Wikipidia bjnwiki https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Tatambaian MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Istimiwa Pamandiran Pamakai Pamandiran Pamakai Wikipidia Pamandiran Wikipidia Barakas Pamandiran Barakas MediaWiki Pamandiran MediaWiki Citakan Pamandiran Citakan Patulung Pamandiran Patulung Tumbung Pamandiran Tumbung Lawang Pamandiran Lawang TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 267 115607 47312 2026-11-04T12:14:30Z Wadaihangit 12694 + tag 115607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kadada bahan acuan}}{{Taxobox | name = Kasisikat | image = Javan Myna (Acridotheres javanicus).jpg | image_caption = [[Kasisikat kerbau]] (Kerak kerbau) | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Burung|Aves]] | ordo = '''Passeriformes''' | familia = '''Sturnidae''' | familia_authority = | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = ''Sturnus'' {{br}} ''Leucopsar'' {{br}} ''Acridotheres'' }} '''Kasisikat''' (bahasa Indunisia: ''Jalak'', [[bahasa Inggris|Ingg.]] ''starling'') adalah ngaran sagalambang [[burung pangicau]] matan suku '''Sturnidae'''. Burung nang umumnya baukuran sadang (sekitar 20-25 cm), gagah, lawan patuk nang nahap, tajam dan lurus. Berkaki panjang sebanding lawan awaknya. Basuara ribut, wan berceloteh karas, bahanu maniru suara burung lainnya. Di alam, burung ini kebanyakan basarang di luang-luang pohon. Burung kasisikat rilatip kada ngalih dijinakkan. Dalam kandang burung ini sangat aktip bagarak wan bakicau. Karana itu panggamar burung kicau maharagu burung ini gasan malatih janis burung kicau lain. == Pakan == Mamakan parak samunyaan janis makanan. Diet utama di panangkaran biasanya barupa [[poer|voer]], buah [[pisang]], [[kroto]], wan [[sarangga]] halus. == Janis kalamin == Ngalih banar mambidakan kasisikat jantan dan batina. Biasanya dilakukan pamariksaan dairah [[kloaka]]. Kasisikat jantan baisi hagian kloaka manunjul. == Ragam macam == Tadapat sakitar 25 spesies kasisikat wan kukulaan paraknya, yaitu [[perling]] dan [[beo]], di saluruh Indunisia. Babarapa janis kasisikat nang rancak digaduh/diingu urang di antaranya: * [[Kasisikat suren]] (''Sturnus contra'') * [[Kasisikat putih]] (''S. melanopterus'') * [[Kasisikat bali]] (''Leucopsar rothschildi'') * [[Kasisikat kerbau]] atawa [[Kerak kerbau]] (''Acridotheres javanicus'') [[Tumbung:Burung]] 1dl91bw5xkp4uywpfurkvm46hko5jz6 0 269 115608 44026 2026-11-04T12:15:23Z Wadaihangit 12694 + tag 115608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kadada bahan acuan}}[[Barakas:Conner-prairie-yarn-drying.jpg|300px|thumb|Mangasumbai dalam tradisi masyarakat awal Amerika di musium]] '''Kasumba''' secara sederhana baulih didefinisikan sabagai suatu benda berwarna nang memiliki afinitas kimia terhadap benda nang diwarnainya. Kasumba pada umumnya memiliki bentuk cair dan larut di banyu. Pada berbagai situasi, proses pewarnaan menggunakan mordant hagan meningkatkan kemampuan batikap kaumba. Kasumba dan pigmen terlihat berwarna karana mereka menyerap panjang gelombang tertentu matan cahaya. Berlawanan lawan bahan pewarna, pigmen pada umumnya kada baulih larut, dan kada memiliki afinitas terhadap substrat. Bukti arkeologi menunjukkan bahwa, khususnya di India dan Timur Tangah, pewarna sudah digunakan salawasan lebih matan 5000 tahun. Bahan pewarna baulih diperoleh matan hewan, [[tumbuhan]], atawa mineral. Pewarna nang diperoleh matan bahan-bahan ini kada memerlukan proses pengolahan nang rumit. Sampai sejauh ini, sumber utama bahan pewarna adalah [[tumbuhan]], khususnya akar-akaran, beri-berian, kulimbit kayu, daun, dan kayu. sepalih matan pewarna ini digunakan dalam skala komersil. [[Tumbung:Kasumba]] [[Tumbung:Warna]] 5jyekdfqneiqb244ics3dsvgpdmn8so 0 2165 115610 54026 2026-11-04T14:11:06Z Volstand 9299 Manambah [[:Tumbung:Binian|Tumbung:Binian]] mamakai [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 115610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name=Aung San Suu Kyi |image_name=Ms. magazine Cover - Winter 2012.jpg |image_caption=Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (2012) |birth_date={{birth date and age|1945|6|19}} |birth_place={{nagara|Myanmar}} [[Yangon]], [[Burma]] |date_of_death= |place_of_death= |occupation= }} Daw '''Aung San Suu Kyi''' ({{lahirmati|Rangoon, damini bangaran [[Yangon]]|19|6|1945}}) adalah saurang aktipis pro[[demokrasi]] [[Myanmar]] wan pamimpin ''[[National League for Democracy]]'' (Parsatuan Nasional hagan Demokrasi). Pada [[1991]], sidin manarima [[Pangharagaan Padamaian Nobel]] marga bajuang mampromosiakan démokrasi di nagaranya tanpa mangguna'akan kakarasan dalam manantang kakuasaan rijim militar. Sidin dibibasakan sacara rasmi ulih junta militar Myanmar pada tanggal 13 Nupimbir 2010 limbah mandakam sabagai tahanan rumah salawas 15 tahun matan 21 tahun masa panahanannya tumatan pamilihan umum tahun 1990. [[Tumbung:Pamanang Hadiah Padamaian Nobel]] [[Tumbung:Urang Myanmar]] [[Tumbung:Binian]] ttdgxtp5ohcngblv15y62vk2cli8oc6 115611 115610 2026-11-04T14:13:25Z Volstand 9299 115611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name=Aung San Suu Kyi |image_name=Ms. magazine Cover - Winter 2012.jpg |image_caption=Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (2012) |birth_date={{birth date and age|1945|6|19}} |birth_place={{nagara|Myanmar}} [[Yangon]], [[Burma]] |date_of_death= |place_of_death= |occupation= }} '''Aung San Suu Kyi''' ({{lahirmati|Rangoon, damini bangaran [[Yangon]]|19|6|1945}}) adalah saurang aktipis pro[[demokrasi]] [[Myanmar]] wan pamimpin ''[[National League for Democracy]]'' (Parsatuan Nasional hagan Demokrasi). Pada [[1991]], sidin manarima [[Pangharagaan Padamaian Nobel]] marga bajuang mampromosiakan démokrasi di nagaranya tanpa mangguna'akan kakarasan dalam manantang kakuasaan rijim militar. Sidin dibibasakan sacara rasmi ulih junta militar Myanmar pada tanggal 13 Nupimbir 2010 limbah mandakam sabagai tahanan rumah salawas 15 tahun matan 21 tahun masa panahanannya tumatan pamilihan umum tahun 1990. [[Tumbung:Pamanang Hadiah Padamaian Nobel]] [[Tumbung:Urang Myanmar]] [[Tumbung:Binian]] hrsfc3u609omqwwii6pytwg7s8335h3 0 16720 115639 110496 2026-11-05T09:14:46Z Erikanaymelia22 17619 115639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barakas:Rumah Gadang.jpg|jmpl|Rumah Gadang di kampung Pandai Sikek, Sumatra Barat]] '''Rumah gadang''' (Rumah Ganal) nang baasal dari [[Parupinsi|Pruvinsi]] [[Sumatera Barat]] rancak tu di sambat jua rumah Bagonjong. Ganal kada dalam arti bentuknya tapi dalam arti kagunaan wan bahubungan lawan adat. Rumah ganal baisi tanda saurangan nang kada sama lawan rumah-rumah adat nang lainnya. Adat budaya Minang baisi tanda nang unik kabiasaan buhan minang tuh maanggap buhan babinian tuh panting banar kadudukannya dalam masyarakat. Rumah ganal baisi tiang nang cagat lurus tapi pina miring, sekalinya buhan minang itu hibak datangan dari laut makanya buhannya itu taharat maulah kapal dari pada maulah rumah.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/920258516|title=Ensiklopedia rumah-rumah adat Nusantara|last=Utami, Rizky,|isbn=9789796659845|edition=Cetakan pertama|location=Margacinta, Bandung|oclc=920258516}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Tumbung:Rumah adat di Indunisia]] 8zjvf7evesl4pb38tpviavqembvoxqh 0 16890 115629 115199 2026-11-05T00:28:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Planet | name = Bulan | apsis = gee | alt_names = Wulan, Candra, Lunar | symbol = [[Barakas:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|24px|☾]] | image = [[Barakas:FullMoon2010.jpg|frameless|alt=Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.|Full moon]] | caption = [[Bulan purnama]] terlihat dari [[belahan utara]] Bumi | periapsis = {{val|363295|u=km}}<br>({{val|0.0024|ul=AU}}) | apoapsis = {{val|405503|u=km}} <br>({{val|0.0027|u=AU}}) | semimajor = {{val|384399|u=km}}<br> ({{val|0.00257|u=AU}})<ref name="W06"/> | eccentricity = {{val|0.0549}}<ref name="W06"/> | period = {{val|27.321582|ul=d}} {{nowrap|(27 d 7 h 43,1 min<ref name="W06"/>)}} | synodic_period = {{val|29.530589|u=d}} {{nowrap|(29 d 12 h 44 min 2,9 s)}} | avg_speed = {{val|1.022|ul=km/s}} | inclination = 5,145° ke [[ekliptika]]<ref name="Lang2011"/> (antara 18,29° dan 28,58° ke [[khatulistiwa]] Bumi)<ref name="W06"/><!--Wieczorek et al. 2006; 18.29° when the longitude of the Moon's ascending node is 180°, 28.58° when it is 0°--> | asc_node = Mundur satu [[Revolusi orbit|revolusi]] dalam 18,6&nbsp;tahun | arg_peri = Maju satu revolusi dalam 8,85&nbsp;tahun | satellite_of = [[Bumi]] | flattening = {{val|0.00125}}<!--Calculated from data below--> | equatorial_radius = {{val|1738.14|u=km}} (0,273&nbsp;Bumi)<ref name="NSSDC"/> | polar_radius = {{val|1735.97|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/> | mean_radius = {{val|1737.10|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/> | circumference = {{val|10921|u=km}} ([[khatulistiwa]]) | surface_area = {{val|3.793|e=7|u=km2}} {{nowrap|(0,074 Bumi)}} | volume = {{val|2.1958|e=10|u=km3}} {{nowrap|(0,020 Bumi)}} | mass = {{val|7.3477|e=22|u=kg}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.012300}} Bumi<ref name="W06"/>)}} | density = {{val|3.3464|ul=g/cm3}}<ref name="W06"/> | surface_grav = {{val|1.622|ul=m/s2}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.1654|u=[[Gaya-g|g]]}})}} | escape_velocity = {{val|2.38|ul=km/s}} | sidereal_day = {{val|27.321582|u=d}} ([[Rotasi sinkron|sinkron]]) <!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --> | rot_velocity = {{nowrap|4,627 m/s}} | axial_tilt = 1,5424° (ke [[ekliptika]])<!-- 1.533° according to Conn 2007 --> <br> 6,687° (ke [[Bidang orbit (astronomi)|bidang orbit]])<ref name="Lang2011"/><!-- 6.4° according to<ref name="Grego2005">Grego, Peter, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to<ref name="Conn2007">Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>--> | albedo = 0,136<ref name="Saari"/> | magnitude = −2,5 sampai −12,9{{efn|name=maxval}} <br> −12,74 (rata-rata [[bulan purnama]])<ref name="NSSDC"/> | angular_size = 29,3 sampai 34,1 [[menit busur]]<ref name="NSSDC"/>{{efn|name=angular size}} | temp_name1 = Khatulistiwa | min_temp_1 = -173º [[Celcius|C]] | mean_temp_1 = -53º C | max_temp_1 = 116º C | temp_name2 = 85°N{{lower|0.3em|<ref name="Vasavada1999"/>}} | min_temp_2 = -203&nbsp;°C | mean_temp_2 = -143º C | max_temp_2 = -43º C | atmosphere_ref =<ref name="L06"/> | surface_pressure = 10⁻⁷ [[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] (siang) <br> 10⁻¹⁰ Pa (malam){{efn|name=pressure explanation}} | atmosphere_composition = [[Argon|Ar]], [[Helium|He]], [[Sodium|Na]], [[Potasium|K]], [[Hidrogen|H]], [[Radon|Rn]] | atmosphere = yes | adjectives = lunar, komariah }} [[Barakas:US Navy 041027-N-9500T-001 The moon turns red and orange during a total lunar eclipse.jpg|jmpl|ka|Bulan bapuling habang wan utak hundang (jingga), tajanak tumatan Bumi pahin [[garaha]], wayah Bumi baandak, mahliputi Bulan wan Matahari]] '''Bulan''' (simbol: [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|16px|☾]]) nitu ia [[satelit alami]] [[Bumi]] sabubutingannya{{efn|name=near-Earth asteroids}}<ref name="Morais2002" /> wan jua pangawal planet [[Daptar satilit alami|pangganalnya kalima]] dalam [[Tata Surya]]. Bulan tu jua satelit alami pangganalnya di Tata Surya maumpat ukuran [[planet]] nang dikitarinya,{{efn|name=Charon and Pluto}} lawan diamitir 27%, kakajalan 60%, wan [[massa]] {{frac|1|81}} (1.23%) tumatan Bumi. Di antara satelit alami lainnya, Bulan iya satelit pangajalnya kadua imbah [[Io (bulan)|Io]], satelit [[Jupiter|Yupiter]]. Bulan baandak di [[rotasi sinkron]] lawan Bumi, nang rancak maampaiakan higa nang sama di Bumi, lawan [[higa parak Bulan|higa parak]] ditandai ulih [[Maria Bulan|mare]] pulkanik kadap nang tadapat di antara dataran tinggi karak nang tarang wan [[kawah tubrukan]] nang manungkung. Bulan adalah banda langit nang panarangnya imbah [[Matahari]]. Saupama Bulan kaya liwar putih wan tarang, pamukaan Bulan sabujurnya kadap, lawan [[reflektansi|tingkat katarangan]] nang sadikit labih tinggi matan aspal incir. Matan jaman kunu, andaknya nang manungkung di langit wan [[pasa bulan|pasanya]] nang taatur sudah mampangaruhi banyak budaya, tamasuk [[Bulan#nama wan itimulugi|basa]], [[Almanak Bulan|pananggalan]], [[Bulan dalam piksi|sani]], wan [[Deifikasi Bulan|mitulugi]]. Pangaruh [[gravitasi]] Bulan maulah tajadinya [[pasang surut]] di lautan wan [[Aksilarasi pasang surut|pamanjangan waktu]] wayah hari di Bumi. Intang orbit Bulan matan Bumi wayah ngini adalah kikira talu puluh kali matan diamitir Bumi, nang maulah ukuran Bulan nang cungul di langit parak sama ganal lawan ukuran Matahari, jadi mambada'i Bulan gasan manukupi Matahari wan maulah tajadinya [[garaha matahari]] hibak. Intang linear Bulan matan Bumi wayah ngini banaik lawan laju 3.82±0.07&nbsp;cm satahun, saupama laju ngini kada kunstan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lasp.colorado.edu/life/GEOL5835/Moon_presentation_19Sept.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-04-04 |archive-date=2014-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327042528/http://lasp.colorado.edu/life/GEOL5835/Moon_presentation_19Sept.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Bulan dikikiraakan tabantuk kikira 4,5 miliar tahun nang lalu, kada lawas imbah pabantukan Bumi. Saupama tadapat sajumlah hipotesis manganai asal-muasal Bulan, hiputisis nang paling ditarima wayah ngini manjalasakan bahua Bulan tabantuk matan rarapaian nang takulayak imbah sabuah banda langit saukuran [[Mars]] [[Hiputisis ranjahan ganal|baranjahan]] lawan Bumi. Bulan adalah sabubutingannya [[banda langit]] salain Bumi nang sudah [[Pandaratan di Bulan|didarati ulih manusia]]. [[Parugram Luna]] [[Uni Soviet]] adalah wahana panambaian nang sampai ka Bulan lawan [[kapal tarabang ruang angkasa]] nirawak wayah tahun 1959; [[parugram Apollo]] [[NASA]] [[Amirika Sarikat]] adalah misi luar angkasa baawak sabubutingannya nang sudah sampai ka Bulan sampai wayah ngini, dimulai lawan palungsuran misi baawak [[Apollo 8]] nang maurbit Bulan wayah tahun 1968, wan diumpati ulih anam misi pandaratan baawak antara tahun 1969 wan 1972, nang pamulaan adalah [[Apollo 11]]. Misi ngini bulik ka Bumi mambawa 380&nbsp;kg [[batuan Bulan]], nang dipakai gasan mangambangakan pamahaman [[giulugi]] manganai asal-muasal, pambantukan [[Satruktur dalam Bulan|satruktur dalam]], wan [[Giulugi Bulan|sajarah giulugi Bulan]]. Imbah misi [[Apollo 17]] wayah 1972, Bulan wastu disinggahi ulih kapal tarabang ruang angkasa nirawak. Misi-misi ngitu rancaknya adalah misi urbit; matan tahun 2004, [[Japang]], [[Tiongkok]], [[India]], [[Amirika Sarikat]], wan [[Badan Luar Angkasa Irupa]] sudah malungsurakan wahana pangurbit Bulan, nang umpat basumbangsih tahadap panamuan [[Banyu Bulan|is banyu]] di kawah kutup Bulan. Imbah Apollo, dua nagara jua sudah mangirimakan misi [[Rover (panjalajahan luar angkasa)|rover]] ka Bulan, misi [[Lunokhod]] Soviet pahabisan pas tahun 1973, wan misi basambungan [[Chang'e 3]] RRC, nang malungsurakan [[Yutu (rover)|rover Yutu]] wayah tanggal 14 Disimbir 2013. Misi baawak ka Bulan wayah masa hadapan talah dirancanaakan ulih banyak nagara, baik nang didanai ulih pamarintah atawa swasta. Di bawah [[Pajanjian Luar Angkasa]], Bulan tatap bibas dijalajahi ulih sabarataan nagara gasan tujuan damai. == Asal usul ngaran == Dalam [[bahasa Inggris|basa Inggris]], ngaran gasan satelit alami Bumi adalah ''moon''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/#spelling|title=Naming Astronomical Objects: Spelling of Names|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]]|access-date=29 March 2010|archive-date=22 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922205638/http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/#spelling|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="PN-FAQ" /> Kata banda ''moon'' babibit matan kata ''moone'' (kikira tahun 1380), nang jua bakambang matan kata ''mone'' (1135), babibit matan kata basa Inggris Kuno ''mōna'' (sabalum 725). Sama halnya lawan sabaratan kata kulaan dalam basa Jermanik lainnya, kata ngini babibit matan basa Proto-Jermanik ''*mǣnōn''.<ref name="barnhart1995" /> Sambatan lain gasan Bulan dalam basa Inggris mudirin adalah ''lunar'', asalnya matan basa Latin ''Luna''. Sambatan lainnya nang kada tapi awam adalah ''selenic'', matan bahasa Yunani Kuno ''Selene'' ({{Lang|el|''Σελήνη''}}), nang imbahnya jadi dasar pangaranan ''selenografi''.<ref name="oed" /> == Pambantukan == {{main|Asal mula Bulan|Hipotesis rumpakan ganal}} [[Barakas:Evolution of the Moon.ogv|jmpl|kiri|Evolusi Bulan.]] Babarapa mikanisme nang diajuakan manganai pambantukan Bulan manyatakan bahwa Bulan tabantuk pada 4,527 ± 0,010 miliar tahun nang bahari,{{efn|name=age}} kikira 30-50 juta tahun imbah pambantukan Tata Surya.<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1126/science.1118842 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |year=2005 |volume=310 |issue=5754 |pages=1671–1674 |title=Hf–W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-12-09_310_5754/page/1671 |last=Kleine |first=T. |coauthors=Palme, H.; Mezger, K.; Halliday, A.N. |pmid=16308422|bibcode = 2005Sci...310.1671K }}</ref> Panalitian pahanyarnya nang digawi ulih Rick Carlson manunjukakan bahwa Bulan baumur sakurang-kurangnya 4,4 sampai 4,45 miliar tahun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/22894-moon-age-100-million-years-younger.html |title=Carnegie Institution for Science research |accessdate=2013-10-12}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2013-09-moon-younger-thought.html |title=Phys.org's account of Carlson's presentation to the Royal Society |accessdate=2013-10-13}}</ref> Hipotesis naya antara lain manjalasakan bahwa fisi Bulan baasal matan karak Bumi akibat [[gaya sentrifugal]],<ref name="Binder" /><ref name="BotM" /> panangkapan [[gravitasi]] sawalum pambantukan Bulan,<ref name="Mitler" /> wan pambantukan Bumi wan Bulan sacara basamaan di [[cakram akresi]] primordial.<ref name="BotM"/> Hipotesis naya kada manjalasakan tinggi [[momentum buncu]] matan sistim Bumi-Bulan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stevenson |first=D.J. |title=Origin of the moon–The collision hypothesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |year=1987 |volume=15|issue=1 |pages=271–315 |bibcode=1987AREPS..15..271S |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415}}</ref> Hipotesis nang balaku damini manjalasakan bahwa sistim Bumi-Bulan tabantuk akibat [[Hipotesis rumpakan ganal|rumpukan ganal]], wayah banda langit saukuran [[Mars]] (bangaran ''[[Theia (planet)|Theia]]'') barumpakan lawan [[Sejarah Bumi|proto-Bumi]] nang hanyar tabantuk, mamuakakan matarial ka urbit di paraknya nang imbahnya bakumpul gasan mambantuk Bulan.<ref name="taylor1998" /> Hipotesis naya mungkin marupakan hipotesis nang paling manjalasakan manganai asal usul Bulan, meskipun panjalasannya kada sampurna. Rumpakan ganal diparkiraakan umum tajadi pada awal pambantukan Tata Surya. Pemodelan simulasi komputer manganai rumpakan ganal sasuai lawan ukuran momentum buncu sistem Bumi-Bulan wan ukuran inti Bulan nang halus. Simulasi naya jua manunjukakan bahwa sapalih ganal materi pada Bulan baasal matan planet nang marumpak, lain matan proto-Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Canup |first=R. |coauthors=Asphaug, E. |title=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of Earth's formation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-08-16_412_6848/page/708 |journal=Nature |volume=412 |pages=708–712 |year=2001 |doi=10.1038/35089010 |pmid=11507633 |issue=6848 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..708C}}</ref> Akan tetapi, pangujian pahanyarnya manunjukakan bahwa sapalih ganal matari Bulan baasal matan Bumi, lain matan nang marumpak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071219-moon-collision.html |title=Earth-Asteroid Collision Formed Moon Later Than Thought |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |accessdate=7 May 2012 |archive-date=21 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221113957/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071219-moon-collision.html |dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=uadc%3A%2F%2Fazu_maps%2FVolume43%2FNumberSupplement%2FTouboul.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2021-02-04 |archive-date=2018-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727164701/http://digitalcommons.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=uadc%3A%2F%2Fazu_maps%2FVolume43%2FNumberSupplement%2FTouboul.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature06428 | title = Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals | year = 2007 | last1 = Touboul | first1 = M. | last2 = Kleine | first2 = T. | last3 = Bourdon | first3 = B. | last4 = Palme | first4 = H. | last5 = Wieler | first5 = R. | journal = Nature | volume = 450 | issue = 7173 | pages = 1206–9 | pmid = 18097403 |bibcode = 2007Natur.450.1206T }}</ref> Bukti [[meteorit]] manunjukakan bahwa materi banda langit nang lain kaya [[Mars]] wan [[Vesta (asteroid)|Vesta]] baisi oksigen wan komposisi [[isotop]] nang balain banar lawan Bumi, sadangkan Bulan wan Bumi baisi komposisi isotop nang pina mahirip. Pancampuran matari nang manguap imbah rumpakan antara banda langit pambantuk Bulan lawan Bumi diparkiraakan manyamaakan komposisi isotop buhannya,<ref name="Pahlevan2007" /> bujur hal naya masih dirucauakan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nield |first=Ted |title=Moonwalk (summary of meeting at Meteoritical Society's 72nd Annual Meeting, Nancy, France) |journal=Geoscientist |volume=19 |page=8 |year=2009|url =http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/geoscientist/geonews/page6072.html}}</ref> Ganalnya energi nang dilapasakan wayah tajadinya rumpakan ganal wan akresi materi di orbit Bumi nang tajadi imbahnya cagar malunuhakan kulimbit hagian luar Bumi, nang imbahnya mambantuk lautan magma.<ref name="Warren1985" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tonks|first=W. Brian|coauthors=Melosh, H. Jay|year=1993|title=Magma ocean formation due to giant impacts|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=98|issue=E3|pages=5319–5333|bibcode=1993JGR....98.5319T|doi=10.1029/92JE02726}}</ref> Bulan nang hanyar tabantuk baisi jua [[lautan magma Bulan|lautan magma]] saurang; kikira kadalamannya kisaran 500&nbsp;km matan radius kasabarataan Bulan.<ref name="Warren1985" /> Bujur akurasi dalam manjalaskan pambantukan Bulan didukung oleh banyak bukti, masih tadapat babarapa kangalihan nang kada sahibaknya kawa dijalasakan oleh hipotesis rumpakan ganal, tautama nang bakaitan lawan komposisi Bulan.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Science | author = Daniel Clery | title = Impact Theory Gets Whacked | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-10-11_342_6155/page/183 | volume = 342 | page = 183 | date = 11 October 2013}}</ref> Wayah tahun 2001, tim di Carnegie Institute of Washington malaporakan panalitian nang buhannya gawi tahadap isotop batuan Bulan.<ref name=wiechert>{{Cite journal | title=Oxygen Isotopes and the Moon-Forming Giant Impact | display-authors=1 | last1=Wiechert | first1=U. | last2=Halliday | first2=A. N. | last3=Lee | first3=D.-C. | last4=Snyder | first4=G. A. | last5=Taylor | first5=L. A. | last6=Rumble | first6=D. | volume=294 | issue=12 | pages=345–348 |date=October 2001 | doi=10.1126/science.1063037 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/294/5541/345 | accessdate=2009-07-05 | publisher=[[Science (jurnal)]] | pmid=11598294 | journal=Science |bibcode = 2001Sci...294..345W }}</ref> Tim naya mahaga bahwa batuan Bulan nang dibawa ka Bumi malalui [[Program Apollo]] baisi isotop nang mahirip lawan batuan Bumi, wan balainan lawan batuan pada kabanyakan banda langit nang lainnya di Tata Surya. Marga sapalih ganal materi nang lapas ka orbit wan mambantuk Bulan diduga baasal matan [[Theia (planet)|Theia]], pahagaan naya sama sakali kada terduga. Pada tahun 2007, bubuhan panaliti matan California Institute of Technology mamadahakan bahwa kasamaan isotop antara Bumi lawan Theia kurang matan 1%.<ref name=ps2007>{{Cite journal | last1=Pahlevan | first1=Kaveh | last2=Stevenson | first2=David | title=Equilibration in the Aftermath of the Lunar-forming Giant Impact | url=https://archive.org/details/earth-and-planetary-science-letters_2007-10-30_262_3-4/page/438 | journal=EPSL | volume=262 | issue=3–4 |date=October 2007 | pages=438–449 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.055 | bibcode=2007E&PSL.262..438P |arxiv = 1012.5323 }}</ref> Pada tahun 2012, analisis nang digawi tahadap sampel isotop Bulan manunjukakan bahwa Bulan baisi komposisi isotop nang sama lawan Bumi,<ref name="test" /> [[Hipotesis rumpakan ganal|batantangan]] lawan hipotesis nang manjalasakan bahwa Bulan tabantuk jauh matan orbit Bumi atawa matan Theia. == Karakteristik fisik == === Struktur dalam === {{main|Struktur dalam Bulan}} [[Barakas:Moon diagram.svg|jmpl|kiri|Struktur Bulan]] {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Komposisi kimia parmukaan Bulan (baasal matan batuan kerak)<ref>{{cite book |author=Taylor, Stuart Ross |title=Lunar science: A post-Apollo view |year=1975 |page=64 |publisher=New York, Pergamon Press, Inc. |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |access-date=2021-10-17 |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217153346/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><!-- After Turkevich, A.L. (1973) PLC 4:1159; Moon. 8:365. --> ! rowspan="2"|Sanyawa ! rowspan="2"|Rumus ! colspan="2"|Komposisi (wt %) |- ! style="font-size: smaller;" | Mare ! style="font-size: smaller;" | Dataran tinggi |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[Silikon dioksida|silika]] | SiO₂ | 45.4% | 45.5% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[Aluminium oksida|alumina]] | Al₂O₃ | 14.9% | 24.0% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[Kalsium oksida|kapur]] | CaO | 11.8% | 15.9% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[besi(II) oksida]] | FeO | 14.1% | 5.9% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[Magnesium oksida|magnesia]] | MgO | 9.2% | 7.5% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[titanium dioksida]] | TiO₂ | 3.9% | 0.6% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[sodium oksida]] | Na₂O | 0.6% | 0.6% |- ! colspan="2" | Total ! 99.9% ! 100.0% |} Bulan tarumbung banda langit [[Diferensiasi planet|diferensiasi]], nang sacara [[geokimia]] baisi komposisi [[Kerak (geologi)|kerak]], [[Mantel (geologi)|mantel]], wan [[Inti planet|inti]] nang balain lawan banda langit nang lain. Bulan sugih lawan wasi padat di hagian inti dalam, lawan radius kikira 240&nbsp;km, wan fluida di hagian inti luar, tautama nang taulah matan wasi cair, lawan radius kikira 300&nbsp;km. Di intang hagian inti Bulan tadapat lapisan pawatas babantuk cair lawan radius kikira 500&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|title=NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core|publisher=NASA|date=January 6, 2011|access-date=October 17, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111112210/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Struktur naya diparkiraakan tarbantuk akibat [[Kristalisasi fraksional (geologi)|kristalisasi fraksional]] pada [[lautan magma Bulan|lautan magma]] satumat imbah pambantukan Bulan 4,5 miliar tahun nang bahari.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1038/ngeo417|title =Timing of crystallization of the lunar magma ocean constrained by the oldest zircon|url = https://archive.org/details/nature-geoscience_2009-02_2_2/page/133|year = 2009|last1 = Nemchin|first1 = A.|last2 = Timms|first2 = N.|last3 = Pidgeon|first3 = R.|last4 = Geisler|first4 = T.|last5 = Reddy|first5 = S.|last6 = Meyer|first6 = C.|journal = Nature Geoscience|volume = 2|issue = 2|pages = 133–136|bibcode = 2009NatGe...2..133N }}</ref> Kristalisasi lautan magma naya cagar mambantuk mantel [[mafik]], nang jua disababkan ulih curah hujan wan palunuhan mineral [[olivin]], [[klinopiroksen]], wan [[ortopiroksen]]; imbah talung parampat lautan magma takristalisasi, mineral [[plagioklas]] bakapadatan randah cagar tabantuk wan maapung ka hagian atas lapisan karak.<ref name="S06" /> Cairan pahabisan nang marasani proses kristalisasi cagar tajabak di antara karak wan mantel, lawan [[Kompabilitas (geokimia)|inkompabilitas]] wan unsur panghasil panas nang balimpah.<ref name="W06" /> Sasuai lawan proses naya, pemetaan geokimia matan orbit manunjukakan bahwa sapalih ganal karak Bulan basifat [[anortosit]],<ref name="L06" /> wan pangujian nang digawi tahadap sampel [[batuan Bulan]] nang baasal matan banjir lava di parmukaan jua manjalasakan bahwa komposisi mantel mafik Bulan tasugih lawan wasi amun dibandingakan lawan Bumi.<ref name="W06" /> Teknik geofisika manjalasakan bahwa kakandalan rata-rata karak Bulan adalah ~50&nbsp;km.<ref name="W06" /> Bulan adalah satelit pamadatnya nang kadua di [[Tata Surya]] imbah [[Io (bulan)|Io]].<ref name="Schubert2004" /> tapi, inti dalam Bulan tatumbung halus, lawan radius kikira 350&nbsp;km atawa kurang;<ref name="W06" /> ukuran naya hanya ~20% matan ukuran Bulan sacara saigian, balain lawan [[Planet kebumian|benda langit kebumian]] nang lain, nang ukuran inti dalamnya parak 50% matan ukuran saigian. Komposisi Bulan balum dikatahui sacara pasti, namun diduga parpaduan matan wasi metalik lawan sajumlah halus [[sulfur]] wan [[nikel]]; analisis manganai waktu rotasi variabel Bulan manunjukakan bahwa sapalih inti Bulan babantuk cair.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Williams|first = J.G.|coauthors = Turyshev, S.G.; Boggs, D.H.; Ratcliff, J.T.|title = Lunar laser ranging science: Gravitational physics and lunar interior and geodesy|journal = Advances in Space Research|year = 2006|volume = 37|issue = 1|page = 6771|bibcode=2006AdSpR..37...67W|doi = 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.013|arxiv = gr-qc/0412049 }}</ref> === Geologi permukaan === {{main|Geologi Bulan|Batuan Bulan}} {{See also|Topografi Bulan}} {{multiple image |align = right |width = |image1 = Moon nearside LRO.jpg |alt1 = The dark irregular mare lava plains are prominent in the fully illuminated disk. A single bright star of ejecta, with rays stretching a third of the way across the disk, emblazons the lower centre: this is the crater Tycho. |caption1 = [[Sisi parak Bulan]] |image2 = Moon Farside LRO.jpg |alt2 = This full disk is nearly featureless, a uniform grey surface with almost no dark mare. There are many bright overlapping dots of impact craters. |caption2 = [[Sisi jauh Bulan]], lawan [[mare]] kadap nang parak kadada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Landscapes from the ancient and eroded lunar far side |publisher=esa |url=http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMDWNWALPE_index_0.html |accessdate=15 February 2010}}</ref> }} [[Barakas:MoonTopoLOLA.png|jmpl|upright=1.5|alt = Topography of the Moon measured from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter on the mission [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], referenced to a sphere of radius 1737.4&nbsp;km|Topografi Bulan]] {{multiple image |align = right |width = |image1 = LRO WAC North Pole Mosaic (PIA14024).jpg |alt1 = |caption1 = [[Kutub utara Bulan]] |image2 = LRO WAC South Pole Mosaic.jpg |alt2 = |caption2 = [[Kutub selatan Bulan]] }} [[Topografi]] Bulan sudah diukur lawan mamakai metode [[altimetri laser]] wan [[Stereoskop|analisis gambar stereo]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Topography of the South Polar Region from Clementine Stereo Imaging|author=Spudis, Paul D.; Cook, A.; Robinson, M.; Bussey, B.; Fessler, B.| bibcode=1998nvmi.conf...69S|journal=Workshop on New Views of the Moon: Integrated Remotely Sensed, Geophysical, and Sample Datasets|page=69|date=January 1998|last2=Cook|last3=Robinson|last4=Bussey|last5=Fessler}}</ref> Bantuk topografi nang panjalasanya talihat adalah [[basin Kutub Selatan Aitken]] di sisi jauh, lawan diameter kikira 2.240&nbsp;km, nang marupakan kawah pangganalnya di Bulan lawan kawah pangganalnya nang suah dihaga di Tata Surya.<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1029/97GL01718 |first1 = C.M.|last1 = Pieters|first2 =S.|last2 =Tompkins|first3 =J.W.|last3 =Head|first4 =P.C.|last4 =Hess|title = Mineralogy of the Mafic Anomaly in the South Pole‐Aitken Basin: Implications for excavation of the lunar mantle|url =https://archive.org/details/geophysical-research-letters_1997-08-01_24_15/page/1903 |journal = Geophysical Research Letters|volume = 24|issue = 15|pages = 1903–1906|year =1997|bibcode=1997GeoRL..24.1903P}}</ref> Titik parandahnya pada parmukaan Bulan bagana pada kadalaman 13&nbsp;km.<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html|title = The Biggest Hole in the Solar System|last = Taylor|first = G.J.|date = 17 July 1998|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref> Sadangkan titik paningginya baandak di hagian timur laut, nang diduga maalami pangandalan marga pambantukan basin Kutub Salatan Aitken.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schultz|first=P. H.|date=March 1997|page=1259|volume=28|title=Forming the south-pole Aitken basin – The extreme games|journal=Conference Paper, 28th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|bibcode=1997LPI....28.1259S}}</ref> Basin raksasa lain, nang kaya [[Mare Imbrium|Imbrium]], [[Mare Serenitatis|Serenitatis]], [[Mare Crisium|Crisium]], [[Mare Smythii|Smythii]], wan [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], baisi libar wan katinggian nang tarandah.<ref name="Spudis1994" /> Katinggian rata-rata sisi jauh Bulan kikira 1,9&nbsp;km tatinggi amun dibandingakan lawan sisi parak.<ref name="W06" /> ==== Fitur vulkanis ==== {{main|Mare}} Dataran Bulan nang bawarna gelap wan kawa diitihi lawan mata talanjang disambat lawan ''[[mare|maria]]'' ([[bahasa Latin]] gasan "laut"; atawa ''mare'' dalam bantuk tunggal), marga wayah bahari bubuhan astronom mangira bahwa dataran naya dihibaki ulih [[banyu]].<ref>{{cite book|author = Wlasuk, Peter|title = Observing the Moon|url = http://books.google.com/?id=TWtLIOlPwS4C|year = 2000|publisher = Springer|isbn = 978-1-85233-193-1|page = 19 }}</ref> Dataran naya barupa kulam ganal nang tabantuk matan [[lava]] [[basal]]. Bujur serupa lawan basal kebumian, basal mare baisi kandungan wasi nang tatinggi wan kandungan mineral nang kurang.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html|title = The Oldest Moon Rocks|last = Norman|first = M.|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries|date = 21 April 2004|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Varricchio|first = L.|title = Inconstant Moon|year = 2006|publisher = Xlibris Books|isbn = 978-1-59926-393-9 }}</ref> sahagian ganal lava naya malatus atawa mangalir malalui proses nang basamaan lawan pambantukan [[kawah rumpakan]]. Babarapa bantuk geologi parmukaan Bulan kaya [[gunung berapi perisai]] wan [[kubah Bulan|kubah]] vulkanis kawa dihaga di maria di [[sisi parak Bulan]].<ref>{{cite journal|last = Head|first = L.W.J.W.|title = Lunar Gruithuisen and Mairan domes: Rheology and mode of emplacement|journal = Journal of Geophysical Research|year = 2003|volume = 108|url = http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml|accessdate = 12 April 2007|issue = E2|doi = 10.1029/2002JE001909|page = 5012|bibcode = 2003JGRE..108.5012W|archive-date = 12 March 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071105/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Maria kawa dihaga hampir di sabigian sisi parak Bulan, mancakup 31% matan total parmukaan di sisi parak,<ref name="worldbook" /> jauh tatinggi amun dibandingakan lawan maria pada sisi jauh, nang persentasenya hanya 2%.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Gillis|first = J.J.|coauthors = Spudis, P.D.|title = The Composition and Geologic Setting of Lunar Far Side Maria|journal = Lunar and Planetary Science|year = 1996|volume = 27|pages = 413–404|bibcode = 1996LPI....27..413G|last2 = Spudis}}</ref> Hal naya diparkirakan tajadi marga tingginya [[KREEP|konsentrasi unsur panghasil panas]] di bawah karak di sisi parak, sawagaimana nang talihat pada peta geokimia nang diperoleh matan spektrometer sinar gamma ''[[Lunar Prospector]]'', nang manyababakan mantel mangalami pamanasan, lunuh, imbahnya naik ka parmukaan wan malatus.<ref name="S06" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484|title=Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer|author=Lawrence|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=281|issue=5382|pages=1484–1489|doi=10.1126/science.281.5382.1484|issn=1095-9203|publisher=HighWire Press|date=11 August 1998|accessdate=29 August 2009|pmid=9727970|bibcode = 1998Sci...281.1484L|author-separator=,|author2=D. J.|display-authors=2|last3=Barraclough|first3=BL|last4=Binder|first4=AB|last5=Elphic|first5=RC|last6=Maurice|first6=S|last7=Thomsen|first7=DR }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html|title = A New Moon for the Twenty-First Century|last = Taylor|first = G.J.|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology|date = 31 August 2000|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref> Sahagian ganal [[Mare|basal mare]] Bulan malatus pada periode Imbrian, kikira 3,0–3,5 miliar tahun nang bahari, meskipun hasil [[pananggalan radiometri]] manjalasakan waktunya lebih tua 4,2 miliar tahun nang lalu,<ref name="Papike" /> wan letusan pahabisan, badasarkan pananggalan [[hitungan kawah]], tajadi kikira 1,2 miliar tahun nang bahari.<ref name="Hiesinger" /> Wilayah nang bawarna tatarang pada Bulan disambat lawan ''terrae'', atawa ''dataran tinggi'' sacara umum, marga wilayah naya tatinggi matan kabanyakan maria. Badasarkan penanggalan radiometri, dataran tinggi Bulan tabantuk kikira 4,4 miliar tahun nang bahari, wan diduga merupakan [[batuan kumulasi|kumulasi]] [[plagioklas]] matan [[lautan magma Bulan]].<ref name="Papike" /><ref name="Hiesinger" /> Balain lawan Bumi, kadada gunung di Bulan nang diyakini tabentuk akibat kajadian [[tektonik]].<ref>{{cite web|last = Munsell|first = K.|publisher = NASA|work = Solar System Exploration|title = Majestic Mountains|url = http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains|date = 4 December 2006|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 2008-09-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917055643/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Lovett |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |title=Early Earth may have had two moons : Nature News |publisher=Nature.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |title=Was our two-faced moon in a small collision? |publisher=Theconversation.edu.au |date= |accessdate=2012-11-01}}</ref> ==== Kawah rumpakan ==== [[Barakas:Moon-craters.jpg|kiri|jmpl|alt=A grey, many-ridged surface from high above. The largest feature is a circular ringed structure with high walled sides and a lower central peak: the entire surface out to the horizon is filled with similar structures that are smaller and overlapping.|Kawah [[Daedalus (kawah)|Daedalus]] di sisi jauh Bulan]] {{See also|Daftar kawah di Bulan}} Proses geologi lain nang mamangaruhi bantuk parmukaan Bulan adalah [[kawah rumpakan]],<ref>{{cite book|last = Melosh|first = H. J.|title = Impact cratering: A geologic process|url = https://archive.org/details/impactcrateringg0000melo|year = 1989|publisher = Oxford Univ. Press|isbn = 978-0-19-504284-9 }}</ref> yaitu katika kawah-kawah tarbantuk akibat tubrukan antara [[asteroid]] wan [[komet]] lawan parmukaan Bulan. Diparkiraakan tadapat kikira 300.000 kawah lawan luas labih matan 1&nbsp;km di sisi parak Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moon Facts|url=http://planck.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31412|work=SMART-1|publisher=European Space Agency|year=2010|accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> Babarapa kawah naya [[Selenografi#Pemetaan wan penamaan Bulan|dingarani]] manurut nama para pakar, ilmuwan, saniman, wan panjalajah.<ref name="gazetteer" /> [[Skala waktu geologi Bulan]] didasarakan pada kajadian rumpakan nang paling harat, tamasuk [[Nectarian|Nectaris]], [[Lower Imbrian|Imbrium]], wan [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], lawan struktur nang dicirikan ulih lingkaran nang tabantuk matan materi nang manguap, rajin badiameter ratusan hingga ribuan kilometer.<ref name="geologic" /> Kurangnya aktivitas atmosfer, cuaca, wan proses geologi pahanyarnya mambuktiakan bahwa kawah-kawah naya masih dalam kondisi baik. Maskipun hanya sadikit kawah nang dikatahui asal usul pambantukannya, kawah-kawah naya tatap baguna gasan manantuakan usia relatif Bulan. Marga kawah tubrukan manumpuk pada tingkat nang hampir konstan, mahitung jumlah kawah per satuan luas kawa dipakai gasan mamparkiraakan usia parmukaan Bulan.<ref name="geologic" /> Usia radiometrik batuan kawah nang dibawa ulih [[misi Apollo]] bakisar matan 3,8 sampai 4,1 miliar tahun; naya dipakai gasan manjalasakan waktu tajadinya rumpakan [[Pengeboman Berat Akhir]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hartmann |first=William K. |last2=Quantin |first2=Cathy |last3=Mangold |first3=Nicolas |year=2007 |volume=186|issue=1 |pages=11–23 |journal=Icarus |title=Possible long-term decline in impact rates: 2. Lunar impact-melt data regarding impact history |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.009 |postscript=<!--None--> |bibcode=2007Icar..186...11H}}</ref> Dataran nang manyalimuti hagian atas karak Bulan adalah parmukaan nang bubujuran [[Kominusi|takominusi]] (tapacah jadi partikal nang tahalus) wan lapisan parmukaan [[Pengebunan rumpakan|kebun kawah]] bangaran [[regolith]], nang tabentuk akibat proses rumpakan. Regolith nang pahalusnya, yakni [[tanah Bulan]] matan kaca [[silikon dioksida]], baisi tekstur kaya salju wan babau kaya [[mesiu]].<ref>{{cite web|date = 30 January 2006|accessdate = 15 March 2010|url = http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm|title = The Smell of Moondust|publisher = NASA|archive-date = 2010-03-08|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100308112332/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Regolith di parmukaan nang tatuha umumnya takandal daripada parmukaan nang taanum; kakandalannya bamacam-macam, matan 10–20 m di dataran tinggi wan 3–5 m di maria.<ref>{{cite book|last = Heiken|first = G.|coauthors = Vaniman, D.; French, B. (eds.)|title = Lunar Sourcebook, a user's guide to the Moon|url = https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku00heik|year = 1991|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = New York|isbn = 978-0-521-33444-0|page = [https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku00heik/page/n774 736] }}</ref> Di bawah lapisan regolith tadapat ''megaregolith'', lapisan batuan fraktur lawan kakandalan berkilo-kilometer.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Rasmussen|first = K.L.|coauthors = Warren, P.H.|title = Megaregolith thickness, heat flow, and the bulk composition of the Moon|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1985-01-10_313_5998/page/121|journal = Nature|year = 1985|volume = 313|issue = 5998|pages = 121–124|bibcode = 1985Natur.313..121R|doi = 10.1038/313121a0}}</ref> ==== Ketersediaan banyu ==== {{main|Banyu Bulan}} [[Barakas:Moon South Pole.jpg|jmpl|alt=Twenty degrees of latitude of the Moon's disk, completely covered in the overlapping circles of craters. The illumination angles are from all directions, keeping almost all the crater floors in sunlight, but a set of merged crater floors right at the south pole are completely shadowed.|Foto mozaik kutub selatan Bulan nang diambil oleh ''[[Clementine (pesawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'': perhatikan bagian gelap permanen di kutub.]] Banyu cair kada kawa batahan di parmukaan Bulan. Wayah takana radiasi Matahari, banyu ancap cagar taurai malalui proses nang dipinandui lawan [[fotodisosiasi]] wan lanyap ka luar angkasa. Namun, matan tahun 1960-an, bubuhan ilmuwan mamparkiraakan bahwa banyu es nang diangkut oleh komet wayah tajadinya rumpakan atawa nang dihasilakan ulih reaksi batuan Bulan nang kaya oksigen, wan hidrogen matan [[angin surya]], maninggalakan jejak banyu nang mungkin kawa batahan di kawah kutub salatan Bulan nang dingin wan kadap secara parmanen.<ref name="Margot1999" /><ref> {{cite journal | first = William R. | last = Ward | title = Past Orientation of the Lunar Spin Axis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1975-08-01_189_4200/page/377 | journal = Science | date = 1 August 1975 | volume = 189 | issue = 4200 | pages = 377–379 | doi = 10.1126/science.189.4200.377 | pmid = 17840827 | bibcode = 1975Sci...189..377W }} </ref> Simulasi komputer manunjukakan bahwa hampir 14.000&nbsp;km² parmukaan Bulan bagana pada hagian kutub nang kadap parmanen.<ref name="M03" /> Katarsadiaan banyu di Bulan dalam jumlah nang mayu adalah faktor panting dalam marancanaakan proses [[kolonisasi Bulan]] marga cagar maimit biaya; rancana altenatif gasan maangkut banyu matan Bumi cagar malaasakan biaya nang ganal banar.<ref name="seedhouse2009" /> Batahun-tahun nang bahari, jajak banyu sudah dihaga di parmukaan Bulan.<ref name="moonwater_18032010" /> Pada tahun 1994, [[Misi Clementine#Bistatic Radar Experiment|eksperimen radar bistatik]] di wahana ''[[Clementine (pesawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'' manunjukkaan adanya kantong banyu baku di kitaran parmukaan Bulan. Namun, pengamatan radar imbahnya ulih [[Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo]] manunjukakan bahwa pahagaan nitu mungkin adalah batuan nang talontar matan kawah rumpakan anum.<ref>{{cite web| last= Spudis|first = P.|title = Ice on the Moon|url = http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1|publisher = The Space Review|date = 6 November 2006|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref> Pada 1998, [[Lunar Prospector#Neutron Spectrometer (NS)|spektrometer neutron]] di wahana ''Lunar Prospector'' mahaga adanya konsentrasi [[hidrogen]] nang tinggi di lapisan regolith lawan kedalaman satu meter di wilayah kutub.<ref name="Feldman1998" /> Pada 2008, analisis nang digawi tahadap batuan lava vulkanis nang dibawa ka Bumi oleh Apollo 15 manunjukkan adanya kandungan banyu dalam jumlah halus pada interior batuan.<ref name="Saal2008" /> Pada tahun 2008, wahana ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' mambujurakan adanya banyu es di parmukaan Bulan lawan mamakai [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]]. Spektrometer maitihi adanya garis parasapan [[hidroksil]] di bawah sinar Matahari, nang mambuktiakan bahwa parmukaan Bulan baisi banyu es dalam jumlah ganal. Wahana nitu manunjukakan bahwa konsentrasi banyu es mungkin sampai 1.000&nbsp;[[ppm]].<ref name="Pieters2009" /> Pada tahun 2009, ''[[LCROSS]]'' mangirim 2.300&nbsp;kg impaktor ka kawah kutub nang kadap parmanen, wan mandeteksi sadikitnya tadapat 100&nbsp;kg banyu dalam material ejektor.<ref name="Planetary" /><ref name="Colaprete" /> Analisis data LCROSS lainnya manunjukakan bahwa jumlah banyu nang tadeteksi sampai 155&nbsp;kg.<!--, or 5.6% (±2.9%) by mass.--This seems too technical for this overview--><ref name="Colaprete2010" /> Pada bulan Mei 2011, Erik Hauri malaporakan<ref name="hauri" /> adanya 615-1410 ppm [[inklusi lunuh]] banyu pada sampel Bulan 74220, "tanah kaca jingga" lawan kandungan titanium tinggi nang baasal matan kajadian vulkanis nang dikumpulakan dalam misi [[Apollo 17]] pada tahun 1972. Inklusi naya tabantuk saat tajadinya laduman ganal di Bulan kikira 3,7 miliar tahun nang bahari. Konsentrasi naya satara lawan magma di [[mantel atas]] Bumi. === Medan gravitasi === {{main|Gravitasi Bulan}} Medan gravitasi Bulan sudah diukur lawan mamakai palacakan [[Efek Doppler|pergeseran Doppler]] pada sinyal radio nang dipancarakan ulih pasawat ruang angkasa nang ma-orbit Bulan. Bantuk gravitasi Bulan nang utama adalah [[konsentrasi massa (astronomi)|konmas]], anomali gravitasi positif nang takait lawan babarapa [[Kawah rumpakan|basin rumpakan]] ganal, sahagian disababakan ulih aliran lava basaltik mare padat nang mahibaki basin nitu.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Muller|first = P.|coauthors = Sjogren, W.|title = Mascons: lunar mass concentrations|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1968-08-16_161_3842/page/680|journal = Science|volume = 161 |pages = 680–684|year = 1968|doi = 10.1126/science.161.3842.680|pmid = 17801458|issue = 3842|bibcode = 1968Sci...161..680M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Science | author = Richard A. Kerr | title = The Mystery of Our Moon's Gravitational Bumps Solved? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-04-12_340_6129/page/128 | volume = 340 | page = 128 | date = 12 April 2013}}</ref> Anomali naya babujuran mamangaruhi orbit pasawat luar angkasa di kitaran Bulan. Tadapat babarapa parucauan manganai gravitasi Bulan: lava nang maalir saurangan kada kawa manjalasakan bantuk gravitasi Bulan, wan babarapa konmas nang ada sama sakali kada takait lawan vulkanisme mare.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Konopliv|first = A.|coauthors = Asmar, S.; Carranza, E.; Sjogren, W.; Yuan, D.|title = Recent gravity models as a result of the Lunar Prospector mission|journal = Icarus|volume = 50|issue = 1|pages = 1–18|year = 2001|doi = 10.1006/icar.2000.6573|bibcode=2001Icar..150....1K}}</ref> === Medan magnet === {{Main|Medan magnet Bulan}} Bulan baisi [[medan magnet]] luar kitaran 1–100 [[Tesla (satuan)|nanotesla]], kurang matan saparsaratus [[medan magnet Bumi]]. Bulan kada baisi medan magnet [[dipole|dipolar]] global, tagal dihasilakan ulih [[geodinamo]] inti logam cair, wan baisi magnetisasi kerak wara, nang mungkin sudah ada pada awal sajarah Bulan wayah geodinamo masih bauparasi.<ref name="GB2009" /><ref>{{cite web|url = http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm|publisher = Lunar Prospector (NASA)|title = Magnetometer / Electron Reflectometer Results|year = 2001|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archive-date = 2010-05-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527121330/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Salain nitu, babarapa sisa magnetisasi baasal matan medan magnet samantara nang dihasilakan wayah tajadinya kajadian rumpakan harat, lawan malalui parluasan plasma nang dihasilakan uleh rumpakan. Hipotesis naya didukung oleh magnetisasi kerak nang baandak di parak [[antipode]] basin rumpakan ganal.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Hood|first = L.L.|coauthors = Huang, Z.|title = Formation of magnetic anomalies antipodal to lunar impact basins: Two-dimensional model calculations|journal = J. Geophys. Res.|volume = 96|issue = B6|pages = 9837–9846|year = 1991|doi = 10.1029/91JB00308|bibcode=1991JGR....96.9837H}}</ref> === Atmosfer === [[Barakas:Apollo 17 twilight ray sketch.jpg|jmpl|Wayah matahari naik Wan tinggalam, banyak awak [[Apollo]] nang malihat cahaya tarang di parmukaan Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |title=Moon Storms |publisher=Science.nasa.gov |date=2013-09-27 |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>]] {{main|Atmosfer Bulan}} Bulan baisi [[atmosfer]] nang babujuran ranggang, malahan parak [[Hampa udara|hampa]], lawan massa total kurang matan 10 ton metrik.<ref>{{cite book|editor = Richard D. Johnson & Charles Holbrow|last = Globus|first = Ruth|title = Space Settlements: A Design Study|chapter = Chapter 5, Appendix J: Impact Upon Lunar Atmosphere|publisher = NASA|url = http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html|year = 1977|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archive-date = 2010-05-31|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100531205037/http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Takanan parmukaannya adalah kitaran 3{{esp|−15}}&nbsp;[[Atmosfer (satuan)|atm]] (0,3&nbsp;[[nanopascal|nPa]]); ukurannya bamacam manurut hari Bulan. Sumbar atmosfer Bulan meliputi [[pelepasan gas]] wan palapasan atom akibat bombardemen tanah Bulan oleh ion [[angin surya]].<ref name="L06" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Crotts|first=Arlin P.S.|title=Lunar Outgassing, Transient Phenomena and The Return to The Moon, I: Existing Data|year=2008|publisher=Department of Astronomy, Columbia University|url=http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=29 September 2009|bibcode=2008ApJ...687..692C|volume=687|page=692|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|doi=10.1086/591634|arxiv=0706.3949|archive-date=20 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081142/http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Unsur-unsur nang takandung pada atmosfer Bulan adalah [[sodium]] wan [[potasium]], nang dihasilakan oleh palapasan atom; unsur naya jua dihaga pada atmosfer [[Merkurius]] wan [[Io (bulan)|Io]]. Unsur nang lain tamasuk [[helium-4]] nang dihasilakan matan angin surya; lawan [[Argon|argon-40]], [[Radon|radon-222]], wan [[polonium-210]], nang dilapasakan ka angkasa imbah dihasilakan malalui proses [[palunuhan radioaktif]] di dalam karak wan mantel.<ref name="Stern1999" /><ref>{{cite journal|last = Lawson|first = S.|coauthors = Feldman, W.; Lawrence, D.; Moore, K.; Elphic, R.; Belian, R.|title = Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer|journal = J. Geophys. Res.|volume = 110|issue = E9|page=1029|year = 2005|doi = 10.1029/2005JE002433|bibcode=2005JGRE..11009009L}}</ref> Kada adanya kabaradaan spesies netral (atom atawa molekul) di atmosfer kaya [[oksigen]], [[nitrogen]], [[karbon]], [[hidrogen]] wan [[magnesium]], nang tadapat pada [[regolith]], masih belum terjelaskan.<ref name="Stern1999" /> Uap banyu tadeteksi oleh ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' wan kandungannya bavariasi manurut garis lintang, lawan titik maksimum ~60–70&nbsp;derajat; uap banyu naya diduga dihasilakan malalui prusis [[Sublimasi (kimia)|sublimasi]] banyu es di regolith.<ref name="Sridharan2010" /> Gas-gas naya bisa babulik ka regolith akibat gravitasi Bulan atawa hilang ka [[luar angkasa]], baik malalui tekanan radiasi surya atawa, amun taionisasi, tasapu oleh medan magnet angin surya.<ref name="Stern1999" /> === Musim === [[Kemiringan sumbu]] Bulan tahadap [[ekliptika]] hanya 1,5424°,<ref name="SolarViews" /> jauh tahaluus matan Bumi (23,44°). Marga ngini, variasi iluminasi surya pada Bulan baisi musim nang jauh tasadikit, wan detail topografi baisi paran panting dalam efek paubahan [[musim]].<ref name="bbc" /> Badasarakan gambar nang diambil ulih wahana ''[[Clementine (pasawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'' pada tahun 1994, tadapat ampat wilayah pagunungan di pinggiran [[Peary (kawah)|kawah Peary]] di kutub utara Bulan, nang diduga tatap ditarangi ulih Matahari di sapanjang hari Bulan, manciptaakan [[puncak cahaya abadi]]. Kadada wilayah kaya nitu nang tadapat di kutub salatan Bulan. Salain nitu, jua tadapat wilayah nang kada manarima cahaya sacara parmanin di hagian bawah kawah kutub,<ref name="M03" /> wan kawah-kawah kadap naya suhunya babujuran dingin; ''[[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' mancatat suhu musim panas parandahnya di kawah kutub salatan mancapai 35&nbsp;K (−238&nbsp;°C)<ref>{{cite web |date=17 September 2009 |url=http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |title=Diviner News |publisher=UCLA |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307031354/http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> wan parak 26&nbsp;K wayah kajadian [[titik balik matahari musim dingin]] di [[Hermite (kawah)|kawah Hermite]] di kutub utara. Naya adalah suhu pandinginnya di Tata Surya nang suah diukur ulih wahana antariksa, malahan tadingin matan suhu parmukaan [[Pluto]].<ref name="bbc" /> == Hubungan lawan Bumi == [[Barakas:Earth-Moon.PNG|jmpl|upright=1.5|alt=Earth has a pronounced axial tilt; the Moon's orbit is not perpendicular to Earth's axis, but lies close to Earth's orbital plane.|Skema sistem Bumi-Bulan (tanpa skala konsisten)]] === Orbit === {{main|Orbit Bulan|Teori Bulan}} Bulan manuntungakan [[orbit]] langkap mangulilingi Bumi saban 27,3 hari sakali{{efn|name=orbpd}} ([[periode sideris]]). Tagal marga Bumi bagarak pada orbitnya mangulilingi Matahari di wayah nang basamaan, dibutuhakan waktu nang sadikit talawas gasan Bulan cagar maitihakan [[fase Bulan|fase]] nang sama ka Bumi, yaitu kitaran 29,5 hari{{efn|name=synpd}} ([[periode sinodik]]).<ref name="worldbook"/> Kada kanya kabanyakan satelit planet nang lain, orbit Bulan taparak ka [[bidang ekliptika]] daripada ka [[bidang khatulistiwa]] planet. Orbit Bulan [[Perturbasi (astronomi)|diperturbasi]] ulih Matahari wan Bumi dalam cara nang halus wan kompleks. Misalnya, bidang pagarakan orbit Bulan sacara batahap marasani pagisiran, nang mamangaruhi aspek pagarakan Bulan nang lain. Kajadian naya sacara matematis dijalasakan oleh [[Hukum Cassini]].<ref name="Beletskii2" /> [[Barakas:Speed of light from Earth to Moon.gif|jmpl|upright=4|pus|Skala pabandingan ukuran wan jarak Bumi-Bulan. Garis kuning marupakan parjalanan cahaya matan Bumi ka Bulan (sekitar 400.000 km atau 250.000 mil) dalam 1,26 detik.]] {{clear}} === Ukuran relatif === Ukuran Bulan relatif ganal amun dibandingakan lawan ukuran Bumi, yakni saparampat matan diameter wan 1/81 matan massa Bumi.<ref name="worldbook" /> Bulan adalah [[satelit alami]] pangganalnya di Tata Surya manurut ukuran relatif planet nang diorbitnya, bujur [[Charon (bulan)|Charon]] taganal gasan ukuran [[planet katai]] [[Pluto]], yakni kitaran 1/9 matan massa Pluto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|title=Space Topics: Pluto and Charon|publisher=The Planetary Society|accessdate=6 April 2010|archive-date=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218223842/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bujur kaya nitu, Bumi wan Bulan masih dianggap sawagai sistem planet-satelit, lain sistem [[planet ganda]], marga [[barisentrum Bumi-Bulan|barisentrum]] kadua banda langit naya baandak 1.700&nbsp;km (kitaran saparampat radius Bumi) di bawah parmukaan Bumi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Planet Definition Questions & Answers Sheet|publisher=International Astronomical Union|year=2006|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0601/q_answers/|accessdate=24 March 2010|archive-date=2012-03-15|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66BdVuemz?url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0601/q_answers/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Panampaian matan Bumi === [[Barakas:Western Moon setting over the San Bernardino Mountains, High Desert, California.jpg|jmpl|ka|Panampaian Bulan di langit barat [[High Desert (California)]]]] {{See also|Fase Bulan|Paitihan Bulan|Cahaya bulan}} Bulan bagana pada [[rotasi sinkron]]; waktu nang dibutuhkan oleh Bulan gasan baputar pada porosnya kikira sama lawan waktu nang dibutuhkan gasan mengorbit Bumi. Marga nitu, Bulan aci manampaiakan higa nang sama pada Bumi. Panambaian seaarahnya, perputaran Bulan talambat wan kajadian [[panguncian pasang surut]] pada orientasi naya, tautama marga efek [[friksi]]onal deformasi [[pasang surut]] nang dipicu oleh Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Alexander|first = M. E.|title = The Weak Friction Approximation and Tidal Evolution in Close Binary Systems|journal = Astrophysics and Space Science|year = 1973|volume = 23|issue = 2|pages = 459–508|bibcode = 1973Ap&SS..23..459A|doi = 10.1007/BF00645172}}</ref> Higa Bulan nang mahadap Bumi disambat lawan [[higa parak Bulan|higa parak]], sedangkan higa nang mambalakangi Bumi disambat lawan [[higa jauh Bulan|higa jauh]]. Higa jauh rancaknya disalah artiakan sawagai "higa kadap", bujur pada kanyataannya higa naya ditarangi oleh cahaya nang kaya higa parak. Sakali sabulan, higa parak nang kadap kawa disaksiakan matan Bumi wayah terjadinya fase bulan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dark Side of the Moon|author=[[Phil Plait]]|publisher=Bad Astronomy:Misconceptions |url=http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |accessdate=15 February 2010}}</ref> Bulan baisi [[albedo]] nang babanaran randah, lawan tingkat katarangan nang sadikit tatarang pada aspal hitam. Bujur damintu, Bulan adalah banda langit nang panarangnya di langit imbah [[Matahari]].<ref name="worldbook" />{{efn|name=brightness}} Hal naya antara lain marga paningkatan katarangan akibat [[efek oposisi]]; pada fase bulan saparampat, babaya saparsapuluh hagian Bulan nang tarang, lain saparampat.<ref name="Moon" /> Salain nitu, [[konstansi warna]] pada [[sistem visual]] Bulan mengkalibrasi hubungan antara warna objek wan sekitarnya; marga langit di pintangan Bulan pina kadap, Bulan nang ditarangi Matahari batampai sawagai banda langit nang tarang. Hagian pinggir bulan purnama kaitihan sama tarang lawan hagian tangahnya, kada ba[[pengelaman tungkai]], marga sifat reflektif matan [[tanah Bulan]], nang merefleksikan tabanyak cahaya ke arah Matahari daripada ke arah lainnya. Bulan terlihat lebih besar saat berada parak lawan cakrawala, tagal hal naya baya efek psikologis wara, nang dipinandui lawan [[ilusi Bulan]] (panambaian dijalasakan pada abad ke-7 SM).<ref>{{cite book|last = Hershenson|first = Maurice|title = The Moon illusion|year = 1989|publisher = Routledge|isbn = 978-0-8058-0121-7|page = 5 }}</ref> Ganal busur rata-rata bulan purnama adalah pintangan 0,52° di langit, kikira sama lawan ukuran Matahari nang talihat matan Bumi (itihi [[garaha]]). [[file:Moon_phases_en.jpg|thumb|upright=4|Paubahan buncu antara arah pancahayaan ulih Matahari wan panampakan matan Bumi dalam waktu sabulan, wan fase Bulan nang dihasilakannya.]] Katinggian Bulan di langit bamacam; bujur baisi watas nang pina sama lawan Matahari, katinggiannya baubah seiring lawan fase Bulan wan paubahan musim dalam satahun, lawan katinggian paningginya tajadi pas bulan purnama pada waktu musim dingin. [[Simpul Bulan|Siklus simpul]] Bulan salawas 18,6 tahun jua baisi pangaruh; ketika [[simpul orbit|simpul naik]] orbit Bulan berada pada [[ekuinoks vernal]], [[deklinasi]] Bulan kawa bagarak sajauh 28° saban bulannya. naya berarti Bulan kawa bagarak malintasi garis lintang hingga 28° matan khatulistiwa, lain 18°. Orientasi bulan sabit jua bagantung pada garis lintang; di parak khatulistiwa, bulan sabit kawa diitih lawan teropong bintang.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=393|publisher = Curious About Astronomy|title = Is the Moon seen as a crescent (and not a "boat") all over the world?|date = 18 October 2002|first = K.|last = Spekkens|accessdate = 16 March 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150117192304/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=393|archive-date = 17 January 2015|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Jarak antara Bulan lawan Bumi bamacam, bapintangan matan 356.400&nbsp;km sampai 406.700&nbsp;km pada [[apsis|perige]] (titik pamaraknya) wan apoge (titik panjauhnya). Pada tanggal 19 Maret 2011, Bulan saat fase hibak berada pada jarak pamaraknya lawan Bumi, pamaraknya sejak tahun 1993, yakni 14% taparak matan posisi panjauhnya di apoge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html|title=Full moon tonight is as close as it gets|date=18 March 2011|accessdate=19 March 2011|publisher=The Press Enterprise|archive-date=2011-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322161600/http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Fenomena naya disambat lawan "[[bulan super]]", nang balangsung salawas asa jam pada saat [[bulan purnama]], wan 30% tatarang pada rajin marga diameter buncunya 14% taganal, marga <math>\scriptstyle1.14^2\approx1.30</math>.<ref>{{cite web | title = Super Full Moon | date = 16 March 2011 | author = Dr. Tony Phillips | publisher = NASA | accessdate = 19 March 2011 | url = http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ | archive-date = 7 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507035348/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Full moon tonight is as close as it gets | date = 18 March 2011 | author = Richard K. De Atley | publisher = The Press-Enterprise | accessdate = 19 March 2011 | url = http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html | archive-date = 2011-03-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110322161600/http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years|title='Super moon' to reach closest point for almost 20 years|work=The Guardian |date=19 March 2011|accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref> Pada tingkat parandahnya, katarangan Bulan matan Bumi cagar bakurang amun diitihi lawan mata tilanjang. Persentase tingkat katarangan Bulan ditantuakan oleh rumus naya: <ref> {{cite web |last=Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics (Astronomy) |title=Perceived Brightness |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html |work=Brightnes and Night/Day Sensitivity |publisher=Georgia State University, GA, USA |accessdate=25 January 2014 }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |last=Lutron |title=Measured light vs. perceived light |url=http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf |work=From IES Lighting Handbook 2000, 27-4 |publisher=Lutron.com |accessdate=25 January 2014 }}</ref> <math>\textrm{reduksi\ barasa \%} = 100 \times \sqrt{\textrm{reduksi\ babujuran \%} \over 100}</math> Wayah reduksi babujuran adalah 1,00 / 1,30, atau pintangan 0,770, reduksi barasa kikira 0,877, atawa 1,00 / 1,14. Hal naya maulah maningkatnya reduksi tarasa sampai 14% antara apoge wan perige Bulan pada fase nang sama.<ref> {{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |title=Inconstant Moon |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html |work=Earth and Moon Viewer |publisher=Fourmilab, Switzerland |accessdate=23 January 2014 |location=Fourth paragraph of "How Bright the Moonlight" |date=May 1997 |quote=14% [...] marga respons logaritma mata manusia. }}</ref> Tadapat parucauan bakanaan apakah parmukaan Bulan baubah matan waktu ka waktu. Damini, fenomena nitu dianggap sawagai ilusi wara, nang diakibatkan oleh paitihan Bulan dalam kondisi pencahayaan nang berbeda, [[penglihatan astronomi]] nang buruk, atawa gambar nang kada memadai. Tagal, [[pelepasan gas]] bahanu kajadian jua, wan diduga marupakan kajadian nang maulah [[fenomena Bulan satumat]]. Hahanyaran naya, muncul pandapat nang manyatakan bahwa pintangan 3&nbsp;km diameter parmukaan Bulan dimodifikasi oleh kajadian palapasan gas, nang kajadian pintangan sajuta tahun nang bahari.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html|last = Taylor|first = G.J.|title = Recent Gas Escape from the Moon|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology|date = 8 November 2006|accessdate =4 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last = Schultz|first = P.H.|coauthors = Staid, M.I.; Pieters, C.M.|year = 2006|title = Lunar activity from recent gas release|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-11-09_444_7116/page/184|journal= Nature |volume = 444 |pages = 184–186|doi = 10.1038/nature05303|pmid = 17093445|issue = 7116|bibcode = 2006Natur.444..184S }}</ref> Panampaian Bulan, nang kaya Matahari, dipangaruhi oleh [[atmosfer]] Bumi; efek umumnya adalah [[Halo (fenomena optik)|cincin halo]] 22° nang tabantuk saat cahaya Bulan dibias-akan oleh kristal es di awan [[cirrostratus]], wan tabantuknya [[Korona (meteorologi)|cincin korona]] nang tahalus saat Bulan ditukupi oleh awan tipis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml|title=22 Degree Halo: a ring of light 22 degrees from the sun or moon |publisher=Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> === Efek pasang surut === {{utama|Gaya pasang surut|Akselerasi pasang surut|Pasang surut|Teori pasang surut}} [[Pasang surut]] di Bulan umumnya marga adanya kalajuan paubahan intensitas daya tarik [[gravitasi]] Bulan pada salah sabuting higa Bumi tahadap higa nang lain, atawa disambat lawan [[gaya pasang surut]]. Fenomena naya mambantuk dua binjulan pasang surut di Bumi, nang cagar talihat jalas di parmukaan laut imbah [[pasang surut|banyu surut]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> Marga Bumi baputar 27 kali taancap pada Bulan, binjulan naya bagarak basamaan lawan parmukaan Bumi taancap pada pagarakan Bulan, nang baputar mangulilingi Bumi sakali sahari nang kaya Bulan baputar pada sumbunya.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> Pasang surut jua dipangaruhi oleh efek nang lain, di antaranya [[gaya gisang]] banyu tahadap sumbu rotasi Bumi malalui lantai samudra, [[inersia]] pagarakan banyu, basin samudra nang marasani panyurutan, wan osilasi antara basin samudra balain.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Le Provost|first=C.|coauthors=Bennett, A. F.; Cartwright, D. E.|year=1995|title=Ocean Tides for and from TOPEX/POSEIDON|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-02-03_267_5198/page/n50|pages=639–42|journal=Science|pmid=17745840|volume=267|issue=5198|bibcode=1995Sci...267..639L|doi=10.1126/science.267.5198.639}}</ref> Daya tarik gravitasi Matahari tahadap samudra Bumi baya satangah matan daya tarik gravitasi Bulan, wan gravitasi kadua benda langit naya baparan panting dalam maulah [[Pasang surut musim semi|pasang surut perbani wan musim semi]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> [[Barakas:Lunar libration with phase Oct 2007 (continuous loop).gif|jmpl|thumbtime=0:02|alt=Over one lunar month more than half of the Moon's surface can be seen from the surface of Earth.|[[Librasi]] Bulan dalam waktu sabulan.]] Interaksi gravitasi antara Bulan wan binjulan di pintangan Bulan bafungsi sawagai [[torsi]] pada rotasi Bumi, nang malaasakan [[momentum sudut]] wan [[energi kinetik]] putaran matan paputaran Bumi.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /><ref name="touma1994" /> Akibatnya, momentum buncu diumpatakan ka orbit Bulan, nang maancapi putarannya wan maulah Bulan naik ka orbit nang tatinggi wan lawan periode nang talama. Marga itu, jarak antara Bumi lawan Bulan jua cagar maningkat, wan perputaran Bumi cagar melambat.<ref name="touma1994" /> Pengukuran lawan metode [[eksperimen rentang laser Bulan|eksperimen rentang Bulan]] mamakai reflektor laser nang digawi dalam misi [[Apollo]] mahaga bahwa jarak Bulan ka Bumi maningkat sekitar 38&nbsp;mm per tahun<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chapront|first=J.|coauthors=Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.|year=2002|title=A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=387|issue=2|pages=700–709|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020420|bibcode = 2002A&A...387..700C}}</ref> (meskipun angka naya hanya 0,10 [[ppb]]/tahun matan radius orbit Bulan). [[Jam atom]] jua manunjukkan bahwa lawas hari di Bumi maningkat pintangan 15 [[mikrodetik]] per tahun,<ref>{{cite web|last = Ray|first = R.|date = 15 May 2001|url = http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html|title = Ocean Tides and the Earth's Rotation|publisher = IERS Special Bureau for Tides|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archive-date = 2010-03-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327084125/http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> nang sacara bagimitan mampanjangi waktu [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] nang disasuaikan oleh [[detik kabisat]]. Tarikan pasang surut Bulan cagar tarus balanjut sampai paputaran Bumi wan periode orbit Bulan sesuai. Tagal, Matahari cagar baubah jadi [[raksasa habang]] wan mamusnahkan Bumi jauh sawalum hal nitu kajadian.<ref>{{cite book|author = Murray, C.D. and Dermott, S.F.|coauthors = Stanley F. Dermott|title = Solar System Dynamics|year = 1999|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 978-0-521-57295-8|page = 184 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Dickinson|first = Terence|authorlink = Terence Dickinson|title = From the Big Bang to Planet X|url = https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse|year = 1993|publisher = [[Camden House]]|location = Camden East, Ontario|isbn = 978-0-921820-71-0|pages = [https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse/page/79 79]–81 }} </ref> Pamukaan Bulan jua marasani pasang surut lawan amplitudo ~10&nbsp;cm, nang balangsung salawas 27 hari labih. Fenomena naya diulah oleh dua hal, yakni marga Bulan wan Bumi berada pada [[rotasi sinkron]], wan bamacam hal nang diulah oleh [[Matahari]].<ref name="touma1994"/> Komponen Bumi nang diinduksi tabantuk marga [[librasi]], nang diakibatkan oleh eksentrisitas orbit Bulan; amun orbit Bulan bulat sempurna, maka nang cagar muncul pasang surut surya wara.<ref name="touma1994" /> Librasi jua mengubah buncu panampaian Bulan, nang maulah pintangan 59% parmukaan Bulan talihat matan Bumi.<ref name="worldbook" /> Efek kumulatif matan fenomena pasang surut memicu tajadinya [[gempa bulan]]. Gempa bulan naya kada tapi rancak kajadian wan talamah kakuatannya pada [[gempa bumi]], bujur gempa naya kawa batahan sampai sajam marga kadada banyu nang bafungsi sawagai peredam getaran seismik. Fenomena gempa bulan naya merupakan penemuan kada terduga matan [[seismometer]] nang diandak di Bulan oleh [[astronaut]] [[Apollo]] matan tahun 1969 hingga 1972.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Latham|first1 = Gary|year = 1972|last2 = Ewing|first2 = Maurice|last3 = Dorman|first3 = James|last4 = Lammlein|first4 = David|last5 = Press|first5 = Frank|last6 = Toksőz|first6 = Naft|last7 = Sutton|first7 = George|last8 = Duennebier|first8 = Fred|last9 = Nakamura|first9 = Yosio|displayauthors=9|title = Moonquakes and lunar tectonism |journal = Earth, Moon, and Planets|volume = 4|issue = 3–4| pages = 373–382|doi = 10.1007/BF00562004|bibcode = 1972Moon....4..373L}}</ref> === Garaha === {{main|Garaha matahari|Garaha bulan|Siklus garaha}} {{multiple image |width = 150 |footer = Matan Bumi, Bulan wan Matahari talihat baukuran sama. Matan satelit di orbit Bumi, Bulan kalihatan tahalus matan Matahari. |image1 =Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg |alt1 = The fiercely bright disk of the Sun is completely obscured by the exact fit of the disk of the dark, non-illuminated Moon, leaving only the radial, fuzzy, glowing coronal filaments of the Sun around the edge. |caption1 = [[Garaha matahari 11 Agustus 1999|Garaha matahari 1999]]|image2 = STEREO-B solar eclipse.jpg |alt2 = The bright disk of the Sun, showing many coronal filaments, flares and grainy patches in the wavelength of this image, is partly obscured by a small dark disk: here, the Moon covers less than a fifteenth of the Sun. |caption2 = Bulan balalu di hadapan Matahari, dikudak ulih wahana STEREO-B.<ref>{{cite web|author=Phillips, Tony|work=Science@NASA|title=Stereo Eclipse|date=12 March 2007|accessdate=17 March 2010|url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm|archive-date=2008-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610082213/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> }} [[Garaha]] kawa kajadian wayah Matahari, Bumi, wan Bulan bagana pada sabuting garis lurus (disambat lawan "[[Syzygy (astronomi)|syzygy]]"). [[Garaha matahari]] kajadian wayah [[bulan hanyar]], wayah Bulan bagana di antara Matahari wan Bulan. Sabaliknya, [[garaha bulan]] kajadian wayah [[bulan purnama]], wayah Bumi bagana di antara Matahari wan Bulan. Ukuran Bulan nang kalihatan matan Bumi kikira sama lawan ukuran Matahari. Tagal, ukuran Matahari jauh taganal pada ukuran Bulan; jarak antara Matahari wan Bulan nang jauh banar maulah ukuran kadua banda langit naya kalihatan sama matan Bumi. Variasi ukuran naya, nang diulah ulih orbit nonsirkuler, jua pina sama, bujur kajadian dalam siklus nang balain. Hal naya maulah kajadian garaha matahari [[garaha total|total]] (wayah Bulan kalihatan taganal pada Matahari) wan [[garaha cincin|cincin]] (wayah Bulan kalihatan tahalus pada Matahari).<ref>{{cite web|first = F.|last = Espenak|year = 2000|url = http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html|title = Solar Eclipses for Beginners|publisher = MrEclipse|accessdate =17 March 2010}}</ref> Wayah garaha total, Bulan sabigian manukupi cakram Matahari wan [[korona]] surya, nang kawa diitihi lawan [[mata tilanjang]] matan Bumi. Marga jarak antara Matahari wan Bulan maningkat sacara bagamat matan waktu ka waktu,<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> diameter buncu Bulan mangalami panurunan. Salain nitu, marga Matahari baevolusi jadi [[raksasa habang]], ukuran Matahari wan diameter tampaknya di langit jua maningkat bagamatan.{{efn|name=size changes}} Papaduan kadua kajadian naya mambuktiakan bahwa ratusan yuta tahun nang bahari, Bulan cagar saban manukupi Matahari wayah tajadinya garaha matahari, wan mungkin kadada garaha cincin nang kajadian wayah itu. Kaya nitu jua ratusan yuta tahun nang pacangan datang, Bulan kada lagi manukupi Matahari sabigian, wan garaha matahari total kada pacangan kajadian.<ref name = fourmilab>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=John|url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/|title=Moon near Perigee, Earth near Aphelion|publisher=Fourmilab|date=July 10, 2004|accessdate=December 25, 2013}}</ref> Orbit Bulan nang mangulilingi Bumi mangalami inklinasi kitaran 5° matan [[ekliptika|orbit Bumi mangulilingi Matahari]], jadinya garaha kada kajadian wayah saban bulan hanyar wan bulan purnama. Garaha pacangan kajadian amun Bulan bagana di parak pasimpangan dua bidang orbit.<ref name="eclipse" /> Periodisasi wan rekurs garaha matahari oleh Bulan, lawan garaha bulan oleh Bumi, kawa dijalasakan malalui teori [[Saros (astronomi)|saros]], nang baisi jangka waktu kitaran 18 tahun.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html|last = Espenak|first = F.|title = Saros Cycle|publisher = NASA|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archiveurl = https://archive.ph/20120524183445/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.html|archivedate = 24 May 2012|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Marga Bulan mahalangi pandangan manusia kitaran satangah darajat lingkaran pada area langit,{{efn|name=area}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Square Degree as a Unit of Celestial Area|author=Guthrie, D.V. |year=1947|journal=Popular Astronomy|volume=55|pages=200–203|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947PA.....55..200|bibcode = 1947PA.....55..200G }}</ref> kajadian tarait kaya [[okultasi]] kajadian wayah sabuting bintang atawa planet tarang balalu di hagian balakang Bulan wan marasani okultasi, atawa tapatak matan itihan. Mahirip lawan kajadian naya, garaha matahari kajadian wayah Matahari tapatak matan itihan marga tatukupi Bulan. Marga jarak Bulan taparak lawan Bumi, okultasi bintang tunggal kada kawa talihat matan wadah mana haja di parmukaan Bumi pada waktu nang basamaan. [[Presesi]] pada orbit Bulan jua maulah kajadian okultasi nang balainan saban tahun. == Talaah wan pamiritan == {{See also|Penjelajahan Bulan|Kolonisasi Bulan|Daftar benda buatan manusia di Bulan}} [[Berkas:Moon by Johannes hevelius 1645.PNG|jmpl|alt=On an open folio page is a carefully drawn disk of the full moon. In the upper corners of the page are waving banners held aloft by pairs of winged cherubs. In the lower left page corner a cherub assists another to measure distances with a pair of compasses; in the lower right corner a cherub views the main map through a handheld telescope, whereas another, kneeling, peers at the map from over a low cloth-draped table.|Peta Bulan karya [[Johannes Hevelius]] dari ''[[Selenographia]]'' (1647), peta pertama yang menyertakan zona [[librasi]] Bulan.]] === Talaah panambaian === {{main|Penjelajahan Bulan#Sejarah awal|l1=Penjelajahan Bulan: Sejarah awal|Selenografi|Teori Bulan}} Pamahaman bakanaan ulaian Bulan manandai panambaian pakambangan ilmu [[astronomi]]; wayah abad ka-5 SM, [[astronomi Babilonia|astronom Babilonia]] sudah mancatat [[siklus Saros]] 18 tahunan pada [[garaha bulan]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1006543|title=Saros Cycle Dates and Related Babylonian Astronomical Texts|first1=A. |last1 = Aaboe|first2= J. P. |last2 =Britton|first3= J. A. |last3 =Henderson, |first4= Otto|last4 = Neugebauer| authorlink4 = Otto Neugebauer |first5= A. J. |last5 =Sachs|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=81|issue=6 |year=1991|pages=1–75 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|quote=One comprises what we have called "Saros Cycle Texts", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223&nbsp;months (or 18&nbsp;years).|postscript=<!--None-->|jstor=1006543}}</ref> <!--The texts discussed in that article are more recent than 490 BC and, as mentioned in the paper, the observations can have occurred no earlier than that. The earliest reference for the Metonic cycle in Neugubauer's (1957) ''The Exact Sciences in Antiquity'' is 380 BC (p. 140).--> wan [[Astronomi bangsa India|astronom India]] sudah manjalasakan bakanaan kajadian elongasi Bulan.<ref name="Sarma-Ast-Ind" /> [[Astronomi bangsa Tiongkok|Astronom Tiongkok]] [[Shi Shen]] (abad ke-4 SM) mambari pitunjuk nang baraitan lawan cara mangira garaha matahari wan bulan.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=411}} Imbahnya, bantuk fisik Bulan wan sumbar [[cahaya bulan]] mulai dikatahui. Filsuf [[Yunani kuno]] [[Anaxagoras]] (w. 428 SM) manyambat pada Matahari wan Bulan marupakan dua buting batu bulat yaksa nang mahasilakan cahaya.<ref>{{cite web|last = O'Connor|first = J.J.|coauthors = Robertson, E.F.|date=February 1999|url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaxagoras.html|title = Anaxagoras of Clazomenae|publisher = University of St Andrews|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref>{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=227}} Bangsa Tiongkok pada masa [[Dinasti Han]] parcaya pada energi Bulan sama lawan ''[[qi]]'', wan pamikiran buhannya bakanaan pangaruh radiasi Bulan manjalaskan bahwa cahaya Bulan baasal matan Matahari. [[Jing Fang]] (78–37&nbsp;SM) mancatat kabulatan Bulan gasan panambaian.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=413–414}} Pada abad ka-2 M, [[Lucian]] manulis sabuting novel nang bakisah bakanaan saurang pahlawan nang manggawi bajalanan ka Bulan nang baurang. Pada tahun 499 M, astronom India [[Aryabhata]] manulis dalam bukunya ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' pada cahaya Matahari maulah Bulan kalihatan tarang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html|title=Aryabhata the Elder |last1 =Robertson|first1 = E. F.|date = November 2000|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews|accessdate=15 April 2010|location=Scotland}}</ref> Astronom dan fisikawan [[Alhazen]] (965-1039) manyingkai pada [[cahaya matahari]] kada dipancarakan matan Bulan kaya sabuting caramin, tagal cahaya nitu dipancarakan ka sabarataan ampah matan saban hagian parmukaan Bulan nang ditarangi ulih cahaya matahari.<ref>{{cite book|location=Detroit|year=2008|publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons|title = Dictionary of Scientific Biography|chapter= Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan|author=A. I. Sabra|pages=189–210, at 195}}</ref> [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) matan [[Dinasti Song]] mamadahakan sabuting alegori nang maibaratakan kajadian basinar wan mamudarnya cahaya Bulan lawan sabuting bal nang baputar; wayah diandaki lawan bubuk putih wan ditiring matan higa, maka pacangan kalihatan bantuk harit..{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=415–416}} Dalam [[On the Heavens|panjalasan alam semesta]] ulahan [[Aristoteles]] (384-322 SM), Bulan manandai watas antara unsur nang kawa barubah (bumi, banyu, udara, wan api) lawan bintang-bintang abadi [[aether (unsur klasik)|aether]], pamikiran [[Fisika Aristoteles|filsafat bapangaruh]] nang mandominasi sains salawas berabad-abad imbahnya.<ref>{{cite book|last = Lewis|first = C. S.|authorlink = C. S. Lewis|title = The Discarded Image|url = https://archive.org/details/discardedimagein0000lewi_i1c3|year = 1964|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge|isbn = 978-0-521-47735-2|page = [https://archive.org/details/discardedimagein0000lewi_i1c3/page/108 108] }}</ref> Wayah abad ka-2 SM, [[Seleucus matan Seleucia]] mamadahakan pamikiran pada [[pasang surut]] kajadian marga kakuatan juhut Bulan, wan katinggian banyu pasang ditantuakan ulih posisi relatif Bulan tahadap [[Matahari]].<ref>{{cite journal|first = Bartel Leendert|last = van der Waerden| authorlink = Bartel Leendert van der Waerden|year = 1987|title = The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-the-new-york-academy-of-sciences_1987_500/page/n34|journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume = 500|pages = 1–569|pmid = 3296915|bibcode = 1987NYASA.500....1A |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37193.x }}</ref> Pada abad nang sama, [[Aristarchus matan Samos|Aristarchus]] [[Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances|mahitung ukuran wan jarak]] Bulan matan Bumi, lawan jarak pintangan dua puluh kali [[radius Bumi]]. Pamikiran ngini imbahnya dikambangakan ulih [[Ptolemy]] (90–168&nbsp;M): inya bapandapat bahwa jarak rata-rata Bulan matan Bumi adalah 59 kali radius Bumi wan diameter 0,292 matan diameter Bumi. Angka ngini pina mamaraki jarak wan diameter nang sabujurnya, yakni pintangan 60 gasan jarak wan 0,273 gasan diameter.<ref>{{cite book|last = Evans|first = James|title = The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy|url = https://archive.org/details/historypracticeo0000evan|year = 1998|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = Oxford & New York|isbn = 978-0-19-509539-5|pages = [https://archive.org/details/historypracticeo0000evan/page/71 71], 386 }}</ref> [[Archimedes]] (287–212 SM) marancang sabuting planetarium nang kawa mahitung laju pagarakan Bulan wan objek nang lain di [[Tata Surya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/science/31computer.html?hp|work=The New York Times|title=Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 B.C.|date=31 July 2008|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref> Pada [[Abad Panangahan]], sawalum dihaganya [[teleskop]], Bulan diyakini sabagai sabuting bal batu, bujur banyak jua nang parcaya pada parmukaan bulan "lanik banar".<ref>{{cite web|last = Van Helden|first = A.|year = 1995|url = http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/moon.html|title = The Moon|publisher = Galileo Project|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 23 June 2004|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040623085326/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/Moon.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Pada tahun 1609, [[Galileo Galilei]] gasan panambaian maulah sabuting gambar teleskopis Bulan dalam bukunya nang bajudul {{lang|la|''[[Sidereus Nuncius]]''}} wan manjalasakan pada parmukaan Bulan kada lanik, tagal baisi pagunungan lawan kawah. Pamitaan teleskopis Bulan batarusan di sapanjang Abad Panangahan; pada abad ka-17, [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]] wan [[Francesco Maria Grimaldi]] kawa maulah sabtung pangaranan geologi Bulan nang tatap dipakai sampai wayahini. {{lang|la|''Mappa Selenographica''}} ulahan [[Wilhelm Beer]] wan [[Johann Heinrich Mädler]] (1834-1836), lawan buku {{lang|de|''Der Mond''}} (1837), marupakan buku panambaian nang bujur manjalasakan talaah bakanaan Bulan matan buncu itih [[trigonometri]], tamasuk katinggian labih pada saribu gunung di Bulan, wan maminanduakan talaah Bulan lawan tingkat akurasi nang kawa diukur ulih geografi Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Consolmagno|first=Guy J.|year=1996|title=Astronomy, Science Fiction and Popular Culture: 1277 to 2001 (And beyond) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_leonardo_1996_29_2/page/128|journal=Leonardo|publisher=The MIT Press|volume=29|issue=2|page=128|jstor=1576348|doi=10.2307/1576348}}</ref> Kawah Bulan panambaian dicatat ulih Galileo, wan pamulaannya dianggap sawagai [[gunung baapi]] sampai tahun 1870-an, wan imbahnya [[Richard Proctor]] manjalaskan pada kawah-kawah nitu tabantuk marga rumpakan.<ref name="worldbook" /> Pandapatnya naya didukung ulih pacubaan nang digawi ulih geolog [[Grove Karl Gilbert]] pada tahun 1892, wan imbah pakambangan balajar pambandingan pada 1920-an sampai 1940-an,<ref name="Hall1977" /> [[skala waktu geologi Bulan|stratigrafi Bulan]] jadi cabang ilmu [[astrogeologi]] hanyar pada tahun 1950-an.<ref name="worldbook" /> === Pamiritan langsung panambaian: 1959–1976 === ==== Misi Uni Soviet ==== {{main|Program Luna|Program Lunokhod}} [[Perang Dingin]] manunjul kajadian [[Perlombaan Angkasa]] antara [[Uni Soviet]] wan [[Amerika Serikat]], nang maulah adanya akselerasi kapantingan dalam [[pamiritan Bulan]]. Imbah paluncur baisi kamampuan nang diparluakan, kadua nagara ngini mangirim wahana nirawak malalui misi orbit atawa misi pandaratan di Bulan. Wahana ulahan Soviet, [[Program Luna|''Luna'']], adalah wahana pertama nang bahasil mancapai tujuan. Imbah maluncurakan tiga misi nirawak wan marasani kajajungan pada tahun 1958,<ref name="Zak 2009">{{cite web|url= http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_lunar.html| first = Anatoly|last = Zak |year = 2009|title = Russia's unmanned missions toward the Moon|accessdate=20 April 2010}}</ref> banda ulahan manusia panambaian nang kaluar matan gravitasi Bumi wan malintas di parah Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 1]]''; banda ulahan manusia panambaian nang marumpak parmukaan Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 2]]'', wan foto panambaian [[sisi jauh Bulan]] dikudak ulih ''[[Luna 3]]'', sabarataan digawi pada tahun 1959.<ref name="Zak 2009"/> Wahana antariksa panambaian nang bahasil manggawi [[Lander (pesawat luar angkasa)|pendaratan lunak]] di permukaan Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 9]]'', wan wahana nirawak panambaian nang mengorbit Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 10]]'', kaduanya terjadi pada tahun 1966.<ref name="worldbook" /> [[Batuan Bulan|Sampel tanah wan batuan Bulan]] dibawa ka Bumi oleh talu [[misi pambulikan sampel]] ''Luna'', yakni ''[[Luna 16]]'' pada 1970, ''[[Luna 20]]'' pada 1972, wan ''[[Luna 24]]'' pada 1976, nang bahasil mambawa 0,3&nbsp;kg batuan wan tanah Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/index.cfm|title=Rocks and Soils from the Moon|publisher=NASA|accessdate=6 April 2010}}</ref> Dua [[rover (penjelajahan luar angkasa)|rover]] robotika bubuhan nang bausaha pamulaan mandarat di Bulan pada tahun 1970 wan 1973 sawagai hagian matan [[program Lunokhod]] Soviet. ==== Misi Amerika Serikat ==== {{main|Program Apollo|Pendaratan di Bulan}} [[Berkas:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|jmpl|alt=The small blue-white semicircle of Earth, almost glowing with colour in the blackness of space, rising over the limb of the desolate, cratered surface of the Moon.|Gambar panambaian [[Bumi]] matan orbit Bulan, nang dikudak ulih [[Apollo 8]] pada malam Natal 1968. Afrika baandak di [[Terminator surya|terminator]] matahari tinggalam, Amerika ditukupi awan, wan Antarktika baandak di buncu kiri terminator.]] [[Berkas:As11-40-5886, uncropped.jpg|jmpl|[[Neil Armstrong]] wan bandira Amerika Serikat di Bulan.]] [[Amerika Serikat]] maluncurkan wahana kada baurang gasan mangambangakan pamahaman bakanaan parmukaan Bulan gasan kapantingan pandaratan baurang di hari kainahnya; [[Program Surveyor|program ''Surveyor'']] [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] mandaratkan [[Surveyor 1|wahana panambaiannya]] ampat bulan imbah paluncuran ''Luna 9''. [[Program Apollo]] baurang [[NASA]] dikambangkan sacara paralel; imbah sarangkaian panaraian kada baawak wan baawak pada wahana Apollo di orbit Bumi, wan didorong oleh rancana paluncuran [[Program Bulan baawak Soviet|panarbangan Bulan Soviet]], [[Apollo 8]] mangirimakan misi baurang panambaian ka orbit Bulan pada tahun 1968. Misi imbahnya bahasil mandaratkan manusia gasan panambaian di parmukaan Bulan, nang dipandang ulih banyak pihak sawagai puncak [[Perlombaan Angkasa]].<ref name="CNN" /> [[Neil Armstrong]] manjadi manusia pamulaan nang bajalan di parmukaan Bulan sebagai pemimpin misi [[Apollo 11]] Amerika Serikat; inya manjajak kajajakan panambaian di parmukaan Bulan pada pukul 02:56&nbsp;UTC tanggal 21 Juli 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/ap11events.html|title=Record of Lunar Events, 24 July 1969|work=Apollo 11 30th anniversary|publisher=NASA.|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> Misi Apollo 11 sampai 17 (kecuali [[Apollo 13]], nang pandaratannya diwalangiakan) bahasil babulik ka Bumi pada mambawa 382&nbsp;kg tanah wan batuan Bulan dalam 2.196 sampel tapisah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Dec09/PSRD-Apollo-lunar-samples.pdf|title=Celebrated Moon Rocks --- Overview and status of the Apollo lunar collection: A unique, but limited, resource of extraterrestrial material.|last=Martel|first=Linda M. V.|date=21 December 2009|publisher=Planetary Science and Research Discoveries|accessdate=6 April 2010}}</ref> [[Pendaratan di Bulan|Pendaratan Bulan]] Amerika Serikat dipicu ulih kamajuan teknologi nang pina hancap pada pahabisan 1960-an, misalnya kimia [[ablasi]], [[rekayasa perangkat lunak]], wan teknologi [[Proses penetrasi atmosfer|penetrasi atmosfer]], lawan manajemen nang babujuran kompeten sahubungan lawan upaya teknis nang ganal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/legacy.htm|title=The Legacy of Project Apollo|last=Launius|first=Roger D.|date=July 1999|publisher=NASA History Office|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=SP-287 What Made Apollo a Success? A series of eight articles reprinted by permission from the March 1970 issue of Astronautics & Aeronautics, a publication of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.|publisher=Scientific and Technical Information Office, National Aeronautics and Space Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|year=1971}}</ref> Sajumlah instrumen ilmiah dipasang di parmukaan Bulan salawas misi pendaratan Apollo. [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package|Stasiun instrumen]] baumur panjang, tamasuk kapsul baaliran panas, [[seismometer]], wan [[magnetometer]], dipasang di lokasi pandaratan [[Apollo 12]], [[Apollo 14|14]], [[Apollo 15|15]], [[Apollo 16|16]], wan [[Apollo 17|17]]. Transmisi data langsung ka Bumi diampihi pada tahun 1977 marga partimbangan anggaran,<ref>{{cite press release| title = NASA news release 77-47 page 242| date = 1 September 1977| url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83129main_1977.pdf| accessdate = 16 March 2010| format = PDF}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121829/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83129main_1977.pdf |date=29 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ipswich/Miscellaneous/Archived_spaceflight_news.htm|accessdate = 29 August 2007|location = NASA Turns A Deaf Ear To The Moon|year = 1977|title = OASI Newsletters Archive|last = Appleton|first = James|coauthors = Radley, Charles; Deans, John; Harvey, Simon; Burt, Paul; Haxell, Michael; Adams, Roy; Spooner N.; Brieske, Wayne|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071210143103/http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ipswich/Miscellaneous/Archived_spaceflight_news.htm|archivedate = 2007-12-10|deadurl = yes}}</ref> tagal imbah stasiun [[rentang laser Bulan]] manjadi instrumen pasif, transmisi data masih batarusan digawi. Komunikasi jarak di stasiun sacara rutin ditarima oleh stasiun Bumi lawan akurasi babarapa sentimeter, wan data matan eksperimen naya dipakai gasan manantuakan ukuran inti Bulan.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Dickey|first = J.|year = 1994|title = Lunar laser ranging: a continuing legacy of the Apollo program|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1994-07-22_265_5171/page/482|journal = Science|volume = 265 |pages = 482–490|doi = 10.1126/science.265.5171.482|pmid = 17781305|issue = 5171|bibcode=1994Sci...265..482D|display-authors = 1|last2 = Bender|first2 = P. L.|last3 = Faller|first3 = J. E.|last4 = Newhall|first4 = X X|last5 = Ricklefs|first5 = R. L.|last6 = Ries|first6 = J. G.|last7 = Shelus|first7 = P. J.|last8 = Veillet|first8 = C.|last9 = Whipple|first9 = A. L.}}</ref> === Misi damini: 1990–damini=== <imagemap> File:Moon Soft Landings.svg|jmpl|ka|450px|Andak pandaratan di Bulan. Tanggal pandaratan dalam [[UTC]]. rect 15 5 92 31 [[Luna 9|]] rect 415 5 500 33 [[Surveyor 1|]] rect 15 35 101 61 [[Luna 13|]] rect 414 32 500 56 [[Surveyor 3|]] rect 415 58 500 84 [[Surveyor 5|]] rect 416 85 501 110 [[Surveyor 6|]] rect 416 112 501 138 [[Surveyor 7|]] rect 415 138 493 163 [[Apollo 11|]] rect 415 165 500 192 [[Apollo 12|]] rect 8 65 101 91 [[Luna 16|]] rect 7 94 101 122 [[Luna 17|]] rect 408 192 490 218 [[Apollo 14|]] rect 408 218 496 244 [[Apollo 15|]] rect 7 124 99 151 [[Luna 20|]] rect 406 246 500 271 [[Apollo 16|]] rect 407 272 501 297 [[Apollo 17|]] rect 7 155 97 182 [[Luna 21|]] rect 7 185 93 212 [[Luna 23|]] rect 7 215 102 242 [[Luna 24|]] rect 6 271 100 297 [[Chang'e 3|]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> Imbah Apollo wan ''Luna'', magin banyak nagara nang uumpatan dalam pamiritan Bulan sacara langsung. Pada tahun 1990, [[Jepang]] jadi nagara ka-talu nang mangirimakan pasawat luar angkasa ka orbit Bulan lawan maluncurakan wahana ''[[Hiten]]''. Wahana naya diluncurakan lawan kapsul nang tahalus bangaran ''Hagoromo'' di urbit Bulan, tagal transmisi data walang digawi, jadinya misi naya diampihakan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hiten-Hagomoro|publisher=NASA|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Hiten&Display=ReadMore|accessdate=29 March 2010|archive-date=2011-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614115823/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Hiten&Display=ReadMore|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada tahun 1994, Amerika Serikat maluncurakan wahana ''[[Clementine (pesawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'' ka orbit Bulan, nang marupakan misi gabungan antara Departemen Pertahanan wan [[NASA]]. Misi naya bahasil mangudak peta topografi Bulan dalam jarak parak wan maambil gambar [[foto multispektral|multispektral]] parmukaan Bulan gasan panambaian.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clementine information|publisher=NASA|year=1994|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/cleminfo.html|accessdate=29 March 2010|archive-date=25 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925095846/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/cleminfo.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Misi naya diumpati misi ''[[Lunar Prospector]]'' pada tahun 1998, nang bahasil mahaga adanya kalabihan [[hidrogen]] di kutub Bulan, nang diduga diulah marga adanya banyu es babarapa meter di atas regolith di dalam kawah kadap parmanin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lunar Prospector: Neutron Spectrometer|publisher=NASA|url=http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/neutron.htm|year=2001|accessdate=29 March 2010|archive-date=2010-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527105801/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/neutron.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ''[[SMART-1]]'', pasawat luar angkasa Eropa nang marupakan wahana [[propulsi ion|bertenaga ion]] kadua, baandak di orbit Bulan matan tanggal 15 November 2004, wan diampihakan imbah pangandalinya marumpak Bulan pada tanggal 3 September 2006. Misi ngini marupakan misi panambaian nang bahasil manyurvei sacara rinci unsur kimia di parmukaan Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMSDE1A6BD_0.html|title=SMART-1 factsheet|date=26 February 2007|publisher=European Space Agency|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref> [[Tiongkok]] jua babujuran handak banar gasan maluncurakan [[Program Penjelajahan Bulan Tiongkok|program pamiritan Bulan]], dimulai lawan ''[[Chang'e 1]]'', nang bahasil maorbit Bulan matan tanggal 5 November 2007 sampai kaakhirannya marumpak Bulan tanggal 1 Maret 2009.<ref name="xinhua_20090301" /> Dalam misi salawas anam walas bulan, wahana ngini bahasil maambil foto Bulan sacara sabarataan. Tiongkok manyambung kabahasilan ngini lawan maluncurakan ''[[Chang'e 2]]'' pada bulan Oktober 2010, nang hampai di Bulan dua kali taancap pada ''Chang'e 1''. Misi ngini bahasil mamitaakan Bulan dalam resolusi nang tatinggi dalam waktu kikira walu bulan, imbahnya maninggalakan orbit Bulan gasan maitihi paluasan [[titik Lagrangian]] L2 Bumi-Matahari. Wahana ngini tarabang malintasi asteroid [[4179 Toutatis]] pada 13 Desember 2012, wan imbahnya langlam ka angkasa luar. Pada tanggal 14 Disimbir 2013, ''[[Chang'e 3]]'' manyambung misi pandahulunya lawan mangirimakan sabuting [[Lander (pesawat luar angkasa)|pendarat]] ka parmukaan Bulan, nang kaakhirannya maluncurakan saikung [[penjelajah Bulan]] bangaran ''Yutu'' (Mandarin: 玉兔; sacara tunggal hurufan artinya "Kelinci"). Damintu, ''Chang'e 3'' marupakan wahana panambaian nang manggawi pandaratan lunak di parmukaan Bulan matan ''[[Luna 24]]'' pada tahun 1976, wan jua misi panambaian nang maluncurkan [[rover (penjelajahan luar angkasa)|pamirit]] matan ''[[Lunokhod 2]]'' pada 1973. Tiongkok barancana gasan maluncurakan misi pamirit lainnya (''[[Chang'e 4]]'') pada tahun 2015, lawan misi paambilan sampel (''[[Chang'e 5]]'') pada tahun 2017. Antara tanggal 4 Oktober 2007 wan 10 Juni 2009, [[JAXA|Badan Penjelajahan Antariksa Jepang]] maluncurakan misi ''[[SELENE|Kaguya]] (Selene)'', pangorbit Bulan nang dilangkapi lawan kamera [[video definisi tinggi|video berdefinisi tinggi]] wan dua satelit pamancar radio halus. Misi ngini bahasil maulihi data geofisika Bulan wan maambil video berdefinisi tinggi matan luar orbit Bumi gasan panambaian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selene.jaxa.jp/en/profile/index.htm|title=KAGUYA Mission Profile|publisher=JAXA|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2007/11/20071107_kaguya_e.html|title=KAGUYA (SELENE) World's First Image Taking of the Moon by HDTV|date=7 November 2007|publisher=Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)|accessdate=13 April 2010|archive-date=2010-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316190341/http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2007/11/20071107_kaguya_e.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Misi pamiritan Bulan panambaian [[India]], ''[[Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan I]]'', maorbit Bulan matan tanggal 8 November 2008 sampai kahilangan kontak pada 27 Agustus 2009, nang manggawi pamitaan fotogeologi wan mineralogi parmukaan Bulan dalam resolusi tinggi. Misi ngini jua mahaga adanya molekul-molekul banyu di dalam tanah Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/Chandrayaan/htmls/mission_sequence.htm|title=Mission Sequence|date=17 November 2008|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] barancana gasan maluncurakan ''[[Chandrayaan II]]'' pada tahun 2013, nang jua dikawani lawan sabuting robot pamiritan Bulan ampun [[Rusia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx#Space|title=Indian Space Research Organisation: Future Program|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isro.org/pressrelease/Nov14_2007.htm|title=India and Russia Sign an Agreement on Chandrayaan-2|date=14 November 2007|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|accessdate=13 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217203828/http://isro.org/pressrelease/Nov14_2007.htm|archivedate=2007-12-17|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tagal, kagagalan misi ''[[Fobos-Grunt]]'' Rusia maulah proyek ngini magalami panundaan. Misi Bulan masa hadapan nang lain adalah ''[[Luna-Glob]]'' Rusia; nang maliputi sabuting pandarat kada baurang, rangkaian seismometer, wan pengorbit nang sarupa lawan misi ''[[Fobos-Grunt]]'' Mars nang tawalangi.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news/aw060506p2.xml|title = Russia Plans Ambitious Robotic Lunar Mission|last = Covault|first = C.|publisher = Aviation Week|date = 4 June 2006|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 12 June 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060612215659/http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news%2Faw060506p2.xml|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/Top_News/2009-02-25/Russia_to_send_mission_to_Mars_this_year__Moon_in_three_years_.html|title=Russia to send mission to Mars this year, Moon in three years |date=25 February 2009|publisher="TV-Novosti"|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> Pamiritan Bulan nang didanai swasta dikambangakan oleh [[Google Lunar X Prize]], diumumakan pada 13 Siptimbir 2007, nang manawarakan duit sanilai US$20&nbsp;juta gasan siapa haja nang kawa mandaratakan sabuting robot pamiritan di Bulan wan nang mahibaki katantuan nang lain.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Google Lunar X Prize|publisher=X-Prize Foundation|url=http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/about-the-prize|year=2010|accessdate=24 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228024532/http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/about-the-prize|archivedate=2010-02-28|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Shackleton Energy Company]] lagi mangambangakan sabuting program gasan manggawi operasi di kutub salatan Bulan dalam rangka mangumpulakan banyu gasan memasok [[Propellant Depot]] ampun buhannya.<ref>{{cite web | title = Mining the Moon's Water: Q&A with Shackleton Energy's Bill Stone | publisher = Space News | last = Wall | first = Mike | date = 14 January 2011 | url = http://www.spacenews.com/10619-mining-moon-water-bill-stone-110114.html }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Agustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> NASA [[Masa Depan Penjelajahan Luar Angkasa|barancana gasan manyambung misi baurang]] imbah adanya saruan matan Presiden AS [[George W. Bush]] pada tanggal 14 Januari 2004 gasan maluncurkan misi berawak ka Bulan pada tahun 2019, lawan maulah sabuting pangkalan di Bulan pada tahun 2024.<ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.nasa.gov/missions/solarsystem/bush_vision.html|title = President Bush Offers New Vision For NASA|date = 14 December 2004|publisher = NASA|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510062228/http://www.nasa.gov/missions/solarsystem/bush_vision.html |date=10 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title = NASA Unveils Global Exploration Strategy and Lunar Architecture|publisher = NASA|date = 4 December 2006|url = http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/dec/HQ_06361_ESMD_Lunar_Architecture.html|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823131906/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/dec/HQ_06361_ESMD_Lunar_Architecture.html |date=23 August 2007 }}</ref> Tagal, program nitu diwalangi gasan rancana pandaratan baurang di sabuting asteroid pada tahun 2025 wan misi pengorbit [[Mars]] berawak nang rancananya pacangan diluncurakan pada tahun 2035.<ref>{{cite web|author=NASAtelevision |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rNn_cUrlmE |title=President Obama Pledges Total Commitment to NASA |publisher=YouTube |date=15 April 2010 |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> [[India]] jua manyatakan niatnya gasan mangirimakan misi baurang ka Bulan pada tahun 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.space.com/news/061110_india_mannedspace.html| publisher = SPACE.com|title = India's Space Agency Proposes Manned Spaceflight Program| date = 10 November 2006| accessdate =23 October 2008}}</ref> == Astronomi matan Bulan == Salawas batahunan, Bulan diakui sawagai lokasi nang bagus gasan [[teleskop]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Takahashi | first = Yuki | title = Mission Design for Setting up an Optical Telescope on the Moon | publisher = California Institute of Technology | date = September 1999 | url = http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~yukimoon/MoonTelescope/ | accessdate = 27 March 2011 | archive-date = 2015-11-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151106142659/http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~yukimoon/MoonTelescope/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Andakannya pina parak sampai [[panglihatan astronomi]] kada pacangan jadi masalah; kawah tatentu di parak kutub kadap wan dingin sacara permanen, wan lawan damintu babujuran bamanfaat gasan [[teleskop inframerah]]; wan [[teleskop radio]] di hadapan jauh pacangan talindung matan pamandiran radio di Bumi.<ref>{{cite web | last = Chandler | first = David | title = MIT to lead development of new telescopes on moon | work = MIT News | date = 15 February 2008 | url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/moonscope-0215.html | accessdate =27 March 2011}}</ref> [[Tanah Bulan]], meskipun menjadi kendala bagi bagian teleskop yang bergerak, bisa dicampur dengan [[karbon nanotube]] dan [[epoksi]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Naeye | first = Robert | title = NASA Scientists Pioneer Method for Making Giant Lunar Telescopes | publisher = Goddard Space Flight Center | date = 6 April 2008 | url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/lunar_telescopes.html | accessdate = 27 March 2011 | archive-date = 22 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101222142443/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/lunar_telescopes.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Sebuah [[teleskop zenith]] Bulan bisa dibuat dengan mudah menggunakan [[cairan ion]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Bell | first = Trudy | title = Liquid Mirror Telescopes on the Moon | work = Science News | publisher = NASA | date = 9 October 2008 | url = http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/09oct_liquidmirror/ | accessdate =27 March 2011}}</ref> Pada bulan April 1972, misi [[Apollo 16]] maambil babagai gambar astronomi wan spektrum [[ultraungu]] lawan mamakai [[Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_16/experiments/f_ultra/ |title=Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph |publisher=Lpi.usra.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> == Status hukum == {{main|Hukum ruang angkasa}} Bujur bandira ''[[Program Luna|Luna]]'' Uni Soviet tasabar di Bulan, wan [[bendera Amerika Serikat]] sacara simbolis ditajak di lokasi pandaratan oleh [[Daftar astronaut Apollo|astronaut Apollo]], kadada sabubuting nagara nang manyambat jadi ampun bagian parmukaan Bulan sampai wayah ini.<ref name="unoosa_q6" /> Rusia wan Amerika Serikat marupakan dua nagara nang manikin [[Perjanjian Luar Angkasa]] pada tahun 1967,<ref name="unoosa_q4" /> nang manyataakan bahwa Bulan wan kasabarataan luar angkasa adalah "[[warisan bersama umat manusia|prupinsi gasan sabarataan umat manusia]]".<ref name="unoosa_q6" /> Parjanjian ngini jua mawatasi pamanfaatan Bulan gasan tujuan damai, sacara eksplisit kada mambulihakan pamasangan sarana militer wan [[sanjata pamusnah massal]] di Bulan.<ref name="unoosa_q5" /> [[Perjanjian Bulan]] 1979 batujuan gasan mambatasi eksploitasi sumber daya Bulan oleh sabuting nagara, tagal parjanjian naya balum ditikin sabubuting nagara pamirit luar angkasa.<ref name="unoosa_moon" /> Bujur barapa urang sudah mangaku ampunnya sabaraan atawa sapalih parmukaan Bulan, tagal kadada sabubuting nang dianggap bujuran.<ref name="unoosa_q7" /><ref name="iisl_2004" /><ref name="iisl_2009" /> == Dalam budaya == {{Further|Bulan dalam fiksi|Almanak bulan|Deifikasi bulan|Efek bulan|Bulan biru|Bulan (pananggalan)}} [[Berkas:Moon-bonatti.png|jmpl|Luna, sang Rembulan, dari ''Liber astronomiae'' edisi 1550 karya [[Guido Bonatti]].]] [[Fase Bulan]] nang taatur manjadiakan inya sawagai panunjuk waktu nang pas banar, wan wayah muncul wan hilangnya Bulan di langit maulah dasar gasan sawagian ganal pananggalan bahari. [[Tongkat hitungan]], artefak tulang nang baumur pintangan 20-30.000 tahun, diparcaya oleh babarapa pihak sawagai pananda fase Bulan.<ref name="Marshack" /><ref>Brooks, A. S. and Smith, C. C. (1987): "Ishango revisited: new age determinations and cultural interpretations", ''The African Archaeological Review'', 5 : 65–78.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Duncan|first = David Ewing|title = The Calendar|url = https://archive.org/details/calendar5000year0000dunc_l8r5|year = 1998|publisher = Fourth Estate Ltd.|isbn = 978-1-85702-721-1|pages = [https://archive.org/details/calendar5000year0000dunc_l8r5/page/10 10]–11 }}</ref> ~30 hari dalam sabulan marupakan waktu pangiraan [[siklus Bulan]]. Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata banda ''month'' wan kata badangsanak dalam [[rumpun bahasa Jermanik|bahasa Jermanik]] lainnya baasal matan kata Proto-Jermanik ''*mǣnṓth-'', nang manunjukakan adanya pamakaian [[kalender bulan]] oleh [[bangsa Jermanik]] ([[kalender Jermanik]]) sabalum pamakaian [[almanak matahari]].<ref name="barnhart-and-germania" /><ref>{{cite book|author = Smith, William George|title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Oarses-Zygia|url = http://books.google.com/?id=PJ0YAAAAIAAJ|accessdate = 29 March 2010|volume = 3|year = 1849|publisher = J. Walton|page = 768 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author = Estienne, Henri|title = Thesaurus graecae linguae|url = http://books.google.com/?id=0qQ_AAAAcAAJ|accessdate = 29 Marit 2010|volume = 5|year = 1846|publisher = Didot|page = 1001 }}</ref> [[Berkas:Moonstar.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Bintang dan bulan sabit|Bulan sabit]] wan "bintang" (disini adalah planet [[Venus]]) marupakan [[simbol Islam]], ditampaiakan pada bandira nagara nang kaya: {{flag|Turkey|name=(Turki)}}, {{flag|Algeria|name=(Aljazair)}} wan {{flag|Pakistan|name=(Pakistan)}}.]] Bulan sudah manjadi pamandiran matan banyak ulahan seni wan sastra, lawan inspirasi gasan bidang seni lainnya. Bulan dijadiakan sawagai motif dalam seni visual, seni partunjukan, syair, prosa, wan musik. Sabuting ukiran batu baumur 5.000 tahun di [[Knowth]], [[Irlandia]], diduga manggambarakan Bulan, nang marupakan panggambaran Bulan paling pamulaan tahaga.<ref name="spacetoday" /> Palainan visual antara dataran tinggi nang tarang wan kawah ''[[Mare|maria]]'' nang kadap malahirkan pola nang diitih ulih sajumlah budaya sabagai sosok [[Manusia di Bulan]], [[Kalinci Bulan|kalinci]], hadangan, dan lain samacamnya. Dalam sahagian ganal budaya kuno wan prasajarah, Bulan diumpamakan sawagai [[Deifikasi bulan|saikung dewi]] atawa kajadian [[supernatural]] nang lain, wan [[Bulan (astrologi)|pandangan astrologi tahadap Bulan]] tatap tasabar sampai wayah ini. Bulan baisi paran panting dalam [[Islam]]; [[almanak Islam]] didasarakan pada pariode Bulan, wan di sahagian ganal nagara Muslim, pamulaan atawa pahabisan bulan ditantuakan oleh panampakan [[hilal]], atawa bulan sabit pamulaan, di atas cakrawala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Calendars based on the Calculated First Visibility of the Lunar Crescent|publisher=University of Utrecht|url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/islam_tabcal_hilal.htm|accessdate=2014-01-11}}</ref> [[Bintang wan bulan sabit]], nang pamulaannya marupakan simbol [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]], wayah ini dipakai sawagai simbol masyarakat Muslim. [[Mambalah bulan]] ({{lang-ar|انشقاق القمر}}) diparcaya oleh umat Muslim sawagai mukjizat nabi [[Muhammad]].<ref>"Muhammad." [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, p.13</ref> Bulan baisi hubungan nang panjang lawan kagilaan wan macam-macam nang kada masuk akal; dalam bahasa Inggris, kata ''lunacy'' wan ''lunatic'' (secara populer disingkat ''loony'', artinya gila) baasal matan kata [[bahasa Latin]] ''Luna'', nang baarti Bulan. Filsuf [[Aristoteles]] wan [[Pliny the Elder]] bapandapat pada [[bulan purnama]] manularakan kagilaan pada uurang nang rantan. Buhannya parcaya pada otak manusia, nang sahagian ganalnya tadiri matan banyu, dipangaruhi oleh Bulan nang manguasai [[pasang surut]], tagal gravitasi Bulan talalu halus gasan mamangaruhi saikung urang.<ref name="sciam" /> Malahan wayahini, uurang parcaya pada pasien rumah sakit jiwa, kacalakaan lalu lintas, kasus pambunuhan atawa bunuh diri pacangan maningkat wayah bulan purnama, bujur kadada bukti ilmiah nang mandukung parnyataan tarsabut.<ref name="sciam" /> {{clr}} == Itihi jua == {{Portal|Tata Surya}} {{Wikipedia books |1=Bulan |3=Tata Surya }} * [[Bulan Bumi nang lain]] * [[Ilusi bulan]] * [[Satelit alami]] * [[2006 RH120]] == Referensi == === Catatan === {{notes | notes = {{efn | name = maxval |''Nilai maksimum'' didasarakan pada skala katarangan matan nilai -12,74 nang dibariakan gasan jarak khatulistiwa ka pusat Bulan, atawa 378.000 manurut NASA, hingga jarak minimum Bumi-Bulan nang dicantumakan disini, imbah disasuaiakan lawan radius khatulistiwa Bumi, yakni 6.378, sahingga jaraknya adalah 350.600 km. Nilai minimum (wayah [[bulan hanyar]]) didasarakan pada skala nang sama lawan mamakai jarak Bumi-Bulan maksimum, atawa 407.000 km, wan lawan mahitung katarangan cahaya bulan wayah bulan hanyar. Katarangan cahaya bulan adalah {{nowrap|[[Albedo]] Bumi ×}} {{nowrap|([[radius bumi]] /}} Radius [[orbit Bulan]])²&nbsp;] rilatif tahadap pancahayaan langsung dari Matahari nang tajadi saat bulan purnama. ({{nowrap|Albedo Bumi {{=}} 0.367}}; {{nowrap|Radius Bumi {{=}} radius (kutub}}&nbsp;× {{nowrap|radius khatulistiwa)^½ {{=}} 6 367 km}}.) }} {{efn | name = angular size | Kisaran nilai ukuran buncu nang dicantumakan badasarakan pada skala sederhana matan nilai nang tadapat dalam referensi: jarak khatulistiwa Bumi ka pusat Bulan adalah 378.000 km, ukuran sudutnya adalah 1.896 [[detik busur]]. Referensi nang sama mancantumakan jarak ekstrem Bumi-Bulan adalah 407.000 km wan 357.km 000. Gasan manantuakan ukuran buncu maksimum, jarak minimum harus dikoreksi sasuai lawan radius khatulistiwa bumi, yakni 6.378 km, supaya hasilnya 350.600 km. }} {{efn | name = pressure explanation | Lucey ''et al.'' (2006) manyataakan {{nowrap|10⁷ partikel cm⁻³}} wayah siang hari wan {{nowrap|10⁵ partikel cm⁻³}} pada malam hari. Marga suhu permukaan khatulistiwa nang mencapai 390&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] pada siang hari wan 100&nbsp;K pada malam hari, [[hukum gas ideal]] mahasilakan tikinan nang sawagaimana nang dicantumakan pada kotak info (dibulatakan sampai mamaraki [[urutan magnitudo]]): 10⁻⁷&nbsp;[[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] pada siang hari wan 10⁻¹⁰&nbsp;Pa pada malam hari. }} {{efn | name = near-Earth asteroids | Tadapat sajumlah [[asteroid parak Bumi]], tamasuk [[3753 Cruithne]], nang ma[[ko-orbit]] Bumi: orbit buhannya manjauhi Bumi gasan beberapa periode waktu tagal imbahnya manggawi paorbitan dalam waktu lawas (Morais et al, 2002). Adapula [[quasi-satelit]]&nbsp;– buhannya lain satelit marga buhannya kada maorbit Bumi. Gasan informasi talanjut, itihi [[Satelit Bumi nang lain]]. }} {{efn | name = Charon and Pluto | [[Charon (bulan)|Charon]] secara proporsional taganal gasan ukuran [[Pluto]], tagal Pluto imbah direklasifikasi sawagai [[planet katai]]. }} {{efn | name = age | Usia naya dihitung matan pananggalan isotop batuan Bulan. }} {{efn | name = orbpd | Nang pasnya, periode sidereal Bulan (bintang tatap ka bintang tatap) adalah 27,321661&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 11,5d)}}, wan periode orbit tropis rata-ratanya (dari ekuinoks ke ekuinoks) adalah 27,321582&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 04,7d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107). }} {{efn | name = synpd | Nang pasnya, periode sinodis rata-rata Bulan (antara rata-rata konjungsi matahari) adalah 29,530589&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(29h 12j 44m 02,9d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107). }} {{efn | name = brightness | [[Magnitudo tampak]] Matahari adalah −26.7, wan magnitudo tampak bulan purnama adalah −12.7. }} {{efn | name = area | Sacara rata-rata, Bulan maliputi area saluas 0,21078 derajat parsagi di langit malam. }} {{efn | name = size changes | Itihi gambar di [[Matahari#Fase hidup]]. Wayah ini, diameter Matahari maningkat lawan laju pintangan lima parsen par miliar tahun. Angka ngini pina sama lawan laju diameter buncu Bulan nang bakurang marga surut matan Bumi. }} }} === Kutipan === {{reflist |colwidth = 30em |refs = <ref name="W06"> {{cite journal |last1 = Wieczorek |first1 = M. |title = The constitution and structure of the lunar interior |journal = Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume = 60 |issue = 1 |pages = 221–364 |year = 2006 |doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3 |display-authors = 1 |author2 = <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> }} </ref> <ref name="Lang2011"> Lang, Kenneth R. (2011); [http://books.google.ca/books?id=S4xDhVCxAQIC&pg=PA184 ''The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System''], 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press </ref> <ref name="NSSDC">{{cite web |last = Williams |first = Dr. David R. |title = Moon Fact Sheet |publisher = [[NASA]] (National Space Science Data Center) |url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html |date = 2 February 2006 |accessdate = 31 December 2008 |archive-date = 21 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200521064556/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="Saari"> {{cite journal |doi = 10.1364/AO.47.004981 |title = Celestial body irradiance determination from an underfilled satellite radiometer: application to albedo and thermal emission measurements of the Moon using CERES |year = 2008 |last1 = Matthews |first1 = Grant |journal = Applied Optics |volume = 47 |pages = 4981–93 |pmid = 18806861 |issue = 27 |bibcode = 2008ApOpt..47.4981M }} </ref> <ref name="Vasavada1999"> {{cite journal |author=A.R. 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What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals? |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2004">{{cite web |url = http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |title = Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004) |year = 2004 |publisher = International Institute of Space Law |accessdate = 28 March 2010 |archive-date = 22 December 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021426/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="iisl_2009">{{cite web |url = http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |title = Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009) |date = 22 March 2009 |publisher = International Institute of Space Law |accessdate = 28 March 2010 |archive-date = 22 December 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091222022107/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="Marshack"> Marshack, Alexander (1991): ''The Roots of Civilization'', Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY. </ref> <ref name="barnhart-and-germania"> For etymology, see {{cite book|last = Barnhart|first = Robert K.|title = The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology|year = 1995|publisher = Harper Collins|isbn = 978-0-06-270084-1|page = 487 }} For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see {{cite book|last = Birley|first = A. R. (Trans.)|title = ''Agricola and Germany''|url = https://archive.org/details/agricolagermany00taci|series = Oxford World's Classics|year = 1999|publisher = Oxford|location = USA|isbn = 978-0-19-283300-6|page = [https://archive.org/details/agricolagermany00taci/page/108 108] }} </ref> <ref name="spacetoday"> {{cite web |url = http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |title = Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos |publisher = Space Today Online |year = 2006 |accessdate =12 April 2007 }} </ref> <ref name="sciam"> {{cite web |title = Lunacy and the Full Moon |publisher = Scientific American |year = 2009 |first1 =Scott O. |last1 = Lilienfeld |first2 = Hal |last2 = Arkowitz |url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |accessdate =13 April 2010 }} </ref> }} === Bibliografi === {{Refbegin}} * {{Anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book|last = Needham|first = Joseph|title = Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth|url = http://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC|year = 1986|publisher = Caves Books|isbn = 978-0-521-05801-8|place = Taipei }} {{Refend}} {{Tata Surya}} [[Tumbung:Tata Surya]] [[Tumbung:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]] sh9j81qfcf7db9lvbu8jvxdyozjopli 0 18506 115617 113176 2026-11-04T22:54:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261104) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 115617 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malayisasi''' ({{lang-ms|Pemelayuan}}<ref>Nik Hassan Shuhaimi, p. 71</ref> atawa ''Melayuisasi''<ref name="MohamedAnwar">Mohamed Anwar, p. 34</ref> atawa lazimnya ''Masuk Melayu''<ref name="Benjamin">Benjamin, p. 306</ref><ref>Ooi, p. 195</ref><ref name="Milner">Milner, p. 200</ref><ref>Kipp, p. 29</ref><ref name="AndayaBarbara">Andaya, Barbara W, p. 55</ref><ref>Barnard, p. 243</ref>) adalah proses wayah bubuhan matan berbagai latar budaya wan etnis di Asia Tenggara Maritim mengadopsi identitas budaya Islam wan Melayu. Proses ini awalnya tajadi di semenanjung Melayu, Sumatra, wan [[:id:Kalimantan|Kalimantan]] jaman pra-modern wan cenderung disurung idabul penyebaran Islam sakakali pandirian kasultanan wan pos dagang Melayu di saluruh nusantara. Etnis Melayu dipinandu sabagai masyarakat padagang pasisir wan identitas budaya nang baragam.<ref>Barnard, p. 7, 32, 33 & 43</ref><ref>Milner, p. 131</ref><ref>Benjamin, p. 458</ref> Identitas umum nang maikat masyarakat Melayu adalah bahasa Melayu, Islam, wan budayanya. Identitas sosio-kultural Melayu Muslim ini, nang mendominasi sampai zaman modern, tabentuk selama konsolidasi Kesultanan Melaka sabagai kagancangan regional pada abad ke-15. Malayisasi jua dipandang sebagai proses "pengajaran", tautama tahadap masyarakat suku non-Muslim Batak, Orang Asli, wan Dayak.<ref name="Milner_a">Milner, p. 232</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> == Daptar pustaka == {{refbegin|60em}} * {{Cite book|last=Andaya|first=Barbara W.|coauthors=Leonard Y. Andaya|title=A History of Malaysia|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9760312381211|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1984|location=London|isbn=0-333-27672-8,0-333-27672-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Andaya|first=Leonard Y.|title=Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka|url=https://archive.org/details/leavesofsametree0000anda|publisher=University of Hawaii press|year=2008|location=New York|isbn=978-082-4-83189-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Barnard|first=Timothy P.|title=Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries|publisher=Singapore University press|year=2004|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-69-279-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Barrington|first= Lowell|title=After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States|url=https://archive.org/details/afterindependenc0000unse_q8a2|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-472-06898-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Benjamin|first=Geoffrey|coauthors=Cynthia Chou|title=Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2002|isbn=978-981-230-166-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Cheah|first=Boon Kheng|title=Malaysia: the Making of a Nation|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2002|isbn=978-9-8123-0154-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Crouch|first=Harold A.|title=Government and Society in Malaysia|publisher=Cornell University|year=1996|location=New York|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HNEGTjlwMpEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0-8014-3218-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Esposito|first=John L.|title=The Oxford History of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=New York|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&pg=PT841&dq=masuk+melayu#v=onepage&q=masuk%20melayu&f=false|isbn=978-0-1951-0799-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Freedman|first=Amy L.|title=Political Participation and Ethnic Minorities: Chinese Overseas in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the United States|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-0-415-92446-7}} * {{Cite book|last=He|first=Baogang|coauthors=Brian Galligan, Takashi Inoguchi|title=Federalism in Asia|publisher=Edward Elgar Publication|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84720-140-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Joseph|first=Suad|coauthors=Afsaneh Najmabadi|title=Economics, Education, Mobility And Space (Encyclopedia of women & Islamic cultures)|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=2006|isbn=978-90-04-12820-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Kipp|first=Rita Smith|title=Dissociated Identities: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in an Indonesian Society|url=https://archive.org/details/dissociatedident00rita_0|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1996|isbn=978-04-72-08402-9}} * {{Cite journal|last=Lian|first=Kwen Fee|title=The construction of Malay identity across nations Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 157|volume=4|url=http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/viewFile/3138/3899|year=2001|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Marshall Cavendish|first=|title=World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2007|isbn=978-076-1476-31-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Milner|first=Anthony|title=The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific)|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4443-3903-1}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/82001895|title=Asal Usul Orang Melayu: Menulis Semula Sejarahnya (The Malay Origin: Rewrite Its History)|accessdate=2012-06-04|author=Mohamed Anwar Omar Din|year=2011|publisher=Jurnal Melayu, [[Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]]}} * {{Cite book|last=Mohd Fauzi|first=Yaacob|title=Malaysia: Transformasi dan perubahan sosial|publisher=Arah Pendidikan Sdn Bhd|year=2009|location=Kuala Lumpur|isbn=978-967-3-23132-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Nik Hassan Shuhaimi|first=Nik Abdul Rahman|title=Sejarah dan Proses Pemantapan Negara Bangsa: Prosiding Kongres Sejarah Malaysia Kedua (Volume 1)|publisher=Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia|year=1998|location=Kuala Lumpur|isbn=978-983-2-14000-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|title=Historical Dictionary of Malaysia|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000ooik|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2009|isbn=978-081-0-85955-5}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnist/changing-religion-not-ethnicity-1.20881|title='Changing religion, not ethnicity'|accessdate=2012-05-31|author=Phang, Fatin Aliah|date=2011-12-18|publisher=[[New Straits Times]]}} * {{Cite book|last=Reid|first=Anthony|title=Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8014-8093-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesianlangua0000sned|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|year=2003|isbn=0-86840-598-1}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/documents/146A9E1B75DB8163AE2228D170EC7D871787832B.html|title=The Orang Melayu and Orang Jawa in the 'Lands Below the Winds|accessdate=2010-06-21|author=Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto|year=2005|publisher=Centre for research on inequality, human security and ethnicity}} * {{Cite book|last=Wang|first=Gungwu|title=Nation Building: Five Southeast Asian Histories|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2005|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-230-320-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Yeoh|first=Kim Wah|title=Political Development of Singapore, 1945-1955|publisher=Singapore University Press|year=1973|location=Singapore|isbn=0-8214-0486-5}} {{refend}} {{Asimilasi budaya}} qamq9v0ridk4kw7ntgoggwsxbygtor8 0 22807 115609 93873 2026-11-04T13:57:46Z ~2026-55037-88 18005 115609 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arif Defri Arianto''', nang labih dipinandui sawagai '''Defri Juliant''' atawa '''Defri LIDA''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bangkinang]], [[Riau]]|28|12|2002}}) adalah sa'ikung [[panyanyi]] bakabangsaan [[Indunisia]]. {{Infobox urang }} == Referensi == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Juliant, Defri}} [[Tumbung:Panyanyi Indunisia]] [[Tumbung:Palakun Indunisia]] [[Tumbung:Urang Malayu]] 3alrlqyn2e4xrm3hi2ak7bqy07q0m3c 0 22873 115640 73943 2026-11-05T10:08:40Z Erikanaymelia22 17619 115640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kacamatan |ngaran = Sukolilo |kar = [[Barakas:Locator Kecamatan Sukolilo di Kota Surabaya.png|250px]] |gambar = |caption = <!-- Diisi dengan keterangan gambar. --> |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |prupinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kuta |ngaran dati2 = Surabaya |ngaran camat = Kanti Budiarti, S.Sos, M.Si |ngaran sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60119 |luas = <!-- Tidak perlu diisi, terintegrasi dengan Wikidata --> |warga = <!-- Tidak perlu diisi, terintegrasi dengan Wikidata --> |karacapan = |kaurahan = -/7 |alamat = Jl. Nginden Semolo No.89, Menur Pumpungan |telepon = }} '''Sukolilo''' adalah sabuting [[kacamatan]] di Kuta [[Kuta Surabaya|Surabaya]], Prupinsi [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indunisia]]. Sukolilo marupakan sentra pandidikan di Subabaya Timur karna banyaknya parguruan tinggi andalan kayak [[Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)]], [[Universitas Hang Tuah]], wan [[Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya (UNTAG)]]. Sukolilo marupakan kacamatan paling luas di Surabaya wan wilayah timurnya dihangatan padang tambak wan mamanjang sampai ka Selat Madura. Kacamatan ini baisi banyak macam parumahan elit nang kayak Galaxy Bumi Permai (Araya), Puri Galaxy, wan Pakuwon City. == Watas Wilayah == Watas wilayah Sukolilo, yaitu : {| class="wikitable" |+Watas |Utara |Kacamatan Mulyorejo |- |Salatan |Kacamatan Rungkut |- |Timur |Selat Madura |- |Barat |Kacamatan Gubeng |} == Daptar Kalurahan == Kacamatan Sukolilo baisi 7 kalurahan nang dibagi ka babarapa rukun warga wan rukun tatangga yaitu : {| class="wikitable" |+ !No !Nama Kalurahan !Jumlah RT !Jumlah RW !Kode Pos |- |1 |Gebang Putih |7 |25 |60117 |- |2 |Keputih |9 |47 |60111 |- |3 |Klampis Ngasem |9 |48 |60117 |- |4 |Medokan Semampir |9 |60 |60119 |- |5 |Menur Pumpungan |10 |56 |60118 |- |6 |Nginden Jangkungan |11 |61 |60118 |- |7 |Semolowaru |12 |70 |60119 |} == Wadah Terkenal == '''Pendidikan''' * Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) * Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya (PENS) * Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya (PPNS) * Universitas Hang Tuah * Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya (UNTAG) * Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya (ITATS) * Dinas Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Pruvinsi Jawa Timur '''Pariwisata''' * Taman Harmoni * Hutan Bambu Keputih * Taman Bhinneka '''Fasilitas Kesehatan''' * RSU Haji Pruvinsi Jawa Timur * RS Premier Surabaya * RSIA Putri Surabaya * RS Onkologi Surabaya * RSGM Nala Husada Universitas Hang Tuah '''Lainnya''' * Hotel Gunawangsa Manyar * ESA Sampoerna * Telkom Landmark Tower * Graha Bethany Nginden == Jujuhutan == https://pemerintahan.surabaya.go.id/kecamatan-sukolilo/profil-sejarah {{Sukolilo, Surabaya}} {{Kuta Surabaya}} {{kacamatan-stub}} [[Tumbung:Kacamatan di Indonesia]] [[Tumbung:Kacamatan di surabaya]] [[Tumbung:Sukolilo, Surabaya]] sy23r0l8k0piq5b2u626ljmavyruxqn 0 23829 115615 115504 2026-11-04T22:52:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261104) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 115615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{linguistik}} {{Ilmu}} '''Linguistik''' ([[IPA (linguistik)|IPA]]: /liŋuistik/) atawa '''ilmu basa''' adalah ilmu nang mampalajari manganai [[basa]]. Bagantung lawan sudut pandang wan pamarakan saikung panaliti, linguistik rancak dimasukakan ka dalam wadah nang sama kaya ilmu [[kognitif]], [[psikologi]], wan [[antropologi]]. Ada tiga buting aspek luas panalitian, nang maliputi bantuk, basa, makna basa, wan basa dalam konteks.<ref>{{cite book|title=Elements of General Linguistics|last=Martinet|first=André|authorlink=André Martinet|others=Tr. Elisabeth Palmer Rubbert (Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i.)|location=London|publisher=Faber|year=1960|page=15}}</ref> Pamulaan kagiatan nang dipinandui dalam gambaran basa hudah dikaitakan lawan [[Pāṇini]] sakitar 500 SM lawan analisisnya matan [[bahasa Sanskerta|basa Sanskerta]] di ''Ashtadhyayi''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.)|author=S.C. Vasu (Tr.)|publisher=Vedic Books|year=1996|isbn=9788120804098|url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html}}</ref> Basa kawa dipahami sabagai suatu interaksi bunyi wan makna.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Six Lectures on Sound and Meaning|first=Roman|last=Jakobson|publisher=MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1937|isbn=0262600102|url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ru/jakobson.htm}}</ref> Disiplin nang mampalajari bunyi basa disambat lawan ngaran fonetik, nang bakaitan lawan sipat sabujurnya matan bunyi sambatan wan lain bunyi sambatan kayapa buhannya ngitu dihasilakan wan dirasaakan. Studi manganai makna basa, di wadah lain, bahubungan lawan kayapa basa mamakai logika wan referensi dunia bujur hagan manyampaiakan, mamprusis, wan manatapakan makna sarta hagan mambujuri wan manuntungakan ambiguitas. Hal ngini pada gilirannya mancakup studi semantik (makna disimpulakan matan kata-kata wan kunsip) wan pragmatik (makna disimpulakan matan konteks).<ref>{{cite book|title=Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics|url=https://archive.org/details/meaninggrammarin0000chie_z7i8|year=2000|author=Chierchia, Gennaro and Sally McConnell-Ginet|publisher=MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780262531641}}</ref> Ada sistim aturan (dipinandui lawan tata basa) nang maatur pamandiran antara angguta suatu masyarakat tutur tartantu. Tata basa dipangaruhi ulih suara wan makna, tamasuk morfologi (paulahan wan komposisi kata-kata), wan fonologi (sistim bunyi).<ref>{{cite book|title=Linguistics|year=2010|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=0-262-51370-6|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/examrequest.asp?ttype=2&tid=12240|edition=6th|author=Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer, Robert M. Harnish|accessdate=25 July 2012|archive-date=14 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.ph/20121214215844/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/examrequest.asp?ttype=2&tid=12240|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Malalui [[linguistik korpus]], potongan ganal teks kawa dianalisi hagan kamungkinan kajadia bantuk linguistik tartantu wan pola gaya dalam wacana tartulis atawa lisan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uni-giessen.de/anglistik/ling/Staff/mukherjee/pdfs/Stylistics.pdf |title="Stylistics" by Joybrato Mukherjee. Chapter 49. ''Encyclopedia of Linguistics''. |access-date=2014-03-15 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220434/http://www.uni-giessen.de/anglistik/ling/Staff/mukherjee/pdfs/Stylistics.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Objek linguistik == Objek linguistik marupakan saban basa nang bantar di saban hagian di dunia matan wayah bahari, klasik, atawa wayah kadingsiran. Haratan wayah ngitu, basa nang dikaji lain basa nang bujur wan basa nang bungas wara, tagal jua bantuk ungkapan nang ada barikit lawan basa ngitu. Haratan basa, objek nang dikaji ngitu, kangalihan hagan [[linguis]] manyuuk, linguis imbahnya harus mamakai teks tulis, maraga teks tulis ngitu wara nang kawa mandangani [[linguis]] hagan maminandui basa wayah bahari nang inya kaji.<ref name=":0">de Saussure, Ferdinand (2021). ''Kuliah Umum Linguistik Cours de linguistique générale''. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD. hlm.&nbsp;30. ISBN&nbsp;978-623-6166-37-6.</ref> == Gawian linguistik == Linguistik baisi gawian yaitu: * Maulah gambaran wan manyusun sajarah sabarataan [[basa]] nang kawa linguistik jangkau. Nang baarti linguistik maulah sajarah [[kula basa]] wan maulah baasa sakawa palawa indung saban kaluarga. * Mangikihi hinti nang salawasan wan mandunia dalam saban [[basa]], wan mancungulakan hukum-hukum umum nang kawa dipakai hagan mamadahi samuaan kajadian dalam [[sajarah]]. * Manatapakan pahalatan linguistik ngitu surang wan maartiakan surang.<ref name=":1">de Saussure, Ferdinand (2021). ''Kuliah Umum Linguistik Cours de linguistique générale''. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD. hlm.&nbsp;30. ISBN&nbsp;978-623-6166-37-6.</ref> == Pambagian bidang linguistik == Linguistik bakambang salaras lawan kumpliksitas objek atawa materi nang dikaji. Salihan, ilmu pangatahuan nang mangkaji basa ngini juga basipat tabuka tarhadap pangaruh wan kaparakan lawan ilmu lain. Hal ngini lah nang maulah linguistik sugih lawan cabang ilmu nang masing-masing bafokus lawan macam pamarakan kajian lawan objek nang dikaji. Cabang-cabang linguistik naya antara lain nang baandak di bawah ngini: === Mikrolinguistik === ==== Bidang Teoretis ==== * Umum: ** [[Teori Linguistik]] ** [[Linguistik Deskriptif]] ** [[Linguistik Historis Komparatif]] * Hagan basa tartantu: ** Linguistik Deskriptif ** Linguistik Historis === Makrolinguistik === ==== Bidang Interdisipliner ==== * [[Fonetik]] * [[Stilistika]] * [[Filsafat Bahasa]] * [[Psikolinguistik]] * [[Sosiolinguistik]] * [[Etnolinguistik]] * [[Filologi]] * [[Semiotika]] * [[Epigrafi]] * [[Revitalisasi Bahasa]] (Revivalistics)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/vert-fut-47764415|title=Laki-laki yang berjasa menghidupkan kembali bahasa suku Aborigin yang mati; BBC Future, Alex Rawlings, 2 April 2019|work=[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann]] mendirikan bidang penyelidikan lintas-disiplin yang disebut "Revivalistics", yang berfokus pada kelangsungan hidup dan kebangkitan kembali bahasa yang hampir punah dan sudah punah di seluruh dunia, seperti bahasa [[Ibrani]], Welsh, Cornish, [[Irlandia]], [[Hawaii]], Wampanoag, Myaamia, dan lainnya|accessdate=5 April 2019}}</ref> ==== Bidang Terapan ==== * [[Pengajaran Bahasa]] * [[Penerjemahan]] * [[Leksikografi]] * [[Fonetik Terapan]] * [[Sosiolinguistik Terapan]] * [[Pembinaan Bahasa Internasional|Pembinaan Bahasa]] * [[Linguistik forensik|Linguistik Forensik]] * [[Linguistik Medis]] * [[Grafologi]] * [[Mekanolinguistik]] === Aspek Linguistik === Linguistik baisi aspek antara lain aspek fonologi, aspek morfologi, aspek sintaksis, aspek semantik, wan aspek pragmatik. ==Pamarakan tiuritis== [[File:Ferdinand de Saussure.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ferdinand de Saussure]] mausulkan linguistik umum sebagai studi tentang bahasa sebagai sistem makna dan bentuk yang seimbang.]] ===Pamarakan humanistik=== Linguistik humanistik baisi parinsip dasar bahwa basa adalah tatamuan nang diulah ulih manusia. Sabuting tradisi semiotika panalitian linguistik manyambat basa marupakan sistim tanda nang cungul matan interaksi makna wan bantuk.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nöth |first=Winfried |title=Handbook of Semiotics |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1990 |url=https://salahlibrary.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/handbook-of-semiotics.pdf |isbn=978-0-253-20959-7 |access-date=2022-02-28 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308052018/https://salahlibrary.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/handbook-of-semiotics.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Urganisasi struktur basa disambat komputasional.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hjelmslev|first=Louis |title=Prolegomena to a Theory of Language |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1969 |orig-year=First published 1943|isbn= 0-299-02470-9| author-link=Louis_Hjelmslev}}</ref> Pada dasarnya, linguistik bahubungan lawan ilmu-ilmu sosial wan budaya maraga basa nang balain taulah matan pamandiran sosial ulih masyarakat tutur.<ref>{{cite book |last=de Saussure |first=Ferdinand |title=Course in general linguistics |place=New York |publisher=Philosophy Library |year=1959 |orig-year=First published 1916 |url=https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Saussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf |isbn=978-0-231-15727-8 |author-link=Ferdinand_de_Saussure |access-date=2021-08-05 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414113626/https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Saussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Karungkung nang mawakili panjanakan humanisitik basa tarmasuk [[linguistik struktural]], antara lain.<ref name="humanistic">{{cite journal | last=Austin | first=Patrik | year=2021 | title=Theory of language: a taxonomy | journal=SN Social Sciences | volume=1 | issue=3 | doi=10.1007/s43545-021-00085-x | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43545-021-00085-x | access-date=2021-08-02 }}</ref> Analisis struktural baarti mambedah saban lapisan: fonetik, morfologis, sintaksis, wan wacana, ka unit-unit pahalusnya. Hal ngitu tadi digarumbungakan ka dalam inventaris (nang kaya fonem, morfem, kalas leksikal, janis frase) hagan mampalajari hubungan bubuhannya dalam tantang struktur wan lapisan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schäfer|first=Roland |title=Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen (2nd ed.) |place=Berlin|publisher=Language Science Press |year=2016 | url= https://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=620310 |isbn= 978-1-537504-95-7 }}</ref> Analisis fungsional manambah analisis struktural panugasan peran semantik wan peran fungsional lainnya nang mungkin diampunnya saban unit. Cuntuh, frasa kata banda kawa bapungsi jadi subjek tata basa atawa objek kalimat, atawa jadi agen semantik atawa pasien.<ref>{{cite book |last=Halliday & Matthiessen |title=An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.) |place=London |publisher=Hodder |year=2004 | url= http://www.uel.br/projetos/ppcat/pages/arquivos/RESOURCES/2004_HALLIDAY_MATTHIESSEN_An_Introduction_to_Functional_Grammar.pdf|isbn= 0-340-76167-9| author-link=M. A. K. Halliday}}</ref> [[Linguistik fungsional]], atawa tata basa fungsional, adalah cabang struktural. Dalam konteks humanistik, istilah strukturalisme wan fungsionalisme tahubung lawan maknanya dalam ilmu-ilmu kamanusiaan nang lain. Parbidaan antara strukturalisme formal wan fungsional baandak di jawaban buhannya atas partakunan napa basa baisi sipat-sipat nang inya baisi surang. Panjalasan fungsional mamarluakan gagasan bahwa basa adalah alat hagan bapandiran, atawa bahwa bapandiran adalah fungsi utama basa. Bantuk-bantuk linguistik sacara konsekuen dijalasakan sahubungan lawan nilai fungsionalnya, atawa pamakaiannya. Pamarakan strukturalis lain maambil panjanakan bahwa bantuk maumpati mekanisme batin sistim basa bilateral wan balapis-lapis.<ref>{{cite book |last=Daneš |first=František |editor= Dirven & Fried | title=Functionalism in Linguistics |publisher=John Benjamins |year=1987 |pages=3–38 |chapter=On Prague school functionalism in linguistics |isbn= 978-90-272-1524-6}}</ref> === Pamarakan biologis === Pamarakan kaya linguistik kognitif wan tata basa generatif mampalajari kognisi linguistik lawan panjanakan hagan mamadahakan dasar-dasar biologis basa. Dalam Tata Basa Generatif, dasar-dasar ngini disambat cungul matan pangatahuan tata basa bawaan. Jadi, salah sabuting parhatian tambaian matan pamarakan ngini adalah hagan mangikihi aspek-aspek apa matan pangatahuan linguistik nang basipat [[Genetika|genetik]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Everaert, Huybregts, Chomsky, Berwick & Bolhuis |year= 2015|title= Structures, not strings: linguistics as part of the cognitive sciences|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283666865|journal= Trends in Cognitive Sciences|volume= 19|issue= 12|pages= 729–743|doi= 10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.008|pmid= 26564247|access-date=2021-08-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chomsky|first=Noam| title=The Minimalist Program (2nd ed.) |publisher=MIT Press |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-262-52734-7 | author-link=Noam_Chomsky}}</ref> [[Linguistik kognitif|Linguistik Kognitif]], sabaliknya, manolak gagasan tata basa bawaan, wan mampalajari kayapa pikiran manusia maulah konstruksi linguistik matan skema paristiwa.<ref name="Arbib_2015">{{cite book |last=Arbib |first=Michael A.|editor= MacWhinney & O'Grady |title=Handbook of Language Emergence |publisher=Wiley |year=2015 |pages=81–109 |chapter= Language evolution – an emergentist perspective |isbn= 978-1-118-34613-6 }}</ref>Ngini jua mampalajari pangaruh masalah kognitif wan bias di basa manusia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tobin |first=Vera |editor=Borkent |title=Language and the Creative Mind |publisher=Chicago University Press |year=2014 |pages=347–363 |chapter=Where do cognitive biases fit into cognitive linguistics? |chapter-url=http://www.academia.edu/download/37200544/WhereDoCognitiveBiases.pdf |isbn=978-90-272-8643-7 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Sama jua halnya lawan [[pemrograman neurolinguistik]], basa diparaki mamakai indera.<ref name="delCarmenGuarddonAnelo_2010">{{cite journal|last=del Carmen Guarddon Anelo|first=María|year=2010|title=Metaphors and neuro-linguistic programming|journal=The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences|volume=5|issue=7|pages=151–162|doi=10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v05i07/51812}}</ref><ref name="Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002">{{cite journal|last=Ibarretxe-Antuñano|first=Iraide|year=2002|title=MIND-AS-BODY as a Cross-linguistic Conceptual Metaphor|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272507067| journal= Miscelánea |volume=25 |issue=1 | pages=93–119 | access-date=2020-07-15}}</ref><ref name="Gibbs&Colston_1995">{{cite journal | last=Gibbs & Colston | year=1995|title=The cognitive psychological reality of image schemas and their transformations|journal=Cognitive Linguistics|volume=6|issue=4|pages=347–378|doi=10.1515/cogl.1995.6.4.347 }}</ref> Ahli basa kognitif mampalajari parwujudan pangatahuan lawan mancari ekspresi nang bahubungan lawan skema sensorimotor.<ref name="Luodonpää-Manni&Viimaranta_2017">{{cite book | last=Luodonpää-Manni, Penttilä & Viimaranta | url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-4438-7325-3 | title=Empirical Approaches to Cognitive Linguistics: Analyzing Real-Life Data | year=2017 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-1-4438-7325-3 | editor=Luodonpää-Manni & Viimaranta | chapter=Introduction | access-date=2020-06-30 | archive-date=2021-10-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028081249/https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-4438-7325-3 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Linguistik evolusioner nang mancakup studi unit lingusitik sabagai replikator budaya marupakan pamarakan nang kancang tahubung.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pleyer & Winters |year= 2014|title=Integrating cognitive linguistics and language evolution research|url=https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/THS/article/viewFile/ths-2014-002/4967|journal=Theoria et Historia Scientiarum |volume=11 |pages=19–44|doi=10.12775/ths-2014-002 |access-date=2021-08-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Evans & Green | title=Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction |publisher=Routledge |date=2006 |isbn= 0-7486-1831-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Croft |first=William |year=2008 |title=Evolutionary linguistics |url=http://www.afhalifax.ca/magazine/wp-content/sciences/LaLoiDeGrimm/annurev.anthro.37.081407.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=37 |pages=219–234 |access-date=2021-08-03 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225122332/http://www.afhalifax.ca/magazine/wp-content/sciences/LaLoiDeGrimm/annurev.anthro.37.081407.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Bahwa, kawa hagan mampalajari kayapa basa mareplikasi wan mampasakan lawan pikiran saikung urang atawa paju tutur tartantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cornish, Tamariz & Kirby |year= 2009 |title=Complex adaptive systems and the origins of adaptive structure: what experiments can tell us|url= https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/8777212/complex_adaptive_systems.pdf|journal=Language Learning |volume=59 |pages=187–205|access-date=2021-08-03 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00540.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sinnemäki & Di Garbo | year= 2018|title=Language Structures May Adapt to the Sociolinguistic Environment, but It Matters What and How You Count: A Typological Study of Verbal and Nominal Complexity|journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |pages=187–205|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01141 |pmid=30154738|pmc=6102949 }}</ref> Tata basa konstruksi marupakan karungkung gawian nang manarapakan kunsip meme hagan mampalajari sintaksis.<ref name="Dahl_2001">{{cite journal|last=Dahl|first=Östen|date=2001|title=Grammaticalization and the life cycles of constructions|journal=RASK – Internationalt Tidsskrift for Sprog og Kommunikation|volume=14|pages=91–134}}</ref><ref name="Kirby_2013">{{cite book|last=Kirby|first=Simon|url=http://www.labex-whoami.fr/images/documents/kirby_Labex_JC_paper.pdf|title=The Language Phenomenon|publisher=Springer|year=2013|editor=Smith|pages=121–138|chapter=Transitions: the evolution of linguistic replicators|series=The Frontiers Collection|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-36086-2_6|isbn=978-3-642-36085-5|access-date=2020-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630040853/http://www.labex-whoami.fr/images/documents/kirby_Labex_JC_paper.pdf|archive-date=2020-06-30|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Zehentner_2019">{{cite book|last=Zehentner|first=Eva|title=Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2019|isbn=978-3-11-063385-6}}</ref><ref name="MacWhinney_2015">{{cite book|last=MacWhinney|first=Brian|title=Handbook of Language Emergence|year=2015|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-34613-6|editor=MacWhinney & O'Grady |pages=1–31|chapter=Introduction – language emergence }}</ref> Pamarakan generatif wan pamarakan evolusioner takananya disambat formalisme wan fungsionalisme.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nettle |first=Daniel |editor=Darnell | title=Functionalism and Formalism in linguistics, 1 |volume=41 |publisher=John Benjamins |year=1999 |pages=445–468 |chapter= Functionalism and its difficulties in biology and linguistics |isbn= 978-1-55619-927-1 | doi= 10.1075/slcs.41.21net |series=Studies in Language Companion Series }}</ref>Tagal kunsip-kunsip ngini balaian matan pamakaian istilah dalam [[humaniora]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Croft |first=William |chapter=Functional Approaches to Grammar | title=International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences | editor=Wright | |edition=2nd |year=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |volume=9 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53009-8 |pages=6323–6330}}</ref> == Raraitan linguistik wan ilmu lain == Linguistik baisi raraitan taparak lawan babarapa ilmu lain. Ilmu-ilmu lain takananya mainjam data matan linguistik, wan takananya jua ilmu lain nang mamacangakan data nang didapat hagan linguistik. Gigis tikas antara ilmu-ilmu ngitu lawan linguistik jua kada titir jelas gigisnya. Nang kaya, linguistik harus bujur-bujur dipilah matan [[etnografi]] wan matan [[pra-sejarah]]. Dalam [[etnografi]] wan [[pra-sejarah]] ngitu, basa disambat dukumin wara. Linguistik jua dilainakan lawan [[antropologi]], maraga [[antropologi]] manaliti manusia sabagai [[spesies]] wara sapahadangan, basa adalah sabuting kabujuran [[susial]].<ref name=":0" /> Linguistik jua baisi raraitan lawan [[fisiologi]]. Raraitan badua ngitu basipat [[unilateral]], baarti panalitian [[basa]] mamarluakan fisiologi hagan manjalasakan [[bunyi basa|fonologi]], tagal [[fisiologi]] kada mamarluakan linguistik hagan mahatiakan bunyi ngitu. Raraitan lawan filologi, linguistik tapilah matan linguistik, tagal ada sapalih piduhal dua ilmu ngini bajapaian wan badanganan.<ref name=":1" /> == Lihati jua == * [[Daptar istilah linguistik]] == Jujuhutan == <references /> == Bacaan tasambung == * {{cite book |last = Chaer |first = Abdul |title = Linguistik Umum |publisher = [[Rineka Cipta]] |date = 1994 |month = Agustus |id = 979-518-587-X }} * {{Citation | last1 = Kridalaksana | first1 = Harimurti | last2 = | first2 = | last3 = | first3 = | title = [[Kamus Linguistik]] | publisher = [[Gramedia Pustaka Utama]] | date = | year = 2001 | isbn = 979-515-292-9}} * {{cite book|title=Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication|publisher=The MIT Press|author=Akmajian, Adrian; Demers, Richard; Farmer, Ann; Harnish, Robert|year=2010|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0-262-51370-6}} * {{cite book|first=Daniela|last=Isac|coauthors=Charles Reiss|title=I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science, 2nd edition|url=http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199660179|access-date=2014-03-15|archive-date=2011-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173454/http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|first=Steven|last=Pinker|title= The Language Instinct|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinstinct0000pink_w8b7|year=1994|publisher=William Morrow and Company|isbn=9780140175295}} * {{cite book|first=Noam|last=Chomsky|title=On Language|url=https://archive.org/details/onlanguagechomsk00chom|year=1998|publisher=The New Press, New York|isbn=978-1565844759}} * {{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Derrida|title=Of Grammatology|url=https://archive.org/details/ofgrammatology00derr|year=1967|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0801858305}} * {{cite book|first=David|last=Crystal|title=Linguistics|year=1990|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780140135312}} [[Kategori:Linguistik| ]] tejbcvdwzh9ui079ehja8dasd68k6om 0 27123 115634 80487 2026-11-05T02:25:54Z Ezagren 143 115634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kampung |kar = |ngaran =Muara Dun |prupinsi =Kalimantan Timur |dati2 =Kabupatin |ngaran dati2 =Kutai Timur |kacamatan =Muara Ancalong |kode pos =75556 |luas =... km² |warga =... ikung |karacapan =... ikung/km² }} '''Muara Dun''' yaitu sabuting [[kampung]] di Kacamatan [[Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Muara Ancalong]], [[Kabupatin Kutai Timur]], Prupinsi [[Kalimantan Timur]], [[Indunisia]]. {{Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur}} {{Authority control}} {{Kampung-stub}} 5n0x7x70k0did8k2p6nsb2vmnjughm9 0 27124 115635 80488 2026-11-05T02:26:00Z Ezagren 143 115635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kampung |kar = |ngaran =Senyiur |prupinsi =Kalimantan Timur |dati2 =Kabupatin |ngaran dati2 =Kutai Timur |kacamatan =Muara Ancalong |kode pos =75556 |luas =... km² |warga =... ikung |karacapan =... ikung/km² }} '''Senyiur''' yaitu sabuting [[kampung]] di Kacamatan [[Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Muara Ancalong]], [[Kabupatin Kutai Timur]], Prupinsi [[Kalimantan Timur]], [[Indunisia]]. {{Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur}} {{Authority control}} {{Kampung-stub}} f5w9pwyuqk9b14i25qqza4ok7ah3wnn 0 27125 115636 80489 2026-11-05T02:26:08Z Ezagren 143 115636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kampung |kar = |ngaran =Teluk Baru |prupinsi =Kalimantan Timur |dati2 =Kabupatin |ngaran dati2 =Kutai Timur |kacamatan =Muara Ancalong |kode pos =75556 |luas =... km² |warga =... ikung |karacapan =... ikung/km² }} '''Teluk Baru''' yaitu sabuting [[kampung]] di Kacamatan [[Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Muara Ancalong]], [[Kabupatin Kutai Timur]], Prupinsi [[Kalimantan Timur]], [[Indunisia]]. {{Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur}} {{Authority control}} {{Kampung-stub}} e8sexsj16morfbdhm7cbb32vc34vqnq 0 30743 115616 113348 2026-11-04T22:53:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261104) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 115616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia| Jenderal Besar TNI]] ([[Purnawirawan|Purn.]]) [[Haji|H.]] [[Muhammad|M.]] '''Suharto''', ([[Hanacaraka]]: ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ; [[Alfabet Fonetik Internasional|IPA]]: [[Bantuan: IPA untuk bahasa Indonesia|{{IPA|/suːˈhɑːrtɔ/}}]]) ([[Ejaan Republik|ER]], [[Ejaan Lama]]: '''Soeharto'''; {{lahirmati||8|6|1921||27|1|2008}}) tu presiden kadua [[Indunisia]] nang manjabat dari tahun 1967 sampai 1998, manggantikan [[Sukarno]]. Di dunia Intirnasional, tarutama di [[dunia Barat]], Suharto rajin dirujuk awan sabutan pupuler ''"the smiling ganeral"'' ({{lang-bjn|'sang Janderal nang takajihing'}}) ulih raut mukanya nang rajin tasanyum awan maliatakan karamahan. <ref name="NYT">{{cite web|title=Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed|date=28 Januari 2008|work=The New York Times|last=Berger|first=Marilyn|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202231503/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921-2008|date=27 Januari 2008|language=en|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings|work=The Guardian|last=Gittings|first=John|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164141/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Is Indonesia’s Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto? |date=19 Mei 2018 |work=South China Morning Post |last=Hutton |first=Jeffrey |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto |language=en |access-date=2018-12-14 |archive-date=2018-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217125832/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto |dead-url=no }}</ref> Sabalum manjadi presiden, Suharto tu pamimpin militer pada masa [[Hindia Walanda]] awan [[kakaisaran Japang]], awan pangkat tarakhir mayor Janderal. Sataan pang [[Garakan 30 Siptimbir]] 1965, Suharto kamudian malakukan uperasi panartiban awan pangamanan atas parintah dari [[Sukarno]], saan pang asa nang dilakukan nya tu awan manumpas Garakan 30 Siptimbir awan mangatakan bahawa [[Partai Kumunis Indunisia]] (PKI) sajadi urganisasi talarang.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_july-august-2002_42_4/page/550 |first=Robert |last=Cribb |journal=Asian Survey |volume=42 |issue=4 |date=2002 |pages=550–563 |doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550}}</ref><ref>Friend (2003), pages 107–109; {{cite video |people =Chris Hilton (writer and director) |title =Shadowplay |medium =Television documentary |publisher =Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions |year=2001 }}; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290</ref> Sahabis karusuhan Mei 1998, Suharto maundurkan diri dari jabatannya salaku Prèsiden. Inya digantikan uleh wakilnya, [[B.J. Habibie]]. {{wikiquote}} {{commons|Category:Suharto|Suharto}} == Jajuhutan == {{Reflist}} === Bibliografi === *{{cite book |last1=Dwipayana |first1=G. |last2=Ramadhan |first2=K.H. |date=1989 |title=Soeharto: Pikiran, ucapan dan tindakan saya: otobiografi |url=https://archive.org/details/soehartomythough0000soeh |trans-title=Soeharto: My thoughts, words and deeds: an autobiography |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada |isbn=979-8085-01-9 }} * Elson, R.E. (2001). ''Suharto: A Political Biography'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0 521 77326 1}} * McGlynn, John H. et al. (2007). ''Indonesia in the Soeharto years. Issue, incidents and images'', Jakarta, [[KITLV]] * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GHJ2IPtmEgC&q=soeharto&pg=PA12|title=Soeharto: The Life and Legacy of Indonesia's Second President: An Authorised Biography|isbn=978-981-261-340-0|last1=Abdulgani-Knapp|first1=Retnowati|date=2007|page=12|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Editions}} * [[Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana]] (2011). ''Pak Harto: The Untold Stories'', Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. * {{cite news |date= 22 February 2006 |title=Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again |publisher=ANTARA |access-date=22 February 2006 |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |archive-date=25 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070325054315/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 }} * {{cite book |last=Aarons |first=Mark |date=2008 |chapter=Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69 |editor1=David A. Blumenthal |editor2=Timothy L. H. McCormack |title=The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? |series=International Humanitarian Law |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |isbn=978-9004156913 }} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Benedict R. |last2=McVey |date=2009 |first2=Ruth T. |title=A Preliminary Analysis of 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9786028397520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVcwPV3NvDMC }} * {{cite news |date=19 October 1965 |title=Army in Jakarta Imposes a Ban on Communists |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=registration |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html }} * {{cite news |last=Aspinall |first=Ed |date=October–December 1996 |title=What happened before the riots? |newspaper=[[Inside Indonesia]] |issue=48 |archive-date=5 May 2005 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Aspinall |editor1-first=Ed |editor2-last=Klinken |editor2-first=Gerry van |editor3-last=Feith |editor3-first=Herb |date=1999 |title=The Last Days of President Suharto |location=[[Clayton, Victoria|Clayton AU-VIC]] |publisher=Monash Asia Institute |isbn=073261175X }} *{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent |title= [[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]] |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1541742406}} * {{cite news | title=Attorney general doubts Soeharto can be prosecuted |work=The Jakarta Post | date=27 May 2005}} * {{cite book | first = William | last = Blum |date=1995 | title = Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II | publisher = Common Courage Press | location = Monroe, Me. | isbn = 1-56751-052-3 | url = https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0 }} * ''[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions]''. Press Release. [[International Monetary Fund]]. (31 October 1997) * {{cite web | title=CIA Stalling State Department Histories | work=The National Security Archive | url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/ | access-date=23 May 2005}} * {{cite news | last=Colmey | first=John | title=The Family Firm | date=24 May 1999 | publisher=TIME Asia | url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208155758/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 February 2001 }} * {{cite book |last=Conboy |first=Kenneth J. |date=2003 |title=Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789799589880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C }} * Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966". Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001. * {{cite book |last=Elson |first=Robert E. |date=2001 |title = Suharto: A Political Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/suhartopolitical0000elso |location=Cambridge UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-77326-1 }} * {{cite book |last=Dijk |first=Kees van |date=2001 |title=A country in despair : Indonesia between 1997 and 2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/countryindespair0000unse |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=9789067181600 }} * {{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |date=2003 |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher =The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn =0-674-01834-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration }} * {{cite web | title=H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonesia | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | publisher=THOMAS (Library of Congress) | access-date=4 February 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050730/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | archive-date=13 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }} * {{cite book | last=Hughes |first=John |title=The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild | publisher=Archipelago Press |date=2002 | orig-year=1976 | isbn=981-4068-65-9}} * {{cite news|title=Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics |date=27 November 1996 |publisher=Amnesty International |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index&start=391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109023133/http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index |archive-date=9 November 2005 }} * {{cite web | title=Indonesia Economic | work=Commanding Heights | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | access-date=23 May 2005}} * {{cite news | title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge |work=The New York Times | date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news | title=Jakarta Leftist Out As Army Chief | work=[[New York Times]] | date=15 October 1965 }} * {{cite news | title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge | work=The New York Times | date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news | last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Oliver |first2=James | name-list-style=amp | title=MI6 Spread Lies to Put Killer in Power | work=The Independent |location=UK | date=16 April 2000}} * {{cite book | last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Oliver |first2=James |title=Britain's Secret Propaganda War | publisher=Sutton Pub Ltd |date=1999 | isbn=0-7509-1668-0 }} * {{cite book |last=McDonald |first=H. |author-link=Hamish McDonald |date=1980 |title=Suharto's Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/suhartoindonesia0000mcdo |location=[[Blackburn, Victoria|Blackburn]] [[Australia|AU]] |publisher=Fontana Books |isbn=0-00-635721-0 }} * {{cite book|last=Melvin|first=Jess|date=2018|title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-57469-4}} *{{cite news |date=1993 |title=Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor |publisher=World Bank |url=http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323210822/http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 March 2007 }} * {{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |date=1991 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni0000rick_i0z4 |edition=2nd |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-333-57690-X }} * {{cite book |last=Rock |first=Michael T. |date=2003 |title=The Politics of Development Policy and Development Policy Reform |others=William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 632 |publisher=The University of Michigan Business School |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 }} * {{cite book |last=Purdey |first=Jemma |date=2006 |title=Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 |location=[[Honolulu]] HI |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |isbn=9780824830571 }} *{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400888863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW0wDwAAQBAJ }} * John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-299-22034-1}}. * {{cite news | last=Simpson | first=Brad | title=Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice" | date= 9 July 2004 | publisher=National Security Archive | url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm }} * {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813388816 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw }} * {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804771825 |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2018-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | title=Suharto tops corruption rankings |work=BBC News | date= 25 March 2004 | access-date=4 February 2006}} * {{cite news | title=Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief | work=[[New York Times]] | date=22 February 1966}} * {{cite news | title=Tapol Troubles: When Will They End? | date=April–June 1999 | publisher=Inside Indonesia | url=http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view | archive-date=5 March 2012 | df=dmy-all }} * {{cite book | author=Toer, Pramoedya Ananta | title=The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir | url=https://archive.org/details/mutessoliloquyme0000toer | publisher=Penguin |date=2000 | isbn=0-14-028904-6}} * {{cite web | title= United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor | url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument | publisher=United Nations | access-date=4 February 2006 }} *{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |date=2005 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521542623 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri }} * {{cite book |last=Wanandi |first=Jusuf |author-link=Jusuf Wanandi |date=2012 |title=Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/shadesofgreypoli0000wana |location=Singapore |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789793780924 }} * {{cite book | title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA | last=Weiner | first=Tim | publisher=Doubleday | place=New York |date=2007 | isbn=978-3-596-17865-0 | chapter=Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia| title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA }} * {{cite journal | last1=Wertheim | first1=W.F. | title=Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-asia_1979_9_2/page/197 | journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |date=1979 | volume=9 | issue=2 | pages=197–215 | doi=10.1080/00472337985390191 }} * {{cite book |last=Wiranto |author-link=Wiranto |date=2011 |title=7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 |trans-title=7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997 |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Kharisma Bunda |isbn=9786028112123 }} [[Tumbung:Indunisia]] [[Tumbung:Presiden Indunisia]] 9egua8b4w3fsosigipszil4fdzqljw5 2 35821 115614 108999 2026-11-04T14:35:48Z Volstand 9299 115614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userboxtop}} {{Pamakai WKR 26}} {{Pamakai WCR 25}} {{Pasarta WikiLatih|di=Banjarmasin|tgl=7 Desember 2025}} {{Pasarta Bulan Asia Wikipidia|2026}} {{userboxbottom}} mh5gd7bwz4rapc4uy4md4nxu0a5hdag 2 38010 115622 115268 2026-11-05T00:07:15Z Wadaihangit 12694 115622 wikitext text/x-wiki == Citakan == {{Navbox |name = Bahuma |title = [[Bahuma]] |bodyclass = hlist |state= {{{state|autocollapse}}} |group1 = Pakakas |list1 = * [[Tajak]] * [[Kakakar]] * [[Tutujah]] * [[Ranggaman]] * [[Gumbaan]] * [[Tangkitan]] * [[Kisaran]] * [[Kalumpu]] * [[Kampil]] * [[Lanjung]] * [[Gantang|Gantang]] * [[Aambaan]] * [[Cupikan]] * [[Gagaru]] * [[Tutujah|Tutujah]] * [[Ranggaman|Ranggaman]] * [[Gumbaan|Gumbaan]] * [[Tangkitan|Tangkitan]] * [[Kisaran|Kisaran]] * [[Kalumpu|Kalumpu]] * [[Kampil|Kampil]] * [[Lanjung|Lanjung]] * [[Gantang|Gantang]] * [[Aambaan|Aambaan]] |group2 = Talasan |list2 = * [[Tanggui]] * [[Sapatu but]] * [[Kaus tangan]] |group3 = Tahapan bahuma |list3 = * [[Barincah|Barincah]] |group4 = Banih |list4 = * [[Banih]] * [[Paung]] |group5 = Banda |list5 = * [[Wisa kumpai]] * [[Uyah curai]] |group6 = Padang |list6 = * [[Pahumaan]] * [[Galangan]] * [[Taung]] |below = * {{icon|kategori}} '''[[:Tumbung:Bahuma|Tumbung]]''' * {{Icon|Commons}} '''[[commons:Kategori:Agriculture|Commons]]''' * {{icon|wikiproject}}'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Golf|WikiProject]]''' }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation}} [[Tumbung:Citakan navigasi bahuma]] </noinclude> ==Undangan== <div class="plainlinks" style="border: 1px solid lightgray; -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); -moz-border-radius: 17px; -webkit-border-radius: 17px; border-radius: 17px; background: #fafaf2; padding-left: 7px; padding-top:5px; padding-bottom:5px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; font-family: Calibri, Arial Unicode MS; text-align:center;font-size:20pt; vertical-align:middle;"> Buhan pian diundang umpatan turai di <span style="color:#333;">[[Wikipida:Wiki Katuju Ramadan 2026|<span style="color:Black;">'''Wiki Katuju Ramadan 2026'''</span>]]</span> Ayu umpatan manulis ihwal bulan puasa atawa tradisi Islam di Wikipidia basa Banjar. Tarima kasih.</div> == Bintang == {{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|1|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan gold ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|2|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan silver ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|3|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan bronze ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|4|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan green ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|5|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan green ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{bintangWiki|border=#c7a900|color=#fff8dc|width={{{width|}}}|pasan='''"BintangWiki Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026"''' diberikan kepada '''[[Pengguna:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|<font color="black">{{BASEPAGENAME}}</font>]]''' atas dedikasi dan semangatnya dalam menyukseskan kegiatan '''[[Acara:Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026|Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026]]'''. Terima kasih telah berbagi pengetahuan dan semangat positif selama bulan suci Ramadan. Kontribusimu sangat berarti bagi komunitas!|pasanpamuruk={{{1|}}}|ngaran=<span style="color:black;"><big>'''''BintangWiki Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026'''''</big></span>|ngaranbarakas=Berkas:Wiki Loves Ramadan Barnstar.png}}<noinclude> mh2elyq04s9o0nrq6y503ohlo2zbdnt 115626 115622 2026-11-05T00:24:57Z Wadaihangit 12694 /* Undangan */ 115626 wikitext text/x-wiki == Citakan == {{Navbox |name = Bahuma |title = [[Bahuma]] |bodyclass = hlist |state= {{{state|autocollapse}}} |group1 = Pakakas |list1 = * [[Tajak]] * [[Kakakar]] * [[Tutujah]] * [[Ranggaman]] * [[Gumbaan]] * [[Tangkitan]] * [[Kisaran]] * [[Kalumpu]] * [[Kampil]] * [[Lanjung]] * [[Gantang|Gantang]] * [[Aambaan]] * [[Cupikan]] * [[Gagaru]] * [[Tutujah|Tutujah]] * [[Ranggaman|Ranggaman]] * [[Gumbaan|Gumbaan]] * [[Tangkitan|Tangkitan]] * [[Kisaran|Kisaran]] * [[Kalumpu|Kalumpu]] * [[Kampil|Kampil]] * [[Lanjung|Lanjung]] * [[Gantang|Gantang]] * [[Aambaan|Aambaan]] |group2 = Talasan |list2 = * [[Tanggui]] * [[Sapatu but]] * [[Kaus tangan]] |group3 = Tahapan bahuma |list3 = * [[Barincah|Barincah]] |group4 = Banih |list4 = * [[Banih]] * [[Paung]] |group5 = Banda |list5 = * [[Wisa kumpai]] * [[Uyah curai]] |group6 = Padang |list6 = * [[Pahumaan]] * [[Galangan]] * [[Taung]] |below = * {{icon|kategori}} '''[[:Tumbung:Bahuma|Tumbung]]''' * {{Icon|Commons}} '''[[commons:Kategori:Agriculture|Commons]]''' * {{icon|wikiproject}}'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Golf|WikiProject]]''' }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation}} [[Tumbung:Citakan navigasi bahuma]] </noinclude> ==Undangan== <div class="plainlinks" style="border: 1px solid lightgray; -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); -moz-border-radius: 17px; -webkit-border-radius: 17px; border-radius: 17px; background: linear-gradient(180deg, #ffffff 30%, #fff9e6 90%); padding-left: 7px; padding-top:5px; padding-bottom:5px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; font-family: Calibri, Arial Unicode MS; text-align:center;font-size:20pt; vertical-align:middle;"> Pian diundang umpat maramiakan turai manulis di <span style="color:#333;">[[Wikipida:Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026|<span style="color:Black;">'''Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026'''</span>]]</span> Ayu umpatan manulis ihwal Asia duwa raraitannya di Wikipidia basa Banjar. Tarima kasih.</div> <div style="max-width: 640px; margin: 60px auto; border: 1px solid #111; padding: 7px; background: #fff;"> <div style="border: 1px solid #111; padding: 45px 38px 35px 38px; text-align: left; position: relative; background: #fff;"> <!-- ornamen atas --> <div style="margin-right:1em; float:right;">[[Berkas:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo BJN.svg|230px|link=]]</div> <div style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 22px; font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: 0.4em; color: #111; opacity: 0.6;">— ✦ —</div> <!-- isi --> <p style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; font-size: 16.5px; line-height: 2; color: #111; margin: 0; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"> <center> Pian diundang umpat maramiakan turai manulis di <span style="color:#333;">[[Wikipidia:Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026|<span style="color:#2596be;">'''Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026'''</span>]] <br> Ayu umpatan manulis ihwal Asia duwa raraitannya di Wikipidia basa Banjar, wal </center> </p> <!-- garis tipis bawah --> <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 12px; margin-top: 28px;"> <div style="height: 1px; width: 30px; background: #111; opacity: 0.2;"></div> <div style="font-size: 10px; color: #111; opacity: 0.3;">●</div> == Bintang == {{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|1|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan gold ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|2|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan silver ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|3|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan bronze ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|4|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan green ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|5|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan green ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{bintangWiki|border=#c7a900|color=#fff8dc|width={{{width|}}}|pasan='''"BintangWiki Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026"''' diberikan kepada '''[[Pengguna:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|<font color="black">{{BASEPAGENAME}}</font>]]''' atas dedikasi dan semangatnya dalam menyukseskan kegiatan '''[[Acara:Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026|Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026]]'''. Terima kasih telah berbagi pengetahuan dan semangat positif selama bulan suci Ramadan. Kontribusimu sangat berarti bagi komunitas!|pasanpamuruk={{{1|}}}|ngaran=<span style="color:black;"><big>'''''BintangWiki Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026'''''</big></span>|ngaranbarakas=Berkas:Wiki Loves Ramadan Barnstar.png}}<noinclude> rp0dg3mb8rj7fr1ix8c237q4o8ede26 115627 115626 2026-11-05T00:26:53Z Wadaihangit 12694 115627 wikitext text/x-wiki == Citakan == {{Navbox |name = Bahuma |title = [[Bahuma]] |bodyclass = hlist |state= {{{state|autocollapse}}} |group1 = Pakakas |list1 = * [[Tajak]] * [[Kakakar]] * [[Tutujah]] * [[Ranggaman]] * [[Gumbaan]] * [[Tangkitan]] * [[Kisaran]] * [[Kalumpu]] * [[Kampil]] * [[Lanjung]] * [[Gantang|Gantang]] * [[Aambaan]] * [[Cupikan]] * [[Gagaru]] * [[Tutujah|Tutujah]] * [[Ranggaman|Ranggaman]] * [[Gumbaan|Gumbaan]] * [[Tangkitan|Tangkitan]] * [[Kisaran|Kisaran]] * [[Kalumpu|Kalumpu]] * [[Kampil|Kampil]] * [[Lanjung|Lanjung]] * [[Gantang|Gantang]] * [[Aambaan|Aambaan]] |group2 = Talasan |list2 = * [[Tanggui]] * [[Sapatu but]] * [[Kaus tangan]] |group3 = Tahapan bahuma |list3 = * [[Barincah|Barincah]] |group4 = Banih |list4 = * [[Banih]] * [[Paung]] |group5 = Banda |list5 = * [[Wisa kumpai]] * [[Uyah curai]] |group6 = Padang |list6 = * [[Pahumaan]] * [[Galangan]] * [[Taung]] |below = * {{icon|kategori}} '''[[:Tumbung:Bahuma|Tumbung]]''' * {{Icon|Commons}} '''[[commons:Kategori:Agriculture|Commons]]''' * {{icon|wikiproject}}'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Golf|WikiProject]]''' }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation}} [[Tumbung:Citakan navigasi bahuma]] </noinclude> ==Undangan== <div class="plainlinks" style="border: 1px solid lightgray; -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); -moz-border-radius: 17px; -webkit-border-radius: 17px; border-radius: 17px; background: linear-gradient(180deg, #ffffff 30%, #fff9e6 90%); padding-left: 7px; padding-top:5px; padding-bottom:5px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; font-family: Calibri, Arial Unicode MS; text-align:center;font-size:20pt; vertical-align:middle;"> Pian diundang umpat maramiakan turai manulis di <span style="color:#333;">[[Wikipida:Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026|<span style="color:Black;">'''Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026'''</span>]]</span> Ayu umpatan manulis ihwal Asia duwa raraitannya di Wikipidia basa Banjar. Tarima kasih.</div> <div style="max-width: 640px; margin: 60px auto; border: 1px solid #111; padding: 7px; background: #fff;"> <div style="border: 1px solid #111; padding: 45px 38px 35px 38px; text-align: left; position: relative; background: #fff;"> <!-- ornamen atas --> <div style="margin-right:1em; float:right;">[[Berkas:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo BJN.svg|230px|link=]]</div> <div style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 22px; font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: 0.4em; color: #111; opacity: 0.6;">— ✦ —</div> <!-- isi --> <p style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; font-size: 16.5px; line-height: 2; color: #111; margin: 0; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"> <center> Pian diundang umpat maramiakan turai manulis di <span style="color:#333;">[[Wikipidia:Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026|<span style="color:#2596be;">'''Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026'''</span>]] <br> Ayu umpatan manulis ihwal Asia duwa raraitannya di Wikipidia basa Banjar, wal </center> </p> <!-- garis tipis bawah --> <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 12px; margin-top: 28px;"> <div style="height: 1px; width: 30px; background: #111; opacity: 0.2;"></div> <div style="font-size: 10px; color: #111; opacity: 0.3;">●</div></div></div> == Bintang == {{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|1|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan gold ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|2|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan silver ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|3|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan bronze ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|4|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan green ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|5|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan green ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{bintangWiki|border=#c7a900|color=#fff8dc|width={{{width|}}}|pasan='''"BintangWiki Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026"''' diberikan kepada '''[[Pengguna:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|<font color="black">{{BASEPAGENAME}}</font>]]''' atas dedikasi dan semangatnya dalam menyukseskan kegiatan '''[[Acara:Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026|Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026]]'''. Terima kasih telah berbagi pengetahuan dan semangat positif selama bulan suci Ramadan. Kontribusimu sangat berarti bagi komunitas!|pasanpamuruk={{{1|}}}|ngaran=<span style="color:black;"><big>'''''BintangWiki Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026'''''</big></span>|ngaranbarakas=Berkas:Wiki Loves Ramadan Barnstar.png}}<noinclude> 0vbf64xszbqdtudqql4mfjpdq7bz06v 0 39080 115618 111916 2026-11-04T23:44:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kampung |kar = |ngaran =Baha |prupinsi =Bali |dati2 =Kabupatin |ngaran dati2 =Badung |kacamatan =Abiansemal |kode pos =80352 |luas =... km² |warga =... urang |karacapan =... urang/km² |gambar= }} '''Baha''' yaitu sabuting [[kampung]] nang ada di kacamatan [[Mengwi, Badung|Mengwi]], Kabupatin [[Kabupatin Badung|Badung]], Parupinsi [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019}}</ref> == Panduduk == Panduduk kampung Baha yaitu 1.887 lalakian wan 1.929 babinian par tahun 2016. Tingkat kalahiran pas tahun 2016 sabanyak 26 jiwa wan kamatian 32 jiwa.<ref name="BPS Mengwi 2017">{{cite web|url= https://badungkab.bps.go.id/publication/2017/09/20/757d74c3c7e1a1e99c0e3399/kecamatan-mengwi-dalam-angka-2017.html |title= Kecamatan Agats dalam Angka 2017 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia |year=2017 |language=id |access-date= 04-10-2019}}</ref> == Jujuhutan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322034840/https://badungkab.go.id/ Situs resmi Kabupaten Badung] * {{id}} [https://badungkab.bps.go.id/publication.html Situs resmi BPS Kabupaten Badung] * {{id}} [http://www.prodeskel.binapemdes.kemendagri.go.id/mpublik/ Prodeskel Binapemdes Kemendagri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401173302/http://www.prodeskel.binapemdes.kemendagri.go.id/mpublik/ |date=2022-04-01 }} {{Mengwi, Badung}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|-8.519070|115.187312|display=title}} {{Kelurahan-stub}} s618khz95kcwv4ppsjacv0069zpivxv 4 39912 115612 115474 2026-11-04T14:23:41Z Volstand 9299 /* Pambahasan untingan */ 115612 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <div style="max-width:100%; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border:1px solid #ddd; font-family:sans-serif; line-height:1.5;"> <div style="font-size:3em; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:10px;">Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026</div> <div style="margin-right:1em; float:right;">[[Berkas:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo BJN.svg|230px|link=]]</div> <div style="font-size:1.5em;"> '''Bulan Asia Wikipidia''' ngini turai mambabak (''edit-a-thon'') daring nang batujuan gasan marakatakan bubuhan komunitas Wikipidia wan mambanyaki artikal késah Asia. Aruh ngini digawi mulai 1 Nopémbér–30 Nopémbér 2026 sakira artikal nang mambahas Asia (lain pada Indunisia) di Wikipidia basa Banjar babanyak. Pasarta nang paling kada maulah '''4 (ampat)''' artikal nang mambahas Asia (lain pada Indunisia) wan sasuai duwa pikaras artikal pacangan dapat mandaliun nang diulah gasan aruh ngini. Pakulihan lain kawa ditamuni di [[#Pakulihan]]. [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|center|200px]] <div style="text-align:center;"> {{Clickable button 2|Daptar disini|url={{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Pasarta|action=edit}} |class=mw-ui-progressive|style=background-color:#308557; color:WHITE; border-color:#308557;}} {{Clickable button 2|Kumpul artikal|url=https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/asian-month-2026-bjn/add|class=mw-ui-progressive|style=background-color:#308557; color:WHITE; border-color:#308557; }} </div> '''Status:''' {{Countdown |year = 2026 |month = 11 |day = 01 |hour = 00 |minute = 00 |second = 00 |event = Bulan Asia Wikipidia |duration = 30 |duration unit = day |eventstart = Bulan Asia Wikipidia hudah mulai |eventend = Bulan Asia Wikipidia tuntung hudah }} </div> <div style="font-size:1.2em;"> == Pikaras artikal == {{hatnote|Artikal nang dinilai iya artikal hanyar nang mambahas Asia (lain pada Indunisia), bakualitas wan banarasi béngkéng, minimal 3.000 bita & 300 kuya, wan diulah salawas Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026 bajalan.<br>}} * Artikal ulahan sorang (lain mangambangakan artikal rintisan), dimulai matan '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1761955200 1 Nopémbér 2026, 00.00 UTC (07.00 WITA)] hinggan [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1764547140 30 Nopémbér 2026, 23.59 UTC (1 Désémber 2026, 06.59 WITA)]'''. * Artikal wajib mambahas [[Daptar nagara di Asia|Asia]], bulih mambahas budaya, géograpi, politik, tokoh, dsb., lain pada [[Indunisia]]. * Artikal paling kada baisi 3.000 bita dan 300 kata. * Subjék artikal sasuai [[Wikipidia:Parukunan Artikal Layak|parukunan artikal layak]]. * Artikal baisi jujuhutan nang malaran; tulisan nang rancu atawa pacang maulah hual harus dipariksa matan jujuhutan nang ada di artikal. * Artikal lain ditarjamahakan masin panarjamah wan mamakai gaya basa nang sasuai. * Artikal kada baisi masalah; atawa ''tag'' diharagu nang kada sasuai * Artikal lain artikal daptar. * Artikal harus inpormatip. * Artikal nang diulah mamakai Akal Incaan (AI) harus maumpati [[Wikipidia:Parukunan Artikal Layak#Artikal nang diulah AI|parukunan nang ada]]. * Artikal harus dikirimakan ka juri léwat '''[[toollabs:fountain/editathons/asian-month-2026-bjn|pakakas ngini]]'''. Informasi lebih lanjut, baca haja [[#Mangirim artikal]]. * Artikal nang diulah pamakai nang kada tadaptar atawa akun pahadangan kada kawa ditarima. Tolong [[Istimewa:Buat akun|ulah akun Wikipidia]] dulu. * Juri matan Wikipidia basa Banjar nang manantuakan artikalnya ditarima atau kada. == Pambahasan untingan == Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026 baisi '''[[m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2026#Focus_Theme_of_the_Year|5 (lima) pambahasan untingan]]''', yaitu: * Asia Barat: ''Warisan Dunia'' :Situs Warisan Dunia kawa baarti kulihan nang luar biasa matan umat manusia wan jadi bukti sajarah intéléktual manusia di planét ngini, atawa kawa jua tampat nang alamnya bengkeng banar. :Contoh Artikal: [[:id:Qal'at al-Bahrain|Qal'at al-Bahrain]] * Asia Tangah: ''Papeleman Asia Tangah'' :Budaya pisual Asia Tangah hudah lawas malalui batas, mangikihi sabuting busur matan gérakan jaman Soviét nang kaya Galumbang Hanyar Kazakhstan ka adégan sani indépéndén nang bakambang banar wahini. Téma ngini mahindaui sutradara wan aktor pelem régional, duwa pelem, mamariksa kaya apa tukang ulah pelem palupur mamakai kamira gasan manangkap idéntitas dairah ngitu. :Contoh Artikal: [[:en:The Wild West|The Wild West]] * Asia Salatan: ''Warisan Budaya nang Hidup'' :Pambahasan ngini batujuab gasan mambanyaki habar matan bamacam tradisi hidup Pakistan, paraktik budaya, ilmu pribumi, karajinan tradisonal, sajarah lisan, sastra rakyat, musik, igal, aruh, wan basa dairah. Pamakai disaranakan gasan mawakili samunyaan wilayah Pakistan, tamasuk Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, wan dairah nang sacara budaya balain. :Contoh Artikal: [[:en:Ajrak|Ajrak]], [[:en:Sindhi cap|Sindhi cap]], [[:en:Balochi needlework|Balochi needlework]] * Asia Timur wan Asia Tunggara: ''Binian di Asia Timur wan Tunggara'' : Binian di Asia masih kada talalu tawakili di Wikipidia. Banyak binian hudah mambari kuntrubusi nang ganal gasan sajarah, sains, budaya, pandidikan, wan masyarakat, tagal kisah buhannya kada talalu tacatat banar di Intérnét :Contoh Artikal: [[Aung San Suu Kyi|Aung San Suu Kyi]], [[:id:Murasaki Shikibu|Murasaki Shikibu]] *Asia: ''Makanan Asia: Masakan Tradisional, Masakan Dairah, wan Warisan Kulinér'' : Artikal nang diulah pasarta sasuai duwa pikaras wan masuk paling kada sabuting matan untingan pambahasan pacangan dibari skor '''+2'''. Apabila artikel yang dibuat tidak termasuk dalam salah satu tema fokus, tetapi memiliki keterkaitan dengan tema Asia, peserta akan memperoleh skor '''+1'''. == Juri == * {{user-c|Volstand}} * {{user-c|Arcuscloud}} * {{user-c|Wadaihangit}} == Kutak pamakai == <div style="margin-right:1em; float:right;">{{Pasarta Bulan Asia Wikipidia|2026}}</div> Tambahakan citakan <code><nowiki>{{Pasarta Bulan Asia Wikipidia|2026}}</nowiki></code> di [[Istimewa:Tungkaran ulun|tungkaran pamakai pian]] amun pian umpat Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026 sakira pamakai nang lain tahuan jua ada aruh ngini. Sasain banyak nang umpat, sasain rami! == Umpatan == Pian kawa haja pabila-bila umpat salawas aruh ngini bamula (1 November s.d. 1 Desember 2026). <div style="text-align:center;"> {{Clickable button 2|Daptar disini|url={{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Pasarta|action=edit}} |class=mw-ui-progressive|style=background-color:#308557; color:WHITE; border-color:#308557;}}</div> {{Hidden|Pamakai nang umpat| {{/Pasarta}}}} == Mangumpul artikal == * Kirim artikal pian ka '''[[toollabs:fountain/editathons/asian-month-2026-bjn/add|tautan ngini]]'''. picik "''log in''" (bamasuk log) di buncu kanan atas wan umpati babul nang disurung. Pian kawa mangganti basa antarmuha rahatan mamicik ikon nang ada di buncu kanan atas. * Imbah pian mangirim artikal, pakakas ngini kaina manambah citakan ka artikal nang pian ulah wan mautawinya sakira kaina kawa dipariksa juri. Pian kawa jua [[toollabs:fountain/editathons/asian-month-2025-id|mamariksa artikal di sini]]. * Amun pian manamui pakara atawa masalah, habari [[#Juri|buhan juri]] * Amun pian ada tatakunan, baca tungkaran [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month/Common FAQ|Tatakunan nang rancak ditakuni]] dulu, atawa takuni di [[Pamandiran Wikipedia:Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026|tungkaran pamandiran ngini]] amun tatakunan pian kadada jawabannya <div style="text-align:center;"> {{Clickable button 2 |Kumpul artikal |url=https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/asian-month-2026-bjn/add |class=mw-ui-progressive |style=background-color:#308557; color:WHITE; border-color:#308557; }} </div> == Pakulihan == * '''Mandaliun digital''' gasan pangirim 4 (ampat) artikal nang sasuai lawan pikaras. * '''Kartu pos pisik''' nang pacang dikirim langsung buhan panitia hinti Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026. == Itihi jua == * [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month|Tungkaran koordinasi lintas wiki di Meta-Wiki]] </div> </div> [[Tumbung:Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026]] [[Tumbung:Bulan Asia Wikipidia]] al0ofp0bayjrfwbdplkojde3zbjboal 115613 115612 2026-11-04T14:32:43Z Volstand 9299 /* Pambahasan untingan */ 115613 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <div style="max-width:100%; margin:20px auto; padding:15px; border:1px solid #ddd; font-family:sans-serif; line-height:1.5;"> <div style="font-size:3em; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:10px;">Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026</div> <div style="margin-right:1em; float:right;">[[Berkas:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo BJN.svg|230px|link=]]</div> <div style="font-size:1.5em;"> '''Bulan Asia Wikipidia''' ngini turai mambabak (''edit-a-thon'') daring nang batujuan gasan marakatakan bubuhan komunitas Wikipidia wan mambanyaki artikal késah Asia. Aruh ngini digawi mulai 1 Nopémbér–30 Nopémbér 2026 sakira artikal nang mambahas Asia (lain pada Indunisia) di Wikipidia basa Banjar babanyak. Pasarta nang paling kada maulah '''4 (ampat)''' artikal nang mambahas Asia (lain pada Indunisia) wan sasuai duwa pikaras artikal pacangan dapat mandaliun nang diulah gasan aruh ngini. Pakulihan lain kawa ditamuni di [[#Pakulihan]]. [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|center|200px]] <div style="text-align:center;"> {{Clickable button 2|Daptar disini|url={{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Pasarta|action=edit}} |class=mw-ui-progressive|style=background-color:#308557; color:WHITE; border-color:#308557;}} {{Clickable button 2|Kumpul artikal|url=https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/asian-month-2026-bjn/add|class=mw-ui-progressive|style=background-color:#308557; color:WHITE; border-color:#308557; }} </div> '''Status:''' {{Countdown |year = 2026 |month = 11 |day = 01 |hour = 00 |minute = 00 |second = 00 |event = Bulan Asia Wikipidia |duration = 30 |duration unit = day |eventstart = Bulan Asia Wikipidia hudah mulai |eventend = Bulan Asia Wikipidia tuntung hudah }} </div> <div style="font-size:1.2em;"> == Pikaras artikal == {{hatnote|Artikal nang dinilai iya artikal hanyar nang mambahas Asia (lain pada Indunisia), bakualitas wan banarasi béngkéng, minimal 3.000 bita & 300 kuya, wan diulah salawas Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026 bajalan.<br>}} * Artikal ulahan sorang (lain mangambangakan artikal rintisan), dimulai matan '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1761955200 1 Nopémbér 2026, 00.00 UTC (07.00 WITA)] hinggan [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1764547140 30 Nopémbér 2026, 23.59 UTC (1 Désémber 2026, 06.59 WITA)]'''. * Artikal wajib mambahas [[Daptar nagara di Asia|Asia]], bulih mambahas budaya, géograpi, politik, tokoh, dsb., lain pada [[Indunisia]]. * Artikal paling kada baisi 3.000 bita dan 300 kata. * Subjék artikal sasuai [[Wikipidia:Parukunan Artikal Layak|parukunan artikal layak]]. * Artikal baisi jujuhutan nang malaran; tulisan nang rancu atawa pacang maulah hual harus dipariksa matan jujuhutan nang ada di artikal. * Artikal lain ditarjamahakan masin panarjamah wan mamakai gaya basa nang sasuai. * Artikal kada baisi masalah; atawa ''tag'' diharagu nang kada sasuai * Artikal lain artikal daptar. * Artikal harus inpormatip. * Artikal nang diulah mamakai Akal Incaan (AI) harus maumpati [[Wikipidia:Parukunan Artikal Layak#Artikal nang diulah AI|parukunan nang ada]]. * Artikal harus dikirimakan ka juri léwat '''[[toollabs:fountain/editathons/asian-month-2026-bjn|pakakas ngini]]'''. Informasi lebih lanjut, baca haja [[#Mangirim artikal]]. * Artikal nang diulah pamakai nang kada tadaptar atawa akun pahadangan kada kawa ditarima. Tolong [[Istimewa:Buat akun|ulah akun Wikipidia]] dulu. * Juri matan Wikipidia basa Banjar nang manantuakan artikalnya ditarima atau kada. == Pambahasan untingan == Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026 baisi '''[[m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2026#Focus_Theme_of_the_Year|5 (lima) pambahasan untingan]]''', yaitu: * Asia Barat: ''Warisan Dunia'' :Situs Warisan Dunia kawa baarti kulihan nang luar biasa matan umat manusia wan jadi bukti sajarah intéléktual manusia di planét ngini, atawa kawa jua tampat nang alamnya bengkeng banar. :Contoh Artikal: [[:id:Qal'at al-Bahrain|Qal'at al-Bahrain]] * Asia Tangah: ''Papeleman Asia Tangah'' :Budaya pisual Asia Tangah hudah lawas malalui batas, mangikihi sabuting busur matan gérakan jaman Soviét nang kaya Galumbang Hanyar Kazakhstan ka adégan sani indépéndén nang bakambang banar wahini. Téma ngini mahindaui sutradara wan aktor pelem régional, duwa pelem, mamariksa kaya apa tukang ulah pelem palupur mamakai kamira gasan manangkap idéntitas dairah ngitu. :Contoh Artikal: [[:en:The Wild West|The Wild West]] * Asia Salatan: ''Warisan Budaya nang Hidup'' :Pambahasan ngini batujuab gasan mambanyaki habar matan bamacam tradisi hidup Pakistan, paraktik budaya, ilmu pribumi, karajinan tradisonal, sajarah lisan, sastra rakyat, musik, igal, aruh, wan basa dairah. Pamakai disaranakan gasan mawakili samunyaan wilayah Pakistan, tamasuk Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, wan dairah nang sacara budaya balain. :Contoh Artikal: [[:en:Ajrak|Ajrak]], [[:en:Sindhi cap|Sindhi cap]], [[:en:Balochi needlework|Balochi needlework]] * Asia Timur wan Asia Tunggara: ''Binian di Asia Timur wan Tunggara'' : Binian di Asia masih kada talalu tawakili di Wikipidia. Banyak binian hudah mambari kuntrubusi nang ganal gasan sajarah, sains, budaya, pandidikan, wan masyarakat, tagal kisah buhannya kada talalu tacatat banar di Intérnét :Contoh Artikal: [[Aung San Suu Kyi|Aung San Suu Kyi]], [[:id:Murasaki Shikibu|Murasaki Shikibu]] *Asia: ''Makanan Asia: Masakan Tradisional, Masakan Dairah, wan Warisan Kulinér'' : PAmbahasan makanan Asia tatuyuk di di masakan Asia, masakan tradisiunal, bahan, rarampah, minuman, téknik bamamasak, makanan jalanan, aruh makanan, tradisi kulinér. Pambahasan nang sasuai dua pikaras ngini tamasuk makanan kaya sushi, biryani, pho, kimchi, hummus, wan momo; bahan nnag kaya kunyit dan saus kadalai; masakan régional; makanan panutup tradisiunal; wan adat makanan di samunyaan nagara wan pulau-pulau Asia. :Contoh Artikal: [[Ramen|Ramen]], [[Pilap]] Artikal nang diulah pasarta sasuai duwa pikaras wan masuk paling kada sabuting matan untingan pambahasan pacangan dibari skor '''+2'''. Apabila artikel yang dibuat tidak termasuk dalam salah satu tema fokus, tetapi memiliki keterkaitan dengan tema Asia, peserta akan memperoleh skor '''+1'''. == Juri == * {{user-c|Volstand}} * {{user-c|Arcuscloud}} * {{user-c|Wadaihangit}} == Kutak pamakai == <div style="margin-right:1em; float:right;">{{Pasarta Bulan Asia Wikipidia|2026}}</div> Tambahakan citakan <code><nowiki>{{Pasarta Bulan Asia Wikipidia|2026}}</nowiki></code> di [[Istimewa:Tungkaran ulun|tungkaran pamakai pian]] amun pian umpat Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026 sakira pamakai nang lain tahuan jua ada aruh ngini. Sasain banyak nang umpat, sasain rami! == Umpatan == Pian kawa haja pabila-bila umpat salawas aruh ngini bamula (1 November s.d. 1 Desember 2026). <div style="text-align:center;"> {{Clickable button 2|Daptar disini|url={{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Pasarta|action=edit}} |class=mw-ui-progressive|style=background-color:#308557; color:WHITE; border-color:#308557;}}</div> {{Hidden|Pamakai nang umpat| {{/Pasarta}}}} == Mangumpul artikal == * Kirim artikal pian ka '''[[toollabs:fountain/editathons/asian-month-2026-bjn/add|tautan ngini]]'''. picik "''log in''" (bamasuk log) di buncu kanan atas wan umpati babul nang disurung. Pian kawa mangganti basa antarmuha rahatan mamicik ikon nang ada di buncu kanan atas. * Imbah pian mangirim artikal, pakakas ngini kaina manambah citakan ka artikal nang pian ulah wan mautawinya sakira kaina kawa dipariksa juri. Pian kawa jua [[toollabs:fountain/editathons/asian-month-2025-id|mamariksa artikal di sini]]. * Amun pian manamui pakara atawa masalah, habari [[#Juri|buhan juri]] * Amun pian ada tatakunan, baca tungkaran [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month/Common FAQ|Tatakunan nang rancak ditakuni]] dulu, atawa takuni di [[Pamandiran Wikipedia:Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026|tungkaran pamandiran ngini]] amun tatakunan pian kadada jawabannya <div style="text-align:center;"> {{Clickable button 2 |Kumpul artikal |url=https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/asian-month-2026-bjn/add |class=mw-ui-progressive |style=background-color:#308557; color:WHITE; border-color:#308557; }} </div> == Pakulihan == * '''Mandaliun digital''' gasan pangirim 4 (ampat) artikal nang sasuai lawan pikaras. * '''Kartu pos pisik''' nang pacang dikirim langsung buhan panitia hinti Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026. == Itihi jua == * [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month|Tungkaran koordinasi lintas wiki di Meta-Wiki]] </div> </div> [[Tumbung:Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026]] [[Tumbung:Bulan Asia Wikipidia]] 9rm7ogzcp1eqfvmdvzn7xkjpumi2nsa 4 39923 115638 115558 2026-11-05T06:30:30Z Radramboo 13100 mendaptarkan diri ke kompetisi 115638 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>Gasan mandaptar aruh ngini, Pian kawa batikin di bawah ngini mamakai <nowiki># ~~~~</nowiki>. Pian kawa mandaptar matan 1 Nopémbér 2026 0.00 hinggan 30 Nopémbér 2026 23:59 (UTC).</noinclude> [[Tumbung:Bulan Asia Wikipidia 2026]] # [[Pamakai:Volstand|Robert Hayden]] ([[Pamandiran Pamakai:Volstand|pandir]]) 9 Uktubir 2026 14.13 (WITA) # [[Pamakai:Arcuscloud|Arcuscloud]] ([[Pamandiran Pamakai:Arcuscloud|pandir]]) 17 Uktubir 2026 16.20 (WITA) # [[Pamakai:Cgjkldn|Cgjkldn]] ([[Pamandiran Pamakai:Cgjkldn|pandir]]) 1 Nupimbir 2026 14.33 (WITA) # [[Pamakai:Raihankakicak|Raihankakicak]] ([[Pamandiran Pamakai:Raihankakicak|pandir]]) 3 Nupimbir 2026 05.21 (WITA). # [[Pamakai:Radramboo|Radramboo]] ([[Pamandiran Pamakai:Radramboo|pandir]]) 5 Nupimbir 2026 14.30 (WITA) # # # # # # # # 22aun1d50dhsx83csguifyv2iltxu8d 0 39938 115641 114625 2026-11-05T10:28:13Z Erikanaymelia22 17619 115641 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Museum Waja Sampai Kaputing]] atawa Museum WASAKA adalah sebuah museum yang terletak di [[Kuta Banjarmasin]], Pruvinsi [[Kalimantan Salatan|Kalimantan Selatan]], [[Indunisia]]. Museum ini bantuknya Rumah Bubungan Tinggi, rumah adat Banjar Kalimantan Selatan. Dalam bahasa Banjar, "Waja Sampai Kaputing" berarti "Tetap Teguh Sampai Akhir" juga merupakan moto perjuangan rakyat Kalimantan Selatan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Utara|first=Admin|date=2018-05-19|title=Museum Waja Sampai Kaputing|url=https://utara.banjarmasinkota.go.id/2018/05/museum-waja-sampai-kaputing.html|website=Kecamatan Banjarmasin Utara|access-date=2026-10-11}}</ref> [[Barakas:Museum "Waja Sampai Kaputing".jpg|jmpl|Museum WASAKA]] Museum ini barada di Kompleks H.Andir, [[Kampung Kenanga Ulu]], [[Kalurahan Sungai Jingah]], [[Kacamatan Banjarmasin Utara]], Kuta Banjarmasin. Museum ini barada di tepi sungai Martapura wan badampingan lawan Jembatan 17 Mei (Jembatan Banua Anyar), makanya para pandatang kawa maaksis museum ini pakai kalutuk. Museum ini jua salah satu situs dari [[Taman Bumi Global UNESCO Meratus]]. == Sajarah == Museum ini didirikan atas prakarsa Gubernur Kalimantan Salatan nang mandapat dukungan dari para pajuang, budayawan, seniman, sejarawan, wan masyarakat umum di Kalimantan Salatan. == Jujuhutan == <references />https://utara.banjarmasinkota.go.id/2018/05/museum-waja-sampai-kaputing.html https://radarbanjarmasin.jawapos.com/ragam-info/2405240012/sejarah-museum-wasaka-di-banjarmasin-dulu-ternyata-rumahnya-seorang-saudagar https://museumwasaka.com/ [[Tumbung:Museum sejarah di Indonesia]] [[Tumbung:Museum di Kalimantan Selatan]] [[Tumbung:Tempat Wisata Kalimantan Selatan]] 581imb9riy9grhufy01nwbsa03s45os 0 40156 115619 115568 2026-11-04T23:47:28Z Raihankakicak 15775 115619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masigit Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah''' atawa nang baisi ngaran lain Masigit Agung Cotabato bawadah di [[Barangay Kalanganan II]], [[Kuta Cotabato]] wan masigit nang paling ganal kadua di Filipina.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seasia.co|title=The Grand Mosque of Cotabato: A "Gift" of Brunei-Philippines Friendship|url=https://seasia.co/2026/08/09/the-grand-mosque-of-cotabato-a-gift-of-brunei-philippines-friendship|website=Seasia.co|language=en|access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Masigit ngini kawa manampung 15.000 urang.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Research|first=By Inquirer|date=2017-09-02|title=A symbol of faith|url=https://business.inquirer.net/236162/a-symbol-of-faith|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Masigit nang paling ganal di Filipina ialah Masigit Agung Marawi di Kuta Marawi, nang baisi talu lantai wan sabuting ruang bawah barumahan, baisi luas sakitaran 9.434 mitir parsagi, wan jua kawa manampung 20.000 urang rahatan taimbaian.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Villareal|first=Melo|date=2024-04-26|title=Marawi Grand Mosque: The Islamic Center|url=https://outoftownblog.com/marawi-grand-mosque-the-islamic-center/|website=Out of Town Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Sajarah masigit == Masigit ngini diulah wayah tahun 2011. Dana nang dipalai sagan maulah masigit ngini dihabarakan sampai US$48 juta. Sakitar 53% matan dana nang diulah ngitu ujar handak satangahnya dibari ulih [[Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] matan Brunei, nang ngaran sidin dipakai sagan ngaran masigit, sisa satangahnya hanyar ulih pamarintahan Prisidin [[Noynoy Aquino]]. Gawian gasan maulah masigit ngini digawi ulih buhan parusahaan nang baandak di [[Manila]], [[New Kanlaon Construction]], Richard Harris Jordan nang jadi pambakal pruyiknya. Rahatan April 2011, masigit ngini sudah handak jadi sakitaran 99,12%. Sabanyak 300 tukang nang bagawi gasan maulah masigit ngini.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mindanews.com/top-stories/2011/04/brunei-funded-grand-mosque-in-mindanao-to-open-soon/|title=Brunei-funded grand mosque in Mindanao to open soon|date=3 April 2011|access-date=3 November 2026|website=Minda News|last=Sarmiento|first=Bong, S.}}</ref> Masigit ngini diulah di atas lahan ampunnya mantan anggota Diwan Perwakilan Rakyat Filipina nang diwakapakan gasan [[Distrik Panambayan Maguindanao]], [[Didagen Dilangalen]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Masjid: A Symbol of Faith and Unity|url=https://www.voice7news.tv/special/news/2366|website=Voice7 News|language=en|access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Bangunan == Masigit Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah diulah ulih firma urang lukal [[Palafox Associates]], nang dipimpin ulih [[Felino Palafox]]. Kubah-kubah masigit diwarnai amas, bagian pucuknya diandaki bulan sabit. Tugu di masigit ngini baisi tinggi 43 mitir (141 batis) wan ditarangi wayah tangah malam, ngini gasan titilikan buhan supri kapal tarbang nang liwat sakitaran ngitu. Masigit ngitu saurangan baisi luas 5.000 mitir parsagi atawa setangah hiktar, di atas lahan nang luasnya lima hektare.<ref name=":1" /> == Panggaduhan == Masigit ngini digaduh ulih pamarintah lukal Bangsamoro.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Luwaran|first=Alexander Iskandar|title=DPWH turns-over management of Sultan Bolkiah Grand Mosque to BARMM|url=https://www.luwaran.com/news/article/1979/dpwh-turns-over-management-of-sultan-bolkiah-grand-mosque-to-barmm|website=Luwaran|language=en|access-date=2026-11-04}}</ref> Sabalum nitu, urang nang cagaran manggaduh ngini jadi bahan pandiran lawan nang maakuri bahwa ujar harusnya pamarintah Kuta Cotabato atawa Mindanao Muslim (ARMM) nang sudah taburuahai nang harus manggaduhnya. Pamandiran ngini maulah pamarintah nasiuunal gasan maambil alih gaduhan masigiti ngitu samantara, kacawali dana nang didapat ngitu gasan panggaduhan wadah masigit nang dibayari buhan warga situ jua. Wayah Nupimbir 2019, pamarintah nasiunal manawari gasan maunjuk gawiannya manggaduh masigit ka pamarintah lukal Bangsamoro.<ref name=":2" /> Pamarintah lukal ngitu nang mangganti buhan ARMM rahatan musim panambayan pas tahun nang sama gasan bagian matan paubahan. Masigit ngini rasmi diunjuk ka pamarintah lukal Bangsamoro wayah 8 Januari 2020.<ref name=":3" /> == Jujuhutan == 12fu40t0c9281lbjwwgl61lo1brd5yt 115621 115619 2026-11-04T23:50:20Z Raihankakicak 15775 115621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masigit Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah''' atawa nang baisi ngaran lain Masigit Agung Cotabato bawadah di [[Barangay Kalanganan II]], [[Kuta Cotabato]] wan masigit nang paling ganal kadua di Filipina.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seasia.co|title=The Grand Mosque of Cotabato: A "Gift" of Brunei-Philippines Friendship|url=https://seasia.co/2026/08/09/the-grand-mosque-of-cotabato-a-gift-of-brunei-philippines-friendship|website=Seasia.co|language=en|access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Masigit ngini kawa manampung 15.000 urang.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Research|first=By Inquirer|date=2017-09-02|title=A symbol of faith|url=https://business.inquirer.net/236162/a-symbol-of-faith|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Masigit nang paling ganal di Filipina ialah [[Masigit Agung Marawi]] di Kuta Marawi, nang baisi talu lantai wan sabuting ruang bawah barumahan, baisi luas sakitaran 9.434 mitir parsagi, wan jua kawa manampung 20.000 urang rahatan taimbaian.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Villareal|first=Melo|date=2024-04-26|title=Marawi Grand Mosque: The Islamic Center|url=https://outoftownblog.com/marawi-grand-mosque-the-islamic-center/|website=Out of Town Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Sajarah masigit == Masigit ngini diulah wayah tahun 2011. Dana nang dipalai sagan maulah masigit ngini dihabarakan sampai US$48 juta. Sakitar 53% matan dana nang diulah ngitu ujar handak satangahnya dibari ulih [[Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] matan Brunei, nang ngaran sidin dipakai sagan ngaran masigit, sisa satangahnya hanyar ulih pamarintahan Prisidin [[Noynoy Aquino]]. Gawian gasan maulah masigit ngini digawi ulih buhan parusahaan nang baandak di [[Manila]], [[New Kanlaon Construction]], Richard Harris Jordan nang jadi pambakal pruyiknya. Rahatan April 2011, masigit ngini sudah handak jadi sakitaran 99,12%. Sabanyak 300 tukang nang bagawi gasan maulah masigit ngini.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mindanews.com/top-stories/2011/04/brunei-funded-grand-mosque-in-mindanao-to-open-soon/|title=Brunei-funded grand mosque in Mindanao to open soon|date=3 April 2011|access-date=3 November 2026|website=Minda News|last=Sarmiento|first=Bong, S.}}</ref> Masigit ngini diulah di atas lahan ampunnya mantan anggota Diwan Perwakilan Rakyat Filipina nang diwakapakan gasan [[Distrik Panambayan Maguindanao]], [[Didagen Dilangalen]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Masjid: A Symbol of Faith and Unity|url=https://www.voice7news.tv/special/news/2366|website=Voice7 News|language=en|access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Bangunan == Masigit Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah diulah ulih firma urang lukal [[Palafox Associates]], nang dipimpin ulih [[Felino Palafox]]. Kubah-kubah masigit diwarnai amas, bagian pucuknya diandaki bulan sabit. Tugu di masigit ngini baisi tinggi 43 mitir (141 batis) wan ditarangi wayah tangah malam, ngini gasan titilikan buhan supri kapal tarbang nang liwat sakitaran ngitu. Masigit ngitu saurangan baisi luas 5.000 mitir parsagi atawa setangah hiktar, di atas lahan nang luasnya lima hektare.<ref name=":1" /> == Panggaduhan == Masigit ngini digaduh ulih pamarintah lukal Bangsamoro.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Luwaran|first=Alexander Iskandar|title=DPWH turns-over management of Sultan Bolkiah Grand Mosque to BARMM|url=https://www.luwaran.com/news/article/1979/dpwh-turns-over-management-of-sultan-bolkiah-grand-mosque-to-barmm|website=Luwaran|language=en|access-date=2026-11-04}}</ref> Sabalum nitu, urang nang cagaran manggaduh ngini jadi bahan pandiran lawan nang maakuri bahwa ujar harusnya pamarintah Kuta Cotabato atawa Mindanao Muslim (ARMM) nang sudah taburuahai nang harus manggaduhnya. Pamandiran ngini maulah pamarintah nasiuunal gasan maambil alih gaduhan masigiti ngitu samantara, kacawali dana nang didapat ngitu gasan panggaduhan wadah masigit nang dibayari buhan warga situ jua. Wayah Nupimbir 2019, pamarintah nasiunal manawari gasan maunjuk gawiannya manggaduh masigit ka pamarintah lukal Bangsamoro.<ref name=":2" /> Pamarintah lukal ngitu nang mangganti buhan ARMM rahatan musim panambayan pas tahun nang sama gasan bagian matan paubahan. Masigit ngini rasmi diunjuk ka pamarintah lukal Bangsamoro wayah 8 Januari 2020.<ref name=":3" /> == Jujuhutan == msepu8vjq9h8vbx31b08lofy2ejsq3q 1 40168 115620 2026-11-04T23:48:27Z Raihankakicak 15775 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/asian-month-2026-bjn 115620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WAM talk 2026}} tgsawt6b577kkhzqvno4tbd02k9b47k 0 40169 115623 2026-11-05T00:07:38Z Raihankakicak 15775 Maulah laman 115623 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masigit Agung Marawi''' ialah sabuting masigit nang baandakan di [[Kampung Pangarungan]], [[Kuta Marawi]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Filipina]]. Masigit ini jua dipinandui Pusat Islam Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Inquirer|first=Philippine Daily|date=2017-11-17|title=Marawi’s Grand Mosque to rise again, Lanao del Sur officials vow|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/945684/marawis-grand-mosque-to-rise-again-lanao-del-sur-officials-vow|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Sajarah masigit == Pas panambayan paulahan masigit ngini dimulai wayah tahun 1950-an wan tuntungnya wayah tahun 1970. Nang mamimpin paulahan masigit ngini ulih ampun tanah di wadah masigit ngitu baandak, [[Datu Pangarungan Disalongan]] ngarannya, lawan pambarian dana nang bamuasal matan urang swasta wadah nitu wan buhan dunatur luuar. Buhan mantri luar nagri wan parwakilan matan [[Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]] (OKI) jua umpat basinggah di masigit ngini rahatan bakunjang ka Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BusinessMirror|date=2019-02-17|title=Marawi folk waiting for iconic Grand Mosque to rise again|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/02/17/marawi-folk-waiting-for-iconic-grand-mosque-to-rise-again/|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Jujuhutan == smj1sv0zszx7lkwlp9ycogkdd1j8fes 115624 115623 2026-11-05T00:09:19Z Raihankakicak 15775 Manambah [[:Tumbung:Masigit|Tumbung:Masigit]] mamakai [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 115624 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masigit Agung Marawi''' ialah sabuting masigit nang baandakan di [[Kampung Pangarungan]], [[Kuta Marawi]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Filipina]]. Masigit ini jua dipinandui Pusat Islam Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Inquirer|first=Philippine Daily|date=2017-11-17|title=Marawi’s Grand Mosque to rise again, Lanao del Sur officials vow|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/945684/marawis-grand-mosque-to-rise-again-lanao-del-sur-officials-vow|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Sajarah masigit == Pas panambayan paulahan masigit ngini dimulai wayah tahun 1950-an wan tuntungnya wayah tahun 1970. Nang mamimpin paulahan masigit ngini ulih ampun tanah di wadah masigit ngitu baandak, [[Datu Pangarungan Disalongan]] ngarannya, lawan pambarian dana nang bamuasal matan urang swasta wadah nitu wan buhan dunatur luuar. Buhan mantri luar nagri wan parwakilan matan [[Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]] (OKI) jua umpat basinggah di masigit ngini rahatan bakunjang ka Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BusinessMirror|date=2019-02-17|title=Marawi folk waiting for iconic Grand Mosque to rise again|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/02/17/marawi-folk-waiting-for-iconic-grand-mosque-to-rise-again/|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Jujuhutan == [[Tumbung:Masigit]] olzrxub466nnsmvolkj6qnrvlcuoifl 115625 115624 2026-11-05T00:15:53Z Raihankakicak 15775 Manambahakan laman 115625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masigit Agung Marawi''' ialah sabuting masigit nang baandakan di [[Kampung Pangarungan]], [[Kuta Marawi]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Filipina]]. Masigit ini jua dipinandui Pusat Islam Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Inquirer|first=Philippine Daily|date=2017-11-17|title=Marawi’s Grand Mosque to rise again, Lanao del Sur officials vow|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/945684/marawis-grand-mosque-to-rise-again-lanao-del-sur-officials-vow|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Sajarah masigit == Pas panambayan paulahan masigit ngini dimulai wayah tahun 1950-an wan tuntungnya wayah tahun 1970. Nang mamimpin paulahan masigit ngini ulih ampun tanah di wadah masigit ngitu baandak, [[Datu Pangarungan Disalongan]] ngarannya, lawan pambarian dana nang bamuasal matan urang swasta wadah nitu wan buhan dunatur luuar. Buhan mantri luar nagri wan parwakilan matan [[Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]] (OKI) jua umpat basinggah di masigit ngini rahatan bakunjang ka Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BusinessMirror|date=2019-02-17|title=Marawi folk waiting for iconic Grand Mosque to rise again|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/02/17/marawi-folk-waiting-for-iconic-grand-mosque-to-rise-again/|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Salawas pabalukan Marawi wayah Mai 2017, masigit ngini jajdi salah sabuting bangunan nang diambil ulih buhan milita Maute nang bagabuung wan ISIS. Pasukan pamarintah Filipina kawa maambil pulang kuta nitu, tagal babarapa bangunan jadi taburahai wan hancur banar gara-gara parang nitu, tamasuk Masigit Agung Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unson|first=John|title=Another Marawi mosque reclaimed from Maute|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/09/09/1737345/another-marawi-mosque-reclaimed-maute|website=Philstar.com|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Jujuhutan == [[Tumbung:Masigit]] e5bww8fisbuz72g6kv6m153nfx2mqpw 115628 115625 2026-11-05T00:27:38Z Raihankakicak 15775 Mambabak laman 115628 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masigit Agung Marawi''' ialah sabuting masigit nang baandakan di [[Kampung Pangarungan]], [[Kuta Marawi]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Filipina]]. Masigit ini jua dipinandui Pusat Islam Marawi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Inquirer|first=Philippine Daily|date=2017-11-17|title=Marawi’s Grand Mosque to rise again, Lanao del Sur officials vow|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/945684/marawis-grand-mosque-to-rise-again-lanao-del-sur-officials-vow|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Sajarah masigit == Pas panambayan paulahan masigit ngini dimulai wayah tahun 1950-an wan tuntungnya wayah tahun 1970. Nang mamimpin paulahan masigit ngini ulih ampun tanah di wadah masigit ngitu baandak, [[Datu Pangarungan Disalongan]] ngarannya, lawan pambarian dana nang bamuasal matan urang swasta wadah nitu wan buhan dunatur luuar. Buhan mantri luar nagri wan parwakilan matan [[Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]] (OKI) jua umpat basinggah di masigit ngini rahatan bakunjang ka Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BusinessMirror|date=2019-02-17|title=Marawi folk waiting for iconic Grand Mosque to rise again|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/02/17/marawi-folk-waiting-for-iconic-grand-mosque-to-rise-again/|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Salawas pabalukan Marawi wayah Mai 2017, masigit ngini jajdi salah sabuting bangunan nang diambil ulih buhan militan Maute nang bagabuung wan ISIS. Pasukan pamarintah Filipina kawa maambil pulang kuta nitu, tagal babarapa bangunan jadi taburahai wan hancur banar gara-gara parang nitu, tamasuk Masigit Agung Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unson|first=John|title=Another Marawi mosque reclaimed from Maute|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/09/09/1737345/another-marawi-mosque-reclaimed-maute|website=Philstar.com|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Wayah 8 Siptimbir, sambahyang Jumat panambayan imbah parang di Marawi, digawi di masigit ngini.<ref name=":1" /> [[Satuan Tugas Bangon Marawi]], sabuting wadah pamarintah nang bakahandak mambaiki salajur mahanyari sakitaran 31 masigit di Marawi nang hancur bakas parang wan pambalukan, kahandak mulai gawian mambaikinya wayah Agustus 2020. Gawian ngitu tuntung wayah Uktubir 2021 wan masigitnya dirasmiakan ulih Prisidin Rodrigo Duterte, didatangi jua ulih [[Sekretaris Komisi Nasional Muslim Filipina Saidamen Pangarungan]], [[Gubernur Lanao del Sur Mamintal Adiong Jr]]., wan Wali Kuta Marawi [[Majul Gandamra]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madale|first=Asangan|date=2021-10-18|title=Marawi City's largest mosque inaugurated|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/18/news/regions/marawi-citys-largest-mosque-inaugurated/1818814|website=The Manila Times|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Jujuhutan == [[Tumbung:Masigit]] 62iudx927el2dgl7vkzo22m5a8gmkrb 115630 115628 2026-11-05T00:43:00Z Raihankakicak 15775 Mambabak laman 115630 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masigit Agung Marawi''' ialah sabuting masigit nang baandakan di [[Kampung Pangarungan]], [[Kuta Marawi]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Filipina]]. Masigit ini jua dipinandui Pusat Islam Marawi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Inquirer|first=Philippine Daily|date=2017-11-17|title=Marawi’s Grand Mosque to rise again, Lanao del Sur officials vow|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/945684/marawis-grand-mosque-to-rise-again-lanao-del-sur-officials-vow|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Sajarah masigit == Pas panambayan paulahan masigit ngini dimulai wayah tahun 1950-an wan tuntungnya wayah tahun 1970. Nang mamimpin paulahan masigit ngini ulih ampun tanah di wadah masigit ngitu baandak, [[Datu Pangarungan Disalongan]] ngarannya, lawan pambarian dana nang bamuasal matan urang swasta wadah nitu wan buhan dunatur luuar. Buhan mantri luar nagri wan parwakilan matan [[Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]] (OKI) jua umpat basinggah di masigit ngini rahatan bakunjang ka Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BusinessMirror|date=2019-02-17|title=Marawi folk waiting for iconic Grand Mosque to rise again|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/02/17/marawi-folk-waiting-for-iconic-grand-mosque-to-rise-again/|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Salawas pabalukan Marawi wayah Mai 2017, masigit ngini jajdi salah sabuting bangunan nang diambil ulih buhan militan Maute nang bagabuung wan ISIS. Pasukan pamarintah Filipina kawa maambil pulang kuta nitu, tagal babarapa bangunan jadi taburahai wan hancur banar gara-gara parang nitu, tamasuk Masigit Agung Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unson|first=John|title=Another Marawi mosque reclaimed from Maute|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/09/09/1737345/another-marawi-mosque-reclaimed-maute|website=Philstar.com|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Wayah 8 Siptimbir, sambahyang Jumat panambayan imbah parang di Marawi, digawi di masigit ngini.<ref name=":1" /> [[Satuan Tugas Bangon Marawi]], sabuting wadah pamarintah nang bakahandak mambaiki salajur mahanyari sakitaran 31 masigit di Marawi nang hancur bakas parang wan pambalukan, kahandak mulai gawian mambaikinya wayah Agustus 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1047896|title=TFBM to rehabilitate 31 mosques in Marawi|access-date=2026-11-05|language=en}}</ref> Gawian ngitu tuntung wayah Uktubir 2021 wan masigitnya dirasmiakan ulih Prisidin Rodrigo Duterte, didatangi jua ulih [[Sekretaris Komisi Nasional Muslim Filipina Saidamen Pangarungan]], [[Gubernur Lanao del Sur Mamintal Adiong Jr]]., wan Wali Kuta Marawi [[Majul Gandamra]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madale|first=Asangan|date=2021-10-18|title=Marawi City's largest mosque inaugurated|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/18/news/regions/marawi-citys-largest-mosque-inaugurated/1818814|website=The Manila Times|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Wayah 2 Disimbir 2021, Masigit Agung nang sudah dihanyari diunjuk ulih Sekretaris Eduardo Del Rosario matan Satuan Tugas Bangon Marawi ka Hadji Abdul Amai Manabilang Pangarungan wan Sekretaris NCMF Saidamen B. Pangarungan, nang masing-masing manjabat sawagai prisidin wan pamimpin Masigit Agung Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marawi’s Grand Mosque turned over to administrators|url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/2021/12/03/marawis-grand-mosque-turned-over-to-administrators|website=PIA|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Jujuhutan == [[Tumbung:Masigit]] 4cuxnnn4vixbrp73gi3s7kz2cmoqbes 115631 115630 2026-11-05T00:45:59Z Raihankakicak 15775 115631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masigit Agung Marawi''' ialah sabuting masigit nang baandakan di [[Kampung Pangarungan]], [[Kuta Marawi]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Filipina]]. Masigit ini jua dipinandui Pusat Islam Marawi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Inquirer|first=Philippine Daily|date=2017-11-17|title=Marawi’s Grand Mosque to rise again, Lanao del Sur officials vow|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/945684/marawis-grand-mosque-to-rise-again-lanao-del-sur-officials-vow|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Sajarah masigit == Pas panambayan paulahan masigit ngini dimulai wayah tahun 1950-an wan tuntungnya wayah tahun 1970. Nang mamimpin paulahan masigit ngini ulih ampun tanah di wadah masigit ngitu baandak, [[Datu Pangarungan Disalongan]] ngarannya, lawan pambarian dana nang bamuasal matan urang swasta wadah nitu wan buhan dunatur luuar. Buhan mantri luar nagri wan parwakilan matan [[Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]] (OKI) jua umpat basinggah di masigit ngini rahatan bakunjang ka Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BusinessMirror|date=2019-02-17|title=Marawi folk waiting for iconic Grand Mosque to rise again|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/02/17/marawi-folk-waiting-for-iconic-grand-mosque-to-rise-again/|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Salawas pabalukan Marawi wayah Mai 2017, masigit ngini jajdi salah sabuting bangunan nang diambil ulih buhan militan Maute nang bagabuung wan ISIS. Pasukan pamarintah Filipina kawa maambil pulang kuta nitu, tagal babarapa bangunan jadi taburahai wan hancur banar gara-gara parang nitu, tamasuk Masigit Agung Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unson|first=John|title=Another Marawi mosque reclaimed from Maute|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/09/09/1737345/another-marawi-mosque-reclaimed-maute|website=Philstar.com|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Wayah 8 Siptimbir, sambahyang Jumat panambayan imbah parang di Marawi, digawi di masigit ngini.<ref name=":1" /> [[Satuan Tugas Bangon Marawi]], sabuting wadah pamarintah nang bakahandak mambaiki salajur mahanyari sakitaran 31 masigit di Marawi nang hancur bakas parang wan pambalukan, kahandak mulai gawian mambaikinya wayah Agustus 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1047896|title=TFBM to rehabilitate 31 mosques in Marawi|access-date=2026-11-05|language=en}}</ref> Gawian ngitu tuntung wayah Uktubir 2021 wan masigitnya dirasmiakan ulih Prisidin Rodrigo Duterte, didatangi jua ulih [[Sekretaris Komisi Nasional Muslim Filipina Saidamen Pangarungan]], [[Gubernur Lanao del Sur Mamintal Adiong Jr]]., wan Wali Kuta Marawi [[Majul Gandamra]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madale|first=Asangan|date=2021-10-18|title=Marawi City's largest mosque inaugurated|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/18/news/regions/marawi-citys-largest-mosque-inaugurated/1818814|website=The Manila Times|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Wayah 2 Disimbir 2021, Masigit Agung nang sudah dihanyari diunjuk ulih Sekretaris Eduardo Del Rosario matan Satuan Tugas Bangon Marawi ka [[Hadji Abdul Amai Manabilang]] Pangarungan wan Sekretaris NCMF Saidamen B. Pangarungan, nang masing-masing manjabat sawagai prisidin wan pamimpin Masigit Agung Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marawi’s Grand Mosque turned over to administrators|url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/2021/12/03/marawis-grand-mosque-turned-over-to-administrators|website=PIA|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Jujuhutan == [[Tumbung:Masigit]] t4yhuy7zt9btrlv6yqhfee0bqpjry5n 115632 115631 2026-11-05T00:53:35Z Raihankakicak 15775 Mambabak laman 115632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masigit Agung Marawi''' ialah sabuting masigit nang baandakan di [[Kampung Pangarungan]], [[Kuta Marawi]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Filipina]]. Masigit ini jua dipinandui Pusat Islam Marawi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Inquirer|first=Philippine Daily|date=2017-11-17|title=Marawi’s Grand Mosque to rise again, Lanao del Sur officials vow|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/945684/marawis-grand-mosque-to-rise-again-lanao-del-sur-officials-vow|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Sajarah masigit == Pas panambayan paulahan masigit ngini dimulai wayah tahun 1950-an wan tuntungnya wayah tahun 1970. Nang mamimpin paulahan masigit ngini ulih ampun tanah di wadah masigit ngitu baandak, [[Datu Pangarungan Disalongan]] ngarannya, lawan pambarian dana nang bamuasal matan urang swasta wadah nitu wan buhan dunatur luuar. Buhan mantri luar nagri wan parwakilan matan [[Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]] (OKI) jua umpat basinggah di masigit ngini rahatan bakunjang ka Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BusinessMirror|date=2019-02-17|title=Marawi folk waiting for iconic Grand Mosque to rise again|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/02/17/marawi-folk-waiting-for-iconic-grand-mosque-to-rise-again/|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Salawas pabalukan Marawi wayah Mai 2017, masigit ngini jajdi salah sabuting bangunan nang diambil ulih buhan militan Maute nang bagabuung wan ISIS. Pasukan pamarintah Filipina kawa maambil pulang kuta nitu, tagal babarapa bangunan jadi taburahai wan hancur banar gara-gara parang nitu, tamasuk Masigit Agung Marawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unson|first=John|title=Another Marawi mosque reclaimed from Maute|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/09/09/1737345/another-marawi-mosque-reclaimed-maute|website=Philstar.com|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Wayah 8 Siptimbir, sambahyang Jumat panambayan imbah parang di Marawi, digawi di masigit ngini.<ref name=":1" /> [[Satuan Tugas Bangon Marawi]], sabuting wadah pamarintah nang bakahandak mambaiki salajur mahanyari sakitaran 31 masigit di Marawi nang hancur bakas parang wan pambalukan, kahandak mulai gawian mambaikinya wayah Agustus 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1047896|title=TFBM to rehabilitate 31 mosques in Marawi|access-date=2026-11-05|language=en}}</ref> Gawian ngitu tuntung wayah Uktubir 2021 wan masigitnya dirasmiakan ulih Prisidin Rodrigo Duterte, didatangi jua ulih [[Sekretaris Komisi Nasional Muslim Filipina Saidamen Pangarungan]], [[Gubernur Lanao del Sur Mamintal Adiong Jr]]., wan Wali Kuta Marawi [[Majul Gandamra]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madale|first=Asangan|date=2021-10-18|title=Marawi City's largest mosque inaugurated|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/18/news/regions/marawi-citys-largest-mosque-inaugurated/1818814|website=The Manila Times|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Wayah 2 Disimbir 2021, Masigit Agung nang sudah dihanyari diunjuk ulih Sekretaris Eduardo Del Rosario matan Satuan Tugas Bangon Marawi ka [[Hadji Abdul Amai Manabilang]] Pangarungan wan Sekretaris NCMF Saidamen B. Pangarungan, nang masing-masing manjabat sawagai prisidin wan pamimpin Masigit Agung Marawi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Marawi’s Grand Mosque turned over to administrators|url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/2021/12/03/marawis-grand-mosque-turned-over-to-administrators|website=PIA|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> == Pawadahan == Masigit Agung Marawi baisi talu lantai wan sabuting ruang bawah barumahan, lawan luas lantai saganal 9.434 m² (101.550 batis parsagi). Masigit ngini kawa manampung 20.000 urang wayah waktu nang baimbai wan disambat sawagai wadah sambahyyang buhan Islam paling ganal di Filipina.<ref name=":2" />Sabalum pambalukan Marawi wayah tahun 2017, masigit ngini baisi luas 2.500 m² (27.000 batis parsagi). Masigit ngini baisi talu lantai wan kawa manampung 5.000 urang haja. Digaduh ulih Jameo Mindanao Al-Islamie, Pusat Islam Marawi, bangunan ngini jua baisi madrasah wan perpustakaan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://radyo.inquirer.net/99416/grand-mosque-sa-marawi-city-sentro-ng-relihiyong-islam-sa-islamic-city|title=Grand Mosque sa Marawi City sentro ng relihiyong Islam sa Islamic City|last=dmac990|date=2018-01-25|work=DZIQ Radyo Inquirer 990AM|access-date=2026-11-05|language=en-US}}</ref> == Jujuhutan == [[Tumbung:Masigit]] 3mhprygwsbo6itpcgrncs0j26md9534 1 40170 115633 2026-11-05T00:55:28Z Raihankakicak 15775 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/asian-month-2026-bjn 115633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WAM talk 2026}} tgsawt6b577kkhzqvno4tbd02k9b47k 0 40171 115637 2026-11-05T05:27:30Z Wadaihangit 12694 hanyar 115637 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barakas:KM. Dharma Rucitra 9.jpg|jmpl|Kapal kalum gasan manyubarang, KM. Dharma Rucitra 9 rahatan basasiap gasan mangaih di dermaga [[Palabuhan Kumai]], [[Kalimantan Tangah]].]] '''Kapal''' '''kalum''' atawa '''kapal panyubarangan''' yaitu [[kapal]] ''transportasi'' nang jaraknya parak. Suwalih nitu, Kapal kalum dipakai gasan balayar di laut duwa sungai nang jam tulak wan buliknya tatap; misalnya antar pulau. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|date=2024-11-12|title=Apa Itu Kapal Feri, Jenis, dan Fungsinya|url=https://pgnlng.co.id/berita/wawasan/jenis-jenis-kapal-feri/|website=PGN LNG|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Kapal kalum baisia paranan panting dalam sistem pengangkutan gasan kuta nang pinggir laut, marga kawa mahantas lawan tambangnya kada tabanyak pada mamakai jalan lalu di [[jumbatan]] atawa ''terowongan''. Kapal kalum rancak dasar dipakai gasan manyubarangakan urang, tamasuk juwa gasan kandaraan di darat.<ref name=":1" /> Di Indunisia, kapal kalum dipakai gasan panyubarangan di [[:id:Selat_Sunda|Selat Sunda]] antara [[:id:Pelabuhan_Merak|Merak, Banten]] lawan [[:id:Pelabuhan_Bakauheni|Bakauheni, Lampung]], panyubarangan di [[:id:Selat_Bali|Selat Bali]] antara [[:id:Pelabuhan_Ketapang|Ketapang, Jawa Timur]] lawan [[:id:Pelabuhan_Gilimanuk|Gilimanuk, Bali]], duwa nang lainnya. == Jujuhutan == <references /> [[Tumbung:Kapal kalum]] [[Tumbung:Parian kapal]] 2vf77i9k3sid4o63w5hgqeem59quh0n