Wikipidia bjnwiki https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Tatambaian MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Istimiwa Pamandiran Pamakai Pamandiran Pamakai Wikipidia Pamandiran Wikipidia Barakas Pamandiran Barakas MediaWiki Pamandiran MediaWiki Citakan Pamandiran Citakan Patulung Pamandiran Patulung Tumbung Pamandiran Tumbung Lawang Pamandiran Lawang TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 24008 77356 77355 2022-07-23T05:18:18Z Muhammad Faisal Ansari 9300 /* Sajarah talaah */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tupik Proto-Indo-Eropa}} Proto-Indo-Eropa marupakan hipotesis prasajarah populasi Eurasia nang jadi panutur [[Proto-Indo-Eropa (PIE)]], laluhur [[basa Indo-Eropa]] manurut [[rekonstruksi linguistik]]. Pangatahuan ngini datang pamulaan matan rekonsturuksi lingustik, lawan bahan bukti matan arkeologi wan arkeogenetik. Proto-Indo-Eropa pinanya hidup wayah pauncitan [[zaman Neolitik]], atawa kakira abad ka-4 sabalum masehi. Ilmuwan utama maandakan Proto-Indo-Eropa zona [[stepa Pontic-Caspian]] di [[Eropa Timur]] (wahini wilayah Ukraina and [[Rusia]] Salatan).{{sfn|Anthony|Ringe|2015}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world|last=Anthony |first=David W.|isbn=9781400831104 |location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=496275617|date = 26 July 2010}}</ref> Sapalih [[arkeolog]] ada nang manyambat Proto-Indo-Eropa mulai wayah paangahan [[zaman Neolitik]] (5500 sampai 4500 sabalum masehi) wan bahkan ada nang manyambat mulainya pamulaan [[zaman Neolitik]] (7500 sampai 5500 sabalum masehi), wan mamadahakan hipotesis wadah nang balain. . Matan pamulaan abad ka-2 sabalum masehi, katurunan urang Proto-Indo-Eropa hudah sampai ka sabarataan wilayah Eurasia, tarmasuk Anatolia (Hittites), Aegean (laluhur linguistik matan Yunanu Mycenaean), Eropa Utara, (budaya Corded Ware), buncu Asia Tengah (budaya Yamnaya), wan Siberia salatan (budaya Afanasievo).<ref name="Mallory1997">{{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=J. P.|author-link1=J. P. Mallory|last2=Adams|first2=Douglas Q.|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA4|access-date=24 March 2012|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-98-5|pages=4 and 6 (Afanasevo), 13 and 16 (Anatolia), 243 (Greece), 127–128 (Corded Ware), and 653 (Yamna)}}</ref> == Makna == Ahli basa Marin L. West maartikan Proto-Indo-Eropa "Lamunnya ada sabuting basa Indo-Eropa, wan diumpati lawan adanya urang nang bapandir mamakai basa ngitu: lain urang nang dalam maksud bangsa, maraga buhannya kada suah maulah kaasaan [[pulitik]], wan lain urang nang dalam maksud ras apa haja, maraga buhannya hudah bacampur sacara genetik nang kaya populasi urang modern nang diaartiakan ulih [[basa]]. Lamunnya basa kita marupakan basa katurunan buhannya, kada maulah buhannya ngitu 'nenek moyang kita', labih matan urang [[Romawi]] bahari marupakan nenek moyang [[Parancis]], [[Romawi]], wan [[Brazil]]. Urang Indo-Eropa marupakan urang nang dalam maksud komunitas [[linguistik]]. Kita harus mamikirakan buhannya sabagai rangkaian matan klan wan suku, nang mangganai andakan nang rasuk wan batikas."<ref>{{Cite book|last=West|first=Martin L.|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-928075-9|pages=2|author-link=Martin Litchfield West}}</ref> Sapahadangan 'Urang Proto-Indo-Eropa' dipakai bubuhan ilmuwan hagan manatapakan kalumpuk panutur takait lawan pakonstruksian [[basa proto]] wan [[budaya]], istilah 'urang Indo-Eropa' kawa marujuk ka saban tukuh sajarah nang bapandir [[basa Indo-Eropa]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Huld|first=Martin E.|title=Indo-Europeans|date=2010|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6}}</ref> ==Budaya== Mamakai [[rekonstruksi linguistik]] matan basa Indo-Eropa tadahulu nang kaya [[Latin]] wan [[Sansekerta]], hipotesis basa Proto-Indo-Eropa disimpulakan. Lawan pandapat bahwa linguistik ngini mancarminakan budaya wan lingkungan urang Proto-Indo-Eropa, sifat-sifat budaya wan lingkungan ngini imbahnya dirakis baludang: * [[Pastoralisme]], taumpat [[sapi]], [[kuda]], wan [[hadupan]] inguan {{sfn|Watkins|2000}} * Pahumaan wan budidaya babijian, taumpat jua teknologi nang umumnya dianggap baasal matan komunitas urang bahuma Neolitik uncit, cuntuh [[alat bajak]].<ref name="Mallory 1996"/> * transportasi nang dipakai malalui banyu{{sfn|Watkins|2000}} * [[Ruda]] padat,<ref>Hans J.J.G. Holm: The Earliest Wheel Finds, Their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest, 2019, {{ISBN|978-615-5766-30-5}}</ref>{{sfn|Watkins|2000}} dipakai hagan [[garubak]], tagal karita lawan [[pilang]] baluman ada <ref name="Mallory 2006">The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world – J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, Oxford University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-929668-5}}, p. 249</ref> * Panyambahan [[dewa langit]],<ref name="Mallory 1996">The Oxford Companion to Archaeology – Edited by Brian M. Fagan, Oxford University Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-19-507618-4}}, p 347 – J.P. Mallory</ref> ''[[Dyeus|*Dyḗus Ph₂tḗr]]'' (lit. "abah langit"; > [[Weda Sanskerta]] ''[[Dyaus (deity)|Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́]]'', [[Yunani Kuno]] ''Ζεύς (πατήρ) / [[Zeus]] (dyeus)''), vokatip ''*dyeu ph₂ter'' (> [[Latin]] [[Jupiter (mythology)|''Iūpiter'']], [[Illyrian languages|Illyrian]] ''Deipaturos''){{refn|group=note|Watkins: "Yet, for the Indo-European-speaking society, we can reconstruct with certainty the word for “god,” *deiw-os, and the two-word name of the chief deity of the pantheon, *dyeu-pəter- (Latin Iūpiter, Greek Zeus patēr, Sanskrit [[Dyaus Pita|Dyauṣ pitar]], and Luvian Tatis Tiwaz)."{{sfn|Watkins|2000}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvzCBBTqyzUC&pg=PA89 |page=89 |title=History in English Words |isbn=9780940262119 |last1=Barfield |first1=Owen |year=1967}}</ref> * Puisi lisan batema kapahlawanan atawa lirik lagu nang mamakai frasa stok nang kaya kapinanduan nang kada kawa binasa o (''*ḱléwos ń̥dʰgʷʰitom'')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ri4sbTiMKN4C|title=How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics|last=Watkins|first=Calvert|date=1995-11-16|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802471-2|pages=173}}</ref> wan ruda matahari (''*sh₂uens kʷekʷlos'').<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_JwBsKzgeAC|title=Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction|last=Beekes|first=Robert S. P.|date=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-1185-9|pages=42}}</ref> * [[patrilineal]] sistim karakatan baasal karakatan-karakatan lalakian {{refn|group=note|Watkins: "A large number of kinship terms have been reconstructed. They are agreed in pointing to a society that was patriarchal, patrilocal (the bride leaving her household to join that of her husband’s family), and patrilineal (descent reckoned by the male line). “Father” and “head of the household” are one: '''pǝter-''', with his spouse, the '''māter-'''."{{sfn|Watkins|2000}}}} [[Talaah filogenetik]] tahun 2016 matan kisah rakyat Indo-Eropa mangikihi bahwa sabuting kisah, ''[[The Smith and the Devil]]'', kawa diyakini sabagai ulahan matan wayah Proto-Indo-Eropa. Kisah ngini, nang dikikihi matan kisah rakyat Indo-Eropa wayahini matan Skandinavia sampai India, mangisahakan saikung harat wasi nang manawari jiwa inya lawan makhluk buruk (umumnya setan dalam versi kisah wayahini matan kisah ngini) bahurup lawan kabisaan hagan kawa malas saban bahan baimbai. Harat wasi imbahnya mamakai kabisaan hanyarnya ngitu hagan marikitakan si setan ka banda nang kada bagarak (rajin pohon), sakira kawa malindat tawar manawar nang tadi. Manurut panulus, paulahan kisah rakyat ngini hagan Proto-Indo-Eropa manyimpulakan bahwa Urang Proto-Indo-Eropa baisi metalurgi, nang raraitannya "manampaiakan konteks nang masuk akal hagan evolusi budaya matan sabuting kisah saikung harat wasi nang maakal nang mancapai bantar manusia super atas kabisaannya."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=da Silva |first1=Sara Graça |last2=Tehrani |first2=Jamshid J. |title=Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo-European folktales |journal=Royal Society Open Science |year=2016 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=150645 |doi=10.1098/rsos.150645 |pmc=4736946 |pmid=26909191}}</ref> ==Sajarah talaah== Panalaah hudah manggawi banyak cucubaan hagan tahu budaya pra-sajarah lawan urang-urang panutur basa Proto-Indo-Eropa, tagal samunyaan teori kakiraan wara. Ilmuwan abad ka-19 nang panambayan mambahas partakunan tanah banyu bubuhan urang Indo-Eropa (dikiau jua lawa ngaran ''[[Urheimat]]'', matan [[basa Jerman|Jerman]]), dasarnya bukti linguistik wara. Buhan ilmuwan mancubai andakan kasar lawan cara mamakai ngaran-ngaran tumbuhan wan binatang (nang kaya [[beech]] wan [[salmon]]) lawan jua budaya wan teknologi (budaya wayah gangsa nang bapusat lawan bainguan wan hudah kawa maminakakan kuda). Mufakat buhan ilmuwan ngini imbahnya tabagi jadi 2, panambayan ada nang manyambat bubuhan urang Proto-Indo-Eropa baalih matan Eropa ka Asia, mufakat ngini bangaran mufakat Eropa, nang kaduwa, mufakat bangaran mufakat Asia nang manyambat bubuhan urang Proto-Indo-Eropa baalih matan Asia ka Eropa. Haratan pamulaan abad ka-20, partakunan ngitu jadi takait lawan palundangan "[[Ras Aryan]]", teori nang wayah ngini didiskreditakan nang dipromosiaakan salawas palundangan kakaisaran Eropa wan cungulnya "[[rasisme ilmiah]]".<ref>Gilroy, Paul. "Against Race," Harvard UP, 2000. Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief ''Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary'' Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1994--Merriam-Webster See original definition (definition #1) of "Aryan" in English--Page 66</ref> The question remains contentious within some flavours of [[ethnic nationalism]] (see also [[Indigenous Aryans]]). A series of major advances occurred in the 1970s due to the convergence of several factors. First, the [[radiocarbon dating]] method (invented in 1949) had become sufficiently inexpensive to be applied on a mass scale. Through [[dendrochronology]] (tree-ring dating), pre-historians could calibrate radiocarbon dates to a much higher degree of accuracy. And finally, before the 1970s, parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia had been off limits to Western scholars, while non-Western archaeologists did not have access to publication in Western peer-reviewed journals. The pioneering work of [[Marija Gimbutas]], assisted by [[Colin Renfrew]], at least partly addressed this problem by organizing expeditions and arranging for more academic collaboration between Western and non-Western scholars. The [[Kurgan hypothesis]], {{as of|2017|lc = on}} the most widely held theory, depends on linguistic and archaeological evidence, but is not universally accepted.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a |author=Underhill, Peter A.| journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |year=2010 |volume=18 |pages=479–84 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.194 |issue=4 |pmid=19888303 |pmc=2987245|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios |author=Sahoo, Sanghamitra| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 2006 |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=843–48 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507714103 |pmid=16415161 |pmc=1347984|display-authors=etal| bibcode=2006PNAS..103..843S |doi-access=free }}</ref> It suggests PIE origin in the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] during the [[Chalcolithic]].{{sfn|Anthony|Ringe|2015}} A minority of scholars prefer the [[Anatolian hypothesis]], suggesting an origin in [[Anatolia]] during the Neolithic. Other theories ([[Armenian hypothesis]], [[Out of India theory]], [[Paleolithic Continuity Theory]], [[Anatolian hypothesis|Balkan hypothesis]]) have only marginal scholarly support.{{sfn|Anthony|Ringe|2015}} In regard to terminology, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term ''Aryan'' was used to refer to the Proto-Indo-Europeans and their descendants. However, ''Aryan'' more properly applies to the [[Indo-Iranians]], the Indo-European branch that settled parts of the Middle East and South Asia, as only Indic and Iranian languages explicitly affirm the term as a self-designation referring to the entirety of their people, whereas the same Proto-Indo-European root (*aryo-) is the basis for Greek and Germanic word forms which seem only to denote the ruling elite of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) society. In fact, the most accessible evidence available confirms only the existence of a common, but vague, socio-cultural designation of "nobility" associated with PIE society, such that Greek socio-cultural lexicon and Germanic proper names derived from this root remain insufficient to determine whether the concept was limited to the designation of an exclusive, socio-political elite, or whether it could possibly have been applied in the most inclusive sense to an inherent and ancestral "noble" quality which allegedly characterized all ethnic members of PIE society. Only the latter could have served as a true and universal self-designation for the Proto-Indo-European people.{{sfn|Thapar|1996}}{{sfn|Thapar|2019}} By the early twentieth century, this term had come to be widely used in a racist context referring to a hypothesized white, blonde and blue-eyed "[[master race]]" (''Herrenrasse''), culminating with the pogroms of the [[Nazi]]s in Europe. Subsequently, the term ''Aryan'' as a general term for Indo-Europeans has been largely abandoned by scholars (though the term ''[[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]'' is still used to refer to the branch that settled in Southern Asia).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pereltsvaig |first1=Asya |author-link=Asya Pereltsvaig |author2=Lewis, Martin W. |title=The Indo-European Controversy: Facts and Fallacies in Historical Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bi47CQAAQBAJ |chapter=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781316299111 }}</ref> == Jujuhutan == <references /> cjk6jx6pjwaoc088yjm57p6zmtzxof0