या ==
[[सिद्ध शैव मत]] आ [[शैव सिद्धांत]] परंपरा में “नमः शिवाय” के भगवान शिव के पंच बोध तत्व मानल जाला, जवन पाँच तत्व के सार्वभौमिक एकता के बतावेला:

*Na (न) ध्वनि पृथ्वी के दर्शावेला
*Ma (म) ध्वनि जल के दर्शावेला
*Śi (शि) ध्वनि अग्नि के दर्शावेला
*Vā (वा) ध्वनि प्राण वायु के दर्शावेला
*Ya (य) ध्वनि आकाश या ether के दर्शावेला

एह मंत्र के समग्र मतलब हवे कि “सार्वभौमिक चेतना एके बा।”

===पंचाक्षर मंत्र===
ई पाँच अक्षर वाला रूप (पंच अक्षर), जवन “ॐ” के हटाके बनल बा।

शैव सिद्धांत में ई पाँच अक्षर के मतलब अउरी तरह से भी समझावल जाला:

*Na (न) भगवान के छिपावे वाली कृपा (concealing grace)
*Ma (म) संसार
*Śi (शि) शिव के प्रतीक
*Vā (वा) भगवान के प्रकट करे वाली कृपा (revealing grace)
*Ya (य) आत्मा (Ātman)

''तिरुमंतिरम्'' (शैव सिद्धांत के एगो ग्रंथ) में कहल गइल बा: “उनकर चरण ‘न’ अक्षर हवे। नाभि ‘म’ हवे। कंधा ‘शि’ हवे। मुँह ‘वा’ हवे। आ माथा के ऊपर चमकत केंद्र ‘य’ हवे। एही तरह शिव के पाँच अक्षर वाला रूप बनत बा।”

{{Clear}}
== इहो देखल जाय ==
{{div col |colwidth=30em}}
* [[शिव तांडव स्तोत्र]]
* [[शिव महिम्न स्तोत्र]]
* [[रुद्राष्टक]]
* [[हर-हर महादेव]]
* [[ॐ नमो नारायणाय]]
{{div col end}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू धर्म]]
[[श्रेणी:शैव मत]]
[[श्रेणी:संस्कृत शब्द, वाक्य आ सूक्ति]]


{{hinduism-stub}}</text>
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      <text bytes="9717" sha1="6pkanx8sm16i358vr2lrwvk400g5xl3" xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[चित्र:Om-Namah-Shivaaya.jpg|thumb|[[देवनागरी|देवनागरी लिपि]] में &quot;ॐ नमः शिवाय&quot; मंत्र]]
[[चित्र:Om Namah Shivaya audio.wav|thumb|ॐ नमः शिवाय ऑडियो]]
{{Saivism}}
'''''ॐ नमः शिवाय''''' एगो हिंदू [[मंत्र|मंतर]] बा। [[हिंदू धर्म]] के चलनसार धार्मिक रीति रिवाज में ई काफी महत्व के मंतर हवे आ [[शैव मत]] में सभसे प्रमुख मंत्र में से एक हवे। एकरा के '''पंचाक्षर मंत्र''' भा '''शिव पंचाक्षर''' भी कहल जाला। एक शाब्दिक अरथ होला &quot;[[शिव|भगवान शिव]] के नमस्कार बा&quot;।

ई मंत्र अपना पंचाक्षर रूप &quot;न मः शि वा य&quot; में [[कृष्ण यजुर्वेद]] के ''[[श्री रुद्रम्]]'' के हिस्सा के रूप में&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/path-to-siva/web/ch16.html |title=What Is the Namaḥ Śivāya Mantra? from the &quot;Path to Siva&quot; Book |last=Satguru Bodhinatha |first=Veylanswami |publisher=Himalayan Academy |year=2017 |isbn=9781934145722 |location=USA |pages=chapter 16}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ [[शुक्ल यजुर्वेद]] के ''रुद्राष्टाध्यायी'' में आइल बा।

== अउरी ग्रंथन में ==

&quot;ॐ नमः शिवाय&quot; मंतर में आवे वाला पाँच अक्षर — 'न', 'म', 'शि', 'वा', 'य' — के उल्लेख श्री रुद्रं चमकं में मिलेला, जे [[कृष्ण यजुर्वेद]] के हिस्सा ह। ई मंतर ओह समय के ह, जब &quot;शिव&quot; शब्द अबहीं तक नाम ना बनल रहे, बलुक [[रुद्र]] देवता के संबोधन के रूप में इस्तेमाल होखत रहे। ओह संदर्भ में &quot;शिव&quot; के मतलब होला — मंगलकारी, शुभ, स्नेही, यानी रुद्र के शांत रूप के आदर से कहल जाला।

एह मंतर के उल्लेख [[रुद्राष्टाध्यायी]] में भी बा, जे शुक्ल यजुर्वेद के हिस्सा ह।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/HindiBook--rudrashtadhyayi.pdf/HindiBook--rudrashtadhyayi#page/n90/mode/1up |title=rudrashtadhyayi |page=Check first verse's second line. There you can see namah shivaya written in Sanskrit }}&lt;/ref&gt;

पूरा [[पंचाक्षर स्तोत्र]] (पाँच अक्षर वाला स्तुति) इहे मंतर के समर्पित बा।

तमिल भाषा में लिखल [[तिरुमंतिरम्]] नाम के ग्रंथ में ई मंतर के मतलब आ महत्व के बारे में विस्तार से बतावल गइल बा।

[[शिव पुराण]] के पहिल खंड (अध्याय 1.2.10 — शब्द-ब्रह्म तनु), विद्येश्वर संहिता, आ वायवीय संहिता के अध्याय 13 में ई मंतर &quot;ॐ नमः शिवाय&quot; के रूप में आवेला। शिव पुराण में एह मंतर के कई जगह &quot;पंचाक्षर मंतर&quot; (5 अक्षर वाला मंतर) आ &quot;षडाक्षर मंतर&quot; (6 अक्षर वाला, जब '[[ॐ]]' जोड़ल जाला) कह के भी उल्लेख भइल बा।

तमिल शिवभक्तन के प्रसिद्ध भजन &quot;तिरुवाचकम्&quot; के शुरुआत भी एह पाँच अक्षर — 'न', 'म', 'शि', 'वा', 'य' — से होखे ला।

== अलग-अलग भाषा आ लिखाई में ==
[[चित्र:Om Namah Shivaya in Sri Rudram Hymn.png|thumb|336x336px| कृष्ण यजुर्वेद के ''श्री रुद्रम'' में नमः शिवाय]]
[[चित्र:Om_Namah_Shivaya_in_Panchakshara_form.png|पाठ=Panchakshara mantra|thumb|336x336px|पञ्चाक्षर के रूप में 'नमः शिवाय' मंत्र]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;
|+अलग-अलग भाषा आ लिखाई सभ में ॐ नमः शिवाय
!भाषा 
|-
|[[संस्कृत भाषा|संस्कृत]]-हिंदी-भोजपुरी&lt;br&gt;(देवनागरी लिखाई)
|ॐ नम: शिवाय 
|-
|[[कन्नड़ भाषा|कन्नड़]]
|ಓಂ ನಮಃ ಶಿವಾಯ
|-
|[[मलयालम भाषा|मलयालम]]
|ഓം നമഃ ശിവായ
|-
|[[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]] 
|ஓம் நம சிவாய
|-
|[[तेलुगू भाषा|तेलुगु]]
|ఓం నమః శివాయ
|-
|[[बंगाली भाषा|बांग्ला]]
|ওঁ নমঃ শিবায়
|-
|[[गुजराती भाषा|गुजराती]]
|ૐ નમઃ શિવાય
|-
|[[पंजाबी भाषा|पंजाबी]]
|ਓਮ ਨਮਃ ਸ਼ਿਵਾਯ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/knowmyshivcom/singnificance-of-panchakshari|title=Translation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020083515/https://sites.google.com/site/knowmyshivcom/singnificance-of-panchakshari|archive-date=20 अक्टूबर 2020|dead-url=|access-date=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ओड़िया भाषा|ओड़िया]]
|ଓଁ ନମଃ ଶିଵାୟ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.moodiabahi.com/2017/06/shri-shiva-panchakshara-stotra-in-odia-download-pdf.html?m=1|title=odia translation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329184754/http://www.moodiabahi.com/2017/06/shri-shiva-panchakshara-stotra-in-odia-download-pdf.html?m=1|archive-date=29 मार्च 2018|dead-url=|access-date=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[रूसी भाषा|रूसी]]
|Ом Намах Шивайа
|}

== मंत्र के ब्याख्या ==
[[सिद्ध शैव मत]] आ [[शैव सिद्धांत]] परंपरा में “नमः शिवाय” के भगवान शिव के पंच बोध तत्व मानल जाला, जवन पाँच तत्व के सार्वभौमिक एकता के बतावेला:

*Na (न) ध्वनि पृथ्वी के दर्शावेला
*Ma (म) ध्वनि जल के दर्शावेला
*Śi (शि) ध्वनि अग्नि के दर्शावेला
*Vā (वा) ध्वनि प्राण वायु के दर्शावेला
*Ya (य) ध्वनि आकाश या ether के दर्शावेला

एह मंत्र के समग्र मतलब हवे कि “सार्वभौमिक चेतना एके बा।”

===पंचाक्षर मंत्र===
ई पाँच अक्षर वाला रूप (पंच अक्षर), जवन “ॐ” के हटाके बनल बा।

शैव सिद्धांत में ई पाँच अक्षर के मतलब अउरी तरह से भी समझावल जाला:

*Na (न) भगवान के छिपावे वाली कृपा (concealing grace)
*Ma (म) संसार
*Śi (शि) शिव के प्रतीक
*Vā (वा) भगवान के प्रकट करे वाली कृपा (revealing grace)
*Ya (य) आत्मा (Ātman)

''तिरुमंतिरम्'' (शैव सिद्धांत के एगो ग्रंथ) में कहल गइल बा: “उनकर चरण ‘न’ अक्षर हवे। नाभि ‘म’ हवे। कंधा ‘शि’ हवे। मुँह ‘वा’ हवे। आ माथा के ऊपर चमकत केंद्र ‘य’ हवे। एही तरह शिव के पाँच अक्षर वाला रूप बनत बा।”

{{Clear}}
== इहो देखल जाय ==
{{div col |colwidth=30em}}
* [[शिव तांडव स्तोत्र]]
* [[शिव महिम्न स्तोत्र]]
* [[रुद्राष्टक]]
* [[हर-हर महादेव]]
* [[ॐ नमो नारायणाय]]
{{div col end}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू धर्म]]
[[श्रेणी:शैव मत]]
[[श्रेणी:संस्कृत शब्द, वाक्य आ सूक्ति]]


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    <title>निकोला टेस्ला</title>
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      <text bytes="2786" sha1="6hfcyfbaop07rksykh1tsl5yv5o5w5p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name             = Nikola Tesla
| image            = N.Tesla.JPG
| alt              = Photograph of Nikola Tesla, a slender, moustachioed man with a thin face and pointed chin.
| caption          = Nikola Tesla, {{circa|1896}}
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1856|7|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place      = [[Smiljan]], [[Austrian Empire]] (modern-day [[Croatia]])
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1943|1|7|1856|7|10|df=yes}}
| death_place      = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]
| death_cause      = [[Coronary thrombosis]]
| citizenship      = &lt;!-- nationality --&gt;Austrian (1856–1891)&lt;br/&gt;American {{No wrap|(1891–1943)}}
| resting_place    = [[Nikola Tesla Museum]], [[Belgrade, Serbia]]
| education        = [[Graz University of Technology]] (abandoned)
| module           = {{Infobox engineering career
| discipline           = Electrical engineering,&lt;br /&gt;Mechanical engineering
| institutions         =
| practice_name        =
| employer             =
| significant_projects = [[Alternating current]],&lt;br /&gt;high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments
| significant_design   = [[Induction motor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rotating magnetic field]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tesla coil]]&lt;br /&gt;Radio [[remote control vehicle]] ([[torpedo]]){{sfn|Jonnes|2004|p=355}}
| significant_advance = 
| significant_awards = {{collapsible list | title            = {{nbsp}}|[[Order of St. Sava]], II Class, Government of Serbia (1892)&lt;br /&gt;[[Elliott Cresson Medal]] (1894)&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of Prince Danilo I]] (1895)&lt;br /&gt;[[Edison Medal]] (1916)&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of St. Sava]], I Class, Government of Yugoslavia (1926)&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of the Yugoslav Crown]] (1931)&lt;br /&gt;[[John Scott Medal]] (1934)&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)|Order of the White Eagle]], I Class, Government of Yugoslavia (1936)&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of the White Lion]], I Class, Government of Czechoslovakia (1937)&lt;br/&gt;University of Paris Medal (1937)&lt;br/&gt;The Medal of the University St Clement of Ochrida, [[Sofia, Bulgaria]] (1939)}}
}}
| signature        = Nikola Tesla signature 1900.svg
}}
'''निकोला टेस्ला''' (10 जुलाई 1856 – 7 जनवरी 1943) एगो सर्बियाई-अमेरिकी आबिस्कारक, इलेक्ट्रिक इंजीनियर, मैकेनिकल इंजीनियर, भौतिक बिग्यानी आ भविष्यवादी रहलें जिनके आधुनिक एसी करेंट सप्लाई के सिस्टम डिजाइन करे खाती जानल जाला।

{{Clear}}

[[श्रेणी:1856 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:1943 में निधन]]


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      <text bytes="6201" sha1="9a1u8ub513hrwvopaqkmbb1um83w06f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = देव दीपावली
|image        = 'Dev Deepavali' celebrations in Varanasi on Karthik Purnima..jpg
|caption      = एगो [[बनारस के घाट|घाट]] पर 2011 में देव दीवाली के रोशनी
|observedby   = [[हिंदू]]
|date         = [[कातिक|कातिक महीना]] के [[पुर्नवासी]] तिथि के
|celebrations = देवता लोगन के गंगा घाट पर अवतरण &lt;br&gt; गंगा घाट पर दिया जरावल आ बिसेस [[आरती]]
|longtype     = [[बनारस]]
|type         = हिंदू
|significance = त्रिपुर पूर्णिमा चाहे भगवान् [[शिव]] के पूजा
|date2012     = 28 November&lt;ref name=Tourism/&gt;
|date2013     = 17 November&lt;ref name=Tourism/&gt;
|date2014     = 6 November
|date2015     = 25 November
|date2016     = 14 November
|date2017     = 3 November&lt;ref name = Tourism&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/diwali/dev-diwali/dev-deepawali-date-time.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date2026     = 24 नवंबर&lt;ref name = DevDeepawali&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdeepawali.org/dev-deepawali/|title=Dev Diwali 2026|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''देव दीपावली''' एगो हिंदू तिहुआर हवे जे [[बनारस]] में मनावल जाला। आम [[दिपावली]] जे कातिक महीना के अमौसा के मनावल जाले एकरे बिपरीत बनारस में [[कातिक]] के [[पुर्नवासी]] के [[गंगा]] के [[बनारस के घाट|घाट]] पर दिया जरा के ई तिहुआर मनावल जाला।&lt;ref name=festival&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/culture/fair.html|title= Fairs and festivals|accessdate=2 November 2012|publisher= National Informatics Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Freitag |first=Sandria B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6FqVKJNCfQC&amp;dq=Bhojpuri+region+banaras&amp;pg=PA21 |title=Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India |date=1989-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06439-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-28 |title=Splendor of Dev Deepawali celebrations in Varanasi {{!}} IN PICS |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/dev-deepawali-celebration-in-varanasi-2468492-2023-11-28 |access-date=2026-09-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; एह दिन दक्खिन में रविदास घाट से ले के उत्तर में राजघाट तक, गंगा के तीरे क सगरी घाट सभ पर लाखन गो दिया बारल जालें।

देव दीपावली के शाब्दिक अरथ होला [[देवता]] लोग के [[दिपावली]]। मान्यता ई हवे कि एह दिन देवता लोग [[स्वर्ग]] से उतर के गंगा में अस्नान करे आवे ला। एही कारन एह दिन के देवता लोगन के दीपावली के रूप में मनावल जाला।&lt;ref name= Deep&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Varanasi-gearing-up-to-celebrate-Dev-Deepawali/articleshow/6896245.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907113247/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-10/varanasi/28224935_1_dev-deepawali-ghats-holy-dip|url-status=live|archive-date=7 September 2011|title=Varanasi gearing up to celebrate Dev Deepawali|access-date=7 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Panch&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Ghats-dazzle-on-Dev-Deepawali/articleshow/6965731.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019051821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-21/varanasi/28235087_1_ghats-diyas-kendriya-dev-deepawali-mahasamiti|url-status=live|archive-date=19 October 2013|title=Ghats dazzle on Dev Deepawali|access-date=7 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; एह तिहुआर के एगो अउरी नाँव से मनावल जाला, '''त्रिपुर पूर्णिमा स्नान''' के नाँव से।&lt;ref name=festival/&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Dwivedi2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last= Dwivedi |first= Dr. Bhojraj |title= Religious Basis of Hindu Beliefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wmqKuHFWWgC&amp;q=Dev+Deepavali&amp;pg=PA171|accessdate=7 November 2012|publisher= Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|year=2006|isbn=9788128812392|pages=171}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- The tradition of lighting the lamps on the Dev Deepawali festival day was first started at the Dashashwamedh Ghat by Pandit Kishori Raman Dubey (Babu Maharaj) in 1991.&lt;ref name=Panch/&gt;--&gt;

देव दीपाली के दिन मय बनारस में, आ खास तौर प बनारस के घाट सभ पर [[दिया]] जरावल जाला; देवता लोगन के झाँकी निकालल जाला, आ नद्दी में दिया तिरावल जाला।&lt;ref name= &quot;Publishing 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last= Publishing |first= DK |title= India: People, Place, Culture, History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUdHHuFZN_8C&amp;q=Dev+Deepavali+at+Varanasi&amp;pg=PA114|accessdate=7 November 2012|publisher= Penguin|year=2008|isbn=9780756649524|pages=114}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Clear}}
==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[बनारस के घाट]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:बनारस]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदू तिहुआर]]
[[श्रेणी:कातिक महीना के तिहुआर]]


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    <title>दाऊद इब्राहिम</title>
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      <text bytes="3927" sha1="qix8gcl394fltf73unvpjvj1but4yiy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox criminal
| name = दाऊद इब्राहिम
| birth_name = दाऊद इब्राहिम कास्कर
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|12|27}}
| birth_place = Khed, Ratnagiri, [[Bombay State]], [[भारत]]
| occupation = Gangster, Terrorist
| residence = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| organization = D-Company
| home_town = Dongri, Mumbai
| net_worth = {{Estimation}} US$ 6.7 billion (May 2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dawood Ibrahim is the 2nd richest gangster of all time|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/dawood-ibrahim-pakistan-karachi/1/941579.html|website=[[India Today]]|accessdate=25 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| spouse = Mehjabeen Shaikh (aka Zubeena Zareen)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/its-official-again-ahead-of-nsa-talks-fresh-photo-passport-copy-of-dawood-confirm-hes-in-pakistan-2403302.html|title=It is official: Ahead of NSA meet, fresh photo and passport copy of Dawood Ibrahim confirm he's in Pakistan|work=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| criminal_charge = Organised crime, Terrorism
| wanted_by = {{flagicon|India}} India
| wanted_since = 1980s
| reward_amount = US$ 55 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=3 students forced to end their 'Dawood hunt' after money runs out|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/3-students-forced-to-end-their-dawood-hunt-after-money-runs-out-1373291.html/amp|website=[[First Post]]|accessdate=25 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| opponents = {{Collapsible list
|title = At least 5
| 1 = [[Gang wars between Chota Rajan and Dawood Ibrahim|Chota Rajan]]
| 2 = [[Ravi Pujari]]
| 3 = [[Ali Budesh#Open war with Dawood Ibrahim|Ali Budesh]]
| 4 = [[Ejaz Lakdawala]]
| 5 = [[Arun Gawli#Criminal activities|Arun Gawli]]
}}
| children = 3
| relatives = Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar (brother); (deceased)&lt;br /&gt;Iqbal Ibrahim Kaskar (brother)&lt;br /&gt;Haseena Parkar (sister); (deceased)
}}
'''दाऊद इब्राहिम''' (जनम नाँव '''दाऊद इब्राहिम कास्कर'''; 27 दिसंबर 1955) एगो अपराधी आ घोषित आतंकवादी बाड़ें जे [[मुंबई]] के डोंगरी इलाका से आवे लें। इनके जनम [[महाराष्ट्र]] के रत्नागिरी जिला में भइल, सुरुआती जिनगी के बारे में बहुत जानकारी नइखे बाकी 70 के दशक में मुंबई के अंडरवल्ड में इनके नाँव तेजी से उभरल आ इनके डी-कंपनी के मुखिया मानल जाला।

वर्तमान में ई [[पाकिस्तान]] के कराची में बाड़ें आ इनके ऊपर मर्डर, अपहरण, सुपारी हत्या, संगठित अपराध, ड्रग्स के धंधा आ आतंकवाद के चार्ज बा। साल 2003 में इनके बैस्विक आतंकवादी घोषित कइल गइल आ साल 2011 में एफबीआई आ फ़ोर्ब्स के लिस्ट में ई दुनिया के तिसरा मोस्ट वांटेड भगोड़ा रहलें।

{{Clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
* [https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2013/03/130321_dawood_ibrahim_profile_fma कहानी भारत के 'मोस्ट वॉंटेड' दाऊद इब्राहिम की..], बीबीसी हिंदी, 22 मार्च 2013 {{in lang|en}}

[[श्रेणी:1955 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:मुंबई के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:अपराधी]]


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'''थ्रिलर''' साहित्य, फिलिम वगैरह में एक किसिम के ब्यापक बिधा भा वर्ग हवे जेकर कई गो उपबिधा भा उपवर्ग बाड़ें, आमतौर पर ई पाठक भा दर्शक के भारी उत्सुकता, रोमांच आ तनाव से भरे में सफल कथा कहे के शैली हवे, कथा के खत्म होखे तक पाठक, दर्शक के चैन न मिले।

{{clear}}

[[श्रेणी:साहित्यिक बिधा]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1997" sha1="gywu75px1sn5i4jb726rxh08wrhlf72" xml:space="preserve">{{about|बंगाली भाषा के उपन्यास|अन्य अरथ}}
{{Infobox book| &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books --&gt;
| name          = देवदास
| translator    = 
| image         = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| author        = [[शरतचंद्र चट्टोपाध्याय]]
| illustrator   = 
| cover_artist  = 
| country       = भारत
| language      = [[बंगाली भाषा|बंगाली]]
| series        = 
| genre         = [[उपन्यास]]
| publisher     = GCS
| release_date  = 30 जून 1917
| english_release_date =
| media_type    = प्रिंट (हार्डकभर आ पेपरबैक)
| pages         = 
| preceded_by   = 
| followed_by   = 
}}
'''''देवदास''''' ({{Lang-bn|দেবদাস}}) साल 1917 में छपल [[बंगाली भाषा|बंगाली-भाषा]] के एगो उपन्यास हवे जेकर लेखक [[शरतचंद्र चट्टोपाध्याय]] रहलें। उपन्यास के कहानी प्रेम-रोमांस आ ट्रेजडी वाली हवे आ ई [[बांग्ला साहित्य|बंगाली के साहित्य]] के कुछ सभसे परभावशाली रचना सब में से एक मानल जाले आ दुनिया के कई भाषा में एकर अनुबाद भइल बा। एह उपन्यास पर कई बेर फिलिम भी बन चुकल बाड़ी सऽ।

==कथासंछेप==

==फिलिम, थियेटर आ टीवी रूपांतर==

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:बंगाली-भाषा के उपन्यास]]


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      <text bytes="2456" sha1="85k6d98r7utpowukctsae586kegdx74" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name = Devdas
| image = 
| image_size =
| caption = 
| director = [[Bimal Roy]]
| producer = Bimal Roy
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' [[Nabendu Ghosh]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Dialogue:''' [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]
| based on = {{based on|''[[Devdas]]''|[[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]}}
| narrator = Bimal Roy
| starring = [[Dilip Kumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vyjayanthimala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Suchitra Sen]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]]
| music = [[Sachin Dev Burman]]
| cinematography = [[Kamal Bose]]
| editing =
| distributor = Bimal Roy Production&lt;br /&gt;Mohan Films
| studio = [[Mehboob Studio]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Filmistan]]
| released = December 30, 1955
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = [[भारत]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}1,06,54,332 (1955)
}}
'''देवदास''' साल 1955 में रिलीज भइल एगो हिंदी-भाषा के फिलिम रहल जे [[शरतचंद्र चट्टोपाध्याय|शरतचंद्र]] के उपन्यास ''[[देवदास]]'' पर आधारित रहल आ एकर डाइरेक्टर [[बिमल रॉय]] रहलें। फिलिम में देवदास के मुख्य भूमिका में दिलीप कुमार, पारो के भूमिका में सुचित्रा सेन आ चंद्रमुखी के भूमिका में वैजयंतीमाला रहल लोग। फिलिम बाक्स ऑफिस पर एगो हिट फिलिम रहल आ एह फिलिम के कई गो अवार्ड भी मिललें।

बाद के समीक्षा सभ में भी एह फिलिम के बॉलीवुड के श्रेष्ठ फिलिम सभ में अस्थान दिहल गइल बा। फिलिम के तारीफी कमाल बोस के सिनेमेटोग्राफी आ लाइटिंग खाती भी जानल जाले जेकरा चलते कम बोले वाला चरित्र देवदास के बढ़ियाँ से देखावल जा सकल बा।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदी-भाषा के फिलिम]]


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| iucn_category = II
| photo =Dudhwa National Park, Lucknow division, Uttar Pradesh, India (30783128830) (2).jpg
| photo_alt = 
| photo_caption =दुधवा टाइगर रिजर्व
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| map_alt = 
| map_caption = [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] में लोकेशन
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| location = [[लखीमपुर खीरी जिला|लखीमपुर खीरी]] आ [[बहराइच जिला|बहराइच]] जिला, उत्तर प्रदेश, भारत
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| area = 1284.3
| established = 1987
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = 
| url =http://www.dudhwatigerreserve.com/
}}
'''दुधवा टाइगर रिजर्ब''' [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] के [[तराई]] इलाका में, [[नेपाल]] बाडर के लगे, [[लखीमपुर खीरी जिला|लखीमपुर खीरी]] आ [[बहराइच जिला|बहराइच]] जिला में एगो टाइगर रिजर्व बा। एग टाइगर रिजर्व के अंदर [[दुधवा नेशनल पार्क]], [[किशनपुर बनजीव बिहार|किशनपुर]] आ [[कतरनियाघाट बनजीव बिहार]] सामिल बाड़ें। एकर कुल रकबा {{convert|1284.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} आ एह में तीन गो बड़हन जंगल वाला हिस्सा सामिल बाड़ें जिनहन के बीचा में खेती-बारी वाली जमीन बाटे। एकर उत्तरी-पुरबी सीमा नेपाल देस के साथे सझिया बाटे आ काफी दूरी ले ई मोहाना नदी के सहारे बने ले। पूरा एरिया तराई के अल्यूवियल (जलोढ़) मैदान हवे जहाँ से कई गो छोट नदी पास होखे लीं आ आपन बाढ़ के मैदान बनावे लीं। एह बाढ़ के मैदान के ऊँचाई के रेंज {{convert|110|to|185|m|ft|abbr=on}} बाटे।&lt;ref name=Mathur2008&gt;Mathur, P. K. and N. Midha (2008). [http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Volume_IV_NPWS.pdf ''Mapping of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, Dudhwa Tiger Reserve''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412062838/http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Volume_IV_NPWS.pdf |date=12 April 2015 }}. WII – NNRMS - MoEF Project, Final Technical Report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[दुधवा नेशनल पार्क]]
* [[पीलीभीत टाइगर रिजर्व]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* [https://kheri.nic.in/hi/tourist-place/दुधवा-राष्ट्रीय-उद्यान/  दुधवा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान], लखीमपुर खीरी जिला के वेबसाइट kheri.nic.in पर
* [https://uptourism.gov.in/hi/page/dudhwa-national-park दुधवा नेशनल पार्क] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709131935/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/hi/page/dudhwa-national-park |date=2022-07-09 }}, उत्तर प्रदेश पर्यटन, uptourism.gov.in पर

{{Protected areas in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Tiger Reserves of India}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के टाइगर रिजर्ब]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के पर्यावरण]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के भूगोल]]
[[श्रेणी:लखीमपुर खीरी जिला]]


{{UP-stub}}</text>
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      <comment>/* संदर्भ */ सफाई using [[Project:AWB|AWB]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2650" sha1="n7mzs94mx3zxcr4afom7bmwuv6efgtd" xml:space="preserve">{{italic title}}{{Infobox website
 |name          = The Pirate Bay
 |logo          = The Pirate Bay logo.svg
 |logo_size     = 200px
 |logo_alt      = Drawing of a 3-masted sailing ship with 'Home Taping Is Killing Music' cassette &amp; crossbones
 |url           = {{URL|https://thepiratebay.org/}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes2016-05-23&quot;/&gt; 
 |commercial    = 
 |type          = Torrent index, [[Magnet URI scheme|magnet links]] provider
 |registration  = Optional, free
 |language      = 35 languages available, primarily English and Swedish
 |author        = {{plainlist|
*[[Gottfrid Svartholm]]
*[[Fredrik Neij]]
*[[Peter Sunde]]}}
 |revenue       = Advertisements, donations, merchandise, cryptocurrency mining
 |alexa         = {{Decrease}} 130 ({{as of|2018|July|alt=July 2018}})&lt;ref name=&quot;alexa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/thepiratebay.org |title=Thepiratebay.org Site Info |work=[[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] |date=27 July 2018 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |archive-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213044810/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/thepiratebay.org |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 |current status= Online &lt;!-- Do not alter this field for short outages. It should remain as &quot;Online&quot; unless an outage covers a period of at least 24 hours and is covered in reliable sources, or the site is permanently offline. --&gt;
}}
'''''द पायरेट बे''''' ({{Lang|en|The Pirate Bay}} - '''TBP''') मनोरंजन मीडिया आ साफ्टवेयर सभ के ऑनलाइन इंडेक्स हवे। एकर अस्थापना साल 2003 में भइल आ ई यूजर लोग के सामग्री (कंटेंट) सर्च करे, [[डाउनलोड]] करे आ [[मैग्नेट लिंक]] आ [[टोरेंट फ़ाइल]] के योगदान करे के सुबिधा देला। एह तरीका से [[बिटटोरेंट]] के प्रोटोकाल के तहत [[पीयर-टू-पीयर]] कंटेंट साझा करे के मोका मिले ला।

ई सेवा बिबाद में रहल बा आ एकरे उच्चाधिकारी लोग के जेल के सजा भी सुनावल गइल रहे आ की देस में एकरा पर रोक भी लागल।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:वेबसाइट]]


{{internet-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>n7mzs94mx3zxcr4afom7bmwuv6efgtd</sha1>
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      <text bytes="13714" sha1="cojnk9hxoe2xrxdlfmj8q9ce1tk0xbq" xml:space="preserve">== सिंटैक्स ==
;छिपावल पाठ जोड़े खातिर
&lt;pre&gt;{{hidden top|title=टाइटिल|bg1=#FFEBCD|bg2=#F0F8FF}}
...
...
{{hidden bottom}}&lt;/pre&gt;
;गैलरी
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Example.jpg|Caption1
Example.jpg|Caption2
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

==English language poems==
# O Captain! My Captain
# No Man is an Island
# Hope is the thing with feathers
# The Tyger
# The Road not taken
# Stopping by woods on a snowy evening
# If - Kippling
# The Raven _ E A Poe
# Do not go Gentle into that Good Night
# Daffodils - Wordsworth

== Religion Topics ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[:en:Antireligion]]
* [[:en:Antitheism]]
* [[:en:Demonization]]
* [[:en:Forced conversion]]
* [[:en:Fundamentalism]]
* [[:en:Religious discrimination]]
* [[:en:Religious fanaticism]]
* [[:en:Freedom of religion|Religious freedom]]
* [[:en:Religious persecution]]
* [[:en:Toleration|Religious tolerance]]
* [[:en:Religious violence]]
* [[:en:Supremacism#Religious|Religious supremacism]]
* [[:en:Religious terrorism]]
* [[:en:Religious war]]
* [[:en:Sectarian violence]]
* [[:en:State atheism]]
* [[:en:State religion]]
* [[:en:Toleration]]
* [[:en:Violence against LGBT people#Religious texts]]
{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
;Specific religions:
* [[:en:Anti-cult movement]]
* [[:en:Christian countercult movement]]
* [[:en:Discrimination against atheists]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Baháʼís]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Buddhists]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Christians]]
** [[:en:Anti-Mormonism]]
** [[:en:Anti-Protestantism]]
** [[:en:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians]]
** [[:en:Anti-Catholicism]]
** [[:en:Anti-Christian sentiment]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Hindus]]
** [[:en:Anti-Hinduism]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Jews]]
** [[:en:Anti-Judaism]]
** [[:en:Antisemitism]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Muslims]]
** [[:en:Islamophobia]]

;[[:en:Religious nationalism]]
** [[:en:Christian nationalism]]
** [[:en:Islam and nationalism]]
** [[:en:Hindutva]]
** [[:en:Religious Zionism]]

;Specific examples:
* [[:en:2012 Ramu violence]]
* [[:en:Aranthalawa massacre]]
* [[:en:Bodh Gaya bombings]]
* [[:en:Buddhas of Bamiyan]]
* [[:en:Buddhist crisis]]
* [[:en:Demolition of the Babri Masjid]]
* [[:en:Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL]]
* [[:en:Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques]]
{{div col end}}

== टॉप व्यू अक्टूबर 2026 ==
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*[[ट्रिपल एक्स]] {{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:ट्रिपल एक्स|R}}}}
*[[मैच फिक्सिंग]] {{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:मैच फिक्सिंग|R}}}}
*[[सई नदी]] {{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:सई नदी|R}}}}
*[[कर्क रेखा]] {{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:कर्क रेखा|R}}}}

{{div col end}}

==संदर्भ==

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tiwari2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=तिवारी|first1=अर्जुन|title=भोजपुरी साहित्य के इतिहास|date=2014|publisher=विश्विद्यालय प्रकाशन|location=बनारस|isbn=9789351460343|edition=पहिला|p=153}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=शंकर दयाल सिंह |title=बिहार: एक सांस्कृतिक वैभव |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syip6LKz78kC&amp;pg=PT217|publisher=डायमंड पाकेट बुक्स|isbn=978-81-7182-294-2|pages=217–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;शुभ&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=शुभ नारायण सिंह 'शुभ' |date=2021|title=भारतीय भाषा विज्ञान आ भोजपुरी |url=|publisher=शिवालिक प्रकाशन|place=नई दिल्ली|isbn=978-93-85145-00-1|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Useful Links ==
* [[MediaWiki:Scribunto-doc-page-show]] - मॉड्यूल विवरण हरे रंग में

== new stub-tags ==
* [[Template:Clothing-stub]]</text>
      <sha1>cojnk9hxoe2xrxdlfmj8q9ce1tk0xbq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>811621</id>
      <parentid>811619</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T01:56:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SM7</username>
        <id>3953</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* टॉप व्यू अक्टूबर 2026 */ टेबल</comment>
      <origin>811621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8784" sha1="8oisvkt8lixqqs65hqx0so16q27pum6" xml:space="preserve">== सिंटैक्स ==
;छिपावल पाठ जोड़े खातिर
&lt;pre&gt;{{hidden top|title=टाइटिल|bg1=#FFEBCD|bg2=#F0F8FF}}
...
...
{{hidden bottom}}&lt;/pre&gt;
;गैलरी
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Example.jpg|Caption1
Example.jpg|Caption2
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

==English language poems==
# O Captain! My Captain
# No Man is an Island
# Hope is the thing with feathers
# The Tyger
# The Road not taken
# Stopping by woods on a snowy evening
# If - Kippling
# The Raven _ E A Poe
# Do not go Gentle into that Good Night
# Daffodils - Wordsworth

== Religion Topics ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[:en:Antireligion]]
* [[:en:Antitheism]]
* [[:en:Demonization]]
* [[:en:Forced conversion]]
* [[:en:Fundamentalism]]
* [[:en:Religious discrimination]]
* [[:en:Religious fanaticism]]
* [[:en:Freedom of religion|Religious freedom]]
* [[:en:Religious persecution]]
* [[:en:Toleration|Religious tolerance]]
* [[:en:Religious violence]]
* [[:en:Supremacism#Religious|Religious supremacism]]
* [[:en:Religious terrorism]]
* [[:en:Religious war]]
* [[:en:Sectarian violence]]
* [[:en:State atheism]]
* [[:en:State religion]]
* [[:en:Toleration]]
* [[:en:Violence against LGBT people#Religious texts]]
{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
;Specific religions:
* [[:en:Anti-cult movement]]
* [[:en:Christian countercult movement]]
* [[:en:Discrimination against atheists]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Baháʼís]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Buddhists]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Christians]]
** [[:en:Anti-Mormonism]]
** [[:en:Anti-Protestantism]]
** [[:en:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians]]
** [[:en:Anti-Catholicism]]
** [[:en:Anti-Christian sentiment]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Hindus]]
** [[:en:Anti-Hinduism]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Jews]]
** [[:en:Anti-Judaism]]
** [[:en:Antisemitism]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Muslims]]
** [[:en:Islamophobia]]

;[[:en:Religious nationalism]]
** [[:en:Christian nationalism]]
** [[:en:Islam and nationalism]]
** [[:en:Hindutva]]
** [[:en:Religious Zionism]]

;Specific examples:
* [[:en:2012 Ramu violence]]
* [[:en:Aranthalawa massacre]]
* [[:en:Bodh Gaya bombings]]
* [[:en:Buddhas of Bamiyan]]
* [[:en:Buddhist crisis]]
* [[:en:Demolition of the Babri Masjid]]
* [[:en:Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL]]
* [[:en:Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques]]
{{div col end}}

== टॉप व्यू अक्टूबर 2026 ==
{|
|1
|[[सट्टा]]
|11369
|-
|2
|[[सेक्स पोजीशन]]
|7458
|-
|3
|[[मिया खलीफा]]
|11345
|-
|4
|[[मटका (जुआ)]]
|1317
|-
|5
|[[बिहार के जिला सभ के लिस्ट]]
|11872
|-
|6
|[[संभोग]]
|6222
|-
|7
|[[मिशनरी पोजीशन]]
|3918
|-
|8
|[[स्पून्स सेक्स पोजीशन]]
|3237
|-
|9
|[[डॉगी स्टाइल]]
|2032
|-
|10
|[[एक्सएनएक्सएक्स]]
|7397
|-
|11
|[[बिहार के प्रमंडल सभ के लिस्ट]]
|7023
|-
|12
|[[मुख मैथुन]]
|3064
|-
|13
|[[वल्लभभाई पटेल]]
|6071
|-
|14
|[[ॐ नमः शिवाय]]
|9667
|-
|15
|[[डैनी डेनियल्स]]
|3822
|-
|16
|[[महात्मा गाँधी]]
|17471
|-
|17
|[[उत्तर प्रदेश के मंडल सभ के लिस्ट]]
|13662
|-
|18
|[[अमेजन जंगल]]
|22257
|-
|19
|[[2027 के भारतीय चुनाव]]
|7357
|-
|20
|[[ट्रिपल सी]]
|6759
|-
|21
|[[पोर्नोग्राफी]]
|4623
|-
|22
|[[गुदा मैथुन]]
|2721
|-
|23
|[[हस्तमैथुन]]
|3922
|-
|24
|[[गोदावरी नदी]]
|29073
|-
|25
|[[नाना पाटेकर]]
|1450
|-
|26
|[[भरत शर्मा]]
|4781
|-
|27
|[[सामूहिक सेक्स]]
|3889
|-
|28
|[[जुआ]]
|2397
|-
|29
|[[ज्याँ द्रेज]]
|8671
|-
|30
|[[नरेंद्र मोदी]]
|59790
|-
|31
|[[सपना चौधरी]]
|5135
|-
|32
|[[मानव यौन गतिविधि]]
|1058
|-
|33
|[[चैटजीपीटी]]
|12329
|-
|34
|[[गूगल क्रोम]]
|12503
|-
|35
|[[बनारस]]
|37368
|-
|36
|[[पोर्न फिलिम]]
|8067
|-
|37
|[[बारहखड़ी]]
|14927
|-
|38
|[[बुर (बहुअर्थी)]]
|707
|-
|39
|[[जानकारी]]
|3450
|-
|40
|[[औरत]]
|6314
|-
|41
|[[एक्स]]
|5531
|-
|42
|[[पवन सिंह]]
|17999
|-
|43
|[[इंस्टाग्राम]]
|16763
|-
|44
|[[एक्सवीडियोज]]
|11336
|-
|45
|[[लाल किला]]
|17403
|-
|46
|[[मनोज तिवारी]]
|7474
|-
|47
|[[.xxx]]
|1608
|-
|48
|[[क्लियोपेट्रा]]
|13646
|-
|49
|[[सनी लियोनी]]
|50609
|-
|50
|[[अँगुरियावल (सेक्स)]]
|2031
|-
|51
|[[इलाहाबाद]]
|56565
|-
|52
|[[गोरखपुर जंक्शन रेलवे स्टेशन]]
|4774
|-
|53
|[[तिरंगा]]
|3080
|-
|54
|[[इंडिया (गठबंधन)]]
|33360
|-
|55
|[[सोनिया गांधी]]
|18919
|-
|56
|[[अत्त दीपो भव]]
|4959
|-
|57
|[[क्लाइटोरिस]]
|3121
|-
|58
|[[ऊटी]]
|21791
|-
|59
|[[सौर मंडल]]
|40469
|-
|60
|[[गंगा नदी]]
|99016
|-
|61
|[[पर्यावरण प्रदूषण]]
|39772
|-
|62
|[[भारत]]
|125309
|-
|63
|[[स्तन संभोग]]
|667
|-
|64
|[[चार धाम]]
|7190
|-
|65
|[[यौन प्रवेश]]
|1515
|-
|66
|[[हावड़ा ब्रिज]]
|25626
|-
|67
|[[ट्रिपल एक्स (फिलिम सिरीज)]]
|14796
|-
|68
|[[मुगलसराय जंक्शन रेलवे स्टेशन]]
|21208
|-
|69
|[[भारत के सीमा]]
|7673
|-
|70
|[[गौतम अडानी]]
|27319
|-
|71
|[[भारतीय संविधान]]
|16552
|-
|72
|[[विकिमीडिया फाउंडेशन]]
|8375
|-
|73
|[[आलोक धन्वा]]
|4883
|-
|74
|[[महाकाल]]
|15083
|-
|75
|[[जेन ज़ी]]
|4877
|-
|76
|[[भारत में हरित क्रांति]]
|4348
|-
|77
|[[बिहार के अनुमंडल सभ]]
|11879
|-
|78
|[[इंटरनेट]]
|32951
|-
|79
|[[कामसूत्रम्]]
|3118
|-
|80
|[[मुंबई]]
|17440
|-
|81
|[[हिमाचल प्रदेश]]
|4751
|-
|82
|[[जगन्नाथ मंदिर, पुरी]]
|19231
|-
|83
|[[1934]]
|844
|-
|84
|[[ड्रैगन फ्रूट]]
|10916
|-
|85
|[[भिखारी ठाकुर]]
|19273
|-
|86
|[[सेक्स]]
|29
|-
|87
|[[दिपावली]]
|41313
|-
|88
|[[भीमराव अंबेडकर]]
|8634
|-
|89
|[[महेंद्र सिंह धोनी]]
|6625
|-
|90
|[[भूलेख]]
|5565
|-
|91
|[[2017 के उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा चुनाव]]
|21652
|-
|92
|[[गेहुँअन]]
|6000
|-
|93
|[[ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंग]]
|11217
|-
|94
|[[छतरपुर मंदिर]]
|2683
|-
|95
|[[कृति सैनन]]
|10007
|-
|96
|[[स्वास्तिक]]
|5456
|-
|97
|[[ट्रिपल एक्स]]
|1220
|-
|98
|[[मैच फिक्सिंग]]
|8515
|-
|99
|[[सई नदी]]
|3509
|-
|100
|[[कर्क रेखा]]
|14667
|-
|
|}

==संदर्भ==

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tiwari2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=तिवारी|first1=अर्जुन|title=भोजपुरी साहित्य के इतिहास|date=2014|publisher=विश्विद्यालय प्रकाशन|location=बनारस|isbn=9789351460343|edition=पहिला|p=153}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=शंकर दयाल सिंह |title=बिहार: एक सांस्कृतिक वैभव |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syip6LKz78kC&amp;pg=PT217|publisher=डायमंड पाकेट बुक्स|isbn=978-81-7182-294-2|pages=217–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;शुभ&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=शुभ नारायण सिंह 'शुभ' |date=2021|title=भारतीय भाषा विज्ञान आ भोजपुरी |url=|publisher=शिवालिक प्रकाशन|place=नई दिल्ली|isbn=978-93-85145-00-1|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Useful Links ==
* [[MediaWiki:Scribunto-doc-page-show]] - मॉड्यूल विवरण हरे रंग में

== new stub-tags ==
* [[Template:Clothing-stub]]</text>
      <sha1>8oisvkt8lixqqs65hqx0so16q27pum6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>811864</id>
      <parentid>811621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:42:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SM7</username>
        <id>3953</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>सुधार</comment>
      <origin>811864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8926" sha1="qhsgwuwzqqud1yd2neb5nyx3xwriqj9" xml:space="preserve">== सिंटैक्स ==
;छिपावल पाठ जोड़े खातिर
&lt;pre&gt;{{hidden top|title=टाइटिल|bg1=#FFEBCD|bg2=#F0F8FF}}
...
...
{{hidden bottom}}&lt;/pre&gt;
;गैलरी
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Example.jpg|Caption1
Example.jpg|Caption2
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

==English language poems==
# O Captain! My Captain
# No Man is an Island
# Hope is the thing with feathers
# The Tyger
# The Road not taken
# Stopping by woods on a snowy evening
# If - Kippling
# The Raven _ E A Poe
# Do not go Gentle into that Good Night
# Daffodils - Wordsworth

== Religion Topics ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[:en:Antireligion]]
* [[:en:Antitheism]]
* [[:en:Demonization]]
* [[:en:Forced conversion]]
* [[:en:Fundamentalism]]
* [[:en:Religious discrimination]]
* [[:en:Religious fanaticism]]
* [[:en:Freedom of religion|Religious freedom]]
* [[:en:Religious persecution]]
* [[:en:Toleration|Religious tolerance]]
* [[:en:Religious violence]]
* [[:en:Supremacism#Religious|Religious supremacism]]
* [[:en:Religious terrorism]]
* [[:en:Religious war]]
* [[:en:Sectarian violence]]
* [[:en:State atheism]]
* [[:en:State religion]]
* [[:en:Toleration]]
* [[:en:Violence against LGBT people#Religious texts]]
{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
;Specific religions:
* [[:en:Anti-cult movement]]
* [[:en:Christian countercult movement]]
* [[:en:Discrimination against atheists]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Baháʼís]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Buddhists]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Christians]]
** [[:en:Anti-Mormonism]]
** [[:en:Anti-Protestantism]]
** [[:en:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians]]
** [[:en:Anti-Catholicism]]
** [[:en:Anti-Christian sentiment]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Hindus]]
** [[:en:Anti-Hinduism]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Jews]]
** [[:en:Anti-Judaism]]
** [[:en:Antisemitism]]
* [[:en:Persecution of Muslims]]
** [[:en:Islamophobia]]

;[[:en:Religious nationalism]]
** [[:en:Christian nationalism]]
** [[:en:Islam and nationalism]]
** [[:en:Hindutva]]
** [[:en:Religious Zionism]]

;Specific examples:
* [[:en:2012 Ramu violence]]
* [[:en:Aranthalawa massacre]]
* [[:en:Bodh Gaya bombings]]
* [[:en:Buddhas of Bamiyan]]
* [[:en:Buddhist crisis]]
* [[:en:Demolition of the Babri Masjid]]
* [[:en:Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL]]
* [[:en:Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques]]
{{div col end}}

== टॉप व्यू अक्टूबर 2026 ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
! नंबर
! लेख
! साइज (नवंबर 2026)
|-
|1
|[[सट्टा]]
|11369
|-
|2
|[[सेक्स पोजीशन]]
|7458
|-
|3
|[[मिया खलीफा]]
|11345
|-
|4
|[[मटका (जुआ)]]
|1317
|-
|5
|[[बिहार के जिला सभ के लिस्ट]]
|11872
|-
|6
|[[संभोग]]
|6222
|-
|7
|[[मिशनरी पोजीशन]]
|3918
|-
|8
|[[स्पून्स सेक्स पोजीशन]]
|3237
|-
|9
|[[डॉगी स्टाइल]]
|2032
|-
|10
|[[एक्सएनएक्सएक्स]]
|7397
|-
|11
|[[बिहार के प्रमंडल सभ के लिस्ट]]
|7023
|-
|12
|[[मुख मैथुन]]
|3064
|-
|13
|[[वल्लभभाई पटेल]]
|6071
|-
|14
|[[ॐ नमः शिवाय]]
|9667
|-
|15
|[[डैनी डेनियल्स]]
|3822
|-
|16
|[[महात्मा गाँधी]]
|17471
|-
|17
|[[उत्तर प्रदेश के मंडल सभ के लिस्ट]]
|13662
|-
|18
|[[अमेजन जंगल]]
|22257
|-
|19
|[[2027 के भारतीय चुनाव]]
|7357
|-
|20
|[[ट्रिपल सी]]
|6759
|-
|21
|[[पोर्नोग्राफी]]
|4623
|-
|22
|[[गुदा मैथुन]]
|2721
|-
|23
|[[हस्तमैथुन]]
|3922
|-
|24
|[[गोदावरी नदी]]
|29073
|-
|25
|[[नाना पाटेकर]]
|1450
|-
|26
|[[भरत शर्मा]]
|4781
|-
|27
|[[सामूहिक सेक्स]]
|3889
|-
|28
|[[जुआ]]
|2397
|-
|29
|[[ज्याँ द्रेज]]
|8671
|-
|30
|[[नरेंद्र मोदी]]
|59790
|-
|31
|[[सपना चौधरी]]
|5135
|-
|32
|[[मानव यौन गतिविधि]]
|1058
|-
|33
|[[चैटजीपीटी]]
|12329
|-
|34
|[[गूगल क्रोम]]
|12503
|-
|35
|[[बनारस]]
|37368
|-
|36
|[[पोर्न फिलिम]]
|8067
|-
|37
|[[बारहखड़ी]]
|14927
|-
|38
|[[बुर (बहुअर्थी)]]
|707
|-
|39
|[[जानकारी]]
|3450
|-
|40
|[[औरत]]
|6314
|-
|41
|[[एक्स]]
|5531
|-
|42
|[[पवन सिंह]]
|17999
|-
|43
|[[इंस्टाग्राम]]
|16763
|-
|44
|[[एक्सवीडियोज]]
|11336
|-
|45
|[[लाल किला]]
|17403
|-
|46
|[[मनोज तिवारी]]
|7474
|-
|47
|[[.xxx]]
|1608
|-
|48
|[[क्लियोपेट्रा]]
|13646
|-
|49
|[[सनी लियोनी]]
|50609
|-
|50
|[[अँगुरियावल (सेक्स)]]
|2031
|-
|51
|[[इलाहाबाद]]
|56565
|-
|52
|[[गोरखपुर जंक्शन रेलवे स्टेशन]]
|4774
|-
|53
|[[तिरंगा]]
|3080
|-
|54
|[[इंडिया (गठबंधन)]]
|33360
|-
|55
|[[सोनिया गांधी]]
|18919
|-
|56
|[[अत्त दीपो भव]]
|4959
|-
|57
|[[क्लाइटोरिस]]
|3121
|-
|58
|[[ऊटी]]
|21791
|-
|59
|[[सौर मंडल]]
|40469
|-
|60
|[[गंगा नदी]]
|99016
|-
|61
|[[पर्यावरण प्रदूषण]]
|39772
|-
|62
|[[भारत]]
|125309
|-
|63
|[[स्तन संभोग]]
|667
|-
|64
|[[चार धाम]]
|7190
|-
|65
|[[यौन प्रवेश]]
|1515
|-
|66
|[[हावड़ा ब्रिज]]
|25626
|-
|67
|[[ट्रिपल एक्स (फिलिम सिरीज)]]
|14796
|-
|68
|[[मुगलसराय जंक्शन रेलवे स्टेशन]]
|21208
|-
|69
|[[भारत के सीमा]]
|7673
|-
|70
|[[गौतम अडानी]]
|27319
|-
|71
|[[भारतीय संविधान]]
|16552
|-
|72
|[[विकिमीडिया फाउंडेशन]]
|8375
|-
|73
|[[आलोक धन्वा]]
|4883
|-
|74
|[[महाकाल]]
|15083
|-
|75
|[[जेन ज़ी]]
|4877
|-
|76
|[[भारत में हरित क्रांति]]
|4348
|-
|77
|[[बिहार के अनुमंडल सभ]]
|11879
|-
|78
|[[इंटरनेट]]
|32951
|-
|79
|[[कामसूत्रम्]]
|3118
|-
|80
|[[मुंबई]]
|17440
|-
|81
|[[हिमाचल प्रदेश]]
|4751
|-
|82
|[[जगन्नाथ मंदिर, पुरी]]
|19231
|-
|83
|[[1934]]
|844
|-
|84
|[[ड्रैगन फ्रूट]]
|10916
|-
|85
|[[भिखारी ठाकुर]]
|19273
|-
|86
|[[सेक्स]]
|29
|-
|87
|[[दिपावली]]
|41313
|-
|88
|[[भीमराव अंबेडकर]]
|8634
|-
|89
|[[महेंद्र सिंह धोनी]]
|6625
|-
|90
|[[भूलेख]]
|5565
|-
|91
|[[2017 के उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा चुनाव]]
|21652
|-
|92
|[[गेहुँअन]]
|6000
|-
|93
|[[ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंग]]
|11217
|-
|94
|[[छतरपुर मंदिर]]
|2683
|-
|95
|[[कृति सैनन]]
|10007
|-
|96
|[[स्वास्तिक]]
|5456
|-
|97
|[[ट्रिपल एक्स]]
|1220
|-
|98
|[[मैच फिक्सिंग]]
|8515
|-
|99
|[[सई नदी]]
|3509
|-
|100
|[[कर्क रेखा]]
|14667
|-
|
|}

==संदर्भ==

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tiwari2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=तिवारी|first1=अर्जुन|title=भोजपुरी साहित्य के इतिहास|date=2014|publisher=विश्विद्यालय प्रकाशन|location=बनारस|isbn=9789351460343|edition=पहिला|p=153}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=शंकर दयाल सिंह |title=बिहार: एक सांस्कृतिक वैभव |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syip6LKz78kC&amp;pg=PT217|publisher=डायमंड पाकेट बुक्स|isbn=978-81-7182-294-2|pages=217–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;शुभ&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=शुभ नारायण सिंह 'शुभ' |date=2021|title=भारतीय भाषा विज्ञान आ भोजपुरी |url=|publisher=शिवालिक प्रकाशन|place=नई दिल्ली|isbn=978-93-85145-00-1|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Useful Links ==
* [[MediaWiki:Scribunto-doc-page-show]] - मॉड्यूल विवरण हरे रंग में

== new stub-tags ==
* [[Template:Clothing-stub]]</text>
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    <title>बान्नीगढ़ी जयगढ़</title>
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&lt;!--See the table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                   = बान्नीगढी जयगढ़ गाँवपालिका
|other_name             = Bannigadhi Jaygadh Rural Municipality
|native_name            = &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = [[गाँवपालिका]]
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|image_caption          =
|image_flag             =
|image_seal             =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|pushpin_map            = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize        = 360
|pushpin_map_caption    = नेपाल के नक्शा में बान्नीगढी जयगढ़ गाँवपालिका के स्थान
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type       = देश
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश सभ|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[प्रदेश संख्या 7]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ|जिला]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[अछाम जिला]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          = &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|established_title      = स्थापना
|established_date       = 10 मार्च 2017
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref                =  &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 58.26  &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2011
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 17359
|population_density_km2         = auto
|population_blank1_title        = Ethnicities
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone               = [[नेपाल मानक समय]]
|utc_offset             = +5:45
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|elevation_footnotes    = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type       = पोस्टल कोड
|postal_code            = 10707
|area_code              = 097
|blank_name             = केन्द्र
|blank_info             = बरदादेवी गाविस के कार्यालय
|website                =
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''बान्नीगढी जयगढ़ गाँवपालिका''' [[नेपाल]] के [[प्रदेश संख्या 7]] के [[अछाम जिला]] के 6 गो गाँवपालिका में से एगो ह। ई गाँवपालिका में 6 गो वार्ड संख्या बा। 2011 के जनगणना के हिसाब से ई गाँवपालिका के कुल जनसंख्या 17359 बा आ कुल क्षेत्रफल 58.26 वर्ग किमी बा। एकर मुख्यालय बरदादेवी में स्थित बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nepal-mun-admin.php?adm2id=1408 |title=CITY POPULATION – statistics, maps &amp; charts |date=8 अक्टूबर 2017 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=28 अगस्त 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

नया संविधान के अंतर्गत 744 गो नया स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई लागू भइला के बाद '''गाँज्रा''', '''जनालीकोट''', '''बरदादेवी''', '''तिमिल्सेन''', '''कालिका''' आ '''दर्ना''' गा.वि.स. मिलाके बान्नीगढी जयगढ़ गाँवपालिका बनल ह। इ गाँवपालिका के स्थापना 10 मार्च 2017 के भइल ह।

{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:अछाम जिला]]


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      <text bytes="4534" sha1="81zqhrkq9eg41ckmx07iggodq51kwrj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See the table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                   = मेल्लेख गाँवपालिका
|other_name             = Mellekh  Rural Municipality
|native_name            = &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = [[गाँवपालिका]]
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|image_caption          =
|image_flag             =
|image_seal             =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|pushpin_map            = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize        = 360
|pushpin_map_caption    = नेपाल के नक्शा में मेल्लेख गाँवपालिका के स्थान
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type       = देश
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश सभ|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[प्रदेश संख्या 7]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ|जिला]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[अछाम जिला]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          = &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|established_title      = स्थापना
|established_date       = 10 मार्च 2017
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref                =  &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 134.78  &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2011
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 24670
|population_density_km2         = auto
|population_blank1_title        = Ethnicities
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone               = [[नेपाल मानक समय]]
|utc_offset             = +5:45
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|latd= 
|longd= 
|coordinates_display = title
|coordinates_type = type:city_region:NP
|elevation_footnotes    = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type       = पोस्टल कोड
|postal_code            = 10704
|area_code              = 097
|blank_name             = केन्द्र
|blank_info             = विन्धवासिनी गाविस के कार्यालय
|website                =
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''मेल्लेख गाँवपालिका''' [[नेपाल]] के [[प्रदेश संख्या 7]] के [[अछाम जिला]] के 6 गो गाँवपालिका में से एगो ह। ई गाँवपालिका में 8 गो वार्ड संख्या बा। 2011 के जनगणना के हिसाब से ई गाँवपालिका के कुल जनसंख्या 24670 बा आ कुल क्षेत्रफल 134.78 वर्ग किमी बा। एकर मुख्यालय विन्धवासिनी में स्थित बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nepal-mun-admin.php?adm2id=1408 |title=CITY POPULATION – statistics, maps &amp; charts |date=8 अक्टूबर 2017 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=28 अगस्त 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

नया संविधान के अंतर्गत 744 गो नया स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई लागू भइला के बाद ऋषिदह, ठाँटी, कुस्कोट, विन्धवासिनी, शोडषा, नन्देगडा आ हात्तिकोट गा.वि.स. मिलाके मेल्लेख गाँवपालिका बनल ह। इ गाँवपालिका के स्थापना 10 मार्च 2017 के भइल ह।

{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:अछाम जिला]]


{{nepal-geo-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>81zqhrkq9eg41ckmx07iggodq51kwrj</sha1>
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      <text bytes="4474" sha1="kx8yapzdr5tsiel79ikf6sxs5osc0vo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See the table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                   = चौरपाटी गाँवपालिका
|other_name             = Chaurpati  Rural Municipality
|native_name            = &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = [[गाँवपालिका]]
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|image_caption          =
|image_flag             =
|image_seal             =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|pushpin_map            = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize        = 360
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&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type       = देश
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश सभ|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[प्रदेश संख्या 7]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ|जिला]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[अछाम जिला]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          = &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|established_title      = स्थापना
|established_date       = 10 मार्च 2017
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref                =  &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 182.16   &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2011
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 25149 
|population_density_km2         = auto
|population_blank1_title        = Ethnicities
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone               = [[नेपाल मानक समय]]
|utc_offset             = +5:45
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|latd= 
|longd= 
|coordinates_display = title
|coordinates_type = type:city_region:NP
|elevation_footnotes    = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type       = पोस्टल कोड
|postal_code            = 10701

|area_code              = 097
|blank_name             = केन्द्र
|blank_info             = सिउडी गाविस के कार्यालय
|website                =
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''चौरपाटी गाँवपालिका''' [[नेपाल]] के [[प्रदेश संख्या 7]] के [[अछाम जिला]] के 6 गो गाँवपालिका में से एगो ह। ई गाँवपालिका में 7 गो वार्ड संख्या बा। 2011 के जनगणना के हिसाब से ई गाँवपालिका के कुल जनसंख्या 25149 बा आ कुल क्षेत्रफल 182.16 वर्ग किमी बा। एकर मुख्यालय सिउडी में स्थित बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nepal-mun-admin.php?adm2id=1408 |title=CITY POPULATION – statistics, maps &amp; charts |date=8 अक्टूबर 2017 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=28 अगस्त 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

नया संविधान के अंतर्गत 744 गो नया स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई लागू भइला के बाद ''सिउडी''', '''सोकट''', '''पायल''', '''लुग्रा''', '''दुनि''' आ '''मार्कु''' गा.वि.स.मिलाके चौरपाटी गाँवपालिका बनल ह। इ गाँवपालिका के स्थापना 10 मार्च 2017 के भइल ह।

{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:अछाम जिला]]


{{nepal-geo-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>kx8yapzdr5tsiel79ikf6sxs5osc0vo</sha1>
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      <text bytes="434" sha1="qua4yhxkazjqvxva9zsycvaiu4ryfc4" xml:space="preserve">'''लालबंदी नगरपालिका''' [[नेपाल]] के [[प्रदेश संख्या 2]] के [[सर्लाही जिला]] में एगो नगरपालिका बा।

{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:सर्लाही जिला के नगरपालिका आ गाँवपालिका]]


{{nepal-geo-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>पानिनी गाँवपालिका</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4620" sha1="rcwvcbshht5qmej945g9k1f47lhxo2y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See the table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                   = पानिनी गाँवपालिका
|other_name             = Panini  Rural Municipality
|native_name            = &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = [[गाँवपालिका]]
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|image_caption          =
|image_flag             =
|image_seal             =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|pushpin_map            = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize        = 360
|pushpin_map_caption    = नेपाल के नक्शा में पानिनी गाँवपालिका के स्थान
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type       = देश
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश सभ|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[प्रदेश संख्या 5]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ|जिला]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[अर्घाखाँची जिला]]
|&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          = &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|established_title      = स्थापना
|established_date       = 10 मार्च 2017
&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref                =  &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 151.42   &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2011
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 26424 
|population_density_km2         = auto
|population_blank1_title        = Ethnicities
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone               = [[नेपाल मानक समय]]
|utc_offset             = +5:45
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|latd= 
|longd= 
|coordinates_display = title
|coordinates_type = type:city_region:NP
|elevation_footnotes    = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type       = पोस्टल कोड
|postal_code            = 32709 
|area_code              = 077 
|blank_name             = केन्द्र
|blank_info             = खिदीम गाविस के कार्यालय
|website                =
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''पानिनी गाँवपालिका''' [[नेपाल]] के [[प्रदेश संख्या 5]] के [[अर्घाखाँची जिला]] के 3 गो गाँवपालिका में से एगो ह। ई गाँवपालिका में 8 गो वार्ड संख्या बा। 2011 के जनगणना के हिसाब से ई गाँवपालिका के कुल जनसंख्या 26424 बा आ कुल क्षेत्रफल 151.42 वर्ग किमी बा। एकर मुख्यालय खिदीम में स्थित बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nepal-mun-admin.php?adm2id=1408 |title=CITY POPULATION – statistics, maps &amp; charts |date=8 अक्टूबर 2017 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=29 अगस्त 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

नया संविधान के अंतर्गत 744 गो नया स्थानीय प्रशासनिक इकाई लागू भइला के बाद ''पनेना''', '''खिदीम''', '''पोखराथोक''', '''पटौटी''', '''मैदान''', '''धातीबांग''', '''अंगुरी''', '''चिदीका-9''' आ '''पाली (1-8)''' गा.वि.स. मिलाके '''पानिनी गाँवपालिका''' बनल ह। इ गाँवपालिका के स्थापना 10 मार्च 2017 के भइल ह।

{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:अर्घाखाँची जिला]]


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      <text bytes="4365" sha1="4aice8fkzv2yqah4gcblnuzgl6qziyd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name      = दिल
| image     = 
| caption    = &quot;दिल&quot; का पोस्टर 
| director    = [[इंद्र कुमार]]
| producer    = इन्द्र कुमार&lt;br&gt;अशोक ठकेरिया
| writer     = राजीव कौल&lt;br&gt;प्रफुल्ल पारेख&lt;br&gt;[[कमलेश पांडे]] (संवाद)&lt;br&gt;
| narrator    = 
| starring    = [[आमिर खान]]&lt;br&gt;[[माधुरी दीक्षित]]&lt;br&gt;[[अनुपम खेर]]&lt;br&gt;[[सईद जाफ़री]]&lt;br&gt;[[देवेन वर्मा]]
| music     = [[आनंद-मिलिंद]]
| cinematography = बाबा आज़मी
| screenplay = राजीव कौल&lt;br&gt;प्रफुल्ल पारेख
| editing    = हुसैन बर्मावाला
| studio     = फिल्म सिटी&lt;br&gt;कमलिस्तान स्टूडियोज़&lt;br&gt;नटराज स्टूडियोज़
| distributor  = मारुति इंटरनेशनल&lt;br&gt;वीडियो साउंड&lt;br&gt;[[टी-सीरीज़]]
| released    = 22 जून, 1990 
| runtime    = 171 मिनट
| country = [[भारत]]
| language = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
| budget =
}}
'''''दिल''''' साल 1990 में आइल एगो [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी-भाषा]] के फिलिम बा। ई फिलिम के डाइरेक्टर इंद्र कुमार रहलें आ एह फिलिम में [[आमिर खान]], [[माधुरी दीक्षित]], [[अनुपम खेर]] आ [[सईद जाफ़री]] प्रमुख कलाकार रहल लोग। फिलिम के गाना आ फिलिम दुनों ओह समय सुपरहिट रहलें।

== मुख्य कलाकार ==
* [[आमिर खान]] - राजा
* [[माधुरी दीक्षित]] - मधु
* [[अनुपम खेर]] - हजारी प्रसाद (राजा के पिता)
* [[सईद जाफ़री]] - श्री मेहरा (मधु के पिता)
* पद्मारानी - सावित्री (राजा की माता) 
* [[देवेन वर्मा]] - पुलिस इंस्पेक्टर ग़ालिब
* [[सत्येन कप्पू]] - गिरधारी लाल 
* [[शम्मी (अभिनेत्री)|शम्मी]] - मधु की दादी 
* आदि ईरानी - शक्ति 
* [[राजेश पुरी]] - पंडित 
* [[किशोर भानुशाली]] - देव 
* [[दिनेश हिंगू]] - पांडु (हजारी प्रसाद का नौकर)
* [[अजीत वाच्छानी]] - राजा का संभावित ससुर

== संगीत ==
{{Tracklist
| heading        = गीत 
| extra_column   = गायक 
| all_lyrics = [[समीर (गीतकार)|समीर]] 
| all_music = [[आनंद-मिलिंद]]
| title1 = खंभे जैसी खड़ी है
| extra1 = [[उदित नारायण]]
| length1 = 5:25

| title2 = दम दमा दम
| extra2 =  उदित नारायण, [[अनुराधा पौडवाल]]
| length2 = 6:40

| title3 = मुझे नींद ना आए
| extra3 = उदित नारायण, अनुराधा पौडवाल
| length3 = 6:13

| title4 = हम प्यार करने वाले
| extra4 = उदित नारायण, अनुराधा पौडवाल
| length4 = 6:56

| title5 = हमने घर छोड़ा है
| extra5 = उदित नारायण, [[साधना सरगम]] 
| length5 = 6:17

| title6 = ओ प्रिया प्रिया
| extra6 = [[सुरेश वाडकर]], अनुराधा पौडवाल
| length6 = 6:03 
}}
{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* {{imdb title|0099429|दिल}}

[[श्रेणी:1980 के दशक के फिलिम]]


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    <title>दीवाना (फिलिम)</title>
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      <text bytes="1335" sha1="42c1w8kyywy9oiptgqvn0b6bga298pu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name = दीवाना
| image =
| caption =
| producer =गुड्डू धनोआ, &lt;br&gt; ललित कपूर
| director =[[राज कँवर]]
| music =[[नदीम श्रवण]]
| writer =
| starring = [[ऋषि कपूर]], &lt;br&gt;[[दिव्या भारती]], &lt;br&gt;[[शाहरुख़ ख़ान]], &lt;br&gt;[[अमरीश पुरी]]
| screenplay =
| runtime = 162 मिनट 
| released =26 जून 1992 
| country = [[भारत]]
| language = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
| budget =
}}
'''''दीवाना''''' 1992 में आइल एगो हिंदी भाषा के फिलिम रहल। एह फिलिम में, जौन कि प्रेम कहानी रहल, ऋषि कपूर, दिव्या भारती आ शाहरुख खान मुख्य भूमिका में रहल लोग। ई शाहरुख खान के पहिली फिलिम रहल आ एह में ऊ आधा फिलिम के बीत जाए पर देख्लाई पड़े शुरू होलें।

{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:1990 के दशक के फिलिम]]


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      <text bytes="2379" sha1="q2mkq54v51m7rk3vbh992zvl2vr5zi6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = नंबी नारायणन
| image = Nambi Narayanan.jpg
| caption =  
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[भारत]]
| occupation = ISRO Scientist
| years_active = 
| nationality = भारतीय
| partner = &lt;!--partner parameter is for life partners not boyfriends/girlfriends--&gt;
}}
'''नंबी नारायणन''' एगो भारतीय बिग्यानी बाड़ें जे इसरो खाती काम करें आ क्रायोजेनिक बिभाग में रहलें। इनका ऊपर बिदेसी एजेंट सभ के सीक्रेट जानकारी बेचे के आरोप लागल रहे। साल 2018 में आइल सुप्रीम कोर्ट के फैसला में इनके बेगुनाह पावल गइल आ पचास लाख के मुआवजा देवे के आदेस भइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=भाषा |url=http://thewirehindi.com/57412/sc-calls-arrest-of-former-isro-scientist-nambi-narayanan-unnecessary-in-espionage-case/ |title=इसरो जासूसी कांड में वैज्ञानिक की गिरफ़्तारी अनावश्यक थी: सुप्रीम कोर्ट |publisher=Thewirehindi.com |date= |accessdate=2018-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/supreme-court-awards-50-lakhs-to-ex-isro-scientist-nambi-narayanan-1916411 |title=Supreme Court awards 50 Lakhs to Ex ISRO Scientist Nambi Narayanan - जासूसी कांड में दोषमुक्‍त हुए ISRO के पूर्व वैज्ञानिक नंबी नारायण को SC ने 50 लाख के मुआवजा का आदेश |publisher=Khabar.ndtv.com |date= |accessdate=2018-09-15 |archive-date=2018-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104211135/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/supreme-court-awards-50-lakhs-to-ex-isro-scientist-nambi-narayanan-1916411 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1941 में जनम]]


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&lt;!--See the table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                   = नाम्खा
|native_name            = 
|settlement_type        = [[नेपाल के गाँवपालिका सभ के लिस्ट|गांवपालिका]]
|motto                  =

&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline          =
|image_caption          =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|pushpin_map            = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_mapsize        = 300
|pushpin_map_caption    = Location in Nepal

&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type       = देश
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश सभ|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[कर्णाली प्रदेश|कर्णाली]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ|जिला]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[हुम्ला जिला|हुम्ला]]
|subdivision_type3      = वार्ड
|subdivision_name3      = 6 गो

&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        = [[गाँव परिषद]]
|leader_title           = [[अध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name            = श्री विष्णु बहादुर तामांग
|leader_title1          = [[उपाध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name1           = श्री पेमा तामांग
|established_title      = स्थापित
|established_date       = 10 मार्च 2017

&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref              =  &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes         =
|area_total_km2         = 2419.64 &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_total_sq_mi       = 
|elevation_footnotes    =
|elevation_m            = 
|elevation_min_m        = 
|elevation_max_m        =

&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of       = 2011
|population_footnotes   =
|population_note        =
|population_total       = 3900
|population_density_km2 = auto

&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone               = [[Nepal Standard Time|NST]]
|utc_offset             = +5:45
|coordinates            = 
{{coord|30|3|36|N|81|27|36|E|type:city_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
 
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             = Headquarters
|blank_info             = [[मुचु]]
|website                = {{URL|namkhamun.gov.np}}
|footnotes              = 
}}
''' नाम्खा ''' [[नेपाल]] के सभन से बड़हन [[गांवपालिका]] (क्षेत्रफल के हिसाब से) ह। इ गांवपालिका [[कर्णाली प्रदेश]] के [[हुम्ला जिला]] में स्थित बा। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://103.69.124.141/ |title= स्थानीय तहहरुको विवरण |trans-title =Details of the local level bodies |language =Nepali |access-date= 17 July 2018 |website= www.mofald.gov.np/en |publisher=[[Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (Nepal)|Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

गांवपालिका के कुल क्षेत्रफल {{convert|2419.64|km2|mi2}} बाटे आ कुल जनसंख्या 3900 व्यक्ति ([[2011 नेपाल सेंसस]] के हिसाब से) बाटे। इ गांवपालिका 6 गो वार्ड में बँटल बाटे।&lt;ref name=&quot;yal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://mofald.gov.np/sites/default/files/News_Notices/Final%20District%201-75%20Corrected%20Last%20for%20RAJPATRA.pdf |title=District Corrected Last for RAJAPATRA |date= |website=www.mofald.gov.np |publisher= |access-date=17 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ई गांवपालिका के स्थापना 10 मार्च 2017 में भइल रहल जब [[नेपाल सरकार]] पहिले के पुरनका प्रशासनिक इकाई ([[गाँव विकास समिति]] सभ) के रद्द कर दिहले रहल आ नयका संविधान के अनुसार कुल मिला के 753 गो स्थानीय तह स्थापित भइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/new-local-level-structure-comes-effect-today/ |title= New local level structure comes into effect from today |date=10 मार्च 2017 |website=www.thehimalayantimes.com |publisher=[[The Himalayan Times]] |access-date=17 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-03-11/new-local-level-units-come-into-existence.html |title= New local level units come into existence |date=11 मार्च 2017 |website=www.kathmandupost.ekantipur.com |publisher= |access-date=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[हेप्का]], [[खगलगाउँ]], [[मुचु]] आ [[लिमि]] [[गाँव विकास समिति]] सभ के मिला के इ नयका गांवपालिका के गठन भइल रहल। ई गांवपालिका के मुख्यालय यलवांग, मुचु में स्थित बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;yal&quot;/&gt; 
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}
==बाहरी लिंक== 
* http://www.namkhamun.gov.np/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916130549/http://www.namkhamun.gov.np/ |date=2018-09-16 }}
*https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nepal-mun-admin.php?adm2id=6604
{{हुम्ला जिला}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के गाँवपालिका]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>दालोमे</title>
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      <text bytes="4100" sha1="mc7vp1l24ljprlizq6spdd4930pfs5p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See the table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  --&gt;
|name                   = दालोमे
|native_name            = 
|settlement_type        = [[नेपाल के गाँवपालिका सभ के लिस्ट|गांवपालिका]]
|motto                  =

&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline          = Mustang-Syangboche La-14-2015-gje.jpg
|image_caption          =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|pushpin_map            = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_mapsize        = 300
|pushpin_map_caption    = नेपाल में स्थिति

&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type       = देश
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[नेपाल के प्रदेश सभ|प्रदेश]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[गण्डकी प्रदेश|गण्डकी]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[नेपाल के जिला सभ|जिला]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[मुस्तांग जिला|मुस्तांग]]
|subdivision_type3      = वार्ड
|subdivision_name3      =

&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        = [[गाँव परिषद]]
|leader_title           = [[अध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name            = 
|leader_title1          = [[उपाध्यक्ष]]
|leader_name1           =
|established_title      = स्थापित
|established_date       = 10 मार्च 2017

&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref              =  &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes         =
|area_total_km2         =  &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_total_sq_mi       = 
|elevation_footnotes    =
|elevation_m            = 
|elevation_min_m        = 
|elevation_max_m        =

&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of       = 
|population_footnotes   =
|population_note        =
|population_total       =
|population_density_km2 = auto
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone               = [[नेपाल समय|NST]]
|utc_offset             = +5:45
|coordinates            = 
{{coord|29|5|34|N|83|55|57|E|type:city_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
 
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             = Headquarters
|blank_info             = 
|website                = {{URL|dalomemun.gov.np}}
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''दालोमे''' [[नेपाल]] के [[गण्डकी प्रदेश]] के [[मुस्तांग जिला]] के 5 गो गांवपालिका सभ में से एगो [[गांवपालिका]] ह &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://mofald.gov.np/sites/default/files/News_Notices/Final%20District%201-75%20Corrected%20Last%20for%20RAJPATRA.pdf |title=District Corrected Last for RAJAPATRA |date= |website=www.mofald.gov.np |publisher= |access-date=17 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;br&gt;&lt;gallery class=center caption=&quot;दालोमे गाउँपालिका&quot;&gt;
Mustang-Tsarang-04-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Tsarang-33-Gompa Thubten Shedrup Dhargyeling-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Ghami to Tsarang-40-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Ghami-Ueberblick-14-von Osten-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Ghami-Manimauer-32-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Syangboche La-06-Choerten-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Ghiling-01a-Gompa-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Syangboche-54-Garten-Dorf-2015-gje.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}
{{मुस्तांग जिला}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के गाँवपालिका]]
[[श्रेणी:गंडकी प्रदेश के गाँवपालिका]]
[[श्रेणी:मुस्तांग जिला के नगरपालिका आ गाँवपालिका]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2728" sha1="h8q53k06wx0u69hceuxnemgd7r00hth" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name =दुर्गा सागर&lt;br&gt; দুর্গা সাগর
|other_name        = ''माधबपाशा दिघी'' 
|settlement_type = [[झील]] (पोखरा)
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|image_map = 
|map_caption = 
|subdivision_type  = देस
|subdivision_name  = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[बांग्लादेश]]
|subdivision_type1 = डिवीजन
|subdivision_name1 = बारिसाल
|subdivision_type2 = जिला
|subdivision_name2 = बारिसाल
|subdivision_type3 = उपजिला
|subdivision_name3 = बाबूगंज
|elevation_m = 
|timezone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
|utc_offset = +6
}}
'''दुर्गासागर''' झील, बांग्लादेस के दक्खिनी हिस्सा में बारिसाल डिवीजन में एगो बिसाल पोखरा बा। ई दक्खिनी बांग्लादेस के सभसे बिसाल पोखरा हवे आ लोकल लोग एकरा के '''दूर्गासागर दिघी''' भा '''माधबपाशा दिघी''' कहे ला।&lt;ref name=Banglapedia&gt;{{citation |author=Md Tuhin Molla |chapter=Durgasagar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Durgasagar |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711075129/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Durgasagar |accessdate=2018-09-21 |archivedate=2020-07-11 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकर कुल रकबा करीबन 2,500 हेक्टेयर बा।

एह झील भा पोखरा के, राजा जय नारायण के महतारी रानी दुर्गाबती 1780 में खनववले रहली। एकरे बीचा में एगो दीप बा जे एकरे मूल डिजाइन के हिस्सा ना हवे बलुक बाद में पर्यटन खाती अउरी सुघर बनावै बदे बनवावल गयल।

झील बारिसाल शहर से करीब इगारह किलोमीटर के दूरी पर बा आ इलाका के प्रमुख पर्यटन के जगह हवे।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:बांग्लादेस के झील]]


{{Asia-geo-stub}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1635" sha1="028oc88k3oqh0mfu5r67rmkffze5xu2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox dam
|name                 =Nizam Sagar
|image                =Nizam Sagar,Nizamabad.jpg
|image_caption        ={{lang-te|నిజాంసాగర్ ప్రాజెక్టు}}
|name_official        = 
|dam_crosses          =[[Godavari River]]
|res_name             =
|location             =Kamareddy, [[Telangana]], [[India]]
|dam_length           =3 km
|dam_height           =
|dam_width_base       =
|construction_began   = 1923
| opening              = 
|cost                 = 
|res_capacity_total   = 
|res_catchment        = 
|res_surface          =
| location_map         = India Telangana#India
| location_map_size    = 
| location_map_caption = 
| coordinates          = {{coord|18|12|09|N|77|55|26|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''निजाम सागर''', '''निजाम सागर झील''' चाहे '''निजाम सागर बंधा''' एगो बंधा के कारन बनल रिजर्वायर वाली झील हवे। ई [[गोदावरी नदी]] के सहायिका [[मांजरा नदी]] पर बनल बा आ [[तेलंगाना]] राज्य के कामारेड्डी जिला में पड़े ला। ई मांजरा नदी पर बनल दुसरहा बड़हन रिजर्वायर हवे।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

{{Waters of South Asia}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के रिजर्वायर]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत के झील]]


{{India-geo-stub}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4374" sha1="nbyl4tcbhzfr74tyk4ed866z5tacdfh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = दरौंदा
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = hi
| other_name              = 
| nickname                = 
| settlement_type         = [[भारत के सामुदायिक विकास खंड|ब्लॉक]]
| seat_type               = मुख्यालय
| seat                    = दरौंदा (कस्बा)
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| pushpin_map             = Bihar
| pushpin_label_position  = right
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates             = &lt;!---{{coord||||N||||E|display=inline,title}}---&gt;
| subdivision_type        = देश
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[बिहार]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[भारत के जिला|जिला]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[सिवान जिला|सिवान]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[बिहार के अनुमंडल सभ|अनुमंडल]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[महाराजगंज, सिवान (अनुमंडल)|महाराजगंज]]
| established_title       = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| government_type         = [[ब्लॉक (जिला उपबिभाग)|ब्लॉक]] 
| governing_body          = दरौंदा ब्लॉक
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_total_km2          = 126.60
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             =
| population_total        = 173200
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_rank         = 
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_footnotes    = 
| demographics_type1      = Languages
| demographics1_title1    = Official
| demographics1_info1     = [[भोजपुरी भाषा|भोजपुरी]], [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]], [[उर्दू]], [[अंग्रेजी]]
| timezone1               = [[भारतीय मानक समय|आइएसटी]]
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| postal_code_type        = [[डाक इंडेक्स नंबर|पिन]]
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = Telephone code
| area_code               = 
| blank1_name_sec1        = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1        =
}}
'''दरौंधा''' '''दरौंदा''' भा '''दुरौंधा''' [[भारत]] के [[बिहार]] राज्य में अवस्थित [[सिवान जिला]] के एगो [[भारत के सामुदायिक विकास खंड|ब्लॉक]] ह। इ [[महाराजगंज, सिवान (अनुमंडल)|महाराजगंज अनुमंडल]] के 6 गो ब्लॉक सभ में से एक ह।

ब्लॉक के कुल क्षेत्रफल {{convert|126.60|km2|mi2}} बा आ 2011 के जनगणना अनुसार कुल जनसंख्या 1,73,200 बा। ब्लॉक के मुख्यालय दरौंधा (कस्बा) में स्थित बा। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1016_PART_B_DCHB_SIWAN.pdf |title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK - Census of India |date= |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher= |access-date=26 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==इहो देखल जाय==
* [[सिवान जिला]]
* [[महाराजगंज, सिवान (अनुमंडल)|महाराजगंज अनुमंडल]]
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}
{{सिवान जिला}}

[[श्रेणी:सिवान के सामुदायिक विकास खंड|सिवान के ब्लॉक]]
[[श्रेणी:बिहार के सामुदायिक विकास खंड|बिहार के ब्लॉक]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3239" sha1="ssz7zsm9rswnox1txd0cfpvqo6tj9ru" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox tennis biography
| name                  = Naomi Osaka
| fullname              = नाओमी ओसाका
| image                 = NaomiOsaka-smile-2020 (cropped).png
| image_size            = 
| caption               = Osaka at [[2017 Wimbledon Championships]]
| country               = {{JPN}}
| residence             = [[Boca Raton, Florida]], U.S.
| birth_date            = {{birth date and age|1997|10|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place           = [[Chūō-ku, Osaka|Chūō-ku]], [[Osaka]], Japan
| height                = {{convert|1.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| careerprizemoney      = $7,032,734
| website               = [http://www.naomiosaka.com/en/ naomiosaka.com]
| plays                 = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
| coach                 = Sascha Bajin (2018–)
| turnedpro             = September 2013
| singlesrecord         = {{tennis record|won=170|lost=114}}
| singlestitles         = 2 [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]], 0 [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]]
| highestsinglesranking = No. 6 (1 October 2018)
| currentsinglesranking = No. 6 (1 October 2018)&lt;ref name=&quot;WTA 2018&quot; /&gt;
| AustralianOpenresult  = 4R ([[2018 Australian Open – Women's Singles|2018]])
| FrenchOpenresult      = 3R ([[2016 French Open – Women's Singles|2016]], [[2018 French Open – Women's Singles|2018]])
| Wimbledonresult       = 3R ([[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|2017]], [[2018 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|2018]])
| USOpenresult          = '''W''' ([[2018 US Open – Women's Singles|2018]])
| Othertournaments      = yes
| WTAChampionshipsresult = 
| doublesrecord         = 2–14
| doublestitles         = 0
| highestdoublesranking = No. 324 (3 April 2017)
| currentdoublesranking = No. 904 (10 September 2018)
| AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[2017 Australian Open – Women's Doubles|2017]])
| FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 2R ([[2016 French Open – Women's Doubles|2016]])
| WimbledonDoublesresult = 1R ([[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles|2017]])
| USOpenDoublesresult   = 1R ([[2016 US Open – Women's Doubles|2016]])
| Team                  = yes
| FedCupresult          = WG II PO ([[2018 Fed Cup|2018]]),Record 5–1
| HopmanCupresult       = RR ([[2018 Hopman Cup|2018]])
| updated               = 1 October 2018
}}
'''नाओमी ओसाका''' ([[जापानी]]: 大坂 なおみ, जनम 16 अक्टूबर 1997) एगो [[जापानी]] प्रोफशनल [[टेनिस]] खेलाड़ी बाड़ी। अक्टूबर 2018 में ई दुनिया के छठवीं रैंकिंग के खेलाड़ी बाड़ी आ कुछ दिन पहिले ई अमेरिकन ओपन के खिताब में जीत हासिल कइले बाड़ी। अमेरिकन ओपन में ई [[सेरेना विलियम्स]] के हरा के फाइनल मैच जितली।

{{clear}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[श्रेणी:महिला टेनिस खेलाड़ी]]
[[श्रेणी:1997 में जनम]]


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| name           = Naomi Scott
| image          = Naomi Scott.jpg
| caption        = Scott in July 2016
| birth_date     = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|05|06}}
| birth_place    = [[Hounslow]], [[London]], England
| residence      =
| birth_name     = Naomi Grace Scott
| website        = {{URL|http://naomiscottmusic.com/}}
| occupation     = Actress, singer
| yearsactive    = 2008–present
| spouse         = {{marriage|[[Jordan Spence]]|2014}}
}}
'''नाओमी स्कॉट''' एगो अंगरेज सिंगर आ ऐक्ट्रेस बाड़ी।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:1993 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी फिलिम ऐक्ट्रेस]]
[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी टेलीविजन ऐक्ट्रेस]]
[[श्रेणी:21वीं-सदी के अंग्रेजी ऐक्ट्रेस]]


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|official_name= Vidyasagar Setu
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'''दुसरा हावड़ा ब्रिज''' चाहे ऑफिशियल नाँव '''बिद्यासागर सेतु''', बंगाल में [[कलकत्ता]] आ [[हावड़ा]] के बीचा में [[हुगली नदी]] पर बनल एगो पुल बा। ई केबिल पर टिकल पुल हवे आ अपना किसिम के, भारत के कुछ गिनल-चुनल पुल में से एक हवे। ई पुरनका जमाना के [[हावड़ा ब्रिज]] के बाद, ओकर लोड कम करे खातिर बनल हवे जेकरे कारन आम लोग एकरा के दूसरा हावड़ा ब्रिज कहे ला। एकर ऑफिशियल नाँव ईश्वरचंद्र बिद्यासागर के नाँव पर रखल गइल हवे।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के पुल]]
[[श्रेणी:कलकत्ता]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1600" sha1="46khllj5vy636o9t43n6ivmfh2tnfpq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical intervention
| name         = Pharmaceutical drug
| image        = 12-08-18-tilidin-retard.jpg
| caption      = Packages of medication
| alt          = 
| pronounce    =  
| synonyms     = medication, drug, pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical preparation, pharmaceutical product, medicinal product, medicine, medicament, remedy
| ICD10        = 
| ICD9         = 
| ICD9unlinked = 
| MeshID       = 
| LOINC        = 
| other_codes  = 
| MedlinePlus  = 
| eMedicine    = 
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'''दवाई''' चाहे '''दवा-बीरो''' ({{Lang|en|medication}}–''मेडिकेशन''; '''औषधि''') अइसन चीज होला जे कौनों [[बेमारी]] से बचाव चाहे [[इलाज]] खाती इस्तेमाल होला आ प्रकार-अनुसार ई मुँह से खाइल-पियल जाए वाली, लेप करे वाली, सूँघे वाली चाहे इंजेक्शन से शरीर में परवेश करावे वाली चीज (जेकरा सभ के [[ड्रग]] कहल जाला) होखे लीं। टेक्निकल भाषा में अइसन सगरी [[ड्रग]] जे बेमारी के लच्छन प्रगट करावे, इलाज करे आ बेमारी से बचाव करे खातिर इस्तेमाल होलीं ऊ दवाई कहालिन।

{{clear}}

[[श्रेणी:दवाई]]</text>
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'''बाघ तितिली''' चाहे '''धारीदार बाघ तितिली''' पूरा [[भारत]], [[श्रीलंका]] वगैरह देसन में आम पावल जाए वाली तितिली के प्रजाति हवे। एकरा के धारीदार कहल जाला काहें से कि अइसने एगो प्लेन बाघ तितिली भी एही इलाका में बहुत आम पावल जाले। एह तितिली के बैज्ञानिक नाँव डानौस जेनूटिया (''Danaus genutia'') हवे आ ई अमेरिका में पावल जाए वाली ''मोनार्क'' तितिली से काफी समानता वाली होखे ले।

ई अईसन तितिली सभ के समूह के हिस्सा हवे जिनहन के टांग में बुरुश नियर होखे ला। एह तितिली के पहिली बेर बिबरन देवे वाला पीटर क्रैमर रहलें जे 1779 में बिबरन प्रस्तुत कइलेन।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:तितिली]]


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      <text bytes="3091" sha1="12cd1gqc6qud57bnoubgx2qmaedi0uw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title = कई किसिम के दीया
| image =
{{image array|perrow=3|width=145|height=100
| image4 = Diya.jpg| caption4 = दिवाली पर माटी के दीया
| image5 = Oil lamp on rangoli.jpg| caption5 = रंगोली के बीच में रखल दीया
| image3 = Diya-1.JPG| caption3 = बालकनी के रेलिंग पर रखल दीया
| image1 = Deepavali-haNate.jpg| caption1 = दू गो दीया
| image2 =The Diwali Diya.jpg| caption2 = कई बाती वाला दीया
| image6 = 'Diya's' on Ganges river on Dev Deepavali festival.jpg| caption6 = [[गंगा]] नदी में परवाहित दीया
}}
|caption = बिबिध किसिम के दीया सभ
}}
'''दीया''', '''दियनी''' भा '''दियरी''' [[भारतीय उपमहादीप]] में [[माटी]] के कटोरी नियर छोट बरतन हवे जेह में तेल चाहे [[घीव]] भर के आ सूती कपड़ा चाहे रुई के बाती लगा के बारल जाला। आजकाल्ह ई बिसेस मोका-महाले पूजा-पाठ के समय जरावल जाला, [[मंदिर]] आ [[पूजा]] के जगह पर बारल जाला, कई गो तिहुआर सभ में सजावट खातिर बारल जाला, [[आरती]] करे खातिर इस्तेमाल होला आ सभसे अलग दिया जरा के घर-दुआर-दुकान वगैरह के सजावट करे वाला तिहुआर [[दिपावली]] मनावे में बारल जाला। पुराना समय में ई आम घर में रौशनी खाती भी बारल जाय। लालटेन के इस्तेमाल से पहिले ढेबरी के रूप में भी रोशनी खातिर तेल जरावल जाय आ ओहू के दीया भा दियना कहल जाय।

माटी के अलावे ई अब सिरेमिक आ अउरी कई किसिम के पदार्थ सभ से बन रहल बाटे। एह बर्तन सभ के भी दिया कहल जाला आ इनहन के तेल-बाती से भरल आ बारल रूप भी दीया कहाला। पूजा आ आरती खाती पीतर, ताँबा आ फूल (धातु) के दीया भी बने लें। एकरे अउरी नाँव सभ में दीप, दीपक, दियना, दियाली बाने।

==संदर्भ==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू धर्म]]


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      <text bytes="2794" sha1="pwyz1jiyikwymcrpzot49nfva69ekff" xml:space="preserve">[[चित्र:Ognisko ubt 0126.jpeg|230px|thumb|मैदान में जरत आगि आ निकलत धुआँ]]
'''धुँआ''' चाहे '''धूआँ''' ({{Lang|en|Smoke}}) हावा में मौजूद महीन ठोस कण, द्रव (लिक्विड) कण आ गैस सभ के मिलजुल रूप होला जे कौनों पदार्थ के जरले (दहन होखे) आ प्रोलाइसिस के होखे के कारण पैदा होला आ वायुमंडल के हावा में पहुँचे ला आ मिल जाला। घन धुआँ देखलाई पड़े ला आ ढेर घन होखे पर नजर के रोक के अपने पाछे के चीज के देखलाई देवे से रोक देला।

आमतौर पर धुँआ आगि के जरले से उपउत्पाद (बाई-प्रोडक्ट) के रूप में निकले ला। ई आगि प्राकृतिक रूप से जंगल के आगि होखे, ज्वालामुखी के आगि होखे चाहे मनुष्य द्वारा उद्योग में जरावल जाए वाला ईंधन के आगि हो सके ले। एकरे अलावा धुआँ गाड़ी के इंजन में जरे वाला तेल से पैदा होखे, धूमपान (बीड़ी-सिगरेट पियले से) से निकले वाला धुआँ या अउरी कौनों किसिम के दहन (कंबशन) से निकले वाला उपउत्पाद हो सकेला। एकरे अलावा कबो-कबो सीधे धुआँ पैदा भी कइल जाला जबकि धुआँ पैदा कइल खुदे मकसद होखे, उदाहरण खातिर कीटनाशक के रूप में, शहर में मच्छर मारे खातिर फॉगिंग कइल, देहाती इलाका में गाइ-गोरू के मच्छर से बचाव खाती धुँआरन कइल वगैरह।

धुँआ के अधिकतर तत्व [[प्रदूषण|प्रदूषणकारी]] होलें।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:धुँआ| ]]
[[श्रेणी:हवा प्रदूषण]]


{{chem-stub}}
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    <title>दाग़ देहलवी</title>
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      <text bytes="1331" sha1="bjo6z37q5nrf1lzy4ui1bbr2fptfz7b" xml:space="preserve">'''नवाब मिर्ज़ा ख़ान''' (25 मई 1831 – 17 मार्च 1905) जिनके '''दाग़ देहलवी''' के शायरी वाला नाँव से जानल जाला, [[उर्दू]]-भाषा के कवी रहलें। इनका के [[ग़ज़ल]] खातिर जानल जाला आ ई पुरानी दिल्ली वाला स्टाइल के शायर रहलें। शुरूआती समय [[दिल्ली]] में बीतल आ ग़दर से पहिले ई रामपुर के नबाब के इहाँ चल गइलें, अंत में [[हैदराबाद]] में इनकर निधन भइल।

इनके गजल सभ के कई गो कलाकार लोग गवले बा। बाद के शायर, [[मोहम्मद इक़बाल]] आ [[ज़िगर मुरादाबादी]] नियर लोग इनके शागिर्द रहल।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:1831 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:1905 में निधन]]
[[श्रेणी:उर्दू शायर]]


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      <text bytes="4577" sha1="9p7719ftz3q44ib8pny3gd31sib0w2z" xml:space="preserve">'''धरम चक्र''' [[भारत]] के धरम सभ, जइसे की [[हिंदू धर्म|हिंदू]], [[बौद्ध धर्म|बुद्ध]] आ [[जैन]] के अष्ठमंगल मे ले एगो बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient-symbols.com/buddhist-symbols.html|title=Buddhist Symbols|website=Ancient-symbols.com|accessdate=22 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; इ बुद्ध धरम के उपदेस सभ के प्रतिक हऽ। इ [[चारि गो आर्य सत्य]] आ आर्य अष्टांगिक मार्ग ओ के देखावेला।

== शब्द के उत्पत्ती ==
[[संस्कृत]] संज्ञा [[धर्म]] होकर &quot;धर&quot; धातु से बनल बा जेकर माने &quot;धरल&quot; होखेला जेकर बाद के जाके माने &quot;धइल&quot; चाहे &quot;काउनो चीज के धइल चाहे अस्थापाना कइल हो जाला&quot; एक तरह से हेकरा &quot;नियम&quot; कहल जा सकेला।

== इतिहास ==
[[चित्र:The 'Ten Indus Scripts' discovered near the northern gateway of the Dholavira citadel.jpg|thumb|800px|center|&lt;center&gt;[[दसगो सींधू लिखाई|सींधु चिनहा]]&lt;/center&gt;]]

[[सिंधू घाटी सभ्यता]] मे चक्र बहुते बेसि पाइल गइल बा। [[धोलाविरा]] मे मिलल चिन्हन मे दसगो मे ले चारगो चिन्ह च के ह।&lt;ref&gt;The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
By Jane McIntosh. Page :377&lt;/ref&gt;

=== चिन्हा ===
धरम चक्र मे आठ भा चउबीसगो तीली होखेला। जेकर [[यूनिकोड]] चिन्ह हई 👉☸️👈 हऽ (U+2638: धरम चक्र)।

== परयोग ==

=== हिंदू धरम मे ===
[[चित्र:WLA brooklynmuseum Standing Figure of Vishnu gilt bronze.jpg|thumb|विष्णु सुदर्शन चक्र धर के खाड़ बाड़ें]]

हिंदू धरम के पुरान के हिसाब से [[गायत्री मंतर]] के पूरा शक्ति खाली चउबिसगो ऋषि चाहे साधु के हाथ मे बड़ुए। गायत्री मंतर के चाइबिसगो शब्द ऊ चउबिस गो ऋषि के देखावेला।ओह 24गो मे ले महर्षि [[विश्वामित्र]] पहिलका अउर [[याज्ञवल्क्य]] अंतिम ऋषि हवें।

बुद्ध कहले बाड़न की चउबिएगो तीलि [[बुद्ध धरम]] के माने वला के 24गो लूर ह।

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चिन्हा के मकसद हेकर महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा हऽ आ ऊ मक्सद हऽ: [[सत्यमेव जयते]]([[भोजपुरी]]: सांच जितेला)।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite court|litigants=Kamal Dey v. Union of India and State of West Bengal| court= Calcutta High Court | url = http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/WP-No.32027W.pdf| format = PDF | date = 2011-07-14 | page = 1 | accessdate = 2012-04-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; हेकरा [[मुण्डकोपनिषद]] से लिहल गइल बा।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:भारतीय संस्कृति]]</text>
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      <text bytes="716" sha1="42oi8s7g7wv4jxozacl0rjaf58sf345" xml:space="preserve">'''धोलावीरा''' [[भारत]] के पछिम मे बसल [[गुजरात]] राज्य के [[कच्छ जिला]] मे [[भचाऊ]] नगर मे एगो [[पुरतत्व स्थल]] बाटे।एहिजा प्राचीन [[सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता]] के आवसेश मिलेलऽ सन।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/ruins-on-the-tropic-of-cancer/article19284214.ece|title=Ruins on the Tropic of Cancer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:गुजरात के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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'''नदी घाटी''' ({{Langx|en|river valley}}) अइसन [[घाटी]] ह जेह में कौनों [[नदी]] बहत होखे। ई नदी के कटाव आ तलछट के जमाव से, लमहर समय में बनल [[थलरूप]] होला।&lt;ref name=&quot;EBSCO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=River valleys {{!}} Science {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/science/river-valleys |website=EBSCO |last=Mayfield |first= Michael W.|access-date=16 जुलाई 2026 |date=2022 |language=en |quote=River valleys are landforms created over time by the erosive and depositional actions of flowing streams.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

आसपास के इलाका से सँकरी, गहिरी भा निचाई वाली, रेखा नियर लंबाई में बिस्तार वाली,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=River Valley: Definition, Formation, Types and Importance |url=https://www.orchidsinternationalschool.com/evs-concepts/river-valley |website=Orchids |access-date=16 जुलाई 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[भूआकृति बिज्ञान|भू-आकृति]] होला जे आमतौर प एकरा तली में बहे वाली [[नदी]] द्वारा जमीन के काट के गहिरा कइ के बनावल [[थलरूप]] होला। अइसन घाटी हमेशा पहिलहीं नदी से बने ईहो जरूरी नइखे। बहुत बेर ई [[पहाड़|पहाड़ी]] भा पर्वतीय इलाका के बीच पहिले से मौजूद निचाई वाला भूभाग होलें। गुरुत्वाकर्षण के कारण नदी हमेशा नीचका इलाका के दिसा बहे ले। अइसन घाटी में हमेशा कटान होखे ईहो जरूरी ना बाटे, बाद में चल के नदी अपना घाटी में तलछट के जमाव क के सपाट समतल मैदानो बना देले। घाटी के कटान के मात्रा आ ओकर आकार आ नदी के प्रकार पर निर्भर करेला। उदाहरण खातिर, कई धारा वाली नदी (ब्रेडेड स्ट्रीम) में आमतौर पर तलछट के जमाव बेसी होखे ला, जबकि विसर्पी नदी ([[मियांडर]] बनावे वाली नदी) अपना मार्ग के बेसी गहिराई तक काट सके ले।

ज्यादातर नदी घाटी समय के साथ बदलत रहे ली। शुरुआत में ऊ आमतौर पर सँकरी होले, लेकिन धीरे-धीरे चाकर होत जाले। कवनो समय पर घाटी के आकार मुख्य रूप से आधार स्तर (बेस लेवल), चट्टान के प्रकार, आ चट्टान के संरचना पर निर्भर करेला।&lt;ref name=&quot;EBSCO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=River - Valley Formation, Erosion, Deposition {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/river/Valley-evolution |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=16 जुलाई 2026 |language=en |date=29 जून 2026 |quote=most river valleys change over time from narrow forms to broader ones, the shape at any time being dependent on baselevel, rock type, and rock structures.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

आमतौर पर नदी घाटी के आकृति के हिसाब से दू प्रकार में बाँटल जाला: [[वी-आकार के घाटी]], जे सभसे आम किसिम हवे आ एकर आकृति अंग्रेजी के अक्षर वी (V) जइसन होला; आ [[गॉर्ज]], [[कैनियन]] भा आई-आकार के घाटी, जे एकदम खड़ा ढाल वाली गहिरी घाटी होला।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* [https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/science/river-valleys River Valleys], Authored By: Mayfield, Michael W., EBSCO.com पर

[[श्रेणी:नदी घाटी| ]]
[[श्रेणी:नदी मॉर्फोलॉजी]]
[[श्रेणी:जलबहाव थलरूप]]


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'''दशरथ मौर्य''' जी २३१ से २२४ इशा पूर्व ले [[मौर्य साम्राज्य]] के राजा रहनी। उहाँ के [[अशोक]] के पोता आ हुनका बाद [[भारत]] के राजा रहनी।

[[श्रेणी:मौर्य सम्राट]]


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[[श्रेणी:भारतीय रेल]]


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| post               = दलाई लामा
| native_name        = {{lang-bo|ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་}}
| coatofarms         = &lt;!-- Optional. Just the image name, no File: or Image: coding. --&gt;
| coatofarms_article = &lt;!-- Required if {{{coatofarms}}} field is used. --&gt;
| coatofarms_link    = &lt;!-- Optional. If {{{coatofarms}}} field is used. --&gt;
| incumbent          = [[14वाँ दलाई लामा|तेनजिन ग्यात्सो, 14वाँ दलाई लामा]]
| incumbentsince     = 22 फरवरी 1940
| image              = Dalailama1 20121014 4639.jpg
| caption            = तेनजिन ग्यात्सो, 14वाँ दलाई लामा
| first              = Gendun Drup पहिला दलाई लामा
| formation          = 1391
| residence          = McLeod Ganj, [[धर्मशाला]], [[हिमाचल प्रदेश ]], [[भारत]]
| appointer          = &lt;!-- Optional. --&gt;
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}}
'''दलाई लामा''' [[तिब्बती बौद्ध धरम]] के गेलुग शाखा के एगो धार्मिक आध्यात्मिक पदवी हवे। ई शाखा पुनर्जनम में बिस्वास करे ले आ दलाई लामा एह शाखा के सभसे बड़ आध्यात्मिक गुरु मानल जालें। दलाई लामा के [[गौतम बुद्ध|बुद्ध]] के अवलोकितेश्वर रूप के अवतार मानल जाला, मने कि बुद्ध के करुणा वाला रूप के अवतार। वर्तमान में [[14वाँ दलाई लामा]] एह पदवी पर बाड़ें जे तिब्बत से बहरें भारत में निर्वासित जीवन बिता रहल बाड़ें।

17वीं सदी में 5वाँ दलाई लामा के समय से, इनके व्यक्तित्व हमेशा से तिब्बत राज्य के एकीकरण के प्रतीक रहल बा, जहाँ ऊ बौद्ध मूल्य आ परंपरा सभ के प्रतिनिधित्व कइले बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Religions in the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/religionsinmoder0000unse_j8l7 |last=Woodhead |first=Linda |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn = 978-0-415-85881-6 |location=Abingdon |page=[https://archive.org/details/religionsinmoder0000unse_j8l7/page/94 94] }}&lt;/ref&gt; दलाई लामा गेलुक परंपरा के एगो महत्वपूर्ण हस्ताक्षर रहलें जे मध्य तिब्बत में राजनीतिक आ संख्यात्मक रूप से प्रमुख रहलें, बाकी इनके धार्मिक अधिकार साम्प्रदायिक सीमा से बाहर निकल गइल। जबकि कौनों भी धार्मिक परंपरा में इनके कौनों औपचारिक भा संस्थागत भूमिका ना रहल, जिनहन के नेतृत्व उनके खुद के उच्च लामा लोग करत रहल, ऊ तिब्बती राज्य के एकीकरण करे वाला प्रतीक रहलें, कौनों बिसेस स्कूल से ऊपर बौद्ध मूल्य आ परंपरा सभ के प्रतिनिधित्व करे वाला रहलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations |year=2016 |url=https://archive.org/details/religionsinmoder0000unse_j8l7 |at=Kindle locations 2519–2522 |publisher=Taylor and Francis }}&lt;/ref&gt; दलाई लामा के एगो विश्वव्यापी आकृति के रूप में पारंपरिक कार्य, जवन अलग-अलग धार्मिक आ क्षेत्रीय समूहन के एक साथ रखले बा, चौदहवाँ दलाई लामा द्वारा उठा लिहल गइल बा। ऊ निर्वासित समुदाय में साम्प्रदायिक आ अउरी बिभाजन सभ के दूर करे के काम कइले बाड़ें आ तिब्बत आ निर्वासित दुनों जगह तिब्बती लोग खातिर तिब्बती राष्ट्रवाद के प्रतीक बन गइल बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Cantwell and Kawanami |title=Religions in the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/religionsinmoder0000unse_j8l7 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-85880-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionsinmoder0000unse_j8l7/page/94 94] |year=2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:तिब्बत]]
[[श्रेणी:बौद्ध धर्म]]


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    <title>दीदारगंज यक्षी</title>
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      <text bytes="2234" sha1="dkat7qmx5s911smn9jo73ojgmam58gk" xml:space="preserve">'''दीदारगंज यक्षी''' के [[मौर्य कला]] के सभसे नीमन उदाहरन मानल जाला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-28/india/27808377_1_artefacts-mauryan-fortress|title=A fortress chockfull of chinks|last=Chaudhary|first=Pranava K|date=28 September 2006|work=[[Indiatimes]]|accessdate=17 February 2011|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104203418/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-28/india/27808377_1_artefacts-mauryan-fortress|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; हेकरा दूसरका सतबदी इशा पूर्व के मानल जाला।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century&quot; by Upinder Singh, Pearson Education India, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA364]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;&quot;Ayodhya, Archaeology After Demolition: A Critique of the &quot;new&quot; and &quot;fresh&quot; Discoveries&quot;, by Dhaneshwar Mandal, Orient Blackswan, 2003, p.46 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=FvTBfbfxAukC&amp;pg=PA69]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture&quot; by Deborah S. Hutton, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2015, p.435 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=7DX-CAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA435]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox artifact
|image = [[File:Didarganj_Yakshi_statue_in_the_Bihar_Museum.jpg|250px]]
|name = Didarganj Yakshi
|image_caption = Didarganj Yakshi (Chauri Bearer), [[Bihar Museum]].
|material =  Polished [[sandstone]]
|size = 
Height: 
Width: 
|writing =
|created = 
|period = 2nd century CE
|place = [[Didarganj]], [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].
|discovered_coords =25°34'18&quot;N 85°15'45&quot;E 
|location = [[Bihar Museum]], [[India]]
| map               =
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|alt        = 
|relief     = yes
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|lat_deg    = 25
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|lat_sec    = 18
|lat_dir    = N
|lon_deg    = 85
|lon_min    = 15
|lon_sec    = 45
|lon_dir    = E
}}
|id =
|registration = 
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==संदर्भ==</text>
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    <title>धम्मपद</title>
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      <text bytes="1790" sha1="qnqek97hfnrnee24bu5eu3ujl0d7219" xml:space="preserve">{{बौद्ध धर्म}}
'''धम्मपद'''&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., the Gāndhārī Dharmapada (GDhp), verses 301, 302, in: Brough (1962/2001), p. 166; and, Ānandajoti (2007), ch. 4, &quot;Pupphavagga&quot; (retrieved 25 November 2008 from &quot;Ancient Buddhist Texts&quot; at http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Buddhist-Texts/C3-Comparative-Dhammapada/CD-04-Puppha.htm).&lt;/ref&gt; [[बौद्ध धर्म|बौद्ध]] काथा सभ के सइत के लिखल एगो ग्रंथ हऽ जेकरा [[बौद्ध]] जाना सभसे बेसि पढ़ेलन लोग। ई [[गौतम बुद्ध|बुद्ध]] के वचन सभ के पद में लिखल ग्रंथ हवे। मूल धम्मपद [[थेरवाद]] बौद्ध शाखा के [[तिपिटक|पाली ग्रंथावली]] के खुद्दक निकाय के हिस्सा हवे।

ई बौद्ध धर्म के सभसे बेसी पढ़ल जाए वाला पद हवें। बौद्ध बिद्वान [[बुद्धघोष]] के मानल ई बा कि ई पद सभ में निहित बचन अलग-अलग समय पर बुद्ध द्वारा कहल-बतावल गइलें जब उनके जिनगी आ संघ में बिबिध किसिम के दसा पैदा भइल जहाँ का कइल जाय ई बतावे के जरूरत रहल।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

{{बौद्ध धर्म बिसय}}

[[श्रेणी:बौद्ध ग्रंथ]]


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    <title>द बीटल्स</title>
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      <text bytes="2198" sha1="pq5130spe249f9lwkxe05aymtudzn3i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name             = The Beatles
| image            = The Beatles members at New York City in 1964.jpg
| caption          = The Beatles in February 1964; clockwise from top left: [[John Lennon]], [[Paul McCartney]], [[Ringo Starr]] and [[George Harrison]]
| alt              = A square quartered into four head shots of young men with moptop haircuts. All four wear white shirts and dark coats.
| background       = group_or_band
| origin           = [[Liverpool]], England
| genre            = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}}&lt;!--Current consensus is to list ONLY rock and pop. Please do not add other genres or sub-genres without first reaching consensus with other editors on the talk page. Thank you.--&gt;
| years_active     = 1960–1970&lt;!--Please discuss on talk page before changing.--&gt;
| label            = {{flatlist|
* [[Parlophone]]
* [[Apple Records|Apple]]
* [[Capitol Records|Capitol]]
}}
| associated_acts  = {{flatlist|
* [[The Quarrymen]]
* [[Tony Sheridan]]
* [[Billy Preston]]
* [[Plastic Ono Band]]&lt;!-- please discuss on Talk page before adding other acts here --&gt;
}}
| website          = {{URL|thebeatles.com}}
| past_members     = * [[John Lennon]]
* [[Paul McCartney]]
* [[George Harrison]]
* [[Ringo Starr]]
See [[#Personnel|members section]] for others
}}
'''''द बीटल्स''''' ({{Lang|en|The Beatles}}) एगो अंग्रेजी रॉक बैंड रहल जे 1960 में लिवरपूल में अस्तित्व में आइल। बैंड के प्रमुख कलाकार लोग जॉन लेनन, पॉल मेकारटनि, जोर्ज हैरिसन और रिंगो स्टार रहल आ संजुक्त रूप से इनहन लोग के ''दि बीटल्स'' के नाँव से पहिचान मिलल। रॉक बैंड के इतिहास में बीटल्स के सभसे परभावशाली मानल जाला।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:अंगरेज लोग]]


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    <title>दसरथ माँझी</title>
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      <text bytes="1652" sha1="18z930xwqgs0j67yp430rylmzivyrhl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = दशरथ मांझी &lt;br/&gt;Dashrath manjhi
| native_name        = दशरथ मांझी
| image              = Dashrath Manjhi 2016 stamp of India.jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = भारत के 2016 के टिकट पर दशरथ मांझी
| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         = 14 जनवरी 1934
| birth_place        = गहलौर, [[बिहार]], [[ब्रिटिश भारत]]
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|08|17|1929|1|14}}
| death_place        = [[नई दिल्ली]], [[भारत]]
| spouse             = फगुनिया देवी
| nationality        = [[भारतीय]]
| other_names        = माउंटेन मैन
| occupation         = मजदूर
| known_for          = गहलौर और [[गया]] को जोड़ने के लिए हाथों रूप से एक पहाड़ को तराशना
}}
'''दसरथ माँझी''' जी (1929 से 17 अगस्त 2007) जीनका मे &quot;माऊँटेन माएन&quot; कहल जाला [[बिहार]] के [[गया]] जिला के [[गेहलउर]] गाँव के एगो एगो मजुरा रहीं। इहाँ के पहाड़ काट के 110 मीटर लमहर राह बनाइले रहीं।

[[श्रेणी:बिहार के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1934 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:2007 में निधन]]


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    <title>दशरूपकम्</title>
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      <text bytes="2971" sha1="s5ikhfpadkewbpju0ph6jlzbjbqn2p0" xml:space="preserve">'''''दशरूपकम्''''' [[संस्कृत]] भाषा में लिखल [[नाट्यशास्त्र]] के ग्रंथ हवे। एकर रचनाकार धनञ्जय हवें आ ई लगभग दसवीं सदी के रचना हवे। एह ग्रंथ में नाट्य के प्रकार आ लक्षण बतावल गइल बा। एह रचना के आधार [[भरतमुनि]] के ''नाट्यशास्त्र'' हवे। दशरूपक में कुल चार गो अध्याय बाड़ें जिनहन के आलोक नाँव दिहल गइल हवे। एह ग्रंथ में मुख्यतः अनुष्टुप छंद में लक्षण प्रकार वगैरह बतावल गइल बाड़ें आ एह पर धनिक द्वारा टीका लिखल गइल बा जेकरा के अवलोक नाँव से जानल जाला।

==धनंजय==
धनंजय 10वीं सदी के बिद्वान रहलें। इनके पिता के नाँव विष्णु रहल। ई तत्कालीन राजा मुंजराज (974-995 ई.) के दरबार में सभासद रहलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=द्विवेदी|first1=हजारी प्रसाद|title=नाट्यशास्त्र की भारतीय परंपरा और दशरूपक|publisher=राजकम प्रकाशन|location=नई दिल्ली|page=33|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OzWGMLRe0YIC&amp;lpg=PA1&amp;dq=Natya%20Shastra%20Ki%20Bhartiya%20Parampara%20Aur%20Dashroopak&amp;pg=PT36#v=onepage&amp;q=Natya%20Shastra%20Ki%20Bhartiya%20Parampara%20Aur%20Dashroopak&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt;

एही ग्रंथ पर ''अवलोक'' के नाँव से वृत्ति लिखे वाला रचनाकार धनिक खुद एही धनंजय के छोट भाई रहलें।

==ग्रंथ==
भरत मुनि के ''नाट्यशास्त्र'' में बीसवाँ अध्याय के बिसय दशरूपक-विकल्पन हवे। एही जा से धनंजय अपना किताब खातिर नाँव लिहले बाड़ें आ एह किताब के नाँव दशरूपक रखले बाड़ें।

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
* [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/दशरूपकम् दशरूपकम्] (संस्कृत विकिस्रोत पर)

[[श्रेणी:संस्कृत ग्रंथ]]


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      <text bytes="3327" sha1="qzhxvu84nwrlb2k5w3zs59ntj3vgioh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:FourMetricInstruments.JPG|thumb|upright|Four measuring devices having metric calibrations]]

'''नापजोख''', '''नाप-जोख''', '''नाप-तउल''', चाहे खाली '''नाप''' ({{Lang|en|measurement}}) कौनों भौतिक चीज चाहे घटना के कौनों गुण के संख्या में बतावे के प्रक्रिया/बिधी ह।&lt;ref name=&quot;pedhazur&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1 = Pedhazur |first1 = Elazar J. |last2 = Schmelkin  |first2 = Leora and Albert | title = Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach |url = https://archive.org/details/measurementdesig00pedh |url-access = limited | edition=1st |publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |location = Hillsdale, NJ  |year = 1991 |isbn = 978-0-8058-1063-9  |pages=[https://archive.org/details/measurementdesig00pedh/page/n327 15]–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bipm&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM) | year = 2008 | edition = 3rd | publisher = International Bureau of Weights and Measures | url = http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf | page = 16}}&lt;/ref&gt; मूल रूप से ई तुलना{{efn|तुलना शब्द खुदे तउले वाल अरथ वाला हवे।}} करे के काम ह जे में एगो इस्टैंडर तय क लिहल जाला आ ओकरा से तुलना क के चीजन के गुण के संख्या भा गिनती में बतावल जाला। उदाहरण खातिर हर चीज में कुछ न कुछ लंबाई होला, बाक़ी ऊ चीज केतना लमहर बाटे ई बतावे खातिर कौनों पहिले से तय लंबाई से ओकर तुलना करे के पड़ी। अइसन पहिले से तय लंबाई मीटर हो सके ला, फुट हो सके ला। एहिजे मीटर चाहे फुट के पैमाना ह जेकर लंबाई पहिले से मान लिहल गइल बाटे।

एह तरीका से नापजोख के एह क्रिया में तीन चीज होला - 1. भौतिक गुण जेकरा के नापे के बा (लंबाई, वजन, आयतन इत्यादि), 2. पहिले से तय कइल (मानल) मात्रा जवना से तुलना कइल जाई (1 मीटर, 1 किलोग्राम, 1 लीटर इत्यादि), आ 3. तुलना क के पैमाना अनुसार गुण के बतावल (नापे त उले के क्रिया)।

{{clear}}
==नोट==
&lt;references group=&quot;नोट&quot;/&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:नापजोख| ]]
[[श्रेणी:बैज्ञानिक बिधि]]
[[श्रेणी:बैज्ञानिक आब्जर्वेशन]]


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'''नून''', '''निमक''' चाहे '''नमक''' एगो [[खनिज]] हवे जेह में मुख्य रूप से [[सोडियम क्लोराइड]] (NaCl) होला। सोडियम क्लोराइड एक तरह के रासायनिक कंपाउंड हवे जे रसायन बिज्ञान के नमक सभ के बड़हन कटेगरी के सदस्य हवे। आम नून प्राकृतिक रूप से क्रिस्टल (रवादार) संरचना वाला होला आ चट्टान से मिले वाला नून के चट्टानी नमक भा सेन्हा नून कहल जाला। नून [[समुंद्र]] के पानी में भरपूर मात्रा में मिले ला आ ई समुंदरी पानी में पावल जाए वाला सभसे प्रमुख खनिज हवे। खुला सागर सभ में हर एक लीटर पानी में करीबन {{convert|35|g|oz}} ठोस नून होला जेकरा के 3.5% लवणता के रूप में बतावल जा सके ला।

== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[समुंद्री नून]]
* [[सेन्हा नून]]
* [[काला नमक]]
* [[चट्टानी नून]]

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:खनिज]]
[[श्रेणी:नून| ]]


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      <text bytes="2417" sha1="dqtyqzoh1y9maawzd03hr1s2ycenjip" xml:space="preserve">'''दिल्ली सल्तनत''' एगो इस्लामी राज रहल जेकर केंद्र [[दिल्ली]] रहल आ ई भारतीय उपमहादीप के बड़हन हिस्सा पर लगभग 320 साल (1206–1526) ले कायम रहल।&lt;ref name=brt&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156530/Delhi-sultanate Delhi Sultanate], Encyclopædia Britannica&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980&lt;/ref&gt; एह साम्राज्य के तहत कुल पाँच गो बंस शासन कइलेन: मामलुक बंस (1206–90), खिलजी बंस (1290–1320), तुगलक बंस (1320–1414),&lt;ref name=&quot;sen2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=68–102}}&lt;/ref&gt; सैय्यद बंस (1414–51), आ लोदी बंस (1451–1526)। ई सल्तनत कुछ ओह ताकत सभ में गिनल जाले जे मंगोल हमला के खिलाफ खड़ा भइलीं,&lt;ref&gt;Pradeep Barua ''The State at War in South Asia'', {{ISBN|978-0803213449}}, p. 29-30&lt;/ref&gt; एह काल में पूरबी भारत आ बंगाल में बौद्ध धरम के क्षय भइल,&lt;ref name=&quot;Randall Collins 2000, pages 184-185&quot;&gt;Randall Collins, ''The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change.'' Harvard University Press, 2000, pages 184-185&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Craig Lockard|title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Volume I: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC |year=2007|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-618-38612-3 |pages=364 }}&lt;/ref&gt; इस्लामी इतिहास में पहिली बेर कौनों मेहरारू शासक बनल जब रज़िया सुल्तान 1236 से 1240 ले शासन कइली।&lt;ref&gt;Bowering et al., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, {{ISBN|978-0691134840}}, Princeton University Press&lt;/ref&gt;

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली सल्तनत| ]]


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|image=dust devil.jpg
|caption=एरिजोना में एगो धूरबवंडर
|area of occurrence= मुख्य रूप से शीतोष्ण आ उष्णकटिबंधी इलाका
|season= बसंत आ गर्मी में अक्सर
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}}'''धूरबवंडर''' चाहे अंग्रेजी में '''''डस्ट डेविल''''' ({{Lang|en|Dust devil}}) एक किसिम के छोट बाकी सटीक तरीका से बनल [[बवंडर]] होलें जिनहन में हवा के तेज घुमरीदार बहाव जमीन के धूर के उड़ा के खम्हा नियर उठा देला। ई बवंडर बहुत देर ले ना रहे लें आ साइज में आधा मीटर डायमीटर वाला आ कुछ मीटर ऊँचाई वाला से ले के 10 मीटर डायमीटर आ 1000 मीटर के ऊँचाई वाला तक ले हो सके लें।

आमतौर पर ई खतरनाक ना होखे लें बाकी कभी-कभार बड़ आकार के होख्ले पर ई आदमी आ जानवरन के भी उड़ा सके लें।

{{clear}}
==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:मौसम]]
[[श्रेणी:उष्णकटिबंधी चक्रवात]]


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'''नागपंचिमी''', '''नाग पंचमी''' चाहे '''पचइँया''' एगो हिंदू धार्मिक तेहवार हवे जे [[भारत]], [[नेपाल]] आ अउरी कई देसन में मनावल जाला जहाँ-जहाँ हिंदू लोग निवास करत बा। ई तिहुआर [[हिंदू पतरा|हिंदू कैलेंडर]] के [[सावन]] महीना के अँजोर में पंचिमी तिथी के मनावल जाला। आमतौर पर ई अंग्रेजी कैलेंडर के हिसाब से जुलाई-अगस्त में पड़े ला।

एह दिन नाग के पूजा कइल जाला जेह में नाग देवता के मूर्ती पर दूध चढ़ावल प्रमुख होला। भोजपुरी इलाका में एह दिन कई जगह कुश्ती-दंगल के आयोजन भी होखे ला।

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू तिहुआर]]
[[श्रेणी:सावन महीना के तिहुआर]]


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| image          = 
| image_upright      = 
| image_size        = 
| image_alt        = 
| caption         = 
| show_name_2       = 
| genre          = हास्य&lt;!-- Must be reliably sourced --&gt;
| creator         = [[कपिल शर्मा]] 
| based_on         = &lt;!-- {{based on|work|author}} --&gt;
| developer        = 
| writer          = 
| screenplay        = 
| story          = 
| director         = 
| creative_director    = 
| presenter        = &lt;!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --&gt;
| starring         = &lt;!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --&gt;
| judges          = &lt;!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --&gt;
| voices          = &lt;!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --&gt;
| narrated         = 
| theme_music_composer   = 
| opentheme        = 
| endtheme         = 
| composer         = 
| country         = भारत
| language         = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
| num_seasons       = 1&lt;!-- Or num_series. Increment when new seasons/series begin. See template documentation for more info.--&gt;
| num_episodes       = 304 (17-01-2021) &lt;!-- Value is incremented when new episodes air. See template documentation for more info.--&gt;
| list_episodes      = 
| executive_producer    = 
| producer         = कपिल शर्मा
| editor          = 
| location         = मुंबई, भारत
| cinematography      = 
| camera          = मल्टी-कैमरा
| runtime         = लगभग 90 मिनट &lt;!-- Reliable source required --&gt;
| company         = 
| distributor       = 
| budget          = 
| network         = सोनी&lt;!-- or channel --&gt;
| picture_format      = 
| audio_format       = 
| first_run        = &lt;!-- The nation in which the series first aired, if different from country parameter --&gt;
| released         = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| first_aired       = {{start date|df=yes|2016|4|23}}
| last_aired        = वर्तमान&lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| preceded_by       = 
| followed_by       = 
| related         = &lt;!-- To be used only for remakes, spin-offs, and adaptations --&gt;
| website         = http://www.setindia.com/in-hi/shows/kapil-sharma-show
| website_title      = वेबसाइट
| production_website    = 
| production_website_title = 
}}
'''''द कपिल शर्मा शो''''' (भोजपुरी: कपिल शर्मा क कार्यक्रम) भारत क एक ठे हिंदी हास्य कार्यक्रम हऽ, एकर प्रसारण सोनी पर हर शनिचर आऊर अतवार के होला। एकर निर्माता आऊर मुख्य प्रस्तोता [[कपिल शर्मा]] हउअँ। इनकरे अलावा मुख्य कलाकारन में कृष्णा अभिषेक, किकू शारदा, चन्दन प्रभाकर, सुमोना चक्रवर्ती, [[भारती सिंह]] आदि लोग हउअँ।

{{clear}}

[[श्रेणी:सोनी टीवी के धारावाहिक]]
[[श्रेणी:टेलीविजन प्रोग्राम]]


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* [[निकेलोडियन मूवीज़]]
* [[निकेलोडियन ऑन सनसेट]]
}}
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'''निकेलोडियन''' चाहे '''निकलोडियन''' ({{Lang|en|Nickelodeon}}) जेकरा खाली '''निक''' या '''निक टीवी''' के नांव से भी जानल जाला, एगो अमेरिकी टीवी चैनल बा। ई वायाकॉम के सब्सिडरी हवे। एकर टेस्ट रूप में पहिला प्रसारण 1 दिसंबर 1977 के भइल रहे जबकि 1 अप्रैल 1979 से एकर औपचारिक प्रसारण सुरू भइल आ ई लड़िकन खातिर पहिला केबिल टीवी चैनल रहे।

{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
{{Commons category|Nickelodeon (television)}}
*{{Official website|http://www.nick.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[श्रेणी:टीवी चैनल]]
[[श्रेणी:निकेलोडियन]]


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| name = Nickelodeon
| logofile =File:Nickelodeon 2009 logo.svg
| logosize = 200px
| launch = {{Launch date and age|1999|10|16|df=y}}&lt;br&gt;{{Launch date and age|2015|12|5|df=y}} (HD+ channel)
| owner = [[वायाकॉम इंटरनेशनल]] (1999–2007)&lt;br&gt; [[वायाकॉम 18]] (2007–अबतक)
| picture format = 4:3 [[576i]] [[SDTV]] &lt;br /&gt;16:9 [[1080i]], [[HDTV]] (Nick HD+ only)
| country = भारत
| language = '''SD चैनल:'''&lt;br&gt;[[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]&lt;br&gt;[[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]]&lt;br&gt;[[तेलुगु भाषा|तेलुगु]]&lt;br&gt;[[कन्नड़]]&lt;br&gt;[[मलयालम]]&lt;br&gt;[[बंगाली भाषा|बंगाली]]&lt;br&gt;[[मराठी भाषा|मराठी]]&lt;br&gt;[[गुजराती भाषा|गुजराती]]&lt;br&gt;'''HD+ चैनल:'''&lt;br&gt;[[अंग्रेजी]]&lt;br&gt;[[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
| broadcast area = [[भारत]]&lt;br&gt;[[नेपाल]]&lt;br&gt;[[बांग्लादेश]]&lt;br&gt;[[श्रीलंका]]&lt;br&gt;[[मालदीव]] (HD+ only)
| headquarters =[[मुंबई]], भारत
| sister names =
| web = {{URL|nickindia.com}}
}}
'''निकेलोडियन''' ({{Lang|en|Nickelodeon}}) लड़िकन खातिर एगो भारतीय टीवी चैनल बा। ई मुंबई में मुख्यालय वाला चैनल हवे जेकर मालिकी वायाकॉम 18 के लगे बा जे खुद वायाकॉम सीबीएस आ टीवी18 के संजुक्त इकाई हवे। ई मूल [[निकेलोडियन|अमेरिकी टीवी चैनल]] भारतीय बराबरी वाला चीज हवे। एकरा देखे खातिर पइसा पेमेंट करे के पड़े ला।

[[श्रेणी:निकेलोडियन इंडिया| ]]


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|name = धर्मदेवी
|other_name             = Dharmadevi
|native_name            =  
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = [[नेपाल के नगरपालिका सभ के लिस्ट|नगरपालिका]]
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  --&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|image_seal             = 
|image_map              = 
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = 
|pushpin_map            = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = above
|pushpin_mapsize        = 280
|pushpin_map_caption    = नेपाल में लोकेशन
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type       = देस
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|नेपाल}}
|subdivision_type1      = 
|subdivision_name1      = 
|subdivision_type2      = [[नेपाल के जिला|जिला]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[संखुवासभा जिला]]
&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;

&lt;!-- Area    --&gt;
|unit_pref                =  &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 132.82
|area_total_sq_mi         =
&lt;!-- Population   --&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2011
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 18,235
|population_density_km2         = auto
&lt;!-- General information  --&gt;
|timezone               = [[नेपाल समय|NST]] 
|utc_offset             = +5:45
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|27.19|87.34|region:NP-SE_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            = 
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              = 029
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|website                = https://dharmadevimun.gov.np
|footnotes              = 
}} 
'''धर्मदेवी नगरपालिका''' नेपाल के [[संखुवासभा जिला]] मे अवस्थित एगो नगर बा। पहिले के
'''आखिभुइँ''', '''माम्लिंग''' आ '''तामाफोक''' गा.वि.स. सभ मिलाके [[धर्मदेवी नगरपालिका]] बनल ह।

ईहाके जनसंख्या 18,235 आ क्षेत्रफल 132.82 वर्ग किमी बाटे एह नगरपालिका 9 वार्ड में बिभाजन भइल ह ऐकर केन्द्र पहिले के '''तामफोक गाविस'' के कार्यालय में राखल ह।

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के नगरपालिका सभ]]
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      <text bytes="584" sha1="gkhsybw2xu6mslcyuzl4m6z0cwia7mi" xml:space="preserve">'''दीघा सोनपुर पुल''' भा '''जेपी सेतु''' [[गंगा]] नदी प एगो पुल बा जे [[भारत]] कर [[बिहार]] राज्य मे [[दीघा]] आ [[सोनपुर, बिहार|सोनपुर]] के जोड़ेला। ई रेल आ डहर पुल उत्तरी आ दक्खिनी बिहार के जोड़े के काज करेला।

[[श्रेणी:बिहार में परिवहन]]


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'''दीघा''' पटना से लागल एगो जगहा बाटे। दिघा आपन [[गंगा]] घाट ला चिन्हल जाला।

[[श्रेणी:पटना]]
[[श्रेणी:बिहार के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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|       ground_name = गया अंतर्राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट स्टेडियम (Tentative)
|          nickname = 
|           country = [[भारत]]
|             image = 
|          location = [[राजगीर]], [[नालंदा]], [[बिहार]]
|     establishment = 2022
|  seating_capacity = 40,000
|       Estimated Completion = 2019-20
|              end1 = 
|              end2 = n/a
|             club1 = बिहार क्रिकेट टीम
|             year1 = TBA
|              date = 31 August
|              year = 2015
|            source = 
|Contractor=Shapoorji Pallonji Group}}

'''नालंदा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट स्टेडियम''' [[बिहार]] के [[नालंदा]] मे बनत एगो क्रिकेट स्टेडियम बा। बनला के बाद ई बिहार क्रिकेट दल के घरेलू मैदान रही।

[[श्रेणी:बिहार में खेलकूद]]


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|name = नालंदा इंजीनियरिंग कालेज
|native_name = 
|type = सरकारी
|latin_name =
|image_name = 
|image_size =
|motto =
|mottoeng =
|established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2008}}
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|principal = चन्द्र भूषण महतो
|provost =
|rector =
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
| head_label = Mentor Institute
| head = भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान बंबई
|students =1000+
|undergrad = B.Tech
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city =  [[नालंदा]]
|state = [[बिहार]]
|country =           {{flagcountry|India}}
|campus =  {{convert|51.64|acre|km2|1|abbr=on}}
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot = 
|nickname = NCE Chandi
|former name =
|affiliations = [[आर्यभट्ट ज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.ncechandi.ac.in}}
|postalcode=803108
}}

'''नालंदा इंजीनियरिंग कालेज''' [[बिहार]] के [[नालंदा]] मे एगो इंजीनियरिंग कालेज बाटे। एकर स्थापना 19 नवंबर 2008 के बिहार के तत्कालीन मुख्यमंत्री [[नीतीश कुमार]] कइले रहन। ई [[आर्यभट्ट ज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय]] मे आवेला।

== इतिहास ==
एकर स्थापना बिहार सरकार 2008 मे कइले रहे।

== हाता ==
[[चित्र:Entrance Gate of NCE, Chandi.jpg|alt=|thumb|महाबिद्यालय मे दुआर]]
[[चित्र:Campus Map of NCE.png|thumb|महाबिद्यालय के हाता के नक्सा]]

एकर हाता एकइस हेक्टेअर मे छितरल बाटे आ [[बिहारशरीफ]] से 17.3 किलोमीटर दूर बाटे।

== परबेस ==
2019 से एहमे परबेस जेईई मेन के परीक्षा के अंक प मीलेला। एकरा से पहिला एगो अलग परबेस परीक्षा होत रहे।

== मार्गदर्शक संस्था ==
भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान (आइआइटी) बंबई एकर मार्गदर्शक बाटे।

== पढ़ाई ==
ई संस्था अलग अलग डाढ़ मे बिटेक करवावेला।

[[श्रेणी:बिहार के विश्वविद्यालय आ कालेज]]


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      <text bytes="4090" sha1="3fj7d5zpfpjkbegquiii87e29n7k3h9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox philosopher
|region           = [[पच्छिमी दर्शन|वेस्टर्न फिलॉसफी]]
|era              = [[रेनेसाँ फिलासफी]]
|image            = Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli.jpg
|caption          = निधन के बाद, [[सैंटी दि टिटो]] के बनावल पोर्ट्रेट, 16वीं सदी के अंत के दौर के
|name             = Niccolò Machiavelli
|birth_name       = Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli
|birth_date       = {{birth date|1469|5|3|df=y}}
|birth_place      = [[फ्लोरेंस]], [[फ्लोरेंस रिपब्लिक]]
|death_date       = {{death date and age|1527|6|21|1469|5|3|df=y}}
|death_place      = फ्लोरेंस, फ्लोरेंस रिपब्लिक
|school_tradition = {{ubl|[[क्लासिकल रियलिज्म (इंटरनेशनल रिलेशन)|क्लासिकल रियलिज्म]]|[[रिपब्लिकनिज्म]]}}
|main_interests   = [[राजनीति]] आ [[पोलिटिकल फिलॉसफी|राजनीतिक दर्शन]], [[मलेटरी थियरी]], [[इतिहास]]
|notable_works    = {{ubl|''[[द प्रिंस]]''|''[[डिस्कोर्सेज ऑन लिवी]]''}}
|spouse           = {{marriage|Marietta Corsini|1501}}
|children         = 7
|father           = Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli
|notable_ideas    = क्लासिकल रियलिज्म, ''[[virtù]]'', [[रिपब्लिकनिज्म|आधुनिक रिपब्लिकवाद]]
|signature        = Machiavelli Signature.svg
}}
'''निकोलो मैकियावेली''' भा '''निकोलो माकियावेली'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɪ|k|ə|l|əʊ|_|ˌ|m|æ|k|i|ə|ˈ|v|ɛ|l|i}} {{respell|nik|ə|LOH|_|MAK|ee|ə|VEL|ee}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|_|ˌ|m|ɑː|k|-}} {{respell|-_|MAHK|-}};&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/niccolo-machiavelli|title=Machiavelli, Niccolò|work=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|publisher=Longman|access-date=5 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Machievelli,+Niccol%C3%B2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210021945/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/machiavelli,_niccolo?s=t |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2022 |title=Machievelli, Niccolò |dictionary=Lexico US English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|Machiavelli|access-date=9 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPA|it|nikkoˈlɔ mmakjaˈvɛlli|lang}}; also [[#Machiavel|occasionally rendered]] in English as '''Nicholas&amp;nbsp;Machiavel''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|k|i|ə|v|ɛ|l}} {{respell|MAK|ee|ə|vel}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|m|ɑː|k|-}} {{respell|MAHK|-}}).}} (Niccolò Machiavelli; 3 मई 1479 — 21 जून 1527) [[इटली]] के एगो दार्शनिक आ लेखक रहलन। इनकर किताब ''द प्रिंस'' बहुत प्रख्यात बाटे जेकरा ई 1513 मे लिखले रहलन। इनकरा के आधुनिक [[राजनीति बिज्ञान]] के पिता कहल जाला।

ई बहुत दिन ले फ्लोरेंस रिपब्लिक के शासन मंडल में रहलन। दार्शनिक बिचार आ चिंतन के अलावा ई कबिता आ चुटकुलो लिखत रहलन।

{{clear}}
==नोट==
{{notelist|29em}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:इटली के दार्शनिक]]
[[श्रेणी:इटली के लेखक]]
[[श्रेणी:इटली के कवि]]
[[श्रेणी:इटली के लोग]]


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  <page>
    <title>दीपवंस</title>
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      <text bytes="816" sha1="36desxlh25k71duxx3dibebl8rx4f6l" xml:space="preserve">'''दीपवंस''' श्रीलंका के सभ से पुरान ऐतिहासिक स्त्रोत बाटे। अईसन मानल जाला जे ई वृतांत अट्टकथा आ तिसरका सतब्दि के एन स्त्रोत सभ से गहल गइल बा। [[महावंस]] जोरे ई भारत आ श्रीलंका के इतिहास के बहुते जानकारी देवेला। ई ना खाली इतिहास के जानकारी देवेला बलुक पाली साहित्य के एगो महत्वपूर्ण भाग बाटे।

[[श्रेणी:श्री लंका]]


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    <title>नियंतरन बेबस्था</title>
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      <text bytes="1690" sha1="lpotuvt035aa1vv6wn3cdtjpi0uju4g" xml:space="preserve">एगो '''नियंतरन बेबस्था''' भा कंट्रोल सिस्टम कोनो जंत्र के चाल चलन के नियंत्रित करेला। ई एगो घरेलू ताप नियंत्रक से ले के घरेलू बॉयलर के नियंत्रित करे अला थर्मोस्टेट के परजोग कइ के बड़ औद्योगिक नियंत्रण प्रणालियन तक ले हो सकेला जे प्रक्रिया सभ भा जत्रन के नियंत्रित करे बदे उपजोग कइल जाला। निरंतर रूप से नियंत्रित ला, एगो प्रतिक्रिया नियंत्रक के उपजोग कवनो प्रक्रिया भ संचालन के स्वचालित रूप से नियंत्रित करने बदे कइल जाला। नियंत्रण प्रणाली वांछित मान चाहे सेटपॉइंट (SP) संगे नियंत्रित होखे अला प्रक्रिया चर (PV) के मूल्य भा स्थिति के तुलना करेला आ संजंत्र के प्रक्रिया चर आउटपुट के ओही मूल्य प आने ला नियंत्रण संकेत के भेस में अंतर के लागू करेला।


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    <title>दुपहरिया</title>
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      <text bytes="3335" sha1="7b8alf1p7v4lgdoi807b81kznpmnfz6" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
|image = Dupurmoni 01.jpg
|image_caption = ''Pentapetes phoenicea''
|display_parents = 2
|genus = Pentapetes
|parent_authority = [[Linnaeus|L.]]
|species = phoenicea
|authority = [[Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms =
}}
'''दुपहरिया''' ({{Lang|en|Pentapetes}}, {{Lang-sa|बन्धूक}}) एक किसिम के फूल वाला पौधा हवे। ई बैज्ञानिक बर्गीकरण में ''Pentapetes'' जाति के नाँव से जानल जाला आ एह जाति के एकही प्रजाति ''Pentapetes phoenicea'' पावल जाले।&lt;ref name=&quot;ThePlantList&quot;&gt;[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Pentapetes The Plant List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123306/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Pentapetes |date=2018-10-19 }}. Access on September 14, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; एकर फूल दुपहरिया में फुलालें आ लाल चाहे संतरहवा रंग के होलें। गोल-गोल फर फरे लें जिनहना में सरिसो नियर बीया होला।

ई पौधा लगभग 4 से 6 फुट ऊँचाई तक बढ़ेला, आ एकर डार (टहनी) लंबा आ चारों ओर फइलल रहेला। पत्ता करीब 6 से 10 सेंटीमीटर लंबा होखेला, किनारा पर दाँत जइसन कटा हुआ (toothed) रहेला। आम तौर पर पत्ता के आधार चौड़ा होखेला आ ऊपर जाके नोकदार हो जाला। फूल पत्ता के बगल (axil) में निकलेलें, आ हर फूल में गहिरा लाल रंग के 5 गो बड़ा पंखुड़ी रहेला। फल गोल, रोयेदार (hairy) कैप्सूल जइसन होखेला, जवन लगभग 1 सेंटीमीटर व्यास के रहेला आ पाँच हिस्सा (valves) में खुल सकेला। बीया पर कवनो पंख (wing) ना रहेला। हर फल के अंदर हर खाना (cell) में 8 से 12 गो बीज दू कतार (series) में मिलेला।

{{clear}}
== गैलरी ==
&lt;gallery mode=packed&gt;
Pentapetes phoenicea.jpg|हलका रंग के फूल वाली किसिम
Pentapetes phoenicia 1.jpg|पौधा के पतई सभ
Pentapetes phoenicia 3.jpg|फुलाए से ठीक पहिले कोंढ़ी
Pentapetes phoenicia 2.jpg|लगभग पाक चुकल फर
Pentapetes phoenicea MHNT.BOT.2018.28.26.jpg|फर आ बीया के स्केच
Pentapetes phoenicea Blanco2.235.png|पूरा पौधा के किताबी चित्र
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q14566059|from2=Q4384108}}

[[श्रेणी:फूलदार पौधा]]
[[श्रेणी:सजावटी पौधा]]


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      <text bytes="5225" sha1="nbjeroxoysc7pl6wh900z3krghwjvjq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer
| name = धरीक्षण मिश्र
| image = 
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| caption = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =    &lt;!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| birth_place = बरियारपुर, गोरखपुर (वर्तमान [[कुशीनगर जिला|कुशीनगर]]), उत्तर प्रदेश
| death_date =    &lt;!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| death_place = बरियारपुर, गोरखपुर (वर्तमान [[कुशीनगर जिला|कुशीनगर]]), उत्तर प्रदेश
| occupation = 
| language = [[भोजपुरी]], [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
| nationality = भारत
| education = 
| alma_mater = 
| period = 
| genres =  कबिता, निबंध
| subject =       &lt;!-- or: | subjects =    --&gt;
| notablework = ''शिव जी की खेती'', ''कागज के मदारी'', ''अलंकार दर्पण'', ''काव्य दर्पण'', ''काव्य मंजूषा''
| spouse =        &lt;!-- or: | spouses =     --&gt;
| children = 
| awards = भोजपुरी रत्न
| signature = 
| signature_alt = 
| years_active =  
}}
'''धरीक्षण मिश्र''' (1901 - 24 अक्टूबर 1997) भोजपुरी भाषा के एगो कवि आ लेखक रहलें। भोजपुरी के अलावे ऊ हिंदियो में रचना कइलेन। गोरखपुर जिला के बरियारपुर गाँव (अब कुशीनगर जिला में) जनमल मिश्र के पढ़ाई बनारस में भइल आ ओकरे बाद ई अपने गाँवे लवट के साहित्य के रचना में लाग गइलेन।

''शिव जी की खेती'', ''कागज के मदारी'', ''अलंकार दर्पण'', ''काव्य दर्पण'', ''काव्य मंजूषा'' इनके प्रमुख रचना बाड़ी सऽ। इनके कबिता सभ के संग्रह ''धरीक्षण मिश्र रचनावली'' के नाँव से छपल बाटे।

इनके रचना खातिर, उत्तर प्रदेश हिंदी संस्थान के पुरस्कार, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार द्वारा अंचल भारती पुरस्कार आ अखिल भारती भोजपुरी परिषद लखनऊ द्वारा भोजपुरी रत्‍‌न अलंकरण से सम्मानित कइल गइल। निधन के बाद इनके 2000 में भोजपुरी रत्न से सम्मानित कइल गइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=भोजपुरी के कबीर थे पं. धरीक्षण मिश्र|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kushinagar-7568403.html|accessdate=12 सितंबर 2020|work=दैनिक जागरण|date=2011|language=hi}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; साहित्य अकादमी के ''भाषा सम्मान'' 1996 में मिश्र के भोजपुरी भाषा खातिर दिहल गइल रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=साहित्य : भाषा सम्मान|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bhasha_samman_h.jsp|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|accessdate=12 सितंबर 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* [https://bhojpurimanthan.com/bhojpuri-ke-paras-pandit-dharikshan-misir/ भोजपुरी के पारस : पं. धरीक्षण मिश्र] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124230711/http://bhojpurimanthan.com/bhojpuri-ke-paras-pandit-dharikshan-misir/ |date=2020-01-24 }}, भोजपुरी मंथन पर।
* [https://www.hindisamay.com/writer/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-.cspx?id=2712&amp;name=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0- धरीक्षण मिश्र]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, लेखक परिचय, हिंदी समय पर।

[[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी-भाषा के कवि]]
[[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी-भाषा के लेखक]]
[[श्रेणी:गोरखपुर जिला के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:देवरिया जिला के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:कुशीनगर जिला के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1901 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:1997 में निधन]]


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[[File:Reindeer milking.jpg|thumb|रेंडियर दुहातीया]]

'''दुहाई''' चाहे '''दूध दुहल''' एगो अईसन काज हऽ जेमे [[गाइ]], [[भँइस]], [[मानुस]], [[बकरी]], भेड़ा, ऊँट, घोड़ा के [[स्तन|थन]] मे से [[दूध]] निकालल जाला। दूध हाथ चाहे मसीन से दुहाला।

==हाथे से दुहल==

हाथ से दूध दुहत बजी थन के चाँप के हाथ नीचे लाइल जाला जेकरा चलते दूध निकलेला आ नीचे धइल बलटी चाहे कमंडल मे बटोरा जाला। ई काज दु तरीका से होला:

* थन के अंगुरी आ अंगुठा से चींप के दूध के ओकर मुह प जूटा के दोसर अंगुरी से ओकरा टीप के निकालल।
* थन के ऊपर से चींप के अंगुरी नीचे ला के दूध निकालल।

एह काज मे दुहे से पहिले थन मे तेल लगावल जाला जेसे अंगुरी ओहपे सही से बिछलेला। गाइ लात नात चलावे एह खाती होकर गोड़ मे रसरि (पछउटा) बान्हल रहेला।

==मसीन से दुहल==

[[File:Melkgeschirr.jpg|thumb|upright|मसीन से दूध दुहाता]]

बिकसित देस सभ मे चाहे डेरी सभ मे गाई के मसीन से दुहल जाला। गाई के चारो थन मे मसीन लागल रहेला जे ओकर दूध दुहेला। दूध दुहला के बादि ओकरा छान के सेरावल जाला।

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      <text bytes="3604" sha1="8gf7ekb9a97j72q8v7tp7g618ogzep3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox waterfall
| name = दूधसागर झरना
| alt_name = दूधसागर प्रपात (हिंदी)
| photo = Doodhsagar Waterfalls.jpg
| photo_caption = अगस्त के महीना में दूधसागर झरना
| location = गोवा-कर्नाटक बाडर के लगे गोवा में।
| coords = {{coord|15.31277|N|74.31416|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = 
| type = सीढ़ीदार
| height = 320 मीटर (1017 फीट)
| height_longest = 
| average_width = 30 मीटर (100 फीट)
| number_drops = 5
| average_flow = 
| watercourse = मांडवी नदी
| world_rank = 
}}
'''दूधसागर''' भारतीय राज्य [[गोवा]] में [[मांडवी नदी]] पर एगो झरना बाटे। चार सीढ़ी के रूप में बहे वाला ई झरना भारत के कुछ सभसे ऊँच झरना सभ में से एक हवे। झरना गोवा के राजधानी पणजी से लगभग 60किमि के दूरी पर बाटे। नगीचे के प्रमुख शहर मडगाँव हवे। इहाँ सड़क के रास्ता से पहुँचल जा सके ला। एगो रेलवे ट्रैक झरना के ठीक सोझा से हो के जाला बाकी ई अब आम जनता खातिर खुला नइखे। ई गुंटकल-वास्को डी गामा लाइन कहाला जे आंध्र प्रदेश से कर्नाटक होखत गोवा ले बाटे।

एही मांडवी नदी पर, अउरी ऊपर की ओर कर्नाटक के बेलगाम के लगे एगो अउरी झरना बाटे जेकरा के वज्रपोह चाहे वज्रपोहा कहल जाला। दूधसागर झरना एह तरीका से मांडवी नदी पर दुसरा झरना हवे। नदी पच्छिमी घाट के पहाड़ी से उतर के अरब सागर में गिरे ले। दूधसागर झरना कर्नाटक-गोवा के बाडर बनावे ला आ ई महावीर अभयारण्य आ मोल्लेम नेशनल पार्क के हिस्सा हवे। झरना के चारों ओर के इलाका में घन बन बाड़ें आ जीवबिबिधता बहुत बा। झरना आमतौर पर पातर धारा सभ के रूप में रहे ला हालाँकि, बरसात के सीजन में बरखा के पानी से ई बिसाल रूप ले लेला।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* [https://goa-tourism.com/waterfall_tour दूधसागर], गोवा पर्यटन विभाग के वेबसाइट पर।

[[श्रेणी:भारत के झरना]]
[[श्रेणी:गोवा के भूगोल]]
[[श्रेणी:गोवा में पर्यटन]]


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    <title>दि अलकेमिस्ट (उपन्यास)</title>
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      <text bytes="2219" sha1="95ff5w2fl2xcu1mwxis96nm5z2supn9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox book &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books --&gt;
| name = दी अलकेमिस्ट
| title_orig = O Alquimista
| translator = 
| image = File:The Alchemists Book .jpg
| caption = 
| author = पाओलो कोहेलो
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = [[Caravaggio]], &quot;[[Narcissus (Caravaggio)|Narcissus]]&quot;, 1597-9
| country = ब्राज़ील
| language = [[पुर्तगाली भाषा|पुर्तगाली]]
| series =
| genre = [[Quest]], [[Adventure novel|adventure]], [[Fantasy novel|fantasy]]
| publisher = [[HarperCollins|HarperTorch]] (अंग्रेजी अनुवाद)
| release_date = 1988
| english_release_date = 1993
| media_type = Print (hardback, paperback and [[iTunes]])
| pages = 163 pp (first English edition, hardcover), 208 pages (25th Anniversary Edition)
| dewey= 869.3
| isbn = 0-06-250217-4
| isbn_note= (first English edition, hardcover)
| oclc = 26857452
| preceded_by = [[The Pilgrimage]] ''(1987)''
| followed_by = Brida ''(1990)''
}}
'''दी अलकेमिस्ट''' ([[पुर्तगाली भाषा|पुर्तगाली]]: O Alquimista) पाओलो कोहेलो के गँहल एगो उपन्यास हटे, जवन 1988 मे परकासित भइल रहे। [[पुर्तगाली भाषा|पुर्तगाली]] मे लिखल ई उपन्यास बहुत परसिद्ध भइल आ ढेर भासा मे एकर अनुवाद भइल। ई एगो आंदालूसिआई गरेड़िया के काथा हऽ जेमे ऊ खजाना जोहे इजिप्ट के पिरामिड के जाता।

==काथा==
स्पेन के आंदालुसिया मे सैंटियागो नांव एगो गरेड़ी लइका, एगो भबिस बतावे वला से ऊ सपना के माने पुछलस जेकरा ऊ बेर बेर देखत रहे।

{{clear}}

[[श्रेणी:उपन्यास]]


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'''''पजल''''' ({{Lang|en|Puzzle}}; ''पज़ल'') चाहे '''दिमागी कसरत''', अइसन [[खेल]], समस्या चाहे [[खेलौना]] होला जेकर मकसद केहू बेकत के चतुराई, बुद्धिमानी भा ज्ञान के परीक्षा लिहल होखे ला। पजल खेले वाला से ई उमेद कइल जाला कि ऊ टुकड़ा सभ के (चाहे ऊ भौतिक रूप से होखें भा जानकारी के रूप में) एगो तार्किक बिधी से जोड़े भा बेवस्थित करे आ अंत में सही निष्कर्ष भा कौनो मजेदार रिजल्ट ले चहुँपे।

शब्द अंग्रेजी भाषा के हवे, एकर मतलब &quot;दिमागी कसरत&quot; या &quot;दिमागी कसरत करवावे वाली चीज&quot; से हवे।

एह पजल सभ के कई परकार होलें। कंबीनेशन पजल ([[रूबिक्स क्यूब]] नियर खेलौना), चाहे शब्दखोज संबंधी (क्रासवर्ड-पजल), नंबर-पजल (सु-डो-कू), तर्क संबंधी (जइसे [[शतरंज]] के समस्या) आदि-आदि।

ई सभ खेल आ [[मनोरंजन]] के बिसय हो सके लीं; केहू के परीक्षा के तरीका हो सके लीं या फिर वास्तव में [[गणित]] आ [[तर्कशास्त्र]] के सोझा अइसन समस्या के रूप हो सके लीं जहाँ साँचो में मामिला अटक गइल होखे।

== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[बुझनी]]

[[श्रेणी:खेल]]
[[श्रेणी:मनोरंजन]]


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    <title>नदी मॉर्फोलॉजी</title>
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      <text bytes="1906" sha1="i4krr5jfp0oq4g3y3zohdkbcg7rblqp" xml:space="preserve">'''नदी मॉर्फोलॉजी''' ({{Lang|en|River morphology}}) चाहे '''जलधारा मॉर्फोलॉजी''' ({{Lang|en|Stream morphology}}), बिज्ञान के शाखा हवे जे [[नदी]] के प्लेनफॉर्म आ एकरे क्रॉस-सेक्शन के आकृति में होखे वाला बदलाव के अध्ययन आ बिस्लेषण करे ला।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.tudelft.nl/en/ceg/about-faculty/departments/hydraulic-engineering/sections/rivers-ports-waterways-and-dredging-engineering/research/river-morphology |title=आर्काइव कॉपी के बा |access-date=2021-05-25 |archive-date=2021-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525053708/https://www.tudelft.nl/en/ceg/about-faculty/departments/hydraulic-engineering/sections/rivers-ports-waterways-and-dredging-engineering/research/river-morphology |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ई बदलाव नदी के कटाव आ नदी द्वारा बालू-माटी के जमाव के चलते होखे लें।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== स्रोत/अउरी पढ़े खातिर ==
* &lt;!-- {{harv|Bruce L. Rhoads|2020|p=}}--&gt;{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Bruce L. Rhoads|title=River Dynamics: Geomorphology to Support Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sdXsDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1|date=29 April 2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-17378-0}}

{{River morphology}}

{{Authority control}}

[[श्रेणी:नदी मॉर्फोलॉजी| ]]
[[श्रेणी:नदी]]
[[श्रेणी:भूआकृति बिज्ञान]]
[[श्रेणी:जलबहाव थलरूप]]


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    <title>दिनेश लाल यादव</title>
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| alt                = 
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| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         = 
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| nationality        = [[भारतीय]]
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = 
| occupation         = * अभिनेता
* गायक
| years_active       = 
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'''दिनेश लाल यादव''' (जनम 2 फरवरी 1979), जे '''निरहुआ''' के नाम से मशहूर बाड़ें, एगो भारतीय अभिनेता, गायक, निर्माता आ राजनेता बाड़ें। ऊ ''[[भोजपुरी|भोजपुरी भाषा]]'' के फिलिमन में काम करेलें। ऊ [[भोजपुरी सिनेमा]] के सबसे सफल अभिनेतन में से एक बाड़ें। साल 2015 में उनकर लगातार कई गो फिलिम बॉक्स ऑफिस पर सफल रहलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Dinesh Lal Yadav's new record |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Dinesh-Lal-Yadavs-new-record/articleshow/49890847.cms |access-date=2026-10-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; उनकर अपना प्रोडक्शन हाउस ''निरहुआ एंटरटेनमेंट प्राइवेट लिमिटेड'' बा। दिनेश लाल यादव साल 2012 में ''[[बिग बॉस|बिग बॉस 6]]'' में प्रतियोगी के रूप में शामिल भइल रहलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Nobody is big or small in Bigg Boss. Everybody is equal' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-nobody-is-big-or-small-in-bigg-boss-tv/20121015.htm |access-date=2026-10-19 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

निरहुआ साल 2022 से 2024 तक [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी|भारतीय जनता पार्टी⁠]] के सदस्य के रूप में आजमगढ़ लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र⁠ से सांसद रहलें। ऊ [[गाजीपुर जिला|गाजीपुर⁠]] के पारंपरिक बिरहा⁠ गायकन के परिवार से आवेलें। ऊ साल 2003 में अपना एल्बम निरहुआ सटल रहे के साथ लोकगायक के रूप में करियर शुरू कइलें। ई एल्बम बहुत हिट भइल आ एहसे उनका के &quot;निरहुआ&quot; के मंचीय नाम मिलल।
ऊ साल 2006 में भोजपुरी ड्रामा फिलिम ''हमका ऐसा वैसा ना समझा'' से फिलिमन में डेब्यू कइलें। ओकरा बाद ''चलत मुसाफिर मोह लियो रे'' (2006), ''निरहुआ रिक्शावाला'' (2008) आ ''प्रतिज्ञा'' (2008) से उनका के अउरी व्यापक लोकप्रियता मिलल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=भोजपुरी जुबली स्टार दिनेश लाल यादव निरहुआ की स्टोरी किसी फ़िल्म से कम नहीं |url=https://www.ichowk.in/cinema/bhojpuri-film-actor-singer-producer-dinesh-lal-yadav-nirahua-biography-nirahua-films-nirahua-songs-bhojpuri-star-nirahua-life-and-family/story/1/18275.html |access-date=2026-10-19 |website=www.ichowk.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

साल 2012 में ऊ गंगा देवी फिलिम में ''[[अमिताभ बच्चन|अमिताभ बच्चन⁠]]'' आ जया बच्चन⁠ के साथ नजर अइलें। ओही साल ऊ ''[[बिग बॉस|बिग बॉस 6]]'' में भी हिस्सा लेलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-10-22 |title=Bhojpuri movies that made the headline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/bhojpuri-movies-that-made-the-headline/photostory/87099253.cms |access-date=2026-10-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; उनकर पचासवीं फिलिम ''निरहुआ हिंदुस्तानी''⁠ (2014) व्यावसायिक रूप से सफल रहल आ मल्टीप्लेक्स में फिलिम देखे वाला दर्शकन के बीचो लोकप्रिय भइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Nirahua Hindustani reaches multiplex |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-hindustani-reaches-multiplex/articleshow/43990516.cms |access-date=2026-10-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकरा बाद ऊ देशभक्ति पर आधारित फिलिम ''पटना से पाकिस्तान'' (2015) आ ''बॉर्डर'' (2018) में अभिनय कइलें। ई दुनो भोजपुरी सिनेमा के सबसे अधिक कमाई करे वाली फिलिमन में शामिल रहल। उनकर फिलिम ''निरहुआ चलल लंदन'' (2019) के शूटिंग लंदन में भइल। साल 2019 में ऊ भोजपुरी वेब सीरीज ''हीरो वर्दीवाला''⁠ के जरिए ओटीटी⁠ पर भी डेब्यू कइलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-12 |title=ALTBalaji all set to foray into Bhojpuri originals space with 'Hero Vardiwala' |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/altbalaji-to-foray-into-bhojpuri-originals-space-with-dinesh-lal-yadav-nirahua-hero-vardiwala-32127 |access-date=2026-10-19 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==इहो देखी==

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1979 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी सिनेमा के मरद एक्टर लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय एक्टर]]</text>
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'''''नाइजेला''''' ({{Lang|en|Nigella}}) सालभर में तइयार होखे वाला [[फूलदार पौधा|फूलदार पौधन]] के एगो [[जाति (जीव बिज्ञान)|जाति]] हवे जेह में कुल 18 गो [[प्रजाति]] के पौधा होखे लें। एह जाति के मुख्य पौधा [[मंगरइल|नाइजेला सैटाइवा]] (मंगरइल) हवे जे [[भारतीय मसाला सभ के लिस्ट|भारतीय मसाला सभ]] में आवे ला।


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{{इंटरनेट|expanded=सर्विस}}
'''ब्लॉग''' ({{Lang|en|blog}}, मूल शब्द weblog के छोट रूप) अइसन [[वेबसाइट]] होला जेह पर कौनों ब्यक्ति अपना इन्ट्रेस्ट के बिसय पर चर्चा-परिचर्चा चाहे जानकारी देवे वाली चीज समय-समय पर लिखे ला आ ई वेबसाइट सभ [[वल्ड वाइड वेब]] पर छपे लीं। समय-समय पर, डायरी में दर्ज करे वाला लिखाई नियर, ई लेख सभ के पोस्ट कहल जाला आ ई आमतौर प उल्टा क्रम में देखलाई पड़े लें; मने की नया पोस्ट ब्लॉग के पन्ना पर सभसे ऊपर लउके लें। एह पोस्ट सभ में खाली पाठ (टेक्स्ट) के रूप में लिखल सामग्री हो सके ला हालाँकि, अक्सरहा इनहना में फोटो, बीडियो आ दुसरे वेबसाइट के चाहे अपने ब्लॉग के दुसरे पोस्ट आ पन्ना सभ के लिंक शामिल कइल गइल होला। ब्लॉग लिखे का काम के चाहे एह क्रिया के '''ब्लॉगिंग''' कहल जाला। अइसन लिखाई करे वाला लोग के '''ब्लॉगर''' कहल जाला।

ब्लॉगिंग के चलन नब्बे के दशक में शुरू भइल आ एह शुरुआती दौर में ब्लॉग सभ के केहू एकही ब्लॉगर के लिखल चीज होखे। बाद में कई-लेखक वाला ब्लॉग (मल्टी-ऑथर ब्लॉग, एम्एबी) के शुरुआत भइल। अब अइसनो ब्लॉग बाड़ें जे कई लेखक लोगन आ संपादक लोग के टीम द्वारा लिखल आ मेंटेन कइल जालें।

ब्लॉग, आपन निजी वेबसाइट बना के लिखल जा सके लें। एकरे अलावा कई गो ब्लॉगिंग वेबसाइट बाड़ी जे ब्लॉग लिखे आ छपावे के प्लेफार्म के रूप में काम करे लीं। इनहन के सदस्यता ले के इनहना पर आपन निजी ब्लॉग लिखल जा सके ला। [[वर्डप्रेस]], [[ब्लॉगर (सर्विस)|ब्लॉगर]] आ [[टेक्नोराती]] नियर कुछ ब्लॉगिंग वेबसाइट सभसे परसिद्ध बाड़ीं। कई गो अइसनो वेबसाइट आ [[सोशल मीडिया]] साइट बाड़ीं जिनहन पर सीमित साइज के छोट-छोट पोस्ट कइल जा सके ला; अइसन ब्लॉगिंग के [[माइक्रोब्लॉगिंग]] कहल जाला। [[टंबलर]] आ [[ट्विटर]] अइसने माइक्रोब्लॉगिंग वेबसाइट बाड़ीं। एकरे आलावा [[फेसबुक]] आ [[इंस्टाग्राम]] नियर सोशल मीडिया प्लेटफार्म पर रेगुलर लिख के पोस्ट करे के भी ब्लॉगिंग में गिनल जा सके ला।

== इतिहास ==
&lt;!-- {{Main|ब्लॉगिंग के इतिहास}}--&gt;
अंग्रेजी के टर्म ''वेबलॉग (weblog)'' के रचना जॉर्न बार्जर (Jorn Barger) द्वारा 17 दिसंबर 1997 के कइल गइल रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://archive.wired.com/entertainment/theweb/news/2007/12/blog_anniversary|title=After 10 Years of Blogs, the Future's Brighter Than Ever|access-date=5 जून 2008|work=Wired|date=17 दिसंबर 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618001626/http://archive.wired.com/entertainment/theweb/news/2007/12/blog_anniversary|archive-date=2017-06-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; एही के छोट रूप ''ब्लॉग (blog)'' के शुरुआत पीटर मेरहोल्ज़ (Peter Merholz) कइलें जे मजाके-मजाक में ''weblog'' शब्द के दू हिस्सा में तूर दिहलें आ ''वी ब्लॉग'' (we blog) कहलें (जेकर मतलब भइल ''हमनी के ब्लॉग करी लें'') आ एह टर्म के अपना निजी ब्लॉग वेबसाइट Peterme.com पर अप्रैल भा मई 1999 में साइडबार में लगवलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6794172|title=It's the links, stupid|newspaper=The Economist|date=20 अप्रैल 2006|access-date=5 जून 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://peterme.com/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991013021124/http://peterme.com/index.html|archive-date=October 13, 1999|title=Peterme.com|last=Merholz|first=Peter|publisher=[[इंटरनेट आर्काइव]]|year=1999|access-date=5 जून 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kottke.org/03/08/its-weblog-not-web-log|last=Kottke|first=Jason|title=kottke.org|date=26 अगस्त 2003|access-date=5 जून 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकरे कुछे समय बाद, ''पाइरा लैब्स'' के इवांस विलियम्स एह शब्द के इस्तेमाल नाँव आ क्रिया दुनों के रूप में कइलें (''ब्लॉग करे'' के मतलब ''आपन ब्लॉग के एडिट करे चाहे अपना वेबलॉग पर कुछ पोस्ट करे'' के अरथ में) आ नया शब्द ब्लॉगर के ईजाद कइलें जेकर संबंध पाइरा लैब्स के ब्लॉगर नाँव के प्रोडक्ट से रहल; एह तरीका से ब्लॉग आ अइसन जुड़ल शब्द पापुलर भइलें।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.viralblogcontent.com/Origins_of__22Blog_22_and__22Blogger_22.pdf Origins of &quot;Blog&quot; and &quot;Blogger&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103083257/http://www.viralblogcontent.com/Origins_of__22Blog_22_and__22Blogger_22.pdf |date=3 November 2014 }}, American Dialect Society Mailing List (20 अप्रैल 2008).&lt;/ref&gt;

सभसे सुरुआती कामर्शियल ब्लॉग 1995 में टाइ इंक (Ty, Inc.) द्वारा अस्तित्व में आइल जे एगो बिजनेस-से-उपभोक्ता (business to consumer) वेबसाइट रहे, ई एक नया खंड शुरू कइलस जेकर नाँव ''ऑनलाइन डायरी (Online Diary)'' रहल। एह में होखे वाली एंट्री सभ के ''बीनी बेबीज़'' नाँव से सभसे बेहतरीन प्रोडक्ट के चुनाव द्वारा अपडेट कइल जाय आ वेबसाइट के विजिट करे वाला उपभोक्ता लोग एह पर महीनावार वोटिंग करे।&lt;ref name=BeanieBabies&gt;{{cite book|last=Bissonnette|first=Zac|date=2015|title=The Great Beanie Baby Bubble: Mass Delusion and the Dark Side of Cute|url=https://archive.org/details/greatbeaniebabyb0000biss|publisher=पेंग्विन बुक्स|chapter=The $12-per-hour Sociology Major Who Made Ty Warner a Billionaire| pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatbeaniebabyb0000biss/page/107 107]–121|isbn=978-1591846024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--

=== टेक्नॉलॉजी ===
Early blogs were simply manually updated components of common Websites. In 1995, the &quot;Online Diary&quot; on the [[Ty, Inc.]] Web site was produced and updated manually before any blogging programs were available. Posts were made to appear in reverse chronological order by manually updating text based [[HTML]] code using [[FTP]] software in real time several times a day. To users, this offered the appearance of a live diary that contained multiple new entries per day. At the beginning of each new day, new diary entries were manually coded into a new HTML file, and the start of each month, diary entries were archived into its own folder which contained a separate HTML page for every day of the month. Then menus that contained links to the most recent diary entry were updated manually throughout the site. This text-based method of organizing thousands of files served as a springboard to define future blogging styles that were captured by blogging software developed years later.&lt;ref name=&quot;BeanieBabies&quot; /&gt;
--&gt;

== प्रकार भा किसिम ==
ब्लॉग किसिम-किसिम के, मने की कई प्रकार के, हो सके लें। आज के समय में जहाँ कई अरब ब्लॉग ऑनलाइन पब्लिश हो रहल बाड़ें, इनहना में बहुत सारा ब्लॉग अइसनो बाड़ें जिनाहन के कौनों एगो कटेगरी में ना रखल जा सके ला।&lt;ref name=&quot;Farkas2009&quot; /&gt; इनहन के किसिम चाहे परकार में बाँटे के आधार अलगा-अलगा हो सके ला आ कई गो ब्लॉग जहाँ खुद के बिबरन में आपन कटेगरी चाहे किसिम बतावे वाला हो सके लें ओहिजे अइसन ब्लॉग हो सके लें जे एकही साथे कई बिधा में आ कई कटेगरी में गिनल जा सकें।

नब्बे के दशक के अंत में, जब ब्लौगिंग के बिस्तार तेजी से होखत रहल, मुख्य रूप से दू किसिम के ब्लॉग रहलें: पर्सनल डायरी नियर लिखल जाए वाला आ दुसरे इस्टोरी सभ के बारे में लिखल जाए वाला।&lt;ref name=&quot;Farkas2009&quot; /&gt; हालाँकि, 2004 के एगो अध्ययन में तीन किसिम के ब्लॉग&lt;ref name=&quot;Farkas2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Farkas |first1=Meredith G. |title=Social Software in Libraries: Building Collaboration, Communication, and Community Online |date=2007 |publisher=Information Today, Inc. |isbn=978-1-57387-275-1 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AlARogbZHqcC&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;lpg=PA16&amp;dq=types%20of%20blogs&amp;pg=PA16#v=onepage&amp;q=types%20of%20blogs&amp;f=false |access-date=9 दिसंबर 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; गिनावल गइल: ''फिल्टर ब्लॉग'' - जेह में दुसरे वेबसाइट सभ के लिंक के बिसय आ पसंद के हिसाब से फिल्टर क के पढ़े वाला ले चहुँपावल जा सके, ''पर्सनल ब्लॉग'' - जे केहू ब्यक्ति के निजी अनुभव भा बिचार, संस्मरण आ रोज के कामकाज के डायरी नियर लिखल पोस्ट से बनल होखें, आ ''नॉलेज ब्लॉग'' - जे बिबिध बिसय पर जनरल तरीका से चाहे अपना-अपना बिसेस बिसय पर जानकारी देवे वाली आ ज्ञान बढ़ावे वाली पोस्ट करें। 

नीचे ब्लॉग सभ के बिबिध किसिम के एगो बिबरन संछेप में दिहल जा रहल बाटे:
{{expand section}}
;पर्सनल भा निजी ब्लॉग
;सामूहिक (ग्रुप) ब्लॉग
;[[माइक्रोब्लॉगिंग]]
=== बिधा अनुसार ब्लॉग ===

{{clear}}

== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[सोशल मीडिया]]
* [[ब्लॉगर (सर्विस)]]
* [[वर्डप्रेस]]

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
&lt;!-- These links should go to sites that extend this reference about weblogs. --&gt;
&lt;!-- DO ''not'' add your specific blogs or blog search engines here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Please keep this list alphabetized. Thanks! --&gt;
{{commons category|Blogs}}
* [https://archive.today/20150218205600/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6VB3-4JH47F6-5&amp;_user=10&amp;_handle=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUA-U-AAVYYUUEZC-AAVZBYADZC-YBADCWEZW-AB-U&amp;_fmt=summary&amp;_coverDate=12/31/2006&amp;_rdoc=5&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_srch=%23toc%235915%232006%23999779997%23619171!&amp;_cdi=5915&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=3a78d26b9ff73d0a9c37060c8bed6dbc Computer Law and Security Report Volume 22 Issue 2, Pages 127–136] blogs, Lies and the Doocing by Sylvia Kierkegaard (2006)
* [https://www.eff.org/bloggers/lg/ Legal Guide for bloggers] by the Electronic Frontier Foundation
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/lawlb/lawlb-overview.html Law Library Legal Blawgs Web Archive] from the U.S. Library of Congress

{{Authority control}}

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      <text bytes="3415" sha1="ehzczhg29en1qyqd23hxue3z28x6zb8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name           = The Matrix Resurrections
| image          = 
| alt            = 
| caption        = Official release poster&lt;!-- Do NOT add &quot;theatrical&quot; or &quot;promotional&quot;, as the film also releases on HBO Max! --&gt;
| director       = [[लाना वाचोवस्की]]
| writers        = 
| based_on       = 
| producers      =
| starring       = {{Plainlist|&lt;!-- PER BILLING BLOCK ON WEBSITE https://www.matrixresurrections.net/ --&gt;
* [[कीनू रीव्ज]]
* Carrie-Anne Moss
* Yahya Abdul-Mateen II
* Jessica Henwick
* Jonathan Groff
* Neil Patrick Harris
* [[प्रियंका चोपड़ा|प्रियंका]]
* Jada Pinkett Smith
}}
| distributor    = [[वार्नर ब्रदर्स पिक्चर्स]]
| released       = {{Film date|2021|12|18|[[सैन फ्रांसिस्को]]|2021|12|22|अमेरिका}}
| country        = अमेरिका
| language       = अंग्रेजी
| budget         = 
| gross          = 
}}
'''दि मैट्रिक्स रिसरेक्शंस''' (The Matrix Resurrections), '''मैट्रिक्स 4''', हाल में रिलीज होखे वाली एगो फिलिम बा। एह फिलिम के [[लाना वाचोव्सकी]] लिखले आ डाइरेक्ट कइले बाड़ी। फिलिम मैट्रिक्स सीरीज के चउथी फिलिम हवे आ एहू में [[कीनू रीव्ज]] मेन भूमिका में बाड़ें। भारतीय हिरोइन [[प्रियंका चोपड़ा]] एह फिलिम में मैट्रिक्स सीरीज से जुड़े वाले लोगन में बाड़ी।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=प्रियंका चोपड़ा ने शेयर किया फिल्म द मैट्रिक्स रिसरेक्शन्स का पोस्टर एक्ट्रेस का दिखा अलग अंदाज |url=https://www.naidunia.com/entertainment/hollywood-priyanka-chopra-shared-poster-of-film-the-matrix-resurrection-actress-looked-very-different-7145739 |access-date=11 दिसंबर 2021 |work=नई दुनिया |date=23 नवंबर 2021 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

फिलिम के शुरुआत 2020 में भइल रहे बाकी [[कोविड-19 महामारी|कोविड महामारी]] के चलते एकरा शूटिंग के रोके के परल। अब ई फिलिम बन के तइयार बाटे आ 16 दिसंबर 2021 के एकर प्रीमियर [[कनाडा]] के [[टोरंटो]] शहर में होगी। 22 दिसंबर के ई [[वार्नर ब्रदर्स पिक्चर्स]] कंपनी द्वारा सिनेमा हाल सभ में रिलीज होखी आ साथे-साथ ई अमेरिका में [[एचबीओ मैक्स]] पर स्ट्रीम होखी।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:2021 के फिलिम]]


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    <title>धर्मांधता</title>
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      <text bytes="2758" sha1="rpetvmt7ip3ud5z4zma44oi0t4etb0a" xml:space="preserve">'''धर्मांधता''' अपना धरम-संप्रदाय में अंधा शरधा होखे के चलते दुसरे धरम के खातिर द्वेष के भावना हवे; अपना धरम आ मजहब के हित के नाँव पर अनुचित काम कइल धर्मांधता हवे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=वर्मा |first1=श्याम बहादुर |last2=वर्मा |first2=धर्मेन्द्र |title=प्रभात बृहत् हिंदी शब्दकोश (खंड - एक) |date=1 जनवरी 2010 |publisher=प्रभात प्रकाशन |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |page=1311 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7&amp;pg=RA11-PP13#v=onepage&amp;q=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&amp;f=false |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=अग्रवाल |first1=गिरिजाशरण |title=क्रांतिवीर सुभाष |date=2002 |publisher=डायमंड पाकेट बुक्स |isbn=978-81-7182-512-7 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RfUNa7WjO5MC&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;lpg=PA49&amp;dq=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&amp;pg=PA49#v=onepage&amp;q=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&amp;f=false |access-date=17 जनवरी 2022 |language=hi |quote=
धर्मांधता, सांस्कृतिक आत्मीयता के मार्ग में सबसे बड़ा काँटा है और इस धर्मांधता को दूर करने के लिए निरपेक्ष एवं वैज्ञानिक शिक्षा से उपयुक्त और कोई उपाय नहीं है। इस प्रकार की शिक्षा एक अन्य प्रकार से भी उपयोगी है। इससे आर्थिक चेतना के विकास में सहायता मिलती है। आर्थिक चेतना का प्रभात धर्मांघता के अंधकार का विनाशक है।}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:धर्म]]
[[श्रेणी:सामाजिक मुद्दा]]


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      <text bytes="4023" sha1="8skslcw7swp07wbmuggt3cb1alqsy4r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name                     = Donetsk Oblast
| native_name              = Донецька область
| native_name_lang         = uk&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. --&gt;
| official_name            = Donetska oblast&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Syvak|first1=Nina|last2=Ponomarenko|first2=Valerii|last3=Khodzinska|first3=Olha|last4=Lakeichuk|first4=Iryna|date=2011|editor-last=Veklych|editor-first=Lesia|others=scientific consultant Iryna Rudenko; reviewed by Nataliia Kizilowa; translated by Olha Khodzinska|title=Toponymic Guidelines for Map and Other Editors for International Use|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/Toponymic%20guidelines%20PDF/Ukraine/Verstka.pdf|page=20|access-date=2020-10-06|website=United Nations Statistics Division|publisher=DerzhHeoKadastr and Kartographia|location=Kyiv|isbn=978-966-475-839-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| nickname                 = 
| settlement_type          = Oblast
| image_map                = Donetsk in Ukraine (claims hatched).svg
| mapsize                  = 275px
| map_alt                  = 
| map_caption              = 
| coordinates              = {{coord|48.14|37.74|type:adm1st_region:UA|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint            = 
| coordinates_footnotes    = 
| subdivision_type         = देश
| subdivision_name         = {{flag|Ukraine}}
| established_title        = स्थापना
| established_date         = 3 जून 1938
| seat_type                = प्रशासनिक केंद्र
| seat                     = [[दोनेत्स्क]] ''(de jure)''&lt;br/&gt;[[क्रामातोर्स्क]] ''(de facto, डोनाबास इलाका में जुद्ध के कारन])''
| unit_pref                = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes           = 
| area_total_km2           = 26517
| area_land_km2            = 
| area_water_km2           = 
| area_water_percent       = 
| area_rank                =11वाँ
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 4100280
| population_rank          = 1
| population_as_of         = 1 जनवरी 2021
| population_density_km2   = auto
| website                  = [http://dn.gov.ua/ dn.gov.ua]
| footnotes                = 
}}
'''दोनेत्स्क ओब्लास्त''' ({{Lang|en|Donetsk Oblast}}; '''डोनेत्स्क ओब्लास्ट''') पूरबी [[यूक्रेन]] में एगो प्रदेश (ओब्लास्त) बाटे। ई यूक्रेन से सभसे बेसी आबादी वाला प्रदेश हवे। एकर राजधानी [[दोनेत्स्क]] शहर हवे। एह पूरा प्रदेश के जनसंख्या लगभग 41 लाख बाटे। प्रदेश के कुल रकबा 26,517 किमी&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; बा जे पूरा यूक्रेन के करीबन 4.4% हिस्सा हवे।

ई इतिहासी [[डोनबास]] इलाका के हिस्सा हवे; ई प्रदेश आ [[लोहान्स्क ओब्लास्त|लुहान्स्क प्रदेश]] मिल के [[डोनबास क्षेत्र]] कहायँ। पहिले एकर नाँव स्टालिन के नाँव पर स्तालिनो ओब्लास्त रहल।

वर्तमान में ई आ [[लोहान्स्क ओब्लास्त]] दुनों यूक्रेन आ [[रूस]] के बीचा में बिबदित इलाका बाटे।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:यूक्रेन]]
[[श्रेणी:यूक्रेन के ओब्लास्त]]


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    <title>दोनेत्स्क पीपल्स रिपब्लिक</title>
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      <text bytes="1433" sha1="58nn5vgklr31mjvn8ssxt2cay75z961" xml:space="preserve">[[चित्र:Map of Russia - Donetsk.svg|thumb|यूरोप आ युक्रेन में लोकेशन]]
'''दोनेत्स्क पीपल्स रिपब्लिक''' ({{Lang|en|Donetsk People's Republic ('''DPR''' चाहे '''DNR''')}}) [[पूरबी यूरोप]] के [[यूक्रेन]] देस के पूरबी हिस्सा में एगो बिबादित इलाका बा जे अपना के खुद-घोषित रूप से अलगा आजाद राज्य माने ला जबकि यूक्रेन एकरा के अलगाववादी आ आतंकवादी समूह माने ला। [[रूस-यूक्रेन युद्ध|रूस-यूक्रेन जुद्ध]] के चलते हाल में [[रूस के यूक्रेन पर हमला, 2022|रूस द्वारा यूक्रेन पर हमला]] करे से ठीक पहिले [[रूस]] द्वारा एकरा के आजाद देस के मान्यता दिहल गइल।

== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[दोनेत्स्क ओब्लास्त‎]]
* [[डोनबास|डोनबास क्षेत्र]]

[[श्रेणी:यूक्रेन]]


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    <title>नॉर्वेस्टर आर्च</title>
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[[चित्र:Nor'west arch2.JPG|thumb|नॉर्वेस्ट आर्च के एगो सीन]]
'''नॉर्वेस्टर आर्च''' ({{Lang|en|Nor'west arch}}) [[न्यूजीलैंड]] के [[सदर्न आइलैंड|दक्खिनी दीप]] के मौसमी घटना हवे। [[दक्खिनी एल्प्स|दक्खिनी ऐल्प्स]] से उतरे वाली [[फॉन]] नियर [[लोकल हवा सभ के लिस्ट|लोकल हवा]] सभ जिनहन के '''नॉर्वेस्टर हवा''' कहल जाला, के साथे जुड़ल मौसम नॉर्वेस्टर आर्च कहाला चाहे '''कैंटरबरी आर्च''' कहल जाला। ई नॉर्वेस्टर हवा एक किसिम के [[कैटाबैटिक हवा]] होखे लीं।

कैंटरबरी के समुंद्रतटीय इलाका में अइसन मौसमी घटना देखे के मिले ला जहाँ दक्खिनी ऐल्प्स पहाड़ से कुछ दूरी पर आकाश साफ़ नीला देखलाई पड़े ला जबकि पूरुब ओर से बादर सभ के आर्च (मेहराब) नियर घटना देखे के मिले ला। ई ओटागो आ मार्लबरो में भी देखे के मिले ला बाकी मुख्य रूप से कैंटरबरी में देखलाई पड़े के कारन एकरा के एह जगह के नाँव से जानल जाला। एह घटना के समय तेज सूखल हवा उत्तर-पच्छिम दिसा से चले ले जेकरा के नॉर्वेस्टर कहल जाला।

नॉर्वेस्टर यूरोप के [[फॉन]] नियन चाहे अमेरिका के [[चिनूक|इंटीरियर चिनूक]] नियर हवा हवे।

{{clear}}
== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[फॉन]]
* [[चिनूक]]
* [[कैटाबैटिक हवा]]
* [[लोकल हवा सभ के लिस्ट]]

[[श्रेणी:हवा सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:न्यूजीलैंड के भूगोल]]


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    <title>ब्लू नॉर्दर</title>
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[[श्रेणी:हवा सभ]]


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      <text bytes="3627" sha1="l762ies6f0xu58k3n4vk6o50sum6aut" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Australian foehn.jpg|thumb|315px|[[Föhn cloud]] over the Crackenback Range, near Jindabyne]]
'''दक्खिनपूर्ब ऑस्ट्रेलियन फॉन''' ({{Lang|en|southeast Australian foehn}}) [[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]] में बहे वाली एगो [[लोकल हवा सभ के लिस्ट|लोकल हवा]] हवे। ई हवा [[ग्रेट डिवाइडिंग रेंज]] से उतरे ले आ [[न्यू साउथ वेल्स]] के तटीय मैदान, पूरबी [[तस्मानिया]], आ कभी-काल्ह के पूरबी [[विक्टोरिया]] के परभावित करे ले।&lt;ref name=AMS&gt;{{cite news|title=Foehn-Like Winds and Elevated Fire Danger Conditions in Southeastern Australia| url =https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/49/6/2010jamc2219.1.xml#i1558-8432-49-6-1067-f06| author = Jason J. Sharples, Graham A. Mills, Richard H. D. McRae, and Rodney O. Weber|publisher = American Meteorological Society|work = Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकरा के '''ऑस्ट्रेलियाई फॉन''', '''ग्रेट डिवाइडिंग रेंज फॉन''' चाहे '''वेस्टर्ली फॉन''' (पछुआ फॉन) के नाँव से भी जानल जाला।

[[फॉन]] नियन इहो हवा गरम आ नमी बिहीन सूखल होखे ले।{{efn|During snowfall events on the windward side, the foehn winds on the leeward side raise the temperature to around {{convert|16|C|0}}, which is cool for the average person but relatively warm compared to the [[freezing]] temperatures on the windward side.}} एह हवा के उत्पत्ती एह कारन से होला कि पछुआ हवा सभ ग्रेट डिवाइडिंग रेंज नाँव के पहाड़ के पार करे लीं आ दोसरे साइड के [[लीवर्ड ढाल]] पर उतरे ली&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.willyweather.com.au/news/5291/rain+shadows.html Rain Shadows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922232632/https://www.willyweather.com.au/news/5291/rain+shadows.html |date=2021-09-22 }} by Don White. Australian Weather News. Willy Weather. Retrieved 24 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; जेवना चलते ई [[एडियाबेटिक प्रासेस]] से गरम हो जालीं आ इनहन के सापेक्षित नमी कम हो जाला।

एकरे नाँव से भरम में ना पड़े के चाहीं, ई ऑस्ट्रेलिया के दक्खिनपूरब में बहे ले एह कारन एकर ई नाँव हवे; खुद ई हवा पछुआ होखे ले।

{{clear}}
== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[ब्रिकफील्डर]]
* [[सदर्ली बस्टर]]
* [[ब्लैक नॉर'ईस्टर]]
* [[फॉन]]
* [[लोकल हवा सभ के लिस्ट]]

==नोट==
{{notelist}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:हवा सभ]]
[[श्रेणी:ऑस्ट्रेलिया के जलवायु]]
[[श्रेणी:ऑस्ट्रेलिया के भूगोल]]


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    <title>द्रौपदी मुर्मू</title>
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      <text bytes="15324" sha1="drn6slxkp9htoh8i5p4klu0uzx1o979" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| image = President Droupadi Murmu official portrait higher version.jpg
| order = [[भारत के राष्ट्रपति लोगन के लिस्ट|भारत के 15वीं]]
| office = भारत के राष्ट्रपति{{!}}राष्ट्रपति
| vicepresident = [[वेंकैया नायडू]]
| primeminister = [[नरेंद्र मोदी]]
| term_start = 25 जुलाई 2022
| term_end = 
| predecessor = [[रामनाथ कोविंद]]
| successor = 
| office1 = झारखंड के गवर्नर
| term_start1 = 18 जुलाई 2015
| term_end1 = 12 जुलाई 2021
| 1blankname1 = मुख्यमंत्री
| 1namedata1 = रघुबर दास &lt;br&gt; [[हेमंत सोरेन]]
| predecessor1 = सईद अहमद
| successor1 = रमेश बैस
| office2 = राज्यमंत्री, &lt;br&gt; ओडिशा सरकार
| 1blankname2 = मुख्यमंत्री
| 1namedata2 = नवीन पटनायक
| term2 = 6 मार्च 2000 - 16 मई 2004
| suboffice3 = वाणिज्य आ परिवहन
| subterm3 = 6 मार्च 2000 - 6 अगस्त
2002
| suboffice4 = मत्स्य आ पशु संसाधन विकास
| subterm4 = 6 अगस्त 2002 - 16 मई 2004
| office5 = बिधायक
| term_start5 = 2000
| term_end5 = 2009
| predecessor5 = लक्ष्मण माँझी
| successor5 = श्याम चरण हंसदा
| party = [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]]
| constituency5 = रैरंगपुर
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1958|06|20}}
| birth_place = [[मयूरभंज]], [[ओडिशा]], [[भारत]]
| spouse = श्याम चरण मुर्मू (निधन)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/who-is-draupdi-murmu-next-president-narendra-modi-pranab-mukherjee-4701597/|title = Who is Draupadi Murmu?|date = 13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| children = 2 बेटा (निधन), 1 बेटी
| alma_mater = रमा देवी महिला विश्वविद्यालय
| religion = 
| blank1 = 
| data1 = 
| profession = राजनीतिक नेता
| website = 
}}
'''द्रौपदी मुर्मू''' (जनम 20 जून 1958) एगो भारतीय राजनीतिक नेता आ [[भारत के राष्ट्रपति लोगन के लिस्ट|भारत के 15वीं]] आ मौजूदा [[भारत के राष्ट्रपति|राष्टपति]] बाड़ी। मुर्मू [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]] से संबंधित बाड़ी। एकरा से पहिले उ 2015 से 2021 तक झारखंड के नौवीं राज्यपाल के रूप में काम कइले रहली। उ [[ओडिशा]] राज्य के हई। ऊ [[झारखंड]] के पहिला राज्यपाल रहली जे पाँच साल के कार्यकाल पूरा कइले होखे, 1997 तक रायरांगपुर में शिक्षक रहली, आ भारत के राष्ट्रपति बने वाली पहिली [[अनुसूचित जाति अउरी अनुसूचित जनजाति|आदिवासी]] हई।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-tribal-politician-draupadi-murmu-wins-presidential-vote/a-62559372|title=Indian tribal politician elected president – DW – 07/21/2022|website=dw.com|language=en|access-date=2022-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== निजी जिनगी ==
द्रौपदी मुर्मू के जनम 20 जून 1958 के ओडिशा के [[मयूरभंज जिला]] के बैदापोसी गाँव में बिरंची नारायण तुडू के घरे भइल। टुडू आ इनके दादा दुनों पंचायती राज प्रणाली के तहत गाँव के मुखिया रहलें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/politics/droupadi-murmu-india-e2-80-99s-youngest-president-and-first-to-be-born-after-independence/ar-AAZPApk|title=Droupadi Murmu: India’s Youngest President and First to be Born After Independence|website=MSN|language=en-IN|access-date=2022-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

द्रौपदी मुर्मू के बियाह श्याम चरण मुर्मू से भइल। ए जोड़ी के दुगो बेटा रहे, दुनो के मौत हो गइल, अवरू एगो बेटी बाड़ी।

== राजनीतिक कैरियर ==

मुर्मू 1997 में रैरंगपुर नगर पंचायत के पार्षद चुनल गइल रहली। उ भारतीय जनता पार्टी के अनुसूचित जनजाति मोर्चा के उपाध्यक्ष भी रहली।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-bjp-backs-tribal-politician-draupadi-murmu-for-president-against-former-ally/a-62505626|title=BJP backs tribal politician for India's president – DW – 07/18/2022|website=dw.com|language=en|access-date=2022-12-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ओडिशा में भारतीय जनता पार्टी आ बीजू जनता दल गठबंधन सरकार के दौरान 6 मार्च 2000 से 6 अगस्त 2002 ले वाणिज्य आ परिवहन आ 6 अगस्त 2002, आ 16 मई 2004 से मत्स्य आ पशु संसाधन विकास खातिर स्वतंत्र प्रभार के साथ राज्य मंत्री रहली।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/draupadi-murmu-first-president-india-born-independence-1503092340.html|title=Draupadi Murmu, to be the first president to be born after Independence|last=Service|first=Statesman News|date=2022-07-21|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; ऊ 2000 से 2004 ले ओडिशा के मुख्य मंत्री रहली आ रायरंगपुर विधानसभा क्षेत्र के विधायक रहली। साल 2007 में ओडिशा&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/draupadi-murmu-president-of-india-982961-2017-06-15|title=Draupadi Murmu may soon be the President of India: Know all about her|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2022-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; विधान सभा से उनुका के सर्वश्रेष्ठ विधायक खातिर नीलकंठ पुरस्कार दिहल गइल रहे।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parenting/moments/draupadi-murmu-lesser-known-facts-about-the-15th-president-of-india/articleshow/93103577.cms|title=Draupadi Murmu: Lesser known facts about the 15th President of India - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== गवर्नर के रूप में ==
मुर्मू झारखंड के पहिली महिला राज्यपाल रहली।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/name-droupadi-was-given-by-my-teacher-president-murmu/cid/1876383|title=Name Droupadi was given by my teacher: President Murmu|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2022-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; उ ओडिशा के पहिली महिला आदिवासी नेता रहली जिनके कवनो भारतीय राज्य में गवर्नर के रूप में नियुक्ति भइल होखे।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-candidate-droupadi-murmu-rairangpur-village-education-council-election-early-life-1966505-2022-06-24|title=Presidential candidate Droupadi Murmu and Rairangpur connect {{!}} IN PICS|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2022-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== राष्ट्रपति कार्यकाल (2022-अबतक ले) ==
26 जुलाई 2022 के द्रौपदी मुर्मू [[भारत के राष्ट्रपति लोगन के लिस्ट|भारत के 15वीं राष्ट्रपति]] के शपथ लिहली, शपथ-ग्रहण समारोह के अध्यक्षता, भारत के 48वां मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन. वी. रमना द्वारा कइल गइल आ पूर्व राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री, आ अउरी प्रतिनिधि लोग के समारोह में मौजूद रहल।

मुर्मू भारत के आदिवासी समुदाय से पहिली ब्यक्ति बाड़ी जे राष्ट्रपति चुनल गइल बाड़ी। ऊ सभसे कम उमिर के आ 1947 में भारत के आजादी के बाद पैदा भइल पहिली ब्यक्ति हई जे राष्ट्रपति चुनल गइल बाड़ी। मुर्मू प्रतिभा पाटिल के बाद राष्ट्रपति के पद धारण करे वाली दूसरही औरत बाड़ी।

मुर्मू पहिली बेर 14 अगस्त 2022 के राष्ट्रपति के रूप में राष्ट्र के संबोधित कइली, ई 75वाँ स्वतंत्रता दिवस के पूर्व संध्या पर रहल।

सितंबर 2022 में ऊ एगो सरकारी प्रोग्राम 'प्रधानमंत्री टीबी मुक्त भारत' लांच कइली – जवन देस से टीबी रोग (ट्यूबरकुलोसिस) के खतम करे के पहल बाटे। ऊ कर्नाटक में दस दिन के राज्य महोत्सव 'मैसूरू दसहरा' के उद्घाटन करे वाली भारत के पहिली राष्ट्रपति बनली।राष्ट्रपति कार्यकाल के सुरुआती महीना सभ में मुर्मू असम, मिजोरम, नागालैंड आ सिक्किम समेत देस के पूर्बोत्तर राज्यन के दौरा कइली आ बिबिध बिकास परियोजना सभ के समारोह में शामिल भइली।

नवंबर 2022 में ऊ राष्ट्रपति के पद सम्हरला के बाद पहिला बेर अपना गृह राज्य ओडिशा के दौरा कइली आ बिबिध कार्यक्रम सभ में भाग लिहली। उ अपना महतारी संस्था के दौरा कइली आ बाद में सड़क के किनारे स्कूली बच्चा लोगन से भेंट कइली अउरी दु किलोमीटर पैदल चल के पुरी जगन्नाथ मंदिर के देवता के नमन करे गइली।

अप्रैल 2023 में आसाम के तेजपुर एयर स्टेशन से सुखोई एसयू-30एमकेआई लड़ाकू विमान में ऐतिहासिक उड़ान भरली, आ लड़ाकू विमान में उड़ान भरे वाली अबतक के तिसरहा राष्ट्रपति बनली। उ लगभग 30 मिनट ले ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी अउरी तेजपुर घाटी के ऊपर से उड़ली जवन हिमालयी श्रृंखला के भी कवर कइलस। एकरा बाद उ एकरा के एगो &quot;उल्लासजनक अनुभव&quot; बतवली।

मई 2023 में जब सेंट्रल विस्टा प्रोजेक्ट के तहत नयका संसद भवन के उद्घाटन प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी कइलन त बिबाद छिड़ल। बिपक्ष एकर उद्घाटन मुर्मू से संवैधानिक राष्ट्रपति के रूप में करे के माँग कइलस, आ समारोह के बहिष्कार क देलस। हालाँकि, बाद में मुर्मू के कहनाम रहल कि &quot;प्रधानमंत्री संसद के भरोसा के प्रतीक हवे, अउरी उनुका उद्घाटन से उनुके गर्व अउरी गहिरा संतुष्टि भइल&quot;।

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
{{Commons category|Draupadi Murmu|द्रौपदी मुर्मू}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off|in-or}}
{{s-bef|before=लक्ष्मण माँझी}}
{{s-ttl|title=बिधायक, रायरंगपुर |years=2000–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=श्याम चरण हंसदा}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef| before=सईद अहमद}}
{{s-ttl| title=झारखंड के राज्यपाल| years=2015–2021}}
{{s-aft| after=रमेश बैस}}
{{s-bef|before=[[रामनाथ कोविंद]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[भारत के राष्ट्रपति]]|years=2022–अबतक}}
{{s-inc}}
{{end}}

{{Presidents of India|state=expanded}}

[[श्रेणी:1958 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत के राष्ट्रपति]]
[[श्रेणी:झारखंड के गवर्नर]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय जनता पार्टी के नेता]]
[[श्रेणी:आदिवासी राजनीतिक नेता]]
[[श्रेणी:संताली लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:ओडिशा के लोग]]</text>
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      <text bytes="958" sha1="d8xqmwlhwkxq02cqyfu83cl1547avve" xml:space="preserve">'''तिस्सा''', बाद मे '''देवानंपिय तिस्सा''', [[श्रीलंका]] के सभसे पहिले के राजा लोग मे से एगो रहलें जे 247 ईसा पूर्व से 207 ईसा पूर्व ले प्राचीन राजधानी अनुराधापुरा से सासत कइलें। इनकर सासत मे [[श्रीलंका]] मे [[बौद्ध धरम]], मौर्य सम्राट [[अशोक|असोक]] महान के मदद से आइल। इनकर सासत के प्राथमिक स्रोत [[महावंस]] हवे जे अधिक पुरान [[दीपवंस]] पऽ आधारित बा।

[[श्रेणी:बौद्ध धर्म के इतिहास]]


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'''दिशा पाटानी''' भारत के एगो अभिनेत्री हई जे मुख्य रूप से [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]फिलिम सभ में काम करेली। ई आपन अभिनय करियर के सुरुआत [[तेलुगु भाषा|तेलुगु]] फिलिम लोफर (2015) से वरुण तेज संगे कइली आ [[एम. एस धोनी : द अनटोल्ड स्टोरी]] मे कइल काम से इनका लोग चिन्हेला।

[[श्रेणी:1992 में जनम]]


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      <text bytes="897" sha1="lxmmxx6tqcw8ko4vqva0gxzsyxytp9y" xml:space="preserve">'''महारानी देवी''' (पूरा नाँव: वेदिसा-महादेवी साक्यकुमारी) [[श्रीलंका]] के पोथी सभ के अनुसार तीसरका मौर्य सम्राट [[अशोक|असोक]] के पहिलकी मेहरारू रहली। ऊ अशोक के पहिला दू गो संतान- बेटा महेंद्र आ बेटी संघामित्र- के महतारीओ रहली जे दुनों लोग [[बौद्ध धर्म]] के अउरी देस सभ पसारे अहम भूमिका निभवलस। इहाँ के [[सांचीओ स्तूप|सांची स्तूप]] ला मने पारल जाला।


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      <text bytes="3833" sha1="i9vdtr5bpw3rftg0edkc5yte1sdqa43" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = दिसपुर
| other_name               = 
| settlement_type          = उपनगर (सबअर्ब)
| image_skyline            = Assam Secretariat, Dispur, August, 2008.jpg
| image_alt                = 
| image_caption            = आसाम के सचिवालय
| image_map                = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=250|frame-height=300|zoom=10|frame-lat=26.1409355|frame-long=91.7910265|type=shape-inverse|title=Dispur}}
| nickname                 = 
| map_alt                  = 
| map_caption              = 
| pushpin_map              = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position   = left
| pushpin_map_alt          = 
| pushpin_map_caption      = 
| coordinates              = {{coord|26|8|23|N|91|47|33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type         = देस
| subdivision_name         = भारत
| subdivision_type1        = राज्य
| subdivision_name1        = [[आसाम]]
| subdivision_type2        = क्षेत्र
| subdivision_name2        = [[पच्छिमी आसाम]]
| subdivision_type3        = जिला
| subdivision_name3        =कामरूप महागर जिला
| established_title        = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;
| established_date         = 
| founder                  = 
| named_for                = 
| government_type          = मेयर-कौंसिल
| governing_body           = गुवाहाटी नगर निगम
| leader_title1            = 
| leader_name1             = 
| leader_title2            = 
| leader_name2             = 
| unit_pref                = Metric
| area_footnotes           = 
| area_rank                = 
| area_total_km2           = 
| elevation_footnotes      = 
| elevation_m              = 55–290
| elevation_ft             = 180-955
| population_total         = 957,352&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guwahati City Census 2011 data |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/191-guwahati.html |website=census2011 |publisher=census |access-date=5 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_as_of         = 2011
| population_rank          = 
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_demonym       = 
| population_footnotes     = 
| demographics_type1       = [[भाषा]]
| demographics1_title1     = ऑफिशियल
| demographics1_info1      = [[असमिया भाषा|असमिया]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 June 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| timezone1                = [[भारतीय मानक समय|IST]]
| utc_offset1              = +5:30
| postal_code_type         = [[पिनकोड]]
| postal_code              = 781005
| area_code_type           = टेलीफोन कोड
| area_code                = 91 - (0) 361 - XX XX XXX
| registration_plate       = AS - 01
| blank1_name_sec2         = 
| blank1_info_sec2         = 
| website                  = 
| iso_code                 = 
| footnotes                = 
}}
'''दिसपुर''' भारत के [[आसाम|आसाम राज्य]] के कामरूप महानगरीय जिला में एगो शहर बा जे असम राज्य के राजधानी भी बा। ई [[गुवाहाटी]] के एगो उपनगर हवे।

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:आसाम के शहर आ कस्बा]]


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|name=धरनीदास
|image=
|image_size=
|caption=
|other_names=गैबी
|birth_name=धरनीदास
|birth_date=1646
|birth_place=[[माँझी]], [[छपरा]], [[बिहार]]
|residence=बिहार
|religion=[[हिन्दू]]
|school_tradition=[[रामानन्दी सम्प्रदाय]]
|main_interests={{hlist|[[रहस्यवाद]]|[[ईश्वरवाद]]|[[समन्वयवाद]]|[[कविता]]|}}
}}
'''धरनीदास''' ([[कैथी]]:{{Script|Kthi|𑂡𑂩𑂢𑂲𑂠𑂰𑂮}}) (1646-1688) एगो रामानन्दी संत आ [[भोजपुरी]] कवि रहलें जे [[भोजपुरी साहित्य]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Bindeshwari Prasad|title=Kayasthas in Making of Modern Bihar|publisher=Impression Publication|year=2003|isbn=|location=|pages=251}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Chakraborty|first=S.N.|title=Behar Herald, [1875-1975]: Centenary Number|publisher=Bengalee Association, Bihar|year=1975|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देले बाडे़। ऊ एगो [[कायस्थ]] परिवार&lt;ref name=&quot;Superintendent, Secretariat Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Saran, vol. XIV|publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press|year=1960|isbn=|location=Bihar|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; के रहलें आ सम्राट [[औरंगजेब]] के समकालीन रहलें। इनके अनुयायीयन के धरनीदासी कहल जाला जे लोग गर्दन में मनका वाला माला पेन्हेले, भजन गावेले आ शाकाहारी होले।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Pankaj|first1=Ashok K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHd0DwAAQBAJ&amp;q=shabd+prakash|title=Dalits, Subalternity and Social Change in India|last2=Pandey|first2=Ajit K.|date=2018-10-26|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-78518-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== जिनगी ==
उनकर जलम 1646 ई.स. मे [[बिहार]] के [[छपरा]] के लगे माँझी गाँव के कायस्थ परिवार में भइल रहे। उनके [[बाबुजी]] के नाँव परशुरामदास आ [[महतारी]] के नाँव बिरमा देवी रहे। उनकर लड़िकाई के नाँव गैबी&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=सिंह |first=दुर्गा प्रसाद|title=भोजपुरी के कवि आ काव्य |publisher=बिहार राष्ट्रभाषा परिषद|year=1968|isbn=|location=पटना|pages=93}}&lt;/ref&gt; रहल। उनकर पुरखा लोग माँझी जागीर में दीवान के पद पर काम करत रहले। उ संत बने से पहिले [[राज्य (प्रांत)|राज्य]] के सेवो कइले।

'''संत बने के लोकप्रिय काथा''' ई बा के, एक बेरा ऊ आपन काम करत रहले, के एक्बएग लगे रखस लोटा उठा के मेज पर रखल कागज आ बसता पर पानी के ऊझिल देले, अइसन करे के कारण पूछला पर ऊ जवाब दिहले कि [[भगवान जगन्नाथ]] के आरती बेरा उनके चिर मे आग लगऽल रहे आ ऊ आग बुतावेला अयीसन कइले हऽ। एह बात पर जमीनदार आ उनकर अधिकारीयन के विश्वस ना भइल आ उनकर हसी उरवले। एह पर धरनीदास कहले,
&lt;Center&gt;&quot; लिखनी नाही करो रे भाई।
मोहे राम नाम सुधी आई ।। &quot;
&lt;/Center&gt;

जब उहवा के महाराजा के ई बात मालूम चलऽल तऽ उ आपन भरोसा के आदमीयन के [[पुरी|जगन्नाथ]] पेठवले। उहवा से मालूम परल के उ बेरा जब धरनीदास मेज पर पानी भरल लोटा उझीलले ठिक उसे बेरा उनकरे रूप के [[मानुस|मनुष]] उहवा प्रकट भइल आ आरती से लागल आग भुतवलक आ बिलागयेल। ई बात सुनला के बाद महाराजा उनकारा से क्षमा गोहरले आ आपन पद के फेनु से सुसज्जित करेके निहोरा कइले। बाकीर उ ना मनले आ कहले के अब हमरा के हरी गुण गावेदऽ आ भगवत्भजन करेदऽ।

1657ई.स. में ऊ [[स्वामी रामानन्दाचार्य]] के अनुयायी बनलें जे [[वैष्णव]] धर्म&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; के प्रचारक रहलें। उ '''चन्द्रदास''' नाँव के एगो संत से दीक्षा लिहले, आ फेनु विनोदानन्द के शिष्य बन गइलन। '''सदानन्द''' आ '''करुणानिधन''' इनके दू गो उल्लेखनीय शिष्य रहलें।

अपना जीवनकाल में एकमा के लगे [[पारस मठ]], भटनी के लगे [[सहनाम मठ]] जईसन कई गो मठ के स्थापना कइले, जहां हर साल उनकर आ उनकर अनुयायी सदानन्द आ शिवानन्द से लागऽत एगो मेला लागेला। माँझी में एगो गणित के स्थापनो कइले। उनकर धार्मिक बिचार '''मूर्तिपूजा''' आ '''अंधविश्वास''' के विरुद्ध रहे। धरनीदास तीनगो ग्रन्थन '''प्रेम प्रगास''' आ '''शब्द प्रकाश''' के रचना कइले बानी जवन भोजपुरी आ [[ब्रजभाषा]] बा, आ तीसीरका '''आलिफ''' रहल जे [[फ़ारसी भाषा|फारसी]] में रहल।

== सर्जल साहित्य ==

धरनीदास तीनगो ग्रन्थन के रचना कैले बाड़े:

*प्रेम प्रागास
*शब्द प्रकाश 
*आलीफ के

शब्द प्रकेश के प्रकाशन 1887 में [[छपरा]] के नासिक प्रेस से भइल। इनके रचना सभ के संग्रह धरनीदास की वाणी (हिंदी पुस्तक) भी 1911 में [[प्रयागराज जिला|प्रयागराज]] से 47 पन्ना के पुस्तिका के रूप में प्रकाशित भइल।

==संदर्भ==

[[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी-भाषा के कवि]]</text>
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| name = नाइनटीन एटी फोर
| author = [[जॉर्ज ऑरवेल]]
| country = ब्रिटेन
| genre = [[Dystopian novel|Dystopian]], [[political fiction]], [[social science fiction]]
| publisher = [[Secker &amp; Warburg]]
| language = अंग्रेजी
}}
'''''नाइनटीन एटी-फोर''''' ( '''''1984''''' के रूप में भी स्टाइल कइल गइल) एगो डिस्टोपियन सोशल साइंस फिक्शन उपन्यास आ चेतावनी कहानी हवे जे अंग्रेजी लेखक जॉर्ज ऑरवेल द्वारा लिखल गइल बा।

[[श्रेणी:उपन्यास]]


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{{infobox
|subheaderstyle   = background:#800080; color:white;
| subheader1 = दुर्गावती नद्दी
| image   = 
[[File: Durgavati river mountain view.jpg|frameless]]
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| header3 = स्थान
| label4  =देस 
| data4   = भारत
| label5  = राज्य
| data5   = बिहार
| label6  = जिला
| data6   = [[कैमूर जिला|कैमूर]], [[रोहतास जिला|रोहतास]]
| header7 = भौतिक स्थिती
| label8  =कुल लमाई 
| data8   = 165 कि.मि.
| label9  = आंदाजीत चौड़ाई
| data9   =222 फिट}}

'''दुर्गावती नद्दी''' जेकरा के '''दुर्गौतीओ''' कहल जाला, भारतीय राज्य [[बिहार]] के [[कैमूर जिला]] से हो के बहेली। ई नद्दी [[कर्मनाशा नदी|कर्मनाशा नद्दी]] के सहायक नद्दी बा। 
==चित्र==
[[चित्र:Durgavati_river_kaimur.jpg|center|thumb|335x335px]]
[[चित्र:Durgavati_dam.jpg|center|thumb|335x335px]]
[[चित्र:Durgavati_reservoir.jpg|center|thumb|335x335px]]
[[चित्र:Duragavati_reservoir_kaimur.jpg|center|thumb|335x335px]]
==संदर्भ==

[[श्रेणी:बिहार के नदी]]


{{River-stub}}</text>
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    <title>नवाबगंज चिरई बिहार</title>
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|name=नवाबगंज चिरई बिहार&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary&lt;/small&gt;
|alt_name=शहीद चन्द्रशेखर आजाद पक्षी अभयारण्य
|photo=Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 03.JPG
|photo_alt=बिहार के नमभूमि
|photo_caption=पक्षी बिहार के नमभूमि
|photo_width=
|map=India
|relief=1
|map_alt=
|map_caption=भारत में लोकेशन
|map_width=
|coordinates={{coords|26.6191858|80.6531205|display=inline,title}}
|location=नबाबगंज, [[उत्तर प्रदेश]], [[भारत]]
|nearest_city=[[उन्नाव]]
|area=
|established=
|visitation_num=
|visitation_year=
|governing_body=[[भारत सरकार]]
|world_heritage_site=|website=|embedded={{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
| designation1_date = 19 September 2019
| designation1_number = 2412&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2412|access-date=3 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
[[चित्र:591_Spotted-Deer.jpg|thumb|नवाबगंज पक्षी अभयारण्य में एक धब्बेदार हिरण ।]]
'''नबाबगंज चिरई बिहार''' भा '''नवाबगंज पक्षी अभयारण्य''', जेकर नाँव 2015 में रखल गइल '''शहीद चंद्रशेखर आजाद चिरई अभयारण्य''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lucknow-zoo-nawabganj-bird-sanctuary-to-be-renamed-115062300749_1.html|title=Lucknow zoo, Nawabganj bird sanctuary to be renamed}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[भारत]] के [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] में कानपुर-लखनऊ राजमार्ग पर [[उन्नाव जिला]] में स्थित एगो चिरई अभयारण्य बाटे जेह में एगो [[झील]] आ आसपास के पर्यावरण सामिल बा। ई उत्तरी भारत के कई गो [[नमभूमि|आर्द्रभूमि सभ]] में से एक हवे। ई अभयारण्य प्रवासी चिरई सभ के 250 प्रजाति सभ के सुरक्षा देला जे ज्यादातर सीआईएस (या पहिले [[सोवियत यूनियन|सोवियत संघ]] ) देस सभ से आवे लीं, बाकी ई संख्या 1990 के दशक से कम हो रहल बा, ज्यादातर [[हिमाचल प्रदेश|हिमाचल]] आ [[राजस्थान]] के नया इलाका सभ में चल गइल बाड़ी। अभयारण्य में हिरण पार्क, वाचटावर आ नाव भी बाड़ी सऽ।

== चिरई-चुरुंग ==
इहाँ के एवियन आबादी में लोकल निवासी के साथे-साथ प्रवासी चिरई सभ के मिश्रण भी सामिल बा। ई चिरई जाड़ा के समय [[तिब्बत]], [[चीन]], [[यूरोप]] आ [[साइबेरिया]] से [[हिमालय]] के पार पलायन करे लीं आ एहिजा आवे लीं। एह में से कुछ चिरई 5000&amp;nbsp;किमी से ऊपर के दूरी ले उड़े लीं आ 8500 मीटर से ऊपर ऊँचाई पर इहाँ पहुँचे खातिर आवे लीं। मौसम में कुछ प्रमुख प्रवासी चिरई ग्रेलैग हंस, [[दिघोंच|पिंटेल]], कॉटन टील, रेड-क्रेस्टेड पोचार्ड, गैडवाल, शोवेलर, कूट आ मैलार्ड बाड़ी सऽ। कुछ प्रमुख स्थानीय प्रवासी आ आवासीय चिरई सभ में [[सारस|सारस क्रेन]], [[जाँघिल|पेंट कइल सारस]], [[पनडुब्बी]], सफेद आइबिस, [[मोर|डबचिक]], सीटी बजावे वाला टील, [[गंगला (चिरई)|खुला बिल वाला सारस]], [[सफेदकंठी लगलग|सफेद गर्दन वाला सारस]], फिजेंट-टेल्ड जकाना, कांस्य पंख वाला जकाना, बैंगनी मूरहेन, लैपविंग, टर्न, बाड़ें। [[गिद्ध]], [[कबूतर आ पंडुक|कबूतर]], [[भुजइठा|राजा कौआ]], भारतीय रोलर आ बी ईटर सामिल बाड़ी स।

== सरीसृप ==
अभयारण्य में पावल जाए वाला प्रमुख सरीसृप सभ में कोबरा, वाइपर, [[करइत]], धामिन आ पानी के साँप बाड़ें।

'''कोबरा''' कई तरह के एलापिड साँप के आम नाम ह जवना में से अधिकतर ''नाजा'' जीनस के हवें।

'''वाइपेरिडी''' ( '''vipers''' ) दुनिया के ज्यादातर हिस्सा में पावल जाए वाला जहरीला साँप सभ के परिवार हवे, [[अंटार्कटिका]], [[आस्ट्रेलिया|ऑस्ट्रेलिया]], [[हवाई]], [[मेडागास्कर]], [[न्यूजीलैंड]], बिबिध अउरी अलग-थलग दीप सभ आ आर्कटिक सर्कल के उत्तर में छोड़ के।

'''आम करइत''' ( ''Bungarus caeruleus'' ), जेकरा के '''भारतीय''' '''करैत''' भा '''ब्लू''' '''करैत''' भी कहल जाला ) [[भारत|भारतीय]] [[महादीप|उपमहाद्वीप]] के [[जंगल]] में पावल जाए वाला ''बंगारस'' जीनस के जहरीला साँप के एगो [[प्रजाति]] हवे। ई &quot;बड़का चार&quot; प्रजाति के सदस्य हवे, भारत में मनुष्य पर सभसे ढेर साँप के काट इहे प्रजाति देला।

[[धामिन]] सदस्य हवें – राजा साँप, दूध के साँप, बेल के साँप आ नील साँप के साथे – कोलुब्रिडी परिवार के उपपरिवार कोलुब्रिने के। ई मध्यम से बड़हन कंस्ट्रिक्टर हवें आ उत्तरी गोलार्ध के बहुत सारा हिस्सा में पावल जालें। इ मुख्य रूप से कृंतक आ [[चिरई]] के खाला।

अलग अलग साँप के '''पनिहा साँप''' कहल जाला। &quot;पानी के साँप&quot; के इस्तेमाल कबो-कबो कौनों भी साँप खातिर वर्णनात्मक शब्द के रूप में भी कइल जाला जे मीठा पानी में या एकरे लगे काफी समय बितावे लें, जइसे कि एक्रोकोर्डिडी परिवार से संबंधित कौनों भी प्रजाति। इनहन के समुद्री साँप सभ से भ्रमित ना कइल जाय, जे मुख्य रूप से या पूरा तरीका से समुंद्री वातावरण में रहे लें।

== हिरण पार्क ==
अभयारण्य के आसपास हिरण खातिर एगो छोट पार्क के स्थापना कइल गइल बा। पार्क में चित्तीदार आ बार्किंग हिरण बाड़े। ई अभयारण्य के मुख्य आकर्षण सभ में से एक हवे।

== रहे के अस्थान ==
अभयारण्य के भीतर रेस्तरां आ चिल्ड्रेन पार्क के साथे बिस्तर आ ठहरल वाला गेस्टहाउस के इंतजाम बा।

== गैलरी ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
चित्र:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 02.jpg|Panorama of Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
चित्र:Birds at Nawabganj bird sanctuary, Unnao 02.JPG|A heron at the bird sanctuary
चित्र:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 01.JPG|Watch tower
चित्र:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 05.JPG|Wetlands of Bird Sanctuary
चित्र:Lake at Nawabganj bird sanctuary, Unnao 04.JPG|Wetlands of Bird Sanctuary
चित्र:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 06.JPG|Migratory birds in winter
चित्र:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 07.JPG|
चित्र:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 09.JPG|
चित्र:Boating in lake at Nawabganj bird sanctuary, Unnao 01.JPG|Boating in lake
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== इहो देखल जाव ==

* [[नेचर रिजर्व|वन्यजीव के आश्रय स्थल]]
* [[नेचर रिजर्व|प्रकृति रिजर्व]]

== संदर्भ दिहल गइल बा ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== बाहरी कड़ी ==

* [http://www.wild-india.com/NationalParksIndia/index.html राष्ट्रीय उद्यान के बारे में जानकारी दिहल गइल बा] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193959/http://www.wild-india.com/NationalParksIndia/index.html |date=2016-03-03 }}
* [http://unnao.nic.in/nawabganjbirds/index.html नवाबगंज के चिरई]

{{Protected areas in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[श्रेणी:उन्नाव जिला]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत में रामसर साइट]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के पक्षी बिहार]]
[[श्रेणी:जवन निर्देशांक विकिडेटा पर मौजूद बाटे]]</text>
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    <title>देउल</title>
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      <text bytes="7530" sha1="q30qaekhetrdl1pduerx97wfngszg03" xml:space="preserve">[[चित्र:Simplified_schema_of_Kalinga_architecture.jpg|right|thumb|400x400px| एगो कलिंग वास्तुकला मंदिर के सरलीकृत योजना]]
'''देउल''' पूरबी भारत के [[ओडिशा|ओडिशान]] मंदिर सभ के कलिंग वास्तुकला शैली में एगो [[हिंदू मंदिर]] में वास्तुशिल्प तत्व हवे। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php|title=Architecture on the Indian Subcontinent - Glossary|publisher=|access-date=2007-01-26|archive-date=2012-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306200130/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; कबो कबो पूरा मंदिर के ''देउल'' भी कहल जाला। [[ओडिया|ओडिया भाषा]] में &quot;देउल&quot; शब्द के मतलब होला एगो खास शैली से बनल भवन संरचना जे ओडिशा के अधिकतर मंदिरन में देखल जाला। ''देउल'' के प्रयोग अंग्रेजी में भी होला, हालाँकि, पच्छिम बंगाल के मानभूम इलाका में [[मानभूम|देउल]] मंदिर सभ के भी अलग रूप बा।

''देउल'' तीन प्रकार के होला:&lt;ref&gt;http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Orissan_Temple_Architecture.pdf p. 45-47&lt;/ref&gt; सामान्य उत्तर भारतीय शब्दावली के हिसाब से रेखा देउल गर्भगृह आ एकरे ऊपर के टावर हवे, क्रम से गर्भगृह आ [[गर्भगृह|शिखर]], पीढ़ देउल हवे मण्डप जहाँ आस्थावान लोग मौजूद बा, आ खखरा देउला टावर के वैकल्पिक रूप हवे, जवन आकार में दक्खिनी द्रविड़ वास्तुकला में लम्बा गोपुरम मंदिर के गेटहाउस से मिलत जुलत बा।

== रेखा देउल ==
[[चित्र:Lingaraj_Temple_bbsr10.jpg|right|thumb| लिंगराज मंदिर, एगो &quot;शिखर देउल&quot; के उदाहरण।]]
[[चित्र:Shantinath_Temple.JPG|right|thumb| पश्चिम बंगाल के जयरामबाती के पास शिहार में शांतिनाथ शिव मंदिर।]]
ओडिया में रेखा के मतलब होला सीधा रेखा। ई एगो ऊँच भवन ह जवना के आकार मिठाई के बा, जवन शिखर निहन लउकेला। ई गर्भगृह ( [[गर्भगृह]] ) के ढंक के रक्षा करे ला। उदाहरण खातिर दिहल गइल बा : 1।

* [[भुबनेश्वर|भुवनेश्वर]] के लिंगराज मंदिर के शिखर
* [[पुरी]] के [[जगन्नाथ मंदिर, पुरी|जगन्नाथ मंदिर]] के शिखर
* नयागढ़ के जगन्नाथ मंदिर
* [[भुबनेश्वर|भुवनेश्वर]] में उत्तरेश्वर शिव मंदिर
* [[भुबनेश्वर|भुवनेश्वर]] के यमेश्वर मंदिर के शिखर
* पश्चिम बंगाल के जयरामबाती, [[बाँकुरा|बांकुरा]], के पास शिहार गाँव में शांतिनाथ शिव मंदिर के शिखर

== पीढ़ देउल ==
[[चित्र:Konarak-jagamohan.jpg|right|thumb| कोनार्क सूर्य मंदिर, एगो &quot;पीढ़ देउल&quot; (पीछे के बड़हन टावर गिर गइल बा) के उदाहरण।]]
ई एगो चौकोर इमारत हवे, आमतौर पर एकर छत पिरामिड के आकार के होला, बलुक दक्खिनी द्रविड़ वास्तुकला में मंदिर सभ के गर्भग्रह सभ के ऊपर के विमान टावर नियर। मंदिर के हॉल भा सेवा कक्ष खातिर। उदाहरण खातिर

* कोनारक में सूर्य मंदिर के जग मोहन (असेंबली हॉल)।
* [[भुबनेश्वर|भुवनेश्वर]] के यमेश्वर मंदिर के जग मोहन
* पश्चिम बंगाल के बांकुरा के जयरामबाती में शांतिनाथ शिव मंदिर के जग मोहन
* [[भुबनेश्वर|भुवनेश्वर]] के दिगंबर जैन मंदिर, खंडागिरी

== खखरा देउल ==
[[चित्र:Vaitala_Mandira.jpg|right|thumb| बैताल देउला एगो &quot;खखरा देउल&quot; के उदाहरण।]]
खकारा देउला एगो आयताकार भवन हवे जेकर छत पिरामिड के आकार के काट दिहल गइल बा, जइसे कि गोपुरा सभ। छत के आकार के वजह से ई नाँव खखरू (लौकी) से आइल बा। [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति]] के रूप में स्त्री देवता लोग के मंदिर ओह प्रकार के मंदिर हवें। उदाहरण खातिर :

* बैताल देउल, [[भुबनेश्वर|भुवनेश्वर]] (चामुंडा के समर्पित )
* वरही देउल, [[Chaurasi|चौरसी]], [[पुरी जिला]] (वराही के समर्पित )
* [[Brahmi temple|ब्राह्मी मंदिर]], [[Chaurasi|चौरसी]]
* केदार गौरी, [[भुबनेश्वर|भुवनेश्वर]]
* नारायणी मंदिर, खालिकोटे ([[दुर्गा]] के समर्पित )
* दुर्गा मंदिर, बांकी

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist}}

== बाहरी लिंक ==

* http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Orissan_Temple_Architecture.pdf
* http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306200130/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |date=2012-03-06 }}

[[श्रेणी:ओडिशा के संस्कृति]]
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      <text bytes="23639" sha1="2o88j3iaa3924ensjeai2y3ps4b1p47" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Dwarkadheesh Temple &lt;br/&gt; द्वारकाधीश मंदिर|image=Dwarkadheesh temple.jpg|alt=|caption=The temple sikhars with the entrance in front|map_type=India Gujarat|map_caption=Location in Gujarat|coordinates={{coord|22|14|16.39|N|68|58|3.22|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|country=[[India]]|state=[[Gujarat]]|locale=[[Dwarka]]|elevation_m=|website={{URL|https://www.dwarkadhish.org/}}}}
{{Char Dham}}
'''द्वारकाधीश मंदिर''', जेकरा के '''जगत मंदिर''' भी कहल जाला, [[कृष्ण]] के समर्पित एगो [[हिंदू मंदिर]] हवे, जिनके इहाँ ''द्वारकाधीश'', या 'द्वारका के राजा' नाँव से पूजल जाला। ई मंदिर [[गुजरात|भारत के गुजरात]] के द्वारका शहर में स्थित बा, जवन हिंदू तीर्थ परिक्रमा [[चारो धाम|चार धाम]] के जाए वाला जगहन में से एगो ह। 72 खंभा पर बनल एह पांच मंजिला भवन के मुख्य तीर्थ जगत मंदिर भा निज मंदिर के नाम से जानल जाला। पुरातात्विक खोज से पता चलेला कि मूल मंदिर के निर्माण सबसे पहिले 200 ईसा पूर्व में भइल रहे। 15वीं-16वीं सदी में एह मंदिर के दोबारा निर्माण आ बिस्तार कइल गइल।&lt;ref&gt;1988, P. N. Chopra, &quot;Encyclopaedia of India, Volume 1&quot;, page.114&lt;/ref&gt;

परंपरा के अनुसार मूल मंदिर के निर्माण कृष्ण के पोता वज्रनाभ द्वारा हरि-गृह (कृष्ण के आवासीय स्थान) के ऊपर बनवावल मानल जाला। मूल संरचना के महमूद बेगडा द्वारा 1472 में नष्ट कर दिहल गइल, आ एकरे बाद 15वीं-16वीं सदी में मारु-गुर्जर शैली में बनवावल गइल।

ई मंदिर भारत में [[हिंदू|हिन्दू लोग]] द्वारा पवित्र मानल जाए वाला ''चार धाम'' तीर्थ यात्रा के हिस्सा बन गइल। [[आदि शंकर|आदि शंकराचार्य]], 8वीं सदी के हिन्दू धर्मशास्त्री आ दार्शनिक, एह तीर्थ के दौरा कइले। बाकी तीन में रामेश्वरम, बद्रीनाथ अउरी [[पुरी]] शामिल बा। आजुवो मंदिर के भीतर एगो स्मारक उनुका यात्रा के समर्पित बा। द्वारकाधीश उपमहादीप के [[विष्णु]] के 98वां दिव्य देसम हवे, जेकर महिमा ''दिव्य प्रबंध'' पवित्र ग्रंथन में बा।{{Sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2014|p=71}} मंदिर औसत समुद्र तल से ऊपर {{Convert|12.19|m}} के ऊँचाई पर बा। एकर मुँह पच्छिम के ओर बा। मंदिर के लेआउट में एगो ''गर्भगृह ( निजमंदिर'' या ''हरिग्रह'' ) आ एगो अंतराल (एगो एंटीचेम्बर) बाटे।{{Sfn|Paramāra|1996|p=87}} हालाँकि, मौजूदा मंदिर के तारीख 16वीं सदी के बतावल जाला।

== दंतकथा ==
हिन्दू किंवदंती के अनुसार द्वारका के निर्माण एगो जमीन के अइसन टुकड़ा पर कृष्ण द्वारा कइल गइल रहे जेकरा के समुद्र से वापस हासिल कइल गइल रहे। दुर्वास ऋषि एक बेर कृष्ण आ उनकर पत्नी रुक्मिणी के घरे गइल रहले। ऋषि के इच्छा रहे कि ई जोड़ी उनका के अपना महल में ले जास। ई जोड़ी सहजता से मान गइल आ ऋषि के साथे अपना महल के ओर चलल शुरू कर दिहलस। कुछ दूरी के बाद रुक्मिणी थक गइली त उ कृष्ण से पानी के निहोरा कइली। कृष्ण एगो पौराणिक छेद खोदले जवन [[गंगा नदी|गंगा]] नदी के ओह जगह पर ले आइल। दुर्वास ऋषि खिसिया गइलन आ रुक्मिणी के ओह जगह पर रहे के सराप दिहलन। जवना मंदिर में रुक्मिणी के तीर्थ मिलेला, उहे मंदिर मानल जाता जहां उ ओह समय खड़ा रहली।

== इतिहास ==
[[चित्र:Dwarakadheesh_temple,_Dwaraka.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px| मंदिर के मुख्य प्रवेश द्वार तक जाए वाली सीढ़ी]]
[[गुजरात]] के द्वारका शहर के इतिहास सदियन से चलल आ रहल बा, आ [[महाभारत]] महाकाव्य में एकर जिकिर द्वारका राज्य के रूप में कइल गइल बा। गोमती नदी के तीरे स्थित एह शहर के किंवदंती में [[कृष्ण]] के राजधानी के रूप में बतावल गइल बा। लिखाई वाला पत्थर के ब्लॉक, पत्थर सभ के सजावट के तरीका से पता चले ला कि डवेल के इस्तेमाल भइल बा आ एह जगह पर मिलल लंगर सभ के जांच से पता चले ला कि बंदरगाह के जगह खाली ऐतिहासिक समय के हवे, पानी के नीचे के कुछ ढाँचा के समय देर मध्यकालीन समय के बा। तटीय कटाव शायद ओह चीज के नाश के कारण रहे जवन एगो प्राचीन बंदरगाह रहे। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gaur|first=A.S.|last2=Sundaresh and Sila Tripati|date=2004|title=An ancient harbour at Dwarka: Study based on the recent underwater explorations|journal=Current Science|volume=86|issue=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

हिन्दू लोग के मानना बा कि मूल मंदिर के निर्माण कृष्ण के परपोता वज्रनाभ द्वारा कृष्ण के आवासीय महल के ऊपर कइल गइल। एकरा के सुल्तान महमूद बेगड़ा द्वारा 1472 में नष्ट कर दिहल गइल।

चौलुक्य शैली में वर्तमान मंदिर के निर्माण 15-16वीं सदी में भइल रहे। मंदिर के क्षेत्रफल 27-मीटर बाई 21-मीटर बा आ पूरब-पच्छिम लंबाई 29-मीटर आ उत्तर-दक्खिन चौड़ाई 23 मीटर बा। मंदिर के सबसे ऊँच चोटी 51.8 मीटर ऊँच बा।

== धार्मिक महत्व ==
[[चित्र:Dwarkadhish_Temple_20.jpg|thumb|गोमती नदी के पास द्वारकाधीश मंदिर, द्वारका]]
चूँकि ई स्थल प्राचीन नगरी द्वारका आ [[महाभारत]] युग के कृष्ण से जुड़ल बा एहसे [[हिंदू|हिन्दू लोग]] खातिर ई एगो महत्वपूर्ण तीर्थस्थल बा। ई ''&quot;कृष्ण&quot;'' सर्किट से संबंधित 3 गो मुख्य तीर्थस्थल में से एगो हवे, जवना में [[हरियाणा]] राज्य ''के कुरुक्षेत्र के 48 कोस परिक्रमा'', [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्य के [[मथुरा]] में ब्रज परिकर्मा आ [[गुजरात]] राज्य के द्वारकाधीश मंदिर में ''द्वारका परिक्रमा'' (द्वारकादीश यात्रा) बा।

मंदिर के ऊपर के झंडा पर सुरुज आ चंद्रमा के देखावल गइल बा जेवना से ई बतावल जाला कि जबले सूरज आ चंद्रमा के पृथिवी पर मौजूद ना होखे तबले कृष्ण उहाँ मौजूद रहीहें। &lt;ref name=&quot;indianmirror1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/temples/dwarkadish-temple.html|title=Dwarkadish Temple, Dwarkadish Temple Dwarka, Dwarkadish Temple in India|publisher=Indianmirror.com|access-date=4 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; दिन में पांच बेर तक झंडा बदलल जाला, लेकिन चिन्ह उहे रहेला। मंदिर के पांच मंजिला संरचना बा जवन बहत्तर खंभा प बनल बा। मंदिर के शिखर 78.3 मीटर ऊँच बा। &lt;ref name=&quot;indianmirror1&quot; /&gt; मंदिर चूना पत्थर से बनल बा जवन अभी भी नीमन हालत में बा। मंदिर में जटिल मूर्तिकला के डिटेल बनावल गइल बा।

मंदिर में दू गो प्रवेश द्वार बा। मुख्य प्रवेश द्वार (उत्तर प्रवेश द्वार) के &quot;मोक्ष द्वार&quot; (मोक्ष के द्वार) कहल जाला। एह प्रवेश द्वार से मुख्य बाजार में पहुँचल जाला। दक्खिन के प्रवेश द्वार के &quot;स्वर्ग द्वार&quot; (स्वर्ग के द्वार) कहल जाला। एह दुआर के बाहर 56 सीढ़ी बा जवन गोमती नदी के ओर जाला। &lt;ref&gt;[[Dwarkadhish Temple#Chakravarti|Chakravarti 1994]], p. 140&lt;/ref&gt; हालांकि एकर उत्पत्ति के बारे में साफ-साफ जानकारी नइखे, लेकिन पूरा भारत में हिंदू मठ संस्थान के निर्माण करे वाला संकराचार्य द्वारा स्थापित हिंदू धर्म के अद्वैत स्कूल चार धाम के उत्पत्ति के श्रेय द्रष्टा के बतावेला। &lt;ref name=&quot;Mittal&quot; /&gt; चारो मठ भारत के चारो कोना में बा आ इनहन के अनुचर मंदिर उत्तर में बद्रीनाथ में बद्रीनाथ मंदिर, पूरब में पुरी में [[जगन्नाथ मंदिर, पुरी|जगन्नाथ मंदिर]], पश्चिम में द्वारका में द्वारकाधीश मंदिर आ दक्खिन में रामेश्वरम में रामनाथस्वामी मंदिर बाड़ें। भले वैचारिक रूप से मंदिर सभ हिंदू धर्म के संप्रदाय, यानी [[शैव मत|शैव]] आ वैष्णव धर्म के बीच बँटल बाड़ें, चार धाम के तीर्थयात्रा एगो अखिल हिन्दू मामला हवे। &lt;ref name=&quot;Brockman&quot;&gt;[[Dwarkadhish Temple#Brockman|Brockman 2011]], pp. 94-96&lt;/ref&gt; हिमालय में चार गो निवासस्थान बाड़ें जिनहन के छोट चार धाम ( ''छोटा'' मतलब छोट) कहल जाला: बद्रीनाथ, केदारनाथ, [[गंगोत्री]] आ यमुनोत्री - ई सभ हिमालय के तलहटी पहाड़ी पर पड़े लें। मूल चार धाम सभ के बिभेद करे खातिर 20वीं सदी के बीच में ''छोटा'' नाँव जोड़ल गइल। आधुनिक काल में जइसे-जइसे एह जगहन पर तीर्थयात्री लोग के संख्या बढ़ल, एकरा के हिमालयन चार धाम कहल जाला। भारत के चार गो कार्डिनल प्वाइंट के पार के यात्रा के हिन्दू लोग पवित्र मानेला जे लोग अपना जीवन में एक बेर एह मंदिरन के दौरा करे के चाहत राखेला।&lt;ref name=&quot;Gwynne&quot;&gt;[[Dwarkadhish Temple#Gwynne|Gwynne 2008]], Section on Char Dham&lt;/ref&gt; परंपरागत रूप से यात्रा के सुरुआत पुरी से पूरबी छोर से होला, घड़ी के दिशा में अइसन तरीका से आगे बढ़े ला जेकर पालन आमतौर पर हिंदू मंदिर सभ में परिक्रमा खातिर कइल जाला।&lt;ref name=&quot;Gwynne&quot; /&gt; मंदिर 6.00 बजे से खुलल बा&amp;nbsp;बजे से 1.00 बजे तक के बा&amp;nbsp;शाम आ 5.00 बजे के बा&amp;nbsp;रात के साढ़े नौ बजे तक&amp;nbsp;साँझ के बा. [[जन्माष्टिमी|कृष्ण जन्माष्टमी]] पर्व भा गोकुलाष्टमी, [[कृष्ण]] के जनमदिन के मनावे के सुरुआत वल्लभ (1473-1531) कइले रहलें।

एगो किंवदंती के अनुसार मीरा बाई, प्रसिद्ध राजपूत राजकुमारी जे कवि-संत आ कृष्ण के कट्टर भक्त भी रहली, एह मंदिर में देवता में विलय हो गइली। {{Sfn|Desai|2007|p=285}} ई भारत के सात गो पवित्र शहर सप्त पुरी में से एगो हवे। {{Sfn|Bansal|2008|p=20-23}}

ई मंदिर द्वारका पीठ के भी स्थान हवे जे [[आदि शंकर|आदि शंकराचार्य]] (686-717) द्वारा स्थापित चार गो पीठ (धार्मिक केंद्र) सभ में से एक हवे जे देश में [[हिंदू]] धार्मिक बिस्वास सभ के एकीकरण के सुरुआत कइलें। ई चार मंजिला संरचना ह जवन देश के अलग-अलग हिस्सा में शंकराचार्य द्वारा स्थापित चार पीठ के प्रतिनिधित्व करेला। इहाँ के देवालन पर शंकराचार्य के जीवन इतिहास के चित्रण करे वाला चित्र बा जबकि गुंबद में अलग-अलग मुद्रा में [[शिव]] के नक्काशी बा। {{Sfn|Desai|2007|p=285}} {{Sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2014|p=71}}

== ढांचा ==
[[चित्र:Dwarakadheesh Temple, 2014.jpg|thumb|पांच मंजिल के नजारा]]
ई 72 खंभा पर बनल पाँच मंजिला इमारत हवे (60 खंभा वाला बलुआ पत्थर के मंदिर के भी जिकिर कइल गइल बा)। &lt;ref name=&quot;Brit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174909/Dwarka|title=Dwarka|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=19 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|Desai|2007|p=285}} {{Sfn|Bansal|2008|p=20-23}} मंदिर में दू गो महत्वपूर्ण प्रवेश द्वार बाड़ें, एगो मुख्य प्रवेश द्वार हवे जेकरा के ''मोक्ष द्वार'' (मतलब &quot;मुक्ति के दरवाजा&quot;) कहल जाला आ बाहर निकले के दरवाजा जेकरा के ''स्वर्ग द्वार'' ( मतलब: &quot;स्वर्ग के फाटक&quot;)। {{Sfn|Bansal|2008|p=20-23}}

गर्भगृह में देवता बनावल मुख्य देवता द्वारकादीश हवें जेकरा के विष्णु के त्रिविक्रम रूप में जानल जाला आ चार गो भुजा के साथ चित्रित कइल गइल बा। {{Sfn|Bansal|2008|p=20-23}} मुख्य वेदी के बाईं ओर के कक्ष पर कृष्ण के बड़ भाई बलराम बाड़ें। दाहिने ओर के कक्ष में कृष्ण के बेटा आ पोता प्रद्युम्न आ अनिरुद्ध के मूर्ति बाड़ी सऽ। केंद्रीय तीर्थ के आसपास कई गो तीर्थ में देवी [[राधा]], जाम्बवती, सत्यभामा आ [[लक्ष्मी]] के मूर्ति बाड़ी स {{Sfn|Bansal|2008|p=20-23}} माधव रावजी (कृष्ण के दूसर नाँव), बलराम आ ऋषि दुर्वासा के तीर्थ भी एह मंदिर में मौजूद बा। {{Sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2014|p=71}} द्वारकाधीश के केंद्रीय तीर्थ के ठीक सामने राधा कृष्ण आ देवकी के समर्पित दू गो अलग-अलग तीर्थ भी बाड़ें
[[चित्र:Dwarakadheesh_temple_in_Dwarka_-_Gujarat,_India_(5933598087).jpg|thumb|प्लेटफार्म के चारों ओर नक्काशी]]
मंदिर के शिखर {{Convert|78|m}} के ऊँचाई तक जाला आ बहुत बड़हन झंडा फहरावल जाला जवना पर [[सुरुज|सूर्य]] आ [[चंद्रमा]] के चिन्ह लगावल गइल बा। {{Sfn|Bansal|2008|p=20-23}} त्रिकोणीय आकार के ई झंडा {{Convert|50|ft}} होला लंबाई के बा। एह झंडा के दिन में चार बेर नया झंडा से बदलल जाला आ हिन्दू लोग नया झंडा खरीद के एकरा के फहरावे खातिर भारी रकम देला एह खाता से मिले वाला पईसा मंदिर के ट्रस्ट फंड में जमा क के मंदिर के संचालन अउरी रखरखाव के खर्चा पूरा कइल जाला। {{Sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2014|p=71}}

== अवार्ड ==
द्वारकाधीश जगत मंदिर के 22 मार्च 2021 के ''वर्ल्ड टैलेंट ऑर्गेनाइजेशन'', न्यू जर्सी, अमेरिका द्वारा &quot;वर्ल्ड अमेजिंग प्लेस&quot; के प्रमाणपत्र से सम्मानित कइल गइल। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/devbhumi-dwarka/devbhumi-dwarka-dwarkas-jagatmandir-gets-world-amazing-palace-honor-253162.html|title=Devbhumi Dwarka: દ્વારકાના જગતમંદિરને મળ્યું વર્લ્ડ અમેઝિંગ પેલેસનું સન્માન|last=Gujarati|first=TV9|date=22 March 2021|work=Tv9 Gujarati|access-date=23 March 2021|language=gu|trans-title=Devbhumi Dwarka: Dwarka's Jagatmandir honored with World Amazing Palace}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtalentorg.com/worlds-amazing-place/shree-dwarkadhish-temple/|title=Shree Dwarkadhish Temple {{!}} World Talent Organization|date=13 March 2021|website=worldtalentorg.com|access-date=23 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ग्रंथसूची ==
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000714/ina14051.html UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site status, report on Indian Express newspaper website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090112151303/http://www.nio.org/projects/vora/project_vora_1.jsp Underwater remains near Dwarakadheesh temple, on website of National Institute of Oceanography]

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|40em}}

== बाहरी लिंक ==
* [http://www.dwarkadhish.org/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट]

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| subdivision_name2        = [[नांदेड़ जिला]]
| established_title        = स्थापना
| established_date         = १६१० ई
| named_for                = [[हजूर साहिब|सचखण्ड गुरुद्वारा]]
| government_type          = महानगरपलिका
| governing_body           = नांदेड़-वाघाला नगरपालिका परिषद
| area_total_km2           = 63.22
| elevation_m              = 362
| population_total         = 550439
| population_as_of         = २०११
| population_footnotes     = &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;नांदेड़-वाघाला की कुल जनसंख्या&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nanded Waghala City Census 2011 data|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/357-nanded-waghala.html|access-date = 13 April 2015|publisher=Indian Census 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics_type1       = भाषा
| demographics1_title1     = प्रचलित
| demographics1_info1      = [[मराठी भाखा|मराठी]]
| timezone1                = [[भारतीय मानक समय]]
| utc_offset1              = +5:30
| postal_code_type         = [[पिनकोड]]
| postal_code              = 431601 से 431606
| area_code_type           = दूरभाष कोड
| area_code                = 02462
| iso_code                 = IN-MH
| registration_plate       = MH-26
| website                  = {{URL|www.nanded.nic.in}}
}}
&lt;references /&gt;
'''नंदद''' [[भारत]] के [[महाराष्ट्र]] राज्य के एगो शहर ह। ई [[नांदेड़ जिला|नंदेड जिला]] के मुख्यालय हवे आ महाराष्ट्र के आठवाँ सभसे बड़ शहर हवे। नंदेड [[दक्कन पठार]] में [[गोदावरी नदी]] के किनारे स्थित बा। &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ1ACQAAQBAJ RBS Visitors Guide India: Maharashtra Travel Guide],&quot; Ashutosh Goyal, Data and Expo India Pvt. Ltd., 2015, ISBN 9789380844831&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=5xefEXhvG8EC Mystical, Magical Maharashtra],&quot; Milind Gunaji, Popular Prakashan, 2010, ISBN 9788179914458&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="8721" sha1="62w1k7osmh8ve3ub365d79rk8jcpo39" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| image = 
| caption = 
| director = [[Taika Waititi]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kevin Feige]]
* [[Brad Winderbaum]]
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Taika Waititi]]
* [[Jennifer Kaytin Robinson]]
}}
| based on = {{Based on|[[Marvel Comics]]}}&lt;!-- Credited as &quot;Based on the Marvel Comics&quot; --&gt;
| starring = {{Plainlist|
&lt;!-- Order per main titles, see [[WP:MCUFILMCAST]] --&gt;
* [[Chris Hemsworth]]
* [[Christian Bale]]
* [[Tessa Thompson]]
* [[Jaimie Alexander]]
* Taika Waititi
* [[Russell Crowe]]
* [[Natalie Portman]]
&lt;!-- Order per main titles, see [[WP:MCUFILMCAST]] --&gt;
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Michael Giacchino]] (score and themes)
* [[Nami Melumad]] (score)
}}
| cinematography = Barry Idoine
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* [[Matthew Schmidt]]
* Peter S. Elliot
* Tim Roche
* Jennifer Vecchiarello
}}
| studio = [[Marvel Studios]]
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios&lt;br&gt;Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|6|23|[[El Capitan Theatre]]|2022|7|8|United States}}
| runtime = 119 मिनट&lt;ref name=&quot;Runtime&quot; /&gt;&lt;!-- Exact runtime: 118m 34s --&gt;
| country = अमेरिका
| language = अंगरेजी
| budget = $250 million&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiewireReview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VarietyProjection&quot; /&gt;
| gross = $761 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{Cite Box Office Mojo |title=Thor: Love and Thunder |id=10648342 |access-date=November 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NUM&quot;&gt;{{Cite The Numbers | |title=Thor: Love and Thunder |id=Thor-Love-and-Thunder-(2022) |access-date=November 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''''थोर: लव एंड थंडर''''' 2022 के एगो अमेरिकी सुपरहीरो फिलिम हवे जे मार्वल कॉमिक्स पर आधारित बा जेह में थोर के किरदार बा। [[मार्वल स्टूडियोज|मार्वल स्टूडियो]] द्वारा निर्मित आ वाल्ट डिज्नी स्टूडियो मोशन पिक्चर्स द्वारा बितरित ई ''[[थोर: राग्नारोक]]'' (2017) के सीक्वल हवे आ [[मार्वल सिनेमेटिक यूनिवर्स|मार्वल सिनेमैटिक यूनिवर्स]] (MCU) में 29वीं फिलिम हवे। एह चलचित्र के निर्देशन ताइका वाइटिटी कइले रहली जे जेनिफर कायटिन रॉबिन्सन के साथे मिल के पटकथा लिखले रहली आ [[क्रिस हेम्सवर्थ]] क्रिश्चियन बेल, टेसा थॉम्पसन, जेमी अलेक्जेंडर, वाइटिटी, रसेल क्रो, आ नताली पोर्टमैन के साथे थोर के भूमिका में बा लोग। फिलिम में थोर भीतरी शांति पावे के कोसिस करे ला, बाकी एक्शन में वापस आवे के पड़े ला आ गोर द गॉड कसाई (बेल) के रोके खातिर वैल्काइरी (थॉम्पसन), कोर्ग (वैटिटी), आ जेन फोस्टर (पोर्टमैन) के भर्ती करे के पड़े ला — जे अब माइटी थोर बाड़ें) के सभ देवता के समाप्त करे से।

हेम्सवर्थ आ वैटिटी जनवरी 2018 ले ''रग्नारोक'' के सीक्वल बनावे के योजना पर चर्चा कइले रहल लोग। ''लव एंड थंडर के'' घोषणा जुलाई 2019 में भइल, हेम्सवर्थ, वैटिटी, आ थॉम्पसन सभ वापसी करे वाला बाड़ें, साथ ही साथ पोर्टमैन भी जे ''रग्नारोक'' में ना आइल रहलें। वैतीटी ''लव एंड थंडर के'' ''रग्नारोक'' से अलग कइल चाहत रहली, रोमांस फिलिम आ 1980 के दशक से प्रेरित रोमांच बनावे के कोसिस करत रहली। ऊ जेसन हारून के रन के तत्वन के ''माइटी थोर'' कॉमिक बुक पर रूपांतरित कइलें, जवना में फोस्टर के कैंसर के इलाज के दौरान थोर के मेंटल आ शक्ति सभ के सामना करे के देखल गइल बा। रॉबिन्सन फरवरी 2020 में पटकथा में योगदान देवे खातिर जुड़ गइलें, आ अउरी कास्टिंग के खुलासा ओह साल के अंत में भइल जेह में गार्जियंस ऑफ द गैलेक्सी के उपस्थिति भी सामिल रहल। 2020 के अंत में उत्पादन शुरू होखे के उम्मीद रहे लेकिन [[कोविड-19 महामारी|कोविड महामारी]] के चलते एकरा में देरी भइल। अंत में जनवरी 2021 में ऑस्ट्रेलिया के सिडनी में बैरी इडोइन के फोटोग्राफी के डाइरेक्टर के रूप में फिल्मांकन शुरू भइल आ जून के सुरुआत में एकर समापन भइल। पोस्ट-प्रोडक्शन प्रक्रिया में 4 गो संपादक आ माइकल जियाचिनो आ नमी मेलुमाड द्वारा रचित एगो स्कोर के साथे-साथ 23 गो कंपनी सभ द्वारा उपलब्ध करावल गइल बिजुअल इफेक्ट भी सामिल रहल। फिल्म के प्रोडक्शन बजट 25 करोड़ डॉलर के चलते एकरा के अब तक के सबसे महँग फिलिम में से एगो बनावल गइल।

''थोर: लव एंड थंडर के'' प्रीमियर [[हॉलीवुड|हॉलीवुड के]] एल कैपिटन थियेटर में 23 जून 2022 के भइल आ 8 जुलाई के अमेरिका में रिलीज भइल, एमसीयू के फेज फोर के हिस्सा के रूप में। एह फिलिम के हल्का-फुल्का प्रकृति खातिर तारीफ मिलल, आ हेम्सवर्थ, बेल आ पोर्टमैन के परफार्मेंस खातिर, जबकि आलोचना के मकसद पटकथा, तान के असंगति, बिजुअल इफेक्ट&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/thor-love-thunder-reviews-mixed-rotten-tomatoes/|title=Why Thor: Love &amp; Thunder's Reviews Are So Divided|last=Leite|first=Marcelo|date=July 7, 2022|website=[[ScreenRant]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/https://screenrant.com/thor-love-thunder-reviews-mixed-rotten-tomatoes/|archive-date=July 7, 2022|access-date=January 16, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ गोर के अविकसित चरित्र चित्रण के रहल; कई गो समीक्षक एह चलचित्र के ''रग्नारोक'' से कमतर मानत रहल लोग। ''लव एंड थंडर के'' दुनिया भर में 76 करोड़ डॉलर से ढेर के कमाई भइल आ ई 2022 के आठवीं सभसे ढेर कमाई करे वाली फिलिम बन गइल।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}


{{film-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>62w1k7osmh8ve3ub365d79rk8jcpo39</sha1>
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  <page>
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    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="6879" sha1="12g0s0hbn3fnksthmmrqqpcezoz8zp0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption = 
| director = [[Gina Prince-Bythewood]]
| screenplay = [[Dana Stevens (screenwriter)|Dana Stevens]]
| story = {{Plainlist|
* [[Maria Bello]]
* Dana Stevens
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Cathy Schulman]]
* [[Viola Davis]]
* Julius Tennon
* Maria Bello
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Viola Davis
* [[Thuso Mbedu]]
* [[Lashana Lynch]]
* [[Sheila Atim]]
* [[Hero Fiennes Tiffin]]
* [[John Boyega]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Polly Morgan (cinematographer)|Polly Morgan]]
| editing = [[Terilyn A. Shropshire]]
| music = [[Terence Blanchard]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[TriStar Pictures]]
* [[Entertainment One]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/eone-boarding-tri-star-pictures-the-woman-king-as-co-financier-1234862186/ | title=EOne Boarding Tri-Star Pictures' 'The Woman King' as Co-Financier | date=October 25, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[TSG Entertainment|TSG Entertainment II]]
* JuVee Productions
* Welle Entertainment
}}
| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|9|9|[[2022 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2022|9|16|United States}}
| runtime = 135 मिनट
| country = अमेरिका
| language = अंगरेजी
| budget = $50 million&lt;ref name=&quot;THRInterview&quot; /&gt;
| gross = $94.4 million&lt;ref name=&quot;NUM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot; /&gt;
}}

'''''द वुमन किंग''''' ({{Lang|en|The Woman King}}; {{trans|औरत राजा}}) 2022 के एगो अमेरिकी ऐतिहासिक एक्शन ड्रामा फिलिम बाटे जे अगोजी के बारे में बाटे, ई सभसे महिला योद्धा इकाई हवे जे 17वीं से 19वीं सदी के दौरान पच्छिमी अफिरकी राज्य दहोमी के रक्षा कइलस। 1820 के दशक में बनल एह फिलिम में वायोला डेविस एगो जनरल के भूमिका में बाड़ी जे अगिला पीढ़ी के योद्धा लोग के अपना दुश्मनन से लड़े के प्रशिक्षण देले। एकर निर्देशन जीना प्रिंस-बाइथवुड कइले बाड़ी आ लेखक दाना स्टीवंस बाड़ी, जवन मारिया बेलो के साथे लिखल एगो कहानी पर आधारित बा। एह फिलिम में थुसो मबेडू, लशाना लिंच, शीला अतीम, हीरो फिएन्स टिफिन, आ जॉन बोयेगा के भी मुख्य भूमिका बा लोग।

बेलो 2015 में [[बेनिन|बेनिन के]] दौरा कइला के बाद आ अगोजी लोग के इतिहास जानला के बाद ''द वुमन किंग'' के बिचार के परिकल्पना कइलें। ऊ एकरा के फीचर फिलिम में बिकसित करे खातिर कैथी शुलमैन के भर्ती कइली, कई गो स्टूडियो सभ में एकरा के पिच कइली, जे लोग आर्थिक चिंता के कारण एकरा के ठुकरा दिहल। 2017 में ट्राईस्टार पिक्चर्स से मिलला के बाद 2020 में एह फिलिम के हरी झंडी मिलल। नवंबर 2021 में दक्खिन अफिरका में एकर उत्पादन शुरू भइल, कुछ हप्ता बाद [[कोविड-19]] ओमाइक्रोन वेरिएंट के कारण बंद हो गइल आ 2022 के सुरुआत में फिर से शुरू भइल। पोली मॉर्गन सिनेमाटोग्राफर रहली। पोस्ट-प्रोडक्शन के दौरान, संगीत के स्कोर टेरेंस ब्लैंचार्ड द्वारा बनावल गइल, आ संपादन टेरिलिन ए श्रोपशायर द्वारा पूरा कइल गइल।

''द वुमन किंग के'' वर्ल्ड प्रीमियर 9 सितंबर 2022 के टोरंटो इंटरनेशनल फिलिम फेस्टिवल में भइल आ सोनी पिक्चर्स रिलीजिंग एह फिलिम के 16 सितंबर 2022 के अमेरिका के सिनेमाघरन में रिलीज कइलस। महोत्सव के प्रदर्शन के बाद एह फिलिम के समीक्षक लोग के सकारात्मक समीक्षा मिलल, डेविस के परफार्मेंस आ एक्शन कोरियोग्राफी के ओर तारीफ भइल, हालाँकि ऐतिहासिक तत्व सभ के चित्रण खातिर एकरा के कुछ आलोचना भी भइल।&lt;ref name=&quot;FirstReviews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/the-woman-king-first-reviews-viola-davis-rules-the-screen-in-a-rousing-action-packed-crowd-pleaser/|title=''The Woman King'' First Reviews: Viola Davis Rules the Screen in a Rousing, Action-Packed Crowd-Pleaser|last=Campbell|first=Christopher|date=September 10, 2022|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=September 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 28वाँ क्रिटिक्स चॉइस अवार्ड में एह फिलिम के बेस्ट कॉस्ट्यूम डिजाइन, बेस्ट एक्टिंग एन्सेम्बल, बेस्ट डायरेक्टर, आ डेविस खातिर बेस्ट एक्ट्रेस खातिर नामांकन मिलल। एकरे अलावा, डेविस गोल्डन ग्लोब, स्क्रीन एक्टर्स गिल्ड, बाफ्टा फिल्म अवार्ड, आ एनएएसीपी इमेज अवार्ड में भी सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्री के नामांकन अर्जित कइलें।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}


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* [[Joby Harold]]
}}
| based on = [[Lists of DC Comics characters|Characters]]&lt;br&gt;from [[DC Comics|DC]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ezra Miller]]
* [[Sasha Calle]]
* [[Michael Shannon]]
* [[Ron Livingston]]
* [[Maribel Verdú]]
* [[Kiersey Clemons]]
* [[Antje Traue]]
* [[Michael Keaton]]
}}
| music = [[Benjamin Wallfisch]]
| cinematography = [[Henry Braham]]
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jason Ballantine]]
* [[Paul Machliss]]
}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
* [[DC Studios]]
* Double Dream
* The Disco Factory
}}
| distributor = Warner Bros. Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2023|6|16}}
| runtime = 144 मिनट के बा&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 June 2023|title=The Flash (2023): Cast, Roles, Crew and More|url=https://www.filmibug.com/the-flash-2/|access-date=26 August 2022|website=FilmiBug|archive-date=15 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515072803/https://www.filmibug.com/the-flash-2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country = अमेरिका
| language = अंगरेजी
| budget = $200 मिलियन
| gross = 
}}
'''''द फ्लैश''''' ({{Lang|en|The Flash}}; {{trans|एकाएक पैदा भइल चमक}}) एगो आवे वाली अमेरिकी सुपरहीरो फिलिम ह जवन डीसी कॉमिक्स के एही नाम के किरदार पर आधारित बा। ई [[वार्नर ब्रोस. डिस्कवरी|वार्नर ब्रदर्स]] द्वारा बनावल गइल बा। ई फिलिम, डीसी स्टूडियो, डबल ड्रीम, आ डिस्को फैक्ट्री, आ वार्नर ब्रदर्स द्वारा बितरण खातिर सेट कइल गइल बा। तस्वीर, ई डीसी एक्सटेंडेड यूनिवर्स (डीसीईयू) में 13वीं किस्त होखे के इरादा बा। ई फिलिम क्रिस्टीना हॉडसन के पटकथा से एंडी मुस्कीएटी द्वारा निर्देशित कइल गइल बा आ एजरा मिलर बैरी एलेन / द फ्लैश के भूमिका में बाड़ी आ साशा कैले के साथ इनके फिलिम डेब्यू माइकल शैनन, रॉन लिविंगस्टन, मैरिबेल वर्डू, किर्सी क्लेमंस, एंटजे ट्राउ, आ माइकल कीटन में बाड़ी। फिल्म में बैरी अपना महतारी के हत्या के रोके खातिर समय के यात्रा करे ली, जवना के अनचाहा नतीजा सामने आवेला।

फ्लैश के किरदार के ले के बनावल फिलिम के बिकास 1980 के दशक के अंत में शुरू भइल आ 2014 ले कई गो लेखक आ निर्देशक लोग एह प्रोजेक्ट से जुड़ल रहल। एकरे बाद एह फिलिम के डीसीईयू के हिस्सा के रूप में फिर से बिकसित कइल गइल आ मिलर के टाइटिल किरदार के रूप में कास्ट कइल गइल। एकरे बाद के सालन में कई गो निर्देशक लोग एह फिलिम से जुड़ल रहल, सेठ ग्राहम-स्मिथ, रिक फामुयिवा, आ जॉन फ्रांसिस डेली आ जोनाथन गोल्डस्टीन के जोड़ी हर एक रचनात्मक अंतर के कारण एह प्रोजेक्ट के छोड़ दिहलें। मुस्कीटी आ हॉडसन जुलाई 2019 में एह फिलिम में शामिल भइलें, आ एकर प्री-प्रोडक्शन जनवरी 2020 में शुरू भइल। फिल्म कॉमिक बुक के कहानी ''फ्लैशपॉइंट'' से प्रभावित बा, जवना में डीसी कॉमिक्स के कई गो किरदार बाड़ें जवना में बेन अफ्लेक आ कीटन दुनु जने बैटमैन के अपना अपना संस्करण के दोबारा प्रस्तुत कइले बाड़ें। फिल्मांकन अप्रैल से अक्टूबर 2021 ले वार्नर ब्रदर्स स्टूडियो में, लीव्सडेन, आ यूनाइटेड किंगडम के आसपास के लोकेशन पर भइल।

निर्देशक में बदलाव, [[कोविड-19 महामारी]], आ पोस्ट प्रोडक्शन सेटबैक के चलते कई बेर देरी के बाद ''फ्लैश'' 16 जून 2023 के अमेरिका में रिलीज होखे वाला बा।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}


{{film-stub}}</text>
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    <title>धोखाधड़ी</title>
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[[File:18220829_An_ingenious_cheat_-_bowling_-_The_Georgian_For_the_Country_(Savannah).jpg|thumb|१८२२ के एह अखबार में बतावल गइल बा कि कइसे गेंदबाजी के पिन से गुप्त रूप से लगावल तार कवनो साथी के ई सुनिश्चित करे के अनुमति देला कि कवनो धोखेबाज के गेंदबाजी के स्कोर अधिका मिले।]]
आमतौर पर '''धोखाधड़ी में''' बिबिध काम सभ के वर्णन होला जे अनुचित फायदा पावे खातिर नियम सभ के उखाड़ फेंके खातिर बनावल गइल होखे। एह में कवनो भी स्थिति में घूसखोरी, क्रोनीिज्म आ नेपोटिज्म के काम शामिल बा जहाँ व्यक्ति के अनुचित मापदंड के परयोग से प्राथमिकता परयोग जाला। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://csuh.iii.com/search~S0?/X(cheating+)&amp;SORT=D/X(cheating+)&amp;SORT=D&amp;SUBKEY=(cheating+)/1%2C63%2C63%2CB/frameset&amp;FF=X(cheating+)&amp;SORT=D&amp;8%2C8%2C|title=California State University, East Bay|publisher=Csuh.iii.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629115834/http://csuh.iii.com/search~S0?/X(cheating+)&amp;SORT=D/X(cheating+)&amp;SORT=D&amp;SUBKEY=(cheating+)/1,63,63,B/frameset&amp;FF=X(cheating+)&amp;SORT=D&amp;8,8,|archive-date=2013-06-29|access-date=2013-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; उल्लंघन कइल गइल नियम स्पष्ट हो सके लें, या ऊ नैतिकता, नैतिकता भा रिवाज पर आधारित अलिखित आचार संहिता से हो सके लें, जेकरा से धोखाधड़ी के आचरण के पहिचान संभावित रूप से व्यक्तिपरक प्रक्रिया हो सके ला। धोखाधड़ी के विशेष रूप से बेवफाई के संदर्भ हो सकेला। जेकरा के धोखा देवे खातिर जानल जाला ओकरा के ब्रिटिश अंग्रेजी में ''धोखा देवे वाला'' कहल जाला, आ अमेरिकी अंग्रेजी में ''धोखा देवे वाला''। &quot;धोखा&quot; के रूप में बतावल जाए वाला आदमी जरूरी नईखे कि उ हर समय धोखा देवे, बालुक, धोखा देवे वाला रणनीति प एतना भरोसा करेले कि उ एकरा खाती प्रतिष्ठा हासिल क लेवे।</text>
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    <title>रिहंद नदी</title>
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      <text bytes="7252" sha1="gn0uip6fsr1cvs6m3lggt5n38f50n1b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name               = रिहंद नदी
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              = SurgujaKart.jpg
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = इंपीरियल गैजेटियर में रेहड़ नदी आ सरगुजा राज के देखावत नक्शा
| map                = 
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= 
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = देस
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type2  = राज्य
| subdivision_name2  = [[छत्तीसगढ़]], [[उत्तर प्रदेश]]
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length             =  
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= [[सोन नदी]]
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = 
| discharge1_max     = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = मतिरंगा पहाड़ी
| source1_location   = [[सरगुजा जिला]], [[सुरजपुर जिला]], [[छत्तीसगढ़]]
| source1_coordinates= 
| source1_elevation  = 
| mouth              = [[सोन नदी]]
| mouth_location     = [[उत्तर प्रदेश]], [[सोनभद्र जिला]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|24|31|52|N|82|59|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = 
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = 
| tributaries_left   = 
| tributaries_right  = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
}}
'''रिहंद नदी''' (जेकरा के रेणु, रेणुका, रेंड, रेर भा रेहर भी कहल जाला) [[सोन नदी]] के सहायक नदी हवे आ [[भारत]] के [[छत्तीसगढ़]] आ [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] [[भारत के राज्य अउरी संघ राज्यक्षेत्र|राज्य सभ]] से हो के बहे ले। एकर पुरान नाम रेणु भा रेणुका रहे।

== बहाव के मारग ==
रिहंद मतिरंगा पहाड़ी से निकले ले, ई इलाका मैनपत पठार के दक्खिन-पच्छिम में बाटे जे औसत समुंद्र तल से लगभग 1,100 मीटर ऊपर बाटे। ई नदी [[सरगुजा जिला|सरगुजा]] आ [[सूरजपुर जिला]] के बीच से हो के मोटा-मोटी उत्तर के ओर {{Convert|160|km}} । रिहांड आ एकरे सहायक नदी सभ जिला के मध्य भाग में एगो उपजाऊ मैदान बनावे लीं जे एकरे उत्पत्ती से ले के लखनपुर, सूरजपुर, प्रतापपुर ले फइलल बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;surguja&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://surguja.nic.in/historical_background.htm|title=Surguja: Historical Background: The Rihand|publisher=Surguja district administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830171019/http://surguja.nic.in/historical_background.htm|archive-date=30 August 2010|access-date=2010-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकरे बाद ई उत्तर प्रदेश के [[सोनभद्र जिला]] में वाया मध्य प्रदेश के [[सिंगरौली जिला]] से हो के बहे ले, जहाँ एकरा के रेड कहल जाला आ अंत में सोन नदी में मिल जाले।

=== सहायिका नदी सभ ===
[[सूरजपुर जिला]] में एकर प्रमुख सहायिका नदी महाना, मोरना (मोरनी), गेउर, गागर, गोबरी, पिपाराचार, रामदिया आ गलफुल्ला बाड़ी स।&lt;ref name=&quot;surguja&quot; /&gt;  कई गो मौसमी आ बारहोमासी नदी रिहंद रिजर्वायर में मिले लीं जइसे कि मध्य प्रदेश के [[सिंगरौली जिला]] के कंचन, मायर आ अजीर नदी।&lt;ref name=&quot;india9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Rihand-Dam-44802.htm|title=Rihand Dam|publisher=india9|access-date=2010-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042538/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Rihand-Dam-44802.htm|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== रिहंद बांध ==
रिहंद बान्ह के निर्माण 1962 में पनबिजली उत्पादन खातिर मिर्जापुर डिवीजन के [[सोनभद्र जिला]] में पिपरी के लगे रिहंद नदी के आर-पार भइल; बंधा के पीछे बनल झील के नाँव गोविंद बल्लभ पंत सागर बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;india9&quot; /&gt; एह बंधा से सबसे नगीचे के रेलवे स्टेशन रेनुकूट बा।

== रकसगंडा झरना ==
रिहंद नदी पर एगो झरना बा जवना के नाम बा 'रकसगंडा', नदी अपना यात्रा में छत्तीसगढ़ के [[सूरजपुर जिला|सूरजपुर]] जिला में ई झरना बनावे ले। पर्यटक लोग के नजरिया से ई झरना महत्व के चीज बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=पांडे |first1=अमितेष |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के सूरजपुर में नदी में पत्थरों के बीच से बहता है रकसगंडा झरना, देखें तस्वीरें |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/states/chhattisgarh-chhattisgarh-rakasganda-waterfall-flows-through-stones-in-river-in-surajpur-see-photos-ann-2114250 |access-date=4 मार्च 2023 |work=abplive.com |date=1 मई 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के नदी]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के नदी]]
[[श्रेणी:छत्तीसगढ़ के नदी]]</text>
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    <title>धरमन देवी</title>
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      <text bytes="4799" sha1="fauhbpwf7irjiknkwjztuzwzd5vynnz" xml:space="preserve">'''धरमन देवी''' चाहे '''धरमन बाई''' 1857 के [[भारत के आजादी आंदोलन|स्वतंत्रता संग्राम]] के एगो विराङना आ कुंवर सिंह के [[मेहरारू (रिश्ता)|भार्या]] रहली। उ अंग्रेजन के सङे जुद्ध में [[कुँवर सिंह|कुंवर सिंह]] के महत्वपूर्ण सहयक आउर कुशल रणनीतिकारीओ रहली। अंग्रेजन से जुद्ध के बेरीया उ हरेक क्षण कुंवर सिंह के सङे रहली। [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] के कल्पी के लगे [[ब्रिटिश सेना]] के सङे भईल लड़ाई के बेरीया धरमन देवी वीर कारनामा अरजली। बतावल जाला के कुंवर सिंह के गोदी में उ आपन अन्तिम सांस लेहली। धरमन देवी [[तोप]] चलावे तक जानत रहली। इनकरा सङे रहत कुंवर सिंह तारातर केतनहे जुध्द जीतले। धरमन देवी कुंवर सिंह के शक्ति रहली।

==प्रारंभिक जिनगी==
उ [[गया जिला]] के देव राज जागीर के एगो धनी [[जमीन्दार]] राजा फतेह नारायण सिंह के बेटी रहली। लडकाईये से नृत्य के सवख रहे। 
==अंतिम जुध्द==
कुंवर सिंह समेत केहु के उनुकर सैन्य क्षमता के जानकारी ना रहे। धरमन देवी के सैन्य रूप तब सामने आईल जब उ कल्पी के लड़ाई में कुंवर सिंह के सेना हार के कगार प खड़ा हो गईल।ओह दिन धरमन देवी तोपची के रूप में सामने से मोर्चा ले लिहले आ दाहिना ओर से अपना सरदारन के घेरा कसे के आज्ञा दिहली। एक बेर कुंवर सिंह के सेना भागे वाला रहे के धरमन देवी तोप से अतना हल्ला मचवले कि अंग्रेजन के मनोबल गिर गईल अउरी अंत में गोरा सेना भाग गईल। कुंवर सिंह के युद्ध में विजय श्री जरूर मिलल, बाकिर ओकरा खातिर बहुत महंगा कीमत चुकावे के पड़ल। युद्ध में धरमन देवी खराब तरह से घायल हो गइली। बाबू साहेब के सिपाही जल्दी-जल्दी उनुका के अपना संरक्षण में लेके ठीक करे के कोशिश कईले, लेकिन धरमन देवी ना मनली। जब बाबू कुंवर सिंह अपना युद्ध हाथी से उतर के धरमन देवी के माथा गोदी में ले लिहले, उनकर उदास चेहरा देख के धर्मन मंद मंद बोलली। हमनी के हारल नैखीसन। एकरा बाद धरमन देवी अपना कमर से खंजर निकाल के माथ से लगाके कुंवर सिंह के देवत कहली, &quot;जाँचलीं, देखली। फेन तनी हसत रहली &quot;तनी ई बताई खंजर के पानी कहु कम त नैखे भइल कहु एकर आग कम त नैखे भईल। इहो बताईं कि राउर छाती के मोल चुकाता भईल के ना। ई कहला के बाद समय के प्रवाह में रूप, कला आ शौर्य के त्रिमूर्ति गायब हो गईल।</text>
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| name          = नाटू नाटू
| type          = single
| cover         = 
| artist        = [[एम. एम. कीरावनी]] आ [[चंद्रबोस]] जेह में गायक [[राहुल सिपलीगुंज]] आ [[काल भैरवा]] के फ़ीचर कइल गइल
| album         = आरआरआर
| language      = [[तेलुगु भाषा|तेलुगु]]
| released      = 10 नवंबर 2021
| recorded      = 2021
| studio        = जेबी स्टूडियोज, [[हैदराबाद]]
| genre         = {{hlist|डांस|पॉप|भारतीय संगीत|पच्छिमी क्लासिकल}}
| length        = 3:36
| label         = लहरी म्यूजिक&lt;br /&gt;टी-सीरीज
| writer        = 
| composer      = [[एम. एम. कीरावनी]]
| lyricist      = [[चंद्रबोस]]
| producer      = [[एम. एम. कीरावनी]]
| tracks        = 
| misc          = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=OsU0CGZoV8E|title=&quot;Naatu Naatu&quot;}}
}}
}}
&quot;'''नाटू नाटू'''&quot; [[तेलुगु भाषा|तेलुगू]]-भाषा के एगो भारतीय गीत बाटे जेकरा [[एम. एम. कीरावनी]] संगीतबद्ध कइलें बाने, गीतकार चंद्रबोस बाने आ ई 2022 के भारतीय फिलिम ''आरआरआर'' के साउंडट्रैक एल्बम खाती गायक कलाकार [[राहुल सिपलीगुंज]] आ काल [[भैरव (गायक)|काल भैरव]] द्वारा गा के रेकार्ड कइल गइल बाटे। एह गीत के 10 नवंबर 2021 के ([[यूट्यूब]] पर बीडियो गीत के रूप में) एह एल्बम के दुसरा एकल गाना के रूप में, लहरी म्यूजिक आ टी-सीरीज द्वारा रिलीज कइल गइल। पूरा फुल बीडियो गीत, फिलिम के दृश्यन के साथ, 11 अप्रैल 2022 के यूट्यूबे पर रिलीज भइल।

एह गीत के 95वें अकादमी अवार्ड्स में 'ओरिजिल सॉन्ग' की श्रेणी में ऑस्कर अवॉर्ड मिलल बाटे, जबकि एकरा पहिले ई गीत बेस्ट ओरिजिनल सॉन्ग क गोल्डन ग्लोब अवॉर्ड जीतले रहल।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1= |last1= |title=नाटू-नाटू: ऑस्कर जीतने वाले पहले भारतीय गाने की पूरी कहानी |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment-64225934 |access-date=14 मार्च 2023 |work=बीबीसी न्यूज हिंदी |date=13 मार्च 2023 |format=वेब}}&lt;/ref&gt; अकादमी अवार्ड जीते वाला ई पहिला एशियाई गीत बाटे।

गाना [[यूक्रेन]] के राष्ट्रपति भवन के बैकग्राउंड में फ़िल्मावल गइल बाटे।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:भारतीय फिल्मी गाना]]


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| image = 
| caption = 
| director = {{ubl|[[कार्तिकी गोंजाल्वेस]]}}
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| narrator = 
| cinematography = {{ubl|करन थपलियाल|कृश मखीजा|आनंद बंसल|कार्तिकी गोंजाल्वेस}}
| editing = {{ubl|संचारी दास मोल्लिक|डगलस ब्लश|}}
| music = {{ubl|स्वेन फौल्कोनर}}
| studio = सिख्या एंटरटेनमेंट
| distributor = [[नेटफ्लिक्स]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|12|8}}
| runtime = 39 मिनट
| country = भारत &lt;br/&gt; अमेरिका
| language = तमिल
| budget = 
}}
'''''दि एलिफेंट विस्परर्स''''' ({{Lang|en|The Elephant Whisperers}}) 2022 में बनल [[तमिल भाषा]] के एगो छोट [[डॉक्यूमेंट्री फिलिम]] हवे जेकर निर्देशन डॉक्यूमेंट्री फिलिम निर्माता कार्तिकी गोंसाल्वेस अपना निर्देशन के समहुत करे में कइले बाड़ी। भारत-अमेरिकी सह-निर्माण के ई डॉक्यूमेंट्री एगो मरद-मेहरारू के जोड़ा आ एगो अनाथ हाथी के बच्चा रघु के बीच बने वाला बंधन के बारे में बा जेकरा के ओह लोग के देखभाल के जिम्मा सौंपल गइल रहल। सिख्या एंटरटेनमेंट द्वारा निर्मित एह फिलिम के वर्ल्ड प्रीमियर 9 नवंबर 2022 के अमेरिका में डॉक्यूमेंट्री सभ खातिर एगो फिलिम फेस्टिवल डॉक एनवाईसी फिलिम फेस्टिवल में भइल।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/doc-nyc-shortlist-announcement-news-1235148946/|title=DOC NYC Shortlist Announcement Brings Focus To Wide-Open Documentary Awards Race|last=Carey|first=Matthew|date=18 October 2022|work=Deadline|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123062434/https://deadline.com/2022/10/doc-nyc-shortlist-announcement-news-1235148946/|archive-date=23 November 2022|publisher=Penske Media Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.docnyc.net/film/shortlist-shorts-change-makers/the-elephant-whisperers/|title=The Elephant Whisperers|date=2022|website=Doc NYC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123062436/https://www.docnyc.net/film/shortlist-shorts-change-makers/the-elephant-whisperers/|archive-date=23 November 2022|access-date=22 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ई फिलिम [[नेटफ्लिक्स]] द्वारा वैश्विक स्तर पर 8 दिसंबर 2022 के स्ट्रीमिंग खातिर रिलीज कइल गइल।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/documentary-the-elephant-whisperers-to-drop-on-december-8-on-netflix-news-237377|title=Documentary 'The Elephant Whisperers' To Drop On December 8 On Netflix|last=IANS|date=22 November 2022|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123062434/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/documentary-the-elephant-whisperers-to-drop-on-december-8-on-netflix-news-237377|archive-date=23 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकरा के 95वाँ अकेडमी अवार्ड में बेस्ट डॉक्यूमेंट्री लघु फिलिम के अकेडमी अवार्ड मिलल&lt;ref name=&quot;oscarnom:hr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscar-nominations-2023-nominees-list-1235307974/|title=Oscars: Full List of Nominations|last=Lewis|first=Hilary|date=24 January 2023|website=Hollywood Reporter|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124150506/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscar-nominations-2023-nominees-list-1235307974/|archive-date=24 January 2023|access-date=24 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aframe.oscars.org/news/post/2023-oscars-nominations-full-list|title=2023 Oscars Nominations: See the Full List|date=24 January 2023|website=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208222544/https://aframe.oscars.org/news/post/2023-oscars-nominations-full-list|archive-date=8 February 2023|access-date=24 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; एह से ई पहिली अइसन भारतीय फिलिम बन गइल जे एह कटेगरी में अकेडमी अवार्ड जितले होखे।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-elephant-whisperers-wins-first-ever-oscar-for-an-indian-production-guneet-monga-says-two-women-did-it-101678675029437.html|title=The Elephant Whisperers scripts history with 1st Oscar for an Indian production, Guneet Monga says 'two women did it'|date=13 March 2023|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}} 
* [https://www.highonfilms.com/the-elephant-whisperers-2022-review/ ''High on Films'' review]
* [https://www.leisurebyte.com/the-elephant-whisperers-review/ ''Leisure Byte'' review]

[[श्रेणी:डॉक्यूमेंट्री फिलिम]]</text>
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== उच्चारण ==
एकरा लिखल 'टीएचई' (the) जाला, जबकि जगह के हिसाब से उच्चारण दू किसिम के होखे ला। जब एकरा बाद व्यंजन के आवाज वाला अक्षर आवे ला तब एकर उच्चारण 'द' होखे ला। एकरा बिपरीत जब एकरे ठीक बाद स्वर के आवाज वाला अक्षर आवे लें तब एकर उच्चारण 'दी' होखे ला&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Two Pronunciations of 'The' {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/eb/qa/Two-Pronunciations-of-The |website=britannica.com |access-date=14 मार्च 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; (बहुधा एकरा के लिखे में 'दि' लिखल जाला)।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी ग्रामर]]
[[श्रेणी:अंग्रेजी शब्द]]


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[[श्रेणी:नंबर| ]]


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| subdivision_type         = देश
| subdivision_name         = {{flag|भारत}}
| subdivision_type1        = राज्य
| subdivision_type2        = [[भारत के जिला सभ के लिस्ट|जिला]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[हिमाचल प्रदेश]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[कांगड़ा जिला|कांगड़ा]]
| established_title        = 
| established_date         = 
| named_for                = 
| seat_type                = 
| seat                     = 
| government_type          = 
| governing_body           = 
| unit_pref                = Metric
| area_footnotes           = 
| area_total_km2           = 27.60
| area_rank                = 
| elevation_footnotes      = 
| elevation_m              = 1457
| population_total         = 62596
| population_as_of         = 2015
| population_footnotes     = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://edharamshala.in/Content/Demographics |title=Demographics – MCD-Dashboard-Document Management System |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302132216/https://edharamshala.in/Content/Demographics |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_rank          = 2सरा, हिमाचल में
| demographics1_title1     = ऑफिशियल
| demographics1_info1      = [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]
| timezone1                = [[भारतीय मानक समय|IST]]
| utc_offset1              = +5:30
| postal_code_type         = [[पिनकोड]]
| postal_code              = 176 215
| area_code                = +91-01892
| area_code_type           = फोन कोड
| registration_plate       = HP- 39 (RLA), 68 (RTO), 01D/02D (Taxi)
| blank_name               = 
| blank_info               = 
| website                  = {{url|edharamshala.in}}
| elevation_max_m          = 
}}
'''धर्मशाला''' भारत के [[हिमाचल प्रदेश]] राज्य के शीतकालीन (जाड़ा के समय के) राजधानी&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Notification, Government of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/21_l892s/Dharamshala-50740507.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2017 |title=It's official, Dharamshala is second capital of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/its-official-dharamshala-is-second-capital-of-himachal-pradesh-4551546/}}&lt;/ref&gt; हवे। ई 18 किमी दूर स्थित शहर कांगड़ा से 1855 में स्थानांतरित कइला के बाद [[कांगड़ा जिला]] के प्रशासनिक मुख्यालय के रूप में काम करे ला।

भारत के &quot;स्मार्ट सिटीज मिशन&quot; के तहत स्मार्ट सिटी के रूप में विकसित होखे वाला भारत के सौ शहर में से एगो के रूप में एहू शहर के चुनल गइल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 August 2015 |title=Why only 98 cities instead of 100 announced: All questions answered about smart cities project |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/why-only-98-cities-instead-of-100-announced-all-questions-answered-about-smart-cities-project-2410576.html |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 जनवरी 2017 के हिमाचल प्रदेश के तत्कालीन मुख्यमंत्री वीरभद्र सिंह धर्मशाला के हिमाचल प्रदेश के दुसरी राजधानी घोषित कइलें।&lt;ref name=&quot;hillpost2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |date=20 January 2017 |title=Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal |url=http://www.hillpost.in/2017/01/dharamshala-declared-second-capital-of-himachal/107991/ |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=hillpost.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 January 2017 |title=Dharamsala Declared Second Capital of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dharamsala-declared-second-capital-of-himachal-pradesh-1650683 |access-date=17 May 2019 |publisher=NDTV India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== भूगोल ==
[[चित्र:Dharamsala-valley.jpg|left|thumb| मैकलोड गंज से धर्मशाला के नजारा]]
[[चित्र:Bhagsu's_water_fall,_McLeod_Ganj,_Dharamsala.jpg|thumb|भागसू के झरना, मैकलोड गंज]]
धर्मशाला के औसत ऊंचाई 1,457 बा, आ ई लगभग 8.51 के क्षेत्रफल के कवर करेला।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Area of Dharamshala Town |url=http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/DevPlanDharamshala.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424075155/http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/DevPlanDharamshala.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; धर्मशाला [[कांगड़ा घाटी]] में, [[धौलाधर पर्वत]] के साया में स्थित बा।

शहर के दू गो अलग-अलग खंड में बाँटल गइल बा। कोतवाली बाजार आ आसपास के बाजारन के &quot;निचला धर्मशाला&quot; भा खाली भर &quot;धर्मशाला&quot; कहल जाला। पहाड़ के अउरी ऊपर मैकलोड गंज बाटे। धर्मशाला से मैकलोड गंज के एगो खड़ा, संकरी सड़क जोड़े ले आ इहाँ खाली टैक्सी आ छोट गाड़ी सभ से पहुँचल जा सके ला जबकि घाटी के चारों ओर एगो लमहर सड़क बस आ ट्रक सभ के इस्तेमाल होखे ला। मैकलोड गंज के चारो ओर पाइन, [[हिमालय|हिमालयन]] ओक, आ रोडोडेंड्रोन के फेड़ बाड़ें।

=== आबोहवा ===
[[चित्र:Cloudy_Triund,_above_Mcleod_Ganj,_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg|thumb|बादल त्रिउंड, मैकलेओड गंज, हिमाचल प्रदेश के ऊपर]]
धर्मशाला में मानसून से प्रभावित, [[नम उपोष्ण कटिबंधी जलवायु|नम उपोष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु]] ([[कोपेन के जलवायु वर्गीकरण|कोपेन सिस्टम]] में: ''Cwa'') बा। गर्मी अप्रैल के सुरुआत में शुरू होला आ मई में चरम पर पहुँचे ला जब तापमान 36 ले पहुँच सके ला, आ ई सीजन जून के सुरुआत ले चले ला। जून से सितंबर के बीच ले [[मानसून|मानसून के]] मौसम होला, जब 3,000&amp;nbsp;मिमी (120&amp;nbsp;इंच) तक ले के बरखा हो सकेला, जेकरा चलते धर्मशाला राज्य के सबसे भींजल (नम) जगहन में से एगो बा। शरद ऋतु हल्का होला आ अक्टूबर से नवंबर के अंत ले चले ला।

शरद ऋतु के तापमान औसतन 16–17&amp;nbsp;°C के आसपास होला बा। [[जाड़ा]] के सीजन दिसंबर में शुरू होला आ फरवरी के अंत ले चले ला। ऊपरी धर्मशाला (मैकलोडगंज, भागसू नाग आ नड्डी समेत) में जाड़ा के समय बर्फ आ [[बर्फबारी]] आम बात बा। निचला धर्मशाला में ओला के छोड़ के बर्फ़बारी बहुत कम होला। 7 जनवरी 2012 के बर्फबारी हाल के समय में सभसे ढेर दर्ज भइल। एकर कारण [[कांगड़ा जिला]] में गहिराह निम्न दबाव के प्रवेश भइल रहे। जाड़ा के बाद अप्रैल ले छोट, सुखद [[बसंत]] आवे ला। इतिहास के हिसाब से धौलाधर परबत साल भर बर्फ से ढंकल रहे; हालाँकि, हाल के सालन में सूखा के दौरान इनहन के बर्फ के चद्दर खतम हो रहल बा।

== अर्थबेवस्था ==
[[File:Tea Gardens Dharamshala.jpg |thumb|कांगड़ा चाय क एगो बागान]]
[[File:Paragliding in Dharamshala -in DHAULADHAR RANGES-Kangra (HP-INDIA).jpg|thumb|धर्मशाला में पैराग्लाइडिंग]]
एह इलाका के अर्थबेवस्था मुख्य रूप से खेती आ टूरिज्म पर निर्भर बा। घाटी में उगावल जाए वाली प्रमुख फसलन में धान, गेहूँ आ चाय शामिल बाड़ी स। धर्मशाला के आसपास कई गो चाय बगान मौजूद बाड़ें, जहाँ प्रसिद्ध कांगड़ा चाय के उत्पादन होला। कांगड़ा चाय के भौगोलिक संकेतक (जीआई) दर्जावो हासिल बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;{{multiref2|1={{cite news |title=Kangra's cup of tea is losing its aroma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kangra-s-cup-of-tea-is-losing-its-aroma/story-JmvDHitd4ehHaPyIPHb66H.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=17 May 2019}} |2={{cite web |title=Our Story|url=https://www.dharmsala.com/pages/our-story |website=Dharmsala Tea Company|access-date=11 October 2018}} |3={{citation|title=State Wise Registration Details of GI Applications |publisher=Office of the Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks |page=1 |work=Geographical Indication Registry |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201065403/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf |archive-date= 1 February 2016}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;

धर्मशाला हिमाचल प्रदेश के एगो प्रमुख पर्वतीय पर्यटन स्थल (हिल स्टेशन) आ आध्यात्मिक केंद्र हवे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Intersections of Tourism, Migration, and Exile |date=2022 |isbn=9781-0-0082-1444 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|first1=Kathleen M. |last1=Adams |first2=Natalia |last2=Bloch}}&lt;/ref&gt; एह शहर से हिमालय क्षेत्र में कई गो प्रसिद्ध ट्रेकिंग मार्ग निकलत बाड़ें, जे ऊपरी रावी घाटी आ [[चंबा जिला]] तक ले पहुँचेलें। प्रमुख ट्रेकिंग मार्गन में इंद्रहार दर्रा (4,342 मीटर), तोरल दर्रा (4,575 मीटर), भीमघासुतरी दर्रा (4,580 मीटर), धर्मशाला–ब्लेनी दर्रा (3,710 मीटर), करीरी झील, हिमानी चामुंडा, थातरना आ त्रिउंड जइसन लोकप्रिय स्थल शामिल बाड़ें। एह रस्तन पर हर साल बड़ी संख्या में ट्रेकर आ प्रकृति प्रेमी लोग आवेला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&amp;pg=PA489 |title=The Rough Guide to India |publisher=Rough Guide Travel Guides |date=2003 |first=David |last=Abram |isbn=9781843530893 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.siddhiyoga.com/dharamsala-full-experience-beyond-yoga |title=Dharamsala: The Full Experience Beyond Yoga |first=Meera |last=Watts |website=siddhiyoga.com |date=17 April 2019|access-date=17 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:हिमाचल प्रदेश के शहर आ कस्बा]]
[[श्रेणी:हिल स्टेशन]]


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&lt;references /&gt;
'''नया आ अक्षय ऊर्जा मंत्रालय''' ( '''MNRE''' ) [[भारत सरकार]] के एगो मंत्रालय हवे, जेकर नेतृत्व वर्तमान केंद्रीय कैबिनेट मंत्री [[राज कुमार सिंह]] करे लें, जे मुख्य रूप से अनुसंधान आ बिकास, बौद्धिक संपदा संरक्षण, आ अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग, संवर्धन, आ समन्वय के जिम्मेदारी लेले बा अक्षय ऊर्जा स्रोत जइसे कि पवन ऊर्जा, छोट हाइड्रो, बायोगैस, आ [[सौर ऊर्जा]] में .

मंत्रालय के व्यापक उद्देश्य [[भारत]] के ऊर्जा के जरूरत के पूरक खातिर नया अउरी अक्षय ऊर्जा के विकास अउरी तैनाती कइल बा . मंत्रालय के वर्तमान सचिव आनंद कुमार बाड़े .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anand Kumar joins MNRE as Secretary |url=http://www.energynext.in/2017/07/anand-kumar-joins-mnre-as-secretary/ |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=Energynext |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620114054/http://www.energynext.in/2017/07/anand-kumar-joins-mnre-as-secretary/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.energynext.in/2017/07/anand-kumar-joins-mnre-as-secretary/ &quot;Anand Kumar joins MNRE as Secretary&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620114054/http://www.energynext.in/2017/07/anand-kumar-joins-mnre-as-secretary/ |date=2019-06-20 }}. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

मंत्रालय के मुख्यालय [[नई दिल्ली|नई दिल्ली के]] लोधी रोड में बा .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mnre.gov.in/contact.htm Contact Details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820015739/http://www.mnre.gov.in/contact.htm|date=20 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; मंत्रालय के 2016-17 के वार्षिक रिपोर्ट के मुताबिक, भारत कई गो अक्षय ऊर्जा क्षेत्र में काफी प्रगति कइले बा जवना में शामिल बा, [[सौर ऊर्जा]], पवन ऊर्जा, अउरी जलविद्युत। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Report |url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/annual-report/2016-2017/EN/index.html |access-date=2018-09-15 |publisher=Mnre.gov.in}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/annual-report/2016-2017/EN/index.html &quot;Annual Report&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==संदर्भ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2720" sha1="46yl00pqru03xbfs0hn6zoduiszw6o0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kakashi2.jpg|thumb|[[जापान]] के एगो धान के खेत में खड़ा धोख।]]
'''धोख'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=आदियोग |first1=सृजनयोगी |title=सूली पर बिजूका और टोह लेते कव्वे: किसान आंदोलन के नाम बिना शीर्षक का एक इन्स्टालेशन |url=https://junputh.com/review/an-art-installation-dedicated-to-farmers-movement-and-agrarian-crisis-dharmendra-kumar/ |website=Junputh |access-date=22 मई 2023 |language=Hi-IN |date=26 दिसंबर 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; चाहे '''धूहा'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=धूहा के हिंदी अर्थ {{!}} धूहा meaning in Hindi {{!}} हिन्दवी |url=https://www.hindwi.org/hindi-dictionary/meaning-of-dhuuhaa |website=Hindwi |access-date=22 मई 2023 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; भा '''धुहा'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=धुहा के हिंदी अर्थ {{!}} धुहा meaning in Hindi {{!}} हिन्दवी |url=https://www.hindwi.org/hindi-dictionary/meaning-of-dhuhaa |website=Hindwi |access-date=22 मई 2023 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{Lang|en|scarecrow}}) एगो पुतला होला जे अदिमी लेखा लउकेला। एकरा पुरान कपड़ा पेन्हा के खेत मे खड़ा कइल जाला जेकरा से चिरई सभ खेत में ना आवेली सन।

== नाँव ==
उत्तर भारतीय इलाका में एकरा के [[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]] में बिजूका कहल जाला। अउरी देसी भाषा-बोली सभ में एकरा के धूह, धूहा, ढूआ चाहे खढ़पुतरी&lt;ref name=&quot;Logos&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Logos Dictionary {{!}} scarecrow |url=https://www.logosdictionary.org/childrendictionary.php?action=result&amp;code=4944393&amp;lang=en |website=www.logosdictionary.org |access-date=22 मई 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ध्वाख, धोख, काकतड़ुवा नियर नाँव से जानल जाला।

अंग्रेजी में एकरा के स्केयरक्रो कहल जाला।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* [[:hi:wikt:धूहा|धूहा]] हिंदी विक्शनरी पर

[[श्रेणी:फसल सुरक्षा]]
[[श्रेणी:खेती]]


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      <text bytes="7573" sha1="kgl4ractszfluak7adgl57ugpq5b6p6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox road
| header_type = UC
| country = IND
| name = दिल्ली–मुंबई एक्सप्रेसवे
| alternate_name = 
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|zoom=6|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|id= Q55609320|title=दिल्ली–मुंबई एक्सप्रेसवे}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = दिल्ली–मुंबई एक्सप्रेसवे लाल रंग से देखावल गइल बा
| maint = [[भारतीय नेशनल हाइवे अथॉरिटी]] (NHAI)
| length_km = 1350
| established = 12 फरवरी 2023 ([[सोहना]]–[[दौसा]]) &lt;br&gt; दिसंबर 2023 (पूरा तरीका से बन जाई)&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Breaking News Live: PM Modi inaugurates 246-km first phase of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/breaking-news-live-february-12/amp_liveblog/97832803.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 February 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Highlights: PM Modi inaugurates first stretch of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway, to bring Delhi and Jaipur closer by 1.30 hours|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-dayanand-saraswati-s-200th-birth-anniversary-celebrations-101676167010753-amp.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 February 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author1=Mishra, Saumya|title=Delhi-Mumbai Expressway to cut travel time by half; Rs 98,000 crore project likely to be completed by 2023 end|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi-mumbai-expressway-to-cut-travel-time-by-half-rs-98000-crore-project-likely-to-start-by-2023-end-article-96880738/amp|work=Times Now|date=10 January 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| direction_a = उत्तरी
| direction_b = दक्खिनी
| terminus_a = 1. DND Flyway, [[दिल्ली]] &lt;br&gt; 2. सोहना इलेवेटेड कॉरिडोर, [[हरियाणा]]
| junctions = 
| terminus_b = 1. JNPT, [[महाराष्ट्र]] &lt;br&gt; 2. [[विरार]], [[महाराष्ट्र]]
| states = [[दिल्ली]], [[हरियाणा]], [[राजस्थान]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]], [[गुजरात]] आ [[महाराष्ट्र]]
| cities = [[फरीदाबाद]], [[सोहना]], [[अलवर]], [[बाँदीकुई]], [[दौसा]], [[सवाई माधोपुर]], [[कोटा, राजस्थान|कोटा]], [[रतलाम]], [[Thandla]], [[Dahod]], [[गोधरा]], [[वड़ोदरा]], [[सूरत]], [[नवसारी]], [[वापी]]
| photo = 
| photo_notes = राजस्थान में एह एक्सप्रेसवे के एगो हिस्सा
}}
'''दिल्ली–मुंबई एक्सप्रेसवे''' ({{Lang|en|Delhi–Mumbai Expressway}}) 1,386 किमी लमहर आ 8-लेन चाकर (12 लेन बिस्तार जोग) [[भारत]] के राष्ट्रीय राजधानी [[नई दिल्ली]] के ओकर वित्तीय राजधानी [[मुंबई]] से जोड़े वाला निर्माणाधीन कंट्रोल्ड-एक्सेस एक्सप्रेसवे होखी।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=The importance of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway &amp; how it will reduce travel time to just 12 hours |url=https://english.jagran.com/lite/india/jagran-explainer-the-importance-of-delhimumbai-expressway-and-how-it-will-reduce-travel-time-to-just-12-hours-10032194 |website=Dainik Jagran |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201142811/https://english.jagran.com/lite/india/jagran-explainer-the-importance-of-delhimumbai-expressway-and-how-it-will-reduce-travel-time-to-just-12-hours-10032194 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;update1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 November 2018 |title=Land acquisition complete in Haryana for Delhi–Mumbai Expressway |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/land-acquisition-complete-in-haryana-for-delhi-mumbai-expressway/articleshow/66778508.cms |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=Govt announces plans to build Delhi-Mumbai expressway for Rs 1 lakh crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/soon-new-delhi-mumbai-expressway-project-to-cost-rs-1-lakh-crore-nitin-gadkari/story-9OUM2mNyhqKFFvSXlByoPJ.html |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 April 2018 |title=Land acquisition cost for new Delhi-Mumbai expressway to be lower by Rs 20k crore |work=Economic Times |url=https://www.economictimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/land-acquisition-cost-for-new-delhi-mumbai-expressway-to-be-lower-by-rs-20k-crore/articleshow/63801529.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; एह प्रोजेक्ट के शिलान्यास केंद्रीय मंत्री नितिन गडकरी द्वारा 8 मार्च 2019 के [[सुषमा स्वराज]] आ [[अरुण जेटली]] के मौजूदगी में कइल गइल रहे&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Union ministers lay foundation stones for Rs 1 lakh crore Delhi-Mumbai, Dwarka expressways |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/union-ministers-lay-foundation-stones-for-rs-1-lakh-crore-delhi-mumbai-dwarka-expressways/articleshow/68321954.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; जमीन के अधिग्रहण लागत सहित कुल प्रोजेक्ट मूल्य लगभग [[भारतीय रुपिया|₹]] 1,00,000 करोड़ (~13.1 अरब अमेरिकी डॉलर) बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 April 2018 |title=From Delhi to Mumbai in 12 hours flat? Expressway to be ready in 3 years |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/delhi-mumbai-expressway-to-be-completed-by-2021-says-nitin-gadkari-118041700161_1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; एगो अतिरिक्त 31 किमी लंबा स्पर के निर्माण भी एनएचएआई द्वारा जेवर के नोएडा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा से सेक्टर-65, [[फरीदाबाद]] तक एह एक्सप्रेसवे पर कइल जाई।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Jewar International Airport will be linked to Delhi-Mumbai Expressway |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/jewar-airport-will-connect-with-delhi-mumbai-expressway-at-a-cost-of-rs-2100-crore-says-nitin-gadkari-nodark-3745508.html |website=News18 |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201144316/https://hindi.news18.com/amp/news/delhi-ncr/jewar-airport-will-connect-with-delhi-mumbai-expressway-at-a-cost-of-rs-2100-crore-says-nitin-gadkari-nodark-3745508.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के एक्सप्रेसवे]]


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{{ExamplesSidebar|35%|
* '''कुक्कुर''' दउरत बा।
* ऊ '''राम''' हवें।
* ई '''इलाहाबाद''' '''पुलिस''' '''स्टेशन''' ह।
* एह '''नोकरी''' खातिर '''तनखाह''' मजिगर बा।
* ओहिजा '''सोमार''' के जइहऽ।
* हमरा के '''खेलकूद''' पसऽन पड़े ला।
}}
[[व्याकरण]] में, '''संज्ञा''' (संस्कृत से आइल; अरथ: &quot;नाँव&quot;) ({{Lang|en|noun}}; ''नाउन''), वाक्य भा वाक्यांश में अइसन शब्द होखे ला जे आमतौर पर कौनों बिसेस चीज भा चीज सभ के सेट (झुंड भा समूह) के नाँव के रूप में काम करे ला — जइसे कि अइसन शब्द जे कौनों जीवधारी, जगह, क्रिया (एक्शन), गुण, अस्तित्व के स्थिति भा बिचार (आइडिया) के नाँव बतावे ला। व्याकरण में ई एक किसिम के [[पार्ट ऑफ़ स्पीच|शब्द-भेद भा ''लेक्सिकल कटेगरी'']] हवे, जहाँ [[पार्ट ऑफ़ स्पीच|शब्दभेद]] वाक्य में कौनों शब्द के काम (फंक्शन) के आधार पर उनहन के वर्ग में बाँटे के तरीका हवे।

कई भाषा सभ में, जइसे कि अंग्रेजी में, संज्ञा शब्दन के साथे एगो आर्टिकल चाहे डेटरमाइनर के इस्तेमाल होखे ला - जइसे '''''अ''' ब्वाय'', '''''[[दि|द]]''' गर्ल'' वगैरह। अरबी नियन भाषा शब्द में अक्सर नाँव के पहिले अल डेटरमाइनर के रूप में जोड़ल जाला - जइसे: '''''अल'''-अक्सा'', '''''अल'''-बरूनी'' वगैरह।

संज्ञा शब्द के, जवना चीज के ऊ नाँव बतावत होखे, के गिनती के आधार पर एकवचन आ बहुवचन में बाँटल जाला (संस्कृत में द्विवचन भी होला)। कुछ भाषा सब में संज्ञा में वचन के हिसाब से कौनों रूप बदलाव ना होखे ला। एही तरीका से संज्ञा शब्द सभ से मर्दाना-जनाना होखे के पता भी चले ला आ एह आधार पर पुल्लिंग-स्त्रीलिंग के बर्गीकरण होखे ला।

संज्ञा के बर्गीकरण - प्रकार में बाँटल - अउरियो कई तरह से होला: ब्यक्तिवाचक आ समूहवाचक, ब्यक्तिवाचक आ जातिवाचक, द्रव्यवाचक आ भाववाचक वगैरह संज्ञा के भेद कइल जालें।

{{clear}}
== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[संज्ञा के भेद]]
* [[सर्वनाम]]

{{Lexical categories |state=collapsed}}

[[श्रेणी:व्याकरण]]
[[श्रेणी:पार्ट ऑफ़ स्पीच]]


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      <text bytes="1110" sha1="4cyafpg0h8bt06bib5wqslqc2ao5qfo" xml:space="preserve">[[संस्कृत व्याकरण]] में '''धातु''' [[क्रिया]] सभ के मूल शब्द होला। एह मूल शब्द में तिङ् [[प्रत्यय]] लगा के धातु रूप भा क्रिया के रूप में इस्तेमाल होखे वाला शब्द बने लें। एकरे अलावा धातु सभ से अन्य शब्द भी बने लें जे वाक्य में [[संज्ञा]], [[विशेषण]] वगैरह नियर [[पार्ट ऑफ़ स्पीच|पद भा शब्दभेद]] के रूप में इस्तेमाल होखे लें।

{{clear}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* संस्कृत विकिस्रोत पर: [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/पाणिनीय_धातुपाठः पाणिनीय धातुपाठः]

[[श्रेणी:संस्कृत व्याकरण]]


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      <text bytes="4698" sha1="buepvaoquzjn8ozumle7ww642kvnysb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| image          = 
| alt            = 
| caption        =
| director       = {{Plainlist|
* आरोन हौर्वार्थ
* माइकल जेलेनिक}}
| writer         = मैथ्यू फूगेल
| based_on       = 
| producer       = 
| starring       = 
| editing        =
| music          = 
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[यूनिवर्सल पिक्चर्स]]
* इलुमिनेशन
* निनतेंदो}}
| distributor    = युनिवर्सल पिक्चर्स
| released       = {{Film date|2023|4|5|अमेरिका}}
| runtime        = 92 मिनट&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/1700964F0044EBDB |title=''The Super Mario Bros. Movie'' |website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]] |date=February 16, 2023 |access-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216173721/https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/1700964F0044EBDB |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = {{Plainlist|
* अमेरिका&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grierson |first=Tim |title=''The Super Mario Bros. Movie'': Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-super-mario-bros-movie-review/5180806.article |access-date=April 5, 2023 |website=Screen Daily |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405101809/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-super-mario-bros-movie-review/5180806.article |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Do NOT add other countries here unless a reliable source is provided --&gt;
}}
| language       = अंग्रेजी
| budget         = $100&amp;nbsp;मिलियन&lt;ref name=Budget&gt;{{cite news |author= Rebecca Rubin |date= April 6, 2023 |url= https://variety.com/2023/film/news/box-office-super-mario-bros-movie-air-opening-day-1235575483/ |title= Box Office: 'Super Mario Bros. Movie' Scores Huge $31.7 Million, 'Air' Lands $3.2 Million on Opening Day |work= Variety |access-date= April 6, 2023 |archive-date= April 6, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230406160114/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/box-office-super-mario-bros-movie-air-opening-day-1235575483/ |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $1.268&amp;nbsp;बिलियन&lt;ref name=&quot;NUM&quot;&gt;{{Cite The Numbers|title= The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023)|id= Super-Mario-Bros-Movie-The-(2022) |access-date=May 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BOM&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6718170/|title=The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023)|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=May 27, 2023|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405235220/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6718170/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''सुपर मारियो ब्रदर्स मूवी''' ({{Lang|en|The Super Mario Bros. Movie}}) 2023 के अमेरिकी कंप्यूटर एनिमेटेड [[एडवेंचर फिलिम]] बा जे निनटेंडो के मारियो वीडियो गेम फ्रेंचाइजी पर आधारित बाटे। [[यूनिवर्सल पिक्चर्स]], इलुमिनेशन, आ निनटेंडो द्वारा निर्मित आ यूनिवर्सल द्वारा बितरित एह फिलिम के डाइरेक्टर हारून होर्वाथ आ माइकल जेलेनिक बा लोग आ मैथ्यू फोगेल एकर लेखक बाड़न। एन्सेम्बल आवाज कलाकारन में क्रिस प्रैट, अन्य टेलर-जॉय, चार्ली डे, जैक ब्लैक, कीगन-माइकल की, सेठ रोजेन, आ फ्रेड आर्मिसन शामिल बा लोग। एह फिलिम में इटैलियन-अमेरिकी प्लंबर भाई मारियो आ लुइगी के मूल कहानी देखावल गइल बा जे लोग के एगो वैकल्पिक दुनिया में ले जाइल जाला आ राजकुमारी पीच के नेतृत्व में मशरूम किंगडम आ बाउसर के नेतृत्व में कूपास लोग के बीच लड़ाई में फँस जाला।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:एनीमेशन फिलिम]]


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      <text bytes="1746" sha1="m544udm3zjchtfvv4bu4xzllh3r28am" xml:space="preserve">'''''क्लासिफायर''''' ({{Lang|en|classifier}}), कुछ भाषा सभ में, अइसन शब्द होलें जे [[संज्ञा]] के आगे भा पाछे जुड़ के, संज्ञा से जेकरे नाँव क बोध हो रहल होखे, ओकरे वर्गीकरण के काम करे लें। इनहन के नापे-तउले वाला शब्द बूझल जा सके ला। भोजपुरी आ मैथिली नियर बिहारी भाषा सभ में आ बंगाली असमिया में अइसन शब्द आम चलन में बाड़ें। जइसे [[भोजपुरी]] के ''ए'''गो''''' (एक+'''गो'''), ''चार '''ठे''''', ''एक '''ठो''''', ''दस '''ठे''''' नियर शब्द।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Q. No. 2 of Bhasha ki baat |url=https://philoid.com/question/103926-Q2-5-Mithaaiwala-101621 |website=Philoid |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[हिंदुस्तानी भाषा]] ([[हिंदी भाषा|हिंदी]]-[[उर्दू]]) में अइसन शब्द &quot;नग&quot; के मानल जा सके ला - ''एक '''नग''''', ''पाँच '''नग'''''। [[अंग्रेजी]] में &quot;पीस&quot; - ''थ्री '''पीसेज''' ऑफ़ पेपर'', अइसन क्लासिफायर हो सके ला।

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== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:व्याकरण]]
[[श्रेणी:भाषा विज्ञान]]


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      <text bytes="1367" sha1="pjpz4d5kwhlj3mkv2m49bpfu9zhd27l" xml:space="preserve">'''नाँव''' ({{Lang|en|name}}), जेकरा '''नांव''' हिज्जे लिख दिहल जाला, चाहे '''नाम''' (मुख्य रूप से हिंदी में), अइसन शब्द भा शब्दन के समूह होला जेकरा से कौनों ब्यक्ति, बस्तु, जगह भा अउरी कौनों किसिम के चीज भा बिचार के चिन्हित, बोलावल भा पहिचानल जाला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Definition of name {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/name |website=dictionary.com |access-date=3 जून 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Definition of NAME |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/name |website=merriam-webster.com |access-date=3 जून 2023 |language=en |date=28 मई 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Name Definition &amp; Meaning {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/name |website=britannica.com|language=en |date=28 मई 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:नाँव| ]]
[[श्रेणी:पहिचानक]]
[[श्रेणी:पार्ट ऑफ़ स्पीच]]


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      <text bytes="7624" sha1="5zez6gl7ttu5pck8jbe5k0js3joj63v" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Essais Titelblatt (1588).png|thumb|फ्रांसीसी लेखक [[मिशेल दे मांतेन]] के निबंध। मांतेन के एह बिधा के सुरुआती रचनाकार मानल जाला।]]
'''निबंध''' ({{Lang|en|essay}}) आमतौर प कौनों बिसय बिसेस पर लिखल छोटहन साइज के [[साहित्य|साहित्यिक रचना]] होला जे बिश्लेषण आ इंटरप्रेटेशन सोझा रखे ला बाकी बिसय प सीमित नजरिया से, लेखक के निजी बिचार के नियर लिखल जाला;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Definition of ESSAY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/essay |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=मरियम-वेबस्टर डिक्शनरी |access-date=4 जून 2023 |language=en |date=27 मई 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; बहुधा इस्कूल में बिद्यार्थी लोगन द्वारा कोर्स के हिस्सा के रूप में लिखल जाला;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=essay |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/essay |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |publisher=कैंब्रिज डिक्शनरी |access-date=4 जून 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[रिसर्च पेपर]] भा [[थीसिस]] से कम औपचारिक आ कम बेवस्थित तरीका से लिखल होला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essay {{!}} Definition, Types, Examples, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/essay |website=britannica.com |publisher=ब्रिटैनिका एन्साइक्लोपीडिया |access-date=4 जून 2023 |language=en |date=16 मई 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

आमतौर पर निबंध के इस्तेमाल साहित्यिक समालोचना, राजनीतिक घोषणापत्र, सीखल तर्क, दैनिक जीवन के अवलोकन, संस्मरण आ लेखक के निजी चिंतन के प्रगट करे के रूप में कइल जाला। लगभग सगरी आधुनिक निबंध गद्य में लिखल गइल बाड़ें, बाकी पुराना समय के कई ठे छंद में लिखल रचना सभ के भी निबंध के नाँव दिहल गइल बा (जइसे कि [[अलेक्जेंडर पोप]] के ''एन एसे ऑन क्रिटिसिज्म'' आ ''एन एसे ऑन मैन'')। जबकि संक्षिप्तता आमतौर पर निबंध के परिभाषित करे ले, [[जॉन लॉक]] के ''एन एसे कंसर्निंग ह्यूमन अंडरस्टैंडिंग'' आ [[थॉमस माल्थस]] के ''एन एसे ऑन द प्रिंसिपल ऑफ पॉपुलेशन'' नियर बड़हन रचना सभ एकर प्रतिउदाहरण बाड़ीं स।

कुछ देस सभ में (जइसे कि अमेरिका आ कनाडा में) निबंध औपचारिक शिक्षा के प्रमुख हिस्सा बन चुकल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Owens |first=Derek |title=Keywords in Composition Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/keywordsincompos0000paul |publisher=Boynton/Cook |year=1996 |isbn=0-86709-399-4 |location=Portsmouth, NH |pages=[https://archive.org/details/keywordsincompos0000paul/page/85 85]–88 |chapter=Essay}}&lt;/ref&gt; माध्यमिक दर्जा (इंटरमीडिएट) के छात्रन के लिखे के निपुणता में सुधार खातिर ढाँचा में बन्हल निबंध फार्मेट सिखावल जाला; एडमिशन निबंध के इस्तेमाल अक्सर विश्वविद्यालय सभ द्वारा अप्लिकेशन करे वाला लोगन के चुने में कइल जाला आ मानविकी आ सामाजिक बिज्ञान में निबंध के इस्तेमाल अक्सर अंतिम परीक्षा के दौरान छात्र लोग के परफार्मेंस के आकलन करे के तरीका के रूप में कइल जाला।

निबंध रचना के भी कई ठे किसिम आ उप-बिधा बाड़ी स। वर्णनात्मक निबंध में कौनों चीज के आँखिन देखल हाल नियन सजीव वर्णन देखे के मिले ला। बिबरनात्म्क निबंध इतिहासी घटना, जात्रा भा केहू ब्यक्ति के बर्णन से जुड़ल बिबरन देखावे वाला होखे लें; बहुधा क्रोनोलॉजी के हिसाब रख के लिखल घटना के बिबरन एही कटेगरी में आवे ला। बिचारात्मक निबंध में गहन-गम्हीर चिंतन, तर्क-बितर्क आ खंडन-मंडन मिले ला। भावात्मक निबंध भाव प्रधान होखे लें। ललित निबंध में भाषा आ भाव दुनों सरल आ आनंददायक होलें हालाँकि, एहू सभ में ललित रूप में गम्हीर बात कहल गइल हो सके ला।

&quot;निबंध&quot; के कांसेप्ट खाली भर लिखला से ऊपर उठ के अउरियो मीडिया तक पहुँचावल गइल बा। फिलिम निबंध अइसन फिलिम होखे लीं जिनहन में अक्सर डॉक्यूमेंट्री फिलिम बनावे के शैली के सामिल कइल जाला आ कौनों बिसय भा बिचार के बिकास पर ढेर फोकस कइल जाला। फोटोग्राफिक निबंध में कौनों बिसय के फोटो के लिंक कइल शृंखला के साथ सामिल कइल जाला जेह में पाठ भा कैप्शन भी जुड़ल हो सके ला।

== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[ललित निबंध]]

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== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:साहित्य]]
[[श्रेणी:लिखाई]]
[[श्रेणी:निबंध| ]]
[[श्रेणी:इस्कूली टर्मावली]]


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| name               = देवेंद्र सत्यार्थी
| image              = Devendra_Satyarthi.jpg
| caption            = सत्यार्थी लग. 1935 में पठान गीत नोट करत
| other_names        = 
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|05|28}}
| birth_place        = भदौर, [[बरनाला]], [[पंजाब]], भारत
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2003|02|12|1908|05|28}}
| death_place        = 
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| occupation         = लेखक
| years_active       = 1927-2003
| known_for          = लोक साहित्य (फोक लोर)
| spouse             = 
| partner            = 
| children           = 
| parents            = 
| awards             = [[पद्म श्री]]&lt;br&gt;हिंदी साहित्य साधना सम्मान
| website            = 
}}
'''देवेंद्र सत्यार्थी''' (28 मई 1908 – 2003) एगो भारतीय लोककथाकार (फोकलोरिस्ट) आ [[हिंदी साहित्य|हिंदी]], उर्दू, आ पंजाबी भषवन के साहित्यकार रहलें।&lt;ref name=&quot;Amazon profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/-/e/B001ICKXMO|title=Amazon profile|publisher=Amazon|author-link=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Satyarthi, Devendra&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Satyarthi, Devendra |url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82043495/ |access-date=27 June 2015 |publisher=Worldcat}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Library profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Open Library profile |url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL2842A/Devendra_Satyarthi |access-date=27 June 2015 |publisher=Open Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; भदौर ([[बरनाला]], [[पंजाब]]) में जनमल&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ਰਾਮਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਮੁੱਕਦੀ ਫੁਲਕਾਰੀ: ਦਵਿੰਦਰ ਸਤਿਆਰਥੀ |url=http://www.hunpanjabi.net/article/article.aspx?nc=29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413213654/http://www.hunpanjabi.net/article/article.aspx?nc=29 |archive-date=13 April 2012 |access-date=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; सत्यार्थी के इस्कूली पढ़ाई पूरा ना भइल आ 1927 से&lt;ref name=&quot;Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/sathyarthi/ |access-date=27 June 2015 |publisher=Apna}}&lt;/ref&gt; लोकगीत सभ के संग्रह करे के यात्रा शुरू कइलें जेकरा के ऊ अपना पहिला लोकगीत संकलन में 1935 में ''गिद्धा के'' नाँव से छपवलें,&lt;ref name=&quot;Giddha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQnYGwAACAAJ|title=Giddha|last=Devedra Satyarthi|publisher=Navyug|year=1970|pages=223}}&lt;/ref&gt; जेकरा के बहुत लोग एगो मौलिके रचना के रूप में माने ला।&lt;ref name=&quot;Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead&quot; /&gt;

सत्यार्थी [[उर्दू]], हिंदी आ [[पंजाबी भाषा|पंजाबी]] भाषा में उपन्यास,&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&amp;dq=Devendra+Satyarthi+biography&amp;pg=PA167|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|last=Amaresh Datta|date=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126018031|pages=987|access-date=27 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; लघुकथा (कहानी),&lt;ref name=&quot;Selected Punjabi Short Stories&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBiiMdQu3j0C&amp;dq=Devendra+Satyarthi&amp;pg=PA8|title=Selected Punjabi Short Stories|date=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=9788128804786|access-date=27 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; कविता, निबंध आ लोकगीत संकलन से बनल 50 से बेसी किताब छपवलें, बाकी बतावल जाला कि [[रबींद्रनाथ टैगोर|रवींद्रनाथ टैगोर]] के सलाह पर अंत में ऊ ज्यादातर पंजाबी भाषा में लिखलें।&lt;ref name=&quot;Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead&quot; /&gt; ''मेरे साक्षात्कार'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Mere Saakshatkaar&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pio-BZrtK7EC&amp;dq=Devendra+Satyarthi&amp;pg=PA90|title=Mere Saakshatkaar|last=Devendra Satyarthi|publisher=Kitabghar Prakashan|isbn=9788170166702|pages=192}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''मिस फोकलोर'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Miss Folklore&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.bookdepository.com/Miss-Folklore-Devendra-Satyarthi/9788185134703|title=Miss Folklore|last=Devendra Satyarthi|publisher=Pustakayan|isbn=9788185134703}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''मीट माई पीपल - भारतीय लोक कविता'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Meet My People - Indian Folk Poetry&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://jsks.biz/meet-my-people-devendra-satyarthi|title=Meet My People - Indian Folk Poetry|last=Devendra Satyarthi|publisher=Navyug Publishers|year=1987}}&lt;/ref&gt; पंजाबी लोक ''-साहिता विका सैनिका'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Pañjābī loka-sāhita wica sainika&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RveBAAAAMAAJ|title=Pañjābī loka-sāhita wica sainika|last=Devendra Satyarthi|publisher=Punjab University Publication Bureau|year=1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''लंका देसा है कोलम्बू'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanka Desa hai Kolambu&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Lanka Desa hai Kolambu|last=Devendra Satyarthi|publisher=Navyug Publishers|year=1991|isbn=978-8185267548|pages=235}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ब्रह्मपुत्र'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Brahmaputra&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgRAAAAAIAAJ|title=Brahmaputra|last=Devendra Satyarthi|publisher=Asia Publications|year=1956|pages=466}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ ''रथ के पहिये''&lt;ref name=&quot;Rath ke Pahiye&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Rath ke Pahiye|last=Devendra Satyarthi|publisher=Praveena Publications|year=1993|pages=276|oclc=36640372}}&lt;/ref&gt; इनके कुछ उल्लेखनीय रचना बाड़ी सऽ।

हिंदी साहित्य साधना सम्मान के विजेता&lt;ref name=&quot;Signposts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2001 |title=Signposts |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/devendra-satyarthi-awarded-hindi-sahitya-sadhna-samman-for-contribution-to-hindi-literature/1/231319.html |access-date=27 June 2015 |publisher=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; सत्यार्थी के 1977 में [[भारत सरकार]] द्वारा [[पद्म श्री|पद्मश्री]] के चउथा सभसे ऊँच भारतीय नागरिक अवार्ड से सम्मानित कइल गइल&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Shri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Shri |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Padma Shri}}&lt;/ref&gt; 12 फरवरी 2003 के 94 बरिस के उमिर में बुढ़ापा के चलते इनके निधन हो गइल।&lt;ref name=&quot;Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead&quot; /&gt; [[लाहौर]] से छपे वाली एगो महीनावार पत्रिका ''पंचम'' अप्रैल 2003 में उनुका पर 300 पन्ना के बिसेस अंक जारी कइलस आ निर्मल अर्पण के लिखल एगो जीवनी ''सत्यार्थी – एक दंत-कथा'' में उनुका जीवन के दस्तावेजीकरण भइल बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead&quot; /&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[श्रेणी:1908 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:2003 में निधन]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय मरद निबंधकार]]
[[श्रेणी:पंजाबी लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:पद्मश्री सम्मानित]]</text>
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    <title>निधिवन, वृंदावन</title>
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|name=  निधिवन
|district= [[मथुरा जिला]]
|location= [[वृंदावन]]
|state= [[उत्तर प्रदेश]]
|country= [[भारत]]
|image= Nidhivan.jpg
|caption= निधिवन क घनघोर तुलसी वन
|coordinates={{coord|27.583269|77.697643|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
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'''निधिवन'''' &quot;तुलसी वन&quot; [[भारत]] के [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] के [[मथुरा]] जिला में स्थित [[वृन्दावन]] के पवित्र स्थल बाटे।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=वृंदावन में धार्मिक पर्यटन: परिप्रेक्ष्य आ अंतर्दृष्टि-भारतीय पत्रिकाएँ|url=https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:tajmmr&amp;volume=6&amp;issue=4&amp;article=001|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.indianjournals.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; एके हिंदू देवता [[राधा]] आ [[कृष्ण]] आऊर उनकर सखी गोपी लोग के लीला खातिर समर्पित एगो प्रमुख स्थल मानल जाला। भक्त लोग के बीच ई आम मान्यता बा कि राधा-कृष्ण के रसलीला आज भी निधिवन में रात के समय में होला। एही से रात में केहू के निधिवन परिसर के भीतर रहे के मनाही बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-09-12|title=वृंदावन में रहस्यमय निधिवन आउर एकर किस्सा-कहनी|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/blog/the-mysterious-nidhivan-in-vrindavan-and-its-popular-tales/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=टूर माई इंडिया|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

एह आँगन में तुलसी के पौधा अक्सर ऊँचाई में छोट होलें आ जोड़ी में पावल जालें। तुलसी पौधा के अलावा एह परिसर में &quot;रंग महल&quot; नाम के मंदिर भी बा, जहाँ मानल जाला कि [[राधा]] आ [[कृष्ण]] रासलीला के बाद रात बितावेलें। परिसर के भीतर एगो अउरी मंदिर भी बा जेकरा के &quot;बंसीचोर राधा मंदिर&quot; कहल जाला, जहाँ [[राधा]] [[कृष्ण]] के बांसुरी चोरा लेले रहे। एकरे अलावा एगो तीर्थस्थल भी बा जे [[स्वामी हरिदास]] के समर्पित बाटे जे अपने भक्ति से &quot;बांके बिहारी&quot; के मूर्ति बनवले रहने। एम्मा &quot;रसलीला स्थली&quot; (जहाँ रासलीला के प्रस्तुति होला) आ &quot;[[ललिता]] कुंड&quot; भी परिसर में मौजूद बा। मानल जाला कि जब गोपी लोग रासलीला के बीच में पानी मंगले त कुंड के निर्माण खुद कृष्ण कइले रहले।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-08|title=रहस्यमय निधिवन वृंदावन क पूरा कहनी|url=https://yatradham.org/blog/mysterious-nidhivan-vrindavan/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=यात्राधाम|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-08-14|title=निधिवन वृंदावन क रहस्य, निधिवन क कहानी हिंदी में, चित्र, वीडियो, मानचित्र|url=https://shrimathuraji.com/nidhivana-vrindavan/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=श्री मथुरा जी|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=निधिवन, वृंदावन- दर्शन आउर लीलाएं|url=https://brajrasik.org/articles/5b2b6aa29f7ab760360f9cb4/nidhi-van-pastimes|access-date=2021-09-03|website=ब्रज रस- ब्रज वृंदावन क आनंद.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू मंदिर]]


{{Hinduism-stub}}</text>
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    <title>ध्रुव तारा</title>
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      <text bytes="3134" sha1="e9bqzplpl3upmto6h6rtmsagqwf3gdf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Star Trail above Beccles - geograph.org.uk - 1855505.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[पृथिवी]] के [[उत्तरी गोलार्ध]] में रात के आसमान के लिहल एगो देरी ले एक्सपोजर वाली फोटो जे में बाकी तारा गोलाई में घूमत देखलाई पड़त बाने बाकी बीचा में ध्रुव तारा - ''[[पोलारिस]]'' - अपना जगह पर बिना हिल-डुल मौजूद बा।]]
'''ध्रुव तारा''' चाहे '''ध्रुवतारा''', आकास में अइसन तारा होला जे, अपना धुरी प घुमरियावे वाली आकासी चीज सभ के घुमरी के एक्सिस के सिधाई में होखे ला, जवना से घुमरी के प्रभाव के कारन, ओकरे स्थिति में कौनों बदलाव ना देखलाई पड़े ला। [[संस्कृत]] में ध्रुव शब्द के मतलब होला स्थिर भाषा अपना जगह से हिले-डुले ना।

वर्तमान में, [[पृथिवी]] के ध्रुव तारा ''[[पोलारिस]]'' नाँव के तारा बाटे जे पृथिवी के घूर्णन अक्ष (रोटेशनल एक्सिस) के लगभग सिधाई में बा आ एही से पृथिवी के घुमारियावे के परभाव एकरा आकासी पोजीशन पर ना के बराबर पड़े ला आ एही से ई आकास में हमेशा (चउबीसो घंटा) एकही जगह मौजूद देखलाई पड़े ला। हालाँकि, पृथिवी के झुकाव के दिशा धीरे-धीरे बाकी निश्चित गति से, हजारन साल में, बदले ला। एकरा चलते इतिहास में दूसरो अइसन तारा रह चुकल बाड़ें जे ओह समय के ध्रुव तारा रहलें।

पृथिवी पर एकर इस्तेमाल पुराना समय से लोग उत्तर दिसा चीन्हे खातिर करत आ रहल बा। खास क के, समुंद्री यात्री लोग एकरा सहारे अपना जहाज के दिसा आ जगह के अक्षांस के अनुमान लगावे। एही से ई तारा आकास आधारित नेविगेशन में कामे आवे।

{{clear}}


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[[File:Ashta-Matrika.jpg|thumb|upright 1.3|right|देवी अंबिका, आठो मातृका लोगन के रक्तबीज के खिलाफ जुद्ध में अगुआई करत। (ऊपर, बाएँ से) नारसिंही, वैष्णवी, कौमारी, माहेश्वरी, ब्राह्मी (नीचे के लाइन में, बाएँ से) वाराही, इंद्राणी, आ चामुंडा भा काली। देवी माहत्म्य के एगो चित्रण।]]
'''''दुर्गा सप्तशती''''' चाहे '''''देवी माहात्म्य''''' एगो [[हिंदू]] ग्रंथ हवे जेह में देवी [[दुर्गा]] के आराधना आ [[राक्षस]]न प उनुके बिजय के कथा बर्णित बाटे। ई 700 [[श्लोक]] वाला [[कबिता]] के रूप में लिखल रचना हवे जे [[मारकंडेय पुराण|मारकंडे पुराण]] के हिस्सा हवे। मुख्य रूप से एह में [[महिषासुर]] राक्षस पर देवी दुर्गा के बिजय के बर्णन कइल गइल हवे।

एकर चलनसार नाँव ''दुर्गा सप्तशती'' एकरा 700 श्लोक वाला होखे के चलते हवे। &quot;सप्तशती&quot; [[संस्कृत]] के शब्द हव जे के मतलब सात सौ (श्लोक) वाली रचना होला। ई पूरा रचना कुल 13 अध्याय में बाँटल बाटे आ एकरे अलावे आगे-पाछे अउरियो स्तुति, मंत्र, स्तोत्र आ बिधि-बिधान क बिबरन ग्रंथ में जोड़ल गइल बाड़ें।

[[हिंदू धर्म]] माने वाला लोगन के बीचा में आमतौर पर आ हिंदू धर्म के [[शाक्त शाखा]] के लोगन के बीचा में बिसेस रूप से एह ग्रंथ के महत्व हवे। एकर कुछ हिस्सा आम पूजापाठ के हिस्सा हवे जबकि [[नवरातर|नवरातर (नवरात्र)]] में एकर बिसेस रूप से पाठ कइल जाला, जेकरा &quot;दुर्गा पाठ&quot; के नाँव से जानल जाला। बिबिध तांत्रिक अनुष्ठान सभ में एह ग्रंथ के बिसेस अंश सब के पाठ कइल जाला।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* [https://ia802309.us.archive.org/19/items/durga-saptashati-01/Durga_Saptashati-01.pdf श्री दुर्गा सप्तशती], पूरा पाठ हिंदी अनुबाद सहित, गीता प्रेस संस्करण (इंटरनेट आर्काइव प)

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू ग्रंथ]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदू कथा]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदू कबिता]]


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    <title>निगार शाजी</title>
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      <text bytes="5515" sha1="k9vh3rh56fyqqt0ot87uomebtwut6t9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = निगार शाजी
| birth_place        = सेनगोट्टई, तेनकासी, [[तमिलनाडु]]
| education          = एमटेक (इलेक्ट्रानिक्स)
| alma_mater         = बिड़ला इन्स्टीट्यूट ऑफ़ टेक्नालॉजी, राँची
| occupation         = अंतरिक्ष बैज्ञानिक
| organization       = [[सतीश धवन स्पेस सेंटर]], [[यू आर राव सैटेलाइट सेंटर]], [[इसरो]] (ISRO)
| known_for          = प्रोजेक्ट डाइरेक्टर, [[आदित्य-एल1]]
}}
'''निगर शाजी''' एगो भारतीय अंतरिक्ष वैज्ञानिक बाड़ी जे भारत के राष्ट्रीय अंतरिक्ष एजेंसी [[इसरो]] में बैज्ञानिक के काम करे ली। शाजी भारत के पहिला सुरुज मिशन [[आदित्य-एल1|आदित्य-एल 1]] के प्रोजेक्ट डायरेक्टर बाड़ी।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Meet Nigar Shaji, a woman ISRO scientist who helmed Aditya-L1 mission |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/science/adityas-tenkasi-connection-in-indias-maiden-solar-mission/articleshow/103308500.cms |access-date=2023-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ISROs Aditya-L1 Solar Mission: Nigar Shaji Addresses After Successful Launch Of First Sun Mission |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/isros-aditya-l1-solar-mission-nigar-shaji-addresses-after-successful-launch-of-first-sun-mission-2656810.html |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-02 |title=Meet The Project Director Of Ambitious Mission Aditya-L1{{!}} Nigar Shaji from Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/times-now/india/meet-the-project-director-of-ambitious-mission-aditya-l1-nigar-shaji-from-tamil-nadu-video-103302519 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== शुरुआती जिनगी आ पढ़ाई-लिखाई ==
शाजी के परवरिश [[तमिलनाडु]] के तेनकासी जिला के सेंगोट्टाई&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Meet Nigar Shaji from TN's Tenkasi, Aditya-L1 mission project director |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Sep/02/meet-nigar-shaji-from-tns-tenkasi-aditya-l1-mission-project-director-2610872.html |access-date=2023-09-02 |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902155209/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/02/meet-nigar-shaji-from-tns-tenkasi-aditya-l1-mission-project-director-2610872.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp;amp_js_v=a9&amp;usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&amp;aoh=16936684620776&amp;referrer=https://www.google.com&amp;ampshare=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/02/meet-nigar-shaji-from-tns-tenkasi-aditya-l1-mission-project-director-2610872.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; में भइल।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Nigar Shaji, The Project Director Of India's First Sun Mission: 5 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-points-about-nigar-shaji-project-director-of-india-s-maiden-solar-mission-4352495 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; सेंगोटाई सरकारी उच्च माध्यमिक विद्यालय में अंग्रेजी मीडियम से शिक्षा प्राप्त कइली।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; मदुरै कामराज विश्वविद्यालय में पढ़ाई कइली, जहाँ ऊ इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स आ कम्युनिकेशन में इंजीनियरिंग के डिग्री हासिल कइली, आ आगे चल के बीआईटी रांची से इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स में मास्टर्स के डिग्री हासिल कइली।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== कैरियर ==
शाजी 1987 में यूआर राव सैटेलाइट सेंटर के हिस्सा के रूप में इसरो से जुड़ली।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ऊ कई गो उपग्रह कार्यक्रम सभ पर काम कइले बाड़ी, आ रिसोर्ससैट-2ए के एसोसिएट प्रोजेक्ट डाइरेक्टर रहली।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== निजी जिनगी ==
शाजी अपना माई आ बेटी के संगे [[बंगलौर]] में रहेली।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; उनकर पति [[दुबई]] में काम करेले, आ उनकर बेटा [[नीदरलैंड]] में वैज्ञानिक बाड़न।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय बैज्ञानिक]]


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|image=Narges Karim Mohammadi – BBC Persian, Feb 24, 2021.jpg
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|other_names=नरगिस सफ़ी मोहम्मदी
|occupation=मानवाधिकार कार्यकर्ता
|known_for=|children=2
|awards=[[Alexander Langer Award]] (2009)&lt;br&gt;[[Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS)]] (2018)&lt;br&gt;[[नोबेल पुरस्कार|नोबल पुरस्कार विजेता]] (2023)
|spouse={{marriage|[[तागी रहमानी]]|2001}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/a/1079544.html|title=Iran: Activist 'Dynamic Duo' Fight for Human Rights|date=27 फरवरी 2008|author=Farangis Najibullah|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|access-date=10 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''नरगिस सफ़ी मोहम्मदी''' (फारसी: نرگس سفیه محمدی ; जनम 21 अप्रैल 1972)&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2012/05/profile-nationalist-religious-and-steadfast-narges-mohammadi.html|title=राष्ट्रवादी, धार्मिक, आ संकल्पित : नरगिस मोहम्मदी|last=मुहम्मद साहिमी|date=10 मई 2012|publisher=PBS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629071816/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2012/05/profile-nationalist-religious-and-steadfast-narges-mohammadi.html|archive-date=29 जून 2012|access-date=31 अक्टूबर 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ईरानी मानवाधिकार कार्यकर्ता, वैज्ञानिक आ नोबेल शांति पुरस्कार क विजेता बाड़ी। उ [[शिरीन एबादी]] के नेतृत्व में &quot;डिफेंडर्स ऑफ ह्यूमन राइट्स सेंटर (डीएचआरसी)&quot; के उपाध्यक्ष बाड़ी।&lt;ref name=&quot;जी&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2012/apr/26/iran-activist-narges-mohammadi-jailed|title=ईरानी मानवाधिकार कार्यकर्ता नरगिस मोहम्मदी क गिरफ्तारी|last=सईद कामली देहघन|authorlink=सईद कामली देहघन|date=26 अप्रैल 2012|website=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615233544/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/iran-blog/2012/apr/26/iran-activist-narges-mohammadi-jailed|archive-date=15 जून 2012|access-date=31 अक्टूबर 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; मई 2016 में [[तेहरान]] में &quot;फाँसी के सजा खतम करे खातिर अभियान चलावे वाला मानवाधिकार आंदोलन&quot; के स्थापना आ संचालन के आरोप में इनके 16 साल के जेल के सजा सुनावल गइल।&lt;ref name=&quot;यू&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/may/24/narges-mohammadi-iranian-activist-un-condemns-10-year-jail-sentence|title=संयुक्त राष्ट्र ईरानी कार्यकर्ता नरगिस मोहम्मदी के सोलह साल के जेल के सजा के निंदा कइलस |last=सईद कामली देहघन|authorlink=सईद कामली देहघन|date=24 मई 2016|website=दि गार्जियन|access-date=11 जनवरी 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;ईरान में औरतन पर उत्पीड़न के खिलाफ लड़ाई आ सभका खातिर मानवाधिकार आ आजादी के बढ़ावा देवे खातिर&quot; नार्वे के नोबल समिति के द्वारा नरगिस मोहम्मदी के साल 2023 खातिर [[नोबल शांति पुरस्कार]] से सम्मानित कइल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=शैलेश कुमार शुक्ला |title=नोबल शांति पुरस्‍कार: 31 बरिस जेल आ 154 कोड़ा... ईरान क बहादुर महिला नरगिस मोहम्‍मदी के मिलल सर्वोच्‍च सम्‍मान |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/world/uae/narges-mohammadi-news-nobel-peace-prize-awarded-to-iranian-human-rights-activist-narges-mohammadi-know/articleshow/104211475.cms |website=नवभारत टाइम्स |accessdate=8 अक्टूबर 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1972 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:नोबल शांति पुरस्कार सम्मानित लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:नोबल पुरस्कार सम्मानित लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:2023]]


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      <text bytes="11239" sha1="gt5osdhaqrrwow91vu2l8uv7bhve838" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Poulluted killer fog in Delhi.jpg|thumb|गहिरा घन आ जहरीला स्मॉग दिल्ली के आसमान पर जे सुरुज के रौशनी रोक देले बा। फोटो नवंबर 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/07/world/asia/delhi-pollution-gas-chamber.html |title=Delhi, Blanketed in Toxic Haze, &quot;Has Become a Gas Chamber&quot; |work=The New York Times |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108013324/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/07/world/asia/delhi-pollution-gas-chamber.html |archive-date=8 November 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:PIA21100 Severe Air Pollution in New Delhi View by NASA's MISR.jpg|thumb|MISR नाप-जोख 5 नवंबर 2016: कोहरा के गहिराई एतना रहल कि एल्गोरिदम ओकरा के बादर के रूप में क्लासिफाई क दिहलस (37 परसेंट सुरुज के रोशनी, हवा क्वालिटी इंडेक्स = 751)।]]
भारत के राष्ट्रिय राजधानी इलाका [[दिल्ली]] (एनसीआर) में [[हवा क्वालिटी इंडेक्स|हवा के गुणवत्ता]], [[बिस्व स्वास्थ संगठन|WHO]] के कइल गइल 1,650 बिस्व शहर सभ के सर्वे आ अगस्त 2022 में अमेरिका के हेल्थ इफेक्ट्स इंस्टीट्यूट द्वारा 7,000 बिस्व शहर सभ के सर्वे के मोताबिक दुनिया के मुख्य-मुख्य शहर सभ में सभकरा से खराब बाटे। एकर असर दिल्ली के आसपास के जिला सभ में भी पड़े ला। [[भारत में हवा प्रदूषण]] से हर साल लगभग 20 लाख लोग के मौत होखे के अनुमान लगावल जाला; ई हवा प्रदूषण भारत के पाँचवाँ सबसे बड़ हत्यारा ह। डब्ल्यूएचओ के मुताबिक, भारत में पुरान साँस संबंधी बेमारी आ दमा (अस्थमा) से मौत के दर दुनिया में सबसे जादे बाटे। दिल्ली में खराब क्वालिटी के हवा 22 लाख, मने कि लड़िकन-बच्चन के 50 प्रतिशत के फेफड़ा के ना वापस सुधार होखे रूप से नोकसान पहुँचावेला।

दिल्ली के [[हवा क्वालिटी इंडेक्स]] आमतौर पर मार्च से सितंबर के बीच नीक (0–50), संतोषजनक (51–100), आ मध्यम (101–200) स्तर पर होला आ फिर ई बहुत बिगड़ के खाराब (201–300), गंभीर हो जाला (301–400), या अक्टूबर से फरवरी के दौरान खतरनाक (401–500+) के स्तर [[विजयदशमी]] के दौरान मूर्ति सभ के जरावल, [[दिवाली]] के दौरान पड़ाका फोड़े, ठूंठ डाँठ जरावल, सड़क के धूल-धक्कड़, गाड़ी सभ के प्रदूषण आ ठंडा मौसम समेत बिबिध कारक सभ के कारण होला।

नवंबर 2016 में, “ग्रेट स्मॉग ऑफ दिल्ली” कहल एक घटना भइल, जइसमें दिल्ली के हवा दूषण स्वीकार्य सीमा से बहुत ऊपर पहुँच गइल। PM2.5 आ PM10 नामक महीन कण (particulate matter) के स्तर 999 माइक्रोग्राम प्रति घनमीटर तक पहुँच गइल, जबकि एकर 24 घंटा के अधिकतम लिमिट 15 आ 60 माइक्रोग्राम प्रति घनमीटर मानल गइल बा। ब्लूमबर्ग के अनुसार, 2019 में भारत में दूषित हवा के कारण करीब 16.7 लाख लोगन के जान गइल। पर्यावरण, वन आ जलवायु परिवर्तन मंत्रालय द्वारा 2022 में जारी आंकड़ा के हिसाब से, दिल्ली में एयर क्वालिटी इंडेक्स (AQI) आधा साल से अधिक समय तक 200 से ऊपर रहल। पशु-पालन (animal agriculture) भी दिल्ली में प्रदूषण बढ़ावे में योगदान देला, काहे कि 1980 के दशक से किसान लोग दोसरा राज्य में फसल के ठूंठ (stubble) जलावत रहले, जवना से धुँआ आ हानिकारक कण बनके दिल्ली तक पहुँचे लगल।

हवा दूषण के समस्या से निपटे खातिर एगो पहल करे के विचार कइल गइल — गुजरात से दिल्ली होते [[शिवालिक|शिवालिक पहाड़ी]] शृंखला तक, [[अरावली]] पर्वतमाला के साथ-साथ 1,600 किलोमीटर लंबा आ 5 किलोमीटर चौड़ा हरित-पारिस्थितिकी (ग्रीन इकोलॉजिकल) कॉरिडोर बनावल। एह परियोजना में 10 साल के भीतर 1.35 अरब (135 करोड़) देसी पेड़ लगावल जाई, ताकि प्रदूषण से लड़े में मदद मिल सके। दिसंबर 2019 में, IIT बॉम्बे, वाशिंगटन यूनिवर्सिटी इन सेंट लुईस के मैककेल्वी स्कूल ऑफ इंजीनियरिंग के साझेदारी में, भारत में हवा दूषण के अध्ययन खातिर Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility सुरू कइलस।

नवंबर 2021 में [[दिल्ली सरकार]] ई एलान कइल कि गंभीर हवा दूषण के चलते एक हफ्ता खातिर सभे स्कूल आ सरकारी दफ्तर बंद कइल जाई। सरकार [[भारत के सुप्रीम कोर्ट|सुप्रीम कोर्ट]] से कहलस कि ऊ पूरा लॉकडाउन करे खातिर तैयार आ आत्मविश्वास से भरल बा। सुप्रीम कोर्ट एनसीआर (NCR) इलाका के अफसर लोगन से कहलक कि कर्मचारी लोग खातिर रिमोट वर्क (घर से काम) के नीति पर विचार करे। 18 नवंबर 2021 के, दिल्ली में हवा के गुणवत्ता (AQI) 362 हो गइल, जे “गंभीर” श्रेणी में आवेला। एह पर भारत के सुप्रीम कोर्ट केंद्र आ राज्य सरकारन के फटकार लगावत कहलस कि दिल्ली आ एनसीआर में प्रदूषण घटावे खातिर कड़ा कदम उठावल जाव।

नवंबर 2023 में, नई दिल्ली में हवा दूषण के स्तर बहुत अधिक रहल। 2023 में कुल प्रदूषण में से 38% पराली (फसल के बासी ठूंठ) जलावे से होखल बतावल गइल। 18 नवंबर 2024 के, दिल्ली में एह मौसम के सबसे खराब हवा गुणवत्ता दर्ज भइल — 24 घंटा के AQI 491 रहल, जे “Severe Plus” श्रेणी में आवेला। भारत के प्रदूषण नियंत्रण प्राधिकरण के अनुसार, ई स्तर इंसान के सेहत खातिर बहुते खतरनाक मानल जाला, खास करके ओह लोग खातिर जे पहिले से कमजोर बा। एह रीडिंग के मोताबिक 2024 में दिल्ली के सबसे खराब AQI मानल गइल।

{{clear}}
== दिल्ली में हवा क्वालिटी इंडेक्स ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!महीना
!जनवरी
!फरवरी
!मार्च
!अप्रैल
!मई
!जून
!जुलाई
!अगस्त
!सितंबर
!अक्टूबर
!नवंबर
!दिसंबर
|-
|एभरेज [[हवा क्वालिटी इंडेक्स]] (AQI)
| style=&quot;background:red; colour: black&quot; |301–400
(Severe)
| style=&quot;background: #f90; colour: black&quot; |201–300
(Poor)
| style=&quot;background: #ff0; colour: black&quot; |101–200
(Moderate)
| style=&quot;background: #ff0; colour: black&quot; |101–200
(Moderate)
| style=&quot;background: #ff0; colour: black&quot; |101–200
(Moderate)
| style=&quot;background: #ff0; colour: black&quot; |101–200
(Moderate)
| style=&quot;background: #6c0; colour: black&quot; |51-100
(Satisfactory)
| style=&quot;background: #6c0; colour: black&quot; |51–100
(Satisfactory)
| style=&quot;background: #6c0; colour: black&quot; |51-100
(Satisfactory)
| style=&quot;background: #f90; colour: black&quot; |201-300
(Poor)
| style=&quot;background:brown; colour: black&quot; |401-500
(Hazardous)
| style=&quot;background:brown; colour: black&quot; |401–500
(Hazardous)
|}

== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[भारत में हवा प्रदूषण]]

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:हवा प्रदूषण]]
[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली के पर्यावरण]]


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    <title>नमाज</title>
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      <text bytes="6184" sha1="l6ltybolh06hfut9cqhjftbs7qirjir" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name  = ''नमाज़'' 
| type          = Islam
| image         = File:Jameh Mosque of Sanandaj, 5 Ramadan 1437 (13950322141105962).jpg
| caption       = नमाज के दौरान उझुक के रुकू करत मुसलमान लोग
| official_name = {{lang|ar|صَلَاة}}
| nickname      = &quot;सलाह&quot;
| observedby    = [[मुसलमान]]
| longtype      = [[इस्लाम|इस्लामी]]
| significance  = इस्लामी धर्मादेश द्वारा जरूरी बतावल प्रार्थना
| observances   = *[[सलात]]
*[[जुमा क नमाज]]
*[[दुहा]]
*[[ईद क नमाज]]
*[[तरावीह]]
*[[Rain prayer]]
*[[सुन्नाह के आराधन|कुसुफ़ आ खुसुफ़]]
| relatedto     = {{transliteration|ar|[[तिलावत]]}}, {{transliteration|ar|रकात}}, {{transliteration|ar|सजदा}}
}}
'''नमाज''' [[इस्लाम|मुसलमान]] लोगन के एक किसिम के [[पूजन-आराधन]] क तरीका हवे। इस्लाम में [[इबादः]] (पूजन-आराधन भा अल्लाह/ईश्वर के ओर भक्ति-भाव आ सेवा-भाव जाहिर कइल) के तरीका सब में से नमाजो एगो तरीका ह। ई प्रार्थना करे के दिसा में मुँह क के खड़ा हो के, उझुक के, आ बइठ के कई चरण में पूरा होखे वाला कर्मकांड ह जेकरा दौरान [[कुरआन]] के आ [[सुन्नाह]] के वाक्य सभ पढ़ल जालें।

खड़ा होखे, उझुके आ बइठे के कई चरण के मिला के नमाज पूरा होला, जेह चरण सभ के [[रकात]] कहल जाला। नमाज से पहिले स्वच्छता के काम [[वुजू]] कइल जाला। नमाज के अकेल्ले एकांत में चाहे कई जन के साथे मिल के कइल जा सके ला, दुसरका के जमात कहल जाला आ जमात में नमाज पढ़े पर नमाज पढ़वावे वाला बेकती इमाम होलें। बिसेस नमाज सभ जमात में होखे लीं जइसे कि जुमा (शुक) के नमाज चाहे ईद के नमाज आ इनहन के साथे इमाम लोगन द्वारा उपदेश शामिल होखे ला।

रोज रोज के जरूरी नमाज सभ के इस्लाम के पाँच गो आधारभूत पंचशील (''[[फाइव पिलर्स ऑफ़ इस्लाम]]'') के नाँव से जानल जाला; इनहन के तीन, चाहे (बहुधा) पाँच बेर पढ़ल जाला। भोर में फज्र, दुपहर में जुह्र, तिजहरिया खा अस्र, साँझ बेर मगरिब आ रात होखे पर ईशा के नमाज अदा कइल जालीँ।

== शब्दउत्पत्ती ==
नमाज भा नमाज़ [[फ़ारसी]] मूल क शब्द हवे। नमाज (फारसी: نماز) उत्पत्ती प्राचीन मध्य फारसी भाषा से भइल जेकर मतलब होला &quot;श्रद्धा&quot;। ई वर्तमान में तुर्की आ अउरी तुर्की भाषा के देस सभ में जइसे कि कजाकिस्तान (कजाख: Намаз), बोस्निया में, ईरान, अफगानिस्तान, ताजिकिस्तान आ भारतीय उपमहादीप के अउरी फारसी भाषा सभ में जइसे कि उर्दू (हिंदी: नमाज़) आ बंगाली में इस्तेमाल होखे वाला शब्द हवे (बंगाली: নামাজ) के नाम से जानल जाला।

;सलाह
नमाज के मूल [[अरबी भाषा]] में, जेह में कुरआन लिखल गइल ह, आ इस्लामी चीजन के मूल भाषा मानल जाला, में सलाह कहाला। एह अरबी शब्द क मतलब होला [[प्रार्थना]] कइल। एह शब्द के इस्तेमाल मुख्य रूप से अंग्रेजी भाषी लोग खाली इस्लाम के पाँच गो फर्ज में से एक नमाज सभ के संदर्भ देवे खातिर करे ला। हालाँकि, ई इस्लाम में डेली के पूजन-आराधन खातिर इस्तेमाल होखे वाला शब्द हवे आ एकर ब्यापक अरथ होला।

एह शब्द के हिज्जे मलेशिया, ब्रुनेई आ इंडोनेशिया में ''सोलाट'', सोमालिया में ''सलाद'', आ तंजानिया में स्वाहिली भाषी लोग द्वारा स्वालाह के रूप में कइल जाला।

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:इस्लाम]]


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| office              = सड़क परिवहन आ हाइवे मंत्री
| president           = [[प्रणब मुखर्जी]]&lt;br&gt;[[रामनाथ कोविंद]]&lt;br&gt;[[द्रौपदी मुर्मू]]
| primeminister       = [[नरेंद्र मोदी]]
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| birth_place         = [[नागपुर]], [[बंबई स्टेट]] (आज के [[महाराष्ट्र]]), भारत
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| website             = {{url|https://nitingadkari.org.in}}
}}
'''नितिन जयराम गडकरी''' (जनम 27 मई 1957) महाराष्ट्र के एगो भारतीय राजनीतिक नेता बाड़न&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/nagpur-election-result-2019-nitin-gadkari-nana-patole-1532886-2019-05-23 | title=Nagpur Election Results 2019: Nitin Gadkari defeats Congress's Nana Patole | access-date=1 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601075157/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/nagpur-election-result-2019-nitin-gadkari-nana-patole-1532886-2019-05-23 | archive-date=1 June 2019 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; जे [[भारत सरकार]] में सड़क परिवहन आ हाइवे खातिर 40वाँ मंत्री के रूप में काम करत बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/india/28067924_1_rajnath-singh-nitin-gadkari-bjp-president|title=Rajnath steps down, Gadkari takes over as BJP president|access-date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025150732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/india/28067924_1_rajnath-singh-nitin-gadkari-bjp-president|archive-date=25 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ऊ सड़क परिवहन आ हाइवे मंत्रालय के सभसे लंबा समय ले काम करे वाला मंत्री भी बाड़ें जे वर्तमान में नौ साल से ढेर समय से आपन कार्यकाल चला रहल बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 June 2021|title=Highway construction's pace bulldozes pandemic barriers! Sets new record|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/highway-constructions-pace-bulldozes-pandemic-barriers-sets-new-record/2268518/|access-date=14 July 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; एकरा पहिले गडकरी 2009 से 2013 ले भाजपा के राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष रह चुकल बाड़न।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19975645 | publisher=BBC News | title=Profile: Nitin Gadkari | date=23 January 2013 | access-date=20 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101094121/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19975645 | archive-date=1 November 2018 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

फिलहाल उ लोकसभा में नागपुर क्षेत्र के प्रतिनिधित्व करत बाड़न जबकि पेशा से वकील आ बिजनेसमैन हवें। एकरा से पहिले उ अउरी कई मंत्रालय सब में मंत्री के रूप में रह चुकल बाड़न जइसे की — जल [[संसाधन]] अवुरी नदी विकास, जहाजरानी, ​​ग्रामीण विकास अवुरी एमएसएमई। 7 जुलाई 2021 के मंत्रिमंडल फेरबदल के दौरान एमएसएमई मंत्रालय जवन उनुका अधीन रहे ओकरा के मंत्रिमंडल विस्तार के हिस्सा के तौर प महाराष्ट्र से भाजपा के एगो अवुरी सांसद नारायण राणे के फेर से सौंपल गइल। नरेंद मोदी के तिसरा मंत्रिमंडल में गडकरी फेरु से सड़क परिवहन आ हाइवे मंत्रालय के मंत्री के रूप में 9 जून 2024 के शपथ लिहलन।

मुंबई-पुणे एक्सप्रेसवे के सुरुआत आ एक्सप्रेसवे आ अउरी सड़क बुनियादी ढांचा के बिकास में योगदान के कारण मीडिया द्वारा अक्सर इनके &quot;भारत के एक्सप्रेसवे मैन&quot; कहल जाला।&lt;ref name=&quot;FPJ&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=FPJ Web Desk|title=Nitin Gadkari Birthday: Must-know facts about this highly popular Indian politician|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/nitin-gadkari-birthday-must-know-facts-about-this-highly-popular-indian-politician|access-date=21 June 2023|work=[[The Free Press Journal]]|date=26 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sutar|first=Kamlesh Damodar|title=Nitin Gadkari, BJP's all time visionary performer {{!}} What you need to know|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/nitin-gadkari-takes-oath-for-the-second-time-in-modi-cabinet-1538969-2019-05-30|access-date=21 June 2023|work=[[India Today]]|date=30 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; वर्ल्ड इकोनॉमिक फोरम इनके &quot;भारत में सड़क क्षेत्र में पब्लिक-प्राइवेट पार्टनरशिप (पीपीपी) के अगुआ&quot; के रूप में मान्यता देले बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;WEF&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nitin Jairam Gadkari |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/nitin-jairam-gadkari |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=21 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

सड़क परिवहन आ राजमार्ग मंत्री के रूप में उनकर कार्यकाल में भारत के नेशनल हाइवे (NH) नेटवर्क में 60 प्रतिशत बढ़ोतरी भइल, आ ई दुनिया के दूसरहा सबसे बड़ा नेटवर्क बन गइल। 2014 में जहाँ कुल लंबाई 91,287 किलोमीटर रहल, ऊ 2024 में बढ़ के 1,46,195 किलोमीटर हो गइल।

नेशनल हाई-स्पीड कॉरिडोर (HSC) के लंबाई में 2560 प्रतिशत के भारी बढ़ोतरी देखे के मिलल—2014 में 93 किलोमीटर से बढ़ के 2024 में 2,474 किलोमीटर हो गइल।
एही तरह, चार लेन आ ओकरा से ऊपर वाला राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग (HSC के छोड़ के) के कुल लंबाई दुगुना से भी जियादा बढ़ल—2014 में 18,278 किलोमीटर से बढ़ के 2024 में 45,947 किलोमीटर पहुँच गइल।

== सुरुआती जिनगी ==
नितिन गडकरी के जनम 27 मई 1957 के भारत के नागपुर शहर में मराठी ब्राह्मण परिवार में भइल। ऊ जयराम गडकरी आ भानुताई गडकरी के बेटा हउवन। किशोर अवस्था में ऊ भारतीय जनता युवा मोर्चा आ छात्र संगठन अखिल भारतीय विद्यार्थी परिषद से जुड़ के काम कइलन।
नागपुर यूनिवर्सिटी से ऊ एम.कॉम. आ एल.एल.बी. के पढ़ाई पूरा कइलन।

== राजनीतिक कैरियर ==
नितिन गडकरी 1995 से 1999 तक महाराष्ट्र सरकार के लोक निर्माण विभाग (PWD) के मंत्री रहलें आ एह विभाग के ऊपर से नीचे तक पुनर्गठन कइलन। ऊ भारतीय जनता पार्टी (BJP) के महाराष्ट्र प्रदेश इकाई के अध्यक्षो रहलें।

गडकरी निजीकरण (privatisation) के जोरदार समर्थन कइलन आ बुनियादी ढांचा (infrastructure) में निजी कंपनी से निवेश ले आवे खातिर अभियान चलवलन। एह दौरान ऊ निजी निवेशक, ठेकेदार, बिल्डर आ अलग–अलग व्यापार संगठनन के बीच कई बैठकन के संबोधित कइलन आ बजट में शामिल कई परियोजनन के निजीकरण के ओर मोड़ दिहलन। बाद में राज्य सरकार ग्रामीण संपर्क खातिर ₹7 अरब आबंटित कइलस। अगिला चार साल में महाराष्ट्र के 98 प्रतिशत आबादी तक हर मौसम में चले लायक सड़क संपर्क पहुँचा दिहल गइल।

एह परियोजना के मकसद आजादी के बाद से सड़क से कटाइल रहल 13,736 दूरदराज के गाँव के जोड़ल रहे। एहसे अमरावती जिला के मेलघाट–धारणी इलाका में कुपोषण घटावे में भी मदद मिलल, जहाँ पहिले इलाज, राशन आ शिक्षा के सुविधा उपलब्ध ना रहल।

नितिन गडकरी के प्रधानमंत्री ग्राम सड़क योजना के शिल्पकार मानल जाला। 2020–21 खातिर उनकरा के सबसे कुशल सांसद के रूप में स्वर्गीय माधवराव लिमये पुरस्कार (पब्लिक लाइब्रेरी, नासिक द्वारा) दिहल गइल।

== इंडस्ट्री कैरियर ==
राजनीति में आपन करियर के दौरान नितिन गडकरी कई गो निजी उद्योग आ कंपनी स्थापित कइलन। एहमें शामिल बाड़ें—

*पॉली सैक इंडस्ट्रियल सोसाइटी लिमिटेड – संस्थापक आ अध्यक्ष
*निखिल [[फर्नीचर]] एंड अप्लायंसेज़ प्राइवेट लिमिटेड – प्रवर्तक आ निदेशक
*अंत्योदय ट्रस्ट – संस्थापक आ सदस्य
*एम्प्रेस एम्प्लॉइज़ को-ऑपरेटिव पेपर मिल्स लिमिटेड – संस्थापक आ अध्यक्ष
*पुर्ति पावर एंड शुगर लिमिटेड / पुर्ति साखर कारखाना लिमिटेड – प्रवर्तक

टैक्स के उद्देश्य से गडकरी अपना के किसान (agriculturist) के रूप में पंजीकृत कइलन। ऊ “केतकी ओवरसीज़ ट्रेडिंग कंपनी” के नाम से फल निर्यात करे वाली कंपनी भी शुरू कइलन। विदर्भ क्षेत्र में पुर्ति समूह के बैनर तले उनकर कुल 17 गो गन्ना बागान बा।

गडकरी 1995 में पुर्ति पावर एंड शुगर लिमिटेड (अब पुर्ति ग्रुप) के स्थापना कइलन—ओही समय जब ऊ महाराष्ट्र में PWD मंत्री के रूप में काम शुरू कइले रहलें।

2012 में, RTI कार्यकर्ता अंजलि दमनिया द्वारा उठावल गइल कथित अनियमितता के कारण एह कंपनी सभ मीडिया के सुर्खी में आइल। आयकर विभाग पुर्ति में निवेश करे वाली कई गो कंपनी के जाँच कइलस आ एहमें से दर्जन भर से जियादा कंपनी के पता फर्जी पावल गइल। तीन गो अउरी निवेशक कंपनी सोमानी ग्रुप के पता पर दर्ज पावल गइलीं, बाकिर ओह कंपनी सभ के बारे में कवनों स्पष्ट जानकारी ना मिल सकल। एह मामला के बाद दिल्ली के मुख्यमंत्री [[अरविंद केजरीवाल]] आरोप के तेज कइलन आ गडकरी पर अनियमितता के आरोप लगवलन। बाद में, गडकरी द्वारा मानहानि (defamation) के मुकदमा दायर कइला पर केजरीवाल बिना शर्त माफी माँग लिहलन।

{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[श्रेणी:1956 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:महाराष्ट्र के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:आरएसएस प्रचारक]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय जनता पार्टी के नेता]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय कैबिनेट मंत्री]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय सांसद 2024-2029]]


{{India-politician-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>दि डिस्कवरी ऑफ़ इंडिया</title>
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      <text bytes="917" sha1="ewmi6qkfs246j4esqxki56ssqai3l51" xml:space="preserve">'''''दि डिस्कवरी ऑफ़ इंडिया''''' भारतीय आजादी के लड़ाई के स्वतंत्रता सेनानी [[जवाहरलाल नेहरू]] (जे बाद में भारत के पहिला प्रधानमंत्री बनलें) के लिखल एगो किताब हवे। ई किताब 1942–1945 के बीच में जब नेहरू के अहमदनगर किला में कैद कइल गइल रहे ओही दौरान लिखल गइल। किताब 1944 में लिखल गइल रहल बाकी 1946 में जा के छप पवलस। किताब के 'क्लासिक' के दर्जा हासिल हवे।

[[श्रेणी:किताब]]


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    <title>दक्षिणामूर्ति स्तोत्र</title>
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      <text bytes="3478" sha1="iwsk2f0m8grc7x1yv33cwixcpfdttqp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox religious text
|religion=[[हिंदू धर्म]]
|author=[[आदि शंकर]]
|language=[[संस्कृत]]
|caption=शिव के दक्षिणामूर्ति स्वरुप में मुर्ती, तमिलनाडु (1100 के सदी)
|image=File:Shiva Dakshinamurti, India, Tamil Nadu, 1100s AD, granite - Arthur M. Sackler Gallery - DSC05253.jpg
|verses=10
|name=''दक्षिणामूर्ति स्तोत्र''
}}
'''दक्षिणामूर्ति स्तोत्र''' ({{Langx|sa|दक्षिणामूर्तिस्तोत्र|Dakṣiṇāmūrtistotra}}) एगो संस्कृत धार्मिक [[स्तोत्र]] ह, जे [[शिव|भगवान शिव]] के समर्पित बा आ जेकर रचनाकार [[आदि शंकर|आदि शंकराचार्य]] मानल जालें। ई स्तोत्र [[अद्वैत वेदांत]] परंपरा के संदर्भ में ब्रह्मांड के तत्वमीमांसा ([[मेटाफिजिक्स]]) के व्याख्या करेला।

== बिबरन ==
हिंदू पुराणन में, दक्षिणामूर्ति भगवान शिव के एगो रूप हवे, जे एह पुराणन के मोताबिक ज्ञान के सर्वोच्च देवता हउवें। ई रूप शिव के गुरु रूप में दर्शावेला, जहाँ उ हर तरह के [[ज्ञान]] के दाता हउवें। ई रूप शिव के परम जागरूकता, बोध आ ज्ञान के प्रतीक ह। एही रूप में शिव योग (आदियोगी – सभसे पहिला योगी), संगीत, आ बुद्धि के मूल स्रोत मानल जालें आ शास्त्रन के व्याख्या करे वाला रूप में देखल जालें।

जवना तरीका से अधिकांश हिंदू स्तोत्रन में भगवान के मानवीय रूप आ ओह लोग के दिव्य कार्यन के वर्णन रहेला, दक्षिणामूर्ति स्तोत्र ओहसे बहुते अलग किसिम के स्तोत्र ह। ई स्तोत्र अवधारणात्मक (कांसेप्चुअल) आ दार्शनिक रूप में रचल गइल बा। एहके श्लोक आत्मा के एकता के व्याख्या करेलन, जवन इंद्रियन के विविधता के बीच में मौजूद बा।

{{clear}}
== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* [https://www.kamakoti.org/shlokas/kshlok5.htm स्तोत्र आ अंग्रेजी अनुबाद, काँची कामकोटि पीठ के वेबसाइट पर]

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू ग्रंथ]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदू भाक्ति पाठ]]


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    <title>निकोलस पूरन</title>
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      <text bytes="6518" sha1="ph6td0ja2ydx6avc891a3wjri6k3mb5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Nicholas Pooran
| image = 
| country = West Indies
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|10|02|df=yes}} 
| birth_place = [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| heightm = 1.73
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm off break
| role = [[Wicket-keeper-batter]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2016–present
| odidebutdate = 20 February
| odidebutyear = 2019
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 190

| T20Idebutdate = 23 September
| T20Idebutyear = 2016
| T20Idebutagainst = Pakistan
| T20Icap = 64
| lastT20Idate = 19 November
| lastT20Iyear = 2024
| lastT20Iagainst = Bangladesh
| T20Ishirt = 29

| club1 = [[Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]]{{efn|Only teams that Poona has played for in more than one season are included in this list.}}
| year1 = {{nowrap|2012/13–2023/24}}
| club2 = [[Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel]]
| year2 = 2013–2014
| club3 = [[Barbados Tridents]]
| year3 = 2016–2018
| club4 = [[Khulna Titans]]
| year4 = 2016–2017
| club5 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| year5 = 2019–2021
| club6 = [[Guyana Amazon Warriors]]
| year6 = 2019–2021
| club7 = [[Trinbago Knight Riders]]
| year7 = 2022–2024
| club8 = [[Rangpur Riders]]
| year8 = 2022/23–2023/24
| club9 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year9 = 2023–present

| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/nicholas-pooran-604302 CricInfo
}}'''निकोलस पूरन''' (Nicholas Pooran; जनम 2 अक्टूबर 1995) एगो त्रिनिदाद के क्रिकेट खिलाड़ी हउवें जे अबहीं वेस्टइंडीज क्रिकेट टीम के लिमिटेड ओवर्स फॉर्मेट में नुमाइंदगी करत बाड़ें आ कबो-कबो टीम के कप्तानीयो करत बाड़ें। ऊ घरेलू स्तर पर त्रिनिदाद आ टोबैगो खातिर खेलेलन आ [[आईपीएल|इंडियन प्रीमियर लीग]] (IPL) में [[लखनऊ सुपर जायंट्स]] टीम के हिस्सा बाड़ें। पूरन आपन अंतरराष्ट्रीय डेब्यू वेस्टइंडीज खातिर सितंबर 2016 में कइले रहलन। मई 2022 में ऊ वेस्टइंडीज के लिमिटेड ओवर्स टीम के कप्तान बनावल गइलन, बाकिर नवम्बर 2022 में ऊ कप्तानी से इस्तीफा दे दिहलन।

==टी20 कैरियर ==
फरवरी 2017 में, निकोलस पूरन के [[मुंबई इंडियंस]] टीम 2017 के [[आईपीएल|इंडियन प्रीमियर लीग (IPL)]] खातिर 30 लाख रुपइया में खरीदले रहल, बाकिर ऊ पूरा सीजन में एको मैच ना खेललन।

पूरन 2017 में पाकिस्तान सुपर लीग (PSL) में इस्लामाबाद यूनाइटेड खातिर खेललन, जहाँ ऊ इंग्लैंड के बेन डकेट के बदले टीम में शामिल भइल रहलन। ऊ प्ले-ऑफ से पहिले टीम में जुड़लन आ कराची किंग्स के खिलाफ आपन डेब्यू कइले रहलन।

2018 के IPL नीलामी में पूरन आपन बेस प्राइस 50 लाख रुपइया रखले रहलन, बाकिर ऊ बिकाइल ना।

अक्टूबर 2018 में, पूरन के 2018–19 के बांग्लादेश प्रीमियर लीग खातिर ड्राफ्ट के बाद सिलहट सिक्सर्स टीम में शामिल कइल गइल। ऊ ओह टूर्नामेंट में टीम खातिर सबसे बेसी रन बनावे वाला खिलाड़ी रहलन, जहाँ ऊ 11 मैच में कुल 379 रन बनवले रहलन।

दिसंबर 2018 में, पूरन के [[किंग्स इलेवन पंजाब]] (अब पंजाब किंग्स) 2019 के IPL खातिर 4.2 करोड़ रुपइया (लगभग $590,000) में खरीदलस। IPL 2020 में पूरन के प्रदर्शन जबरदस्त रहल, ऊ 14 मैच में कुल 353 रन बनवले रहलन। ऊ 2020 के IPL सीजन में सबसे बेसी छक्का मारे वाला खिलाड़ी लोग में चउथा नंबर पर रहलन, कुल 25 छक्का मारे रहलन। हालाँकि, IPL 2021 में ऊ खाली 85 रन बना पवले रहलन।

2022 के IPL नीलामी में पूरन के [[सनराइजर्स हैदराबाद]] 10.75 करोड़ रुपइया में खरीदलस। 2023 में, ऊ IPL नीलामी में लखनऊ सुपर जायंट्स के टीम में 16 करोड़ रुपइया में सामिल भइलन।

2023 में, पूरन के मेजर लीग क्रिकेट के पहिलका सीजन खातिर MI न्यू यॉर्क टीम में ड्राफ्ट कइल गइल। फाइनल मैच में ऊ 55 बॉल पर 137 रन के शानदार पारी खेलले रहलन, जे टीम के जीत में अहम भूमिका निभवलस, आ ओह प्रदर्शन खातिर पूरन के &quot;सीजन के बेस्ट खिलाड़ी&quot; के खिताब मिलल।

== नोट ==
&lt;references group=&quot;नोट&quot;/&gt;

[[श्रेणी:वेस्टइंडीज के क्रिकेटर]]


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    <title>नरेश मेहता</title>
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      <text bytes="3785" sha1="p4ljwif1ghieohh5y4i6axaw43m1kwq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer
| name             = नरेश मेहता
| birth_name       = 
| image            = ShriNaresh Ji.jpg
| caption          =  
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1922|02|15}}
| birth_place      = शाजपुर, [[ग्वालियर राज]], [[ब्रिटिश भारत]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|11|22|1922|02|15}}
| death_place      = 
| occupation       = लेखक, कवी
| language         =खड़ी बोली हिंदी
| nationality      = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| subject          = 
| movement         = 
| influences       = 
| notableworks     = {{unbulleted list | ''अरण्या'' | ''चैत्या'' | ''पुरुष'' | ''प्रवाद पर्व''}}
| awards           = {{awd|[[साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार]]|1988}} {{awd|[[ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार]]|1992}}
| spouse           = 
| relatives        = 
| website          = 
}}
'''नरेश मेहता''' (15 फरवरी 1922 — 22 नवंबर 2000) एगो [[हिंदी]] लेखक रहलें। उनकर लिखल 50 से बेसी किताब छपल बा, जवना में कविता से लेके नाटक तक सब सामिल बा। नरेश मेहता कई साहित्यिक सम्मान पवले—सबसे प्रमुख बा [[साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार]] (1988), जे उहाँ के कविता-संग्रह 'अरण्या'' खातिर मिलल, आ [[ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार]] (1992)।

1950 के दशक में कविताई के कई धारा उभरल, ओमें एक धारा रहे नकेनवाद। एह नाम में तीन गो अगुवा कवियन के नाम के पहिल अक्षर जोड़ल गइल बा — ना = नलिन विलोचन शर्मा, के = केसरी कुमार, न = नरेश मेहता।&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal 1992 820&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| first = Mohan 
| last = Lal
| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature
| publisher = [[साहित्य अकादमी]]
| year = 1992
| pages = 820 
| isbn = 978-81-260-1221-3
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Joshi|2023|p=}}

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

==ग्रंथ सूची==

* {{cite book | last=Joshi | first=Indu | title=Chhayavadottar Hindi Kavya Me Parampara Aur Prayog | publisher=TZP Publication House | date=2023-04-01 | isbn=978-93-90947-13-3 | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vRC3EAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;lpg=PA210&amp;dq=%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A6&amp;pg=PA210#v=onepage&amp;q=%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A6&amp;f=false | language=hi | access-date=2025-11-16}}
== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* [http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE Naresh Mehta at Kavita Kosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423114542/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE |date=23 April 2009 }}
*[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/naresh-mehta-makers-of-indian-literature-NZA288/ पुस्तक परिचय  (hindu)]

[[श्रेणी:हिंदी-भाषा के कवि]]


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      <text bytes="4499" sha1="35yciygyj9u1unvbbd0to8qmhi2a8wu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Cardiovascular disease
| image         = Cardiac amyloidosis very high mag movat.jpg
| caption       = [[Micrograph]] of a [[heart]] with [[fibrosis]] (yellow) and [[AL amyloidosis|amyloidosis]] (brown). [[Movat's stain]].
| field         = [[कार्डियोलॉजी]]
| symptoms      = [[छाती में दरद]], [[साँस फूलल]], [[चक्कर आवल]], [[बेहोशी]]
| complications =हार्ट फेल भइल, हार्ट अटैक, स्ट्रोक, एन्यूरिज्म, पेरिफेरल आर्टरी डिजीज, अचानक दिल के धड़कन रुकल&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Heart disease |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118|publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2022-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| onset         = उमिर बढ़ल&lt;ref name=Go2013/&gt;
| duration      =
| types         = [[Coronary artery disease]]s, [[stroke]], [[heart failure]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[cardiomyopathy]],&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=GDB2013/&gt; [[Arrhythmia]]
| risks         =[[शुगर रोग]],&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; [[hyperlipidemia|हाई लिपिड]], [[मोटापा]], [[धूमपान]], बहुत बेसी दवाई के इस्तेमाल, शराब, जेनेटिक समस्या
| diagnosis     =
| differential  =
| prevention    = [[सेहतमंद भोजन]], कसरत, तमाकू आ स्मोकिंग रोकल, शराब के कम सेवन,&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; मय जीवनशैली में बदलाव
| treatment     = [[हाई बीपी]], [[हाइपरलिपिडेमिया|हाई ब्लड लिपिड]], आ [[शुगर के बेमारी]] के इलाज&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;
| medication    = [[एस्पिरीन]], [[बीटा ब्लॉकर]], [[एंटीकोआगुलेंट|खून पतला करे वाला दवा]]
| prognosis     =
| frequency     =
| deaths        = 17.9 मिलियन / 32% (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''हार्ट के बेमारी''' ({{Langx|en|Heart diseases}}, {{Langx|hi|ह्रदय रोग}}) जेकरा के तकनीकी भाषा में ''कार्डियोवैस्कुलर डिसीज'' ({{Langx|en|Cardiovascular disease}}) भा संछेप में ''सीवीडी'' (CVD) कहल जाला हार्ट (दिल) के चाहे खून के नस संबंधी बेमारी सभ के कहल जाला।&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Shanthi M, Pekka P, Norrving B |title=Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|pages=3–18|isbn=978-92-4-156437-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2014-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; एह बड़हन वर्ग में कई ठे बेमारी सामिल बाड़ी स: [[कोरोनरी आर्टरी के बेमारी]] (जइसे कि एंजाइना, दिल के दौरा भा [[हार्ट अटैक]]), [[हार्ट फेल होखल]], [[हाई बीपी]] दिल के बेमारी, र्यूमेटिक हार्ट बेमारी, कार्डियोमायोपैथी, अरिथमिया, जन्मजात हृदय रोग, वाल्व्युलर हृदय रोग, कार्डिटिस, महाधमनी धमनीविस्फार, पेरिफेरल आर्टरी के बेमारी, थ्रोम्बोएम्बोलिक बेमारी, आ शिरापरक थ्रोम्बोसिस।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:बेमारी]]
[[श्रेणी:हार्ट के बेमारी]]


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    <title>नागेंद्र नाथ ओझा</title>
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      <text bytes="8650" sha1="r2qdaf5xvamqs5bh8l1ogencqy3sp5r" xml:space="preserve">{{BLP sources|date=दिसंबर 2025}}

{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = नागेंद्र नाथ ओझा
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|10|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = सुरौंधा गाँव, डुमराँव, बक्सर जिला, बिहार, भारत
| residence = बिहार, भारत
| nationality = भारतीय
| office = [[सांसद]], [[राज्यसभा]]
| constituency = [[बिहार]]
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2002
| party = [[भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी]]
| education = स्नातक
| alma_mater = एच.डी. जैन कॉलेज, आरा
| occupation = राजनीतिज्ञ, समाजसेवी
}}
'''नागेंद्र नाथ ओझा''' बिहार से आवे वाला एक भारतीय राजनीतिज्ञ आ समाजसेवी रहलें। ऊ 1996 से 2002 तक [[भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी]] (CPI) के प्रतिनिधि के रूप में [[राज्यसभा]] के सांसद रहलें। ऊ किसान, मजदूर आ समाज के कमजोर तबका के बीच काम करे खातिर जानल जालें आ सार्वजनिक जीवन में ईमानदारी आ सादगी के प्रतीक मानल जालें।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Rajya Sabha Members Biographical Sketches (1952–2003)
 |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/o.pdf
 |publisher=Rajya Sabha
 |access-date=27 दिसंबर 2025
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== शुरुआती जीवन आ शिक्षा ==
नागेंद्र नाथ ओझा के जनम 1 अक्टूबर 1946 के सुरौंधा गाँव, डुमराँव प्रखंड, बक्सर जिला, बिहार में भइल। शुरुआती पढ़ाई गाँव आ आसपास के इलाका में भइल। बाद में ऊ 1964 में एच.डी. जैन कॉलेज, आरा से स्नातक डिग्री हासिल कइलें।&lt;ref name=&quot;u849&quot; /&gt;

== सामाजिक कार्य ==
1960 के दशक के बीच ओझा सामाजिक काम में सक्रिय भइलें। 1965 में समाजवादी विचारधारा से प्रभावित होके दीयारा इलाका में बाढ़ पीड़ितन के बीच काम कइलें। 1967 में सूखा राहत काम में सरकारी एजेंसी आ स्वैच्छिक संगठनन के साथे सहयोग कइलें। एह काम के दौरान ऊ किसान, मजदूर आ आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर वर्ग के करीब अइलें, जेकर बाद ऊ भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी से जुड़ गइलें।&lt;ref name=&quot;u849&quot; /&gt;

== राजनीतिक जीवन ==
नागेंद्र नाथ ओझा के राजनीतिक जीवन जमीनी स्तर से शुरू भइल। 1971 में ऊ नेनुआँ पंचायत के ''सरपंच'' चुने गइलें। बाद में ऊ भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी में कई संगठनात्मक जिम्मेदारी निभइलें।

1996 में ऊ बिहार से राज्यसभा के लिए निर्वाचित भइलें। राज्यसभा में अपना छह साल के कार्यकाल के दौरान ऊ ग्रामीण विकास आ जनकल्याण से जुड़ल मुद्दन पर खास ध्यान दिहलें। मीडिया रिपोर्टन में सांसद निधि योजना (MPLADS) के तहत करावल गइल विकास कार्यन पर उनकर सीधा निगरानी आ पारदर्शिता पर जोर के उल्लेख मिलेला।&lt;ref name=&quot;u849&quot; /&gt;

== संसदीय काम ==
राज्यसभा सदस्य के रूप में ओझा ग्रामीण विकास, कृषि, मजदूर अधिकार आ सामाजिक न्याय से जुड़ल बहस में हिस्सा लिहलें। उनका भाषण आ हस्तक्षेप के आधिकारिक रिकॉर्ड राज्यसभा बहस अभिलेख में सुरक्षित बा।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Rajya Sabha Debates – Nagendra Nath Ojha
 |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/browse?type=author&amp;value=NAGENDRA+NATH+OJHA
 |publisher=Rajya Sabha
 |access-date=27 दिसंबर 2025
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== बाद के गतिविधि ==
राज्यसभा कार्यकाल पूरा होखे के बादो ओझा पार्टी आ सामाजिक गतिविधि में सक्रिय रहलें। ऊ भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी में वरिष्ठ संगठनात्मक पद पर रहलें। क्षेत्रीय मीडिया रिपोर्ट अनुसार ऊ पार्टी के राष्ट्रीय सचिव के रूप में भी जिम्मेदारी निभवलें।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |title=सीपीआई के राष्ट्रीय सचिव बनने के बाद डुमरांव पहुंचे नागेंद्रनाथ ओझा
 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/buxar/dumraon/news/nagendranath-ojha-reached-dumraon-after-becoming-the-national-secretary-of-cpi-130475788.html
 |work=दैनिक भास्कर
 |language=hi
 |access-date=27 दिसंबर 2025
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |title=सीपीआई के राष्ट्रीय महासचिव बने नागेंद्र, पार्टी में खुशी
 |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/buxar/story-nagendra-became-the-national-general-secretary-of-cpi-happiness-in-the-party-7242476.html
 |work=लाइव हिन्दुस्तान
 |language=hi
 |access-date=27 दिसंबर 2025
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== सार्वजनिक छवि ==
क्षेत्रीय मीडिया में नागेन्द्र नाथ ओझा के सादा जीवन, ईमानदारी आ जनसेवा के प्रति प्रतिबद्ध राजनीतिज्ञ के रूप में वर्णन कइल गइल बा। रिपोर्टन में ई भी बतावल गइल बा कि सांसद रहल बावजूद ऊ साधारण जीवन जियत रहलें आ जमीनी स्तर पर सामाजिक काम से जुड़ल रहलें।&lt;ref name=&quot;u849&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=तंत्र के गण.., सियासत में शुचिता के प्रतीक बने नागेन्द्र नाथ |website=Jagran |date=22 जनवरी 2014 |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/buxar-11031840.html |language=hi |access-date=27 दिसंबर 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist}}

== बाहरी कड़ी ==
* {{Facebook|nagendranath.ojha.5|नागेन्द्र नाथ ओझा – फेसबुक}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1946 में जनम]]
&lt;!-- [[श्रेणी:बिहार से राज्यसभा सदस्य]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी के राजनीतिज्ञ]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय समाजसेवी]]--&gt;


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      <text bytes="7558" sha1="jpeobfgzb5i6sz522z1kikca90fn7dp" xml:space="preserve">{{Current}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = 
| image =
| caption = 2025 में मादुरो
| office = वेनेज़ुएला के राष्ट्रपति
| vicepresident = 
| term_start = 5 March 2013
| term_end = 
| predecessor = [[ह्यूगो चावेज़]]
| successor =

| birth_name = Nicolás Maduro Moros
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|11|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[कराकास]], वेनेजुएला
| party = United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) (2007 से)
| otherparty = Fifth Republic Movement (MVR)  (2007 तक ले)
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* एड्रियाना गुएरा आंगुलो ({{abbr|div.|divorced}})
* {{marriage|सिलिया फ़्लोरेस|2013}}
}}
| children = 
| residence =
| website = 
| occupation = {{hlist|राजनीतिक नेता}}
| signature = Nicolas Maduro Signature 2024.svg
}}
'''निकोलस मादुरो मोरोस''' (Nicolás Maduro Moros; जनम 23 नवंबर 1962) [[वेनेज़ुएला]] के राजनेता आ पूर्व ट्रेड यूनियन नेता हउवन। ऊ 2013 से वेनेज़ुएला के राष्ट्रपति रहलें। एहसे पहिले ऊ 2012 से 2013 तक राष्ट्रपति [[ह्यूगो चावेज़]] के कार्यकाल में उपराष्ट्रपति रहलें, आ 2006 से 2012 तक विदेश मंत्री के जिम्मेदारी निभवलें।

जनवरी 2026 से मादुरो [[अमेरिका|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] के सेना द्वारा हिरासत में रखल गइल बाड़ें, एह कारण ऊ राष्ट्रपति पद के जिम्मेदारी निभावे में असमर्थ बाड़ें।&lt;ref name=&quot;v553&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ट्रंप ने मादुरो की जारी की तस्वीर, प्रेस कॉन्फ़्रेंस में बताया अमेरिका ने वेनेज़ुएला में कैसे किया ऑपरेशन |website=BBC News हिंदी |date=3 जनवरी 2026 |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/cy9yjlv5l0ro |language=hi |access-date=3 जनवरी 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

निकोलस मादुरो के सरकार के अक्सर सत्तावादी (तानाशाही) बतावल जाला। इनका पर चुनाव में धांधली, मानवाधिकार उल्लंघन, भ्रष्टाचार आ गंभीर आर्थिक संकट के आरोप लगावल गइल बा। 2013 से 2023 के बीच वेनेज़ुएला प्रेस फ्रीडम इंडेक्स में 42 पायदान नीचे गिर गइल। संयुक्त राष्ट्र आ ह्यूमन राइट्स वॉच के अनुमान अनुसार, मादुरो के शासनकाल में 20,000 से जियादा लोग न्यायालय के बाहर हत्या (extrajudicial killings) के शिकार भइलन, आ 70 लाख वेनेज़ुएलावासी देश छोड़ के जाए खातिर मजबूर भइलन। वेनेज़ुएला पर यूएन फैक्ट–फाइंडिंग मिशन के निष्कर्ष रहे कि देश के न्याय व्यवस्था के स्वतंत्रता घटल बा। मिशन ईहो बतवलस कि उचित कानूनी प्रक्रिया के बार-बार उल्लंघन भइल, जवना में राजनीतिक दखल आ यातना से हासिल कइल सबूत के स्वीकार कइल जाए के आरोप शामिल बाड़ें।

देश के अधिकांश टेलीविजन चैनल राज्य के नियंत्रण में बाड़ें, आ सरकार के खिलाफ जानकारी के पूरा कवरेज अक्सर ना होखेला। 2018 में ऑर्गेनाइजेशन ऑफ अमेरिकन स्टेट्स (OAS) द्वारा नियुक्त बोर्ड आरोप लगवलस कि मादुरो के राष्ट्रपति कार्यकाल में वेनेज़ुएला में मानवता के खिलाफ अपराध भइल बाड़ें। 2021 में अंतरराष्ट्रीय आपराधिक न्यायालय (ICC) के अभियोजक कार्यालय देश के हालात पर जाँच शुरू करे के घोषणा कइलस। मादुरो एह सब आरोपन के इनकार करेलन आ दलील देलन कि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका वेनेज़ुएला के खिलाफ साजिश रच के संकट पैदा करे के कोशिश करत बा, ताकि शासन परिवर्तन के बहाना बनावल जा सके।

2026 में वेनेज़ुएला में भइल अमेरिका के हवाई हमलन के दौरान, [[डोनाल्ड ट्रंप]] कहलन कि निकोलस मादुरो के उनकर पत्नी सिलिया फ्लोरेस के संगे पकड़ लिहल गइल बा। एह पर वेनेज़ुएला के उपराष्ट्रपति डेल्सी रोड्रीगेज़ पुष्टि कइली कि मादुरो लापता बाड़ें आ उनकर तुरंत “जियत होखे के प्रमाण” (proof of life) देवे के मांग कइली।&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-first1=Matt |editor-last1=Spivey |editor-first2=Emily |editor-last2=McGarvey |editor-first3=Dulcie |editor-last3=Lee|date=2026-01-03 |title=Venezuela latest: Trump says US has 'captured' President Maduro in strikes on country - latest |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yqygxe41pt |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Idrees |last1=Ali |first2=Jasper |last2=Ward |date=3 January 2026 |title=Trump says Venezuela's Maduro captured after strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/loud-noises-heard-venezuela-capital-southern-area-without-electricity-2026-01-03/ |website=Reuters |access-date=3 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:वेनेजुएला के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:वेनेजुएला]]


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      <text bytes="2407" sha1="m3un6ecdx0msvy2ty6lrkns8bqry5f3" xml:space="preserve">ई ऑनलाइन मैपिंग सेवा सभ के लिस्ट हवे जे दुनिया भर में कई ठे 360 डिग्री के पैनोरमा उपलब्ध करावे लीं।

== सूची ==

* '''गूगल स्ट्रीट व्यू''' दुनिया के सबसे व्यापक स्ट्रीट व्यू सेवा ह। ई दुनिया भर के 85 से ढेर देस सभ खातिर स्ट्रीट व्यू उपलब्ध करावे ला।
* '''एप्पल लुक अराउंड''' 36 देश के स्ट्रीट व्यू देवेला।
* '''माइक्रोसॉफ्ट बिंग स्ट्रीटसाइड''' बिंग मैप में राइट क्लिक के माध्यम से सड़क के नजारा देवेला।
* '''मैपिलारी''' प्रोजेक्ट अपना यूजर लोग से क्राउडसोर्स कइल छवि एकट्ठा करे ला, जिनहन के लाइसेंस सीसी बाई-एसए लाइसेंस के तहत दिहल गइल बा।
* '''कार्टाव्यू''' (पहिले ''ओपनस्ट्रीटकैम'') टेलीनेव द्वारा बनावल गइल आ क्राउडसोर्स इमेजरी के इस्तेमाल आ इमेज सभ के सीसी बाई-एसए के रूप में लाइसेंस देवे दुनों तरीका से मैपिलारी से बहुत मिलत जुलत बा।
* '''पैनोरमैक्स''', एगो ओपन-सोर्स स्ट्रीट व्यू सॉफ्टवेयर जे अलग-अलग इंस्टेंस सभ के बीच फेडरेशन क सके ला, जइसे कि एस. वर्तमान में इंस्टेंस सभ के होस्ट ओपनस्ट्रीटमैप फ्रांस द्वारा कइल जाला।
{{आधार}}

[[श्रेणी:स्ट्रीट व्यू सर्विस]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8312" sha1="oi5vhaz67eg0p1ytymcat0g5q79gkva" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox university
 | name                   = University of Delhi
 | image                  = Delhi University's official logo.png
 | image_size             = 160px
 | caption                = Official seal of Delhi University
 | other_name             = DU
 | established            = {{start date and age| 1 May 1922|df=yes}}
 | type                   = सेंट्रल यूनिवर्सिटी,&lt;br/&gt; Institute Of National Importance,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=DU-INI-status|url=https://www.education.gov.in/institutions-national-importance |website=www.education.gov.in |access-date=14 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt; [[Institutions of Eminence|Institute of Eminence]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IOE- Delhi University-status|url=https://ioe.ugc.ac.in/Home/ListofIOE|website=www.ugc.ac.in|access-date=14 December 2024|archive-date=14 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214133524/https://ioe.ugc.ac.in/Home/ListofIOE|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | motto                  = {{native phrase|sa|निष्ठा धृतिः सत्यं |italics=on}}
 | motto_lang             = sa
 | mottoeng               = Dedication, Steadfastness and Truth
 | chancellor             = [[भारत के उपराष्ट्रपति]]
 | vice_chancellor        = 
 | head_label             = विजिटर
 | head                   = [[भारत के राष्ट्रपति]]
 | faculty                = 1,402&lt;ref name=nirf_24APP /&gt;
 | undergrad              = 114,494&lt;ref name=nirf_24APP /&gt;
 | postgrad               = 21,628&lt;ref name=nirf_24APP&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0120.pdf|title=NIRF 2024 Application}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | doctoral               = 3,502&lt;ref name=nirf_24APP /&gt;
 | city                   = [[नई दिल्ली]]
 | state                  = [[दिल्ली]]
 | country                = भारत
 | pushpin_map            = 
 | endowment              = {{INRConvert|955|c}}&lt;ref name=&quot;dubudget&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Financial Estimates 2023-2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/no-decline-in-ugc-grants-released-to-delhi-university-education-ministry-tells-lok-sabha/printarticle/117892705.cms |work=Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2023-2024)
 | coor                   = {{Coord|28.69|N|77.21|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
 | campus                 = [[Urban area|Urban]]
 | language               = [[English language|English]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Hindi]]
 | colours                = {{color box|#7851A9}} Royal Purple
 | mascot                 = एशियाई हाथी (Strength and wisdom)
 | academic_affiliations  = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]|[[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]|[[Universitas 21]]|[[National Council of Teacher Education|NCTE]]&lt;ref name=ACI_NAAC&gt;{{cite web |url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/ssr_report/eyJpdiI6ImhKdEFRa3Z3eS9kaTBPL3Vzbi9VMkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQWhSZk9pNFppd1BRemcrbVNob2lJdz09IiwibWFjIjoiMDU0YTEwZTcyOTc4ODM1ZDdkYTRiNDE1NzZkNGEzMjAwOGE1YWY3YzMyMGFiYzY0OTZkOTMzNzE4MDQyZjhhNCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9#page=20 |title=Academic Information of University SSR Information Sheet NAAC }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[Bar Council of India|BCI]]&lt;ref name=ACI_NAAC /&gt;}}
 | founder                = मॉरिस ग्वेयर
 | accreditation          = NAAC (A++)
 | website                = {{URL|https://www.du.ac.in/}}
 | logo                   = 
 | logo_size = 
}}&lt;!--DO NOT REMOVE OR MOVE THE FULL ORGANIZATION NAME PER [[MOS:FIRSTCORP]].--&gt;
'''दिल्ली यूनिवर्सिटी''' जेकरा आमतौर प बोलचाल में डीयू (DU) कहल जाला; ({{Langx|hi|दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय}}) भारत के राजधानी [[दिल्ली]] में स्थित एगो कॉलेजिएट रिसर्च सेंट्रल यूनिवर्सिटी हवे। एकर स्थापना 1922 में सेंट्रल लेजिस्लेटिव असेंबली के एगो अधिनियम के माध्यम से भइल। भारत के उपराष्ट्रपति एह विश्वविद्यालय के चांसलर के रूप में काम करेलें। नेशनल इंस्टीट्यूशनल रैंकिंग फ्रेमवर्क (NIRF) 2025 के विश्वविद्यालय श्रेणी में दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय के पाँचवाँ स्थान मिलल बा।

दिल्ली यूनिवर्सिटी समय के साथ भारत के सबसे बड़ा यूनिवर्सिटी सभ में गिनल जाये वाली यूनिवर्सिटी बन गइल बा। एह यूनिवर्सिटी में 16 गो फैकल्टी, 86 गो शैक्षणिक विभाग, आ 91 गो कॉलेज दिल्ली शहर में अलग-अलग जगह पर स्थित बाड़ें। एहमें कुल 132,435 नियमित विद्यार्थी पढ़त बाड़ें (114,494 स्नातक आ 17,941 स्नातकोत्तर)।
एहसे अलग 261,169 विद्यार्थी गैर-औपचारिक शिक्षा कार्यक्रमन में पढ़त बाड़ें (258,831 स्नातक आ 2,338 स्नातकोत्तर)। एह यूनिवर्सिटी के केमिस्ट्री, जियोलॉजी, जूलॉजी, सोशियोलॉजी आ हिस्ट्री विभागन के Centres of Advanced Studies के दर्जा मिलल बा। एकरा अलावा कई विभाग के [[यूनिवर्सिटी ग्रांट्स कमीशन]] के Special Assistance Programme के तहत अनुदान भी मिलेला, जे उनकर उत्कृष्ट शैक्षणिक काम के मान्यता के रूप में दिहल जाला।

साल 2022 से दिल्ली यूनिवर्सिटी में दाखिला के तरीका बदल दिहल गइल। पहिले प्रवेश 12वीं के प्रतिशत अंक के आधार पर होत रहे, बाकिर अब कॉमन यूनिवर्सिटी एंट्रेंस टेस्ट (CUET) के अंक के आधार पर दाखिला होखेला। अगर कवनो विद्यार्थी के CUET अंक बराबर हो जाला, त 12वीं के प्रतिशत अंक tie-breaker के रूप में इस्तेमाल कइल जाला।

दिल्ली यूनिवर्सिटी छात्र संघ यूनिवर्सिटी के छात्रन के प्रतिनिधि संगठन हवे। ई 1949 में स्थापित भइल रहे। दिल्ली यूनिवर्सिटी भारत में उच्च शिक्षा खातिर सबसे जादे पसंद कइल जाए वाला संस्थानन में मानल जाला। भारतीय यूनिवर्सिटी सभ में शोध-प्रकाशन के संख्या के हिसाब से भी ई ऊपर के संस्थानन में गिनल जाला।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के विश्वविद्यालय आ कालेज]]


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    <title>पत्तल</title>
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      <text bytes="7121" sha1="33ypsooyix3tzl52vxd3mwhv5dfylno" xml:space="preserve">[[File:पत्रावली - Patravali 1.jpg|thumb|कचनार के पत्ता से बनल आ सूखल पत्तल।]]
'''पत्तल''', '''दोना''', भा '''टपरी''' [[भारत]] आ [[नेपाल]] में बिबिध किसिम के पेड़ सभ की [[पतई]] के बनल [[प्लेट]], [[कटोरी]] होला जे भोजन-नाश्ता के चीज परोसे आ खाये के कामे आवे ला। ई [[सेखुआ]], [[पलाश]], [[महुआ]], [[बरगद]], [[कचनार]] नियर पेड़ सभ के पतई से बनावल जाला जेह में कई पतई सभ के [[बाँस]] के महीन सींका से एक संघे सी (टांक) दिहल जाला। पूरा फुल साइज के पत्तल बनावे में 6 से 8 गो ले पतई के इस्तेमाल होखे ला। छोट कटोरी नियर बनल चीज दोना आ नेपाल में टपरी कहाला। ई सूखल आ ताजा दुनो किसिम के पतई से बनावल जा सके लें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Swati |last=Chandra |date=23 Jan 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Traditional-pattal-loses-out-to-convenient-plastic/articleshow/11594352.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202152303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/varanasi/30654853_1_plates-wedding-season-kulhads |archive-date=2014-02-02 |title=Traditional 'pattal' loses out to convenient plastic |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; आमतौर प ई परंपरागत भोज में इस्तेमाल होखे लें, [[तिहुआर]] में आ [[मंदिर]] में, पूजा-पाठ के प्रसाद खातिर इनहन के इस्तेमाल होखे ला। इनहन के बनावे के उद्योग देहाती हिस्सा में एगो कुटीर उद्योग के रूप में गाँव के लोगन के अर्थबेवस्था के महत्व वाला चीज हवे।

== नाँव ==

औरो दूसर भाषा सभ में नाँव:
* [[हिंदी भाषा|Hindi]] - पत्तल/दोना (''Pattal/ Donā'')
* [[गुजराती भाषा|Gujarati]] - પાંદડું નો થાળી (''Pā̃dḍu no Thāḷi'')
* [[मराठी भाषा|Marathi]] - पांनाचे थाळी (''Pā̃nāche Thāḷi'')
* [[मेईतेई भाषा|मणिपुरी]] - ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯤ ꯄꯨꯈꯝ (''Pāmbi Pukham'')
* [[असमिया भाषा|असमिया]] - পাতৰ কাহী (''Pātôr Kāhi'')
* [[बंगाली भाषा|भाषा]] - পাতার থালা (''Pātār Thālā'')
* [[ओडिया भाषा|उड़िया]] - ଖଲିପତ୍ର/ଖଲି (Khålipåtrå/ Khåli), ଖଲି ତାଟିଆ/ଦନା (''Khåli Tāṭiyā/ Dånā'' - the semicircular ones)
* [[मैथिली भाषा|मैथिली]] - পাতক থাৰী (''Pātak Thāri''), পাতক বাটী (''Pātak Bāṭi'' - the semicircular ones)
* [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]] - टपरा/टपरी (''Ṭaparā/ Ṭapari''), दुने (''Dune'' - semicircular ones)
* [[तेलुगु भाषा|तेलुगु]] - ఇస్తారాకుల/విస్తారాకుల/విస్తారా (''Istārākul/ Vistārakul/ Vistārā'')
* [[कन्नड़ भाषा|कन्नड़]] - ಎಲೆ ತಟ್ಟೆ (''Ele Taṭṭe'')
* [[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]] - இலைத் தட்டு (''Ilaitû Taṭṭu'')
* [[मलयालम भाषा|मलयालम]] - ഇല പാത്ര (''Ila Pātra'')
* [[सिंहल भाषा|सिंहली]] - කොළ තහඩුව (''Kola Tahaḍruva'')

== आधुनिक समय में ==
भारत आ नेपाल में पत्तल बनावल एगो कुटीर उद्योग (कॉटेज इंडस्ट्री) हवे। पत्तन के पत्ता के बहुत पतला बाँस के सींका से सिय के (टांक के) जोड़ल जाला, आ एगो आदमी दिन भर में करीब 200 पत्तल बना सकेला। अब धीरे-धीरे कई इलाकन में मशीन से पत्तल बनावे के काम भी शुरू हो रहल बा।

केला के पत्ता में मौजूद [[एंटीऑक्सीडेंट]] (पॉलीफेनाल) बीमारी से लड़े में मदद करे के बतावल जाला। पत्तल सबसे जादे पर्यावरण के अनुकूल (इको-फ्रेंडली) सिंगल यूज (एकबार इस्तेमाल होखे वाला) खाना परोसे के तरीका में से एक हवे। अब जर्मनी जइसन देश भी एकर फायदा समझे लागल बाड़ें, आ कुछ कंपनी पत्तल के व्यापारिक रूप में बनावे लागल बाड़ी। भारत में पत्तल लगभग हर जनरल स्टोर के दुकान पर मिल जाला।

टपरी आजकाल शहरन में, जइसे [[काठमांडू]], के फास्ट फूड स्टॉल पर भी इस्तेमाल होखेला। टपरी बनावे में अभ्यास आ कौशल चाहीं।

नेपाल में पत्ता से बनल बर्तन के तीन तरह होखेला—टपरी सबसे बड़ा होखेला, हल्का मुड़ल (curved) आ हरियर सेखुआ (साल) के पत्ता से बनल होखेला। दोना भा दूना एगो कटोरा जइसन होखेला, जवन तरल चीज रखे में आसान होला। बोटा सबसे छोट कटोरी होखेला, जवन खाली एक ठो साल के पत्ता से बनावल जाला।

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:बरतन]]


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    <title>दाल पीठा</title>
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      <text bytes="3146" sha1="kiyhzd3ziooaad1pcn20mtuiwf33sm9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food
| name = दाल पीठा
| name_lang = 
| name_italics =
| image = 
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = 
| alternative_name = दलपीठा, गोझा, फारा, भकोसा
| type = 
| course = मेन कोर्स
| place_of_origin = 
| region = [[भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]]
| associated_cuisine = [[भोजपुरी व्यंजन]]
| creator =
| year = 
| mintime = 
| maxtime = 
| served = 
| main_ingredient = 
| minor_ingredient = 
| variations = 
| serving_size =
| calories = 
| calories_ref =
| protein = 
| fat = 
| carbohydrate = 
| glycemic_index = 
| similar_dish = 
| module =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other = 
| no_recipes =
}}
'''दाल पीठा''', '''दल पिठा''' चाहे '''दल पिठिया''' भा '''दल पिठी''', [[उत्तर प्रदेश|यूपी]] आ [[बिहार]] के [[भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]] क एगो पारंपरिक व्यंजन हवे। एहमें [[चाउर]] के पिसान के लोई के भीतर मसालेदार दाल के भरावन भरल जाला, आ एकरा के खउलत पानी के भाप में पकावल जाला। भारतीय भाषा सभ में &quot;दल&quot; के अर्थ [[दाल]] आ &quot;पिठा&quot; भा &quot;पिठी&quot; के अर्थ [[गोहूँ]] भा ताजा चाउर के आटा से बनल पकवान होला। भाप में पकावल गइल दल पिठा के साइज-शेप परंपरागत रूप से [[गुझिया]] जइसन होखेला। [[पूर्वांचल]] के [[भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]] में एकरा के '''गोझा''', '''भकोसा''' आ '''फारा''' के नाँव से जानल जाला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=गुजिया तो आप सब ने खाया होगा पर क्या आपने गोझा खाया है? चखिए गोझे का स्वाद आ गई रे चटोरी में |url=https://khabarlahariya.org/new-recipe-of-goza/ |website=Khabar Lahariya (खबर लहरिया) |access-date=10 जुलाई 2026 |language=en |date=8 अक्टूबर 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=रावत |first1=उमा |title=उत्तर भारतीय चना दाल फरा रेसिपी {{!}} भकोसा {{!}} गोझा {{!}} चावल के फरे |url=https://www.foodzlife.com/post/bhakosarecipe?srsltid=AfmBOortQJ5UXh6U02Jwdex8Mg_oNocBfvRsVFth3hMdR-BJBH5w8WAm |website=FoodzLife |access-date=10 जुलाई 2026 |language=hi |date=13 जनवरी 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:बिहार के खाना]]
[[श्रेणी:भोजपुरी क्षेत्र]]


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    <title>2027 के उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा चुनाव</title>
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      <text bytes="3335" sha1="pucwrrujwwznb64hzkao9gr549d6uj6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2027 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2022
| next_election = 
| next_year = 2032
| election_date = By February – March 2027
| seats_for_election = All 403 elected seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 202
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Uttar Pradesh.svg|300px]]
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Uttar Pradesh
| turnout = 
| outgoing_members = 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
| elected_members = 
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image = Yogi Adityanath 2026.jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 0|oLeft = 6}}
| image1_size = 
| leader1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| leader_since1 = 2017
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat1 = [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Urban]]
| last_election1 = 41.29%, 255 seats
| seats1 = 
| seat_change1 = +98
| popular_vote1 = 
| percentage1 = 
| swing1 = 
| seats_before1 = 258
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image = Akhilesh Yadav receiving Padma Vibhushan on the behalf of his late father Sh. Mulayam Singh Yadav (cropped).jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 21|oLeft = 6}}
| leader2 = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| leader_since2 = 2012
| leaders_seat2 = [[TBA]]
| party2 = Samajwadi Party
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| last_election2 = 32.06%, 111 seats
| seats2 = 
| seat_change2 = 
| popular_vote2 = 
| percentage2 = 
| swing2 = 
| seats_before2 = 101
| title = [[उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री|मुख्यमंत्री]]
| before_election = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = 
| after_party = 
}}

[[उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा]] के अगिला चुनाव 2027 में होखे वाला बाड़ें। ई चुनाव कुल 403 बिधानसभा सीटन खातिर होखिहें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |title=Legislative Assemblies : Term of State/House |website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2027 के फरवरी/मार्च ले ई चुनाव होखे के संभावना बाटे। फाइनल डेट चुनाव आयोग तय करी।

[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] के वर्तमान मुख्यमंत्री [[आदित्यनाथ|योगी आदित्यनाथ]] बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BJP-led NDA wins bypolls 7-2, gets a boost for 2027 Uttar Pradesh assembly elections|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjpled-nda-wins-bypolls-7-2-gets-a-boost-for-2027-uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-101732375573033.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के राजनीति]]
[[श्रेणी:2027|उ]]


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      <text bytes="3469" sha1="e97zjivcdj27zoam5ax6uvzt716hhse" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2027 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2022 के उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा चुनाव
| previous_year = 2022
| next_election = 
| next_year = 2032
| election_date = By February – March 2027
| seats_for_election = All 403 elected seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 202
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Uttar Pradesh.svg|300px]]
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Uttar Pradesh
| turnout = 
| outgoing_members = 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
| elected_members = 
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image = Yogi Adityanath 2026.jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 0|oLeft = 6}}
| image1_size = 
| leader1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| leader_since1 = 2017
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat1 = [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Urban]]
| last_election1 = 41.29%, 255 seats
| seats1 = 
| seat_change1 = +98
| popular_vote1 = 
| percentage1 = 
| swing1 = 
| seats_before1 = 258
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image = Akhilesh Yadav receiving Padma Vibhushan on the behalf of his late father Sh. Mulayam Singh Yadav (cropped).jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 21|oLeft = 6}}
| leader2 = [[अखिलेश यादव]]
| leader_since2 = 2012
| leaders_seat2 = [[TBA]]
| party2 = समाजवादी पार्टी
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| last_election2 = 32.06%, 111 सीट
| seats2 = 
| seat_change2 = 
| popular_vote2 = 
| percentage2 = 
| swing2 = 
| seats_before2 = 101
| title = [[उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री|मुख्यमंत्री]]
| before_election = [[आदित्यनाथ|योगी आदित्यनाथ]]
| before_party = भाजपा
| after_election = 
| after_party = 
}}

[[उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा]] के अगिला चुनाव 2027 में होखे वाला बाड़ें। ई चुनाव कुल 403 बिधानसभा सीटन खातिर होखिहें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |title=Legislative Assemblies : Term of State/House |website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2027 के फरवरी/मार्च ले ई चुनाव होखे के संभावना बाटे। फाइनल डेट चुनाव आयोग तय करी।

[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] के वर्तमान मुख्यमंत्री [[आदित्यनाथ|योगी आदित्यनाथ]] बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BJP-led NDA wins bypolls 7-2, gets a boost for 2027 Uttar Pradesh assembly elections|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjpled-nda-wins-bypolls-7-2-gets-a-boost-for-2027-uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-101732375573033.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के राजनीति]]
[[श्रेणी:2027|उ]]


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      <text bytes="4078" sha1="45gcf4iu1l5icnhwlcas7avgij87kum" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2027 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2022 के उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा चुनाव
| previous_year = 2022
| next_election = 
| next_year = 2032
| election_date = By February – March 2027
| seats_for_election = All 403 elected seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 202
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Uttar Pradesh.svg|300px]]
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Uttar Pradesh
| turnout = 
| outgoing_members = 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
| elected_members = 
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image = Yogi Adityanath 2026.jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 0|oLeft = 6}}
| image1_size = 
| leader1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| leader_since1 = 2017
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat1 = [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Urban]]
| last_election1 = 41.29%, 255 seats
| seats1 = 
| seat_change1 = +98
| popular_vote1 = 
| percentage1 = 
| swing1 = 
| seats_before1 = 258
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image = Akhilesh Yadav receiving Padma Vibhushan on the behalf of his late father Sh. Mulayam Singh Yadav (cropped).jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 21|oLeft = 6}}
| leader2 = [[अखिलेश यादव]]
| leader_since2 = 2012
| leaders_seat2 = [[TBA]]
| party2 = समाजवादी पार्टी
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| last_election2 = 32.06%, 111 सीट
| seats2 = 
| seat_change2 = 
| popular_vote2 = 
| percentage2 = 
| swing2 = 
| seats_before2 = 101
| title = [[उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री|मुख्यमंत्री]]
| before_election = [[आदित्यनाथ|योगी आदित्यनाथ]]
| before_party = भाजपा
| after_election = 
| after_party = 
}}

[[उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा]] के अगिला चुनाव 2027 में होखे वाला बाड़ें। ई चुनाव कुल 403 बिधानसभा सीटन खातिर होखिहें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |title=Legislative Assemblies : Term of State/House |website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2027 के फरवरी/मार्च ले ई चुनाव होखे के संभावना बाटे। फाइनल डेट चुनाव आयोग तय करी।&lt;ref name=&quot;समीक्षा&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2027 के विधानसभा चुनावों से पहले, निर्वाचन आयोग ने उत्तर प्रदेश के 18 जिलों में चुनाव तैयारियों की समीक्षा की |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/hi/ahead-of-the-2027-assembly-elections-the-election-commission-reviews-poll-preparedness-in-18-districts-of-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=5 नवंबर 2026 |work=आल इण्डिया रेडियो |date=3 नवंबर 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] के वर्तमान मुख्यमंत्री [[आदित्यनाथ|योगी आदित्यनाथ]] बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BJP-led NDA wins bypolls 7-2, gets a boost for 2027 Uttar Pradesh assembly elections|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjpled-nda-wins-bypolls-7-2-gets-a-boost-for-2027-uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-101732375573033.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के राजनीति]]
[[श्रेणी:2027|उ]]


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      <text bytes="4665" sha1="6n5rxio6kcl8w6azkilqe5yrfiu2eej" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| election_name      = 2027 के उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा चुनाव
| country            = भारत
| type               = बिधायिका
| ongoing            = yes
| vote_type          = party
| previous_election  = 2022 के उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा चुनाव
| previous_year      = 2022
| next_election      = 
| next_year          = 2032
| election_date      = फरवरी – मार्च 2027 ले
| seats_for_election = All 403 elected seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats     = 202
| map_image          = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Uttar Pradesh.svg|300px]]
| map_caption        = Map of the assembly constituencies in Uttar Pradesh
| turnout            = 
| outgoing_members   = 18वीं उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा
| elected_members    = 
| image1             = {{CSS image crop|Image = Yogi Adityanath 2026.jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 0|oLeft = 6}}
| image1_size        = 
| leader1            = [[आदित्यनाथ]]
| leader_since1      = 2017
| party1             = भाजपा
| alliance1          = नेशनल डेमोक्रेटिक एलायंस
| leaders_seat1      = [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|गोरखपुर शहरी]]
| last_election1     = 41.29%, 255 सीट
| seats1             = 
| seat_change1       = +98
| popular_vote1      = 
| percentage1        = 
| swing1             = 
| seats_before1      = 258
| image2             = {{CSS image crop|Image = Akhilesh Yadav receiving Padma Vibhushan on the behalf of his late father Sh. Mulayam Singh Yadav (cropped).jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 21|oLeft = 6}}
| leader2            = [[अखिलेश यादव]]
| leader_since2      = 2012
| leaders_seat2      = [[TBA]]
| party2             = समाजवादी पार्टी
| alliance2          = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|इंडिया (गठबंधन)]]
| last_election2     = 32.06%, 111 सीट
| seats2             = 
| seat_change2       = 
| popular_vote2      = 
| percentage2        = 
| swing2             = 
| seats_before2      = 101
| title              = [[उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री|मुख्यमंत्री]]
| before_election    = [[आदित्यनाथ|योगी आदित्यनाथ]]
| before_party       = भाजपा
| after_election     = 
| after_party        = 
}}

[[उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा]] के अगिला चुनाव 2027 में होखे वाला बाड़ें। ई चुनाव कुल 403 बिधानसभा सीटन खातिर होखिहें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |title=Legislative Assemblies : Term of State/House |website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2027 के फरवरी/मार्च ले ई चुनाव होखे के संभावना बाटे। फाइनल डेट चुनाव आयोग तय करी।&lt;ref name=&quot;समीक्षा&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2027 के विधानसभा चुनावों से पहले, निर्वाचन आयोग ने उत्तर प्रदेश के 18 जिलों में चुनाव तैयारियों की समीक्षा की |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/hi/ahead-of-the-2027-assembly-elections-the-election-commission-reviews-poll-preparedness-in-18-districts-of-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=5 नवंबर 2026 |work=आल इण्डिया रेडियो |date=3 नवंबर 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] के वर्तमान मुख्यमंत्री [[आदित्यनाथ|योगी आदित्यनाथ]] बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BJP-led NDA wins bypolls 7-2, gets a boost for 2027 Uttar Pradesh assembly elections|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjpled-nda-wins-bypolls-7-2-gets-a-boost-for-2027-uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-101732375573033.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के राजनीति]]
[[श्रेणी:2027|उ]]


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      <text bytes="4650" sha1="7a9taabpbinvgpgauk6xpwsnvra5dk2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| election_name      = 2027 के उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा चुनाव
| country            = भारत
| type               = बिधायिका
| ongoing            = yes
| vote_type          = party
| previous_election  = 2022 के उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा चुनाव
| previous_year      = 2022
| next_election      = 
| next_year          = 2032
| election_date      = फरवरी – मार्च 2027 ले
| seats_for_election = All 403 elected seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats     = 202
| map_image          = Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Uttar Pradesh.svg
| map_caption        = Map of the assembly constituencies in Uttar Pradesh
| turnout            = 
| outgoing_members   = 18वीं उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा
| elected_members    = 
| image1             = {{CSS image crop|Image = Yogi Adityanath 2026.jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 0|oLeft = 6}}
| image1_size        = 
| leader1            = [[आदित्यनाथ]]
| leader_since1      = 2017
| party1             = भाजपा
| alliance1          = नेशनल डेमोक्रेटिक एलायंस
| leaders_seat1      = [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|गोरखपुर शहरी]]
| last_election1     = 41.29%, 255 सीट
| seats1             = 
| seat_change1       = +98
| popular_vote1      = 
| percentage1        = 
| swing1             = 
| seats_before1      = 258
| image2             = {{CSS image crop|Image = Akhilesh Yadav receiving Padma Vibhushan on the behalf of his late father Sh. Mulayam Singh Yadav (cropped).jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 21|oLeft = 6}}
| leader2            = [[अखिलेश यादव]]
| leader_since2      = 2012
| leaders_seat2      = [[TBA]]
| party2             = समाजवादी पार्टी
| alliance2          = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|इंडिया (गठबंधन)]]
| last_election2     = 32.06%, 111 सीट
| seats2             = 
| seat_change2       = 
| popular_vote2      = 
| percentage2        = 
| swing2             = 
| seats_before2      = 101
| title              = [[उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री|मुख्यमंत्री]]
| before_election    = [[आदित्यनाथ|योगी आदित्यनाथ]]
| before_party       = भाजपा
| after_election     = 
| after_party        = 
}}

[[उत्तर प्रदेश बिधानसभा]] के अगिला चुनाव 2027 में होखे वाला बाड़ें। ई चुनाव कुल 403 बिधानसभा सीटन खातिर होखिहें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |title=Legislative Assemblies : Term of State/House |website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2027 के फरवरी/मार्च ले ई चुनाव होखे के संभावना बाटे। फाइनल डेट चुनाव आयोग तय करी।&lt;ref name=&quot;समीक्षा&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2027 के विधानसभा चुनावों से पहले, निर्वाचन आयोग ने उत्तर प्रदेश के 18 जिलों में चुनाव तैयारियों की समीक्षा की |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/hi/ahead-of-the-2027-assembly-elections-the-election-commission-reviews-poll-preparedness-in-18-districts-of-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=5 नवंबर 2026 |work=आल इण्डिया रेडियो |date=3 नवंबर 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] के वर्तमान मुख्यमंत्री [[आदित्यनाथ|योगी आदित्यनाथ]] बाड़ें।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BJP-led NDA wins bypolls 7-2, gets a boost for 2027 Uttar Pradesh assembly elections|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjpled-nda-wins-bypolls-7-2-gets-a-boost-for-2027-uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-101732375573033.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के राजनीति]]
[[श्रेणी:2027|उ]]


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    <title>ध्रुव राठी</title>
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      <text bytes="7455" sha1="sdw5obtyisliuabuacf6su0rf3b10xr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox social media personality
| name                  = ध्रुव राठी
| image                 = Dhruv Rathee (cropped).jpg
| caption               = 2019 में ध्रुव राठी
| birth_date            = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|10|08}}
| birth_place           = [[रोहतक]], [[हरियाणा]], [[भारत]]
| education             = कार्ल्सरूहे इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ टेक्नोलॉजी&lt;br&gt;([[बैचलर ऑफ साइंस|बीएससी]], [[मास्टर ऑफ साइंस|एमएससी]])
| occupation            = {{hlist|
| [[यूट्यूबर]]
| [[सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता]]
| [[व्लॉगर]]
}}
| years_active          = 2014–अब तक ले
| spouse                = {{marriage|जूली एलबीआर|24 November 2021}}
| children              = 1
| website               = {{URL|https://dhruvrathee.com}}
| youtube_handle        = dhruvrathee
| youtube_display_name  = ध्रुव राठी
| youtube_handle2       = dhruvratheevlogs
| youtube_display_name2 = ध्रुव राठी व्लॉग्स
| youtube_handle3       = drshorts
| youtube_display_name3 = ध्रुव राठी शॉर्ट्स
| youtube_years_active  = 2014–अबले
| youtube_genre         = {{Flatlist|
* [[राजनीतिक आलोचना|राजनीतिक टिप्पणी]]
* [[फैक्ट चेक]]
* [[समाचार]]
* [[व्लॉग]]
}}
| youtube_subscribers   = 32.4 मिलियन (मुख्य चैनल)&lt;br /&gt;
40.66 मिलियन (कुल){{efn|
Subscribers, broken down by channel:{{blist
|32.1 मिलियन (ध्रुव राठी)
|5.05 मिलियन (ध्रुव राठी शॉर्ट्स)
|3.51 मिलियन (ध्रुव राठी व्लॉग्स)
}}
}}&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;
| youtube_views         = 5.68 बिलियन (मुख्य चैनल)&lt;br /&gt;
8.75 बिलियन (कुल){{efn|
Views, broken down by channel:{{blist
|5.68 बिलियन (ध्रुव राठी)
|2.45 बिलियन (ध्रुव राठी शॉर्ट्स)
|621 मिलियन (ध्रुव राठी व्लॉग्स)
}}
}}&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;
| instagram_handle       = dhruvrathee
| instagram_display_name = ध्रुव राठी
| instagram_followers    = 18 मिलियन

| x_handle               = dhruv_rathee
| x_followers            = 3.2 मिलियन

| stats_update           = 24 मई 2026
}}
'''ध्रुव राठी''' (जनम: 8 अक्टूबर 1994) भारतीय [[यूट्यूबर]], इन्फ्लुएंसर आ एक्टिविस्ट बाड़ें। ऊ सामाजिक, राजनीतिक आ [[पर्यावरण]] संबंधी मुद्दन पर बनावल अपना [[यूट्यूब|यूट्यूब बीडियो]] खातिर प्रसिद्ध बाड़ें। 24 मई 2026 तक उनकर अलग-अलग [[यूट्यूब#चैनल|यूट्यूब चैनलन]] पर 4 करोड़ से बेसी सब्सक्राइबर आ 800 करोड़ से बेसी व्यूज रहल। एकरे अलावा, [[इंस्टाग्राम]] पर उनकर 1.8 करोड़, [[एक्स (सोशल नेटवर्क)|X]] पर 32 लाख आ [[फेसबुक]] पर 66 लाख फॉलोअर रहलें।

== जिनगी ==
ध्रुव राठी के जन्म 8 अक्टूबर 1994 के भारत के [[हरियाणा]] में एगो हरियाणवी हिंदू जाट परिवार में भइल। ऊ आपन शुरुआती पढ़ाई हरियाणा में पूरा कइलें। एकरा बाद ऊ उच्च शिक्षा खातिर [[जर्मनी]] गइलें, जहाँ कार्लसरूहे इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ टेक्नोलॉजी से मैकेनिकल इंजीनियरिंग में बैचलर डिग्री आ [[रिन्यूएबल एनर्जी]] में मास्टर डिग्री हासिल कइलें।

== कैरियर ==
ध्रुव राठी मुख्य रूप से अपना राजनीतिक बीडियो सभ खातिर जानल जालें। उनुके बीडियो में अधिकतर [[फैक्ट चेक|फैक्ट-चेकिंग]] आ व्याख्यात्मक सामग्री होखे ले। द प्रिंट के अनुसार, ध्रुव राठी भारत के पहिलका यूट्यूबरन में से रहलें, जे यूट्यूब के राजनीतिक मंच के रूप में प्रभावी ढंग से इस्तमाल कइलें। ऊ 2013 में यात्रा से जुड़ल बीडियो अपलोड करे शुरू कइलें, बाकिर ओही साल के अंत तक आपन ध्यान राजनीतिक आ सामाजिक मुद्दन पर केंद्रित कर दिहलें।

गंभीर विषयन पर बीडियो बनावे के साथे-साथे ध्रुव राठी &quot;पी न्यूज़&quot; नाम से एगो व्यंग्यात्मक &quot;फर्जी समाचार&quot; (फ़ेक न्यूज़) कार्यक्रम शुरू कइलें। एकरे अलावा, 2017 से 2020 के शुरुआत तक ऊ द प्रिंट में नियमित रूप से ओपिनियन कॉलम लिखत रहलें।

जुलाई 2020 में ध्रुव राठी &quot;ध्रुव राठी व्लॉग्स&quot; नाम से एगो नया यूट्यूब चैनल शुरू कइलें, जहाँ ऊ अपना बिदेस यात्रा के [[व्लॉग]] साझा करेलें। एकरे अलावा ऊ [[डॉयचे वेले]] (रेडियो जर्मनी) के डीडब्लू ट्रैवेल, नेटफ्लिक्स इंडिया के डिकोड विद ध्रुव, आ स्पॉटिफाई पर प्रसारित होखे वाला &quot;महा भारत विद ध्रुव राठी&quot; नामक पॉडकास्ट के संचालन करे लें।

{{clear}}
== नोट ==
{{notelist}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:1994 में जनम]]


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    <title>दि ओडिसी (2026 के फिलिम)</title>
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      <text bytes="8048" sha1="k0cxp7lj49x0xefyqqxddtu0zn9qh25" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| image          = TheOdysseyMovie2026Logo.png
| alt            = 
| caption        = लोगो
| director       = [[क्रिस्टोफर नोलन]]
| screenplay     = क्रिस्टोफर नोलन
| based_on       = [[होमर]] के ''[[ओडिसी]]''&lt;!--Per poster billing credit. WGA credit: &quot;Based on the Epic Poem by Homer&quot;; Please do not use the &quot;Based on&quot; template here, per MOS:VAR. It is not required and adds an unnecessary line break.--&gt;
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[एमा थॉमस]]
* क्रिस्टोफर नोलन
}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|&lt;!--Order per bottom billing block--&gt;
* [[मैट डेमन]]
* [[टॉम हॉलैंड]]
* [[ऐन हैथवे]]
* [[रॉबर्ट पैटिनसन]]
* [[लुपीटा न्योंगो]]
* [[सामंथा मॉर्टन]]
* [[जेंडाया]]
* [[शार्लीज़ थेरॉन]]
}}
| cinematography = [[होयटे वान होयटेमा]]
| editing        = [[जेनिफर लेम]]
| music          = [[लुडविग गोरान्सन]]
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[यूनिवर्सल पिक्चर्स]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DiscussingFilmReview&quot; /&gt;
* [[सिनकॉपी]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DiscussingFilmReview&quot; /&gt;
}}
| distributor    = यूनिवर्सल पिक्चर्स&lt;ref name=&quot;DiscussingFilmReview&quot; /&gt;
| released       = {{Film date|2026|7|6|[[ओडियन लक्स लीसेस्टर स्क्वायर]]|2026|7|17|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका आ यूनाइटेड किंगडम}}
| runtime        = 173 मिनट&lt;!--Theatrical runtime: 172:53--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Runtime&quot; /&gt;
| country        = {{Plainlist|
* संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका
* यूनाइटेड किंगडम
}}
| language       = अंग्रेजी
| budget         = $250&amp;nbsp;मिलियन&lt;ref name=&quot;TeaserLeakTHR&quot; /&gt;
| gross          = $364&amp;nbsp;मिलियन&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{Cite Box Office Mojo |id=33764258 |title=The Odyssey (2026) |access-date=July 22, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NUM&quot;&gt;{{Cite The Numbers |id=Odyssey-The-(2026) |title=The Odyssey |access-date=July 24, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''''दि ओडिसी''''' ({{Langx|en|The Odyssey}}) 2026 के एगो एपिक एक्शन-फैंटेसी फिलिम बाटे, जेकर कहानी लिखे के काम आ डाइरेक्शन [[क्रिस्टोफर नोलन]] कइले बाड़ें। एह फिलिम के ऊ अपना पत्नी एम्मा थॉमस के साथे मिलके प्रोड्यूस कइले बाड़ें। ई फिलिम [[होमर]] के प्राचीन यूनानी महाकाव्य ''[[ओडिसी]]'' पर आधारित बा। एह में [[मैट डेमन]], [[टॉम हॉलैंड]], [[ऐन हैथवे]], [[रॉबर्ट पैटिन्सन]], [[लुपीटा न्योंगो]], [[सामंथा मॉर्टन]], [[ज़ेंडाया]] आ [[शार्लीज़ थेरॉन]] समेत कई गो परसिद्ध कलाकार लोग एक्टिंग कइले बाड़ें। फिलिम में ओडीसियस (मैट डेमन), जे इथाका के यूनानी राजा हउवें, ट्रोजन जुद्ध के बाद अपना घरे वापिस लवटे के लमहर आ खतरनाक जात्रा पर निकलल बाड़ें। एह सफर में उनकर सामना कई गो मिथकीय जिया-जन्तु सभ से होला जब ऊ अपना पत्नी पेनेलोप (ऐन हैथवे) से फेर मिले के कोशिश करत रहेलें।

नोलन मार्च 2024 में एह फिलिम के स्क्रिप्ट लिखे के शुरुआत कइलें, आ अक्टूबर 2024 तक [[यूनिवर्सल पिक्चर्स]] के साथे एह प्रोजेक्ट के अंतिम रूप दे दिहलें। दिसंबर 2024 में फिलिम के आधिकारिक घोषणा भइल। कलाकारन के सेलेक्शन 2024 के आखिरी महीना से 2025 के सुरुआती महीना ले चलल, आ फरवरी 2025 में मैट डेमन के मुख्य भूमिका खातिर चुनल गइल। नोलन ओडिसी के कई गो अनुवाद के अध्ययन कइलें, आ अंत में यूनानी मिथकीय कथा के यथासंभव यथार्थवादी ढंग से पेश करे के फैसला कइलें। एह काम में उनकरा आंद्रेई रुबलेव (1966), रान (1985) आ विशेष प्रभाव कलाकार रे हैरीहाउज़ेन के फिलिमन से प्रेरणा मिलल। एह फिलिम के शूटिंग फरवरी से अगस्त 2025 के बीच मोरक्को, यूनान, इटली, स्कॉटलैंड, आइसलैंड, पच्छिमी सहारा, माल्टा आ लॉस एंजिलिस के यूनिवर्सल स्टूडियोज़ परिसर में भइल। लगभग 25 करोड़ अमेरिकी डॉलर के अनुमानित बजट वाला ई फिलिम नोलन के सबसे महँग फिलिमन में से एगो बा। एहिजे पहिली बेर कवनो फीचर फिलिम के पूरा शूटिंग [[आईमैक्स]] 70 मिमी फिल्म कैमरा से कइल गइल।

''दि ओडिसी'' के वर्ल्ड प्रीमियर 6 जुलाई 2026 के [[लंदन]] के ओडियन लक्स लीसेस्टर स्क्वायर में भइल। एकरा बाद यूनिवर्सल पिक्चर्स 17 जुलाई 2026 के अमेरिका आ ब्रिटेन में एकरा के सिनेमाहाल सभ में रिलीज कइलस। फिलिम [[आईमैक्स]] आ कई गो प्रीमियम बड़हन परदा वाला फारमेट में भी उपलब्ध करावल गइल। रिलीज के बाद फिलिम के समीक्षक लोग से बहुत सराहना मिलल, खास करके नोलन के निर्देशन के। फिलिम अबले 34.6 करोड़ अमेरिकी डॉलर से बेसी कमाई कर चुकल बा आ नोलन के करियर में कई गो नया रिकॉर्ड बनवले बा, जवना में रिलीज से एक बरिस पहिले शुरू भइल प्रीमियम प्रारूप के एडवांस बुकिंग के रिकॉर्ड भी शामिल बा।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:2026 के फिलिम]]


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    <title>नितेश तिवारी</title>
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      <text bytes="4589" sha1="mhr2spftmpmpwml1co6hpr96hwnjde8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = नितेश तिवारी
| image         = Nitesh Tiwari at the ‘Khidkiyaan’ movie festival launch (cropped).jpg
| caption       = 2016 में तिवारी
| alma_mater    = [[भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान, बंबई]], 1996
| birth_date    = {{birth date and age|df=y|1973|5|22}}
| birth_place   = [[इटारसी]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]], [[भारत]]
| years_active  = 2011–अबतक ले
| spouse        = अश्विनी अय्यर
| children      = 2
| occupation    = फिलिम डाइरेक्टर, फिलिम प्रोड्यूसर, स्क्रीनराइटर
| notable_works = ''[[दंगल (2016 फिलिम)|दंगल]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[छिछोरे]]''
}}
'''नितेश तिवारी''' (जनम: 22 मई 1973) एगो भारतीय फिलिम डाइरेक्टर, स्क्रीन राइटर आ गीतकार बाड़ें, जे मुख्य रूप से [[बॉलीवुड|हिंदी फिलिमन]] में अपना काम खातिर जानल जालें। 2011 में ऊ ''चिल्लर पार्टी'' फिलिम से सह-स्क्रिप्टराइटर आ सह-डाइरेक्टर के रूप में आपन कैरियर के शुरुआत कइलें। एह फिलिम खातिर उनकरा दू गो राष्ट्रीय फिलिम अवार्ड मिलल, जवना में बेस्ट बाल फिलिम आ बेस्ट स्क्रिप्ट के अवार्ड शामिल रहल। नितेश तिवारी 2014 में अलौकिक राजनीतिक नाटक भूतनाथ रिटर्न्स से अकेले डाइरेक्टर के रूप में आपन शुरुआत कइलें।

2016 में ऊ ''दंगल'' के पटकथा लिखलें आ डाइरेक्शन कइलें। ई फिलिम भारतीय सिनेमा के सबसे अधिक कमाई करे वाली फिलिम सभ में से एगो बनल। एह फिलिम के प्रदर्शन बीजिंग अंतरराष्ट्रीय फिलिम महोत्सव आ दूसरा ब्रिक्स फिलिम महोत्सव में भी भइल। ''दंगल'' खातिर नितेश तिवारी के 62वाँ फिल्मफेयर अवार्ड में बेस्ट डाइरेक्टर के सम्मान मिलल। साथे-साथ, 2017 के इंडियन फिलिम फेस्टिवल ऑफ मेलबर्न में उनकरा टेल्स्ट्रा पीपुल्स चॉइस अवार्ड भी मिलल। एकरा बाद 2019 में ऊ ''छिछोरे'' फिलिम के डाइरेक्शन कइलें। ई फिलिम के समीक्षक लोग से बहुत सराहना मिलल आ एह खातिर नितेश तिवारी के हिंदी में बेस्ट फीचर फिलिम के कटेगरी में तीसरका राष्ट्रीय फिलिम अवार्ड मिलल।

नितेश तिवारी अर्थस्काई पिक्चर्स के सह-संस्थापक भी बाड़ें। एह कंपनी के माध्यम से ऊ एडवर्टाइजिंग फिलिमन के निर्माण कइले बाड़ें। एकरा अलावा, भारतीय टेनिस खिलाड़ी [[महेश भूपति]] आ [[लिएंडर पेस]] के जिनगी पर आधारित डॉक्यूमेंट्री सिरीज ''ब्रेक पॉइंट'' के निर्माण कइले बाड़ें।

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:1973 में जनम]]
[[श्रेणी:जियत लोग]]


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    <title>दुइज</title>
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      <text bytes="1218" sha1="shyok94oh07nbg9mwf51ku4zzvwjc9m" xml:space="preserve">'''दुइज''' भा '''दूज''' ({{Langx|sa|द्वितीया}}) [[हिंदू पतरा|हिंदू कलेंडर]] के अन्हार चाहे अँजोर पाख के दुसरी [[तिथि]] ह। अँजोर पाख में एह दिन [[चंद्रमा]] के दर्शन (चंद्रदर्शन) कइल शुभ मानल जाला। चंद्रमा कुछे देरी खाती लउके ला; दुर्लभ दर्शन के कारन भोजपुरी बेल्ट में &quot;दुइज के चान&quot; मुहावरा के रूप में चलन में हवे।

== प्रमुख परब-तिहुआर आ दिवस ==
* [[भइया दूज]]
* [[यम द्वितीया]]

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

{{हिंदू तिथि सभ}}

[[श्रेणी:ज्योतिष]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदू पतरा]]
[[श्रेणी:तिथी]]
[[श्रेणी:हिंदू कलेंडर के तिथी]]


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  <page>
    <title>देउवा</title>
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      <text bytes="10807" sha1="cqvdig0mypah6coovcut5r0wxw11ue9" xml:space="preserve">'''देउपा''' या '''देउवा''' [[कुमाऊँ मण्डल]] के संगे-संगे [[नेपाल]] में पावल जाए वाला एगो [[थर]] ह। [[उत्तराखण्ड]] में देउपा के परंपरागत रूप से [[राजपूत]] समुदाय के एगो शाखा के रूप में बतावल गइल बा। ऐतिहासिक स्रोत सभ में एह समुदाय के संबंध कुमाऊँ क्षेत्र के अलग-अलग राजपूत आ क्षत्रिय वंश सभ से बतावल गइल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Pāṇḍe |first1=Badarīdatta |title=History of Kumaun (English version of &quot;Kumaun ka itihas&quot;) |last2=Agrawal |first2=Chandra M. |last3=Pāṇḍe |first3=Badarīdatta |date=1993 |publisher=Shyam Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85865-01-0 |location=Almora, U.P., India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

देउपा/देउवा नाम के अलग-अलग रूप [[कुमाऊँनी भाषा|कुमाऊँनी]], [[डोटेली भाषा|डोटेली]] आ [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]] भाषाई क्षेत्र सभ में मिलेला। उपलब्ध स्रोत सभ के अनुसार, एह थर से जुड़ल परिवार [[उत्तराखण्ड]] के कुमाऊँ क्षेत्र आ नेपाल के सुदूर-पश्चिमी क्षेत्र सभ में पावल जालें।

==इतिहास==

कुमाऊँ के ऐतिहासिक विवरण सभ में देउपा के '''पञ्चपूर्विया''' अथवा '''पञ्चपूर्वीय''' समूह से जुड़ल एगो वंश के रूप में वर्णित कइल गइल बा। [[बद्री दत्त पाण्डे]] के ''History of Kumaun'' में पञ्चपूर्विया समूह में पाँच वंश सभ के उल्लेख मिलेला—देउपा, सेरारी, पुरुचुड़ा, चिराल आ पडेरु।&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandey&quot;/&gt;

एह पाँच वंश सभ के संबंध में परंपरा बा कि ऊ लोग [[डोटी]] क्षेत्र से कुमाऊँ आइल रहे आ ओह लोग के उहाँ के शासक सभ के ओर से जागीर दिहल गइल रहे। कुमाऊँ के ऐतिहासिक स्रोत सभ में एह समूह सभ के संबंध [[चन्द राजवंश]] आ क्षेत्र के अन्य राजपूत वंश सभ से बतावल गइल बा।&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandey&quot;/&gt;

ऐतिहासिक विवरण सभ के अनुसार, देउपा वंश के संबंध कुमाऊँ में स्थापित ओह क्षत्रिय समूह सभ से रहल जे अलग-अलग समय में स्थानीय राजनीतिक आ सैन्य संरचना में भूमिका निभवले। हालांकि, देउपा के उत्पत्ति आ अलग-अलग राजवंश सभ से एकर संबंध के बारे में स्रोत सभ में अलग-अलग परंपरा मिलेला।

इतिहासकार [[प्रयाग जोशी]] के अनुसार, एह वंश के प्रारंभिक उत्पत्ति [[सिन्ध]] क्षेत्र से मानल जाला। ओहिजा [[गंगा दत्त उप्रेती]] द्वारा 1907 में प्रकाशित ''Descriptive List of the Martial Castes of the Almora District'' में उल्लेख बा कि ई समूह पहिले नेपाल गइल आ उहाँ से कुमाऊँ पहुँचल आ राजा उद्योत चन्द द्वारा अपना सेना में योद्धा के रूप में नियुक्त कइल गइल।&lt;ref name=&quot;Upreti&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Upreti |first=Ganga Dutt |title=Descriptive list of the Martial castes of the Almora District, U.P |publisher=Methodist Publishing House |year=1907 |location=Lucknow |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

देउपा नाम के व्युत्पत्ति के संबंध में ई मत भी मिलेला कि ई '''देव''' या '''देउ''' मूल से विकसित भइल हो सकेला। ऐतिहासिक रूप से 'देव' या 'देउ' जइसन प्रत्यय के प्रयोग उत्तर भारत के कुछ क्षत्रिय आ राजवंशीय नाम सभ में मिलेला। चन्द आ कात्यूरी शासक सभ के नाम आ उपाधि सभ में भी एह प्रकार के प्रयोग के उदाहरण मिलेला।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Pawan |title=A Concise History of Uttarakhand |publisher=AFLATOON PUBLISHING |date=November 2022 |isbn=978-81-955862-0-2 |pages=109}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==पञ्चपूर्विया वंश==

कुमाऊँ के ऐतिहासिक विवरण सभ में पञ्चपूर्विया समूह के अंतर्गत नीचे दिहल पाँच वंश सभ के उल्लेख मिलेला:&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandey&quot;/&gt;

* देउपा
* सेरारी
* पुरुचुड़ा
* चिराल
* पडेरु

एह वंश सभ के पारंपरिक निवास-क्षेत्र के उल्लेख कुमाऊँ आ डोटी से संबंधित ऐतिहासिक विवरण सभ में मिलेला। पञ्चपूर्विया समूह के उत्पत्ति, प्रवास आ चन्द शासक सभ से संबंध के बारे में स्थानीय परंपरा आ ऐतिहासिक स्रोत सभ में कुछ अंतर भी मिलेला।

==सामाजिक आ भौगोलिक वितरण==

देउपा/देउवा उपनाम के उल्लेख मुख्य रूप से [[उत्तराखण्ड]] के [[कुमाऊँ मण्डल]] आ नेपाल के सुदूर-पश्चिमी क्षेत्र सभ के संदर्भ में मिलेला। नेपाल में एह थर के परिवार खास तौर पर [[डोटी]] आ [[डडेल्धुरा]] से संबंधित क्षेत्र सभ में पावल जाए के उल्लेख मिलेला।

[[उत्तराखण्ड]] में देउपा के राजपूत/क्षत्रिय परंपरा से जोड़ल गइल बा, जबकि नेपाल में एह थर के सामाजिक पहचान स्थानीय ऐतिहासिक आ जातीय संरचना के अनुसार ठकुरी/रजवार के रूप में वर्णित कइल गइल बा।

==कुल परंपरा==

स्थानीय परंपरा सभ में देउपा परिवार सभ के अलग-अलग कुल-देवता आ धार्मिक परंपरा के उल्लेख मिलेला। एह में [[केदार]], [[कालिका]] आ स्थानीय रूप से पूजल जाए वाला देवता सभ के परंपरा शामिल बा।

कुछ स्थानीय परंपरा सभ में '''लाटो गन्याप''' आ '''अशिग्राम केदार''' के भी कुल अथवा क्षेत्रीय देवता के रूप में मानल जाला। एह परंपरा सभ के स्वरूप क्षेत्र आ परिवार के अनुसार अलग-अलग हो सकेला।

==कुलगुरु आ पुरोहित परंपरा==

स्थानीय विवरण सभ के अनुसार, अलग-अलग क्षेत्र में देउपा परिवार सभ के पुरोहित अलग-अलग ब्राह्मण वंश सभ से संबंधित रहलें। डोटी, डडेल्धुरा आ कुमाऊँ क्षेत्र के संबंध में अलग-अलग गोत्र आ पुरोहित परिवार सभ के उल्लेख मिलेला। एह विवरण सभ के पुष्टि खातिर क्षेत्रीय वंशावली आ प्रकाशित ऐतिहासिक स्रोत सभ के उपयोग जरूरी बा।

==प्रमुख व्यक्ति==

देउवा उपनाम से संबंधित कई लोग नेपाल के राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, प्रशासनिक आ सैन्य जीवन में सक्रिय रहल बा। एह लोग में नेपाल के पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] भी शामिल बाड़ें।

==नाम के रूप==

देउपा/देउवा नाम के नीचे दिहल रूप अलग-अलग स्रोत आ क्षेत्र सभ में मिलेला:

* देउपा
* देउवा
* देउबा

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

==ई भी देखीं==

* [[कुमाऊँनी राजपूत]]
* [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4548" sha1="dyqin97ca9mofygf29xm1oeqp9gzxd7" xml:space="preserve">{{हिंदू धर्म}}
'''धर्मशास्त्र''', [[संस्कृत]] के [[पुराण|पुराणिक]] परंपरा में, कानून आ आचरण-बेह्वार से जुड़ल [[स्मृति ग्रंथ]] हवें। एह ग्रंथन में [[धर्म]] से जुड़ल नियमन आ बिचारन के बिस्तार से बतावल गइल बा। ई मूल रूप से शास्त्र भा धार्मिक-कानूनी ग्रंथ हवें। धर्मशास्त्र के ग्रंथ अक्सरहा बेहवारिक नियम से बेसी सैद्धांतिक ढंग से कानून आ आचरण के व्याख्या करे लें।

धर्मशास्त्रन के कुल गिनती के ले के अलग-अलग अंजाद लगावल गइल बा। अलग-अलग बिद्वान लोग इनहन के गिनती 18 से लेके 100 से बेसियो तक ले बतावेलें। हर धर्मशास्त्र के कई गो अलग-अलग रूप मिलेला। ई सभ ग्रंथ [[धर्मसूत्र|धर्मसूत्रन]] पर आधारित बाड़ें, जे ईसा पूर्व पहिलकी सहस्राब्दी में लिखल गइल रहलें। अइसन बतावल जाला की धर्मसूत्रन के विकास [[वैदिक काल]] में कल्प ([[वेदांग]]) के अध्ययन से भइल रहे।

धर्मशास्त्र के ग्रंथ आमतौर पर [[कबिताई|काव्य]] (श्लोक में) के रूप में लिखल गइल बाड़ें आ [[हिंदू धर्म]] के स्मृति ग्रंथन के हिस्सा हवें। इनहन में नीति-नियम, खास क'के अपना आ परिवार के प्रति कर्तव्य आ जिम्मेदारी, आ समाज के सदस्य के रूप में निभावे वाला जिम्मेदारी के बारे में अलग-अलग व्याख्या आ ग्रंथ मिलेला। एह ग्रंथन में [[आश्रम बेवस्था|आश्रम]] (जीवन के अलग-अलग चरण), वर्ण (सामाजिक वर्ग), [[पुरुषार्थ]] (जीवन के उचित लक्ष्य), व्यक्तिगत गुण आ कर्तव्य, आ सभ जीव-जंतु के प्रति [[अहिंसा]] जइसन बिसय सभ के चर्चा मिले ला। एकरा अलावा न्यायपूर्ण जुद्ध के नियम आ अउरी कई गो सामाजिक, नैतिक आ धार्मिक विषय पर भी चर्चा कइल गइल बा।

आधुनिक औपनिवेशिक भारत के इतिहास में धर्मशास्त्रनों के मजिगर प्रभाव रहल। शुरुआती ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक अधिकारी लोग एह ग्रंथन के आधार पर भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में गैर-मुस्लिम लोग—हिंदू, जैन, बौद्ध आ सिख—खातिर कानून बनावे के कोशिश कइल। एह प्रक्रिया में धर्मशास्त्र के हिंदू कानून के आधार के रूप में इस्तेमाल कइल गइल।

आज के समय में सबसे बेसी परसिद्ध आ सबसे बेसी चर्चा में रहे वाला धर्मशास्त्र ''[[मनुस्मृति]]'' ह।

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू धर्म]]


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    <title>धमार</title>
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      <text bytes="5065" sha1="buynlzgi56hywuawbb04jubzph4ryel" xml:space="preserve">{{Indian classical music}}
'''धमार''' [[हिंदुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत|हिंदुस्तानी शास्त्रीय म्यूजिक]] में इस्तेमाल होखे वाला एगो [[ताल (संगीत)|ताल]] ह। ई [[ध्रुपद|ध्रुपद शैली]] से जुड़ल बा&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Asoke Kumar |last2=Solanki |first2=Sandeep Singh |last3=Sengupta |first3=Ranjan |last4=Chakraborty |first4=Soubhik |last5=Mahto |first5=Kartik |last6=Patranabis |first6=Anirban |title=Signal Analysis of Hindustani Classical Music |date=10 मार्च 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3959-1 |page=10 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Signal_Analysis_of_Hindustani_Classical/rD9RDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=dhamar%20music&amp;pg=PA10&amp;printsec=frontcover |access-date=5 सितंबर 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; आ आमतौर पर एकरा के [[पखावज]] चाहे [[तबला]] पर बजावल जाला।

धमार ताल में 14 मात्रा होखे लीं, जे बिसम (बराबर खंड ना) रूप से 5-2-3-4 के क्रम में बाँटल रहे लीं।

ध्रुपद शैली में धमार ताल पर आधारित गीतवनो के धमार कहल जाला आ एह चीज के गावे के भी धमार गायन कहल जाला। धमार के बोल में होली (होरी) के बसंत ऋतु वाला रंगन के पर्व के दौरान कृष्ण के गोपियन के साथ छेड़छाड़ आ ठिठोली के बरनन होला। एकरा के तुलनात्मक रूप से सहल, कोमल आ रोमांटिक म्यूजिक शैली मानल जाला। ''धमार रचल'' एगो मुहावरेदार प्रयोग हवे जेकर मतलब खुसी से रहल होखे ला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=ग्रियर्सन |first1=जी. अब्राहम |author1-link=ग्रियर्सन |title=Seven Grammars of the Dialects and Subdialects of the BihÃ¡rÃ­ Language: Spoken in the Province of BihÃ¡r, in the Eastern Portion of the North-Western Provinces, and in the Northern Portion of the Central Provinces. BhojpÃºrÃ­ dialect of ShÃ¡habÃ¡d, SÃ¡ran, ChampÃ¡ran, North Muzaffarpur, and the Eastern portion of the N.W.P. |date=1884 |publisher=Bengal Secretarial Press |location=[[कलकत्ता]] |page=141 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Seven_Grammars_of_the_Dialects_and_Subdi/Mg-jyVPlTIIC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&amp;pg=PA141&amp;printsec=frontcover |access-date=5 सितंबर 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

धमार ताल के ठेका नीचे दिहल गइल बाटे:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=श्रीवास्तव|first=हरीश चंद्र|title=राग परिचय 2|publisher=संगीत सदन प्रकाशन|location=[[इलाहाबाद]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9    10   11   12   13  14
क    ध्धि   ट    धि   ट    धा    ऽ    ग    त्ति  ट    ति   ट    ता   ऽ
ka   ddhi Ta   dhi  Ta  dhaa  -    Ga   Ti   Ta   Ti   Ta   taa  -
&lt;/pre&gt;

ताल के साथे गिनती क के, मात्रा 1, 6, आ 11 पर ताली पड़े ला, 8ईं मात्रा पर खाली पड़े ला (जे हाथ खोल के लहरा के दर्शावल जाला):
&lt;pre&gt;
(1) ताली 2 3 4 5 |(1) ताली 2 |(1) खाली 2 3 |(1) ताली 2 3 4 ||
&lt;/pre&gt;
हालाँकि, एह में अंग भा खंड के बिभाजन कई किसिम के मिले ला जे 3-2-2, 3-2-2 हो सके ला; 5-5-4 हो सके ला आ 5-2-3-4 हो सके ला; अइसन अंतर घराना के आधार प मिले लें।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Massey |first1=Reginald |last2=Massey |first2=Jamila |title=The Music of India |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-332-8 |page=113 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Music_of_India/1FSBJWkZofsC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=dhamar%20music&amp;pg=PA113&amp;printsec=frontcover |access-date=5 सितंबर 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

{{Hindustani classical music footer}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदुस्तानी संगीत]]
[[श्रेणी:भारतीय संगीत शैली]]


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      <text bytes="1408" sha1="jurx3jzegokvr5weoyqgsq93p0pazbc" xml:space="preserve">'''दाल भात''' चाहे '''भात दाल''', जेकरा के '''दाल चावल''' भी कहल जाला, [[दाल]] आ [[चाउर|चावल]] से बनल एगो व्यंजन ह। एह में दाल (मसूर, अरहर आदि) के गाढ़ सूप आ भात (पकावल [[चाउर]]) होला। ई [[दक्खिन एशिया]] के पारंपरिक खाना ह आ एह इलाका के साथे-साथ कैरेबियन छेत्र में भी रोज खाए वाला आम खाना में से एगो ह। ई खाना सिंपल, पौष्टिक आ रोज के मुख्य भोजन के रूप में बहुत खाइल जाला। दाल आ भात के जोड़ी के खास मानल जाला, काहे कि एहसे प्रोटीन आ कार्बोहाइड्रेट दुनो मिलेला, जेकरा चलते ई एगो संतुलित आ मजिगर पेट भरे वाला खाना बन जाला।

== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[कढ़ी चावल]]
* [[राजमा चावल]]


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      <text bytes="2736" sha1="o0zzke9hff49bovk8zlo5s68tgz2p4e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name  = देवउठनी एकादशी
| image         = NarayanaTirumala6.JPG
| caption       = Statue of Narayana lying on Shesha beside Sridevi and Bhudevi, aspects of Lakshmi
| type          = hindu
| nickname      = प्रबोधिनी एकादसी, देवोत्थानी एकादशी, कार्तिकी एकादशी
| observedby    = [[हिंदू लोग]], बिसेस रूप से वैष्णव लोग
| date          = चंद्रमा आधारित [[हिंदू पतरा]] के हिसाब से
| observances   = Prayers and religious rituals, including [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] to [[Vishnu]]
| significance  = चातुर्मास के अंत
| relatedto     = [[हरिशयनी एकादशी]]
| frequency     = सालाना
| duration      = 1 दिन
| date2025      = 1 नवंबर
| date2026      = 20 नवंबर, शुक
}}
'''देवउठनी एकादशी''' ({{Langx|sa|प्रबोधिनी एकादशी}} भा देवोत्त्थानी एकादशी) [[हिंदू पतरा|हिंदू महीना]] कातिक के अँजोर पाख के 11वीं तिथि ह। एह दिन चार महीना के चातुर्मास के अंत होला। मान्यता बा कि एह अवधि में भगवान [[विष्णु]] निद्रा में रहेलें। मानल जाला कि हरिशयनी एकादशी के दिने सुत जालें आ एह दिने जागे लें।

एह दिने विष्णु आ [[लक्ष्मी]] के प्रतीकात्मक मिलन के उत्सव मनावल जाला। एह परंपरा के [[तुलसी बियाह]] भी कहल जाला।

चातुर्मास के अंत के साथे, जब लगन-बियाह आ बियाह संबधी काम पर रोक रहे ला, हिंदू विवाह के समय के शुरुआत होला। प्रबोधिनी एकादशी के बाद कातिक पूर्णिमा आवेला। एह दिन [[देव दीपावली (बनारस)|देव दीपावली]] मनावल जाला, जे देवता लोग के [[दीपावली]] ह।

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू तिहुआर]]


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      <text bytes="2315" sha1="fu5znawgrocdsyd1nbg6fbrchwlrbgh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Brosen windrose.svg|thumb|300px|right|A [[compass rose]] showing four cardinal directions, the four intercardinal directions, and the eight secondary intercardinal directions.]]
'''दिशा''' भा '''दिसा''' चाहे '''मुख्य दिशा''' ({{Langx|en|cardinal directions}}) चार गो फिक्स प्वाइंट हवें जे परंपरा अनुसार चीजन आ जगह सभ के आपसी लोकेशन समझावे में कामे आवे लें। इनहन के कुतुबनुमा (कंपस) के गोल (सर्किल) में नब्बे-नब्बे डिग्री के कोण पर बनल प्वाइंट हवें जिनहन के अंग्रेजी में कार्डिनल प्वाइंट कहल जाला।

परंपरा अनुसार [[सुरुज]] के उगे से दिशा के ज्ञान समझावल जाला: उगत सुरुज के ओर मुँह क के खड़ा होखले पर साम्हने की ओर [[पुरुब]], पीठ के ओर पाछे [[पच्छिम]], दाहिने हाथ के ओर [[दक्खिन]] आ बायाँ हाथ के ओर [[उत्तर]] दिशा पड़े लीं।

एकरा अलावा आम भाषा में दिशा भा दिसा के मतलब होला जवना ओर कौनों चीज के मुँह होखे भा जवना ओर कौनों चीज आगे बढ़ रहल होखे।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=direction |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/direction |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |access-date=20 अक्टूबर 2026 |language=en |date=12 अक्टूबर 2026 |quote=the position towards which someone or something moves or faces |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:ओरिएंटेशन]]
[[श्रेणी:ज्यामिती]]
[[श्रेणी:भूगोल शब्दावली]]


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      <text bytes="3383" sha1="bhoo9yyu1humg6norzr4no02497fkl0" xml:space="preserve">'''दुर्गा अष्टिमी''' ({{Langx|sa|दुर्गाष्टमी}}) भा '''महा अष्टमी''', [[कुआर]] के [[नवरातर]] के आठवाँ दिन होला, जे हिंदू लोग देवी [[दुर्गा]] के आराधना में मनावेलें। [[पूरबी भारत|पूर्वी भारत]] में दुर्गा अष्टमी, पाँच दिन चले वाला [[दुर्गा पूजा]] उत्सव के सबसे शुभ दिनन में गिनल जाला। परंपरा के अनुसार, हिंदू परिवारन में ई उत्सव दस दिन ले मनावल जाला, बाकिर पंडालन में होखे वाला मुख्य पूजा पाँच दिन ले चले ला, जे [[छठि]] से शुरू होला। भारत में एह पवित्र अवसर पर हिंदू लोग [[व्रत]] रखे लें। गुजरात आ गुजराती संस्कृति वाला लोग एह दिन लोग एक जगह जुट के लोकनृत्य [[गरबा]] करे लें आ रंग-बिरंग के कपड़ा पहिने लें। एह दिन [[शस्त्र पूजा]] के भी महत्व हवे। एह पूजा में देवी दुर्गा के अस्त्र-शस्त्र के पूजा कइल जाला। एह अवसर के &quot;वीर अष्टमी&quot; भी कहल जाला, काहे कि एह दिन अस्त्र-शस्त्र भा युद्ध-कला के अभ्यास आ इस्तेमाल से जुड़ल परंपरा के महत्व दिहल जाला।

== शस्त्र पूजा ==
{{main|शस्त्र पूजा}}
कुआर के नवरात्र के दौरान अठई तिथि के दिने परंपरा अनुसार आयुध पूजा भा अस्त्र/शस्त्र पूजा के रूप में मनावल जाला। एह दिन देवी सरस्वती, लक्ष्मी आ पार्वती तीनों लोगन के बिसेस पूजा होला। आधुनिक रिवाज में हथियार के साथे-साथ ओरियो बिबिध उपकरण सभ के पूजन एह दिन लोग करे ला।

== कन्या पूजन ==
{{main|कन्या पूजा}}
एही दिने कन्या पूजन भा कुमारी पूजन के नाँव से भी मनावल जाला।

== इहो देखल जाय ==
* [[दसहरा]]
* [[दुर्गा पूजा]]

{{clear}}
{{हिंदू तिहुआर}}

[[श्रेणी:हिंदू तिहुआर]]
[[श्रेणी:कुआर महीना के तिहुआर]]


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| group            = शेरपा
| image            = Younger Generations of Sherpa in Traditional Costumes.jpg
| image_caption    = Young Sherpas in traditional attire at the West Bengal Sherpa Cultural Board
| region1          = नेपाल
| pop1             = 290,637&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=POPULATION MONOGRAPH OF NEPAL VOLUME II (Social Demography) |date=2014 |publisher=Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics |isbn=978-9937-2-8972-6 |pages=10–156 |url=https://nada.cbs.gov.np/index.php/catalog/54/download/474 |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121154951/https://nada.cbs.gov.np/index.php/catalog/54/download/474 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region2          = भारत
| pop2             = 75,000 (above)
| ref2             = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=41449 |title=Rai-Peoplegrouporg}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region3          = भूटान
| pop3             = 11,700
| ref3             = 
| region4          = अमेरिका
| pop4             = 17,800
| ref4             = 
| region6          = चीन
| pop6             = 47,000
| ref6             = {{citation needed|reason=Joshua Project is not a reliable source.}}
| languages        = [[शेरपा भाषा|शेरपा]], [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| religions        = Predominantly [[Buddhism]] (98.9%). Minorities: [[Christianity]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nepal-Pop&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf |title=Population monograph of Nepal |date=2014 |volume=II (Social Demography) |publisher=Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics |isbn=978-9937-2-8972-6 |access-date=2017-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918043750/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-18 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Bon|Bön]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nepal-Pop&quot;/&gt;
| related-c        = [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]]s, [[Tamang people|Tamang]], [[Rai people|Rai]], [[Hyolmo people|Hyolmo]], [[Jirel]]s, and other [[Tibeto-Burman]] groups
| native_name      = {{bo-textonly|ཤར་པ།}}
| native_name_lang = 
| related_groups   = 
}}

'''शेरपा लोग''' (मानक तिब्बती: &lt;big&gt;ཤར་པ།&lt;/big&gt;) एगो तिब्बती नृजातीय समूह (एथनिक ग्रुप) ह, जे [[नेपाल]], भारत आ तिब्बती स्वायत्त क्षेत्र के पहाड़ी इलाकन के मूल निवासी हवे। शेरपा लोग के अधिकतर आबादी पूर्वी नेपाल में रहे ला। ई लोग मुख्य रूप से [[बागमती प्रदेश]] (खासकर दोलखा, सिंधुपालचोक आ रसुवा जिला) आ कोशी प्रदेश (खासकर सोलुखुम्बु, संखुवासभा आ ताप्लेजुंग जिला) में बसल बा।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=People of Nepal {{!}} Plan Your Trip |url=https://ntb.gov.np/en/plan-your-trip/snerpal/people |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=ntb.gov.np}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; कुछ लोग [[काठमांडो|काठमांडू]] के उत्तर में बिगु आ हेलम्बू इलाका में भी रहेला। शेरपा लोग तिंगरी जिला, [[भूटान]] आ भारत के [[सिक्किम]] तथा उत्तरी पश्चिम बंगाल (दार्जिलिंग आ कालिम्पोंग जिला) में भी मिले ला। एह इलाकन में शेरपा लोग [[गोम्पा]] नाँव के मठ बनावेला, जहाँ ऊ अपना स्थानीय परंपरन के पालन करे ला। सोलू-खुम्बू में तेंगबोचे पहिला ब्रह्मचारी मठ रहे।

[[शेरपा भाषा]] [[तिब्बती-बर्मी भाषा परिवार]] के दक्षिणी शाखा के हिस्सा ह। एहमें पूर्वी (खाम्स तिब्बती) आ मध्य तिब्बती बोलियन के मिलावट बा। ई भाषा ल्हासा तिब्बती से अलग ह आ ल्हासा के तिब्बती बोले वाला लोग एह भाषा के समझ ना पावेला।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/colloque/deserts/videos_gestion/nt.htm |title=Journée d'étude : Déserts. Y a-t-il des corrélations entre l'écosystème et le changement linguistique ? |publisher=Lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr |access-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318215914/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/colloque/deserts/videos_gestion/nt.htm |archive-date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;


शेरपा लोग के पर्वतारोहण से खास जुड़ाव बा। एह समुदाय के बहुत लोग हिमालय क्षेत्र में पर्वतारोहण आ चढ़ाई के गाइड के रूप में काम करे ला। हिमालय के कई गो चोटियन पर पहिला बेर चढ़ाई करे में शेरपा लोग के अहम योगदान रहल बा। खास तौर पर 1953 में शेरपा पर्वतारोही [[तेनजिंग नोर्गे]] [[माउंट एवरेस्ट]] के शिखर पर पहुँचे वाला पहिला दू लोग में से एक बनलें।

{{clear}}

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist|29em}}

[[श्रेणी:नेपाल के लोग]]
[[श्रेणी:सिक्किम]]</text>
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      <comment>नया आधार लेख / अंग्रेजी विकिपीडिया से अनुबाद कइ के</comment>
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      <text bytes="3936" sha1="8614s7err0zsl3xzfe28bmrknoo7uuc" xml:space="preserve">'''उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री''' उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार के प्रमुख होखे लें। [[भारतीय संविधान|भारत के संविधान]] के अनुसार, राज्यपाल राज्य के विधिक (de jure) प्रमुख होखेलें, बाकिर वास्तविक (de facto) कार्यकारी अधिकार मुख्यमंत्री के लगे होला। उत्तर प्रदेश विधानसभा के चुनाव के बाद राज्यपाल आमतौर पर ओह दल (भा गठबंधन) के सरकार बनावे खातिर आमंत्रित करेलें, जेकरा लगे बहुमत सीट होला। राज्यपाल मुख्यमंत्री के नियुक्त करेलें। मुख्यमंत्री के मंत्रिपरिषद विधानसभा के प्रति सामूहिक रूप से जवाबदेह होला। विधानसभा के विश्वास हासिल रहे पर मुख्यमंत्री के कार्यकाल पाँच साल के होला आ एह पद पर रहे खातिर कवनो कार्यकाल सीमा नइखे। मुख्यमंत्री विधानसभा में सदन के नेता के रूप में भी काम करेलें।

26 जनवरी 1950 के संयुक्त प्रांत के प्रधानमंत्री रहल [[गोविंद बल्लभ पंत]], नया नाँव उत्तर प्रदेश रखल गइल राज्य के पहिला मुख्यमंत्री बनलें। पंत समेत उत्तर प्रदेश के 21 मुख्यमंत्रियन में से 11 भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस से रहल बाड़ें। एह लोग में वी. पी. सिंह भी शामिल बाड़ें, जे आगे चल के भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बनलें। भारतीय लोक दल के चरण सिंह भी आगे चल के भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बनलें। दस बेर राज्य में [[राष्ट्रपति शासन]] लागू भइल, जेकर आखिरी मौका 2002 रहे। एह दौरान मुख्यमंत्री के पद खाली रहल। उत्तर प्रदेश में दू गो महिला मुख्यमंत्री भी रहल बाड़ी—[[सुचेता कृपलानी]] आ [[मायावती]]। [[समाजवादी पार्टी]] के [[अखिलेश यादव]] 2012 से 2017 तक उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री रहलें। 38 साल के उमिर में शपथ लेके ऊ एह पद पर पहुँचे वाला सबसे कम उमिर के व्यक्ति बनलें। अब तक केवल तीन गो मुख्यमंत्री अपना पाँच साल के निर्धारित कार्यकाल पूरा कइले बाड़ें—[[मायावती]], [[अखिलेश यादव]] आ [[योगी आदित्यनाथ]]।</text>
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      <comment>[[विकिपीडिया:हॉट-कैट|हॉट-कैट]] द्वारा [[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश क मुख्यमंत्री]] जोड़ल गइल</comment>
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      <text bytes="4035" sha1="asgmo970p69n4tjefgseholnhgebcq4" xml:space="preserve">'''उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री''' उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार के प्रमुख होखे लें। [[भारतीय संविधान|भारत के संविधान]] के अनुसार, राज्यपाल राज्य के विधिक (de jure) प्रमुख होखेलें, बाकिर वास्तविक (de facto) कार्यकारी अधिकार मुख्यमंत्री के लगे होला। उत्तर प्रदेश विधानसभा के चुनाव के बाद राज्यपाल आमतौर पर ओह दल (भा गठबंधन) के सरकार बनावे खातिर आमंत्रित करेलें, जेकरा लगे बहुमत सीट होला। राज्यपाल मुख्यमंत्री के नियुक्त करेलें। मुख्यमंत्री के मंत्रिपरिषद विधानसभा के प्रति सामूहिक रूप से जवाबदेह होला। विधानसभा के विश्वास हासिल रहे पर मुख्यमंत्री के कार्यकाल पाँच साल के होला आ एह पद पर रहे खातिर कवनो कार्यकाल सीमा नइखे। मुख्यमंत्री विधानसभा में सदन के नेता के रूप में भी काम करेलें।

26 जनवरी 1950 के संयुक्त प्रांत के प्रधानमंत्री रहल [[गोविंद बल्लभ पंत]], नया नाँव उत्तर प्रदेश रखल गइल राज्य के पहिला मुख्यमंत्री बनलें। पंत समेत उत्तर प्रदेश के 21 मुख्यमंत्रियन में से 11 भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस से रहल बाड़ें। एह लोग में वी. पी. सिंह भी शामिल बाड़ें, जे आगे चल के भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बनलें। भारतीय लोक दल के चरण सिंह भी आगे चल के भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बनलें। दस बेर राज्य में [[राष्ट्रपति शासन]] लागू भइल, जेकर आखिरी मौका 2002 रहे। एह दौरान मुख्यमंत्री के पद खाली रहल। उत्तर प्रदेश में दू गो महिला मुख्यमंत्री भी रहल बाड़ी—[[सुचेता कृपलानी]] आ [[मायावती]]। [[समाजवादी पार्टी]] के [[अखिलेश यादव]] 2012 से 2017 तक उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री रहलें। 38 साल के उमिर में शपथ लेके ऊ एह पद पर पहुँचे वाला सबसे कम उमिर के व्यक्ति बनलें। अब तक केवल तीन गो मुख्यमंत्री अपना पाँच साल के निर्धारित कार्यकाल पूरा कइले बाड़ें—[[मायावती]], [[अखिलेश यादव]] आ [[योगी आदित्यनाथ]]।

[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश क मुख्यमंत्री| ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4126" sha1="lkgdlrbw3nmh7olbmj8zejr1llxo33h" xml:space="preserve">'''उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री''' उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार के प्रमुख होखे लें। [[भारतीय संविधान|भारत के संविधान]] के अनुसार, राज्यपाल राज्य के विधिक (de jure) प्रमुख होखेलें, बाकिर वास्तविक (de facto) कार्यकारी अधिकार मुख्यमंत्री के लगे होला। उत्तर प्रदेश विधानसभा के चुनाव के बाद राज्यपाल आमतौर पर ओह दल (भा गठबंधन) के सरकार बनावे खातिर आमंत्रित करेलें, जेकरा लगे बहुमत सीट होला। राज्यपाल मुख्यमंत्री के नियुक्त करेलें। मुख्यमंत्री के मंत्रिपरिषद विधानसभा के प्रति सामूहिक रूप से जवाबदेह होला। विधानसभा के विश्वास हासिल रहे पर मुख्यमंत्री के कार्यकाल पाँच साल के होला आ एह पद पर रहे खातिर कवनो कार्यकाल सीमा नइखे। मुख्यमंत्री विधानसभा में सदन के नेता के रूप में भी काम करेलें।

26 जनवरी 1950 के संयुक्त प्रांत के प्रधानमंत्री रहल [[गोविंद बल्लभ पंत]], नया नाँव उत्तर प्रदेश रखल गइल राज्य के पहिला मुख्यमंत्री बनलें। पंत समेत उत्तर प्रदेश के 21 मुख्यमंत्रियन में से 11 भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस से रहल बाड़ें। एह लोग में वी. पी. सिंह भी शामिल बाड़ें, जे आगे चल के भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बनलें। भारतीय लोक दल के चरण सिंह भी आगे चल के भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बनलें। दस बेर राज्य में [[राष्ट्रपति शासन]] लागू भइल, जेकर आखिरी मौका 2002 रहे। एह दौरान मुख्यमंत्री के पद खाली रहल। उत्तर प्रदेश में दू गो महिला मुख्यमंत्री भी रहल बाड़ी—[[सुचेता कृपलानी]] आ [[मायावती]]। [[समाजवादी पार्टी]] के [[अखिलेश यादव]] 2012 से 2017 तक उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री रहलें। 38 साल के उमिर में शपथ लेके ऊ एह पद पर पहुँचे वाला सबसे कम उमिर के व्यक्ति बनलें। अब तक केवल तीन गो मुख्यमंत्री अपना पाँच साल के निर्धारित कार्यकाल पूरा कइले बाड़ें—[[मायावती]], [[अखिलेश यादव]] आ [[योगी आदित्यनाथ]]।

[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश क मुख्यमंत्री| ]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार|मुख्य ]]</text>
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      <comment>[[विकिपीडिया:हॉट-कैट|हॉट-कैट]] द्वारा [[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के राजनीति]] जोड़ल गइल</comment>
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      <text bytes="4247" sha1="b7m5t557ah301dn9u98frve57mnt564" xml:space="preserve">'''उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री''' उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार के प्रमुख होखे लें। [[भारतीय संविधान|भारत के संविधान]] के अनुसार, राज्यपाल राज्य के विधिक (de jure) प्रमुख होखेलें, बाकिर वास्तविक (de facto) कार्यकारी अधिकार मुख्यमंत्री के लगे होला। उत्तर प्रदेश विधानसभा के चुनाव के बाद राज्यपाल आमतौर पर ओह दल (भा गठबंधन) के सरकार बनावे खातिर आमंत्रित करेलें, जेकरा लगे बहुमत सीट होला। राज्यपाल मुख्यमंत्री के नियुक्त करेलें। मुख्यमंत्री के मंत्रिपरिषद विधानसभा के प्रति सामूहिक रूप से जवाबदेह होला। विधानसभा के विश्वास हासिल रहे पर मुख्यमंत्री के कार्यकाल पाँच साल के होला आ एह पद पर रहे खातिर कवनो कार्यकाल सीमा नइखे। मुख्यमंत्री विधानसभा में सदन के नेता के रूप में भी काम करेलें।

26 जनवरी 1950 के संयुक्त प्रांत के प्रधानमंत्री रहल [[गोविंद बल्लभ पंत]], नया नाँव उत्तर प्रदेश रखल गइल राज्य के पहिला मुख्यमंत्री बनलें। पंत समेत उत्तर प्रदेश के 21 मुख्यमंत्रियन में से 11 भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस से रहल बाड़ें। एह लोग में वी. पी. सिंह भी शामिल बाड़ें, जे आगे चल के भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बनलें। भारतीय लोक दल के चरण सिंह भी आगे चल के भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बनलें। दस बेर राज्य में [[राष्ट्रपति शासन]] लागू भइल, जेकर आखिरी मौका 2002 रहे। एह दौरान मुख्यमंत्री के पद खाली रहल। उत्तर प्रदेश में दू गो महिला मुख्यमंत्री भी रहल बाड़ी—[[सुचेता कृपलानी]] आ [[मायावती]]। [[समाजवादी पार्टी]] के [[अखिलेश यादव]] 2012 से 2017 तक उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री रहलें। 38 साल के उमिर में शपथ लेके ऊ एह पद पर पहुँचे वाला सबसे कम उमिर के व्यक्ति बनलें। अब तक केवल तीन गो मुख्यमंत्री अपना पाँच साल के निर्धारित कार्यकाल पूरा कइले बाड़ें—[[मायावती]], [[अखिलेश यादव]] आ [[योगी आदित्यनाथ]]।

[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश क मुख्यमंत्री| ]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार|मुख्य ]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के राजनीति|मुख्यमंत्री]]</text>
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      <comment>ज्ञानसंदूक जोड़ल गइल</comment>
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      <text bytes="6321" sha1="2cb3r3tyi63g3cnd2qtcraicbv46gwn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox political post
| image = The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Shri Yogi Adityanath in New Delhi on February 10, 2018 (cropped).jpg
| post = Chief Minister
| body = Uttar Pradesh
| image_size = 200px
| incumbent = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| incumbent_since = {{Start date|2017|03|19|df=yes}}
| appointer = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| reports_to = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| inaugural = [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
| formation = {{Start date and age|1950|01|26|df=yes|p=y|br=y}}
| native_name = {{lang|te-Latn|Uttar Pradēś Mukhya Mantrī}}
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_caption = [[Flag of India]]
| flag_border = yes
| flag_size = 100px
| insignia = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg
| insignia_size = 125px
| insignia_caption = [[Emblem of Uttar Pradesh]]
| style = [[The Honorable]]&lt;!--No WP:OR. Should only be added with a reliable source--&gt;
| status = [[Head of government]]
| type = Leader of the Executive
| department = {{ubl|[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| abbreviation = CMoUP
| residence = [[5, Kalidas Marg|5, Kalidas Marg, Lucknow]]
| seat = State Secretariat, [[Lucknow]]
| term_length = At the confidence of the assembly
| term_length_qualified = Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;term1&quot;&gt;[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Uttar Pradesh as well.&lt;/ref&gt;
| salary = *{{INRConvert|365000}}/monthly
*{{INRConvert|4380000}}/annually
| website = [https://upcmo.up.nic.in/ Office of the Chief Minister]
| precursor = [[#Premiers of United Provinces|Premier of United Provinces]]
| deputy = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| member_of = {{plainlist|
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislature|State Legislature]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers|State Cabinet]]}}
}}
'''उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री''' उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार के प्रमुख होखे लें। [[भारतीय संविधान|भारत के संविधान]] के अनुसार, राज्यपाल राज्य के विधिक (de jure) प्रमुख होखेलें, बाकिर वास्तविक (de facto) कार्यकारी अधिकार मुख्यमंत्री के लगे होला। उत्तर प्रदेश विधानसभा के चुनाव के बाद राज्यपाल आमतौर पर ओह दल (भा गठबंधन) के सरकार बनावे खातिर आमंत्रित करेलें, जेकरा लगे बहुमत सीट होला। राज्यपाल मुख्यमंत्री के नियुक्त करेलें। मुख्यमंत्री के मंत्रिपरिषद विधानसभा के प्रति सामूहिक रूप से जवाबदेह होला। विधानसभा के विश्वास हासिल रहे पर मुख्यमंत्री के कार्यकाल पाँच साल के होला आ एह पद पर रहे खातिर कवनो कार्यकाल सीमा नइखे। मुख्यमंत्री विधानसभा में सदन के नेता के रूप में भी काम करेलें।

26 जनवरी 1950 के संयुक्त प्रांत के प्रधानमंत्री रहल [[गोविंद बल्लभ पंत]], नया नाँव उत्तर प्रदेश रखल गइल राज्य के पहिला मुख्यमंत्री बनलें। पंत समेत उत्तर प्रदेश के 21 मुख्यमंत्रियन में से 11 भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस से रहल बाड़ें। एह लोग में वी. पी. सिंह भी शामिल बाड़ें, जे आगे चल के भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बनलें। भारतीय लोक दल के चरण सिंह भी आगे चल के भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बनलें। दस बेर राज्य में [[राष्ट्रपति शासन]] लागू भइल, जेकर आखिरी मौका 2002 रहे। एह दौरान मुख्यमंत्री के पद खाली रहल। उत्तर प्रदेश में दू गो महिला मुख्यमंत्री भी रहल बाड़ी—[[सुचेता कृपलानी]] आ [[मायावती]]। [[समाजवादी पार्टी]] के [[अखिलेश यादव]] 2012 से 2017 तक उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री रहलें। 38 साल के उमिर में शपथ लेके ऊ एह पद पर पहुँचे वाला सबसे कम उमिर के व्यक्ति बनलें। अब तक केवल तीन गो मुख्यमंत्री अपना पाँच साल के निर्धारित कार्यकाल पूरा कइले बाड़ें—[[मायावती]], [[अखिलेश यादव]] आ [[योगी आदित्यनाथ]]।

[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश क मुख्यमंत्री| ]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार|मुख्य ]]
[[श्रेणी:उत्तर प्रदेश के राजनीति|मुख्यमंत्री]]</text>
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      <comment>Adding [[Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page</comment>
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{| id=&quot;GeoPort-upper&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFAFF; text-align: justify;  border-style:ridge; border-width:1px; border-color:#A9A9A9;&quot;
|-
|&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:.1em; text-align:right; margin-bottom:.2em; border-bottom:0; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;Welcome! स्वागतम्!&lt;/big&gt; [[File:Crystal Clear app ksmiletris.png|25px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
राउर बहुत-बहुत स्वागत बा '''{{BASEPAGENAME}}''' जी ! {{#if:  | {{{1}}} |  }}&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; &lt;!--background:#F5F5DC;--&gt; width:30%&quot;&gt;
&lt;!-- दाहिना साइडबार --&gt;
{| border=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; height=&quot;50&quot; align=center border=0 style=&quot;background: transparent&quot;
|-
| &lt;big&gt;'''ई जरूर पढ़ल जाय:'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 2px #FFFFFF; padding:10px 20px;&quot; | [[विकिपीडिया:विकिपीडिया का ना हवे|विकिपीडिया का ना हवे?]]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 2px #FFFFFF; padding:10px 20px;&quot; | [[विकिपीडिया:भोजपुरी में कइसे टाइप करब?|भोजपुरी में टाइपिंग]]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 1px #FFFFFF; padding:10px 20px;&quot; | [[विकिपीडिया:सत्यापन जोग|प्रमाणित बात लिखीं]]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 1px #FFFFFF; padding:10px 20px;&quot; | [[मदद:फुटनोट|संदर्भ कइसे जोड़ीं?]]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 1px #FFFFFF; padding:10px 20px;&quot; | [[विकिपीडिया:नीति अउरी दिसानिर्देस|विकिनीति आ निर्देश]]

|}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- मुख्य पाठ --&gt;
'''{{#if:  | {{{1}}} | {{BASEPAGENAME}} }} जी''',
एह समय रउँआ [[विकिमीडिया फाउन्डेशन]] के परियोजना [[भोजपुरी]] [[विकिपीडिया]] पर बाड़ीं। भोजपुरी विकिपीडिया एगो मुक्त डिजिटल [[ज्ञानकोश]] हवे, जेवन अइसन भइया-बहिनी लोग मिल के लिखले बा जे ज्ञान बाँटे में बिस्वास करत बाटे। एह समय ए परियोजना में [[विशेष:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}} सदस्य]] लोग शामिल  बाटे। ई बहुते खुशी क बाति बा कि रउँओं ए में शामिल हो गइल बाड़ीं।

* पहिले से बनल [[विकिपीडिया:लेख|लेखवन]] में कौनो संपादन खाली टेस्ट करे खातिर मत करीं। कौनों तरह के परीक्षण &lt;small&gt;(प्रयोग या टेस्टिंग)&lt;/small&gt; [[विकिपीडिया:अभ्यास पन्ना|अभ्यास पन्ना]] या  [[Special:MyPage/sandbox|अपना अभ्यास पन्ना]] पर करीं।

* [[विकिपीडिया:आपन परिचय कइसे देईं?|आपन परिचय]] आप संछेप में [[प्रयोगकर्ता:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|अपना सदस्य पन्ना]] पर दे सकत बानी। बहुत पर्सनल बात इहाँ मत लिखीं, न कौनों परचार वाली बात लिखीं। अपने खुद के बारे में लेख मत बनाईं।

* दुसरा [[विकिपीडिया:चौपाल |सदस्य लोगन से बात]] करत समय, [[मदद:वार्ता पन्ना|बातचीत पन्ना]] पर सनेसा लिखले की बाद आपन [[विकिपीडिया:दसखत|दसखत]] &lt;small&gt;(हस्ताक्षर)&lt;/small&gt; जरूर करीं। एकरा खातिर अंत में चार गो टेढ़का डैश (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;) लिख देंईं या टूलबार में  [[File:Insert-signature2.svg|link=|alt=]] पर क्लिक करीं।
* मदद चाहत होखीं त विकिपीडिया के [[विकिपीडिया:मदद|मदद पन्ना]] पर जाईं।

&lt;!-- फुटर के कड़ी सभ  --&gt;
सीखे-समझे खातिर कुछ अउरी कड़ी नीचे दिहल जात बाटे:
{| border=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;50&quot; align=center border=0 style=&quot;background: transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 2px #F2BDCD; padding:1px 10px;&quot; | [[विकिपीडिया:स्वशिक्षा|शुरू से सीखीं]]
|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 2px #F2BDCD; padding:1px 20px;&quot; | [[मदद:संपादन|संपादन सीखीं]]
|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 2px #F2BDCD; padding:1px 20px;&quot; | [[विकिपीडिया:नया लेख कइसे सुरू करीं?|नया लेख]]
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 2px #F2BDCD; padding:1px 20px;&quot; | [[विकिपीडिया:अइसन लेख मना बाटे|लेख मनाहीं]]
|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 2px #F2BDCD; padding:1px 20px;&quot; | [[विकिपीडिया:पंचशील|पंचशील]]
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFFFFF; border: solid 2px #F2BDCD; padding:1px 20px;&quot; | [[विकिपीडिया:समुदाय पोर्टल|सदस्य समाज पन्ना]]
|}
|}

-- [[प्रयोगकर्ता:नया सदस्य स्वागतकर्ता|नया सदस्य स्वागतकर्ता]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:नया सदस्य स्वागतकर्ता|बात करीं]]) 04:36, 5 नवंबर 2026 (UTC)</text>
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