Wikipidia bjnwiki https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Tatambaian MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Istimiwa Pamandiran Pamakai Pamandiran Pamakai Wikipidia Pamandiran Wikipidia Barakas Pamandiran Barakas MediaWiki Pamandiran MediaWiki Citakan Pamandiran Citakan Patulung Pamandiran Patulung Tumbung Pamandiran Tumbung Lawang Pamandiran Lawang TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 3325 77444 75533 2022-08-05T10:40:41Z Andre Engels 1076 moved from [[Tahun Puga Cina]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hari parai |official_name = |image = Kung Hei Fat Choi! (6834861529).jpg |caption = [[Kambang sarai]] di [[Palabuhan Victoria]] di [[Hong Kong]]; Kambang sarai wan laduman adalah palihan taradisiunal parayaan Tahun Puga Cina. |nickname = |observedby = [[Urang Tionghoa]] wan garumbung Sinofon |date = Hari panambaian wayah bulan panambaian [[Almanak Cina]] (di intangan 21 Januari wan 20 Pibuari) | date2022 = 1 Pibuari | date2023 = 22 Januari |type = asian festival |frequency=tahunan |longtype = [[Budaya Tionghoa|Budaya]]<br />[[Agama di Tiongkok|Kaagamaan]]<br />([[Kaparcayaan taradisiunal Tionghoa]], [[Mahāyāna|Buddha]], [[Konghucu]], [[Daoisme|Daois]], sapalih garumbung [[Karistin di Tiongkok|Karistin]]) |relatedto = [[Cap Go Meh]] (parayaan nang mawarihi parayaan Tahun Puga Cina) |celebrations = [[Barungsai]]}} {{Chinese |t=農曆新年 |s=农历新年 |p=Nónglì Xīnnián |l=tahun baru kalender pertanian |t2=春節 |s2=春节 |p2=Chūnjíe |l2=perayaan musim semi }} '''Tahun Puga Cina''' atawa '''Tahun Puga Imlék''' adalah parayaan nang paling panting gasan urang Cina. Parayaan tahun puga ngini dimulai wayah hari panambaian bulan panambaian (Bahasa Cina: 正月; pinyin: zhēng yuè) di pananggalan Cina, tuntungnya imbah Cap Go Meh 十五冥 元宵节 di tanggal kalima walas (wayah bulan purnama). Malam tahun puga Cina dipinandui sawagai Chúxī nang artinya "malam baugahnya tahun". Di Cina, adat wan tradisi wilayah nang baraitan lawan parayaan Tahun Puga Cina banyak macamnya. Tagal, banyak jua nang sama matan sabarataan kabiasaan nang banyak ngitu, nang kaya pasurungan makan wayah malam tahun puganya lawan malikit kambang sarai. Di [[Ripublik Rakyat Cina|Tiongkok]], adat, wan taradisi wilayah nang bakaitan lawan parayaan tahun puga Cina liwar bamacam-macam. Tagal, sabarataan banyak babagi tima umum kaya panyurungan makan malam wayah malam tahun puga, wan panyalukutan [[kambang sarai]]. Saupama pananggalan Imlek sacara taradisiunal kada mamakai numur tahun malar, pananggalan Tionghoa di luar Tiongkok rancak dinumuri matan pamarintahan [[Huangdi]]. Sakadanya wayah ngini ada talu tahun baangka 1 nang dipakai ulih bamamacam ahli, jadi wayah tahun 2017 Masihi, "Tahun Tionghoa" kawa jadi tahun 4715, 4714, atawa 4654. Dirayaakan di banua-banua nang banyak panduduk Cinanya, Tahun Puga Cina dianggap sawagai hari parai ganal gasan urang Cina wan ganal ujaknya ka nagari-nagari nang parak andakannya lawan Cina nang kaya [[Koréa]], [[Mongolia]], [[Népal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Viétnam]], wan [[Japang]] (sabalum 1873). Di [[Cina Daratan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Makau]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapura]], [[Indunisia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Pilipina]], [[Thailand]], wan nagari-nagari lain atawa daérah jumlah panduduk Cina Han nang banyak, Tahun Puga Cina dirayaakan jua, wan di darajat-darajat tatantu, sudah jadi palihan budaya taradisiunal nang ada di situ. [[Tumbung:Pananggalan]] == Jujuhutan == ht4nt6mqofk44m9rvyfkdqg4a33u74p 10 5290 77430 32348 2022-08-04T15:03:44Z Ezagren 143 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> <!----------Speaker of the House----------> {{#if:{{{speaker|}}}| {{#if:{{{state_legislature|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} [[Ketua Legislator {{{legislature|}}}]] {{{speaker}}} {{!}}- |{{#if:{{{state_assembly|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} [[Ketua Majelis {{#ifeq:{{{state_assembly|}}}|Nevada||{{#ifeq:{{{state_assembly|}}}|New Jersey|Umum|Negara Bagian}}}} {{{state_assembly|}}}]] {{{speaker}}} {{!}}- |{{#if:{{{speaker|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{#if:{{{speaker_office|}}}|{{{speaker_office}}}|[[Ketua Dewan {{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|Delegasi|Perwakilan}} {{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}} |{{{state_delegate}}}|{{#if:{{{state_house|}}} |{{{state_house}}}|Amerika Serikat}}}}|Ketua Dewan {{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|Delegasi|Perwakilan}} {{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}} |{{{state_delegate}}}|{{#if:{{{state_house|}}} |{{{state_house}}}|AS}}}}]]}} {{{speaker}}} {{!}}- }} }} }} }} <!----------Office----------> {{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}|nominee|candidate}}|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{#if:{{{nominee|}}}|Calon|Kandidat}} {{#if:{{{party{{#if:{{{party_election||}}}|_election||}}|}}}|{{{party{{#if:{{{party_election||}}}|_election||}}|}}} }}untuk<br />{{{{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}|nominee|candidate}}|}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{termstart|}}}{{{election_date|}}} | {{!}}colspan=2 style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"{{!}}{{nowrap|'''Tanggal pemilihan'''}}<br />{{#if:{{{election_date|}}}|{{{election_date}}}|{{{termstart}}}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{majority_leader|}}}{{{minority_floor_leader|}}}{{{minority_leader|}}}{{{majority_floor_leader|}}}|| {{#if:{{{jr/sr|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} [[Senat Amerika Serikat|Senator{{#if:{{{succeeding|}}} | terpilih}} Amerika Serikat ]]<br />dari {{{state}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{jr/sr and state|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{jr/sr and state}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{state_senate|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Anggota [[Senat {{{state senate}}}]]<br />dari distrik {{{district}}}{{#if:{{{prior_term|}}}| <br /><small>{{{prior_term}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{state_legislature|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Anggota [[Legislator {{{state legislature}}}]]<br />dari distrik {{{district}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{ambassador_from|}}}|ambassador|minister}}_from|}}}|| {{#if:{{{office|}}} | ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} <!-- -->{{#if:{{{order|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{office}}}|[[{{{office}}}]]|{{{office}}}}} ke-{{{order}}}|{{#ifexist:{{{office}}}|[[{{{office}}}]]|{{{office}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{state|}}} | [[{{{state}}}]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}}}}<!-- --> {{!}}-| {{#if:{{{order|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{order}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{title|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{title}}} {{!}}- }} }} }} <!----------Ambassador----------> {{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{ambassador_from|}}}|ambassador|minister}}_from|}}}| {{#if:{{{country|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Duta Besar [[{{{{{#if:{{{ambassador_from|}}}|ambassador|minister}}_from}}} untuk {{{country}}}{{#if:{{{minister_from|}}}|{{!}}Menteri {{{minister_from}}} untuk {{{country}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{order|}}}|ka-{{{order}}}}} {{!}}- }} }} <!----------MP----------> {{#if:{{{constituency_AM|}}}{{{constituency_MP|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{parliament|}}}|Irlandia|[[Teachta Dála]]|{{#if:{{{constituency_AM|}}}|{{#if:{{{assembly|}}}|Anggota Majelis [[{{{assembly}}}]]|Anggota Majelis}}|Anggota {{#if:{{{parliament|}}}|[[Parlemen {{{parliament}}}]]|Parlemen}}}}}}<br />untuk {{{constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM|}}}|AM|MP}}}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{riding|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{#if:{{{constituency_AM|}}}|{{#if:{{{assembly|}}}|Anggota Majelis [[{{{assembly}}}]]|Anggota Majelis}}|Anggota {{#if:{{{parliament|}}}|Parlemen [[{{{parliament}}}]]|Parlemen}}}}<br />untuk {{{riding}}} {{!}}- }} <!----------Majority Leader (State Senate)----------> {{#if:{{{majority_leader|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{majority_leader}}} {{#if:{{{state_senate|}}}|[[Pemimpin Mayoritas Senat {{{state senate}}}]]|[[Pemimpin Mayoritas Senat Amerika Serikat]]}} {{!}}- }} <!----------Majority Floor Leader (State Senate)----------> {{#if:{{{majority_floor_leader|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{majority_floor_leader}}} [[Pemimpin Tingkat Mayoritas Senat {{{state senate}}}]] {{!}}- }} <!----------Minority Leader (State Senate)----------> {{#if:{{{minority_leader|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{minority_leader}}} [[Pemimpin Minoritas Senat {{{state senate}}}]] {{!}}- }} <!----------Minority Floor Leader (State Senate)----------> {{#if:{{{minority_floor_leader|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{minority_floor_leader}}} [[Pemimpin Tingkat Minoritas Senat {{{state senate}}}]] {{!}}- }} <!----------Congressman----------> {{#if:{{{state_legislature|}}}{{{state_senate|}}}{{{jr/sr|}}}{{{jr/sr and state|}}}|| {{#if:{{{district|}}}| {{#if:{{{succeeding|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Anggota terpilih [[Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Serikat|Dewan Perwakilan AS]]{{#if:{{{state|}}}| dari<br />distrik {{{district}}} {{{state}}}}} {{!}}-|{{#if:{{{state_assembly|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Anggota Majelis {{#ifeq:{{{state_assembly|}}}|Nevada||{{#ifeq:{{{state_assembly|}}}|New Jersey|Umum|Negara Bagian}}}} [[{{{state assembly|}}}]]<br />dari {{#if:{{{state_assembly|}}}|distrik {{{district}}}}} {{!}}- |{{#if:{{{district|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Anggota [[{{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|Dewan Delegasi|Dewan Perwakilan}} {{#if:{{{state_house|}}} |{{{state_house}}}|{{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|{{{state_delegate}}}|Amerika Serikat }}}}|{{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|Dewan of Delegasi|{{#if:{{{state_house|}}}| }}Dewan of Perwakilan}} {{#if:{{{state_house|}}} |{{{state_house}}}|{{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|{{{state_delegate}}}|AS}}}}]]<br />dari distrik {{{district}}} {{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}||{{#if:{{{state_house|}}}||{{{state}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{prior_term|}}}| <br /><small>{{{prior_term}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} }} }} }} }} <!----------Term----------> {{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}|nominee|candidate}}|}}}|| {{#if:{{{succeeding|}}}| {{!}}colspan=2 style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"{{!}}{{nowrap|'''Mulai menjabat'''}}<br />{{{termstart}}} {{!}}- |{{#if: {{{term|}}}| {{!}}colspan=2 style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"{{!}}{{nowrap|'''Masa jabatan'''}}<br />{{{term}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{termstart|}}}| {{#if:{{{termend|}}} |<!--then term has start and end:--> {{!}}colspan=2 style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"{{!}}{{nowrap|'''Masa jabatan'''}}<br />{{{termstart}}}{{#iferror:{{#expr:{{{termstart}}}*{{{termend}}}}}|&nbsp;–&#32;|–}}{{{termend}}}{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}{{{co-leader|}}}|<br />{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|Menjabat bersama|Memimpin bersama}} dengan {{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|{{{alongside}}}|{{{co-leader}}}}}}} {{!}}- |<!--else:--> <!--term is ongoing--> {{!}}colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background-color: lavender"{{!}} '''[[Petahana]]''' {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{termend|}}} |<!--then nothing else; term has ended--> |<!--else term is ongoing:--> {{!}}colspan=2 style="text-align:center"{{!}}{{nowrap|'''Mulai menjabat'''}} <br />{{{termstart}}}{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}{{{co-leader|}}}|<br />{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|Menjabat bersama|Memimpin bersama}} dengan {{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|{{{alongside}}}|{{{co-leader}}}}}}} {{!}}- }} }} }} }} <!---------- President, Prime Minister, Governor----------> {{#if:{{{monarch|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Penguasa monarki}} {{!}} {{{monarch}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{president|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Presiden {{!}} {{{president}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{governor_general|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Gubernur Jenderal}} {{!}} {{{governor_general}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{primeminister|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Perdana Menteri}} {{!}} {{{primeminister}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{chancellor|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Kanselir {{!}} {{{chancellor}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{minister|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Menteri {{!}} {{{minister}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{taoiseach|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Taoiseach {{!}} {{{taoiseach}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{firstminister|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Menteri Pertama}} {{!}} {{{firstminister}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{chiefminister|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Kepala Menteri}} {{!}} {{{chiefminister}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{premier|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Premier {{!}} {{{premier}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{governor|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Gubernur {{!}} {{{governor}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{lieutenant_governor|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Letnan Gubernur}} {{!}} {{{lieutenant_governor}}} {{!}}- }} <!---------- Vice president/s, Vice Prime Minister/s, Deputy/ies, Lieutenant/s----------> {{#if:{{{vicepresident|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|{{#if:{{{office|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{isValidPageName|Wakil {{{office}}}}}|valid|[[Wakil {{{office}}}|Wakil Presiden]]|Wakil Presiden}}|Wakil Presiden}}}} {{!}} {{{vicepresident}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{vicegovernor|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|{{#if:{{{office|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{isValidPageName|Wakil {{{office}}}}}|valid|[[Wakil {{{office}}}|Wakil Gubernur]]|Wakil Gubernur}}|Wakil Gubernur}}}} {{!}} {{{vicegovernor}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{viceprimeminister|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|{{#if:{{{office|}}}|[[Wakil {{{office}}}|Wakil PM]]|Wakil [[Perdana Menteri|PM]]}}}} {{!}} {{{viceprimeminister}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{vicepremier|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|{{#if:{{{office|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{isValidPageName|Wakil {{{office}}}}}|valid|[[Wakil {{{office}}}|Wakil Premier]]|Wakil Premier}}|Wakil Premier}}}} {{!}} {{{vicepremier}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{deputy|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{#if:{{{office|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{isValidPageName|Deputi {{{office}}}}}|valid|[[Deputi {{{office}}}|Deputi]]|Deputi}}|Deputi}} {{!}} {{{deputy}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{leader|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Pemimpin {{!}} {{{leader}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{lieutenant|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{#if:{{{office|}}}|[[Letnan {{{office}}}|Letnan]]|Letnan}} {{!}} {{{lieutenant}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nominator|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Dicalonkan oleh}} {{!}} {{{nominator}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{appointer|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Diangkat oleh}} {{!}} {{{appointer}}} {{!}}- }} <!---------- Blank fields ----------> {{#if:{{{1namedata|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{{1blankname|}}} {{!}} {{{1namedata}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{2namedata|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{{2blankname|}}} {{!}} {{{2namedata}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{3namedata|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{{3blankname|}}} {{!}} {{{3namedata}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{4namedata|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{{4blankname|}}} {{!}} {{{4namedata}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{5namedata|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{{5blankname|}}} {{!}} {{{5namedata}}} {{!}}- }} <!----------Predecessor/successor----------> {{#if:{{{runningmate|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Pasangan {{!}} {{{runningmate}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{opponent|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Penantang {{!}} {{{opponent}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{incumbent|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Petahana {{!}} {{{incumbent}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{succeeding|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Akan menggantikan}} {{!}} {{{succeeding}}} {{!}}- |{{#if:{{{preceding|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Akan digantikan}} {{!}} {{{preceding}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{predecessor|}}}|predecessor|preceded}}|}}} | ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Didahului oleh}} {{!}} {{{{{#if:{{{predecessor|}}}|predecessor|preceded}}|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#switch:{{{{{#if:{{{successor|}}}|successor|succeeded}}|}}} | Petahana | '''Petahana''' | ''Petahana'' | [[Petahana]] | petahana | '''petahana''' | ''petahana'' | [[petahana]] = |{{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{successor|}}}|successor|succeeded}}|}}} | ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Digantikan oleh}} {{!}} {{{{{#if:{{{successor|}}}|successor|succeeded}}|}}} }} {{!}}- }}}} <!-----Constituency-----> {{#if:{{{constituency|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Konstituensi {{!}} {{{constituency}}} {{!}}- }} <!-----Majority-----> {{#if:{{{majority|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Mayoritas {{!}} {{{majority}}} {{!}}- }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{dokumentasi}}</noinclude> grf2gorlkugvsrh2p1nivrmtf199foi 77431 77430 2022-08-04T15:06:59Z Ezagren 143 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> <!----------Speaker of the House----------> {{#if:{{{speaker|}}}| {{#if:{{{state_legislature|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} [[Ketua Legislator {{{legislature|}}}]] {{{speaker}}} {{!}}- |{{#if:{{{state_assembly|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} [[Ketua Majelis {{#ifeq:{{{state_assembly|}}}|Nevada||{{#ifeq:{{{state_assembly|}}}|New Jersey|Umum|Negara Bagian}}}} {{{state_assembly|}}}]] {{{speaker}}} {{!}}- |{{#if:{{{speaker|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{#if:{{{speaker_office|}}}|{{{speaker_office}}}|[[Ketua Dewan {{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|Delegasi|Perwakilan}} {{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}} |{{{state_delegate}}}|{{#if:{{{state_house|}}} |{{{state_house}}}|Amerika Serikat}}}}|Ketua Dewan {{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|Delegasi|Perwakilan}} {{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}} |{{{state_delegate}}}|{{#if:{{{state_house|}}} |{{{state_house}}}|AS}}}}]]}} {{{speaker}}} {{!}}- }} }} }} }} <!----------Office----------> {{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}|nominee|candidate}}|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{#if:{{{nominee|}}}|Calon|Kandidat}} {{#if:{{{party{{#if:{{{party_election||}}}|_election||}}|}}}|{{{party{{#if:{{{party_election||}}}|_election||}}|}}} }}untuk<br />{{{{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}|nominee|candidate}}|}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{termstart|}}}{{{election_date|}}} | {{!}}colspan=2 style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"{{!}}{{nowrap|'''Tanggal pemilihan'''}}<br />{{#if:{{{election_date|}}}|{{{election_date}}}|{{{termstart}}}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{majority_leader|}}}{{{minority_floor_leader|}}}{{{minority_leader|}}}{{{majority_floor_leader|}}}|| {{#if:{{{jr/sr|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} [[Senat Amerika Serikat|Senator{{#if:{{{succeeding|}}} | terpilih}} Amerika Serikat ]]<br />dari {{{state}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{jr/sr and state|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{jr/sr and state}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{state_senate|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Anggota [[Senat {{{state senate}}}]]<br />dari distrik {{{district}}}{{#if:{{{prior_term|}}}| <br /><small>{{{prior_term}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{state_legislature|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Anggota [[Legislator {{{state legislature}}}]]<br />dari distrik {{{district}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{ambassador_from|}}}|ambassador|minister}}_from|}}}|| {{#if:{{{office|}}} | ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} <!-- -->{{#if:{{{order|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{office}}}|[[{{{office}}}]]|{{{office}}}}} ka-{{{order}}}|{{#ifexist:{{{office}}}|[[{{{office}}}]]|{{{office}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{state|}}} | [[{{{state}}}]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}}}}<!-- --> {{!}}-| {{#if:{{{order|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{order}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{title|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{title}}} {{!}}- }} }} }} <!----------Ambassador----------> {{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{ambassador_from|}}}|ambassador|minister}}_from|}}}| {{#if:{{{country|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Duta Besar [[{{{{{#if:{{{ambassador_from|}}}|ambassador|minister}}_from}}} untuk {{{country}}}{{#if:{{{minister_from|}}}|{{!}}Menteri {{{minister_from}}} untuk {{{country}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{order|}}}|ka-{{{order}}}}} {{!}}- }} }} <!----------MP----------> {{#if:{{{constituency_AM|}}}{{{constituency_MP|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{parliament|}}}|Irlandia|[[Teachta Dála]]|{{#if:{{{constituency_AM|}}}|{{#if:{{{assembly|}}}|Anggota Majelis [[{{{assembly}}}]]|Anggota Majelis}}|Anggota {{#if:{{{parliament|}}}|[[Parlemen {{{parliament}}}]]|Parlemen}}}}}}<br />untuk {{{constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM|}}}|AM|MP}}}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{riding|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{#if:{{{constituency_AM|}}}|{{#if:{{{assembly|}}}|Anggota Majelis [[{{{assembly}}}]]|Anggota Majelis}}|Anggota {{#if:{{{parliament|}}}|Parlemen [[{{{parliament}}}]]|Parlemen}}}}<br />untuk {{{riding}}} {{!}}- }} <!----------Majority Leader (State Senate)----------> {{#if:{{{majority_leader|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{majority_leader}}} {{#if:{{{state_senate|}}}|[[Pemimpin Mayoritas Senat {{{state senate}}}]]|[[Pemimpin Mayoritas Senat Amerika Serikat]]}} {{!}}- }} <!----------Majority Floor Leader (State Senate)----------> {{#if:{{{majority_floor_leader|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{majority_floor_leader}}} [[Pemimpin Tingkat Mayoritas Senat {{{state senate}}}]] {{!}}- }} <!----------Minority Leader (State Senate)----------> {{#if:{{{minority_leader|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{minority_leader}}} [[Pemimpin Minoritas Senat {{{state senate}}}]] {{!}}- }} <!----------Minority Floor Leader (State Senate)----------> {{#if:{{{minority_floor_leader|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} {{{minority_floor_leader}}} [[Pemimpin Tingkat Minoritas Senat {{{state senate}}}]] {{!}}- }} <!----------Congressman----------> {{#if:{{{state_legislature|}}}{{{state_senate|}}}{{{jr/sr|}}}{{{jr/sr and state|}}}|| {{#if:{{{district|}}}| {{#if:{{{succeeding|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Anggota terpilih [[Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Serikat|Dewan Perwakilan AS]]{{#if:{{{state|}}}| dari<br />distrik {{{district}}} {{{state}}}}} {{!}}-|{{#if:{{{state_assembly|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Anggota Majelis {{#ifeq:{{{state_assembly|}}}|Nevada||{{#ifeq:{{{state_assembly|}}}|New Jersey|Umum|Negara Bagian}}}} [[{{{state assembly|}}}]]<br />dari {{#if:{{{state_assembly|}}}|distrik {{{district}}}}} {{!}}- |{{#if:{{{district|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center" {{!}} Anggota [[{{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|Dewan Delegasi|Dewan Perwakilan}} {{#if:{{{state_house|}}} |{{{state_house}}}|{{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|{{{state_delegate}}}|Amerika Serikat }}}}|{{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|Dewan of Delegasi|{{#if:{{{state_house|}}}| }}Dewan of Perwakilan}} {{#if:{{{state_house|}}} |{{{state_house}}}|{{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}|{{{state_delegate}}}|AS}}}}]]<br />dari distrik {{{district}}} {{#if:{{{state_delegate|}}}||{{#if:{{{state_house|}}}||{{{state}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{prior_term|}}}| <br /><small>{{{prior_term}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} }} }} }} }} <!----------Term----------> {{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}|nominee|candidate}}|}}}|| {{#if:{{{succeeding|}}}| {{!}}colspan=2 style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"{{!}}{{nowrap|'''Mulai menjabat'''}}<br />{{{termstart}}} {{!}}- |{{#if: {{{term|}}}| {{!}}colspan=2 style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"{{!}}{{nowrap|'''Masa jabatan'''}}<br />{{{term}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{termstart|}}}| {{#if:{{{termend|}}} |<!--then term has start and end:--> {{!}}colspan=2 style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"{{!}}{{nowrap|'''Masa jabatan'''}}<br />{{{termstart}}}{{#iferror:{{#expr:{{{termstart}}}*{{{termend}}}}}|&nbsp;–&#32;|–}}{{{termend}}}{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}{{{co-leader|}}}|<br />{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|Menjabat bersama|Memimpin bersama}} dengan {{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|{{{alongside}}}|{{{co-leader}}}}}}} {{!}}- |<!--else:--> <!--term is ongoing--> {{!}}colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background-color: lavender"{{!}} '''[[Petahana]]''' {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{termend|}}} |<!--then nothing else; term has ended--> |<!--else term is ongoing:--> {{!}}colspan=2 style="text-align:center"{{!}}{{nowrap|'''Mulai menjabat'''}} <br />{{{termstart}}}{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}{{{co-leader|}}}|<br />{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|Menjabat bersama|Memimpin bersama}} dengan {{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|{{{alongside}}}|{{{co-leader}}}}}}} {{!}}- }} }} }} }} <!---------- President, Prime Minister, Governor----------> {{#if:{{{monarch|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Penguasa monarki}} {{!}} {{{monarch}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{president|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Presiden {{!}} {{{president}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{governor_general|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Gubernur Jenderal}} {{!}} {{{governor_general}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{primeminister|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Perdana Menteri}} {{!}} {{{primeminister}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{chancellor|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Kanselir {{!}} {{{chancellor}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{minister|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Menteri {{!}} {{{minister}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{taoiseach|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Taoiseach {{!}} {{{taoiseach}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{firstminister|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Menteri Pertama}} {{!}} {{{firstminister}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{chiefminister|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Kepala Menteri}} {{!}} {{{chiefminister}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{premier|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Premier {{!}} {{{premier}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{governor|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Gubernur {{!}} {{{governor}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{lieutenant_governor|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Letnan Gubernur}} {{!}} {{{lieutenant_governor}}} {{!}}- }} <!---------- Vice president/s, Vice Prime Minister/s, Deputy/ies, Lieutenant/s----------> {{#if:{{{vicepresident|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|{{#if:{{{office|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{isValidPageName|Wakil {{{office}}}}}|valid|[[Wakil {{{office}}}|Wakil Presiden]]|Wakil Presiden}}|Wakil Presiden}}}} {{!}} {{{vicepresident}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{vicegovernor|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|{{#if:{{{office|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{isValidPageName|Wakil {{{office}}}}}|valid|[[Wakil {{{office}}}|Wakil Gubernur]]|Wakil Gubernur}}|Wakil Gubernur}}}} {{!}} {{{vicegovernor}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{viceprimeminister|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|{{#if:{{{office|}}}|[[Wakil {{{office}}}|Wakil PM]]|Wakil [[Perdana Menteri|PM]]}}}} {{!}} {{{viceprimeminister}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{vicepremier|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|{{#if:{{{office|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{isValidPageName|Wakil {{{office}}}}}|valid|[[Wakil {{{office}}}|Wakil Premier]]|Wakil Premier}}|Wakil Premier}}}} {{!}} {{{vicepremier}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{deputy|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{#if:{{{office|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{isValidPageName|Deputi {{{office}}}}}|valid|[[Deputi {{{office}}}|Deputi]]|Deputi}}|Deputi}} {{!}} {{{deputy}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{leader|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Pemimpin {{!}} {{{leader}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{lieutenant|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{#if:{{{office|}}}|[[Letnan {{{office}}}|Letnan]]|Letnan}} {{!}} {{{lieutenant}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nominator|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Dicalonkan oleh}} {{!}} {{{nominator}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{appointer|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Diangkat oleh}} {{!}} {{{appointer}}} {{!}}- }} <!---------- Blank fields ----------> {{#if:{{{1namedata|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{{1blankname|}}} {{!}} {{{1namedata}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{2namedata|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{{2blankname|}}} {{!}} {{{2namedata}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{3namedata|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{{3blankname|}}} {{!}} {{{3namedata}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{4namedata|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{{4blankname|}}} {{!}} {{{4namedata}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{5namedata|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{{5blankname|}}} {{!}} {{{5namedata}}} {{!}}- }} <!----------Predecessor/successor----------> {{#if:{{{runningmate|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Pasangan {{!}} {{{runningmate}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{opponent|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Penantang {{!}} {{{opponent}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{incumbent|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Petahana {{!}} {{{incumbent}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{succeeding|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Akan menggantikan}} {{!}} {{{succeeding}}} {{!}}- |{{#if:{{{preceding|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Akan digantikan}} {{!}} {{{preceding}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{predecessor|}}}|predecessor|preceded}}|}}} | ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Didahului oleh}} {{!}} {{{{{#if:{{{predecessor|}}}|predecessor|preceded}}|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#switch:{{{{{#if:{{{successor|}}}|successor|succeeded}}|}}} | Petahana | '''Petahana''' | ''Petahana'' | [[Petahana]] | petahana | '''petahana''' | ''petahana'' | [[petahana]] = |{{#if:{{{{{#if:{{{successor|}}}|successor|succeeded}}|}}} | ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} {{nowrap|Digantikan oleh}} {{!}} {{{{{#if:{{{successor|}}}|successor|succeeded}}|}}} }} {{!}}- }}}} <!-----Constituency-----> {{#if:{{{constituency|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Konstituensi {{!}} {{{constituency}}} {{!}}- }} <!-----Majority-----> {{#if:{{{majority|}}}| ! style="text-align:left;" {{!}} Mayoritas {{!}} {{{majority}}} {{!}}- }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{dokumentasi}}</noinclude> 9lcjzphsf5k7i64ynp7h67y2d1wletz 0 14288 77438 58189 2022-08-05T03:38:22Z 114.79.23.13 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;" |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''Tahun-tahun:'''</small><br> [[40]] [[41]] [[42]] [[43]] [[44]] - '''45''' - [[46]] [[47]] [[48]] [[49]] [[50]] |- | align="center" | <small>'''[[Abad|Abad-abad]]:'''</small> <br> [[Abad ka-1 SM]] - '''[[Abad ka-1]]''' - [[Abad ka-2]] |} Tahun ka-'''45 [[Masihi]]''' dalam [[almanak Gregorian]]. == Paristiwa == == Kalahiran == == Kamatian == <!-- Kategori --> [[Kategori:45| ]] [[als:30er#45]] j85ike2d1sjx79cj2yrvs90dlrbmkpi 0 15774 77436 60551 2022-08-05T02:10:40Z Ezagren 143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kacamatan |ngaran = Sei Menggaris |dati2 = Kabupatin |ngaran dati2 = Nunukan |prupinsi = Kalimantan Utara |luas = ... km&sup2; |warga = ... ikung |karacapan = ... ikung/km&sup2; |kalurahan = 4/- |ngaran camat = ... }} '''Sei Menggaris''' ngaran kacamatan di Kabupatin [[Kabupatin Nunukan|Nunukan]], Prupinsi [[Kalimantan Utara]], [[Indunisia]]. == Géografi == === Watas wilayah === Watas wilayah kacamatan Sei Menggaris: {{Watas_USBT |utara=... |selatan=... |barat=... |timur=... }} === Pambagian administratip === Kacamatan Sei Menggaris dibagi manjadi 4 kampung, antara lain: # Samaenre Semaja # Sekaduyan Taka # Sri Nanti # Tabur Lestari {{Sei Menggaris, Nunukan}} {{Kabupatin Nunukan}} {{kacamatan-stub}} 54cwwc7aqmexjtxqd3rx61lxxrc3222 0 15775 77437 60552 2022-08-05T02:10:45Z Ezagren 143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kacamatan |ngaran = Sembakung |dati2 = Kabupatin |ngaran dati2 = Nunukan |prupinsi = Kalimantan Utara |luas = ... km&sup2; |warga = ... ikung |karacapan = ... ikung/km&sup2; |kalurahan = .../- |ngaran camat = ... }} '''Sembakung''' ngaran kacamatan di Kabupatin [[Kabupatin Nunukan|Nunukan]], Prupinsi [[Kalimantan Utara]], [[Indunisia]]. == Géografi == === Watas wilayah === Watas wilayah kacamatan Sembakung: {{Watas_USBT |utara=... |selatan=... |barat=... |timur=... }} === Pambagian administratip === Kacamatan Sembakung dibagi manjadi 10 kampung, antara lain: <div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"> # Atap # Butas Bagu # Labuk # Lubakan # Manuk Bungkul # Pagar # Plaju # Tagul # Tepian # Tujung </div> {{Sembakung, Nunukan}} {{Kabupatin Nunukan}} {{kacamatan-stub}} 4d9qsh6sp6s3bhjzfrxgodhxm8j7u05 0 21040 77443 70471 2022-08-05T10:39:50Z Andre Engels 1076 Paugahan tungkaran ka [[Tahun puga Cina]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tahun puga Cina]] ljwp5kc7kczfzvdl02gc01dlxczjxmp 0 23849 77441 75816 2022-08-05T07:21:14Z Andre Engels 1076 delete wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|wrong language}} {{Short description|System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures}} {{Other uses}} {{Redirect|Sentence structure|sentence structure in traditional grammar|Sentence clause structure}} {{Linguistics|Subfields}} In [[linguistics]], '''syntax''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|t|æ|k|s}}){{refn|{{OxfordDictionaries.com|access-date=2016-01-22|syntax}}}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|=2016-01-22|syntax}}}} is the study of how words and [[morpheme]]s combine to form larger units such as [[phrase]]s and [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]s. Central concerns of syntax include [[word order]], [[grammatical relations]], hierarchical sentence structure ([[Constituent (linguistics)|constituency]]),<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Syntax–Semantics Interface |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304194021_Syntax-Semantics_Interface |last=Luuk |first=Erkki |date=2015 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |edition=2nd |pages=900–905 |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}</ref> [[Agreement_(linguistics)|agreement]], the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning. There are numerous approaches to syntax which differ in their central assumptions and goals. == Etymology == The word ''syntax'' comes from [[Ancient Greek]]: {{wikt-lang|grc|σύνταξις}} "coordination", which consists of {{lang|grc|σύν}} ''syn'', "together", and {{lang|grc|τάξις}} ''táxis'', "an ordering". ==Topics== The field of syntax contains a number of various topics that a syntactic theory is often designed to handle. The relation between these topics are treated differently in different theories, and some of them may not be considered distinct, but instead derived from each other (i.e. word order can be seen as the result of movement rules derived from grammatical relations). ===Sequencing of subject, verb, and object=== One basic description of a language's syntax is the sequence in which the [[subject (grammar)|subject]] (S), [[verb]] (V), and [[object (grammar)|object]] (O) usually appear in sentences. Over 85% of languages usually place the subject first, either in the sequence [[subject-verb-object|SVO]] or the sequence [[subject-object-verb|SOV]]. The other possible sequences are [[verb-subject-object|VSO]], [[verb-object-subject|VOS]], [[object-verb-subject|OVS]], and [[object-subject-verb|OSV]], the last three of which are rare. In most generative theories of syntax, these surface differences arise from a more complex clausal phrase structure, and each order may be compatible with multiple derivations. However, word order can also reflect the semantics or function of the ordered elements.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Word Order |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |last=Rijkhoff |first=Jan |date=2015 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |edition=2nd |pages=644–656 |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}</ref> ===Grammatical relations=== Another description of a language considers the set of possible grammatical relations in a language or in general, and how they behave in relation to each other in the [[morphosyntactic alignment]] of the language. The description of grammatical relations can also reflect transitivity, [[passivization]], and head-dependent-marking or other agreement. Languages have different criteria for grammatical relations, and e.g. subjecthood criteria can have implications for how the subject is referred to from a relative clause or coreferential with an element in an infinite clause.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Syntactic Typology |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |last=Shibatani |first=Masayoshi |date=2021 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.154 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Constituency=== Constituency is the feature of being a [[Constituent (linguistics)|constituent]] and how words can work together to form a constituent (or ''phrase''). Constituents are often moved as units, and the constituent can be the domain of agreement. Some languages allow discontinuous phrases, where words belonging to the same constituent are not immediately adjacent, but broken up by other constituents. Constituents can be [[Recursion|recursive]] as they can consist of other constituents, potentially of the same type. == Early history == The ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' of [[Pāṇini]] (c. 4th century BC in [[Ancient India]]), is often cited as an example of a premodern work that approaches the sophistication of a modern syntactic theory (as works on [[grammar]] were written long before modern syntax came about).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fortson |first=Benjamin W. |title=Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction |date=2004 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-8896-8 |page=186 |quote=[The ''Aṣṭādhyāyī''] is a highly precise and thorough description of the structure of Sanskrit somewhat resembling modern generative grammar...[it] remained the most advanced linguistic analysis of any kind until the twentieth century.}}</ref> In the West, the school of thought that came to be known as "traditional grammar" began with the work of [[Dionysius Thrax]]. For centuries, a framework known as {{lang|fr|grammaire générale}} (first expounded in 1660 by [[Antoine Arnauld]] in a book of the same title) dominated work in syntax: as its basic premise the assumption that language is a direct reflection of thought processes and therefore there is a single, most natural way to express a thought.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} However, in the 19th century, with the development of [[historical-comparative linguistics]], linguists began to realize the sheer diversity of human language and to question fundamental assumptions about the relationship between language and logic. It became apparent that there was no such thing as the most natural way to express a thought, and therefore [[logic]] could no longer be relied upon as a basis for studying the structure of language.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} The [[Port-Royal-des-Champs|Port-Royal grammar]] modeled the study of syntax upon that of logic. (Indeed, large parts of the [[Port-Royal Logic]] were copied or adapted from the ''Grammaire générale''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arnauld |first=Antoine |url=http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-57444 |title=La logique |publisher=G. Desprez |year=1683 |edition=5th |location=Paris |pages=137 |quote={{lang|fr|Nous avons emprunté...ce que nous avons dit...d'un petit Livre...sous le titre de Grammaire générale.}}}}</ref>) Syntactic categories were identified with logical ones, and all sentences were analyzed in terms of "subject – copula – predicate". Initially, this view was adopted even by the early comparative linguists such as [[Franz Bopp]]. The central role of syntax within [[theoretical linguistics]] became clear only in the 20th century, which could reasonably be called the "century of syntactic theory" as far as linguistics is concerned. (For a detailed and critical survey of the history of syntax in the last two centuries, see the monumental work by Giorgio Graffi (2001).{{sfnp|Graffi|2001}}) == Theories of syntax == {{See also|Theory of language}} There are a number of theoretical approaches to the discipline of syntax. One school of thought, founded in the works of [[Derek Bickerton]],<ref>See {{Cite book |last=Bickerton |first=Derek |title=Language & Species |date=1990 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-04610-9 |location=Chicago}} and, for more recent advances, {{cite book |title=Biological Foundations and Origin of Syntax |editor-last=Bickerton |editor-first=Derek |editor-last2=Szathmáry |editor-first2=Eörs |date=2009 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-01356-7 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref> sees syntax as a branch of biology, since it conceives of syntax as the study of linguistic knowledge as embodied in the human [[mind]]. Other linguists (e.g., [[Gerald Gazdar]]) take a more [[Philosophy of mathematics#Platonism|Platonistic]] view, since they regard syntax to be the study of an abstract [[formal system]].<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Gazdar |first=Gerald |interviewer=Ted Briscoe |title=Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar |url=http://www.informatics.susx.ac.uk/research/nlp/gazdar/briscoe/gpsg.html#SECTION00040000000000000000 |access-date=2008-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122163306/http://www.informatics.susx.ac.uk/research/nlp/gazdar/briscoe/gpsg.html |archive-date=2005-11-22 |date=2 May 2001}}</ref> Yet others (e.g., [[Joseph Greenberg]]) consider syntax a taxonomical device to reach broad generalizations across languages. Syntacticians have attempted to explain the causes of word-order variation within individual languages and cross-linguistically. Much of such work has been done within frameworks of generative grammar which assumes that the core of syntax depends on a [[Universal grammar|genetic structure]] which is common to all mankind. [[Linguistic typology|Typological research]] of the languages of the world has however found few absolute [[Linguistic universal|universals]], leading some to conclude that none of syntax has to be directly genetic. Alternative explanations, such as those by [[Functional linguistics|functional linguists]], have been sought in [[Language processing in the brain|language processing]]. It is suggested that the brain finds it easier to [[Parsing|parse]] [[Syntactic tree diagram|syntactic patterns]] which are either right or left [[Branching (linguistics)|branching]], but not mixed. The most widely held approach is the performance–grammar correspondence hypothesis by [[John A. Hawkins (linguist)|John A. Hawkins]] who suggests that language is a non-innate [[Adaptive system|adaptation]] to innate [[Cognition|cognitive]] mechanisms. Cross-linguistic tendencies are considered as being based on language users' preference for grammars that are organized efficiently, and on their avoidance of word orderings which cause processing difficulty. Some languages however exhibit regular inefficient patterning. These include the VO languages [[Chinese language|Chinese]], with the [[adpositional phrase]] before the verb, and [[Finnish grammar|Finnish]] which has postpositions; but there are few other profoundly exceptional languages.<ref name="processing">{{Cite book |last=Song |first=Jae Jung |title=Word Order |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-03393-0 |location=New York}}</ref> == Syntactic models == === Dependency grammar === {{Main|Dependency grammar}} [[Dependency grammar]] is an approach to sentence structure where syntactic units are arranged according to the dependency relation, as opposed to the constituency relation of [[phrase structure grammar]]s. Dependencies are directed links between words. The (finite) verb is seen as the root of all clause structure and all the other words in the clause are either directly or indirectly dependent on this root. Some prominent dependency-based theories of syntax are: * [[Recursive categorical syntax]], or Algebraic syntax * [[Functional generative description]] * [[Meaning–text theory]] * [[Operator grammar]] * [[Word grammar]] [[Lucien Tesnière]] (1893–1954) is widely seen as the father of modern dependency-based theories of syntax and grammar. He argued vehemently against the binary division of the clause into [[subject (grammar)|subject]] and [[predicate (grammar)|predicate]] that is associated with the grammars of his day (S → NP VP) and which remains at the core of most phrase structure grammars. In the place of this division, he positioned the verb as the root of all clause structure.<ref>Concerning Tesnière's rejection of the binary division of the clause into subject and predicate and in favor of the verb as the root of all structure, see Tesnière (1969:103–105).</ref> === Categorial grammar === {{Main|Categorial grammar}} [[Categorial grammar]] is an approach in which constituents combine as [[function (math)|function]] and [[argument of a function|argument]], according to combinatory possibilities specified in their [[syntactic categories]]. For example, where other approaches might posit a rule that combines a noun phrase (NP) and a verb phrase (VP), CG would posit a syntactic category ''NP'' and another ''NP\S'', read as "a category that searches to the left (indicated by \) for an NP (the element on the left) and outputs a sentence (the element on the right)." So the syntactic category for an [[intransitive]] verb is a complex formula representing the fact that the verb acts as a [[function word]] requiring an NP as an input and produces a sentence level structure as an output. This complex category is notated as (NP\S) instead of V. The category of [[transitive verb]] is defined as an element that requires two NPs (its subject and its direct object) to form a sentence. This is notated as (NP/(NP\S)) which means "a category that searches to the right (indicated by /) for an NP (the object), and generates a function (equivalent to the VP) which is (NP\S), which in turn represents a function that searches to the left for an NP and produces a sentence." [[Tree-adjoining grammar]] is a categorial grammar that adds in partial [[tree structure]]s to the categories. === Stochastic/probabilistic grammars/network theories === Theoretical approaches to syntax that are based upon [[probability theory]] are known as [[stochastic grammar]]s. One common implementation of such an approach makes use of a [[neural network]] or [[connectionism]]. === Functional grammars === {{Main|Functional theories of grammar}} Functionalist models of grammar study the form–function interaction by performing a structural and a functional analysis. * [[Functional discourse grammar]] (Dik) * [[Prague linguistic circle]] * [[Role and reference grammar]] (RRG) * [[Systemic functional grammar]] === Generative syntax === Generative syntax is the study of syntax within the overarching framework of [[generative grammar]]. Generative theories of syntax typically propose analyses of grammatical patterns using formal tools such as [[phrase structure grammar]]s augmented with additional operations such as [[syntactic movement]]. Their goal in analyzing a particular language is to specify rules which generate all and only the expressions which are [[grammaticality|well-formed]] in that language. In doing so, they seek to identify innate domain-specific principles of linguistic cognition, in line with the wider goals of the generative enterprise. Generative syntax is among the approaches that adopt the principle of the [[autonomy of syntax]], assuming that meaning and communicative intent is determined by the syntax rather than the other way around. Generative syntax was proposed in the late 1950s by [[Noam Chomsky]], building on earlier work by [[Zellig Harris]], [[Louis Hjelmslev]], among others. Since then, numerous theories have been proposed under its umbrella: * [[Transformational grammar]] (TG) (Original theory of generative syntax laid out by Chomsky in ''Syntactic Structures'' in 1957)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |title=Syntactic Structures |date=1957 |publisher=Mouton |location=The Hague |page=15}}</ref> * [[Government and binding theory]] (GB) (revised theory in the tradition of TG developed mainly by Chomsky in the 1970s and 1980s)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |title=Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures |date=1993 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-014131-0 |edition=7th |location=Berlin}}</ref> * [[Minimalist program]] (MP) (a reworking of the theory out of the GB framework published by Chomsky in 1995)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |title=The Minimalist Program |date=1995 |publisher=The MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref> Other theories that find their origin in the generative paradigm are: * [[Arc pair grammar]] * [[Generalized phrase structure grammar]] (GPSG) * [[Generative semantics]] * [[Head-driven phrase structure grammar]] (HPSG) * [[Lexical functional grammar]] (LFG) * [[Nanosyntax]] * [[Relational grammar]] (RG) * [[Harmonic grammar]] (HG) === Cognitive and usage-based grammars === {{Main|Cognitive Linguistics}} The Cognitive Linguistics framework stems from [[generative grammar]], but adheres to [[evolutionary linguistics|evolutionary]] rather than [[Noam Chomsky|Chomskyan]] linguistics. Cognitive models often recognise the generative assumption that the object belongs to the verb phrase. Cognitive frameworks include: * [[Cognitive grammar]] * [[Construction grammar]] (CxG) * [[Emergent grammar]] == See also == * [[Cartographic syntax]] * [[List of syntactic phenomena]] * [[Metasyntax]] * [[Musical syntax]] * [[Semiotics]] * [[Syntactic category]] * ''[[Syntax (journal)|Syntax]]'' ([[academic journal]]) * [[Syntax (programming languages)]] * [[Syntax–Semantics Interface]] * [[Usage]] === Syntactic terms === {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Adjective]] * [[Adjective phrase]] * [[Adjunct (grammar)|Adjunct]] * [[Adpositional phrase]] * [[Adverb]] * [[Anaphora (linguistics)|Anaphora]] * [[Answer ellipsis]] * [[Antecedent (grammar)|Antecedent]] * [[Antecedent-contained deletion]] * [[Appositive]] * [[Argument (linguistics)|Argument]] * [[Article (grammar)|Article]] * [[Grammatical aspect|Aspect]] * [[Attributive adjective]] and [[predicative adjective]] * [[Auxiliary verb]] * [[Binding (linguistics)|Binding]] * [[Branching (linguistics)|Branching]] * [[c-command]] * [[Grammatical case|Case]] * [[Syntactic category|Category]] * [[Catena (linguistics)|Catena]] * [[Clause]] * [[Closed class]] word * [[Comparison (grammar)|Comparative]] * [[Complement (linguistics)|Complement]] * [[Compound (linguistics)|Compound noun and adjective]] * [[Grammatical conjugation|Conjugation]] * [[Conjunction (grammar)|Conjunction]] * [[Constituent (linguistics)|Constituent]] * [[Coordination (linguistics)|Coordination]] * [[Coreference]] * [[Crossover effects|Crossover]] * [[Dangling modifier]] * [[Declension]] * [[Dependency grammar]] * [[Dependent-marking language|Dependent marking]] * [[Determiner (linguistics)|Determiner]] * [[Discontinuity (linguistics)|Discontinuity]] * [[Do-support]] * [[Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]] (form for two) * [[Ellipsis]] * [[Endocentric]] * [[Exceptional case-marking]] * Expletive * [[Extraposition]] * [[Finite verb]] * [[Function word]] * [[Gapping]] * [[Grammatical gender|Gender]] * [[Gerund]] * [[Government (linguistics)|Government]] * [[Head (linguistics)|Head]] * [[Head-marking language|Head marking]] * [[Infinitive]] * [[Inverse copular constructions|Inverse copular construction]] * [[Inversion (linguistics)|Inversion]] * [[Lexical item]] * [[Logical form (linguistics)]] * [[m-command]] * [[Measure word]] (classifier) * [[Merge (linguistics)|Merge]] * [[Modal particle]] * [[Modal verb]] * [[Grammatical modifier|Modifier]] * [[Grammatical mood|Mood]] * [[Syntactic movement|Movement]] * [[Movement paradox]] * [[Nanosyntax]] * [[Negative inversion]] * [[Non-configurational language]] * [[Non-finite verb]] * [[Noun]] * [[Noun ellipsis]] * [[Noun phrase]] * [[Grammatical number|Number]] * [[Object (grammar)|Object]] * [[Open class (linguistics)|Open class word]] * [[Parasitic gap]] * [[Part of speech]] * [[Grammatical particle|Particle]] * [[Periphrasis]] * [[Grammatical person|Person]] * [[Personal pronoun]] * [[Pied-piping]] * [[Phrasal verb]] * [[Phrase]] * [[Phrase structure grammar]] * [[Plural]] * [[Predicate (grammar)|Predicate]] * [[Predicative expression]] * [[Preposition and postposition]] * [[Pronoun]] * [[Pseudogapping]] * [[Raising (linguistics)|Raising]] * [[Grammatical relation]] * [[Restrictiveness]] * [[Right node raising]] * [[Sandhi]] * [[Scrambling (linguistics)|Scrambling]] * [[Selection (linguistics)|Selection]] * [[Sentence (linguistics)|Sentence]] * [[Separable verb]] * [[Shifting (syntax)|Shifting]] * [[Grammatical number|Singular]] * [[Sluicing]] * [[Small clause]] * [[Stripping (linguistics)|Stripping]] * [[Subcategorization]] * [[Subject (grammar)|Subject]] * [[Subject-auxiliary inversion]] * [[Subject-verb inversion]] * [[Subordination (linguistics)|Subordination]] * [[Superlative]] * [[Grammatical tense|Tense]] * [[Topicalization]] * [[Tough movement]] * [[Uninflected word]] * [[V2 word order]] * [[Valency (linguistics)|Valency]] * [[Verb]] * [[Verb phrase]] * [[Verb phrase ellipsis]] * [[Voice (grammar)|Voice]] * [[Wh-movement]] * [[Word order]] * [[X-bar theory]] {{div col end}} == References == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Syntactic Theories |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=1996 |isbn=0-08-042711-1 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Keith |location=New York |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first2=Jim}} * {{Cite book |last=Carnie |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/syntaxgenerative0000carn |title=Syntax: A Generative Introduction |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2006 |isbn=1-4051-3384-8 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |title=Syntax |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=0-415-24672-5 |editor-last=Freidin |editor-first=Robert |series=Critical Concepts in Linguistics |location=New York |editor-last2=Lasnik |editor-first2=Howard}} * {{Cite book |last=Graffi |first=Giorgio |title=200 Years of Syntax: A Critical Survey |publisher=Benjamins |year=2001 |isbn=90-272-4587-8 |series=Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 98 |location=Amsterdam}} * {{Cite book |last=Talasiewicz |first=Mieszko |title=Philosophy of Syntax – Foundational Topics |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-481-3287-4 |location=Dordrecht}} An interdisciplinary essay on the interplay between logic and linguistics on syntactic theories. * {{Cite book |last=Tesnière |first=Lucien |title=Eléments de syntaxe structurale |publisher=Klincksieck |year=1969 |isbn=2-252-01861-5 |edition=2nd |location=Paris |language=fr}} {{Refend}} == Further reading == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |title=The Blackwell Companion to Syntax |publisher=Blackwell |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4051-1485-1 |editor-last=Everaert |editor-first=Martin |location=Malden, Massachusetts |editor-last2=Van Riemsdijk |editor-first2=Henk |editor-last3=Goedemans |editor-first3=Rob |editor-last4=Hollebrandse |editor-first4=Bart}} 5 Volumes; 77 case studies of syntactic phenomena. * {{Cite book |last=Isac |first=Daniela |title=I-Language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science |last2=Reiss |first2=Charles |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-966017-9 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite book |last=Moravcsik |first=Edith A. |title=An Introduction to Syntax: Fundamentals of Syntactic Analysis |publisher=Continuum |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8264-8946-3 |location=London}} Attempts to be a theory-neutral introduction. The companion {{Cite book |last=Moravcsik |first=Edith A. |title=An Introduction to Syntactic Theory |publisher=Continuum |year=2006 |isbn=0-8264-8943-5 |location=London}} surveys the major theories. Jointly reviewed in {{Cite journal |last=Hewson |first=John |date=2009 |title=An Introduction to Syntax: Fundamentals of Syntactic Analysis, And: An Introduction to Syntactic Theory (Review) |journal=The Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La revue canadienne de linguistique |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=172–175 |doi=10.1353/cjl.0.0036}} * {{Cite book |last=Müller |first=Stefan |url=https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/287 |title=Grammatical Theory: From Transformational Grammar to Constraint-Based Approaches |publisher=Language Science Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-96110-273-0 |edition=4th revised and extended |location=Berlin}} * {{Cite book |last=Roark |first=Brian |title=Computational Approaches to Morphology and Syntax |last2=Sproat |first2=Richard William |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-927477-2 |location=Oxford |author-link2=Richard Sproat}} part II: Computational approaches to syntax. {{Refend}} == External links == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook The syntax of natural language: An online introduction using the Trees program]{{snd}}Beatrice Santorini & Anthony Kroch, [[University of Pennsylvania]], 2007 {{Authority control}} [[Category:Syntax| ]] [[Category:Syntactic entities| ]] [[Category:Grammar]] [[Category:Language]] [[Category:Branches of linguistics]] [[Category:Philosophy of language]] [[Category:Semiotics]] [[Category:Linguistics terminology|+]] 9q0dm3jsrbuf1on3o27wi86pjhib4m8 0 24008 77439 77359 2022-08-05T06:04:45Z Muhammad Faisal Ansari 9300 /* Sajarah talaah */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tupik Proto-Indo-Eropa}} Proto-Indo-Eropa marupakan hipotesis prasajarah populasi Eurasia nang jadi panutur [[Proto-Indo-Eropa (PIE)]], laluhur [[basa Indo-Eropa]] manurut [[rekonstruksi linguistik]]. Pangatahuan ngini datang pamulaan matan rekonsturuksi lingustik, lawan bahan bukti matan arkeologi wan arkeogenetik. Proto-Indo-Eropa pinanya hidup wayah pauncitan [[zaman Neolitik]], atawa kakira abad ka-4 sabalum masehi. Ilmuwan utama maandakan Proto-Indo-Eropa zona [[stepa Pontic-Caspian]] di [[Eropa Timur]] (wahini wilayah Ukraina and [[Rusia]] Salatan).{{sfn|Anthony|Ringe|2015}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world|last=Anthony |first=David W.|isbn=9781400831104 |location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=496275617|date = 26 July 2010}}</ref> Sapalih [[arkeolog]] ada nang manyambat Proto-Indo-Eropa mulai wayah paangahan [[zaman Neolitik]] (5500 sampai 4500 sabalum masehi) wan bahkan ada nang manyambat mulainya pamulaan [[zaman Neolitik]] (7500 sampai 5500 sabalum masehi), wan mamadahakan hipotesis wadah nang balain. . Matan pamulaan abad ka-2 sabalum masehi, katurunan urang Proto-Indo-Eropa hudah sampai ka sabarataan wilayah Eurasia, tarmasuk Anatolia (Hittites), Aegean (laluhur linguistik matan Yunanu Mycenaean), Eropa Utara, (budaya Corded Ware), buncu Asia Tengah (budaya Yamnaya), wan Siberia salatan (budaya Afanasievo).<ref name="Mallory1997">{{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=J. P.|author-link1=J. P. Mallory|last2=Adams|first2=Douglas Q.|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA4|access-date=24 March 2012|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-98-5|pages=4 and 6 (Afanasevo), 13 and 16 (Anatolia), 243 (Greece), 127–128 (Corded Ware), and 653 (Yamna)}}</ref> == Makna == Ahli basa Marin L. West maartikan Proto-Indo-Eropa "Lamunnya ada sabuting basa Indo-Eropa, wan diumpati lawan adanya urang nang bapandir mamakai basa ngitu: lain urang nang dalam maksud bangsa, maraga buhannya kada suah maulah kaasaan [[pulitik]], wan lain urang nang dalam maksud ras apa haja, maraga buhannya hudah bacampur sacara genetik nang kaya populasi urang modern nang diaartiakan ulih [[basa]]. Lamunnya basa kita marupakan basa katurunan buhannya, kada maulah buhannya ngitu 'nenek moyang kita', labih matan urang [[Romawi]] bahari marupakan nenek moyang [[Parancis]], [[Romawi]], wan [[Brazil]]. Urang Indo-Eropa marupakan urang nang dalam maksud komunitas [[linguistik]]. Kita harus mamikirakan buhannya sabagai rangkaian matan klan wan suku, nang mangganai andakan nang rasuk wan batikas."<ref>{{Cite book|last=West|first=Martin L.|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-928075-9|pages=2|author-link=Martin Litchfield West}}</ref> Sapahadangan 'Urang Proto-Indo-Eropa' dipakai bubuhan ilmuwan hagan manatapakan kalumpuk panutur takait lawan pakonstruksian [[basa proto]] wan [[budaya]], istilah 'urang Indo-Eropa' kawa marujuk ka saban tukuh sajarah nang bapandir [[basa Indo-Eropa]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Huld|first=Martin E.|title=Indo-Europeans|date=2010|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6}}</ref> ==Budaya== Mamakai [[rekonstruksi linguistik]] matan basa Indo-Eropa tadahulu nang kaya [[Latin]] wan [[Sansekerta]], hipotesis basa Proto-Indo-Eropa disimpulakan. Lawan pandapat bahwa linguistik ngini mancarminakan budaya wan lingkungan urang Proto-Indo-Eropa, sifat-sifat budaya wan lingkungan ngini imbahnya dirakis baludang: * [[Pastoralisme]], taumpat [[sapi]], [[kuda]], wan [[hadupan]] inguan {{sfn|Watkins|2000}} * Pahumaan wan budidaya babijian, taumpat jua teknologi nang umumnya dianggap baasal matan komunitas urang bahuma Neolitik uncit, cuntuh [[alat bajak]].<ref name="Mallory 1996"/> * transportasi nang dipakai malalui banyu{{sfn|Watkins|2000}} * [[Ruda]] padat,<ref>Hans J.J.G. Holm: The Earliest Wheel Finds, Their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest, 2019, {{ISBN|978-615-5766-30-5}}</ref>{{sfn|Watkins|2000}} dipakai hagan [[garubak]], tagal karita lawan [[pilang]] baluman ada <ref name="Mallory 2006">The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world – J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, Oxford University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-929668-5}}, p. 249</ref> * Panyambahan [[dewa langit]],<ref name="Mallory 1996">The Oxford Companion to Archaeology – Edited by Brian M. Fagan, Oxford University Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-19-507618-4}}, p 347 – J.P. Mallory</ref> ''[[Dyeus|*Dyḗus Ph₂tḗr]]'' (lit. "abah langit"; > [[Weda Sanskerta]] ''[[Dyaus (deity)|Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́]]'', [[Yunani Kuno]] ''Ζεύς (πατήρ) / [[Zeus]] (dyeus)''), vokatip ''*dyeu ph₂ter'' (> [[Latin]] [[Jupiter (mythology)|''Iūpiter'']], [[Illyrian languages|Illyrian]] ''Deipaturos''){{refn|group=note|Watkins: "Yet, for the Indo-European-speaking society, we can reconstruct with certainty the word for “god,” *deiw-os, and the two-word name of the chief deity of the pantheon, *dyeu-pəter- (Latin Iūpiter, Greek Zeus patēr, Sanskrit [[Dyaus Pita|Dyauṣ pitar]], and Luvian Tatis Tiwaz)."{{sfn|Watkins|2000}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvzCBBTqyzUC&pg=PA89 |page=89 |title=History in English Words |isbn=9780940262119 |last1=Barfield |first1=Owen |year=1967}}</ref> * Puisi lisan batema kapahlawanan atawa lirik lagu nang mamakai frasa stok nang kaya kapinanduan nang kada kawa binasa o (''*ḱléwos ń̥dʰgʷʰitom'')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ri4sbTiMKN4C|title=How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics|last=Watkins|first=Calvert|date=1995-11-16|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802471-2|pages=173}}</ref> wan ruda matahari (''*sh₂uens kʷekʷlos'').<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_JwBsKzgeAC|title=Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction|last=Beekes|first=Robert S. P.|date=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-1185-9|pages=42}}</ref> * [[patrilineal]] sistim karakatan baasal karakatan-karakatan lalakian {{refn|group=note|Watkins: "A large number of kinship terms have been reconstructed. They are agreed in pointing to a society that was patriarchal, patrilocal (the bride leaving her household to join that of her husband’s family), and patrilineal (descent reckoned by the male line). “Father” and “head of the household” are one: '''pǝter-''', with his spouse, the '''māter-'''."{{sfn|Watkins|2000}}}} [[Talaah filogenetik]] tahun 2016 matan kisah rakyat Indo-Eropa mangikihi bahwa sabuting kisah, ''[[The Smith and the Devil]]'', kawa diyakini sabagai ulahan matan wayah Proto-Indo-Eropa. Kisah ngini, nang dikikihi matan kisah rakyat Indo-Eropa wayahini matan Skandinavia sampai India, mangisahakan saikung harat wasi nang manawari jiwa inya lawan makhluk buruk (umumnya setan dalam versi kisah wayahini matan kisah ngini) bahurup lawan kabisaan hagan kawa malas saban bahan baimbai. Harat wasi imbahnya mamakai kabisaan hanyarnya ngitu hagan marikitakan si setan ka banda nang kada bagarak (rajin pohon), sakira kawa malindat tawar manawar nang tadi. Manurut panulus, paulahan kisah rakyat ngini hagan Proto-Indo-Eropa manyimpulakan bahwa Urang Proto-Indo-Eropa baisi metalurgi, nang raraitannya "manampaiakan konteks nang masuk akal hagan evolusi budaya matan sabuting kisah saikung harat wasi nang maakal nang mancapai bantar manusia super atas kabisaannya."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=da Silva |first1=Sara Graça |last2=Tehrani |first2=Jamshid J. |title=Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo-European folktales |journal=Royal Society Open Science |year=2016 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=150645 |doi=10.1098/rsos.150645 |pmc=4736946 |pmid=26909191}}</ref> ==Sajarah talaah== Panalaah hudah manggawi banyak cucubaan hagan tahu budaya pra-sajarah lawan urang-urang panutur basa Proto-Indo-Eropa, tagal samunyaan teori kakiraan wara. Ilmuwan abad ka-19 nang panambayan mambahas partakunan tanah banyu bubuhan urang Indo-Eropa (dikiau jua lawa ngaran ''[[Urheimat]]'', matan [[basa Jerman|Jerman]]), dasarnya bukti linguistik wara. Buhan ilmuwan mancubai andakan kasar lawan cara mamakai ngaran-ngaran tumbuhan wan binatang (nang kaya [[beech]] wan [[salmon]]) lawan jua budaya wan teknologi (budaya wayah gangsa nang bapusat lawan bainguan wan hudah kawa maminakakan kuda). Mufakat buhan ilmuwan ngini imbahnya tabagi jadi 2, panambayan ada nang manyambat bubuhan urang Proto-Indo-Eropa baalih matan Eropa ka Asia, mufakat ngini bangaran mufakat Eropa, nang kaduwa, mufakat bangaran mufakat Asia nang manyambat bubuhan urang Proto-Indo-Eropa baalih matan Asia ka Eropa. Haratan pamulaan abad ka-20, partakunan ngitu jadi takait lawan palundangan "[[Ras Aryan]]", teori nang wayah ngini didiskreditakan nang dipromosiaakan salawas palundangan kakaisaran Eropa wan cungulnya "[[rasisme ilmiah]]".<ref>Gilroy, Paul. "Against Race," Harvard UP, 2000. Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief ''Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary'' Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1994--Merriam-Webster See original definition (definition #1) of "Aryan" in English--Page 66</ref> The question remains contentious within some flavours of [[ethnic nationalism]] (see also [[Indigenous Aryans]]). Rangkaian kamajuan ganal tarjadi pas tahun 1970-an maraga korvegensi babarapa ilah. Panambayan, metode [[pananggalan radicarbon]] (tadapat tahun 1949) hudah tamurah hagan dicubai di skala ganal. Malalui [[dendrokonologi]] (pananggalan utas-pohon), pre-sejarawan kawa mangkalibrasi tanggal radiokarbon ka dahal akurasi nang tatinggi. A series of major advances occurred in the 1970s due to the convergence of several factors. First, the [[radiocarbon dating]] method (invented in 1949) had become sufficiently inexpensive to be applied on a mass scale. Through [[dendrochronology]] (tree-ring dating), pre-historians could calibrate radiocarbon dates to a much higher degree of accuracy. And finally, before the 1970s, parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia had been off limits to Western scholars, while non-Western archaeologists did not have access to publication in Western peer-reviewed journals. The pioneering work of [[Marija Gimbutas]], assisted by [[Colin Renfrew]], at least partly addressed this problem by organizing expeditions and arranging for more academic collaboration between Western and non-Western scholars. The [[Kurgan hypothesis]], {{as of|2017|lc = on}} the most widely held theory, depends on linguistic and archaeological evidence, but is not universally accepted.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a |author=Underhill, Peter A.| journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |year=2010 |volume=18 |pages=479–84 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.194 |issue=4 |pmid=19888303 |pmc=2987245|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios |author=Sahoo, Sanghamitra| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 2006 |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=843–48 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507714103 |pmid=16415161 |pmc=1347984|display-authors=etal| bibcode=2006PNAS..103..843S |doi-access=free }}</ref> It suggests PIE origin in the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] during the [[Chalcolithic]].{{sfn|Anthony|Ringe|2015}} A minority of scholars prefer the [[Anatolian hypothesis]], suggesting an origin in [[Anatolia]] during the Neolithic. Other theories ([[Armenian hypothesis]], [[Out of India theory]], [[Paleolithic Continuity Theory]], [[Anatolian hypothesis|Balkan hypothesis]]) have only marginal scholarly support.{{sfn|Anthony|Ringe|2015}} In regard to terminology, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term ''Aryan'' was used to refer to the Proto-Indo-Europeans and their descendants. However, ''Aryan'' more properly applies to the [[Indo-Iranians]], the Indo-European branch that settled parts of the Middle East and South Asia, as only Indic and Iranian languages explicitly affirm the term as a self-designation referring to the entirety of their people, whereas the same Proto-Indo-European root (*aryo-) is the basis for Greek and Germanic word forms which seem only to denote the ruling elite of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) society. In fact, the most accessible evidence available confirms only the existence of a common, but vague, socio-cultural designation of "nobility" associated with PIE society, such that Greek socio-cultural lexicon and Germanic proper names derived from this root remain insufficient to determine whether the concept was limited to the designation of an exclusive, socio-political elite, or whether it could possibly have been applied in the most inclusive sense to an inherent and ancestral "noble" quality which allegedly characterized all ethnic members of PIE society. Only the latter could have served as a true and universal self-designation for the Proto-Indo-European people.{{sfn|Thapar|1996}}{{sfn|Thapar|2019}} By the early twentieth century, this term had come to be widely used in a racist context referring to a hypothesized white, blonde and blue-eyed "[[master race]]" (''Herrenrasse''), culminating with the pogroms of the [[Nazi]]s in Europe. Subsequently, the term ''Aryan'' as a general term for Indo-Europeans has been largely abandoned by scholars (though the term ''[[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]'' is still used to refer to the branch that settled in Southern Asia).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pereltsvaig |first1=Asya |author-link=Asya Pereltsvaig |author2=Lewis, Martin W. |title=The Indo-European Controversy: Facts and Fallacies in Historical Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bi47CQAAQBAJ |chapter=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781316299111 }}</ref> == Jujuhutan == <references /> pcmfsxh6bla68rylsq96p7cxbb3qdne 10 24361 77440 76961 2022-08-05T06:05:38Z Muhammad Faisal Ansari 9300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:sidebar|collapsible |pretitle = Danul matan [[:Category:Indo-European|sabuting seri]] di |titlestyle = padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220); |title = [[:Category:Indo-European|Tupik Proto-Indo-Eropa]] |image = [[File:Indo-European migrations.gif|140px|link=File:Indo-European migrations.gif]] |listtitlestyle = background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; |listclass = hlist |expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |list1name = Basa |list1title = [[Basa Indo-Eropa|Basa]] |list1 = <hr/> * [[List of Indo-European languages|Daptar basa Indo-Eropa]] ---- ;''Masih ada'' * [[Basa Albania|Albania]] * [[Basa Armenia|Armenia]] * [[Basa Balto-Slavia|Balto-Slavia]] ** {{small|[[Basa Baltik|Baltik]]}} ** {{small|[[Basa Slavia|Slavia]]}} * [[Basa Celtic|Celtic]] * [[Basa Jerman|Jerman]] * [[Basa Hellenic|Hellenic]] ** {{small|[[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]}} * [[Basa Indo-Iran|Indo-Iran]] ** {{small|[[Basa Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]]}} ** {{small|[[Basa Iran|Iran]]}} ** {{small|[[Basa Nuristani|Nuristani]]}} * [[Basa Italia|Italia]] ** {{small|[[Basa Ruman|Ruman]]}} ;''Suah ada'' * [[Basa Anatolia|Anatolia]] * [[Basa Tokharia|Tokharia]] * [[Basa Paleo-Balkan|Paleo-Balkan]] **{{small|[[Basa Dacia|Dacia]]}} **{{small|[[Basa Illiria|Illiria]]}} **{{small|[[Basa Liburnia|Liburnia]]}} **{{small|[[Basa Messapia|Mesapia]]}} **{{small|[[Basa Misia|Misia]]}} **{{small|[[Basa Paeonia|Paeonia]]}} **{{small|[[Basa Frigia|Frigia]]}} **{{small|[[Basa Trakia|Trakia]]}} ---- ;''Rekonstruksi'' *[[Basa Proto-Indo-Eropa]]<br /> **[[Fonologi Proto-Indo-Eropa|Fonologi]]: [[Hukum alun Indo-Eropa|Hukum alun]], [[Aksen Proto-Indo-Eropa|Aksen]], [[Ablaut Indo-Eropa|Ablaut]] ---- ;''Hipotesis'' * [[Daco-Trakian]] * [[Greko-Armenia]] * [[Greko-Arya]] * [[Greko-Frigia]] * [[Indo-Hit]] * [[Italo-Keltic]] * [[Trako-Illiria]] ---- ;''Tata basa'' * [[Kosakata Indo-Eropa|Kosakata]] * [[Akar kata Proto-Indo-Eropa|Akar kata]] * [[Kata gawi Proto-Indo-Eropa|Kata gawi]] * [[Kata banda Proto-Indo-Eropa|Kata banda]] * [[Kata alih Proto-Indo-Eropa|Kata alih]] * [[Kata bilangan Proto-Indo-Eropa|Kata bilangan]] * [[Partikel Proto-Indo-Eropa|Partikel]] ---- ;''Lainnya'' * [[Basa Proto-Albania|Proto-Albania]] * [[Basa Proto-Anatolia|Proto-Anatolia]] * [[Basa Proto-Armenia|Proto-Armenia]] * [[Basa Proto-Jermanik|Proto-Germanik]] ([[Basa Proto-Nordik|Proto-Nordik]]) * [[Basa Proto-Celtic|Proto-Celtic]] * [[Basa Proto-Italic|Proto-Italic]] * [[Basa Proto-Yunani|Proto-Yunani]] * [[Basa Proto-Balto-Slavia|Proto-Balto-Slavia]] ([[Proto-Slavia]]) * [[Basa Proto-Indo-Iran|Proto-Indo-Iran]] ([[Basa Proto-Iran|Proto-Iran]]) |list2name = Filologi |list2title = Filologi |list2= *[[Hittite texts]] *[[Hieroglyphic Luwian]] *[[Linear B]] *[[Rigveda]] *[[Avesta]] *[[Homer]] *[[Behistun Inscription|Behistun]] *[[Gaulish#Corpus|Gaulish epigraphy]] *[[Old Latin#Corpus|Latin epigraphy]] *[[Runic inscriptions|Runic epigraphy]] *[[Ogam]] *[[Gothic Bible]] *[[Armenian Bible]] *[[Slanting Brahmi]] *[[Old Irish#Sources|Old Irish glosses]] |list3name = Asal |list3title = Asal |list3= * [[Hipotesis Proto-Indo-Eropa Urheimat|Tanah Air]] * [[Proto-Indo-Eropa]] * [[Masyarakat Proto-Indo-Eropa|Masyarakat]] * [[Mitologi Proto-Indo-Eropa|Agama]] ------- ;Arus utama<br> * [[Hipotesis Kurgan]] * [[Migrasi Indo-Eropa]] * [[Suku bangsa nomaden Eurasia]] ---------------- ;Alternatif nang masih diraguakan<br> * [[Anatolian hypothesis]] * [[Armenian hypothesis]] * [[Beech argument]] * [[Indigenous Aryans]] * [[Proto-Indo-European homeland#Baltic homeland|Baltic homeland]] * [[Paleolithic Continuity Theory]] |list4name = Arkeologi |list4title = Arkeologi |list4 = ;[[Chalcolithic|Chalcolithic (Copper Age)]]<br> ''Pontic Steppe''<br> * [[Domestication of the horse]] * [[Kurgan]] ** [[Kurgan stelae]] * [[Kurgan culture]] * [[The Horse, the Wheel and Language|Steppe cultures]] ** {{small|[[Bug–Dniester culture|Bug–Dniester]]}} ** {{small|[[Sredny Stog culture|Sredny Stog]]}} ** {{small|[[Dnieper–Donets culture|Dnieper–Donets]]}} ** {{small|[[Samara culture|Samara]]}} ** {{small|[[Khvalynsk culture|Khvalynsk]]}} ** {{small|[[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]]}} *** {{small|[[Mikhaylovka culture]]}} *** {{small|[[Novotitorovka culture]]}} ''Caucasus''<br> * [[Maykop culture|Maykop]] ''East Asia''<br> * [[Afanasievo culture|Afanasievo]] ''Eastern Europe''<br> * {{small|[[Usatovo culture|Usatovo]]}} * [[Cernavodă culture|Cernavodă]] * [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture|Cucuteni]] ''Northern Europe''<br> * [[Corded Ware culture|Corded ware]] ** {{small|[[Baden culture|Baden]]}} ** {{small|[[Middle Dnieper culture|Middle Dnieper]]}} ---- ;[[Bronze Age]]<br> ''Pontic Steppe''<br> * [[Chariot]] * [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] * [[Catacomb culture|Catacomb]] * [[Multi-cordoned ware culture|Multi-cordoned ware]] * [[Poltavka culture|Poltavka]] * [[Srubna culture|Srubna]] ''Northern/Eastern Steppe''<br> * [[Abashevo culture]] * [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]] * [[Sintashta culture|Sintashta]] ''Europe''<br> * [[Globular Amphora culture|Globular Amphora]] * [[Corded Ware culture|Corded ware]] * [[Beaker culture|Beaker]] * [[Unetice culture|Unetice]] * [[Trzciniec culture|Trzciniec]] * [[Nordic Bronze Age]] * [[Terramare culture|Terramare]] * [[Tumulus culture|Tumulus]] * [[Urnfield culture|Urnfield]] * [[Lusatian culture|Lusatian]] ''South Asia''<br> * [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|BMAC]] * [[Yaz culture|Yaz]] * [[Gandhara grave culture|Gandhara grave]] ---- ;[[Iron Age]] ''Steppe''<br> * [[Chernoles culture|Chernoles]] ''Europe''<br> * [[Thraco-Cimmerian]] * [[Hallstatt culture|Hallstatt]] * [[Jastorf culture|Jastorf]] ''Caucasus''<br> * [[Colchian culture|Colchian]] ''India'' * [[Painted Grey Ware culture|Painted Grey Ware]] * [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] |list7name = Urang-urangnya wan kamasyarakatannya |list7title = Urang-urangnya wan kamasyarakatannya |list7= ;[[Bronze Age]] * [[Anatolian peoples]] ({{small|[[Hittites]]}}) <br> * [[Armenians]] * [[Mycenaeans|Mycenaean Greeks]] * [[Indo-Iranians]] ;[[Iron Age]] ''Indo-Aryans''<br> * [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] ''Iranians''<br> * [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] ** {{small|[[Persian people|Persians]]}} ** {{small|[[Medes]]}} ** {{small|[[Parthia|Parthians]]}} ** {{small|[[Scythians]]}} ** {{small|[[Saka]]}} ** {{small|[[Sarmatians]]}} ** {{small|[[Massagetae]]}} ** {{small|[[Alans]]}} ''East Asia''<br> * [[Wusun]] * [[Yuezhi]] ''Europe''<br> * [[Celts]] ** {{small|[[Gauls]]}} ** {{small|[[Celtiberians]]}} ** {{small|[[Insular Celts]]}} * [[Cimmerians]] * [[Greeks|Hellenic peoples]] * [[Italic peoples]] * [[Germanic peoples]] * [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkan]]/[[Iron Age Anatolia|Anatolia]] ** {{small|[[Thracians]]}} ** {{small|[[Dacians]]}} ** {{small|[[Illyrians]]}} ** {{small|[[Paeonians]]}} ** {{small|[[Phrygians]]}} ;[[Middle Ages]] ''East Asia''<br> * [[Tocharians]] ''Europe''<br> * [[Origin of the Albanians|Albanians]] * [[Balts]] * [[early Slavs|Slavs]] * [[Norsemen]]/[[North Germanic peoples|Medieval Scandinavians]] * [[Medieval Europe]] ''Indo-Aryan'' * [[Medieval India]] ''Iranian'' * [[Greater Persia]] |list8name = Agama wan Mitologi |list8title = Agama wan Mitologi |list8 = ;''Reconstructed'' *[[Proto-Indo-European mythology]] *[[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion]] *[[Ancient Iranian religion]] ---- ;''Historical'' * [[Hittite mythology|Hittite]] ''Indo-Aryan''<br> * [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] ** {{small|[[Hinduism]]}} * {{small|[[Buddhism]]}} * {{small|[[Jainism]]}} * {{small|[[Sikhism]]}} ''Iranian''<br> * [[Persian mythology|Persian]] ** {{small|[[Zoroastrianism]]}} * [[Kurdish mythology|Kurdish]] ** {{small|[[Yazidis|Yazidism]]}} ** {{small|[[Yarsanism]]}} * [[Scythian religion|Scythian]] ** {{small|[[Ossetian mythology|Ossetian]]}} ''Others''<br> * [[Armenian mythology|Armenian]] ''Europe''<br> * [[Paleo-Balkan mythology|Paleo-Balkan]] ([[Albanian folk beliefs|Albanian]] '''·''' [[Illyrian mythology|Illyrian]] '''·''' [[Thracian religion|Thracian]] '''·''' [[Dacian religion|Dacian]]) * [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]] * [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman]] * [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic]] ** {{small|[[Irish mythology|Irish]]}} ** {{small|[[Scottish mythology|Scottish]]}} ** {{small|[[Breton mythology|Breton]]}} ** {{small|[[Welsh mythology|Welsh]]}} ** {{small|[[Cornish mythology|Cornish]]}} * [[Germanic paganism|Germanic]] ** {{small|[[Anglo-Saxon paganism|Anglo-Saxon]]}} ** {{small|[[Continental Germanic mythology|Continental]]}} ** {{small|[[Norse religion|Norse]]}} * [[Baltic mythology|Baltic]] ** {{small|[[Latvian mythology|Latvian]]}} ** {{small|[[Lithuanian mythology|Lithuanian]]}} * [[Slavic mythology|Slavic]] ;''Practices'' * [[Fire worship#Indo-European religions|Fire sacrifice]] * [[Horse sacrifice]] * [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] * [[Winter solstice]]/[[Yule]] |list9name = Academic research |list9title = [[Talaah Indo-Eropa]] |list9 = ;''Scholars'' * [[Marija Gimbutas]] * [[J. P. Mallory]] ;''Institutes'' * [[Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European]] ;''Publications'' * ''[[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]]'' * ''[[The Horse, the Wheel and Language]]'' * ''[[Journal of Indo-European Studies]]'' * ''[[Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch]]'' * ''[[Indo-European Etymological Dictionary]]'' <!-- | belowclass = plainlist | below = * {{main other|[[Category:Indo-European]]}} --> }}<noinclude>{{Documentation |content = == See also == * {{Tl|Hypothetical Indo-European subfamilies}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Society and social science sidebar templates]] [[Category:History and events sidebar templates]] }}</noinclude> d7c1ytl7a5ssmxtd275j3j2vmz9utbh 0 24611 77432 2022-08-04T15:07:42Z Ezagren 143 hanyar wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name = Supiani |image = |imagesize = |caption = |office = Wakil Bupati Balangan |order = 2 |term_start = 26 Pibuari 2021 |term_end = 4 Agustus 2022 |predecessor = |successor = |appointed = |lieutenant = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1960|10|26|mf=y}} |birth_place = [[Birayang, Batang Alai Selatan, Hulu Sungai Tengah|Birayang]], [[Kabupatin Hulu Sungai Tangah|Hulu Sungai Tangah]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|8|4|1960|10|26|mf=y}} |death_place = [[Sungai Raya, Hulu Sungai Selatan|Sungai Raya]], [[Kabupatin Hulu Sungai Selatan|Hulu Sungai Selatan]] |nationality = [[Indunisia]] |party = |spouse = |relations = |children = |alma_mater = |occupation = |profession = |religion = [[Islam]] |signature = |website = |footnotes = }} H. '''Supiani''', S.Sos., M.Si. ({{lahirmati||26|10|1960||4|8|2022}}) adalah saurang birukrat Indunisia nang suah manjabat sabagai wakil bupati Balangan, bapasangan lawan bupati Balangan [[Abdul Hadi]], tumatan 26 Pibuari 2021 sampai sidin jiun pada 4 Agustus 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabar duka Wabup Balangan tutup usia |url=https://kalsel.antaranews.com/berita/337937/kabar-duka-wabup-balangan-tutup-usia |website=kalsel.antaranews.com |language=id |date=4 Agustus 2022 |access-date=4 Agustus 2022}}</ref> == Bahan acuan == {{reflist}} {{indo-bio-stub}} {{lifetime|1960|2022|Supiani}} [[Kategori:Birukrat Indunisia]] n89s1t2qcq19gdn5z5d1700ow3r6aw1 0 24612 77433 2022-08-05T00:44:25Z Ezagren 143 hanyar wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name = Imdaad Hamid |image = H_imdaad_hamid.jpg |caption = Potret Imdaad Hamid sebagai Wali Kota Balikpapan Periode II (2006–11) |order = 8 |office = Wali Kota Balikpapan |term_start = Juni 2001 |term_end = 29 Mei 2011 |lieutenant = {{unbulleted list|[[Mukmin Faisyal|Mukmin Faisyal HP]] (2001–06)|[[Rizal Effendi]] (2006–11)}} |predecessor = [[Tjutjup Suparna]] |successor = [[Rizal Effendi]] |president = |birth_date = {{birth date|1944|7|5}} |birth_place = [[Tenggarong, Kutai Kartanegara|Tenggarong]] |death_date = {{death date and age|2022|8|3|1944|7|5}} |death_place = [[Jakarta]] |nationality = [[Indonesia]] |party = |spouse = Aji. Sy. F. Azimah Hanum |children = {{unbulleted list|Muhammad Dimyathie Riza|Mirza Imada Zulfhieqar|Nurfhareza Mu'thia Felayathie|Qamara Fathasya Naazila}} |parents = |alma_mater = [[Universitas Mulawarman]] |occupation = |profession = |signature = |website = }} [[Haji (gelar)|H.]] '''Imdaad Hamid''', [[Sarjana Ekonomi|S.E.]] ({{lahirmati|[[Tenggarong, Kutai Kartanegara|Tenggarong]]|5|7|1944|[[Jakarta]]|3|8|2022}}) adalah saurang birukrat Indunisia nang suah manjabat sabagai Wali Kuta Balikpapan salawas dua pariode, yakni tahun 2001–2006 wan 2006–2011. {{start box}} {{s-off}} {{succession box |before=[[Tjutjup Suparna]]|title=[[Wali Kuta Balikpapan]] |years=2001–2011 |after=[[Rizal Effendi]]}} {{end box}} == Bahan acuan == {{reflist}} {{indo-bio-stub}} {{lifetime|1944|2022|Hamid, Imdaad}} [[Kategori:Birukrat Indunisia]] rrxutoyxm42y00z24oqxs6a97renckt 10 24613 77434 2022-08-05T02:07:46Z Ezagren 143 citakan hanyar wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigasi ID Desa |prupinsi = Kalimantan Utara |dati2 = Kabupatin |ngaran dati2= Nunukan |kacamatan = Sei Menggaris |d1 = Samaenre Semaja |d2 = Sekaduyan Taka |d3 = Srinanti |d4 = Tabur Lestari }}<noinclude> {{RefDagri|2017}} {{Collapsible option}} [[Kategori:Citakan kampung/kalurahan di Kabupatin Nunukan]] [[Kategori:Sei Menggaris, Nunukan|τ]]</noinclude> jam70h727rvgtsbxvsv776ol5a03yfo 10 24614 77435 2022-08-05T02:07:50Z Ezagren 143 citakan hanyar wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigasi ID Desa |prupinsi = Kalimantan Utara |dati2 = Kabupatin |ngaran dati2= Nunukan |kacamatan = Sembakung |d1 = Atap |d2 = Butas Bagu |d3 = Labuk |d4 = Lubakan |d5 = Manuk Bungkul |d6 = Pagar |d7 = Plaju |d8 = Tagul |d9 = Tepian |d10= Tujung }}<noinclude> {{RefDagri|2017}} {{Collapsible option}} [[Kategori:Citakan kampung/kalurahan di Kabupatin Nunukan]] [[Kategori:Sembakung, Nunukan|τ]]</noinclude> r8uc5wn9jzzd80jhw61djw5z2w9dx7v 3 24615 77442 2022-08-05T07:53:50Z Ezagren 143 salamat datang! wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abf5d5; background-color:#f1fcf5; padding: .5em .5em .2em .5em " ! style="border-bottom:1px solid #abf5d5; background-color:#d0f5e5; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold; font-size: 120%" | '''Halu, {{PAGENAME}}, [[Wikipidia:Salamat datang|salamat datang]] di [[Wikipidia basa Banjar]]!'''[[Tumbung:Wikipidiawan nang bagabung bulan Agustus 2022|{{PAGENAME}}]] |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid #f1fcf5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em; text-align: left; font-size:95%;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:.5em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#faf5ff;" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#ddcef2; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Barakas:Crystal Clear app kedit.svg|right|48px|link=|Mamulai]] '''Mamulai'''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * Bubuhan pamakai hanyar kawa manjanaki [[Wikipidia:Pangantar|Pangantar Wikipidia]] hulu. * Pian kawa maucapakan salamat datang gasan Wikipidiawan lainnya di [[Wikipidia:Tungkaran paminanduan|laman paminanduan]] * Bingung mulai manjalajah matan mana? Ilangi [[Wikipidia:Tungkaran babarang|laman babarang]] * Gasan mancubai mambabak, cuba pakai [[Wikipidia:Bak pasir|bak pasir]].{{#ifexist:Pamakai:{{PAGENAME}}|| * Tulisakan jua sahikit jati diri Pian di [{{fullurl:Pamaka:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&preload=Citakan:Salamatdatang/Profil}}&editintro=Citakan:Salamatdatang/Editintro3 Pamakai:{{PAGENAME}}], halaman jati diri wan wadah paribadi Pian, sakira kami kawa labih maminandui Pian.}} * Baca jua [[Wikipidia:Lima tihang|Lima tihang]] sabalum malanjutakan. Ngini adalah lima hal panting nang mandasari hari-hari Pian lawan Wikipidia di sabarataan dunia. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#ddcef2; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Barakas:Crystal Clear app utilities.png|right|48px|link=|Patulung]] '''Patulung'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Patulung:Isi]] - wadah mangikihi panjalasan pasal manyumbang di Wikipidia, sabalum batakun lawan pamakai lain. * [[Wikipidia:Takun jawab|FAQ]] - patakunan nang rancak diajuakan pasal Wikipidia. * [[Portal:Komunitas]] - panjalasan kagiatan di Wikipidia. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em; background-color:#f1fcf5;"| | style="width:50%%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Barakas:Crystal Clear app kdmconfig.png|right|48px|link=|Tips]] '''''Tips'''''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Patulung:Tanda tangan|Tanda tangani tarus]] patakunan Pian di [[Wikipidia:Warung Kupi|Warung Kupi]] atawa [[Wikipidia:Tungkaran pamandiran|laman pamandiran]], caranya mangatikakan <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> di kalimat nang pauncitan. Ngini supaya taubah saurang jadi ngaran pamakai wan tanggal wayah ngitu jua. * Jangan kada ingat: [[Wikipidia:Kabijakan wan pedoman|Asas wan paduman dasar]] Wikipidia. * Handak maulah atawa mambabak laman? Pinandui dahulu [[Wikipidia:Pedoman gaya|gaya]] Wikipidia! Imbah ngitu itihi [[Wikipidia:Mamulai tungkaran hanyar|mamulai laman hanyar]] wan [[Wikipidia:Mambabak sabuah tungkaran|mambabak sabuting laman]]. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Barakas:Crystal Clear action reload.png|right|48px|link=|Maulah kasalahan?]] '''Maulah kasalahan?'''</div> <div style="solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Wikipidia:Jangan dibabani aturan|'''''Jangan takutan''''']]! Pian kada usah takutan tasalah wayah mambabak atawa maulah laman hanyar, manambahakan atawa mahapus kalimat.<p>[[Wikipidia:Pambakal|Pambakal]] wan bubuhan [[Wikipidia:Wikipidiawan|pamakai]] lainnya nang maitihi [[Istimiwa:Perubahan terbaru|paubahan pahanyarnya]] cagar lakas mandapatakan kasalahan Pian wan mambulikakannya nangkaya halam/samula/panambayan.</p> </div> |} : '''''Welcome!''' If you are not an Banjarese speaker, you may want to visit the [[Wikipidia:Kadutaan|Banjarese Wikipedia embassy]] or [[Wikipedia:Babel/bjn-0|a slight info to find users speaking your language]]. Enjoy!'' : '''Salamat manjalajah''', kami mahadangi babakan Pian di [[Wikipidia basa Banjar]]! :[[Pamakai:Ezagren|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="blue">Ezagren</font>''']] ^{([[Pamandiran Pamakai:Ezagren|kirim pasan]])} 5 Agustus 2022 14.53 (+07) |} gqbzu4lwv6l2i2q890nl6r34027jiqm