विकिपिडिया dtywiki https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter मिडिया बिशेष कुरणि प्रयोगकर्ता प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया वार्ता चित्र चित्र कुरणि मिडियाविकि मिडियाविकि कुरणि ढाँचा ढाँचा कुरणि मद्दत मद्दत कुरणि श्रेणी श्रेणी कुरणि TimedText TimedText talk मोड्युल मोड्युल कुरणि Event Event talk 0 223 270553 257379 2026-11-07T23:19:36Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Argentine Republic{{efn-ua|name=altnames|Article 35 of the [[Argentine Constitution]] gives equal recognition to the names "[[United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata]]", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation" and using "Argentine Nation" in the making and enactment of laws.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 35}}}} | common_name = Argentina | native_name = {{native name|es|República Argentina}} | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the centre of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|(Sun of May)}} | national_motto = {{unbulleted list |list_style=line-height:125%; | {{native phrase|es|"[[En unión y libertad]]"|nolink=yes|paren=off}} | {{small|("In Unity and Freedom")}} }} | national_anthem = {{unbulleted list |item1_style=line-height:125%; |item2_style=line-height:125%; |item3_style=margin-top:4px; | {{native phrase|es|[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]|nolink=yes|paren=off}} | {{small|("Argentine National Anthem")}} | [[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg|center]] }} | image_map = ARG orthographic (+all claims).svg | map_caption = Argentine territory in dark green; [[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|claimed but uncontrolled territory]] in light green. | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=European (mostly Italian and Spanish descent)-space:nowrap; |96.7% [[Argentines of European descent|European]] and [[Mestizo]] {{small|(mostly [[Italian Argentines|Italian]] and [[Spanish Argentines|Spanish]] descent)}}<br /> |2.4% [[Indigenous peoples in Argentina|Amerindian]] |0.5% [[Asian Argentines|Asian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201611/171079-japon-visita-oficial-primer-ministro-nipon-shinzo-abe-casa-de-gobierno.html|title=Argentina inicia una nueva etapa en su relación con Japón|website=www.telam.com.ar|access-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818095646/http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201611/171079-japon-visita-oficial-primer-ministro-nipon-shinzo-abe-casa-de-gobierno.html|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_Syfgy52TDQe.html|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|last=Clarín.com|access-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014649/https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_Syfgy52TDQe.html|archive-date=3 August 2018|url-status = live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1682|title=국가지표체계|website=www.index.go.kr|access-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818092634/http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1682|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status = live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WebINDEC – Poblaci Censo 2010 |url=https://www.indec.gov.ar/nivel4_default.asp?id_tema_1=2&id_tema_2=41&id_tema_3=135 |website=www.indec.gov.ar |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803022723/https://www.indec.gov.ar/nivel4_default.asp?id_tema_1=2&id_tema_2=41&id_tema_3=135 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status = dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref> |0.4% [[Afro-Argentines|African]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=15 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830153530/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|archive-date=30 August 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} {{plainlist|'''{{small|Ethnicity:}}''' * 62.5% [[Italian Argentines|Italian]]<ref name="LaMatanza">{{cite web|url =http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432 |title=Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina |date=14 November 2011 |author =Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la [[National University of La Matanza|Universidad Nacional de La Matanza]] |publisher=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar |language=Spanish |quote=Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.}}</ref> * 37.5% Non-Italian}} | map_width = 220px | capital = [[Buenos Aires]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = None | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|note-lang|a}} | regional_languages = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|Guaraní]] in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]]<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|Quechua]] in [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]]<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territorio de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=2020-06-14 |archive-date=2020-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|Qom]], [[Mocoví language|Mocoví]], and [[Wichí languages|Wichí]] in [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]<ref name=kom/> * [[Patagonian Welsh|Welsh]] in [[Chubut Province|Chubut]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=2020-06-14 |archive-date=2020-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} | religion_year = 2019 | religion_ref = <ref name="CONICETReligion19">{{cite web|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ii25-2encuestacreencias.pdf|accessdate=November 19, 2019|year=2019|last1=Mallimac|last2=Giménez Béliveau|last3=Esquivel|last4=Irrazábal|first1=Fortunato|first2=Verónica|first3=Juan Cruz|first4=Gabriela|title=Sociedad y Religión en Movimiento. Segunda Encuesta Nacional sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas en la Argentina|language=Spanish|publisher=Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales (CEIL). [[National Scientific and Technical Research Council|CONICET]]|issn=1515-7466}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|Roman Catholic]] |18.9% [[Irreligion|Irreligious]] |15.3% [[Evangelicalism]] |1.4% [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Mormon]] |1.2% Other |0.3% ''Unknown''}} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |[[Argentines|Argentine]] |Argentinian |{{nowrap|Argentinean {{small|(uncommon)}}}} }} | government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Alberto Fernández]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Vice Presidents of Argentina|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers]] | leader_name3 = [[Santiago Cafiero]] | leader_title4 = [[List of Presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|President of the Chamber of Deputies]] | leader_name4 = [[Sergio Massa]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|President of Supreme Court]] | leader_name5 = [[Carlos Rosenkrantz]] | legislature = [[Argentine National Congress|National Congress]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] | established_event1 = [[May Revolution]] | established_date1 = 25 May 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declared]] | established_date2 = 9 July 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Constitution|Constitution]]}} | established_date3 = 1 May 1853 | area_km2 = 2780400 | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}), the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).<ref name=totalpop>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS |title=Población por sexo e índice de masculinidad. Superficie censada y densidad, según provincia. Total del país. Año 2010 |work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |archivedate=8 June 2014 |url-status = dead|df= }}</ref>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = 44,938,712 | population_census = 40,117,096<ref name=totalpop/> | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = 31st | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 14.4 | pop_den_footnote = <ref name=totalpop/> | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = $903.542 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=13&sy=2019&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Argentina|accessdate=25 October 2019|work=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=International Monetary Fund|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_rank = 25th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,055<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 56th | GDP_nominal = $445.469 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 30th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,887<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 53rd | Gini = 41.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 <!-- use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini/> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.830 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018 <!-- use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019.pdf |title=2019 Human Development Report |year=2019 |accessdate=9 December 2019 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 48th | currency = [[Argentine peso|Peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = −3 | date_format = dd.mm.yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = right{{ref label|note-train|b}} | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnote_a = {{note|note-lang}}Though not declared official ''[[de jure]]'', the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts. | footnote_b = {{note|note-train}}10 June 1945, but trains are still driven on left. | today = }} [[File:Argentina_orthographic.svg|thumb]] [[File:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|Salta]] '''अर्जेन्टिना''' [[दक्षिण अमेरिका|दक्षिण अमेरिका]] मि रयाको एक देश हो। ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[Category:अर्जेन्टिना]] [[श्रेणी:विश्वका देशअन]] [[Category:दक्षिण अमेरिका देशहरू]] 4eidbc1zbv7cjzv42hjkhhll1hhxxc5 0 232 270554 263889 2026-11-07T23:19:40Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | common_name = Algeria | native_name = {{small|{{native name|ar|الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية|italics=no}}}}<br/>{{small|{{native name|fr|République algérienne démocratique et populaire}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Algeria.svg | image_coat = National Emblem of Algeria (bronze effect).svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{lang|ar|بالشّعب وللشّعب}}<br/>("By the people and for the people")<ref name="CONST-AR">{{cite web|url=http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11 |id= language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber|publisher=El-mouradia.dz |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124116/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm |archivedate=18 July 2012 }}</ref><ref name="CONST-EN">{{cite web |url= http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11 |publisher=Apn-dz.org |date=28 November 1996 |accessdate=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725130249/http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |archivedate=25 July 2013 }}</ref> | national_anthem = ''[[Kassaman]]''<br />({{lang-en|"We Pledge"}})<br />[[File:National anthem of Algeria, by the U.S. Navy Band.oga|center]] | image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green || | |}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Algiers]] | coordinates = {{Coord|36|42|N|3|13|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | religion = {{unbulleted list|99% [[Islam in Algeria|Islam]] (official) |1% other (inc. [[christianity in algeria|Christians]] and [[Jews in Algeria|Jews]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html|title=Central Intelligence Agency|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=8 February 2020|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=23 February 2020|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129161142/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | official_languages = [[Arabic]] • [[Standard Algerian Berber|Berber]] | languages_type = Other languages | languages = [[French language|French]] {{small|(administration, business and education)}}<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |title=The World Factbook – Algeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=4 December 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612211925/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |archivedate=12 June 2007 }}</ref><br> [[Algerian Arabic|Algerian Arabic (Darja)]] {{small|(lingua franca)}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |{{nowrap|[[Arab-Berber]] 99%<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook"/>{{efn|The ''[[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]'' states that about 15% of Algerians, a minority, identify as Berber even though many Algerians have Berber origins. The Factbook explains that of the approximately 15% who identify as Berber, most live in the [[Kabylie]] region, more closely identify with Berber heritage instead of Arab heritage, and are Muslim.}}<!--end nowrap:-->}} | 1% Others<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook"/>}} | demonym = Algerian | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}} [[constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Algeria|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Abdelaziz Djerad]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Council of the Nation]] | lower_house = [[People's National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Algeria|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Zayyanid dynasty]] | established_date1 = 1235 | established_event2 = [[Ottoman Algeria|Al Jazâ'ir]] | established_date2 = 1515 | established_event3 = [[French Algeria|French Occupation]] | established_date3 = [[Invasion of Algiers in 1830|5 July 1830]] | established_event4 = [[Algerian War|Independence]] from [[France]] | established_date4 = 3 July 1962 | established_event5 = Recognised | established_date5 = 5 July 1962 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Algeria|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 10 September 1963 | area_km2 = 2381741 | area_rank = 10th | area_sq_mi = 919595 | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = 43,600,000<ref name="ONS 2020">{{cite web | title=Démographie | website=Office National des Statistiques | date=18 May 2020 | url=http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html | language=French | trans-title=Demography | access-date=25 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220607/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html | archive-date=6 March 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 32nd | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 17.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 47 | population_density_rank = 168 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $684.649 billion<ref name="IMFWEOAG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=30&pr.y=9&sy=2019&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=612&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_rank = 35th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $15,765<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 82nd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $180.687 billion<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,229<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 109th | Gini = 27.6 | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of Family Income&nbsp;– Gini Index |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=1 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |archivedate=13 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118143415/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ |archive-date=18 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.759<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2018 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 82nd | currency = [[Algerian dinar|Dinar]] | currency_code = DZD | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Algeria|+213]] | cctld = [[.dz]]<br/>الجزائر. | today = | leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria)|Council Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Salah Goudjil]] (interim) | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the People's National Assembly (Algeria)|Assembly Speaker]] | linking_name = | leader_name4 = Slimane Chenine }} '''अल्जेरिया''' [[अफ्रिका|अफ्रिका]] महाद्वीपमाई रयाको एक देश हो। ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:अफ्रिकी देशअन]] 4o1zsbhpbz52dvx1c0r3r8jk5lglbmg 0 367 270559 259385 2026-11-07T23:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox state | name = उत्तराखण्ड | official_name = उत्तराखण्ड राज्य | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | caption_align = center | image1 = Auli, India.jpg | caption1 = [[गढवाल हिमालय]] [[औली, भारत|औली]] बाट | image2 = Ganga aarti of haridwar.jpg | caption2 = [[आरती]] [[हर की पौरी]] | image3 = Badrinath temple DSCN9998.jpg | caption3 = [[बद्रीनाथ मन्दिर]] | image6 = Kedarnath Temple.jpg | caption6 = [[केदारनाथ मन्दिर]] | image5 = Jim Corbett National Park (India).jpg | caption5 = [[जिम कर्बेट राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]] | image4 = Governor’s House, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.jpg | caption4 = [[राजभवन, नैनीताल|राजभवन]] [[नैनीताल]] | Image5। = Triveni Ghat Ganga Aarti, Rishikesh.jpg | Caption5। = [[त्रिवेणी घाट गंगा आरती, ऋषिकेश]] }} | type = State | image_seal = Seal of Uttarakhand.svg | etymology = उत्तरी भूमि | nickname = "देवभूमि" (देवताको भूमि) | motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth alone triumphs) | anthem = [[Uttarakhand Devbhumi Matribhumi]] <br /> ("Uttarakhand, Land of the Gods, O Motherland!")<ref>{{cite web|title=Now Uttarakhand Will Sing Its Own Official Song|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/city/dehradun/Now-Ukhand-will-sing-its-official-song/articleshow/50882569.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 February 2016|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113150530/https://m.timesofindia.com/city/dehradun/Now-Ukhand-will-sing-its-official-song/articleshow/50882569.cms|archive-date=13 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | image_map = IN-UT.svg | coordinates = {{coord|30.33|78.06|region:IN_type:city|name=Dehradun|display=inline,title}} | region = North India | before_was = Part of [[Uttar Pradesh]] | formation_date2 = November 9, 2000 | formation_date3 = formation | formation_date4 = 9 November 2000 | capital = Bhararisain | winter_capital = Dehradun | largestcity = Dehradun | districts = [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|13]] | Governor = [[Gurmit Singh (general)|Gurmit Singh]] | Chief_Minister = [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Pushkar Singh Dhami: BJP's Pushkar Singh Dhami to be next Uttarakhand chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pushkar-singh-dhami-to-be-next-uttarakhand-chief-minister/articleshow/84091689.cms |access-date=4 July 2021 |date=4 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pushkar-singh-dhami-to-be-next-uttarakhand-chief-minister/articleshow/84091689.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | legislature_type = Unicameral | assembly = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] | assembly_seats = 70 seats | rajya_sabha_seats = 3 seats | lok_sabha_seats = 5 seats | judiciary = [[Uttarakhand High Court]] | area_total_km2 = 53483 | area_rank = 19th | length_km = 320 | width_km = 385 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |last1=Asian News International |title=Nanda Devi: Operation to retrieve bodies of missing mountaineers hampered by bad weather |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nanda-devi-operation-to-retrieve-bodies-of-missing-mountaineers-hampered-by-bad-weather-1550180-2019-06-16 |work=India Today |date=16 June 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002162407/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nanda-devi-operation-to-retrieve-bodies-of-missing-mountaineers-hampered-by-bad-weather-1550180-2019-06-16 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Sharda Sagar Reservoir in Tarai Region|url=https://oaji.net/pdf.html?n=2017/6036-1522843486.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiM5_K5y8PkAhWGknAKHeL7B-sQFjAOegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw2vDxLKmM8imKtQxbyVI49S|format=PDF|publisher=Open Academics Journal Index|access-date=9 September 2019|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017195609/http://oaji.net/pdf.html?n%3D2017/6036-1522843486.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiM5_K5y8PkAhWGknAKHeL7B-sQFjAOegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw2vDxLKmM8imKtQxbyVI49S|url-status=dead}}</ref> | elevation_m = | elevation_max_m = 7,816 | elevation_max_point = [[Nanda Devi]] | elevation_min_m = 187 | elevation_min_point = [[Sharda River|Sharda Sagar Reservoir]] | population_total = {{Increase}} 10,086,292 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = 21st | population_density = 189 | population_urban = 30.23% | population_rural = 69.77% | population_demonym = [[List of people from Uttarakhand|Uttarakhandi]] | 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]]<ref name="2011lang" /> | additional_official = [[Sanskrit]]<ref name="sanskrit">{{cite news|last=Trivedi |first=Anupam |title=Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-uttarakhand/story-wxk51l8Re4vNxofrr7FAJK.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=19 January 2010 |access-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201065836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndia/Sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-Uttarakhand/Article1-499467.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name="sanskrit2">{{cite news|title=Sanskrit second official language of Uttarakhand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145846/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> | official_script = [[Devanagari script]] | GDP_footnotes = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_01_08_2019_for_uploading.xls|title=MOSPI Gross State Domestic Product|date=1 August 2019|website=[[Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426104343/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttarakhand-macro-economy-economics-and-statistics-department/1/398361.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita of Indian states - StatisticsTimes.com |url=https://statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp-per-capita.php |website=statisticstimes.com |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211542/https://statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp-per-capita.php |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{INRConvert|2.93|lc|lk=r}} | GDP_year = 2019–2020 | GDP_rank = 20th | GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|220275|lk=r}} | GDP_per_capita_rank = 10th | HDI = {{Increase}} 0.758 {{color|#0c0|High}} <ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/hdi-how-states-fare-in-human-development/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_year = 2022 | HDI_rank = 7th | literacy = {{Increase}} 78.82%<ref name="pc-census2020">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead |page=4}}</ref> | literacy_year = 2011 | literacy_rank = 16th | sex_ratio = 963[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2020" /> | sexratio_year = 2011 | sexratio_rank = 4th | iso_code = IN-UK<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|title=Standard: ISO 3166 — Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions|access-date=24 November 2023|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|url-status=live}}</ref> | registration_plate = UK | website = uk.gov.in | foundation_day = Uttarakhand Day | mammal = [[Alpine musk deer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/facts/|title=State Symbols of Uttarakhand |publisher=Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam Limited |access-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715112114/http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/facts/ |archive-date=15 July 2013}}</ref> | bird = [[Himalayan monal]] | fish = [[Tor putitora|Golden Mahseer]]<ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010035036/http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=To protect the endangered 'mahaseer' fish, Uttarakhand set to rope in fishermen|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/to-protect-the-endangered-mahaseer-fish-uttarakhand-set-to-rope-in-fishermen/story-BI4UQ3JBbjypkVytn6xjpI.html|author=Sharma, Nihi|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010134641/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/to-protect-the-endangered-mahaseer-fish-uttarakhand-set-to-rope-in-fishermen/story-BI4UQ3JBbjypkVytn6xjpI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | butterfly = [[Papilio bianor|West Himalayan Common Peacock]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.devalsari.org/images/Photo-Gallery/Common-Peacock-Male-Papilio-Bianor-Polyctor.jpg |title=Common Peacock Male Papilio Bianor Polyctor |access-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094143/http://www.devalsari.org/images/Photo-Gallery/Common-Peacock-Male-Papilio-Bianor-Polyctor.jpg |archive-date=8 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-declare-common-peacock-as-state-butterfly/story-FxHJdVUk9fcVsmPqTvXq1M.html |title=Uttarakhand To Declare Common Peacock As State Butterfly |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102220838/http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-declare-common-peacock-as-state-butterfly/story-FxHJdVUk9fcVsmPqTvXq1M.html |archive-date=2 January 2017 |date=18 November 2016 }}</ref> | flower = [[Saussurea obvallata|Brahma Kamal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uttaraguide.com/statesigns.php |title=Uttarakhand State Signs &#124; Uttarakhand State Tree |publisher=uttaraguide.com |year=2012 |quote=State Flower : Brahma Kamal |access-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107042757/http://uttaraguide.com/statesigns.php |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref> | tree = [[Rhododendron arboreum|Burans]] | image_highway = SH IN-UT.png | year_start = November 9, 2000 }} '''उत्तराखण्ड''' [[भारत|भारत]]को उत्तरमा स्थित प्रान्त हो । यई प्रान्तलाई ९ नोभेम्बर २००० मा उत्तर प्रदेशबाट छुट्याएर नयाँ प्रान्तको दर्जा दिइयो, रे यो प्रान्त गणतन्त्र भारतको २७ औं राज्य बन्यो। यईको सिमानाहरू उत्तरमा चीनको श्वशासित प्रदेश तिब्बतसँग जोडिया छ, पूर्वमा यो प्रान्त नेपाल सँग जोडियाको छ, दक्षिणमा यो प्रान्त उत्तर प्रदेश सँग जोडियाको छ, हरियाणा यई प्रान्तको पश्चिममा छ भने हिमाचल प्रदेश उत्तर-पश्चिममा स्थित छ।यईको राजधानी [[देहरादून| देहरादून]] हो। यसको धार्मिक महत्व र राज्यभरि पाइने धेरै हिन्दु मन्दिरहरू र तीर्थस्थलहरूको कारण यसलाई प्रख्यात "'''देवभूमि'''" को रूपमा चिनिन्छ। उत्तराखण्ड [[हिमालय]], भाबर र [[तराई|तराई क्षेत्र]]को प्राकृतिक वातावरणका लागि प्रख्यात छ। यस राज्यलाई [[गढवाल मण्डल|गढवाल]] र [[कुमाऊँ मण्डल|कुमाऊँ]] गरी दुई भागमा विभाजन गरिएको छ [[उत्तराखण्डका जिल्लाहरू|जसमा कुल १३ जिल्लाहरू]] रहेका छन्। राज्यको शीतकालीन राजधानी र सबैभन्दा ठुलो सहर [[देहरादुन]] हो र [[भराडीसैँण]], [[चमौली जिल्ला]]को एउटा सहर, उत्तराखण्डको ग्रीष्मकालीन राजधानी हो। राज्यको उच्च अदालत नैनीतालमा अवस्थित छ, तर भविष्यमा [[हल्द्वानी]]मा सारिनेछ। पुरातात्विक प्रमाणहरूले प्रागैतिहासिक कालदेखि नै यस क्षेत्रमा मानवहरूको अस्तित्वलाई समर्थन गर्दछ। यो क्षेत्र [[भारतको इतिहास|प्राचीन भारत]]को [[वैदिक काल|वैदिक युग]]मा उत्तरकुरु राज्यको एक भाग बनेको थियो। कुमाऊँका प्रथम प्रमुख राजवंशहरूमध्ये ईपूर्व दोस्रो शताब्दीमा कुनिन्दाहरू थिए जसले [[शैव सम्प्रदाय|शैवधर्म]]को प्रारम्भिक रूपको अभ्यास गरेका थिए। काल्सीमा अशोकका आदेशहरूले यस क्षेत्रमा बौद्ध धर्मको प्रारम्भिक उपस्थिति देखाउँछ। मध्ययुगीन कालमा, यो क्षेत्र कुमाऊँका [[कत्युरी राजवंश|कत्युरी शासक]]हरूको अधीनमा एकीकृत भएको थियो जसलाई 'कुर्मान्चल राज्य' पनि भनिन्छ। कत्युरीहरूको पतन पछि, यो क्षेत्र कुमाऊँ राज्य र गढवाल राज्यमा विभाजित भएको थियो। सन् १८१६ मा [[सुगौली सन्धि]]अन्तर्गत आधुनिक उत्तराखण्डको अधिकांश भाग अङ्ग्रेजलाई सुम्पिएको थियो। यद्यपि गढवाल र कुमाऊँको तत्कालीन पहाडी राज्यहरू परम्परागत प्रतिद्वन्द्वीहरू थिए, विभिन्न छिमेकी जातीय समूहहरूको निकटता र उनीहरूको भूगोल, अर्थव्यवस्था, संस्कृति, भाषा र परम्पराहरूको अविभाज्य र पूरक प्रकृतिले दुई क्षेत्रहरू बीच बलियो सम्बन्ध सिर्जना गर्यो, जुन १९९० को दसकमा उत्तराखण्ड राज्यको आन्दोलनको क्रममा अझ बलियो भयो। यस राज्यका मूल निवासीहरूलाई सामान्यतया उत्तराखण्डी भनिन्छ, वा विशेष गरी या त [[गढवाली भाषा|गढवाली]] वा [[कुमाउँनी भाषा|कुमाऊँनी]] उनीहरूको मूल क्षेत्रद्वारा। भारतको सन् २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार उत्तराखण्डको जनसङ्ख्या १,००,८६,२९२ रहेको छ जसले गर्दा यो भारतको २०औँ सबैभन्दा बढी जनसङ्ख्या भएको राज्य हो। == नामकरण == उत्तराखण्डको नाम [[संस्कृत]] शब्द उत्तराबाट लिइएको हो जसको अर्थ 'उत्तर' हो, र खण्डको अर्थ 'भूमि' हो, जसको अर्थ 'उत्तरी भूमि' हो। यस नामलाई प्रारम्भिक हिन्दु धर्मशास्त्रहरूमा "केदारखण्ड" (हालको [[गढवाल मण्डल|गढवाल]]) र "मानसखण्ड" (हालको [[कुमाऊँ मण्डल|कुमाऊँ]]) को संयुक्त क्षेत्रको रूपमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ। उत्तराखण्ड भारतीय हिमालयको मध्य भागको लागि प्राचीन पौराणिक शब्द पनि थियो।<ref name="autogenerated20012">Kandari, O. P., & Gusain, O. P. (Eds.). (2001). Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture & Society. Srinagar, Garhwal: Transmedia.</ref> यद्यपि, सन् १९९८ मा [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]] नेतृत्वको केन्द्र सरकार र उत्तराखण्ड राज्य सरकारले राज्य पुनर्गठनको नयाँ चरण सुरु गर्दा यस क्षेत्रलाई उत्तरान्चल नाम दिएको थियो। यसको कथित कम-पृथकतावादी अर्थको लागि छानिएको, नाम परिवर्तनले धेरै कार्यकर्ताहरू बीच अलग राज्यको लागि ठुलो विवाद उत्पन्न गर्यो जसले यसलाई राजनीतिक कार्यको रूपमा देखे। उत्तराखण्ड नाम यस क्षेत्रमा लोकप्रिय रह्यो, जबकि उत्तरान्चल आधिकारिक प्रयोगको माध्यमबाट जारी गरिएको थियो।<ref>Negi, B. (2001). "Round One to the Lobbyists, Politicians and Bureaucrats." ''The Indian Express'', 2 January.</ref> अगस्त २००६ मा, केन्द्रीय मन्त्रिपरिषद्ले उत्तरान्चल विधान सभा र उत्तराखण्ड राज्यको आन्दोलनको नेतृत्व गर्ने सदस्यहरूको उत्तरान्चल राज्यको नाम परिवर्तन गरी उत्तराखण्ड राख्ने मागलाई स्वीकार गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061013/nation.htm#5|title=Uttaranchal becomes Uttarakhand|date=13 October 2006|work=The Tribune (India)|access-date=22 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030304/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061013/nation.htm#5|archive-date=11 May 2013|agency=United News of India|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> सन् २००६ को अक्टोबरमा उत्तरान्चल विधान सभाले यस सम्बन्धी कानून पारित गरेको थियो र केन्द्रीय मन्त्रिपरिषद्ले संसदको शीतकालीन सत्रमा विधेयक ल्याएको थियो। सन् २००६ को डिसेम्बरमा तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति ए.पी.जे अब्दुल कलामले उक्त विधेयकलाई संसदबाट पारित गरी कानूनमा रूपान्तरण गरेका थिए र १ जनवरी २००७ देखि यस राज्यलाई उत्तराखण्डको नामले चिनिन्छ।<ref>{{cite web |last=Chopra |first=Jasi Kiran |date=2 January 2007 |title=Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510141050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=22 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510141050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls |date=10 May 2013 }}</ref> ==इतिहास == यो प्रान्त मानस खण्डको कुर्माञ्चल अथवा कुमाउँ नामबाट चन्द राजाहरूको शासन कालमा प्रचलित भयो। कुर्माञ्चल माथि चन्द राजाहरूको शासन कत्यूरीहरू पछि प्रारम्भ भयेर सन १७९० सम्म रह्यो। सन १७९० मा नेपालको गोर्खा सेनाले कुमाऊँ माथि आक्रमण गरेर कुमाऊँ राज्यलाई आफ्नो आधीन गर्‍यो। गोर्खाहरूको कुमाऊँ माथि सन १७९० देखि १८१५ सम्म शासन रह्यो। सन १८१५ मा अङ्ग्रेजहरू सँग युद्ध पराजित भये पछि गोर्खा रे अङ्ग्रेजहरू बीच सुगौली संधि भयो। सुगौली सन्धिमा उल्लेखित क्षेत्र अङ्ग्रेजहरूलाई सुम्पेर नेपाल फिर्ता भयो। तर अङ्ग्रेजहरूले कुमाऊँको शासन चन्द राजाहरूलाई न दियेर ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनीको अधीन गरि दियो। यई प्रकार कुमाऊँ माथि अङ्ग्रेजहरूको शासन १८१५ देखि आरम्भ भयो रे अन्तमा ब्रिटिशहरू गयापछि यो प्रान्त भारतको उत्तर प्रदेशमा गाभियो। सन २०००मा यस क्षेत्रलाई उत्तराखण्ड नाम दियेर छुट्टै प्रान्त बनाईयो। == भूगोल == उत्तराखण्डको कुल क्षेत्रफल ५३,५६६ किमी २ (२०,६८२ वर्ग मील) छ, जसमध्ये ८६% पहाडी र ६५% जङ्गलले ढाकिएको छ। राज्यको उत्तरी भागको अधिकांश भाग उच्च हिमाली चुचुरा र हिमनदीले ढाकिएको छ। उन्नाइसौं शताब्दीको पहिलो आधामा, भारतीय सडक, रेलमार्ग र अन्य भौतिक पूर्वाधारको विस्तारित विकासले विशेष गरी [[हिमालय]]मा अन्धाधुन्ध काठ काट्ने चिन्ता बढाएको थियो। [[हिन्दु धर्म]]मा दुईवटा महत्त्वपूर्ण नदीहरू उत्तराखण्डको हिमनदीहरू, [[गङ्गोत्री]]मा [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] र यमुनोत्रीको [[यमुना नदी|यमुना]]बाट उत्पन्न हुन्छन्। तिनीहरू असंख्य तालहरू, [[हिमनदी]]हरू र धाराहरूद्वारा खुवाइएका छन्। यी दुई [[बद्रीनाथ मन्दिर|बद्रीनाथ]] र [[केदारनाथ मन्दिर|केदारनाथ]]सँग मिलेर हिन्दुहरूको लागि एक पवित्र तीर्थ, छोटा [[चार धाम]] बनाउँछन्।<ref>[http://www.indiapilgrimtours.com/articles/destination-profiles-of-the-holy-char-dhams-uttarakhand Destination Profiles of the Holy Char Dhams, Uttarakhand<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="Uttarakhand">{{cite web |title=Info about Uttarakhand |url=http://www.nainitaltourism.com/Uttarakhand_Uttaranchal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125105932/http://www.nainitaltourism.com/Uttarakhand_Uttaranchal.html |archive-date=25 November 2012 |access-date=20 December 2012 |publisher=Nainital Tours & Package}}</ref> == जनसाङ्ख्यिकी == उत्तराखण्डका मूल निवासीहरूलाई सामान्यतया उत्तराखण्डी भनिन्छ र कहिलेकाँही विशेष गरी या त गढवाली वा कुमाऊँनी भनिन्छ तिनीहरूको उत्पत्ति स्थानको आधारमा गढवाल वा कुमाऊँं क्षेत्रमा। भारतको सन् २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार, उत्तराखण्डको १०,०८६,२९२ जनसङ्ख्या छ जसमा ५,१३७,७७३ पुरुष र ४,९४८,५१९ महिलाहरू छन्, जसमा ६९.७७% जनसङ्ख्या ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा बस्छन्। १.६३% जमिनमा जनसङ्ख्याको ०.८३% भएको राज्य देशको २०औँ सबैभन्दा बढी जनसङ्ख्या भएको राज्य हो। राज्यको जनघनत्व १८९ जना प्रति वर्ग किलोमिटर रहेको छ जसमा १८.८१% को सन् २००१-२०११ दसकीय वृद्धि दर रहेको छ। लिङ्ग अनुपात ९६३ महिलाहरू प्रति १००० पुरुष छ।<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand Profile |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND005_Uttarakhand.pdf |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> === सामाजिक समूहहरू === उत्तराखण्डमा दुई भू-सांस्कृतिक क्षेत्रहरूमा फैलिएको बहुजातीय जनसङ्ख्या छ: गढवाल, र कुमाऊँ। जनसङ्ख्याको एक ठुलो हिस्सा (लगभग ३५%) क्षत्रिय (पूर्वजमिन शासकहरू र तिनीहरूका सन्तानहरूका विभिन्न कुलहरू), मूल गढवाली र कुमाऊँनीका सदस्यहरू र साथै धेरै आप्रवासीहरू पनि छन्।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections-2017/uttarakhand-elections-across-the-border-next-door-to-up-new-caste-calculus-4525289/|title=Uttarakhand elections: Across the border; next door to UP, new caste calculus|last1=Bhardwaj|first1=Ashutosh|date=15 February 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 June 2023|language=en}}</ref> === भाषाहरू === उत्तराखण्डको आधिकारिक भाषा [[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] हो, जुन २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार स्थानीय रूपमा ४३% जनसङ्ख्या (मुख्यतया दक्षिणमा केन्द्रित) द्वारा बोलिन्छ, र राज्यभरि भाषाको रूपमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ। थप रूपमा, शास्त्रीय भाषा [[संस्कृत]]लाई दोस्रो आधिकारिक भाषा घोषणा गरिएको छ, यद्यपि यसमा कुनै स्थानीय वक्ताहरू छैनन् र यसको प्रयोग शैक्षिक र धार्मिक प्रयोगहरूमा सीमित छ।<ref name="census2011-C16">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225/download/13337/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}} Figures for Jaunsari also include speakers of Jaunpuri.</ref> === धर्म === उत्तराखण्डका चार-पाँच भाग भन्दा बढी बासिन्दाहरू हिन्दुहरू छन्। मुस्लिम, सिख, ईसाई, बौद्ध र जैनहरूले बाँकी जनसङ्ख्या बनाउँछन्, जसमा मुस्लिमहरू सबैभन्दा ठुलो अल्पसङ्ख्यक हुन्। पहाडी क्षेत्रहरू लगभग पूर्णतया हिन्दु छन्, जबकि मैदानी क्षेत्रहरूमा मुस्लिम र सिखहरूको उल्लेखनीय अल्पसङ्ख्यक छन्।<ref name="Demography">{{cite web |title=Demography |url=http://uk.gov.in/pages/view/428-demography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103061346/http://uk.gov.in/pages/view/428-demography |archive-date=3 January 2012 |access-date=17 July 2012 |publisher=Government of Uttarakhand}}</ref> ==राज्यको स्थापना == भारतको तीन नयाँ प्रान्त झारखण्ड, छत्तीसगढ र उत्तराखण्ड ९ नवम्बर सन् २००० का दिन स्थापना भएका हुन्। पहिले यि प्रदेशहरू क्रमश: बिहार, मध्य प्रदेश र उत्तर प्रदेश प्रान्तमा थिए। उत्तराखण्डको पुरानो नाम उत्तराँचल राखिएको थियो। सन् २००५मा तत्कालीन मुख्य मन्त्री श्री नारायण दत्त तिवारीले जनता र प्रशासनीक विभाजकको माग अनुसार उत्तराँचलको नाम बदलेर उत्तराखण्ड बनाएका थिए। ==उत्तराखण्डका जिल्लाहरू == उत्तराखण्ड राज्यलाई कुमाउ मण्डल र गढवाल मण्डल गरी दुई छुट्टा छुट्टै मण्डलहरूमा विभाजित गरिएको छ। उत्तराखण्ड राज्यमा जम्मा १३ वटा जिल्लाहरू छन्। तिनका नामहरू यस प्रकार रहेका छन्। कुमाउ मण्डलका जिल्लाहरू अल्मोडा जिल्ला बागेश्वर जिल्ला नैनिताल जिल्ला पिथौरागढ जिल्ला चम्पावत जिल्ला उधमसिँहनगर जिल्ला गढवाल मण्डलका जिल्लाहरू पौडी जिल्ला टिहरी जिल्ला चमौली जिल्ला रुद्र प्रयाग जिल्ला उत्तरकाशी जिल्ला देहरादुन जिल्ला हरिद्वार जिल्ला यि जिल्लाहरूमा हरिद्वार र उधम सिँह नगर बाहेक अरु सबै पहाडी जिल्ला हुन्। == प्रशासनिक विभाजनहरू == [[File:Kumaon Garhwal.jpg|thumb|कुमाऊँ र गढवाल उत्तराखण्डमा ]] उत्तराखण्डमा १३ जिल्लाहरू छन्, जसलाई कुमाऊँ र गढवाल गरी दुई भागमा विभाजन गरिएको छ। प्रत्येक डिभिजन एक डिभिजनल कमिश्नर द्वारा प्रशासित छ। १५ अगस्ट २०११ मा उत्तराखण्डका तत्कालीन मुख्यमन्त्री रमेश पोखरियालले दिदिहाट, कोटद्वार, रानीखेत र यमुनोत्री नामका चार नयाँ जिल्लाहरू घोषणा गरे तर आधिकारिक रूपमा गठन हुन बाँकी छ।<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand CM announces four new districts|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-cm-announces-four-new-districts_726353.html|publisher=Zee News |access-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814065854/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-cm-announces-four-new-districts_726353.html|archive-date=14 August 2012|date=15 August 2011}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !| जिल्ला !| डिभिजन !| २०११ को जनगणनामा जनसंख्या<ref name="census2011-C16" /> |- valign=top || [[चमोली जिल्ला|चमोली]] || गढवाल | align=right | 391,605 |- valign=top || [[देहरादून जिल्ला|देहरादून]] || गढवाल | align=right | 1,696,694 |- valign=top || [[पौरी गढवाल जिल्ला|पौरी गढवाल]] ("पौरी" भनेर पनि चिनिन्छ) || गढवाल | align=right | 687,271 |- valign=top || [[अल्मोड़ा जिल्ला|अल्मोड़ा]] || कुमाऊँ | align=right | 1,890,422 |- valign=top || [[रुद्रप्रयाग जिल्ला|रुद्रप्रयाग]] || गढवाल | align=right | 242,285 |- valign=top || [[तेहरी गढवाल जिल्ला|तेहरी गढवाल]] ("Tehri" को रूपमा पनि चिनिन्छ)|| गढवाल | align=right | 618,931 |- valign=top || [[उत्तरकाशी जिल्ला|उत्तरकाशी]] || गढवाल | align=right | 330,086 |- valign=top || [[हरिद्वार जिल्ला|हरिद्वार]] || गढवाल | align=right | 622,506 |- valign=top || [[बागेश्वर जिल्ला|बागेश्वर]] || कुमाऊँ | align=right | 259,898 |- valign=top || [[चम्पावत जिल्ला|चम्पावत]] || कुमाऊँ | align=right | 259,648 |- valign=top || [[नैनीताल जिल्ला|नैनीताल]] || कुमाऊँ | align=right | 954,605 |- valign=top || [[पिथौरागढ जिल्ला|पिथौरागढ]] || कुमाऊँ | align=right | 483,439 |- valign=top || [[उधम सिंह नगर जिल्ला|उधम सिंह नगर]] || कुमाऊँ | align=right | 1,648,902 |} प्रत्येक जिल्ला एक जिल्ला मजिस्ट्रेट द्वारा प्रशासित छ। जिल्लाहरूलाई थप उप-डिभिजनहरूमा विभाजन गरिएको छ, जुन उप-विभागीय मजिस्ट्रेटहरूद्वारा प्रशासित छन्; उप-डिभिजनहरूमा तहसीलहरू समावेश हुन्छन् जुन तहसीलदार र सामुदायिक विकास ब्लकहरूद्वारा प्रशासित हुन्छन्, प्रत्येक ब्लक विकास अधिकारीद्वारा प्रशासित हुन्छन्।{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} सहरी क्षेत्रहरूलाई उनीहरूको जनसंख्याको आधारमा तीन प्रकारका नगरपालिकाहरूमा वर्गीकृत गरिएको छ। नगर निगमहरू, प्रत्येक नगरपालिका आयुक्त, नगर परिषदहरू र नगर पञ्चायतहरू (टाउन काउन्सिलहरू) द्वारा प्रशासित, तिनीहरूमध्ये प्रत्येक एक प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकारीद्वारा प्रशासित। ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा तीन तहको प्रशासन समावेश छ; जिल्ला परिषद्, ब्लक पञ्चायत (ब्लक परिषद्) र ग्राम पञ्चायत (गाउँ परिषद्)।{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} According to the 2011 census, Haridwar, Dehradun, and Udham Singh Nagar are the most populous districts, each of them having a population of over one million.<ref name="census" /> ==सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[Category:भारतका प्रान्तहरू]] tbt2arrgsuuonsokfc52y9dfxugmvkq 0 464 270563 258369 2026-11-07T23:29:16Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox adult biography | name = एलेक्सिस टेक्सास | image= Alexis Texas AEE 2013.jpg | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1985|5|25}} | birth_place = [[पनामा]], [[ब्राउनवुड, टेक्सस]]<ref name="myspace">{{Cite web| title= Alexis Texas MySpace Page| publisher= MySpace.com| url= http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=218884569| accessdate= 2008-11-25| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081220190459/http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=218884569| archivedate= 2008-12-20| deadurl= no| url-status= live}}</ref> | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = | height = {{height|ft=5|in=8}}<ref name="iafd">{{Cite web| title = Personal Bio Alexis Texas | publisher = IAFD.com|url =http://www.iafd.com/person.asp?perfid=AlexisTexas&gender=F| accessdate = 2008-04-01 }}</ref> | weight = {{convert|129|lb|kg|abbr=on }}<ref name="iafd" /> | eye_color = निलो | hair_color = खैरो | ethnicity = ककासियन/[[पोर्टो रिकन नागरिक|पोर्टो रिकन]]/[[जर्मन]]/[[नर्वेजियन नागरिक|नर्वेजियन]] | alias = | number_of_films = ३९८ (आइएएफडी अनुसार) | website = http://www.alexistexas.com | spelling = <!-- US for color, UK for colour --> }} [[चित्र:Alexis Texas AEE 2013 2.jpg|thumb|एलेक्सिस टेक्सास]] '''एलेक्सिस टेक्सास''' (जन्म २५ मे १९८५) एक अमेरिकन अश्लिल चलचित्र अभिनेत्री तथा मोडल हुन । ==अवार्डहरू== *२००८ नाइटमुभ एडल्ट इन्टरटेन्टमेन्ट अवार्ड – बेस्ट न्यु स्टारलेट, फ्यान्स च्वाइस<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://business.avn.com/articles/32841.html|title= NightMoves Crowns 16th Annual Award Winners|accessdate= 2008-10-15|author= David Sullivan|date= 2008-10-14|publisher= AVN.com|archive-date= 2012-02-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120227051534/http://business.avn.com/articles/NightMoves-Crowns-16th-Annual-Award-Winners-52771.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> *२००८ इम्पाएर अवार्ड - बेस्ट अल-सेक्स डिभिडी - ''[[एलेक्सिस टेक्सास इज बटवुमन]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=105032 |title='Pirates II' Dominates 2008 Empire Awards |accessdate=2009-04-17 |author=Hunter, Tod |date=2009-02-20 |work= |publisher=[[XBIZ]] |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115912/http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=105032 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *२००९ [[एभिएन अवार्ड]] - बेस्ट अल-सेक्स रिलिज - ''एलेक्सिस टेक्सास इज बटवुमन'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/34090.html |title=AVN - 2009 AVN Award-Winners Announced |publisher=business.avn.com |accessdate=2010-02-13 |author=David Sullivan |date=2009-01-11 |archive-date=2009-02-23 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/20090223020140/http://business.avn.com/articles/34090.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *२००९ सिएभीआर अवार्ड – बर्षकी प्रश्तोता<ref name=cavr>{{Cite web| title= 2008 Season Nominees and Winners| publisher= RogReviews.com| url= http://www.rogreviews.com/news/read_article.asp?sku=4795| date= 2009-02-26| accessdate= 2009-02-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090228055600/http://www.rogreviews.com/news/read_article.asp?sku=4795| archivedate= 2009-02-28| deadurl= no| url-status= dead}}</ref> *२००९ [[एक्सआरसीओ अवार्ड]] - बेस्ट गोन्जो मुभी - ''एलेक्सिस टेक्सास इज बटवुमन'' (एलिज्यान्ट एन्जल) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/35035.html|title=2009 XRCO Award Winners Announced|date=2009-04-17|work=[[AVN (magazine)|Adult Video News]]|accessdate=2009-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418205134/http://business.avn.com/articles/35035.html|archivedate=2009-04-18|deadurl=no|url-status=live}}</ref> *२०१० एभिएन अवार्ड – बेस्ट अल-गर्ल ग्रुप सेक्स सिन – ''डिभाइन्स'' <ref name=avn10win>{{Cite web| title = 2010 AVN Award Winners Announced| publisher = AVN.com| url = http://business.avn.com/articles/37142.html| date = 2010-01-10| accessdate = 2010-01-10| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100113093712/http://business.avn.com/articles/37142.html| archivedate = 2010-01-13| deadurl = no| url-status = live}}</ref> *२०१० [[फेम अवार्ड]] – फेभरेट एस <ref name=fame10>{{Cite web| title =The F.A.M.E. Awards Reveals 2010 Winners| publisher =AVN.com| url =http://business.avn.com/articles/The-F-A-M-E-Awards-Reveals-2010-Winners-402778.html| date =2010-07-10| accessdate =2010-07-11| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100713010747/http://business.avn.com/articles/The-F-A-M-E-Awards-Reveals-2010-Winners-402778.html| archivedate =2010-07-13| deadurl =no| url-status =dead}}</ref> *२०११ एभिएन अवार्ड – बेस्ट अल-गर्ल थ्री-वे सेक्स सिन – ''बटवुमन भर्सेज स्लटवुमन'' <ref name=avn11win>{{cite web| title = AVN Announces the Winners of the 2011 AVN Awards| publisher = AVN.com| url = http://business.avn.com/articles/video/AVN-Announces-the-Winners-of-the-2011-AVN-Awards-421782.html| date = 2011-01-09| accessdate = 2011-01-09| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110110172712/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/AVN-Announces-the-Winners-of-the-2011-AVN-Awards-421782.html| archivedate = 2011-01-10| deadurl = no| url-status = live}}</ref> *२०११ एभिएन अवार्ड – उत्कृष्ट सामुहिक यौन दृश्य – ''बटवुमन भर्सेज स्लटवुमन'' <ref name=avn11win/> *२०११ एभिएन अवार्ड – बेस्ट टिज पर्फर्मेन्स – 'कार वास गर्ल्स'' ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कड़ियन== {{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Alexis Texas |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |species=no }} *{{official|http://www.alexistexas.com}} *{{twitter|Alexis_Texas|Alexis Texas}} *{{IMDb name|2686712|Alexis Texas}} *{{iafd name|id=AlexisTexas|gender=female|name=Alexis Texas}} *{{afdb name|45376|Alexis Texas}} {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> | NAME =Texas, Alexis | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = American pornographic actor | DATE OF BIRTH =1985-05-25 | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Panama]], raised [[Castroville, Texas]] | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Texas, Alexis}} {{Commonscat|Alexis Texas}} [[श्रेणी:अश्लील चलचित्र अभिनेत्री]] [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] rcf8mipkzs4j9uttpqxigjudsw5u3l2 0 644 270565 251960 2026-11-07T23:39:56Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = State of Kuwait | common_name = Kuwait | native_name = {{native name|ar|دولة الكويت|italics=off}}<br>''{{transl|ar|Dawlat al-Kuwait}}'' | image_flag = Flag of Kuwait.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Kuwait.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem= ''[[Al-Nasheed Al-Watani|an-Nashīd al-Waṭani]]''<br /> {{small|''National Anthem''}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:National anthem of Kuwait (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = KWT orthographic.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Kuwait City]] | coordinates = {{Coord|29|22|N|47|58|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 40.42% Asian | 30.36% [[Demographics of Kuwait|Kuwaiti]] | 27.29% Other [[Arabs]] | 1.02% African | 0.39% European | 0.52% Other }}<ref name=PACI>{{cite web|url=http://stat.paci.gov.kw/englishreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge|title=Nationality by Religion in Kuwait 2018|last=|first=|website=|publisher=Statistic PACI|accessdate=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313222900/http://stat.paci.gov.kw/englishreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Kuwait|Kuwaiti]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]<ref name=cia>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ku.html |title=Kuwait |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=10 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702040108/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ku.html |archivedate=2 July 2014 }}</ref>, with near-absolute political domination by the [[House of Al Sabah|Sabah family]] | leader_title1 = [[Emir of Kuwait|Emir]] | leader_name1 = [[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah|Sabah Ahmad al-Sabah]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Speakers of Kuwait National Assembly|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Marzouq Al-Ghanim|Marzouq Ali al-Ghanim]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Kuwait|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah|Sabah Khalid al-Sabah]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Kuwait)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Kuwait|Establishment]] | established_event1 = Independence from the Emirate of Al Hasa | established_date1 = 1752 | established_event2 = [[Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913|Anglo-Ottoman Convention]] | established_date2 = 1913 | established_event3 = End of treaties with the [[United Kingdom]] | established_date3 = 19 June 1961 | area_km2 = 17,818 | area_rank = 152nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 6,880 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 4,420,110 {{decrease}} <ref name=PACI/> | population_census = 2,213,403<ref>{{cite web|title=Population of Kuwait |url=https://www.csb.gov.kw/Pages/Statistics?ID=67&ParentCatID=1 }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = 127th | population_census_year = 2005 | population_density_km2 = 200.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 518.4 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --> | population_density_rank = 61st | GDP_PPP = $303&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |title=IMF Report for Selected Countries and Subjects : Kuwait | publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=51&pr.y=15&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=443&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |access-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224093441/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=78&pr.y=12&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=443&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archivedate=24 February 2018 }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_rank = 57th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} $67,891<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8th | GDP_nominal = $118.271&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 57th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $28,199<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 23rd | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.808 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = decrease<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref =<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 57th | currency = [[Kuwaiti dinar]] | currency_code = KWD | time_zone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Kuwait|+965]] | cctld = [[.kw]] | official_website = [https://www.e.gov.kw/sites/kgoEnglish/Pages/HomePage.aspx www.e.gov.kw] | footnote_a = Nominal [[Order of succession|succession]] within the [[House of Sabah]]. | footnote_b = [[Emirate]] | religion = {{unbulleted list | 74.36% [[Islam in Kuwait|Islam]] (official) | 18.17% [[Christianity in Kuwait|Christianity]] | 7.47% Other }} }} [[चित्र:KWT orthographic.svg|thumb|300px|(कुवेत)]] '''कुवेत''' [[एसिया]] मी रयाको एक देश हो।यई देशको राजधानी [[कुवेत सिटी|कुवेत सहर]] हो। == सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} == भाइरका कडि == {{एसिया महादेशका राष्ट्रहरू}} [[श्रेणी:एसियाका देशअन]] 9gzoe3v5zveasrc94g1zu3xjs2yp0jh 0 769 270569 263710 2026-11-07T23:43:36Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = खिर | image = [[File:Kheer.jpg|260px]] | caption = भारतमा पकाइएको खिर | alternate_name = पायस, क्षीर, खीर | country = दक्षिण एसिया | region = [[भारत]], [[पाकिस्तान]], [[नेपाल]], [[बंगलादेश]]<ref name="आज खिर खाने दिन">{{cite news|title=आज खिर खाने दिन|url=http://nepalbani.com/news_details.php?id=2637|accessdate=१५ साउन|publisher=नेपालवाणी|date=१५ साउन २०७२|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901160033/http://nepalbani.com/news_details.php?id=2637|archive-date=2013-09-01}}</ref> | creator = | course = | served = | main_ingredient = [[चामल]], [[दूध]], [[किसमिस]], [[केशर]], [[काजु]] तथा [[मधेसी बदाम]] | variations = फर्सीको खिर, ढकने, जौको खिर, पायस | calories = | other = }} '''खिर''' यो एक प्रकारको परिकार हो । ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरु== {{Stub}} [[श्रेणी:पकवान]] dkvzv6h0alm5l9dxalnqyge2upywaeg 0 828 270571 265687 2026-11-07T23:44:51Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = सहकारी गणतन्त्र गुयाना<ref name="parliament">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.gy/ |title=Parliament of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana |publisher=Parliament.gov.gy |date=2012-02-16 |accessdate=2012-03-04 |archive-date=2018-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116011804/http://parliament.gov.gy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | image_flag = Flag of Guyana.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Guyana.svg | common_name = Guyana | national_motto = "One People, One Nation, One Destiny" | national_anthem = "[[Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains]]"<br />{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Guyana.ogg]]}} | image_map = Guyana (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=South America |region_color=grey }} | coordinates = {{Coord|6|48|21|N|58|9|3|W|type:city}} | capital = [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | languages_type = [[Vernacular|Vernacular language]] | languages = [[Guyanese Creole]] | regional_languages = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = 10 indigenous languages | {{hlist | [[Kapóng language|Akawaio]] | [[Macushi language|Macushi]] |[[Waiwai language|Waiwai]] |[[Arawak language|Arawak (Lokono)]] | [[Patamona language|Patamona]] |[[Warao language|Warao]] |[[Carib language|Carib]] | [[Wapishana language|Wapishana]] |[[Pemon language|Pemon (Arekuna)]] |[[Mawayana language|Mawayana]]}} }} | languages2_type = Other languages | languages2 = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = 5 languages |{{hlist | [[Caribbean Hindustani#Guyanese Hindustani|Guyanese Hindustani]] | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | [[Chinese language|Chinese]]}} }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|class=nowrap| | 39.8% [[Indo-Guyanese|Indian]] | {{nowrap|29.3% [[Afro-Guyanese people|African]]}} | 19.9% [[Multiracial people|Multiracial]] | 10.5% [[Indigenous peoples in Guyana|Indigenous]] | 0.3% [[White Caribbeans|European]] | 0.2% [[Chinese Guyanese|Chinese]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="statisticsguyana.gov.gy">{{Cite book |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |title=Compedium 2: Population Composition |publisher=Bureau of Statistics, Guyana |date=July 2016 |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=102c&u=100c&u=96c|title=National Profiles &#124; World Religion|website=www.thearda.com}}</ref> | religion = {{vunblist |54.2% [[Christianity]]|31.0% [[Hinduism in Guyana|Hinduism]]|7.5% [[Islam in Guyana|Islam]]|4.2% [[Irreligion|no religion]]|3.1% [[Religion in Guyana|others]]}} | demonym = Guyanese | government_type = Unitary [[assembly-independent republic]]<ref>{{cite constitution |article=Preamble |section=Preamble |country=the Cooperative Republic of Guyana |ratified=20 February 1980 |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Guyana/guyana96.html}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Guyana|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Irfaan Ali]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Guyana|First Vice President]] & [[Prime Minister of Guyana|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = {{no wrap|[[Mark Phillips (Guyanese politician)|Mark Phillips]]}} | leader_title3 = [[Vice President of Guyana|Second Vice President]] | leader_name3 = [[Bharrat Jagdeo]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Guyana|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Roxane George-Wiltshire]] | leader_title4 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Guyana|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Manzoor Nadir]]}} | legislature = [[National Assembly (Guyana)|National Assembly]] | established_event1 = [[Dutch colonisation of the Guianas|Dutch control]] | established_date1 = 1667–1815 | established_event2 = [[British Guiana]] | established_date2 = 1831–1966 | established_event3 = [[Independence]] from the [[United Kingdom]] as [[Guyana (1966–1970)|Guyana]] | established_date3 = 26 May 1966 | established_event4 = [[Republic]] | established_date4 = 23 February 1970 | established_event5 = Joined [[CARICOM]] at the [[Treaty of Chaguaramas]] | established_date5 = 1 August 1973 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Guyana|Current constitution]]}} | established_date6 = 6 October 1980 | area_km2 = 214,969<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|title=Guyana|date=17 February 2024|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=18 March 2024|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107032754/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_rank = 83rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 83,000 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 8.4 | population_estimate = 817,607<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/guyana-population/|title=Guyana Population (2024) – Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 166th | population_density_km2 = 3.502 | population_density_rank = 239th | population_density_sq_mi = 9.071 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $48.514 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.GY">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=336,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Guyana) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 126th | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $61,098<ref name="IMFWEO.GY" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 24th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $16.329 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.GY" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 135th | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,564<ref name="IMFWEO.GY" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 48th | Gini = 44.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2007 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.714 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 108th | currency = [[Guyanese dollar]] | currency_code = GYD | time_zone = [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = -4 | date_format = {{nowrap|dd-mm-yyyy}} | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+592]] | cctld = [[.gy]] }} '''गुयाना''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Guyana.ogg|ɡ|aɪ|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Guyana-2.ogg|ɡ|aɪ|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}),<ref>{{cite book |title=Longman pronunciation dictionary |first=John C. |last=Wells |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, England |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-582-05383-0}} entry "Guyana"</ref><ref name="AH">{{cite web |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Guyana |title=Guyana – Dictionary definition and pronunciation – Yahoo! Education |publisher=Education.yahoo.com |access-date=30 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190609/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Guyana |archive-date=29 October 2013}})</ref> आधिकारिक रूपमी गुयानाको सहकारी गणतन्त्र,<ref name="ISW">{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/s/inr/rls/4250.htm |title=Independent States in the World |publisher=state.gov |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-date=9 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609184448/http://www.state.gov/s/inr/rls/4250.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> दक्षिण अमेरिकाको उत्तरी तटमी रहेको एउटा देश हो, ऐतिहासिक मुख्य भूमि ब्रिटिश वेस्ट इन्डिजको अंश। गुयाना एक स्वदेशी शब्द हो जसको अर्थ "धेरै पानीको भूमि" हो।<ref name="Many waters"> {{Cite web |title=Georgetown: In the Land of Many Waters |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/publications/statemag/statemag_apr99/pom.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |website= U.S. Department of State}}</ref>जर्जटाउन सबैभन्दा ठूलो जनसंख्या भएको गुयानाको राजधानी हो। गुयानाको उत्तरमी एट्लान्टिक महासागर, दक्षिण र दक्षिणपश्चिममी ब्राजिल, पश्चिममी भेनेजुएला र पूर्वमी सुरिनाम रहेको छ।. 214,969 km2 (83,000 sq mi) को भूमि क्षेत्रको साथ,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/ | title=Guyana | date=13 February 2024 | access-date=18 March 2024 | archive-date=7 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107032754/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> गुयाना मुख्य भूमि दक्षिण अमेरिकामी उरुग्वे र सुरिनाम पछि क्षेत्रफलको आधारमी तेस्रो-सबैभन्दा सानो सार्वभौम राज्य हो, र सुरिनाम पछि दक्षिण अमेरिकामी दोस्रो-सबैभन्दा कम जनसंख्या भएको सार्वभौम राज्य हो; यो पृथ्वीमी सबैभन्दा कम सघन जनसंख्या भएको देश पनि हो। यसमी प्राकृतिक वासस्थानको एक विस्तृत विविधता र धेरै उच्च जैविक विविधता छ। देशले अमेजन वर्षावनको एक भाग पनि होस्ट गर्दछ, विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठूलो उष्णकटिबंधीय वर्षावन। "गुयानास" भनेर चिनिने क्षेत्रले अमेजन नदीको उत्तर र ओरिनोको नदीको पूर्वमी रहेको ठूलो ढाल ल्यान्डमास समावेश गर्दछ जसलाई "धेरै पानीको भूमि" भनिन्छ। गुयानामी नौ आदिवासी जनजातिहरू बस्छन्: वाइ वाई, माकुशी, पाटामोना, लोकोनो, कालिना, वापिशाना, पेमोन, अकावाइओ र वारावो। ऐतिहासिक रूपमा लोकोनो रे कालिना जनजातिहरूको प्रभुत्व भएको, १८ औं शताब्दीको उत्तरार्धमी ब्रिटिश नियन्त्रणमी आउनु अघि गुयाना डचहरूले उपनिवेश गरेको थियो। यो १९५० को दशक सम्म धेरै जसो वृक्षारोपण शैली अर्थव्यवस्था संग ब्रिटिश गुयाना को रूप मी शासित थियो। यसले सन् १९६६ मी स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गर्यो र आधिकारिक रूपमी सन् १९७० मी राष्ट्रमंडल राष्ट्रहरू भित्र गणतन्त्र भयो। ब्रिटिश शासनको विरासत देशको राजनीतिक प्रशासन र विविध जनसंख्यामा प्रतिबिम्बित हुन्छ, जसमी भारतीय, अफ्रिकी, आदिवासी, चिनियाँ, पोर्तुगाली, अन्य युरोपेली र विभिन्न बहुजातीय समूहहरू समावेश छन्। गुयाना एक मात्र मुख्य भूमि दक्षिण अमेरिकी राष्ट्र हो जहाँ अंग्रेजी आधिकारिक भाषा हो। यद्यपि, बहुसंख्यक जनसंख्याले पहिलो भाषाको रूपमा अङ्ग्रेजी-आधारित क्रियोल भाषा, गुयानीज क्रियोल बोल्छन्। गुयाना एङ्ग्लोफोन क्यारिबियनको भाग हो। यो मुख्य भूमि क्यारिबियन क्षेत्रको अंश हो जसले अन्य क्यारिबियन देशहरूसँग बलियो सांस्कृतिक, ऐतिहासिक, रे राजनीतिक सम्बन्ध कायम राख्छ रे साथै क्यारिबियन समुदायको मुख्यालयको रूपमा सेवा गर्दछ। सन् २००८ मा देश एक संस्थापक सदस्यको रूपमा दक्षिण अमेरिकी राष्ट्र संघमी सामेल भयो। २०१७ मी, गुयानाको ४१% जनसंख्या गरिबीको रेखामुनि बाँचिरहेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mondiplo.com/guyana-no-recuerda-a-walter-rodney |title=" Guyana no recuerda a Walter Rodney " – Le Monde diplomatique en español |website=mondiplo.com |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925220844/https://mondiplo.com/guyana-no-recuerda-a-walter-rodney |url-status=live }}</ref> गुयानाको अर्थतन्त्र २०१५ मा कच्चा तेलको खोज रे २०१९ मी व्यावसायिक ड्रिलिंगबाटी परिवर्तन हुँदै आएको छ, यसको अर्थतन्त्र २०२० मा ४९% ले बढ्दै गएको छ, जसलाई केही हिसाबले हाल विश्वको सबैभन्दा छिटो बढिरहेको अर्थतन्त्र बनाइएको छ। जसमा तेल भण्डारमा ११ बिलियन ब्यारेल रहेको भनिएको छ,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/exxon-makes-three-new-discoveries-guyana-increases-oil-reserves-2022-04-26/|title=Exxon makes three new oil discoveries in Guyana and boosts reserves|first=Sabrina|last=Valle|newspaper=Reuters |date=26 April 2022|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> देश सन् २०२५ सम्ममा विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठूलो प्रतिव्यक्ति तेल उत्पादक मध्ये एक बन्ने क्रममा थियो।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/the-five-fastest-growing-economies-in-the-world-2020-10-16 |title=The Five Fastest Growing Economies In The World |publisher=NASDAQ |last=Bajpai |first=Prableen |date=16 October 2020 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> गुयानाको तटमी २०१७ देखि ११ अरब ब्यारेल भन्दा बढी तेल भण्डारको खोज सन् १९७० पछिको विश्वव्यापी तेल भण्डारमा सबैभन्दा ठूलो थप हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidblackmon/2022/06/07/why-oil-developments-offshore-guyana-have-global-implications/|title=Why The Oil Bonanza Offshore Guyana Has Global Implications|first=David|last=Blackmon|website=Forbes}}</ref> गुयाना अब संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका, क्यानडा रे बहामास पछि प्रतिव्यक्ति प्रतिव्यक्ति चौथो-उच्च GDP भएको स्थानमी छ, रे २०१५ पछि मानव विकास सूचकांकमा सबैभन्दा धेरै सुधार भएको देशहरू मध्ये एक हो। २०२३ मा विश्व बैंकका अनुसार, धेरै महत्त्वपूर्ण गरिबी अझै पनि अवस्थित छ रे देशले यसको संरचनागत रूपमा यसको बृद्धि व्यवस्थापन गर्न महत्त्वपूर्ण जोखिमको सामना गरिरहेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macro Poverty Outlook for Guyana : April 2023 |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099857004112325933/IDU0b505bcfa01b27043f009eb009ad04e67422d |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == व्युत्पत्ति == "गुयाना" नाम गुयानाबाट आएको हो, जुन ठूलो क्षेत्रको लागि पहिलेको नाम हो जसमा अहिले गुयाना (ब्रिटिश गुयाना), सुरिनाम (डच गुयाना), फ्रेन्च गुयाना, भेनेजुएलाको गुयाना क्षेत्र (स्पेनिश गुयाना), र ब्राजिल (पोर्चुगिज गुयाना)अमापा भनिने क्षेत्रहरू समावेश छन्। । अक्सफोर्ड अंग्रेजी शब्दकोशका अनुसार, "गुयाना" नाम स्वदेशी अमेरिन्डियन भाषाबाट आएको हो र यसको अर्थ "धेरै पानीको भूमि" हो।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |title=Guyana |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead }}</ref> आधिकारिक नाममा सहकारी शब्दले सहकारी समाजवादलाई जनाउँछ। == अर्थतन्त्र == [[File:Tractor in field of rice by Khirsah1.jpg|thumb|गुयानाको तटीय मैदानमा धान खेतमा ट्र्याक्टर]] गुयानाका मुख्य आर्थिक गतिविधिहरू कृषि (चामल र डेमेरारा चिनी), बक्साइट र सुन खानी, काठ, समुद्री खाना, खनिज, कच्चा तेल र प्राकृतिक ग्याँस हुन्। एट्लान्टिक तटमा प्रमुख कच्चा तेल भण्डारको खोजले २०१९ मा ड्रिलिंग सुरु भएदेखि गुयानाको जीडीपीमा ठूलो प्रभाव पारेको छ। २०२० को कोभिड-१९ महामारी वर्ष मार्फत GDP तीव्र रूपमा बढ्यो (४३%), र २०२१ मा उच्च स्तरमा जारी रहने अनुमान गरिएको छ (अनुमानित २०%)। गैर-तेल क्षेत्रहरू भाइरसको फैलावट नियन्त्रण गर्न सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य उपायहरूको रूपमा संकुचित भए; यी दुई वर्षको लागि जीडीपीको वृद्धि तेल क्षेत्रमा निर्भर छ।<ref name=Ragobeer2021>{{cite news |url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2021/04/07/economy-to-grow-16-4-per-cent/ |title=Economy to grow 16.4 per cent |first=Vishani |last=Ragobeer |date=April 7, 2021 |work=Guyana Chronicle |access-date=November 4, 2021 |quote=While presenting the 2021 National Budget in February, Senior Minister in the Office of the President with responsibility for Finance, Dr Ashni Singh, noted that Guyana's growth in 2020 was actually 43.5 per cent. The IMF's revised growth rate for 2020 (43.4 per cent) is now closely aligned with the figures provided by the senior minister. Meanwhile, in February also, the Dr. Singh projected that Guyana's economy is expected to grow by 20.9 per cent in 2021. … Based on the World Bank's latest estimates, the country is set to record economic growth of 20.9 per cent at the end of 2021, 26.0 per cent in 2022 and 23.0 per cent in 2023. |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104112912/https://guyanachronicle.com/2021/04/07/economy-to-grow-16-4-per-cent/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === कर नीति === सरकारले २००७ को प्रारम्भमा कर संहिताको ठूलो परिमार्जन सुरु गर्यो। मूल्य अभिवृद्धि कर (VAT) ले छवटा फरक करहरू प्रतिस्थापन गर्यो। मूल्य अभिवृद्धि कर लागू हुनु अघि, बिक्री कर छल्न अपेक्षाकृत सजिलो थियो, र धेरै व्यवसायहरूले कर कोडको उल्लङ्घन गरेका थिए। धेरै व्यवसायहरूले अतिरिक्त कागजी कार्यका कारण भ्याट परिचयको विरोध गरे; तर, सरकार भ्याटमा अडिग छ । धेरै करहरूलाई एउटै करको दरले प्रतिस्थापन गर्दा सरकारी लेखा परीक्षकहरूलाई अनियमितता पत्ता लगाउन पनि सजिलो हुनेछ। === Organisations === निजी क्षेत्रका प्रमुख संस्थाहरूमा निजी क्षेत्र आयोग (PSC) <ref>{{cite web |author=RedSpider, Romona Khan |title=Private Sector Commission |url=http://www.psc.org.gy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628041741/http://www.psc.org.gy/ |archive-date=28 June 2010 |access-date=2 May 2010 |publisher=Psc.org.gy}}</ref> र जर्जटाउन चेम्बर अफ कमर्स एण्ड इन्डस्ट्री (GCCI) समावेश छन्;<ref>{{cite web |title=Georgetown Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI) |url=http://www.georgetownchamberofcommerce.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217153022/http://www.georgetownchamberofcommerce.org/ |archive-date=17 December 2010 |access-date=2 May 2010 |publisher=Georgetownchamberofcommerce.org}}</ref>[[File:Guyana's splenders.jpg|thumb|गुयानामा परालछत भ्याका घरहरू]] === ठूला सहर === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ गुयाना को सबै भन्दा ठूलो शहर र नगरहरु |- ! श्रेणी !! नाम !! क्षेत्र !! जनसंख्या |- | '''१''' || जर्जटाउन || [[डेमेरारा-महाइका]]|| 118,363<ref name="cities2012">{{cite report |title=Guyana Population and Housing Census 2012: Preliminary Report |url=https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2012_Preliminary_Report.pdf |page=23 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics, Guyana |date=June 2014 |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010130705/https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2012_Preliminary_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | '''२''' || लिन्डेन || अपर डेमेरारा-बर्बिस || 27,277<ref name="cities2012"/> |- | '''३''' ||न्यू एम्स्टर्डम || पूर्वी बर्बिस-कोरेन्टाइन || 17,329<ref name="cities2012"/> |- | '''४''' || कोरिभर्टन || पूर्वी बर्बिस-कोरेन्टाइन || 11,386<ref name="cities2012"/> |- | '''५''' || बार्टिका || क्यूयुनी-मज़रूनी || 8,004<ref name="village2012">{{cite web |url=https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Population_By_Village_2012.zip |title=2012 Population by Village |website=Statistics Guyana |access-date=16 August 2020 }}</ref> |- | '''६''' || महाइका || डेमेरारा-महाइका || 4,867<ref name="village2012"/> |- | '''७''' || रोज़ हॉल || ईस्ट बर्बिस-कोरेंटाइन || 4,413<ref name="village2012"/> |- | '''८''' || परिका || एसेक्विबो द्वीप-पश्चिम डेमेरारा || 4,385<ref name="village2012"/> |- | '''९''' || ट्राइम्फ || डेमेरारा-महाइका || 3,788<ref name="village2012"/> |- | '''१०''' || Uitvlugt ||एसेक्विबो टापु-वेस्ट डेमेरारा]] || 2,980<ref name="village2012"/> |- |} ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:दक्षिण अमेरिकी देशअन]] [[श्रेणी:विश्वका देशअन]] [[श्रेणी:दक्षिण अमेरिका]] 0thjhyqt3u9dtl76yla6s63feaeuki3 0 864 270572 258116 2026-11-07T23:46:01Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = गौरादह नगरपालिका |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[नगरपालिका]] |motto = |image_skyline = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |mapsize = 300px |map_caption = |pushpin_map = नेपाल |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_mapsize = 300px |pushpin_map_caption = नेपालाः नक्शामैं गौरादह नगरपालिका |subdivision_type = [[देश]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|नेपाल}} |subdivision_type1 = [[नेपालाः विकास क्षेत्रअन|विकास क्षेत्र]] |subdivision_name1 = [[पूर्वाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र|पूर्वाञ्चल]] |subdivision_type2 = [[नेपालाः अञ्चलअन|अञ्चल]] |subdivision_name2 = [[मेची अञ्चल]] |subdivision_type3 = [[नेपालाः जिल्लाअन|जिल्ला]] |subdivision_name3 = [[झापा जिल्ला]] |government_footnotes = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 123.23 |established_title = स्थापना |established_date = २०७२ आस्विन १ |population_as_of = [[एगारौं राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०६८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०६८]] |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 47393 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[नेपालोः प्रमाणिक समय]] |utc_offset = +५:४५ |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd = 26 |latm = 33 |lats = 38 |latNS = N |longd = 87 |longm = 43 |longs = 19 |longEW = E | coor_pinpoint = गौरादह |coordinates_display = title,inline |coordinates_type = region:NP_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = +९७७-२३ |website = |footnotes = }} '''गौरादह''' [[नेपाल|नेपालाः]] [[मेची अञ्चल|मेची]] अञ्चलाः [[झापा जिल्ला|झापा]] जिल्लाः यक [[नगरपालिका]] हो।<ref name="२६ नयाँ नगरपालिका घोषणा"/> गौरादह [[दमक नगरपालिका]] रे [[गौरीगञ्ज|गौरीगञ्जाः]] मध्यभागमैं रयाः छ। यो नगरपालिका झापा क्षेत्र नम्बर ६ मैं पड़न्छ। गौरादह जनाइ खिलाइ दमक बठेइ २ कि.मि. पूर्व पड़ाजुगी बठेइ १० कि.मि. दख्खिन जानु पड़न्छ। गौरादह बजारमैं सुन्नर पोखरीअन छन।<ref name="२६ नयाँ नगरपालिका घोषणा"/> [[स्थानीय विकास मन्त्रालय]] ले २०७२ आस्विन १ गते थप २६ नौला नगरपालिका थपन्ज्याँ [[झापा जिल्ला]]मैं [[महारानीझोडा]], [[जुरोपानी]], [[कोहवरा]] रे साबिकोः '''गौरादह''' अरिबर यिन ४ [[गाउँ विकास समिति]]अन लाई मिसाइबर गौरादह नगरपालिका घोषणा गर्याः हो।<ref name="गौरादह नगरपालिका घोषण, स्थानियबासिन्दामा खुसियाली">{{cite news|title=गौरादह नगरपालिका घोषण, स्थानियबासिन्दामा खुसियाली|url=http://www.swatantrakhabar.com/news/single/453|accessdate=२०७२ असोज १|publisher=स्वतन्त्र खबर|date=२०७२ असोज १|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211073644/http://www.swatantrakhabar.com/news/single/453|archive-date=2024-12-11}}</ref> गौरादह नगरपालिकाः केन्द्र भँण्या साबिक '''गौरादह''' गाउँ विकास समित्याः '''धोबिनिया चोक''' नज्युक वडा नं ४ रे ७ का बीचमैं रयाः छ। नगरपालिकाः घोषणा रे क्षेत्रविस्तार सङ्ङै मुलुकमैं १ महानगरपालिका, १२ उपमहानगरपालिका रे २ सय १७ नगरपालिका कायम भयाः छन।<ref name="२६ नयाँ नगरपालिका घोषणा">{{cite news|title=२६ नयाँ नगरपालिका घोषणा|url=http://annapurnapost.com/News.aspx/story/19328|accessdate=२०७२ आस्विन १|publisher=[[अन्नपूर्ण पोष्ट]]|date=२०७२ आस्विन १|archive-date=2015-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919220505/http://annapurnapost.com/News.aspx/story/19328}}</ref> ==जनसंख्या== [[महारानीझोडा]], [[जुरोपानी]], [[कोहवरा]] रे साबिकोः '''गौरादह''' अरिबर यिन ४ [[गाउँ विकास समिति]]अन लाई मिसाइबर गौरादह नगरपालिका बनाइयाः हो।<ref name="नेपालको राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०६८ (गाविस तह)">{{cite news|title=नेपालको राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०६८ (गाविस तह)|url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/VDC_Municipality.pdf|accessdate=नोभेम्बर २०१२|agency=नेपाल सरकार|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय योजना आयोग]]|date=नोभेम्बर २०१२|ref=केन्द्रीय तथ्याङ्क विभाग|archive-date=2015-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213064822/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/VDC_Municipality.pdf}}</ref> तबै [[एगारौं राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०६८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०६८]] का जनगणना अन्सारअ यिन ४ ठउरोः जनसंख्या लाई जोड़िबर गौरादह नगरपालिकाः जनसङ्ख्या ४७,३९३ रयाः छ।<ref name="नेपालको राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०६८ (गाविस तह)"/> ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} ==यी पनि हेर== {{झापाका नगरपालिका तथा गाविस}} [[Category:भूगोल]] 7a32cgy13vsjthzg7zbiredc6oy5gyh 0 866 270573 268262 2026-11-07T23:47:43Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox swimmer | image = Gaurika Singh at the 12th South Asian Games-2016, in Guwahati.jpg | caption = १२ औँ दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकूदमी कास्य पदक जित्यापछा, गौरिका | fullname = गौरिका सिंह | birth_date= {{Birth date and age|2002|10|26|df=y}}<ref name=r1>[https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/gaurika-singh Gaurika Singh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805215620/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/gaurika-singh |date=2016-08-05 }}. rio2016.com</ref> | birth_place= | height=१५५ सेमी<ref name=r1/> | weight=४५ किग्रा | nationality = [[नेपाली]] | national_team = {{NEP}} | coach = रेज गोर्म्ली <br> क्रिस्टिन ग्रिन | strokes = फ्रिस्टाइल, ब्याकस्ट्रोक, ब्रेस्टस्ट्रोक, मेड्ली | club = बार्नेट कोप्टहल क्लब | show-medals = yes | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{NEP}} }} {{MedalCompetition | [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद]]}} {{MedalGold | [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद २०१९|२०१९ काठमाडौँ]] | [[Swimming at the 2019 South Asian Games|१०० मि. फ्रिस्टायल]]}} {{MedalGold | [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद २०१९|२०१९ काठमाडौँ]] | [[Swimming at the 2019 South Asian Games|२०० मि. फ्रिस्टायल]]}} {{MedalGold | [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद २०१९|२०१९ काठमाडौँ]] | [[Swimming at the 2019 South Asian Games|४०० मि. फ्रिस्टायल]]}} {{MedalGold | [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद २०१९|२०१९ काठमाडौँ]] | [[Swimming at the 2019 South Asian Games|२०० मि. ब्याकस्ट्रोक]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद २०१९|२०१९ काठमाडौँ]] | [[Swimming at the 2019 South Asian Games|५० मि. ब्याकस्ट्रोक]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद २०१९|२०१९ काठमाडौँ]] | [[Swimming at the 2019 South Asian Games|१०० मि. ब्याकस्ट्रोक]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद २०१६|२०१६ गुवाहाटी]] | [[:en:Swimming at the 2016 South Asian Games|200 m medley]] | २०१६}} {{MedalBronze | [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद २०१६|२०१६ गुवाहाटी]] | [[:en:Swimming at the 2016 South Asian Games|100 m backstroke]] | २०१७}} {{MedalBronze | [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद २०१६|२०१६ गुवाहाटी]] | [[:en:Swimming at the 2016 South Asian Games|200 m backstroke]] | २०१६}} {{MedalBronze| [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद २०१६|२०१६ गुवाहाटी]] | [[:en:Swimming at the 2016 South Asian Games|400 m freestyle]] | २०१६}} }} '''गौरिका सिंह''' ({{Lang-en|Gaurika Singh}}) नेपालो महिला पौडी खेलाडी हन्। उनले सन् २०१६ [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद]]माइ पौडी खेलमी रजत पदक जितेइ थिइन् ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Singh claims historic individual medal in swimming - The Himalayan Times|url = http://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/singh-claims-historic-individual-medal-in-swimming/|website = The Himalayan Times|access-date = 2016-02-08|language = en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Nepal bag 5 more medals in SAG, Gaurika Singh sets national record in swimming - The Himalayan Times|url = http://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-earn-5-more-medal-as-gaurika-singh-sets-national-record/|website = The Himalayan Times|access-date = 2016-02-08|language = en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Nepal adds one each silver and bronze to medal count|url = http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-02-09/nepal-adds-one-each-silver-and-bronze-to-medal-count.html|website = kathmandupost.ekantipur.com|access-date = 2016-02-09|archive-date = 2016-02-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160210093154/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-02-09/nepal-adds-one-each-silver-and-bronze-to-medal-count.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> उनी [[२०१६ ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिक|२०१६ ओलम्पिक]]मा पौडीमा नेपालको तर्फबाट सहभागि हुने उनी [[२०१६ ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिक|२०१६ ओलम्पिक]]को सबैभन्दा कान्छी खेलाडी पनि हुन् । <ref name="२०१६ ओलम्पिकको कान्छि खेलाडी">http://www.myrepublica.com/news/3186</ref> उनले १३ औँ [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद]]मी ९ वटा पदक जितिन् । एकै [[दक्षिण एसियाली खेलकुद]] संस्करणमी सवहै बरती (४वटा) स्वर्ण जित्या किर्तिमान उनराइ नाममी छ <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.setopati.com/sports/South-Asian-Games/195325 |title=गोल्डेन गर्ल गौरिका |access-date=2019-12-17 |archive-date=2019-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217033805/https://www.setopati.com/sports/South-Asian-Games/195325/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>। ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन== ==खेल जीवन== ===आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७५-७६=== *{{main|आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७५-०७६}} :'''आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद''': राष्ट्रिय खेलकुदमी पैलीफेर सहभागिता जनाएकी ओलम्पियन पौडी खेलाडी गौरिका सिंहले [[आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७५|आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद]] अन्तर्गत २३ औं राष्ट्रिय पौडी प्रतियोगितामी १२ स्वर्ण जितिवर कीर्तिमान बराबरी गरेइ छन् । बि. सं. २०६५ सालमी काठमाडौंमी सम्पन्न [[पाचौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०६५|पाँचौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद]]मी [[करिस्मा कार्की]]ले १२ स्वर्ण जित्या कीर्तिमान गौरिकाले बराबरी अरेकी हन् ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kantipurdaily.com/sports/2019/04/25/155615955873598183.html |title=गौरिकाद्वारा १२ स्वर्णको कीर्तिमान बराबर-कान्तिपुर दैनिक |access-date=2019-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425040718/https://www.kantipurdaily.com/sports/2019/04/25/155615955873598183.html |archive-date=2019-04-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ;आठौंमी गौरिकाले स्वर्ण जित्या इभेन्ट रे टाइमिङ<ref name=pahilopost>पहिलोपोस्ट, '''[http://pahilopost.com/content/20190424192730.html गोल्डेन स्विमर गौरिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930090609/http://www.pahilopost.com/content/20190424192730.html |date=2019-09-30 }}''' pahilopost.com,प्रकाशित मिति: 24th April 2019, 07:27 pm | ११ बैशाख २०७६</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! पदक प्रकार !! स्पर्धा !! समय |- |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | ८०० मिटर फ्रिस्टायल | ९ मिनेट ३९.२२ सेकेण्ड |-style="background:#D0E6FF;" |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | ५० मिटर ब्याकस्ट्रोक | ३०.८५ सेकेण्ड (कीर्तिमान) |- |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] |४०० मिटर फ्रिस्टायल | ४ मिनेट ४४.८१ सेकेण्ड |-style="background:#D0E6FF;" |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | १०० मिटर फ्रिस्टायल | ५९.६२ सेकेण्ड (कीर्तिमान) |- |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | २०० मिटर ब्याकस्ट्रोक | २ मिनेट ४१.२५ सेकेण्ड |- |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | २०० मिटर फ्रिस्टायल | २ मिनेट ०९.१९ सेकेण्ड |-style="background:#D0E6FF;" |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | १०० मिटर बटरफ्लाई | १ मिनेट ०७.९७ सेकेण्ड (कीर्तिमान) |- |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | ४ गुणा १०० मिटर मिड्ले रिले | ४ मिनेट ५१.८९ सेकेण्ड |-style="background:#D0E6FF;" |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | २०० मिटर इन्डिभिजुएल मिड्ले रिले | २ मिनेट ३२ सेकेण्ड (कीर्तिमान) |-style="background:#D0E6FF;" |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | ५० मिटर फ्रिस्टायल | २७.५९ सेकेण्ड (कीर्तिमान) |-style="background:#D0E6FF;" |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | १०० मिटर ब्याकस्ट्रोक | १ मिनेट ०७.२२ सेकेण्ड (कीर्तिमान) |- |[[Image:Med 1.png|15px|alt=|link=]] [[स्वर्ण पदक|स्वर्ण]] | ४ गुणा १०० मिटर फ्रिस्टायल रिले | ४ मिनेट २१.४१ सेकेण्ड |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य लिङ्कअन== * [https://www.facebook.com/Gaurika-Singh-1590452944570849/ आधिकारिक फेसबुक पेज] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h69SsXxiZes 100m backstroke national record in the 2015 FINA World Championship] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdGaoYy0KIw Interview with Nepalisite at SEIN] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTv1en0Dd9c Interview with Terai Television] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/37032310 Interview with CBBC Newsround] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160805215620/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/gaurika-singh Gaurika Singh], rio.com * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMFhIlKoZwg Tough talk with Olympian Gaurika and Garima Rana - Kantipur Television] * [https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/04/760782 गौरिकाले जितिन् १२ स्वर्ण-अनलाइन खबर] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली खेलाडीअन]] snzk6b3kzoltcxfiwn6arz4hwc7itc2 0 936 270574 251834 2026-11-07T23:49:00Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Czech Republic | common_name = the Czech Republic | linking_name = the Czech Republic<!--to link to "[Topic] of the Czech Republic" articles--> | native_name = {{native name|cs|Česká republika}} | image_flag = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg | symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Czech Republic|Greater coat of arms]] | national_motto = {{native phrase|cs|"[[Truth prevails|Pravda vítězí]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Truth prevails"}} | national_anthem = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|cs|[[Kde domov můj]]|nolink=yes}} |{{raise|0.35em|{{small|''Where is my home''}}&nbsp;{{lower|0.2em|^a}}}}|{{center|[[File:Czech anthem.ogg]]}} }} | image_map = EU-Czechia.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix=the |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the European Union |subregion_color=green |legend=EU-Czechia.svg}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Prague]] | coordinates = {{Coord|50|05|N|14|28|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | languages_type = Official language | languages = [[Czech language|Czech]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.czech.cz/en/67019-czech-language |title=Czech language |work=Czech Republic – Official website |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic]] |accessdate=14 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106000422/http://www.czech.cz/en/67019-czech-language |archive-date=6 November 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | languages2_type = {{raise|0.3em |{{nobold|Officially recognized languages<ref name="languages">Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on a long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see [http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |date=7 June 2012 }}, Belarusian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see [http://zpravy.idnes.cz/vietnamci-oficialni-narodnostni-mensinou-fiq-/domaci.aspx?c=A130703_133019_domaci_jj Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708074104/http://zpravy.idnes.cz/vietnamci-oficialni-narodnostni-mensinou-fiq-/domaci.aspx?c=A130703_133019_domaci_jj |date=8 July 2013 }}). Article 25 of the Czech [[Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms]] ensures the right of the national and ethnic minorities to education and communication with the authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (''The Administrative Rule'') in its paragraph 16 (4) (''Procedural Language'') ensures that a citizen of the Czech Republic who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. If the administrative agency has no employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (''Concerning the Rights of Members of Minorities'') paragraph 9 (''The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law'') the same also applies to members of national minorities in the courts of law.</ref><ref>The Slovak language may be considered an official language in the Czech Republic under certain circumstances, as defined by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050410043930/http://www.portal.gov.cz/ |date=10 April 2005 }}. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském&nbsp;..." (§&nbsp;16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) "Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině&nbsp;..." (§&nbsp;3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz</ref>}} }} | languages2 = {{collapsible list |titlestyle=background:none;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title= |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Polish language|Polish]] |[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |[[Romani language|Romani]] |[[Russian language|Russian]] |[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] |[[Serbian language|Serbian]] |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 64.3% [[Czechs]] | 25.3% Unspecified | 5.0% [[Moravians]] | 1.4% [[Slovaks in the Czech Republic|Slovaks]] | 1.0% [[Ukrainians in the Czech Republic|Ukrainians]] | 3.0% other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20551765/170223-14.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809060237/https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20551765/170223-14.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1612_c01t14.pdf/4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b?version=1.0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214925/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1612_c01t14.pdf/4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b?version=1.0|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2018|title=Wayback Machine|author=|date=12 January 2018}}</ref> | religion = {{vunblist |44.7% Undeclared |{{longitem|style=line-height:1.15em |34.5% Non-religious}} |10.5% [[Catholic Church in the Czech Republic|Catholic]] |2.1% Other Christians |0.7% Other religions }} | religion_ref = <ref name="Czech Statistical Office"/> | demonym = [[Czechs|Czech]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]<br />[[Republic|constitutional republic]]}} | leader_title1 = [[President of the Czech Republic|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Miloš Zeman]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Andrej Babiš]] | legislature = [[Parliament of the Czech Republic|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Czech lands|Establishment history]] | established_event1 = [[Duchy of Bohemia]] | established_date1 = [[Circa|c.]] 870 | established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] | established_date2 = 1198 | established_event3 = [[Czechoslovakia]] | established_date3 = 28 October 1918 | established_event4 = [[Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation|Federalization of Czechoslovakia]] | established_date4 = 1 January 1969 | established_event5 = Czech Republic [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|became independent]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1993 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]}} | established_date6 = 1 May 2004 | area_km2 = 78,866 | area_rank = 115th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 30,450 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 2 | population_estimate = {{increase}} 10,693,939<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population - CZSO|url=https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population|website=Czech Statistical Office|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> | population_census = 10,436,560<ref>[http://www.scitani.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/census_2011_basic_final_results/$File/SLDB-ZAKL-CR_en.xls Census of Population and Housing 2011: Basic final results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234400/http://www.scitani.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/census_2011_basic_final_results/$File/SLDB-ZAKL-CR_en.xls |date=16 January 2013 }}. [http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home Czech Statistical Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129060510/http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home |date=29 January 2011 }}. Retrieved on 19 December 2012.</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 86th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 134 | population_density_sq_mi = 341 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 87th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $432.346&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOCZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=36&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=935&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_rank = 36th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $40,585<ref name="IMFWEOCZ"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 34th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $261.732&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOCZ"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $24,569<ref name="IMFWEOCZ"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 37th | Gini = 24.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320064533/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | Gini_rank = 5th | HDI = 0.891 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 26th | currency = [[Czech koruna]] | currency_code = CZK | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Czech Republic|+420]]^b | patron_saint = [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|St. Wenceslaus]] | iso3166code = CZ | cctld = [[.cz]]^c | footnote_a = The [[Rhetorical question|question is rhetorical]], implying "those places where my homeland lies". <!--ORPHANED: 30 June 2010 (see {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114043947/http://www.czso.cz/eng/csu.nsf/informace/aoby091310.doc |date=14 November 2010 |title=Population changes }}).--> <!--ORPHANED: Rank based on 2009 IMF data.-->| footnote_b = Code 42 was shared with [[Slovakia]] until 1997. | footnote_c = Also [[.eu]], shared with other European Union member states. | religion_year = 2011 | today = }} '''चेक गणतन्त्र''' [[युरोप|युरोप]] महादेशमी रयाको एक देश हो। ==यिन लै हेरऽ== {{युरोपेली देशअन}} ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} [[Category:युरोपेली देशअन]] [[Category:युरोप महाद्वीप]] oxp525jmr6xwa33db4is5ysbhhikdus 0 958 270576 268389 2026-11-07T23:55:46Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder | honorific-prefix = '''श्री ३ महाराज''' | name = '''जङ्गबहादुर कुँवर''' | honorific-suffix = ''' राना''' | image = Jung Bahadur Rana in 1887.jpg | imagesize = 220px | caption = प्रथम राणा प्रधानमन्त्री '''जङ्गबहादुर राणा''' | birth_name = [[जङ्गबहादुर राना|वीरनरसिंह कुँवर]] | father = [[बालनरसिंह कुँवर]] | mother = गणेश कुमारी थापा कुँवर | birth_date = वि.सं. १८७४ असार 5 | birth_place = मथुरा बेशी, [[अर्घाखाँची जिल्ला|अर्घाखाँची]], [[नेपाल]]<ref name="PurushottamShamsher1998">{{cite book| last = Rana | first = Purushottam S.J.B. | title = Jung Bahadur Rana: the story of his rise and glory | year = 1998 | pages = 150 | publisher = Book Faith India | isbn = 81-7303-087-1}}</ref> | death_date = वि.सं. १९३३ | death_place = पत्थरघट्टा, [[रौतहट जिल्ला]], [[नेपाल]] | citizenship = [[नेपाली]] |जाती = [[क्षेत्री]] | relatives = हेर्नु होस [[कुँवर परिवार]]; हेर्नु होस [[थापा वंश]]; हेर्नु होस [[राणा वंश]] | party = | occupation = [[प्रधानमन्त्री]] | spouse = महारानी हिरण्यगर्भा देवी | religion = [[हिन्दू धर्म|हिन्दु]] | children = [[जगतजङ्ग राणा]], [[जीतजङ्ग राणा]], पद्मजङ्ग राणा |office=[[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]] | term_start = वि.सं. १९०३ असोज २ | term_end = वि.सं. १९१३ साउन १७ गते |predecessor = [[फत्तेजङ्ग शाह]] |successor = [[बमबहादुर राणा]] |office2=[[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]] | term_start2 = वि.सं. १९१४ जेष्ठ ११ | term_end2 = वि.सं. १९३३ |predecessor2 = [[बमबहादुर राणा]] |successor2 = [[रणोद्दिप सिंह बहादुर राणा]] |office3 = [[नेपालका प्रधान सेनापतिहरू|नेपालको प्रधान सेनापति]] |predecessor3 = [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगन सिंह भण्डारी]] |successor3 = [[कृष्णबहादुर राणा]] |relations = दाजु [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] |country = {{flag|नेपाल}} |battles =[[अन्तिम नेपाल तिब्बत युद्ध|तेश्रो नेपाल-भोट युद्ध]] | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} महाराजा '''जङ्गबहादुर कुँवर राणाजी,''' (जन्म '''बीर नरसिंह कुँवर''', वि.सं. १८७४ असार ४; '''जङ्गबहादुर राणा'''को रूपमी लोकप्रिय''')''' [[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|नेपालको ८औँ प्रधानमन्त्री]] तथा प्रथम श्री ३ महाराज थिए। वि.सं. १९०३ सालमी भएको [[कोत पर्व|कोतपर्व]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-48488494 |title=यी हुन् नेपालमी सत्ता परिवर्तन गराउने प्रमुख हत्याकाण्ड |date=2019-06-02 |website=बिबिसी न्युज नेपाली |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-11-12}}</ref> रे [[भण्डारखाल पर्व]]पछि जङ्गबहादुर नेपालको राजनीति रे शासन व्यवस्थामी एक्कासी शक्तिशाली हुन सफल भएका थिए। नेपालको शासनव्यवस्थामी [[राजेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजा राजेन्द्र]] शक्तिशाली भएर पदासिन रहेको समयमी जङ्गबहादुरले राजदरबार भित्र आन्तरिक विद्रोह गरेर [[सुरेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|युवराज सुरेन्द्र]]लाई गद्दी आरोहण गराइ [[दामोदर पाँडे]], [[भीमसेन थापा]], [[रणजङ्ग पाँडे|रणजङ पाँडे]] रे [[माथवरसिंह थापा]]को नीति सकारेर आफूलाई अत्यधिक शक्तिशाली बनाएका थिए।<ref>नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास [[राजाराम सुवेदी]] पृष्ठ २३५</ref><ref name="नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास">{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२३५|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/115863 |title=कुँवरबाट कसरी राणा बने जङ्गबहादुर? |website=हिमाल खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-11-12 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013927/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/115863 |url-status=dead }}</ref> वि.सं. १९१३ साउन १८ मी जङ्गबहादुरले [[मुख्तियार]] पदबाट राजिनामी दिएर श्रावन २४ गते [[सुरेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजा सुरेन्द्र]]बाटी [[कास्की राज्य|कास्की]] रे [[लमजुङ राज्य|लमजुङ]]को श्री ३ महाराज पद प्राप्त गरेका थिए। महाराज पद प्राप्त गरिसकेपछि नै उनलाई श्री ३ जङ्गबहादुर कुँवर राणाजी भन्न थालिएको हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://onlinemajdoor.com/?p=56088 |title=“नेपालको इतिहासमा जङ्गबहादुर” एक चर्चा |date=2020-11-08 |website=अनलाइन मजदुर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sampurnaweekly.com/news/2958 |title=रसिक जङ्गबहादुर |last=पन्त |first=प्रा दिनेशराज |website=सम्पूर्ण साप्ताहिक |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-11-12 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112194109/https://sampurnaweekly.com/news/2958 |url-status=dead }}</ref> श्री ३ महाराजको लागि [[श्रीपेच]] बनाउन लगाई जनताको छोराद्वारा श्रीपेच लगाउने जङ्गबहादुर पहिलो व्यक्ति थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/117451 |title=जङ्गबहादुर राणाका अक्षर |website=हिमाल खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013702/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/117451 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> नेपालले [[अङ्ग्रेज]]सँगको [[नेपाल अङ्ग्रेज युद्ध|युद्ध]]मी गुमाएको भूभागमध्ये यिनले अङ्ग्रेजलाई खुसी पारी [[राप्ती नदी|राप्ती]]देखि [[महाकाली नदी|महाकाली]]सम्मको भूभाग जसमी वर्तमानको [[तराई]]मी पर्ने [[बाँके जिल्ला|बाँके]], [[बर्दिया जिल्ला|बर्दिया]], [[कैलाली जिल्ला|कैलाली]] तथा [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला|कञ्चनपुर]] पुनः नेपालमी गाभ्न सफल भएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://annapurnapost.com/news/88749 |title=एकीकरणका अर्का नायक जङ्गबहादुर राणा |website=अन्नपूर्ण पोस्ट |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-14}}</ref> वर्तमान समयमी यस भूभागलाई [[नयाँ मुलुक]]को नामले समेत चिनिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reportersnepal.com/2019/08/334944 |title=जङ्गबहादुरः जस्ले नेपालको नक्शा बदले |date=2019-08-10 |website=रिपोर्टर्स नेपाल |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-11-13}}</ref> नेपालमी [[राणा शासन]]को जग बसालेर १०४ वर्षसम्म पारिवरिक शासनशैलीको आरम्भ गर्ने व्यक्ति यिनै हुन्। बेलायती शासकहरूका प्रिय रहेका<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nayapage.com/archives/45202 |title=यी हुन् जङ्गबहादुर राणाका १० चर्चिकला |date=2018-04-17 |website=नयाँ पेज |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-14 |archive-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625110854/https://www.nayapage.com/archives/45202 |url-status=dead }}</ref> जङ्गबहादुरले आफ्नो शासनकालको समयमी दरबारिया कट्टर विरोधीहरूलाई तह लगाएर एकतन्त्री शासन चलाएका थिए। [[बेलायत]] रे [[फ्रान्स]]को भ्रमणबाटी फर्केपछि उनले नेपाली [[कला]], [[संस्कृति]], जनजीवन रे [[कानून]]मी समेत पश्चिमी प्रभावको छाप छोडेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://suvadin.com/news/people-community-and-responsiblity/suvadin-museum-kotparba-episode-4-jungabahadur |title=काे हुन् जङ्गबहादुर राणा? |date=2017-07-18 |website=शुभदिन |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-14}}</ref> ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन रे परिवार== === जन्म === जङ्गबहादुर राणाको जन्म वि.सं. १८७४ असार ७ गते अर्घाखाँची वाङ्ला मथुराबेशिमी भएको थियो। उनको बुवा काजी [[बालनरसिंह कुँवर]] थिए भने आमा गणेशकुमारी थिइन्। उनको जन्मको नाम बीरनरसिंह कुँवर थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2016/01/381488 |title=जङ्गबहादुरः सुन्दरीहरूका भोगी नेता |website=अनलाइन खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-14}}</ref> काजीको छोरा भएको कारणले उनको बाल्यकाल सम्पन्न तरिकाले नै बितेको थियो। उनको बुवा तत्कालीन राजा [[रणबहादुर शाह|रणबहादुर शाह]]को अङ्गरक्षक थिए। उनको परिवार तत्कालीन नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री [[भीमसेन थापा]]को नातेदार पर्थ्यो। उनकी आमा [[माथवरसिंह थापा]]की सहोदर बहिनी रे महारानी [[ललित त्रिपुरा सुन्दरी|ललितत्रिपुरासुन्दरी]]की दिदी थिइन्। ===पूर्वज=== {{main|राणा वंश}} {{See|थापा वंश|पाँडे वंश|कुँवर परिवार|कुँवर खलक}} <gallery> Ram Krishna Kunwar.jpg|[[रामकृष्ण कुँवर]]; उनका ज्यु ज्यु बाजे Bal Narsingh Kunwar.jpg|बालनरसिंह कुँवर; उनका पिता </gallery> उनको बुबा काजी [[बालनरसिंह कुँवर]] दरबारमी रहिरहदा तत्कालीन राजा [[रणबहादुर शाह]]को उनको आफ्नै सौतेनी भाइ शेरबहादुर शाहले हत्या गरेका थिए जसको प्रतिउत्तरको क्रममी बाल नरसिंहले शेरबहादुर शाहलाई घटनास्थलमी मारेका थिए। यस साहसिक कार्यका लागि उनलाई '[[काजी]]' पद शीर्षकबाटी पुरस्कृत गरियो, जसपछि यो प्रशासनिक पद उनको परिवारमी परम्पराको रूपमी कायम भयो। उनी दरबारमी हतियार लिएर जाने एकमात्र व्यक्ति थिए। उनी काजी [[रणजीत कुँवर]]का{{sfn|Acharya|1971|p=25}} नाति रे [[सरदार]] [[रामकृष्ण कुँवर]]का पनाति हुनुका साथै राजा [[पृथ्वीनारायण शाह]]को समयमी एक प्रभावशाली सैन्य अधिकारी थिए।{{refn| group=note|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्रीको रूपमी जङ्गबहादुर कुँवरको नियुक्ति पत्रले उनी बालनरसिंह कुँवरका छोरा रे रणजित कुँवरका नाति थिए भनेर पुष्टि गर्दछ।{{sfn|Acharya|1971|p=25}}}} जङ्गबहादुरकी आमा गणेशकुमारी मार्फत उनी [[थापा वंश]]का [[मुख्तियार]] [[भीमसेन थापा]]सँग सम्बन्धित थिए, जसले उनलाई सानै उमेरमी शाही दरबारमी प्रवेश गर्न मद्दत गर्‍यो। आफ्नो मावली हजुरआमा मार्फत उनी प्रतापी [[पाँडे वंश]]सँग सम्बन्धित थिए किनकि वहाँको बुवापट्टिकी हजुरआमा राना कुमारी एक प्रभावशाली शाही दरबारी 'काजी' [[रणजीत पाँडे]]की छोरी थिइन्।<ref name="PurushottamShamsher1990">{{cite book |last=JBR|first=PurushottamShamsher|date=1990 |title=Shree Teen Haruko Tathya Britanta|trans-title=|url=|language=Nepali|location=Bhotahity, Kathmandu|publisher=Vidarthi Pustak Bhandar|isbn=99933-39-91-1|accessdate= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kantipath.com/amazing-news/jbr-history-in-a-single-news |title=जङ्गबहादुर राणाको कहाली लाग्दो इतिहास |website=कान्तिपथ |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-11-13 |archive-date=2020-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113110705/https://www.kantipath.com/amazing-news/jbr-history-in-a-single-news |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===प्रारम्भिक जीवन=== जङ्गबहादुर ११ वर्ष छँदा काजी प्रसादसिंह बस्न्यातकी भित्रिनी पट्टिकी छोरी प्रसादकुमारीसँग कुमारग्रह उतारी विवाह भएको थियो।<ref>नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास:[[राजाराम सुवेदी]] पृष्ठ २३७</ref> नेपाल दरबारमी भीमसेन थापाको पतन भएपछि बालनरसिंहको जागिर खोसिएको थियो। परिवारको बिचल्ली भएसँगै सो कठिन समयमी जङ्बहादुरको जुवाको लतले गर्दा भएभरका पारिवारिक धनसम्पति नाश भएको थियो। अन्त्यमी उनको बुवा [[बनारस|काशी]] जान वाध्य भएका रे दुःख गरेर कमाएको सम्पति लिएर वि. सं. १८९६ मी काठमाडौँ फर्कदा उनकी पत्नी मरिन् रे वि. सं. १८९९ मी बालनरसिंह कुँवर पनि चिन्तैचिन्ताले मरेका थिए। जङ्गबहादुर सेवामुक्त भएर हिँडिरहेको बेला वि.सं. १८९७ को माघ महिनामी हात्ती खेदामी आफ्नो बहादुरी देखाउँदा तत्कालीन राजा [[राजेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजेन्द्र शाह]]बाटी उनलाई तोपखानाको कप्तान दिएपछि उनी पुनः जागिरे हुन पुगेका थिए। जागिरे भएपछि उनले राजपरिवारको आँखामी पर्नको लागि अनेकौं वीरता देखाए, जसमी वि.सं. १९९८ मी दहचोक जङ्गलमी [[चितुवा]] काट्ने, मातेको हात्तीलाई नियन्त्रण गर्ने, त्रिशूली [[देवीघाट]]को झगडा मिलाउने, तत्कालीन युवराज सुरेन्द्रको आठपहरिया छँदा [[त्रिशुली बजार]] भ्रमणका सिलसिलामी [[त्रिशूली नदी|त्रिशूली]]मी हामफाल्ने, वि.सं. १८९९ वैशाखमी बाह्रवर्षे इनारमी हामफाल्ने लगायतका काम गरेका थिए। आफ्नो प्रारम्भिक दिनमी जङ्गबहादुर लफङ्गा, जुवाडे रहेको भएता पनि आफ्नो साहस, वीरता रे चतुरपनका कारण नेपालको इतिहासमी एक सफल नायकका रूपमी चिनिने गर्छन्। == वृत्ति == === युवराज सुरेन्द्रको अङ्गरक्षक === नेपालका तत्कालीन युवराज सुरेन्द्रको स्वभाव रोमाञ्चकारी रे सनकपूर्ण थियो। उनको अङ्गरक्षक रूपमी कार्य गर्दा जङ्गबहादुरले युवराजद्वारा दिइएको जोखिमपूर्ण, साहसिक रे खतरनाक आदेशहरू पालना गर्नुपरेको थियो। जसमी [[त्रिशूली नदी|त्रिशुली नदी]]मी घोडासहित हाम फाल्ने, [[धरहरा]]बाटी हाम फाल्ने, बाह्र वर्षे इनारमी हामफाल्ने जस्ता आदेश रहेको थियो। यस्तै वीरतापूर्वक कार्यको सराहना गर्दै उनलाई तत्कालीन राजा राजेन्द्रको आठपहरियामी नियुक्त गरिएको थियो। त्यहाँ काम गरेर अनुभव बटुलेपछि उनलाई तत्कालीन राजा राजेन्द्रले [[कुमारी चोक]]को काजी नियुक्त गरेका थिए जहाँ काम गर्दा उनले देशको आर्थिक स्थितिको ज्ञान पाएका थिए। === माथवरसिंहको हत्या === ''मुख्य लेख : [[माथवरसिंह थापा]]'' वि. सं. १९०१ मी माथवरसिंह थापा काठमाडौ फर्केपछि देशमी शान्ति व्यवस्थाको आगमन हुने अड्कलबाजी गरिएको थियो। जङ्गबहादुर कुँवरकाका काकाका छोरा देवीबहादुर कुँवर एउटा राजनीतिक अपराधमी फसेका थिए। यिनलाई प्राणदण्द दिइने निश्चितप्रायः थियो। यिनलाई बचाइन आवश्यक सहयोग गर्न जङ्गबहादुरले आफ्ना मामा माथवरसिंह थापा संग आग्रह पनि गरेका थिए। चाहेका भए मुख्तियार माथवरसिंह थापाले कप्तान देवीबहादुर कुँवरलाई प्राणदण्डको सजायबाटी बचाउन पनि सक्थे। तर चाहेनन्। फलस्वरूप उनलाई प्राणदण्ड मिलेको थियो। यस घटना बाटी जङ्गबहादुर कुँवर आफ्ना मामा मुख्तियार माथवरसिंह थापा संग क्रुद्ध थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]] |author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]] |page=१४४ |date=माघ २०७५ |publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स |isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> मामा माथवरसिंहको सहानुभूति पाएर राजदरबारसँग नजिक भएका जङ्गबहादुर, आफ्नो मामाको आगमनपछि उनीहरूको सम्बन्धमी कटुता आएको थियो। सोही कटुताको परिणामस्वरूप जङ्गबहादुरले आफ्नै मामा माथवरसिंहको वि. सं. १९०२ जेठ २ गतेका राति राजदरबारमी गोली हानेर हत्या गरेका थिए। माथवर सिंहको हत्या गरेपछि जङ्गबहादुरसँग उनकी आमाले नबोल्ने अठोट गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name=":2">प्राचीन नेपाल २५-०१ (नेपाल देशको इतिहास)</ref> राजनीतिक अस्थिरताका बीच [[फत्तेजङ्ग शाह|फत्तेजङ शाह]]को नेतृत्वमी मन्त्रिमण्डल विस्तार गरिएको थियो। उनले प्रधानसेनापति [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह]]लाई ७ [[रेजिमेन्ट]]को अधिकारी, [[अभिमान सिंह राना मगर|अभिमानसिंह रानामगर]]लाई ३ [[रेजिमेन्ट]]को अधिकारी रे जङ्गबहादुरलाई ३ रेजिमेन्टको अधिकारी बनाएका थिए। मामाको हत्या गरेपछि दरबारको शासन व्यवस्थामी आफ्नो कद बढ्ने सोचेका थिए तर उनी चौथो श्रेणीको भारदारमी परेका थिए। आफ्नो महत्त्वाकांक्षाको कारणले गर्दा जङ्गबहादुरले राजा रे रानीलाई खुसी पार्न विभिन्न प्रयत्न गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२२६-२२७|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> आफ्नो मामाको हत्या गरेपछि उनकी आमा गणेशकुमारीले जङ्गबहादुरसँग नबोल्ने प्रतिज्ञा गरेकी थिइन्। === गगनसिंहसँगको सम्बन्ध === [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी]] तत्कालीन राजाको एकदमै नजिक रहेका थिए। तत्कालीन रानी [[राज्यलक्ष्मी देवी|राज्यलक्ष्मी]]को विश्वास पात्रको रूपमी रहेको गगनसिंह रे रानीबीच प्रेम रहेको हल्ला समेत दरबारमी सुनिएको थियो। गगन सिंह रे तत्कालीन रानीको सम्बन्धलाई तत्कालीन राजा राजेन्द्र तथा तत्कालीन युवराज सुरेन्द्रले मन पराएका थिएन्न्। जङ्गबहादुर रे युवराजबीच गहिरो सम्बन्ध रहेको थियो। यसै कारणले गर्दा गगन सिंह र जङ्गबहादुर बीच राम्रो सम्बन्ध रहेको थिएन। [[डायमनशमशेर राणा|डायमनसम्शेर राणा]]ले आफ्नो उपन्यास 'सेतो बाघ'मी गगन सिंहको हत्या राजा राजेन्द्र रे युवराज सुरेन्द्रको आदेशमी जङ्गबहादुरले गरेको उल्लेख गरेका छन्। यस हत्याकाण्डको कारणले रानी आवेशमी आएर उनको हत्यारा खोज्ने निहुँमी आयोजना गरेको सभामै विध्वंशकारी कोत पर्व मच्चिन गएको थियो जसको परिणामस्वरूप नेपालको तत्कालीन राजनीतिमी जङ्गबहादुर शक्तिशाली भएर निस्केका थिए। यी विषयहरूलाई अध्ययन गर्दा जङ्गबहादुर तथा गगन सिंह बीच एक प्रतिसपर्धीको सम्बन्ध रहेको अड्कल गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bishalnepal.com/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8/ |title=इतिहासको सम्रक्षण गरियोस |website=बिशाल नेपाल |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-14 |archive-date=2018-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018012907/http://bishalnepal.com/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === कोत पर्व === तत्कालीन रानी [[राज्यलक्ष्मी देवी]]को विश्वासपात्र गगनसिंहको हत्यारा पत्ता लगाउनको लागि कोतमी वि.सं. १९०३ भदौ महिनाको ३१ गते राति भारदारहरूहरूलाई बोलाइएको थियो। सोही सभामी भारदारहरूबीच विवाद हुँदा मच्चिएको यो काण्डले तत्कालिन नेपालको अस्थिर राजनीतिलाई १०४ वर्षे [[राणा शासन]]तिर सुम्पेको थियो।<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2016-09-17/20160916181521.html|title=कोतपर्वको १७० वर्ष : इतिहासको त्यो पाठ|last=मानन्धर|first=त्रिरत्न|date=२०७३ असोज १|website=कान्तिपुर दैनिक|publisher=|accessdate=|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625072624/https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2016-09-17/20160916181521.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह]]को हत्यारा पत्ता लगाउनको लागि सबैभन्दा पहिले [[अभिमान सिंह राना मगर]]लाई मारेपछि त्यहाँको स्थिति चर्किदै हात हालाहाल रे गोली हानाहान हुँदा त्यस समय नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्री [[फत्तेजङ्ग शाह]], काजी [[दलभञ्जन पाँडे]], कर्पदार काजी [[वीरकेशर पाँडे]] लगायतका ३१ जनाको हत्या भएको थियो। यस घटनामी कुल ११ चौतारिया, ६ पाँडे, ३ थापा रे ११ अन्य क्षेत्रीय भारादारको हत्या भएको थियो। यस घटनापछि रानी राज्यलक्ष्मी देवीको मौखिक हुकुमले जङ्गबहादुरलाई प्रधानमन्त्री रे प्रधानसेनापति बनाइएको थियो। वि.सं. १९०३ असोज २ गते तत्कालीन राजा राजेन्द्रबाटी लालमोहर पाएपछि जङ्गबहादुर नेपालको आधिकारिक मुख्तियार बन्न पुगेका थिए।<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/opinion/170836-1549614960.html?click_from=trending|title=महाराजकी जय !|last=गौतम|first=युवराज|date=२०७५ माघ २५|website=नागरिक न्युज|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> == प्रधानमन्त्री == === भण्डारखाल पर्व === [[कोत पर्व]]पछि [[राज्यलक्ष्मी देवी|रानी लक्ष्मीदेवी]]को मन जितेर प्रधानसेनापति बन्न सफल भएका जङ्गबहादुरले [[माथवरसिंह थापा]]को हत्या गरे जस्तै युवराज सुरेन्द्रको हत्या गरि रणेन्द्रलाई गद्दीमी राख्न आवश्यक प्रबन्ध गर्न दबाब दिएकी थिइन्। रानीले जङ्गबहादुरबाटी आफ्नो उद्देश्य पुरा हुने विश्वास गरेता पनि जङ्गबहादुरले मामा माथवरसिंह थापाले झैँ रानीको आदेश उल्लङ्घन गरेका थिए। यसैको निहुँमी रानीले वि.सं. १९०३ कात्तिक १२ गते [[हनुमान ढोका|हनुमानढोका]]को भण्डारखाल [[बगैँचा]]मी भोजको आयोजना गरेकी थिइन्। सोही भोजमी जङ्गबहादुर रे उनका भाइहरूलाई विष मिसिएको खाना खुवाएर हत्या गर्ने योजना बनाएको कुरा [[पण्डित विजयराज]]ले पोल खोले पछि जङ्गबहादुरले आफ्ना विरोधीहरूको संहार गरेका थिए। यस घटनापछि यो षड्यन्त्रमी सामेल रहेका बिरध्वज बस्नेत लगायतलाई हत्या तथा कैद गरिएको थियो भने रानीको सम्पूर्ण अधिकार खोसेर देश निकाला गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/5170|title=६४ साल पर्व|last=|first=|date=२०७४ भदौ २४|website=हिमाल खबर|publisher=|accessdate=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211061524/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/5170|archive-date=2023-12-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> === अलौ पर्व === [[भण्डारखाल पर्व]] भएपछि तत्कालीन राजा राजेन्द्र विक्रम शाह आफ्नो रानीसँगै केही समयका लागि काशी गएका थिए।<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-48124207|title=नेपालमी पनि यी राजाले गद्दीत्याग गरेका थिए|last=|first=|date=२०१९ मे २|website=बिबिसी नेपाली सेवा|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> तत्कालीन राजा रे उनका भारदारहरू काशीमी षड्यन्त्र बनाउनमी व्यस्त रहेकाले प्रधानमन्त्री जङ्गबहादुरले वि. सं. १९०४ मी राजालाई पदच्युत गरि युवराज सुरेन्द्रलाई गद्दीमी राखेका थिए। जङ्गबहादुरले राजासँगै पठाएका आफ्ना गुप्तचरहरूद्वारा काशीमी भएका सबै षड्यन्त्र एवम् योजनाको बारम्बार जानकारीकै आधारमी राजाका सैनिक टोलीहरूलाई [[वीरगन्ज महानगरपालिका|वीरगञ्ज]]नजिकै [[अलौ]] भन्ने ठाउँमी बाटो ढुकी सबैको हत्या गरेका थिए रे राजा राजेन्द्र शाहलाई गिरफ्तार गरेर नजरबन्दमी राखिएको थियो। यो पर्वलाई नेपालको इतिहासमी 'अलौ पर्व' भनेर उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.souryaonline.com/2019/08/263078.html|title=गौरवपूर्ण इतिहास र धिक्कार योग्य वर्तमान|last=कार्की|first=अञ्जु|date=२०७६ साउन २८|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://nepalmag.com.np/memoir/2019/08/09/20190809132054|title=शाह राजाका सत्तापलट|last=जोशी|first=हरिराम|date=२०७६ साउन २४|website=नेपाल पत्रिका|publisher=|accessdate=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015205151/https://nepalmag.com.np/memoir/2019/08/09/20190809132054|archive-date=2023-10-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===राणाजी=== वि. सं. १९०५ वैशाख महिनाको १३ गते तत्कालीन राजा सुरेन्द्रबाट तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री जङ्गबहादुर लगायत उनका सबै वंशजहरू भारतको [[चित्तौडगढ]]बाट राजपूत राणाजीका सन्तानहरू रहे भएका र [[कास्की राज्य|कास्की]] आएर [[गोरखा राज्य|गोरखा]]बाट देशको सेवा गरेको कुरा मान्यता गराएर 'राणाजी' भन्न पाउने गराएकोले सो उपरान्त जङ्गबहादुर र उनका सबै वंशजहरूलाई राणाजी भन्न थालिएको थियो।<ref>पुरूषोत्तमशमशेर जबरा, श्री ३ हरूको तथ्यवृतान्त </ref> === युरोप भ्रमण === {{wide image|Jangabahadur Horse Riding Statue.jpg|400px|[[टुँडिखेल]], सुन्धाराबाट त्रिपुरेश्वर जाने मोडटी रहेको [[जङ्गबहादुर राणाको घोडचढी सालिक|जङ्ग बहादुरको शालिक]]|45%|right|alt=जङ्गबहादुरले युरोप भ्रमणका बेला वि.सं. १९०७ भदौ १० गते [[फ्रान्स]]को सर्टरी मैदानमी सैनिक परेड हेर्न घोडा चढेर अघि बढ्दा घोडालाई नियन्त्रणमी ल्याई पछाडि फर्केको क्षणलाई स्मरण गराउन यो सालिकको निर्माण गरिएको थियो। यो सालिकको अनावरण वि.सं १९३८ मी गरिएको थियो भने सालिकको उद्घाटन वि.सं. १९४२ असारमी [[रणोद्दिप सिंह बहादुर राणा|श्री ३ रणोद्दिप सिंह]]ले तत्कालीन राजा [[पृथ्वी वीरविक्रम शाह|पृथ्वी वीर बिक्रम शाह]]को उपस्थितिमी गरेका थिए। वि.सं. २०१७ मी सडक विस्तार गर्ने क्रममी यो सालिक स्थानान्तरण गरिँदा जङ्गबहादुरको सालिकको हातमी रहेको तरबार भाँचिएको थियो।}} शाही राजदूतको रूपमी वि. सं. १९०६ साल माघमी युरोप भ्रमण जान लागेका जङ्गबहादुरले नेपालको राजनीतिक व्यवस्थालाई सामान्य बनाइ राख्न भाइ [[बमबहादुर राणा|बमबहादुर]]लाई कार्यवाहक प्रधानमन्त्री रे [[बद्री नरसिंह राणा|बद्रीनरसिंह]]लाई कार्यवाहक प्रधानसेनापतिको जिम्मेवारी दिएका थिए।<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/119343|title=जङ्गबहादुर राणाको स्त्री–मोह|last=दिक्पाल|first=राजकुमार|date=२०७७ असोज २४|website=हिमाल खबर|publisher=|accessdate=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318025928/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/119343|archive-date=2024-03-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> उनको भ्रमण दलमी २ जना कर्णेलहरू [[जगत शमशेर राणा|जगत शमशेर]], [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]], १ जना कप्तान राम मेहर अधिकारी, ३ जना काजी करवीर खत्री, हेमदल थापा, डिल्लीसिंह बस्न्यात, ३ जना लप्टन लाल सिंह खत्री, करवीर खत्री, भीमसेन राना, ३ जना सुब्बा सिद्धिमान, सोम नरसिंह, सुबेदार दलमर्दन थापा गरि एक वैद्य चक्रपाणी, एक कलाकार भाजुमान चित्रकार, ४ जना भान्से, १२ जना नोकर रे १० जना सहयोगी रहेका थिए।<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/08/789090|title=जङ्गबहादुर राणाको त्यो बेलायत यात्रा|last=नेपाल|first=ज्ञानमणी|date=२०७६ भदौ २|website=अनलाइन खबर|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://nagarikkhabar.com/2019/06/3761/|title=प्रधानमन्त्री ओलीको ‘जङ्गबहादुरको झल्को दिने’ युरोप भ्रमण|last=अधिकारी|first=मदन कुमार|date=२०१९ जुन १२|website=नागरिक न्युज|publisher=|accessdate=|archive-date=2021-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617091051/https://nagarikkhabar.com/2019/06/3761/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ठूलो दलबल सहित नेपालबाटी प्रस्थान गरेका यिनीहरू बिहारको [[पटना]]मी १९ तोपको सलामी दिएर स्वागत गरिएको थियो। पटनाबाटी [[कोलकाता|कलकत्ता]] पुगेपछि समेत उनीहरूलाई सोही प्रकारको सलामी दिइएको थियो। कलकत्तामी उनले शाही कार्यक्रममी भाग लिनुका साथै लर्ड रे लेडी डालहाउजीसँग भेट गरेका थिए। कलकत्ताबाटी पानी जहाजमी सामुद्रिक मार्ग प्रयोग गर्दै [[चेन्नई|मद्रास]], [[श्रीलङ्का]] रे इडेन हुँदै [[स्वेज नहर]] पुगेका थिए। [[इजिप्ट]]मी [[कायरो]] रे एलेक्जेन्ड्रिया भ्रमण गरेपछि जङ्गबहादुर रे उनको टोलीले अब्बास प्रथमसँग भेट गरेका थिए। अन्तत जङ्गबहादुरको टोली वि. सं. १९०७ साल जेठमी [[बेलायत]]को साउथ ह्याम्पटन पुगेको थियो। बेलायत भ्रमणको क्रममी राजकीय भेटघाट लगायतका काम गर्दै जङ्गबहादुर रे उनका दलले बेलयातको शासन प्रणाली, सैन्य संरचना, कारागार लगायतका महत्वपूर्ण विषयको अध्ययन गरेको थियो। बेलायत पछि फ्रान्स पुगेका जङ्गबहादुरले त्यहाँ समेत शक्ति सम्बन्धी ज्ञान लिएका थिए।<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://lokaantar.com/story/31254/2017/12/30/jangabahadur|title=जङ्गबहादुरको युरोप भ्रमण : लण्डनमा सडक बढार्ने नेपालीसँग भेट, फ्रान्समी राष्ट्रपतिलाई चोटिलो जवाफ|last=अधिकारी|first=ध्रुबहरी|date=२०७४ पुस १५|website=लोकान्तर|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> [[युरोप]]का दुई शक्तिशाली राष्ट्रहरूको भ्रमण रे निरीक्षण गरेपछि जङ्गबहादुरले ब्रिटिससँग मेलमिलाप रे सहकार्य गेरेर अगाडि बढ्ने नीति सकार गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://himalkhabar.com/news/8639 |title=जङ्गबहादुरको द्वैधनीति |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211051731/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/8639 |archive-date=2023-12-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === मुलुकी ऐन १९१० === मुलुकी ऐनलाई नेपालको पहिलो लिखित<ref>[http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/documents/2015/08/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.pdf/ मुलुकी ऐन] नेपाल कानुन आयोग</ref> रे संहिताबद्द राष्ट्रिय कानुनको दर्जा प्राप्त छ। यसलाई वि.स. १९१० पुस ७ गते जारी गारिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=454 |title=मुलुकी ऐन |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014171328/http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=454 |archive-date=2020-10-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.moljpa.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8-1.pdf |title=मुलुकी ऐन १९१० |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2023-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116123748/https://www.moljpa.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> जङ्गबहादुरले बेलायातको यात्राबाटी फर्केपछि युरोपको कानुनी अभ्यासको प्रेरणाले यो ऐन बनाएका थिए। यो नितान्त मौलिक कानुन रे हिन्दू दर्शनमी आधारित रहेको छ। यो कानुनको मुख्य उद्देश्य जातिको आधारमी अपराधीहरूलाई सजायको व्यवस्था गर्नु रहेको थियो। <ref>पुस्तकको नाम, पृष्ठ, प्रकाशक, ISBN</ref> === नेपाल तिब्बत युद्ध / थापाथली सन्धि === [[बेत्रावती सन्धि|बेत्रावती सन्धी]] अनुसार सन् १८४७ मी नेपालको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दै सौरथसिंह पन्तको नेतृत्वमा नेपाली सैनिक मिसन [[चीन]] गएको थियो। वि.सं. १९०९ मी गएको पेकिङ प्रतिनिधि मण्डल मध्ये १९११ बैशाख मी लेफ्टिनेन्ट भीमसेन कुँवर मात्र फर्के। अरूलाई भोटेहरूले लुट्दा रे खानबस्न नदिँदा सबै बाटैमी मरे। नेपालबाटी गएको उक्त १३औँ मिसनका ४० देखि ४५ सदस्यहरूमध्ये भीमसेन राना मात्र सन् १८५२ मी स्वदेश फर्कन सफल भएका थिए। दलको मुख्य सैनिक मध्येका काजी गम्भीरसिंह अधिकारी, उपनेता सरदार शमशेर थापासहितले चीन रे [[तिब्बत]]मी पाएको हैरानीका कारण मृत्युवरण गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/45914/2020-06-23|title=पुर्खाले झेलेको चीन|date=|access-date=2020-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807221408/https://nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/45914/2020-06-23|archive-date=2020-08-07|publisher=नयाँ पत्रिका}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/45914/2020-06-23 |title=पुर्खाले झेलेको चीन |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2020-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807221408/https://nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/45914/2020-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> भीमसेन रानाले जङ्गबहादुरको अगाडि तिब्बती भोटेहरूको अपमान रे दुर्व्यवाहारको वर्णन गरेपछि जङ्गबहादुरले तिब्बत/भोटमाथि आक्रमण गरेर ठीक पार्ने निर्णय गरेका थिए। [[सुगौली सन्धि]]को कारणले आफ्नो अभिन्न भूभाग गुमाउन परेकोले भोटलाई जितेर राजा रे प्रजालाई खुसी पार्ने दाउमी जङ्गबहादुर कम्मर कसेका थिए।<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pramode S. J. B. Rana (Pramode Shamshere J. B. Rana), 1932- |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60391882 |title=Rāṇāśāsanako vr̥ttānta |date=[2004] |publisher=Ramā Rāṇā |isbn=99946-30-72-5 |location=Kāṭhamāḍauṃ |oclc=60391882|pages=31, 32, 44}}</ref> [[नेपाल –तिब्बत /चीन युद्ध]]को अन्त्य गर्न भएको [[बेत्रावती सन्धि|बेत्रावती सन्धी]] पूर्ण रूपमी चिनियाँहरूको पक्षमी थियो। एक वर्षसम्म चलेको [[अन्तिम नेपाल तिब्बत युद्ध]]को अन्त्य [[थापाथली सन्धि]] भएपछि सकिएको थियो। युद्धको परिणामस्वरूप भएको सन्धिको कारण तिब्बतले नेपाललाई प्रत्येक वर्ष १०,००० रकम तिर्नुपर्ने रहेको थियो। === श्री ३ महाराज लालमोहर === तत्कालीन राजा सुरेन्द्रबाटी वि.सं. १९१३ साउन २२ का दिन जङ्गबहादुरलाई [[कास्की राज्य|कास्की]] र [[लमजुङ राज्य|लमजुङ]]को महाराज घोषित गरिएको थियो। उक्त घोषणाको आधारमी जङ्गबहादुर रे उनको परिवारमी त्यहाँको महाराजको उपाधि, दुई जिल्लाहरू लगायत देशको पश्चिममी रहेको [[महाकाली अञ्चल|काली]] रे पूर्वमी [[मेची अञ्चल|मेची]]सम्मको राज्य सञ्चालनको सम्पूर्ण अधिकार प्रयोग गर्न सम्पत्तिको भोग चलन हस्तान्तरण हुने भनिएको थियो। यस बाहेक उनलाई जीवन रे मृत्युको अधिकार, सरकारका सबै तहका कर्मचारीहरूलाई नियुक्त रे बर्खास्त गर्नसक्ने अधिकार, कुनै पनि विदेशी राष्ट्रसँग सन्धिपत्रमा हस्ताक्षर गर्ने अधिकार, [[युद्धको घोषणा]] रे शान्ति सम्झौता गर्नसक्ने अधिकार, दोषीमाथि दण्ड सजाय तोक्न सक्ने अधिकार, नयाँ कानुनको निर्माण रे पुरानो कानुन (देवानी, फौजदारी र सैनिक अधिकार) खारेज गर्नसक्ने अधिकार दिइएको थियो। माथि उल्लेख गरिएका सम्पूर्ण अधिकार जङ्गबहादुरको मृत्यु पश्चात उनका भाइ रे उनका छोराहरूमी हस्तान्तरण हुँदै जाने पनि घोषणापत्रमी राखिएको थियो। यससँगै राजाबाटी समेत राज्य सञ्चालन गर्दा हुनसक्ने आन्तरिक वा बाह्य मामिलामी गल्ती वा अपराधलाई निसर्ग गर्ने अधिकार समेत जङ्गबहादुरलाई दिइएको थियो।<ref>जङ्गबहादुरको जीवन यात्रा लेखक: पद्मजङ्ग राणा अनुवादक :रामबहादुर पहाडी</ref> १९२४ माघ २२ मी जङ्गबहादुरले आफ्नो नाउँमी तल लेखिएको लालमोहर गराए- <!--End Quote--> {| align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-style:none;background-color:transparent;max-width:40em;width:60%;" | valign="top" style="color:{{{color|silver}}};font-size:{{{size|3.6em}}};font-family:serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 0;" |“ | valign="top" style="padding:0 1em;" |<center>'''श्री ५ महाराजधिराज सुरेन्द्र,श्री ५ महारजधिराज राजेन्द्र, श्री ५ महारजधिराज वलीअहद त्रैलोक्यबाट<br>श्री ३ महारज जङ्गबहादुर राणाजीके...<br>कंपू पल्टन कम्पनी भारादार जंगी मुलुकी निजामती गैर्हका नाउमा तिमीहरूले जो उर्दि देउला, सो उर्दि बजाउनु, हामीबाट अर्को कमान उर्दि बक्स्या पनि कबुल नगर्नु, तिम्रा उर्दि कमानमा नरहन्यालाई जातअनुसारको सजाय गर्न्याछन्. ...<Br>इति संवत् १९२४ साल माघसुदि १० रोज २ शुभम्'''</center> | valign="bottom" style="color:{{{color|silver}}};font-size:{{{size|3.6em}}};font-family:serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 0;" |„ |}<!--End Quote--> यो लालमोहर पछि शाह वंश नाम मात्रको राजा रे श्री ३ नै नेपालको सर्वेसर्वा हुने भयो। श्री ५ को आदेशलाई श्री ३ ले खारेज गर्न सक्ने भए। ===भारतीय सिपाही बिद्रोह, सन् १८५७=== भारतमी अंग्रेज शासनप्रति असन्तोषको भावना सन् १८५० ताका प्रारम्भ भएको थियो। यसैबीच 'सिपाही विद्रोह'का नामले स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम सुरु भयो। यो विद्रोह दमन गर्न [[इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी|इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी सरकार]]को अनुरोधमी नेपालले २ जुलाई १८५७ मी ६ रेजिमेन्ट [[भारतीय सिपाही विद्रोहमा शाही नेपाली सेना|गोर्खाली फौज]] अंग्रेजको सहायतार्थ भारततर्फ पठायो। यसका साथै लर्ड केनिङको अनुरोध अनुसार, जङ्गबहादुर आफैं तीन पल्टन सेना लिएर १० डिसेम्बर १८५७ मी लखनऊतर्फ प्रस्थान गरे। तिनले [[गोरखपुर]]देखि लखनऊसम्मका विभिन्न स्थान नियन्त्रणमी लिई विद्रोही जत्थालाई १० मार्च १८५८ सम्ममी पूर्णरूपले लखनऊबाटी हटाई अंग्रेजी प्रभुत्व कायम गरे। गोर्खाली फौज नेपाल फर्कदा 'लखनऊ लुट' गरी आए भन्ने पनि इतिहासमी चर्चा गरिएको छ। यस बारे बि.सं. १९३२ बैशाख ९ गते मंगलबार स्थापित गरिएको कालमोचन घाटको शिलापत्रमी जङ्गबहादुरले यसरी बर्णन गरेका छन्। <!--End Quote--> {| align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-style:none;background-color:transparent;max-width:40em;width:60%;" | valign="top" style="color:{{{color|silver}}};font-size:{{{size|3.6em}}};font-family:serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 0;" |“ | valign="top" style="padding:0 1em;" |'''श्रीनेपाल मुलुकका माहाजन रयेत ...''' '''... आउन्या हिन्दुस् थान् मा रह्याका बृटिस् सर्कारका फौज औ जगाजगाका राजारजौताहरू उठी बृटिस् सर्कारसंग हंगमा गरि जगाजगामा रह्याका मिम् बाबा: बाबिहरूलाई मार्दा अस्त्रिहत्या बालहत्या गर्याको हेरिरहन मुनासिब छैन भनि आफ्नु ४१ वर्षको उमेर हुदा बृटिस् सर्कारका मद्दतनिमित्त आफ्ना फौज पठाइ हंगमा गर्न्या रेबिलहरूसंग लडाञी गरि फेरि भारि फौज लि आफै गै लडाञी गरि गोरषपुर फत्त्ये गरि बृटिस् सर्कारका कम्यांडर इन चिफसंग सामेल भै लषनौ लडाञी गरि लषनौ फत्त्ये गरि यस्तै रितले रेबिल्हरूसंग २५ लडाञी गरि आफ्ना अकल् र ज्मामर्दिले बृटिस् सर्कारसंग दोस्ति बढाउदा ७२ सालमा बृटिस् सर्कारतर्फ गयाको नेपालका पश्र्वीम् तर्फको मुलुक् बृटिस् सर्कारबाट श्री नेपालसर्कारमा सपुर्त गराई बेलायत्का कुईन् बादसाहबात वजिरका नाउमा: जि:सि:बी भंन्या इलाकाप र तक्मा षलिता ...''' '''इति सम्वत् १९३१ साल मिति चैतशुदि १५ रोज ३ शुभम्''' | valign="bottom" style="color:{{{color|silver}}};font-size:{{{size|3.6em}}};font-family:serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 0;" |„ |}<!--End Quote--> ===नयाँ मुलुक फिर्ता=== [[चित्र:Naya_Muluk.png|thumb|300x300px|१८६० ई० मी नेपालले गुमेको पश्चिमी तराई फिर्ता पाए पछि "नयाँ मुलुक" भनेर चिनियो]] जङ्गबहादुरको गुणको बदला नेपाललाई के गरेर चुकाउने भन्ने कुरो भारतका बृटिस शासकहरूमी धेरै सर-सल्लाह भयो। अन्त्यमी [[सुगौली सन्धि]]द्वारा हरण गरिएको राप्तीदेखि कालीनदीसम्मको मैदानी भाग नेपाललाई फिर्ता गर्ने निधो भयो। त्यसबेला नयाँ मुलुकका रूपमी चिनिने बाँके, बर्दिया, कैलाली रे कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाको सीमारेखा २७८ किलोमिटर रहेको छ भने यसको क्षेत्रफल ९ हजार २ सय ७ वर्गकिलोमिटर छ। महत्त्वपूर्ण कुरा के रहेको छ भने जङ्गबहादुरले नयाँ मुलुकरूपी भूमिको नापनक्सा नगरी फिर्ता लिन मानेनन्। यसैकारण ब्रिटिस कमिस्नरद्वारा त्यस क्षेत्रको सर्भेक्षण गरिँदै ७ फिट अग्लो रे १० फिट गोलाइ भएको २ सय ५२ जङ्गेखम्बा (जङ्गेपिलर) खडा गरियो। दुई वर्ष लगाएर जङ्गेखम्बाका साथै दसगजा क्षेत्र कायम गरिएपछि मात्रै दुई देशबीच १५ नोभेम्बर १८६० मी सीमा सन्धि भयो। सुगौली सन्धिमी नेपालले गुमाएको यो भाग ४४ वर्षपछि नेपालले फिर्ता पायो। यस सन्धिमी भारतका भाइसराय गभर्नर जनरल अर्ल केनिङका तर्फबाटी लेफ्टिनेन्ट जनरल जर्ज र्‍यामसे रे नेपालका महाराजाधिराज सुरेन्द्रविक्रम शाहका तर्फबाटी जङ्गबहादुर राणाले १ नोभेम्बर १८६० मी काठमाडौँमी संयुक्त हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए। यसलाई गभर्नर जनरलले कलकत्तामी १५ नोभेम्बर १८६० मी अनुमोदन गरे। सन्धिको प्रारम्भिक अनुच्छेदमा 'यो भू-भाग नेपाल दरबारबाटी खटाइएको कमिस्नरको उपस्थितिमी ब्रिटिस सरकारबाटी नियुक्त कमिस्नरले दुई देशबीचको सीमारेखामी सीमांकन गरी पक्की स्तम्भहरू ठड्याई सो सीमाक्षेत्र विधिवत् नेपाली अधिकारीलाई सदाका लागि हस्तारण गरियो। यो सीमाक्षेत्र शान्तमय तरिकाले पुनःस्थापना गरी सदैव नेपालको अधीनमी रहने सुनिश्चितताका लागि दुई राष्ट्रबीच यो सन्धि गरिएको छ' भन्ने विवरण उल्लेख गरिएको छ। जङ्गबहादुरलाई सीमा संरक्षणका दृष्टिकोणमी रे नेपालको गुमेको पश्चिमी तराई भाग अंग्रेजबाटी फिर्ता लिन उनले गरेको कार्यको सराहना गर्नुपर्छ।<ref>[[बुद्धिनारायण श्रेष्ठ]]</ref> === गोरखाको बुङ्कोट विद्रोह === १९३३ सालमी लखन थापाले गोरखाको बुङ्कोटमी विद्रोह गर्दा त्यहाँ लखनका साथै उनका ६ जना सहयोगीको पनि जंगबहादुरले ज्यान लिए।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/128465|title=भीमसेन थापा क्रूर कि जंगबहादुर?|last=दिक्पाल|first=राजकुमार|date=फागुन ११, २०७८|work=हिमालखबर|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131114006/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/128465|archive-date=2024-01-31|access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref> ==जङ्गबहादुरको हत्या प्रयासहरू== # १९०३ को [[भण्डारखाल पर्व]]<br>रानी लक्ष्मीदेवीले जङ्गबहादुर रे उनका भाइहरूलाई भण्डारखालको बगैंचामी भोजको आयोजना गरि जङ्गबहादुरलाई बीष मिसाइएको खाना खान दिई हत्या गर्ने योजना बनाएकी थिइन्। पण्डित विजयराजले सो षड्यन्त्रको पोल खोलेपछि उनले रानीलाई देशनिकाला गराए। # १९०५ बैशाखमी जङबहादुर बागमती नुहाउन जाँदा मकैबारीमी दुई जना लुकेका मानिस पक्रिए। ती पक्रिएपछी बुझ्दा चौतारिया गुरुप्रसाद शाहले हतियार रे पत्र सहित पठाएका हत्यारा रहेछन्।<ref>नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास [[राजाराम सुवेदी]] पृष्ठ २३८</ref> # वि.सं. १९०७ फागुन ६ गते बेलायत भ्रमण गरी फर्केपछि जङ्गबहादुरको हत्या गर्ने षड्यन्त्र बनेको थियो। सो षड्यन्त्रमा [[बमबहादुर राणा|बमबहादुर]], [[बद्री नरसिंह राणा|बद्री नरसिंह]], जयबहादुर, करवीर खत्री, माहिला साहेबज्यू उपेन्द्रविक्रम सहभागी थिए। बमबहादुरले सो षड्यन्त्रको भण्डाफोर गरे। त्यो कुरा प्रमाणित भएकोले भारत [[इलाहाबाद|इलाहावाद]]को जेल-चलान गरी तीन जनालाई सजाय गरियो।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२३८-२३९|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> # वि.सं. १९०८ पुषमी भोटुसिंह बस्न्यातले जङ्गबहादुर रे उनका भाइहरूलाई एकै चिहान पार्ने षड्यन्त्र बनाएका थिए। सो षड्यन्त्रको पोल खुल्दा बस्न्यात सहित तीन जनालाई औलो क्षेत्र चितौनमी पठाई खेती गराए।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२३९|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> # १९३३ मा [[लखन थापा मगर|लखन थापा]]ले गोरखामी जङ्गबहादुर विरुद्ध सैन्य संगठन गरेका थिए। उनले जङ्गबहादुर गोरखामी आएका बेलामी हत्या गरि अधिराजकुमार उपेन्द्रलाई राजा बनाई शासन सत्ता हत्याउने षड्यन्त्र गरेका थिए। == सन्तानहरू == [[चित्र:Gajaraj Singh Thapa and wife.jpg|thumb|ज्वाइँ गजराजसिंह थापा रे छोरी बदनकुमारी]] उनका १३ छोराहरू रे २० छोरीहरू थिए; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lambjang and Kaski GENEALOGY |url=https://royalark.net/Nepal/lamb3.htm |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=royalark.net|language=en}}</ref> # भीम प्रताप जङ्ग राणा #[[जगतजङ्ग राणा]] #[[जीतजङ्ग राणा]] # पद्म जङ्ग राणा # बबर जङ्ग राणा # रणवीर जङ्ग राणा त्यस्तै जेठी छोरी बदन कुमारीको विवाह कर्णेल [[गजराज सिंह थापा]]सँग भएको थियो। ३ छोरीहरूको विवाह युवराज [[त्रैलोक्य वीरविक्रम शाह|त्रैलोक्य विक्रम शाह]]सँग भएको थियो। केहीको बझाङी राजा विक्रम बहादुर सिंह रे युवराज धीरेन्द्र र नरेन्द्रसँग भएको थियो। [[चित्र:Rana Jodha Jung Bahadur.jpg|thumb| भारतीय सेनाका कमाण्डिङ कर्णेल रणयोद्धा जङ्ग राणा, जङ्गबहादुरका वंशज]] ===उत्तराधिकारीको रोलक्रम === १९२४ माघ सुदि १० रोज २ मी जङ्गबहादुरले [[राणा वंशको उत्तराधिकारी रोलक्रम|श्री ३ महाराज रे प्रधानमन्त्रीको उत्तराधिकारीको रोलक्रम]] बनाए। उनले आफू पछि आफ्ना भाइहरूलाई राखे तर आफ्ना छोराहरू पछि भतिजाहरूलाई नराखी नातीलाई राखे। नातिपछी को रोलक्रममी भतिजाहरूलाई राखे। उनको यो अबैज्ञानिक रोलक्रमको नियमले राणा खलकमी जंग खलक रे शमशेर खलक बीच वैमनस्यता सुरु भयो। यसैको नतिजास्वरुप [[४२ सालको पर्व]] घट्यो जसमी शमशेर खलकले जङ्गबहादुरका छोरा जगतजंग, नाति युद्धप्रतापजंगको हत्या गरे। बाँकी जंग खलकहरूलाई काठमाडौँबाटी निर्वासित गरियो।<ref>पूर्णिमा ८७ पूर्णाङ्क २२ वर्ष ३ अङ्क सम्पादक महेशराज पन्त, दिनेशराज पन्त। </ref> == मृत्यु == वि.सं. १९३३ मी श्री ३ जङ्गबहादुरलाई '''Prince of Wales''' सँग नेपाल आएका '''Dr. Fayrer''' ले मुटुनजिक बोसो जमेको हुँदा त्यो क्रम बढ्दै गए छिटै मृत्यु हुन सक्ने भविष्यवाणी गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/129509|title=जङ्गबहादुरको मृत्यु स्वाभाविक कि हत्या?|last=दिक्पाल|first=राजकुमार|date=२७ वैशाख २०७९|website=हिमालखबर|publisher=हिमालमिडिया प्रा.लि|accessdate=१४ जेष्ठ २०७९|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202143814/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/129509|archive-date=2024-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> १९३३ सालमी जङ्गबहादुर सिकारको लागि तराई जाने भए। हनुमानढोका दरबारमी सुरेन्द्र विक्रम शाह महाराजधिराजसित मदेश शिकारमी जान बिदा हुने बेलामी "यस पाला त म निकै गले, शिकारबाटी यहाँ फर्केर सरकारको दर्शन गर्न आउन पाउँदिन कि क्या, त्यसैले सरकारसित एउटा विन्ती गर्छु" भनेर जङ्गबहादुरले भन्दा राजा सुरेन्द्र विक्रमले ," के कुरा सम्धी , भन न।" अनि जङ्गबहादुरले भने - "उहिलेको जस्तै गरि सरकारलाई आफ्नो बुइमी चढाएर तल चोकसम्म सवारी चलाउने इच्छा छ।" अनि बोकेर [[नासल चोक]]मी पुर्याई त्यतैबाटी बिदा भएर उनी मधेश तिर लागे। फागुन १३ गते रगत बान्ता रे झाडा भएर आधा रातमी जेलाई पनि सेतो देख्ने भइ पत्थरघट्टा [[बागमती नदी|बागमती नदि]] तटमी श्री ३ जङ्गबहादुरले प्राण विसर्जन गरे। उनीसँग उनका तीन रानी हिरण्यगर्भकुमारी, पुतलीनानी रे मिश्री महारानी [[सती प्रथा|सति]] गए। हिरण्यकुमारीले टोपी, पुतलीनानीले लबेदा रे मिश्री महारानीले जुत्तासँग बेग्लाबेग्लै चितामी जलेर जङ्गबहादुरका नाममी सति गए। दागबत्ती दिने काममी पद्मजङ राणाले गरेका थिए।<ref name=":1">नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास [[राजाराम सुवेदी]] पृष्ठ २४१</ref> फागुन १६ गते दाहसंस्कार भयो।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२४२|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> ===श्राद्ध=== हरेक वर्ष फागुन शुक्लद्वादशी रे सोह्रश्राद्धमी समेतगरी दुई पटक जङ्गबहादुरको श्राद्ध गरिन्छ। जङ्गको श्राद्ध त्रिपुरेश्वरको कालमोचन घाटस्थित ‘जङ्ग हिरण्य हेम नारायण मन्दिर’ हाताभित्र जङ्गबहादुर राणाको शालिकको आड सरकारी खर्चमी गरिन्छ। सरकारी खर्चमी देशमी एकजना जङ्गबहादुरको मात्र श्राद्ध हुने गरेको गुठी संस्थानले गर्छ। शुरुमी उनको श्राद्ध कौसीतोषखाना नामको सरकारी अड्डाले गर्दथ्यो। २०२० सालपछि भने यो श्राद्ध [[गुठी संस्थान]]ले गर्न थालेको हो। ==सुधारहरू== ===प्रशासनिक सुधार=== * वि.सं. १९०८ फागुन १ मी जङ्गबहादुरले हनुमानढोका दरबार भित्रको भण्डारखाल नेर संसद् भवनको (Parliament House) को निर्माण गरे। त्यस ठाउँमी उनले भारदारी कचहरी पनि आयोजना गर्दथे।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२३९|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> * कौसल अड्डा (भारदारी सभा) रे जङ्गी तथा निजामती जागिरदारहरूको नाम, थर रे दर्जाको अभिलेख राख्न ‘[[कमाण्डरी किताबखाना|किताबखाना]]’ अड्डा स्थापना<ref>[https://www.pis.gov.np/pages/details/about {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130080327/https://www.pis.gov.np/pages/details/about |date=2021-01-30 }} राष्ट्रिय किताबखाना संक्षिप्त परिचय]]</ref> * घूस खाने रे खुवाउनेहरू दुवैको छानबिन गरी सजायका निम्ति धर्मकचहरीको स्थापना<ref>[https://www.nijamatikhabar.com/archives/2957 नेपालको न्यायिक विकासक्रमबारे] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305164009/https://www.nijamatikhabar.com/archives/2957 |date=2020-03-05 }}</ref>राणाकालमी जङ्गबहादुरले भारदारी कौशल रे धर्म कचहरी नामक अदालत स्थापना गरेका थिए। उनले १९१० सालमी मुलुकी ऐन जारी गरेका थिए। * मालमोत उठाउन मुखिया ‘चौधरीहरू’ को बन्दोबस्त। आफ्नो क्षेत्रको जग्गा जमीनको मालपोत चौधरीले नउठाए त्यस वापतको पोत उसैले भर्नुपर्ने नियम बसालियो। मालपोत उठाउने काम वापत चौधरीलाई गाउँघरका सानातिना मुद्दामामिलाको छिनोफानो गर्न पाउने अधिकार दिइएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/13023 |title=जङ्गबहादुरको उज्याला पाटा |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015185007/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/13023 |archive-date=2023-10-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ghatanarabichar.com/46403 |title=जङ्गबहादुरले के गरे, ‘यी’ नेता के गर्दै छन् ? |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015184957/https://www.ghatanarabichar.com/46403 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *वि.सं १९२४ मी जङ्गबहादुरले बेलायतको नक्कल गरी आफ्ना रानी रे भाइहरूका नारीहरू जम्मा पारी लेडिज कोर्टको स्थापना गरे। त्यहाँ सबैले पालैपालो बोल्ने मौका पाउँथे। तर त्यसै साल अनिकाल परेकोले त्यो लेडिज कोर्टको त्यति महत्त्व नेपालीले बुझेनन्।<ref>नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास [[राजाराम सुवेदी]] पृष्ठ २४१</ref> *१९२४ को अनिकाल, विपत्ति आइपरेका समयमी उपयोग गर्ने गरी कौशीअड्डामी आफ्नो तर्फबाटी जङ्गबहादुरले ११ करोड रुपियाँ जम्मा गरी प्रत्येक जिल्लामी "धर्मभकारी" खडा गर्ने उर्दी पिटाए।<ref name=":1" /><br>वि.स. १९२५ मी जङ्गबहादुरले भाइ, छोरा, भतिजा, भारदार जङ्गी, निजामती, गुरु, पुरोहित, सन्त, महन्त, साहस–महाजन, भलाद्मी, रैती, दुनियाँ सकललाई जम्मा गराउनका लागि ठाउँ ठाउँमी सूचना टाँस गरे, इस्तिहार जारी गरे, ढ्याङ्ग्रो पिटाए र [[टुँडिखेल]]को ऐतिहासिक खरीको रुखको चौतारामुनि ठूलो भेला गराए। उक्त जनभेलालाई सम्बोधन गर्दै जङ्गबहादुरले भनेका थिए, ‘देशमी संकटकालीन अवस्था आई परेमी, दैवी प्रकोप परेमी मात्र राष्ट्रको ढुकुटी (कौसी तोखाखाना)को प्रयोग गर्नु अन्यथा नगर्नू, बरु पछि हुने शासकले यस ढुकुटीमी थप गर्दै जानू। मैले आजका मितिमी यो ढुकुटीमी जम्मा ११ करोड रूपैयाँ राखिदिएको छु भन्दै सार्वजनिक घोषणा गरे। ===कानुनी सुधार=== *[[मुलुकी ऐन]] जारी<br> यद्यपि त्यो ऐनमी एउटै खालको अपराधमी पनि जातका आधारमी मृत्युदण्ड रे फरक कैद सजायको व्यवस्था थियो। * अङ्ग भङ्ग गर्ने कानुन अन्त्य * ‘बोक्सी’ को आरोप लगाउने रुढिवादी पक्षधरहरूलाई दण्ड सजायको व्यवस्था === सामाजिक-आर्थिक सुधार === [[चित्र:Sign Post 2.jpg|thumb|इलाममी राखिएको बोर्ड]] *[[गिद्धेप्रेस]]को स्थापना; यसै प्रेसबाटी मुलुकी ऐन छापिएको थियो। *[[जनगणना]] जसमी ५२ लाखको आँकडा निस्किएको थियो। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ekantipur.com/koseli/2018/09/08/1536378025576267.html|title=जङ्गबहादुर जुगको जनगणना|last=|first=प्रा.डा. जनकराज सापकोटा|date=भदौ २३, २०७५|website=कान्तिपुर दैनिक; कोसेली |publisher=कान्तिपुर|accessdate=भदौ २३, २०७५}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://annapurnapost.com/news/143090|title=ठूले लामा, जङ्ग–जनगणना अनि १२२ वर्षअघिको पाइखाना अड्डा|last=|first=प्रा.डा. जगदीशचन्द्र रेग्मी|date=२८ मङि्सर २०७६|website=अन्नपूर्ण|publisher=अन्नपूर्ण|accessdate=२८ मङि्सर २०७६}}</ref> * अविवाहित महिलाले अंश पाउने व्यवस्था * पहाड, मधेश र दुर्गम भेगमी हुलाकको बन्दोबस्त *[[सिंहदरबार वैद्यखाना|वैद्यखाना]]को विस्तार<ref>[https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JMMIHS/article/view/19182/15689 History of Pharmaceutical Development in Nepal Dharma Prasad Khanal M Pharm PhD]</ref> * बिफर जस्तो घातक रोग विरुद्ध लड्न खोप लगाउने प्रणाली<br>नेपाल आएका बेलायती चिकित्सक ओल्डफिल्डका अनुसार जङ्गबहादुर राणाले पहिलोपटक आफ्ना जेठा छोरालाई सन् १८५० मी बिफरविरुद्धको खोप लगाउन अनुमति दिएबमोजिम उनै ओल्डफिल्डले लगाइदिए । जङ्गबहादुरले १९०६ मी नै बिफर विरुद्ध खोप लगाउने योजना गरे। राज्यभरि नै खोप लगाउने योजनासहित सबैतिर कर्मचारी पठाए। त्यति वेला यो रोग देवीदेउता रिसाएर लागेको भनिन्थ्यो। त्यही रुढिवादी विश्वासका कारण पहाडतिरका जनताले खोप कार्यक्रमको घोर विरोध गरे। तर, श्री ३ जङ्गले कार्यक्रम सफल नै गराए। धेरै प्रयासपछि नेपालबाटी सन् १९७७ (२०३२ साल) मी उन्मूलन भयो। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/112906?fbclid=IwAR3V1qZ2gDsmdSXTMoeK_FeTTPHnxi6-uzw_k4K-mfPB0nAnEfIMGO5FZxM|title=बिफरको महामारी: देवी खुशी पार्न चक्कुले घाउ पारिन्थ्यो:|last=|first=भैरव रिसाल|date=चैत २४, २०७६|website=हिमालखबर|publisher=हिमालखबर|accessdate=चैत २४, २०७६|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015185003/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/112906?fbclid=IwAR3V1qZ2gDsmdSXTMoeK_FeTTPHnxi6-uzw_k4K-mfPB0nAnEfIMGO5FZxM|archive-date=2023-10-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> * १९२३ सालमी ठाउँठाउँमा धर्मभकारी खडा गराएर अन्न जम्मा गर्ने प्रचलन, रशद गोदाम अड्डा (हालको [[नेपाल खाद्य संस्थान]])को स्थापना<ref>[http://www.nfc.com.np/ नेपाल खाद्य तथा व्यापार कम्पनी लिमिटेड ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभुमि] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430194522/http://www.nfc.com.np/ |date=2020-04-30 }}</ref>। वि.सं. १९२६ मी काठमाडौँमी भयंकर अनिकाल पर्दा सरकारले तराईबाट तुरुन्तै चामल झिकाई रु.१ को चार पाथीको दरले बिक्री गर्‍यो। धर्मभकारीका लागि अन्न जोहो गर्न मालपोत लिंदा आधा नगद र आधा जिन्सी लिने गरिएको थियो। यो काम गर्न तराईमी जमीनदार चौधरी र पटवारीलाई, पहाडतर्फ थरी, मुखिया, जिम्मावाललाई तोकिन्थ्यो। * वन संरक्षणका लागि ‘काठमाल’ अड्डा खोली रूख काट्नेहरूलाई सजाय दिने व्यवस्था *[[इलाम जिल्ला|इलाम]] [[चियाखेती|चिया खेति]]को सुरुवात<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://halokhabar.com/news-details/2248/2019-08-17 |title=नेपालमी चिया खेतीको इतिहास यस्तो छ |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2020-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407061617/https://halokhabar.com/news-details/2248/2019-08-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://ncfd.gov.np/public/kcfinder/upload/files/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%282%29.pdf चिया खेती म्यानुअल] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331143732/http://www.ncfd.gov.np/public/kcfinder/upload/files/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2(2).pdf |date=2020-03-31 }}</ref> ===रक्षा क्षेत्र सुधार=== * [[रसुवागढी]] रे [[कोदारी|कोदारीगढी]]को निर्माण गरे। *[[नेपाली जङ्गी अड्डा|जङ्गी अड्डा]]को स्थापना<ref>[https://books.google.com.np/books?id=CVLeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=jangi+adda&source=bl&ots=XDaTJr8Ec0&sig=ACfU3U0lPpWCp1nx6ozd9G0gw5XhuCJy8g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtveva_dPoAhWL4jgGHa4vCWYQ6AEwI3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=jangi%20adda&f=false Military and Democracy in Nepal page 103]</ref> *देशको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सीमा छुट्याउन जङ्गबहादुरले सन् १८६० को अक्टोबरदेखि एक–एक माइलमी सीमास्तम्भ राख्ने कार्यारम्भ गरे, जसलाई जङ्गे पिलरका रूपमी पनि चिनिन्छ। *नेपाल राज्यको नापी गराई नक्शा सम्पन्न * पहिलोपटक नेपालमै तोप कारखाना स्थापित ===नेपालको शैक्षिक विकासमा जङ्गबहादुर=== [[चित्र:Durbar High School 6.jpg|thumb|दरबार हाई स्कुल|300px]] नेपालमी परम्परागत संस्कृत रे बौद्ध शिक्षाको प्रचलन रही रहेको बेला वि.सं. १९१० मी [[दरबार हाई स्कुल|दरबार स्कुल]]को स्थापनासँगै नेपालमी अङ्ग्रेजी शिक्षा प्रणालीको सुरुआत भएको थियो।<Ref> [https://moe.gov.np/content/historical-background.html नेपाल सरकार शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय नेपालमी शिक्षा विकासका केही तथ्यहरू ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407060922/https://moe.gov.np/content/historical-background.html |date=2020-04-07 }} </ref> राणाकालको १०४ वर्ष नै यस्तो रहृयो जब कुनै न कुनै रूपमी नेपालले उच्च शिक्षा मात्र होइन पाश्चात्य शिक्षाको पनि जग हाल्न सक्यो। राणा शासनका संस्थापक एवं प्रथम राणा प्रधानमन्त्री रे कास्की तथा लमजुङका श्री ३ महाराज जङ्गबहादुर कुँवर राणाजी नै यस्ता थिए जसले नेपालमी पाश्चात्य शिक्षाको जग बसाले। ई.१८५० मी एसियाकै पहिलो प्रधानमन्त्रीका रूपमी विट्रेनको भ्रमणमी पुगेका जङ्गबहादुरले [[ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य|वि्रटिश साम्राज्य]]ले गर्न सकेको विश्व विजय रे प्रगतिको पछाडि उसको शैक्षिक जागरण नै कारक रहेको हृदयङ्गम गरी आफ्ना छोराहरूमी पनि त्यस्तो शिक्षा दिन सकियोस् भन्ने हेतुले नै नेपालमी पाश्चात्य शिक्षाको जग बसालेका थिए। [[चित्र:Janga Bahadur Rana.jpg|thumb|जङ्गबहादुरको तस्वीर]] प्रारम्भमी जङ्गबहादुरकै गोल बैठकमी यो पाश्चात्य शिक्षाको श्री गणेश भएको कारण पछिबाटी नेपालको पाश्चात्य ढर्राको माध्यमिक शिक्षण संस्थाको प्रथम नाम नै 'दरबार हाइस्कूल' पर्न गयो। तीनताका राणा प्रधानमन्त्री जङ्गबहादुरको निवास थापाथलीमी थियो र '[[थापाथली दरबार|थापाथली दरवार]]' कहिन्थ्यो। सोही दरबारमी रहेको उनको भव्य गोलबैठकमी अङ्ग्रेजी शिक्षक मास्टर क्यानिंङले उनका छोराहरूलाई पाश्चात्य शिक्षा दिन थालेपछि विधिवत नेपालमी अङ्ग्रेजी शिक्षाको जग बस्यो। यो वि.सं. १९९१ सालको कुरा थियो। शुरुका जङ्गबहादुरका छोराहरूले मात्र पढ्ने यस गोलबैठक शिक्षामी क्रमशः उनका भाइ, भतिजाहरू पनि संलग्न हुन थाले। त्यसैगरी क्रमशः दरबारिया भाइ भारदारका छोराहरूले पनि यसमी पढ्ने छुट पाउँदै गए। अन्ततः द्वितीय राणा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दिप सिंह बहादुर राणा|रणोद्विपसिंह]] का पालामी वि.सं. १९४८ मी उक्त गोल बैठकमी हुने पाश्चात्य पढाइ कार्यका लागि [[रानी पोखरी]]को पश्चिमतर्फ एक पृथक भवन बनाई उक्त पठनपाठन कार्य त्यही स्थानान्तरण गरेपछि नै नेपालमी औपचारिक ढङ्गले माध्यमिक स्तरको पाश्चात्य शिक्षाको प्रादुर्भाव हुन सकेको हो। == नीति == ===परराष्ट्र नीति=== जङ्गबहादुर कुंंवर एकछत्र शासन गर्ने सर्वेसर्वा प्राइमिनिष्टर भएर चम्किए पछि [[नेपालको परराष्ट्र सम्बन्ध|नेपालको परराष्ट्र नीति]] पनि बदलियो। युरोप भ्रमण पछि जङ्गबहादुरले "अंग्रेजसँग जुध्ने पनि होइन, निहुरिने पनि होइन" भन्ने द्वैध नीति लिए। श्री ३ जङ्ग अङ्ग्रेजका समर्थक थिए। तर काठमाडौँ उपत्यकाभित्र रहेका रेसिडेन्ट ( आवासीय दूत)लाई स्वेच्छापूर्वक घुम्न रे नेपालीहरूलाई रेसिडेन्टभित्र प्रवेश गर्न सरकारी अनुमति अनिवार्य रूपमी लिनुपर्ने व्यवस्था जङ्गबहादुरले गरेका थिए। बि.सं. १९२१ असारमी जङ्गबहादुरले अंग्रेज राजदूत रे निजका सबै मानिसको निको चाल नदेख्ता स्वेच्छाले आफ्नो आज्ञा विना घुम्न प्रतिबन्ध लगाए। राणा शासन भरी यो नीति कायम रहिरह्यो। [[अवध]]की [[बेगम हजरत महल]] नेपालमी शरण मिलेको थियो।<ref>Hibbert (1980); pp. 386–387</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Krishna|first=Sharmila|title=Far from the madding crowd she lies, forlorn & forgotten|url=http://oudh.tripod.com/bhm/bhmfar.htm|accessdate=3 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express|The Indian Express - LUCKNOW]]|date=11 June 2002|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001546/http://oudh.tripod.com/bhm/bhmfar.htm}}</ref> भोटलाई लडाइँमी पराजित गरी [[थापाथली सन्धि]] गरे। ===अर्थ नीति=== जङ्गबहादुरले नेपालको धन विदेशमी लान वा विदेशी बैङ्कमी राख्न सक्त मनाही गरेका थिए । जहिले पनि धनबल, जनबल विदेशिनबाटी रोकिराख्नु पर्छ । वास्तवमी आफ्नो जनशक्ति, आर्थिक शत्ति विदेशियो भने देश कमजोर हुने उनको बुझाइ थियो । आफूलाई केही पर्दा असहाय होइन्छ भन्ने अर्को दृढ विश्वास थियो । सरकारले धनसम्पत्ति विदेशी बैङ्कमी राख्नु हुँदैन, धनीमानी जनहरूले पनि विदेशमी पैसा लानु, राख्नु हुँदैन भन्थे । अघि राजा [[रणबहादुर शाह]]ले धर्म गरेर गुठी जग्गा राखेका रहेछन्, त्यो गुठी जग्गा हिनामिना भएछ । नेपाल सरकारले ब्रिटिस सरकारसँग अर्दाश गरेछ । ब्रिटिस सरकारले तिम्रो देशको जग्गाजमिन तिम्रो खुस हुन्छ, हाम्रो देशको जमिनको हाम्रो खुस हुन्छ भनेपछि नेपाल सरकार नाजवाफ भएछ । धर्मकर्म गर्नुपरे, गुठी राख्नुपरे आफ्नै देशमी गर्नु, आफ्नै देशमी राख्नु भनेर जङ्गबहादुरले त ऐननै बनाएका थिए । जङ्गबहादुरले देशलाई बलियो समृद्ध बनाउने जनतालाई सुखी बनाउने भनेर नेपाली जनताहरूलाई ब्रिटिस रेजिमेन्टमी भर्ना हुन रोके, नेपालको रे नेपालीको नगद धन विदेश लान दिएनन् । धर्म गर्न विदेशमा किन ? त्यसका लागि धन विदेशमा लानुपर्‍यो ? आफ्नै देशमी धर्मकर्म गर्नू, गुठी राख्नू, सदावर्त चलाउनू, देशमी गरेको धर्मकीर्ति दिगो हुन्छ, सन्तान–दरसन्तानसम्म चल्छ भनेर ऐन बनाए । परन्तु उनका यी ऐन–नियम उनका पालाभरि मात्र चले, रहे । <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ekantipur.com/bibidha/2019/04/13/155512268357058035.html|title=अनि जनबल र धनबल विदेशियो|last=नेपाल|first=ज्ञानमणि|website=कान्तिपुर }}</ref> ==मन्दिर== [[चित्र:Statue_of_Jang_Bahadur_Rana_at_Kalmochan_Temple.jpg|thumb|alt=|left|600x600px|कालमोचन मन्दिरमी रहेको श्री ३ जङ्गको शालिक]] श्री ३ जङ्गले मन्दिर रे गुम्बाहरूको मर्मत रे आवश्यक परेको ठाउँमी जीर्णोद्धार पनि गराए। पशुपति मृगस्थलीमी विश्वरूपको विशाल मूर्तिको साथै मन्दिर स्थापना गराए। वागमती नदीको तीरमी कालमोचनदेखि पंचायनसम्म घाट समेत बनाउन लगाए। * कालमोचन मन्दिर [[चित्र:Kalmochan_Temple.jpg|thumb|कालमोचन मन्दिर]] गोत्र हत्या रे अन्य नरसंहारको पापमोचन गर्न जङ्गबहादुरले काठमाडौँको थापाथलीमी कालमोचन मन्दिर रे घाट निर्माण गर्न लगाएका थिए। कालमोचन परिसरमै लक्ष्मी– नारायणको मन्दिर बनाए। कालमोचन घाट परिसरमी दुईतले मन्दिर छ। लक्ष्मी–नारायणको मन्दिर भए पनि यसको खास नाम ‘जङ्ग–हिरण्य–हेम मन्दिर हो। तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री श्री ३ जङ्गबहादुरले १ सय ४५ वर्षअघि आफू, आफ्नी रानी रे छोराको नाममी यो मन्दिर बनाएका थिए। जङ्गबहादुरले आफ्नो जीवनको अन्तिम क्षणतिर यही मन्दिरमी आएर धार्मिक अनुष्ठान गरेका इतिहास थिए। <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://samachardainik.com/news-details/20209/2019-05-22 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2021-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614044408/https://samachardainik.com/news-details/20209/2019-05-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> वरिपरि चारवटा नारायणको मठ राखेर अगाडिपट्टि अग्लो स्तम्भमी आफ्नै शालिक खडा गरे। जङ्गबहादुरको स्तम्भमी विसं १९३१ सालमी खोपिएको शिलालेख देख्न सकिन्छ। ढुंगाको कछुवामाथि रहेको ढुंगाकै १५ फिट अग्लो स्तम्भमाथि जङ्गबहादुरको पूर्णकदको शालिक छ। कालमोचनमी [[दशनामी सन्यासी अखडा]] [[बैरागी अखडा]] [[उदासी अखडा]] गरी तीन अखडा छन्। ती अखडामा छुट्टाछुट्टै सम्प्रदायका बाबाहरू रे छुट्टै संस्कार हुन्छ। विभिन्न ठाउँबाटी आएका साधुसन्तका लागि लक्षित गरी राणाले निर्माण गरेका थिए। * [[राम मन्दिर, थापाथली|राम मन्दिर]] * जङ्ग–हिरण्य–हेमेश्वर मन्दिर (नरबेश्वर ) * जङ्ग–हिरण्य–हेमनारायण मन्दिर * गोपाल मन्दिर * [[दशनामी सन्यासी अखडा]] * [[बैरागी अखडा]] * [[उदासी अखडा]] * नाथ अखडा * पान्चायन * जङ्ग नन्देश्वर शिव मन्दिर * तीन शिवालय (दीप मुक्तेश्वर, नन्द मुक्तेश्वर, जगन्नन मुक्तेश्वर) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_142_05.pdf |title=कालमोचनघाट रे आसपासका मठ, मन्दिर एवं सत्तलहरू |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2024-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629034902/https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_142_05.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[चित्र:Kalmochanghat.jpg|कालमोचन मन्दिर]] [[चित्र:Kalmochanghat.jpg|thumb|368x368px|कालमोचन मन्दिर]] ==पद टिप्पणीहरू== {{reflist|group=note}} {{notelist}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT|राणा, जङ्गबहादुर}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:राणा प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली सेनाका प्रधान सेनापतिहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका प्रधान सेनापतिहरू]] [[श्रेणी:विश्वका चर्चित व्यक्तित्वहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको पहिलो]] [[श्रेणी:कोत पर्व]] [[श्रेणी:भण्डारखाल पर्व]] [[श्रेणी:जङ्ग खलक]] [[श्रेणी:कुँवर खलक]] [[श्रेणी:पदमा रहँदा नै मृत्यु हुने व्यक्तिहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जङ्गबहादुर राणा| ]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली हिन्दुहरू]] [[श्रेणी:खस जाति]] ==यि लै हेर== {{Stub}} {{नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीअन}} [[श्रेणी : जीवनी]] meic54wte7lm8wgcmi07mpqas3epxsh 0 975 270577 255733 2026-11-07T23:55:56Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamaica | native_name={{native name|jam|Jumieka}} | common_name = Jamaica | image_flag = Flag of Jamaica.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Jamaica.svg | image_map = Jamaica (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = | national_motto = "Out of Many, One People" | national_anthem = "[[Jamaica, Land We Love]]"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:"Jamaica, Land We Love", performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}}</div> | royal_anthem = "[[God Save the Queen]]"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]}}</div> | official_languages = [[Jamaican English|English]] | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = {{nowrap|[[Jamaican Patois]] {{small|(''[[de facto]]'')}}}} | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |92.1% [[Afro-Jamaican|African (Black)]]<br>{{small|(incl. 25% mixed [[Irish people in Jamaica|Irish Jamaican]])}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/welcome-to-sligoville-the-story-of-the-irish-in-jamaica-1.3225038|title=Welcome to Sligoville: The story of the Irish in Jamaica|first=Olive|last=Collins|website=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html|title= CIA World Factbook (Jamaica)|publisher= United States Government|access-date= 15 May 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180708045958/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html|archive-date= 8 July 2018|url-status= dead}}</ref> |6.1% Mixed (non-Black) |0.8% [[Indo-Jamaican|Indian]] |0.4% Other |0.7% Unspecified}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name=WorldFactbook/> | religion = {{vunblist | 68.9% [[Christians|Christian]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2017-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708045958/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html |archive-date=8 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>| 21.3% None| 6.5% Other<br/> (including [[Afro-American religion]]s, [[Muslim]], [[Hindu]], [[Buddhist]], and [[Jewish]])| 2.3% Not stated|1.1% [[Rastafari]]an}} | demonym = [[Jamaican people|Jamaican]] | capital = [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] | coordinates = {{Coord|17|58|17|N|76|47|35|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]}} [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Jamaica|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]] | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Governor-General of Jamaica|Governor-General]]}} | leader_name2 = [[Patrick Allen (Governor-General)|Patrick Allen]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Jamaica|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Andrew Holness]] | leader_title4 = [[List of Chief Justices of Jamaica|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Bryan Sykes (judge)|Bryan Sykes]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Jamaica|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Jamaica|Senate]] | lower_house = {{nowrap|[[House of Representatives of Jamaica|House of Representatives]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[Independence of Jamaica|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = Granted | established_date1 = 6 August 1962 | area_rank = 160th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 10,991 | area_sq_mi = 4,244 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 1.5 | population_census = 2,697,983<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statinja.gov.jm/Census/PopCensus/PopulationUsuallyResidentinJamaicabyParish.aspx |title=Population Usually Resident in Jamaica, by Parish: 2011 |publisher=Statistical Institute of Jamaica |access-date=2019-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226005702/https://statinja.gov.jm/Census/PopCensus/PopulationUsuallyResidentinJamaicabyParish.aspx |archive-date=26 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2011 | population_estimate = 2,726,667<ref name="esa.un.org">{{cite web |url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=Data Query Total Population by sex (thousands) |publisher=UNITED NATIONS/DESA/POPULATION DIVISION |accessdate=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 141st | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_density_km2 = 266<ref name="esa2.un.org">{{cite web |url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=Data Query — Population density (persons per square km), as of 1 July |publisher=UNITED NATIONS/DESA/POPULATION DIVISION |accessdate=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 688 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = $26.981 billion<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=66&pr.y=12&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=343&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 134th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,434<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 109th | GDP_nominal = $15.424 billion<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 119th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $5,393<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 35 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708045958/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html |archive-date=8 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.726 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking |title=Human Development Report 2019 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=10 December 2019 |accessdate=10 December 2019 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322121226/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ROU.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 96th | currency = [[Jamaican dollar]] | currency_code = JMD | country_code = | time_zone = | utc_offset = -5 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[Area codes 876 and 658|+1-876]]<br/>[[Area codes 876 and 658|+1-658]] <small>([[Overlay plan|Overlay]] of 876; active in November 2018)</small> | cctld = [[.jm]] }} '''जमैका''' [[उत्तर अमेरिका|उत्तर अमेरिका]] मि रयाको एक देश हो। ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} ==देशहरू== #[[एन्टिगुआ र बर्बुडा|एन्टिगुआ र बर्बुडा]] #[[बहामस|बहामस]] # [[बार्बाडोस|बार्बाडोस]] # [[बेलिज|बेलिज]] # [[क्यानाडा|क्यानाडा]] #[[कोस्टारिका|कोस्टारिका]] #[[क्युबा|क्युबा]] #[[डोमिनिका|डोमिनिका]] #[[डोमिनिकन गणतन्त्र|डोमिनिकन गणतन्त्र]] #[[एल साल्भादोर|एल साल्भादोर]] #[[ग्रिनाडा|ग्रिनाडा]] #[[ग्वाटेमाला|ग्वाटेमाला]] #[[हाईटी|हाईटी]] #[[होन्डुरस|होन्डुरस]] #[[जमैका|जमैका]] #[[मेक्सिको|मेक्सिको]] #[[निकाराग्वा|निकाराग्वा]] #[[पानामा|पानामा]] #[[सेन्ट किट्स र नेविस|सेन्ट किट्स र नेविस]] #[[सेन्ट लुसिया|सेन्ट लुसिया]] #[[सेन्ट भिन्सेन्ट र ग्रेनाडाइन्स|सेन्ट भिन्सेन्ट र ग्रेनाडाइन्स]] #[[त्रिनिडाड र टोबागो|त्रिनिडाड र टोबागो]] #[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] ==यी लै हेर== * [[अन्टार्क्टिका|अन्टार्टिका]] * [[अफ्रिका|अफ्रिका]] * [[एसिया|एसिया]] * [[अस्ट्रेलिया महादेश|अस्ट्रेलिया]] * [[दक्षिण अमेरिका|दक्षिण अमेरिका]] * [[युरोप|युरोप]] [[श्रेणी:विश्वका देशअन]] [[Category:उत्तर अमेरिकामी पड्ड्या देश]] f5ie7zawezadl6nmbocb51p9vig41jj 0 1000 270578 260362 2026-11-07T23:58:54Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Actor |name = जितु नेपाल |image = Jeetu Nepal.JPG |birthname = जितु नेपाल |birthdate = बि. सं. २०३२ असार १<ref name=Srijan /> |location = [[काठमाडौं]], [[नेपाल]] | occupation = अभिनेता, निर्देशक, पार्श्वगायक<ref name=Srijan.Karki>{{cite web|last=Jeetu Nepal|first=Occupation|title=जितु नेपालको पेशा|url=https://www.merolog.com/nepal/biography-of-jitu-nepalmundre/|work=MJ Guthrie|accessdate=20 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609103031/https://www.merolog.com/nepal/biography-of-jitu-nepalmundre/|archive-date=9 June 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> |yearsactive = सन् २००३ बठेइ अच्याल सम्म | spouse = मुना नेपाल | children = समृद्धि नेपाल <br/> सक्षम नेपाल<ref name=SrijanKarki /> | othername = मुन्द्रे | academyawards = टिटिभी पुरस्कार<ref name=Srijan_Karki /> |}} '''जितु नेपाल''' नेपालाः यक चर्चित हाँस्य कलाकार हुन। उनलाई "मुन्द्रे" भणीबर लगै पछ्याड्डान। उन हाँस्य टेलिश्रिङ्खला बठेइ दर्शकअन लाई मनोरन्जन दिन्या अद्दान। जितु नेपालले "ट्वाक्क टुक्क" नामक हाँस्य टेलिशृङ्खला बठेइ चलचित्र जीवनोः सुरूवात गर्याः हुन। तै पाछा जितु नेपालले लगभग तीन दर्जन [[चलचित्र]]मी अभिनय लै अरिसकिराइछन पुइलै उन लाई चलचित्र तिर तति मोह आथिन।<ref name=Srijan-Karki>{{cite news|title=इन्टर पास त गरेको छु “मुन्द्रे”|url=http://kuwaitnepal.com/2010/09/22/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6/|accessdate=25 July 2013|date=22/09/2010|archive-date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911112748/http://kuwaitnepal.com/2010/09/22/%e0%a4%87%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8b-%e0%a4%9b%e0%a5%81-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a6/}}</ref> उनलाई अच्याल दर्शकसामु मुन्द्रे भणिबर पछ्याणाउन्या टेलिश्रिङ्खला भँण्या [[जिरे खुर्सानी]] हो। जितु नेपाल रे शिवहरि पौडेलले जिरे खुर्सानी टेलिश्रिङ्खला सन् २००३ बठेइ [[नेपाल टेलिभिजन]] बठेइ सञ्चालनमी ल्यायाः हुन। येइ टेलिचलचित्रमी जितु नेपाल लाई चेलाः भुमिकामी धेक्द पाइन्छ।<ref name=Srijan_Karki>{{cite web|last=Jeetu|first=Nepal|title=जितु नेपालको जिवनी|url=http://medianp.tv/biography-of-jitu-nepalmundre/|publisher=Medianptv|accessdate=10 July 2013|archive-date=9 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071144/http://medianp.tv/biography-of-jitu-nepalmundre/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==कुन्की जिन्नगी== जितु नेपालोः जनम बि. सं. २०३२ असार १ गते भयाः हो।<ref name=Srijan>{{cite web|last=Jeetu Nepal|first=Birthday|title=जितु नेपालको जन्मदिन|url=http://www.ebaglung.com/?p=102589|work=अर्जुनकुमार संग्रौला/उज्यालो|publisher=ebaglung.com|accessdate=20 July 2013}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> जितु नेपालले बि. सं. २०४८ सालमी [[सिन्धुपाल्चोक जिल्ला|सिन्धुपाल्चोकाः]] जाल्पा मावि बठेइ [[प्रवेशिका परीक्षा|एसएलसी]] परिक्षा दियाः हुन। एसएलसी परिक्षामी उनरो सिम्बोल नम्बर ३७९५५'यु' थ्यो। जितुले एसएलसी दोसरा श्रेणीमी अरिराइथ्यो। तै वर्ष उनरो विद्यालय बठेइ ४०/४५ जनाले एसएलसी परिक्षा दियाबरलै उन सुद्दाँ ५ जना मात्तरी उत्तीर्ण भयाः थ्या।<ref name=Srijan_karki>{{cite news|title=‘मुन्द्रे’को एसएसलसी सेकेन्ड डिभिजन|url=http://www.onlinekhabar.com/2013/06/80945/|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=onlinekhabar.com|date=28 Jestha 2070|archive-date=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727222855/http://www.onlinekhabar.com/2013/06/80945/}}</ref> जितु नेपालले बि. सं. २०५९ फागुन १३ गते मुना नेपाल सित मागी ब्या अर्याः हुन। उनरो ब्या [[तुलसी घिमिरे]], शिवहरि पौडेल, [[दीपकराज गिरी]], [[दीपाश्री निरौला]] जसा और भउतै चर्चित कलाकारअनैः उपस्थिति थि। जितु रे मुना नेपालाः दुइ सन्तान छन्। उनरि चेली समृद्धिको बि.सं. २०६१ सालमी रे चेला सक्षमको बि.सं. २०६३ सालमी जनम भयाः हो।<ref name=SrijanKarki>{{cite news|last=Jeetu Nepal|first=Marriage|title=जितु नेपालको विवाह|url=http://www.souryadaily.com/2012/08/30420.html|accessdate=21 July 2013|newspaper=Saurya Dainik|date=2012/08/30|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814024025/http://www.souryadaily.com/2012/08/30420.html}}</ref> ==चलचित्र== {| border="2" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !साल!!चलचित्र |- | सन् १९९७ ||गुरु चेला|| |- |सन् २००५ ||कहि मिलान कहि बिछोड|| |- |सन् २०१० ||सपनाको नौलो संसार|| |- |सन् २००७ ||किस्मत|| |} ==टेलिश्रिङ्खला== *'''जिरे खुर्सानी''' : जिरे खुर्सानी यक हास्यब्यङ्ग्य टेलिश्रिङ्खला हो। यो सन् २००३ साल बठेइ हर सौंबार बसा ८:४० बजे नेपाल टेलिभिजन बठेइ प्रसारित हुन्या अरन्छ। जितु नेपाल येइ टेलिक्षिङ्खलाः अभिनेता मात्तरी नाइहुन, उनले शिवहरि पौडेल सित मिलिबर येइ टेलिक्षिङ्खला शुरू अर्याऽ हो। इत्ती मात्तरी नहोइबर जिरे खुर्सानी को सुरुवाति गीद लगै उनै ले गायाऽ हो। *'''मुन्द्रेको चर्तिकला''' : "मुन्द्रेको चर्तिकला" जितु नेपालले चलाउन्या यक हास्य टेलिश्रिङ्खला हो। येइ टेलिश्रिङ्खलामी जितु बिभिन्न ब्यक्तिको भुमिका निभाबर दर्शकअनलाई मनोरञ्जन प्रदान अद्दान। उनले अभिनय अर्याः केयि भुमिका नेता, पर्यटक इत्यादि हुन। <ref name="सृजन कार्की">{{cite web|title=मुन्द्रेको चर्तिकला|url=http://xnepali.net/movies/comedy-mundre-ko-chartikala/|work=xnepali.com|publisher=xnepali.com|accessdate=26 July 2013|archive-date=1 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901210654/http://xnepali.net/movies/comedy-mundre-ko-chartikala/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} ==भाइल्ला स्रोतअन== [[Category:जीवनी]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली अभिनेताअन]] [[श्रेणी:अभिनेता]] htngeb3zze2gt89h6cuu7ze01yy60zb 0 1004 270579 251965 2026-11-07T23:59:05Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Djibouti | native_name = {{unbulleted list | item_style=font-size:88%; | {{native name|fr|République de Djibouti}} | {{small|{{transl|ar|Jumhūrīyah Jībūtī}}}} {{native name|ar|جمهورية جيبوتي}} | {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti}}|{{native name|aa|Gabuutih Ummuuno}}}} | common_name = Djibouti | image_flag = Flag of Djibouti.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Djibouti.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Djibouti (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Djibouti AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|اتحاد، مساواة، سلام|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|fr|Unité, Égalité, Paix|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|aa| Inkittiino, Qeedala, Wagari|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|so| Midnimo, Sinaan, Nabad|italics=off}}<br />{{small|Unity, Equality, Peace}} | national_anthem = ''[[Djibouti (anthem)|Djibouti]]''<br />{{center|[[File:The Djiboutian anthem.ogg]]}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[French language|French]]|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]}} | languages_type = [[National languages]] | languages = {{hlist |[[Somali language|Somali]]|[[Afar language|Afar]]}} <ref name=CIA/> | ethnic_groups = {{ublist|[[Somalis]] 60%|[[Afar people|Afar]] 35%|others 5% (primarily [[Arab]])<ref name=CIA/>}} | religion = [[Islam]] | demonym = [[Djiboutians|Djiboutian]] | capital = [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | largest_city = [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | coordinates = {{Coord|11|36|N|43|10|E|type:city_region:DJ}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Djibouti|President]] | leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Djibouti|Prime Minister]] | leader_name1 = [[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]] | leader_name2 = [[Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] from [[France]] | established_date1 = 27 June 1977 | legislature = [[National Assembly (Djibouti)|National Assembly]] | area_rank = 146th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_footnote = <ref name=CIA>{{cite web |title=Djibouti |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=26 February 2013 |date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702024855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |archive-date=2 July 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | area_km2 = 23,200<ref name=CIA/> | area_sq_mi = 8,958 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = {{nowrap|0.09 (20 km² / 7.7 sq mi)}} | population_estimate = 921,804 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_density_km2 = 37.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 96.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 168th | GDP_PPP = $3.974&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=72&pr.y=16&sy=2018&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=611&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Djibouti |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,788<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal = $2.187&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,084<ref name="imf2"/> | Gini_year = 2065 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf|series=Human Development Report|date=2015|last=Selima.|first=Jāhāna|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=9789211263985|oclc=936070939|page=232 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222080742/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2015 |df=dmy-all |url-status=live |title=Human Development Report 2015 |accessdate=12 May 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 1234<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.495 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 171st | currency = [[Djiboutian franc]] | currency_code = DJF | country_code = | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+253]] | cctld = [[.dj]] | today = }} '''जिबुटी''' [[अफ्रिका|अफ्रिका]] महाद्वीपमाई रयाको एक देश हो। ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:अफ्रिकी देशअन]] 04vuobrz15dqlrgn4tk9mbb92ezw2x2 0 1046 270581 260391 2026-11-08T00:06:24Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan | common_name = Jordan | native_name = {{native name|ar|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية|italics=off}}<br/><small>''{{transl|ar|Al-Mamlakah al-’Urdunniyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah}}''</small> | image_flag = Flag of Jordan.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Jordan.svg | national_motto = "God, Country, King"<ref>{{cite book|first=Jeroen|last=Temperman|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance|accessdate=12 June 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18148-9|page=87|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012033444/https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>{{lang|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|"الله، الوطن، الملك"}}}}|italics=no}}<br />''Al-Lāh, Al-Waṭan, Al-Malik'' | national_anthem = [[The Royal Anthem of Jordan]]<br/>{{lang|ar|{{big|السلام الملكي الأردني}}}}<br />''As-Salām Al-Malakī Al-ʾUrdunī''<br/><br/>[[File:National anthem of Jordan instrumental.ogg|center]] | image_map = Jordan (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = | capital = [[Amman]] | coordinates = {{Coord|31|57|N|35|56|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | religion = {{unbulleted list |93% [[Sunni Islam]] (official) | 2% [[Shia Islam]] | |4% [[Christianity]] |1% [[Druze]], [[Bahá'í]]}} | official_languages = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |98% [[Arab people|Arab]] |1% [[Circassian diaspora#Jordan|Circassian]], [[Chechens]] | 1% [[Armenians in Jordan|Armenian]] }} | demonym = Jordanian | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]<br />[[constitutional monarchy]]}} | leader_title1 = [[List of kings of Jordan|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Jordan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Omar Razzaz]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Jordan|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Jordan)|Senate]] | lower_house = {{nowrap|[[House of Representatives (Jordan)|House of Representatives]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Emirate of Transjordan|Emirate]] | established_date1 = 11 April 1921 | established_event2 = [[League of Nations mandate|Independence]] | established_date2 = 25 May 1946 | established_event3 = [[Constitution of Jordan|Constitution]] | established_date3 = 11 January 1952 | area_km2 = 89342 | area_rank = 110th | area_sq_mi = | percent_water = 0.6 | population_estimate = 10,658,123<ref>{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=21 May 2020|work=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818112822/http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 87th | population_census = 9,531,712<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|title=Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests|accessdate=12 June 2018|publisher=The Jordan Times|last=Ghazal|first=Mohammad|date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208092804/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2015 | population_density_km2 = 114 | population_density_sq_mi = 295 | population_density_rank = 70th | GDP_PPP = $93.159 billion<ref name=GDP>{{cite web|title=Jordan|work=IMF|accessdate=24 November 2018|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=77&pr.y=14&sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C962%2C911%2C674%2C314%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 87th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,406<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 86th | GDP_nominal = $41.869 billion<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 92nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,228<ref name=GDP/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th | Gini = 35.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|title=Gini index|work=World Bank|accessdate=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|archive-date=9 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 79th | HDI = 0.723 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322121226/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ROU.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 102nd | currency = [[Jordanian dinar]] | currency_code = JOD | time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Jordan|+962]] | cctld = [[.jo]]<br/>{{rtl-lang|ar|[[.الاردن]]}} | area_magnitude = | official_website = [https://jordan.gov.jo/wps/portal/%5c?lang=en#/ jordan.gov.jo] }} [[File:Jordan (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|300px|(जोर्डन)]] {{Wikify}} '''जोर्डन''' [[एसिया|एसिया]] मी रयाको एक देश हो। ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:एसियाका देशअन]] ==भाइरका कडि== {{एसिया महादेशका राष्ट्रहरू}} 3czmwz9n0t35d9mmtn7c7lczuupqzjj 0 1114 270585 260781 2026-11-08T00:13:14Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Denmark | common_name = Denmark | native_name = {{native name|da|Kongeriget Danmark}} | image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg | alt_flag = Red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side | image_coat = National coat of arms of Denmark.svg | symbol_width = 75px | anthem = ''[[Der er et yndigt land]]''<br />({{Lang-en|"There is a lovely country"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - Der er et yndigt land.ogg|centre]]</div> ----''[[Kong Christian stod ved højen mast]]''{{refn|''Kong Christian'' has equal status as a [[national anthem]] but is generally used only on [[royal anthem|royal]] and military occasions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Not one but two national anthems|url=http://denmark.dk/en/quick-facts/national-anthems/|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark]]|accessdate=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515093426/http://denmark.dk/en/quick-facts/national-anthems|archive-date=15 May 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|group="N"}}<br />({{Lang-en|"King Christian stood by the lofty mast"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - Kong Kristian stod ved højen mast.ogg|centre]]</div> | image_map = Kingdom of Denmark (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Location of the Kingdom of Denmark (green), including [[Greenland]], the [[Faroe Islands]] (circled), and Denmark proper | image_map2 = EU-Denmark.svg | map2_width = 250px | map_caption2 = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |country=Denmark proper<ref name="proper" group="N" /> |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the European Union |subregion_color=green}} | capital = [[Copenhagen]] | coordinates = {{Coord|55|43|N|12|34|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Danish language|Danish]] | regional_languages = [[Faroese language|Faroese]]<br />[[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]]<br />[[German language|German]]<ref group="N">Faroese is co-official with Danish in the Faroe Islands. Greenlandic is the sole official language in Greenland. German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland area of Denmark.</ref> | demonym = {{hlist |[[Danes|Danish]] |[[Danes|Dane]]}} | membership_type = [[Sovereign state]] * {{nobold|[[Country (disambiguation)|Countries]]}} | membership = | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]<br />[[constitutional monarchy]]}} | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Denmark|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Margrethe II of Denmark|Margrethe II]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Denmark|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Mette Frederiksen]] | legislature = [[Folketing]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Denmark|History]] | established_event1 = [[Denmark in the middle ages|Consolidation]] | established_date1 = {{circa}} 8th century{{sfn|Stone|Bain|Booth|Parnell|2008|p=31}} | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Denmark|Constitutional Act]]}} | established_date2 = 5 June 1849 | established_event3 = [[United Nations Charter|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date3 = 24 October 1945 | established_event4 = [[The unity of the Realm]] | established_date4 = 24 March 1948<ref group="N">The Faroe Islands became the first territory to be granted [[home rule]] on 24 March 1948. Greenland also gained autonomy on 1 May 1979.</ref> | established_event5 = [[European Economic Community|EEC]] [[1973 enlargement of the European Communities|accession]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1973 | area_km2 = 42,933<!--{{As of|2017}}--> | area_label = Denmark proper | area_footnote = <ref name=area>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?MainTable=ARE207&PLanguage=1&PXSId=0&wsid=cftree|title=Area by region – StatBank Denmark – data and statistics|publisher=|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405204747/http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?MainTable=ARE207&PLanguage=1&PXSId=0&wsid=cftree|archive-date=5 April 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | area_rank = 130th | area_sq_mi = (16,576.5)<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_label2 = Entire [[The unity of the Realm|kingdom]] | area_data2 = {{convert|2,220,930|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sigfig=5}}<br />(12th) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 5,824,857<ref>{{cite web|title=Population and population projections|url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning|publisher=Statistics Denmark|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090527/https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning|archive-date=30 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ([[List of countries by population|114th]]) | population_estimate_year = Q2 2020 | population_density_km2 = 135.73 | population_label2 = Faroe Islands | population_data2 = 52,110<ref name="Faroer pop">{{cite web|title=Faroe Islands Population|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/faroe/cities/|publisher=Hagstova Føroya|accessdate=1 April 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_label3 = Greenland | population_data3 = 56,081<ref name="Greenland pop">{{cite web|title=2020 Population|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/greenland/|accessdate=1 April 2020}}</ref> | FR_foot5 = &nbsp;<small>(Denmark)</small> | GDP_PPP = $299&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=7&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193,946,122,137,124,546,156,181,423,138,935,196,128,142,939,182,172,359,132,135,134,576,174,936,532,961,176,184,178,144,436,146,136,528,158,112,542,111,941&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Denmark |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018175031/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=7&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193%2C946%2C122%2C137%2C124%2C546%2C156%2C181%2C423%2C138%2C935%2C196%2C128%2C142%2C939%2C182%2C172%2C359%2C132%2C135%2C134%2C576%2C174%2C936%2C532%2C961%2C176%2C184%2C178%2C144%2C436%2C146%2C136%2C528%2C158%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C941&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archive-date=18 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref group="N" name="denonly group=N" /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 52nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $51,643<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 19th | GDP_nominal = $370&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2 /><ref group="N" name="denonly group=N" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 34th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $63,829<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 6th | Gini = 27.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320064533/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | HDI = 0.930 | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 11th | currency = [[Danish krone]]<ref group="N">In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the [[Faroese króna|króna]], but is not a separate currency.</ref> | currency_code = DKK | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | DST_note = <ref group="N">Other time zones used in Greenland and the Faroe Islands include: [[Western European Time|WET]], [[East Greenland Time|EGT]], [[West Greenland Time|WGT]] and [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]].<br /> Marginal [[Daylight saving time|DST]] time zones, offset by one hour, include: [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]], [[Eastern Greenland Summer Time|EGST]], [[Western Greenland Summer Time|WGST]], [[Atlantic Daylight Time|ADT]]</ref> | drives_on = Right | calling_code = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = 3 calling codes | [[+45]]{{nbsp|6}}{{small|(Denmark)}} | [[+298]]{{nbsp|4}}{{small|(Faroe Islands)}} | [[+299]]{{nbsp|4}}{{small|(Greenland)}} }} | cctld = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = 3 TLDs | [[.dk]]{{nbsp|1}}{{small|(Denmark)}}<ref group="N">The [[Top-level domain|TLD]] [[.eu]] is shared with other [[European Union]] countries. Greenland ([[.gl]]) and the Faroe Islands ([[.fo]]) have their own TLDs.</ref> | [[.fo]]{{nbsp|2}}{{small|(Faroe Islands)}} | [[.gl]]{{nbsp|2}}{{small|(Greenland)}} }} | religion = [[Church of Denmark]]{{refn|group="N"|The [[Church of Greenland]] is a diocese of the Church of Denmark that is the state church in [[Greenland]], and the [[Church of the Faroe Islands]] is an independent but also Lutheran Church that is the state church in the Faroe Islands}} | official_website = [http://www.denmark.dk Denmark.dk] | today = }} [[File:Denmark (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|300px|(डेनमार्क)]] '''डेनमार्क''' [[युरोप|युरोप]] महादेशमी रयाको एक देश हो।डेनमार्क को राजधानी [[कोपनहेगन|कोपनहेगन]] सहर हो। ==यिन लै हेरऽ== {{युरोपेली देशअन}} ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} [[Category:युरोपेली देशअन]] [[Category:युरोप महाद्वीप]] m1z3yi2149glnb6emhdms898evy3dmt 0 1159 270586 264163 2026-11-08T00:14:50Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates}} {{Infobox person |name=तमन्ना भाटिया |image =Tamannaah Bhatia at a song launch from the film Vedaa (cropped).jpg |caption = तमन्ना भाटिया २०२४ मा |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|12|21}} |birth_place = [[मुम्बई|बॉम्बे]], भारत |occupation = [[अभिनेत्री]] |notable_works = |yearsactive = २००५–अब सम्म }} '''तमन्ना भाटिया''' (जन्म १२ डिसेम्बर १९८९) एक भारतीय [[अभिनेत्री]] छिन् जो मुख्य रूपमा [[तेलुगु भाषा|तेलुगु]], [[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]] र [[हिन्दी]] फिलिममा काम गर्छिन्। उनले ८९ फिलिममा अभिनय गर्यो छ र तीन संतोषम फिलिम पुरस्कार, दुई सिम्मा पुरस्कार र कलाईममानी पुरस्कार सहित कैयौं पुरस्कार जित्यो छ। == सुरुको जीवन == तमन्ना भाटिया{{efn|group=note|[[अङरेजी भाषा|अंग्रेज़ी]]: Tamannaah Bhatia, उच्चारित {{IPA-all|/ˈtəmənːaː ˈbʱaːʈijaː/||Tamannaah Bhatia.oga}}; उनी सामान्य रूपमा यो नाउँ बठेइ जानी जन्छिन्, र उनको पूरा नाउँ तमन्ना संतोष भाटिया हो।<ref>{{cite web | title=Tamannaah Bejeweled Private Limited Company Profile, Tamannaah Bejeweled Private Limited News on The Economic Times | website=द इकॉनोमिक टाइम्स | date=2014-01-23 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/tamannaah-bejeweled-private-limited/U27310MH2014PTC252422?from=mdr | access-date=2025-08-05}}</ref>}} को जन्म २१ डिसेम्बर १९८९ मा बॉम्बे (अब [[मुम्बई]]) मा भयो।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-21 |title=Happy Birthday Tamannaah! Interesting landmarks in Baahubali actress' career |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/happy-birthday-tamannaah-interesting-landmarks-in-baahubali-actress-career/articleshow/96398377.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520112948/https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/happy-birthday-tamannaah-interesting-landmarks-in-baahubali-actress-career/articleshow/96398377.cms |archive-date=2023-05-20 |access-date=2023-05-25 |work=द इकॉनोमिक टाइम्स}}</ref> उनको माता-पिता संतोष र रजनी भाटिया हुन्।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-10 |title=Exclusive: Tamannaah says she doesn't remember the last time she celebrated Mother's Day with her mom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-tamannaah-says-she-doesnt-remember-the-last-time-she-celebrated-mothers-day-with-her-mom/articleshow/75648552.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-tamannaah-says-she-doesnt-remember-the-last-time-she-celebrated-mothers-day-with-her-mom/articleshow/75648552.cms |archive-date=2021-07-09 |access-date=2021-06-30 |work=द टाइम्स ऑफ़ इण्डिया}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-29 |title=Exclusive! Tamannaah Bhatia thanks her father for managing her work! Says she's successful only because of her parents |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-tamannaah-bhatia-thanks-her-father-for-managing-her-work-says-shes-successful-only-because-of-her-parents/articleshow/78906831.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125095200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-tamannaah-bhatia-thanks-her-father-for-managing-her-work-says-shes-successful-only-because-of-her-parents/articleshow/78906831.cms |archive-date=2021-11-25 |access-date=2021-11-25 |work=द टाइम्स ऑफ़ इण्डिया}}</ref> उनको एक ठूलो भाइ छ जसको नाउँ आनंद भाटिया हो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-05 |title=Anand Bhatia and Kartika Chaudhary Mumbai Celebrity Wedding |url=https://www.weddingsutra.com/celebrity-weddings/celeb-weddings/anand-bhatia-and-kartika-chaudhary-mumbai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628094017/https://www.weddingsutra.com/celebrity-weddings/celeb-weddings/anand-bhatia-and-kartika-chaudhary-mumbai/ |archive-date=2021-06-28 |access-date=2021-06-28 |website=WeddingSutra}}</ref> उनी सिंधी हिन्दू वंशकी छिन् र उनले आफनो स्कूली शिक्षा मुम्बईको मानेकजी कूपर एजुकेशन ट्रस्ट स्कूल बठेइ पायो।<ref>{{Cite web |title='I'm Sindhi': Tamannaah Bhatia Denies She Paid Twice Market Rate For New Flat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/im-sindhi-tamannaah-bhatia-denies-she-paid-twice-market-rate-for-new-flat-2066862 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181917/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/im-sindhi-tamannaah-bhatia-denies-she-paid-twice-market-rate-for-new-flat-2066862 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |access-date=2021-06-30 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=When Tamannaah turned student |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/when-tamannaah-turned-student-movies-bollywood-queen-1.2310157 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183257/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/when-tamannaah-turned-student-movies-bollywood-queen-1.2310157 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |access-date=2021-06-30 |website=मरुभूमि}}</ref> उनले तेरह सालको उमेरमा अभिनयको अध्ययन शुरू गर्यो र एक साल खातिर पृथ्वी थिएटरमा सामिल भइन्, जहाँ उनले मंच प्रदर्शनमा भाग लियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=2014-06-27 |title=The Tamannaah Bhatia Interview : Of Baahubali and Bollywood |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/of-baahubali-and-bollywood-the-tamannaah-bhatia-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181944/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/of-baahubali-and-bollywood-the-tamannaah-bhatia-interview/ |archive-date=2021-07-09 |access-date=2021-06-30 |website=सिल्वरस्क्रीन इंडिया}}</ref> == अभिनयको काम == तमन्ना भाटियाले आफनो अभिनय कारकीर्दको शुरुवात हिन्दी फिलिम ''चाँद सा रोशन चेहरा'' (२००५) बठेइ गर्यो।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-05-26 |title=More Happy Days |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/More-Happy-Days/articleshow/3070781.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515101951/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/More-Happy-Days/articleshow/3070781.cms |archive-date=2015-05-15 |access-date=2015-05-15 |work=द टाइम्स ऑफ़ इण्डिया}}</ref> उनले तेलगु सिनेमामा ''श्री'' (२००५) र तमिल सिनेमामा ''केडी'' (२००६) बठेइ डेब्यू गर्यो। २००७ मा, ''हैप्पी डेज़'' र ''कल्लूरी'' ले उनको अभिनय कारकीर्दमा महत्वपूर्ण मोड़ ल्यायो र दुवैमा एक कॉलेज छात्राको रूपमा उनको प्रदर्शनले आलोचकहरूको प्रशंसा पायो।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=2007-12-31 |title=I want to make a mark in the South |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sstam/20071231.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515102805/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sstam/20071231.htm |archive-date=2015-05-15 |access-date=2015-05-15 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> यी फिलिमहरूको व्यावसायिक सफलताले उनको कारकीर्दलाई तेलगु र तमिल सिनेमामा एक प्रमुख अभिनेत्रीको रूपमा स्थापित गर्यो।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Divya |date=2008-04-27 |title=South for Stardom |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-for-Stardom/articleshow/2986729.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515102851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-for-Stardom/articleshow/2986729.cms |archive-date=2015-05-15 |access-date=2015-05-15 |work=द टाइम्स ऑफ़ इण्डिया}}</ref> ''कोंचम इष्टम कोंचम कष्टम'' (२००९), ''१००% लव'' (२०११), ''ऊसरवेल्लि'' (२०११), ''राचा'' (२०१२), ''तड़खा'' (२०१३), ''बाहुबली: द बिगनिंग'' (२०१५), ''बंगाल टाइगर'' (२०१५), ''ऊपिरि'' (२०१६), ''बाहुबली २: द कॉन्क्लूज़न'' (२०१७), ''एफ२: फन एंड फ्रस्ट्रेशन'' (२०१९), ''सई रा नरसिम्हा रेड्डी'' (२०१९) र ''एफ३: फन एंड फ्रस्ट्रेशन'' (२०२२) उनको उल्लेखनीय तेलगु फिलिमहरू हुन्। उनको उल्लेखनीय तमिल फिलिमहरू ''अयन'' (२००९), ''पैया'' (२०१०), ''सिरुथाई'' (२०११), ''वीरम्'' (२०१४), ''धर्मा दुरई'' (२०१६), ''देवी'' (२०१६), ''स्केच'' (२०१८) र ''जेलर'' (२०२३) हुन्। यी बाहेक, उनले ''११- तं अवर'' (२०२१), ''नवंबर स्टोरी'' (२०२१), ''जी करदा'' (२०२३), ''आखरी सच'' (२०२३) र ''डू यू वाना पार्टनर'' (२०२५) जस्ता स्ट्रीमिंग परियोजनाहरूमा मुख्य अभिनेत्रीको रूपमा काम गर्यो। == अभिनय सूची == {{main|:en:Tamannaah Bhatia filmography|l1=तमन्ना भाटिया अभिनय सूची}} == इनाम == {{main|:en:List of awards and nominations received by Tamannaah Bhatia|l1=तमन्ना भाटिया को प्राप्त पुरस्कारों र नामांकनहरूको सूची}} == अन्य कामहरू == आफनो अभिनय कारकीर्द बाहेक, तमन्ना भाटिया कैयौं अन्य उद्यमहरूमा पनि सामिल छिन्। उनलाई फैंटा र चंद्रिका आयुर्वेदिक साबुन जस्ता लोकप्रिय ब्रांडहरूको टीवी विज्ञापनहरूमा देखियेर एक मॉडलको रूपमा सफलता मिल्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-21 |title=Tamanna to endorse Chandrika soap - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/tamanna-to-endorse-chandrika-soap-telugu-news-66916 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903190741/https://www.indiaglitz.com/tamanna-to-endorse-chandrika-soap-telugu-news-66916 |archive-date=2023-09-03 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-23 |title=Coca Cola signs up Tamil actor Tamanna Bhatia for Fanta |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/coca-cola-signs-up-tamil-actor-tamanna-bhatia-for-fanta/articleshow/12836317.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903190958/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/coca-cola-signs-up-tamil-actor-tamanna-bhatia-for-fanta/articleshow/12836317.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-09-03 |access-date=2023-09-03 |work=द इकॉनोमिक टाइम्स |issn=००१३-०३८९}}</ref> मार्च २०१५ मा, उनी ज़ी तेलगुको ब्रांड एंबेसडर बनिन् र त्यही महीनामा आफनो आभूषण ब्रांड वाइट एंड गोल्ड शुरू गरिन्।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=2015-03-31 |title=Tamanaah is Zee Telugu's brand ambassador |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tamanaah-is-zee-telugus-brand-ambassador-south/20150331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119050900/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tamanaah-is-zee-telugus-brand-ambassador-south/20150331.htm |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-16 |title=Tamannaah launches her jewellery brand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamannaah-launches-her-jewellery-brand/articleshow/46767930.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916060506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamannaah-launches-her-jewellery-brand/articleshow/46767930.cms |archive-date=2021-09-16 |access-date=2021-09-16 |work=द टाइम्स ऑफ़ इण्डिया}}</ref> उनी सामाजिक कारणहरूको समर्थनमा जनवरी २०१६ मा बेटी बचाओ, बेटी पढ़ाओ अभियानमा पनि सामिल भइन्।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-21 |title=Tamannaah to endorse girl power |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tollywood/200116/tamannaah-to-endorse-girl-power-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121144520/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tollywood/200116/tamannaah-to-endorse-girl-power-1.html |archive-date=2016-01-21 |access-date=2016-01-21 |work=डेक्कन क्रॉनिकल}}</ref> उनको साहित्यिक यात्रा अगस्त २०२१ मा पेंगुइन रैंडम हाउस इंडियाद्वारा प्रकाशित उनको पहिलो किताब, ''बैक टू द रूट्स'' को विमोचनसँग शुरू भयो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamannaah to co-author book promoting ancient Indian wellness practices |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2021/aug/21/tamannaah-to-co-author-book-promoting-ancient-indian-wellness-practices-2347899.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823131143/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2021/aug/21/tamannaah-to-co-author-book-promoting-ancient-indian-wellness-practices-2347899.html |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=द न्यू इंडियन एक्सप्रेस}}</ref> आफनो उद्यमशीलताको भावनाको प्रदर्शन गदै, उनी सितंबर २०२२ मा शुगर कॉस्मेटिक्समा एक इक्विटी पार्टनर बनिन्।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=James |date=2022-12-01 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia Forays Into Entrepreneurship; Invests In Shark Tank India's Vineeta Singh's Cosmetic Brand |url=https://in.mashable.com/tech/42903/tamannaah-bhatia-forays-into-entrepreneurship-invests-in-shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singhs-cosmetic-b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605051945/https://in.mashable.com/tech/42903/tamannaah-bhatia-forays-into-entrepreneurship-invests-in-shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singhs-cosmetic-b |archive-date=2023-06-05 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref> उनले जनवरी २०२३ मा आईआईएफएल फाइनेंस र त्यही वर्ष जुलाईमा वीएलसीसीको ब्रांड एंबेसडरको रूपमा काम शुरू गर्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=IIFL Finance signs Tamannaah Bhatia as brand ambassador - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/iifl-finance-signs-tamannaah-bhatia-as-brand-ambassador/97488751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702111614/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/iifl-finance-signs-tamannaah-bhatia-as-brand-ambassador/97488751 |archive-date=2023-07-02 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-07-14 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia joins VLCC as Brand Ambassador; advocates complete skincare with facial kits : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tamannaah-bhatia-joins-vlcc-brand-ambassador-advocates-complete-skincare-facial-kits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903184131/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tamannaah-bhatia-joins-vlcc-brand-ambassador-advocates-complete-skincare-facial-kits/ |archive-date=2023-09-03 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=बॉलीवुड हँगामा}}</ref> अक्टूबर २०२३ मा, उनी जापानी सौंदर्य र सौंदर्य प्रसाधन ब्रांड षिसेईडोकी पहिलो भारतीय एंबेसडर बनिन्।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Shreeja |date=2023-10-11 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia Makes History As Shiseido's First Indian Ambassador, Details Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/tamannaah-bhatia-makes-history-as-shiseidos-first-indian-ambassador-details-inside-8612400.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016043220/https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/tamannaah-bhatia-makes-history-as-shiseidos-first-indian-ambassador-details-inside-8612400.html |archive-date=2023-10-16 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=न्यूज़१८}}</ref> जनवरी २०२४ मा, उनी सेलिकॉर गैजेट्स लिमिटेड र मार्चमा, पेय पाउडर कम्पनी रसनाको ब्रांड एंबेसडर बनिन्।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Amit |date=2024-01-26 |title=cellecor gadgets limited tamannaah bhatia as the dazzling new ambassador. |url=https://hindi.economictimes.com/markets/share-bazaar/cellecor-gadgets-limited-tamannaah-bhatia-as-the-dazzling-new-ambassador-/articleshow/107159119.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126032917/https://hindi.economictimes.com/markets/share-bazaar/cellecor-gadgets-limited-tamannaah-bhatia-as-the-dazzling-new-ambassador-/articleshow/107159119.cms |archive-date=2024-01-26 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=द इकॉनोमिक टाइम्स हिन्दी}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-03-14 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia becomes the brand ambassador of Rasna : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/tamannaah-bhatia-becomes-brand-ambassador-rasna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314140657/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/tamannaah-bhatia-becomes-brand-ambassador-rasna/ |archive-date=2024-03-14 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=बॉलीवुड हँगामा}}</ref> मई २०२५ मा, उनलाई कर्नाटक सोप्स एंड डिटर्जेंट्स लिमिटेड (केएसडीएल) को ब्रांड एंबेसडर नियुक्त गरियो, र उनी दुई साल खातिर मैसूर सैंडल साबुनको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्छिन्।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devadiga |first=Yashaswi |date=2025-05-22 |title=Mysore Sandal Soap: ಮೈಸೂರು ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್ ಸೋಪ್‌ಗೆ ತಮನ್ನಾ ರಾಯಭಾರಿ! ಕೋಟಿ ಕೋಟಿ ಖರ್ಚು, ನೆಟ್ಟಿಗರಿಂದ ತೀವ್ರ ಆಕ್ರೋಶ! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/tamannaah-bhatia-become-mysore-sandal-soap-new-brand-ambassador-but-troll-in-social-media-yda-ws-kl-2083375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522100948/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/tamannaah-bhatia-become-mysore-sandal-soap-new-brand-ambassador-but-troll-in-social-media-yda-ws-kl-2083375.html |archive-date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=न्यूज़१८ ಕನ್ನಡ |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Bhavishya |date=2025-05-22 |title=ಮೈಸೂರು ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್ ಸೋಪ್‌ಗೆ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ರಾಯಭಾರಿ ತಮನ್ನಾ ಭಾಟಿಯಾ: २ ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಅವಧಿಗೆ ಆಕೆ ಪಡೆಯುವ ಸಂಭಾವನೆ ಎಷ್ಟು ಗೊತ್ತಾ? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/karnataka/tamannaah-bhatia-the-official-ambassador-for-mysore-sandal-soap-do-you-know-how-much-she-will-be-paid-for-a-period-of-2-years-309403 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522100720/https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/karnataka/tamannaah-bhatia-the-official-ambassador-for-mysore-sandal-soap-do-you-know-how-much-she-will-be-paid-for-a-period-of-2-years-309403 |archive-date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=ज़ी न्यूज़ कन्नड़ |language=kn}}</ref> == टिप्पणीहरू == {{reflist|group=note}} == सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{commons|Tamannaah Bhatia|तमन्ना भाटिया}} *{{Instagram|tamannaahspeaks}} *{{imdb name|nm1961459}} *रॉटेन टमेटोज़ मा [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tamanna तमन्ना भाटिया] *बॉलीवुड हँगामा मा [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/tamannaah-bhatia/ तमन्ना भाटिया] {{टलिउड अभिनेत्रीअन}} {{बलिउड अभिनेत्रीअन}} {{DEFAULTSORT:भाटिया, तमन्ना}} [[श्रेणी:भारतीय अभिनेत्रीअन]] [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] [[श्रेणी:जिउना मान्सु]] [[श्रेणी:बलिउड अभिनेत्रीअन]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय चलचित्र अभिनेत्रीअन]] [[श्रेणी:तेलुगु चलचित्र अभिनेत्रीअन]] [[श्रेणी:तमिल चलचित्र अभिनेत्रीअन]] f2x703voyofpzgokixc5hw15lc6urw9 0 1327 270588 265306 2026-11-08T00:19:29Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Featured article}} {{DistrictInfobox |नक्सा= Dailekh_district_location.png |जिल्लाको नाम= दैलेख जिल्ला |अञ्चल = [[भेरी अञ्चल|भेरी]] |सदरमुकाम = नारायण नगरपालिका, |क्षेत्रफल = १,५०२ |जनसंख्या = ६१७७० (२०६८)<ref name="CBS">{{Cite web |url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/VDC_Municipality.pdf |title=Household and population by districts, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Nepal |access-date=2014-08-28 |archive-date=2015-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213064822/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/VDC_Municipality.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |गाविस= ५५ |नगरपालिका = २ |निर्वाचन क्षेत्र = २ |अवस्थिति = पहाड |अग्लो उचाई = ४१६८ (महाबुलेक) |होचो उचाई = ५४४ (डुङ्गेश्वर) |जातजातीहरू = क्षेत्री (३४.८५), कामी (१५.३३५), ठकुरी (१४५), ब्राम्हण (१२५), मगर(९.८७५), ,दमाई (४.४५५), सार्की (२.७५५), सन्यासी (१.६१५), सुनार (१.५८५), गुरुङ्ग (१.४३५) आदि |भाषाहरू = नेपाली (९८.९८५), गुरुङ्ग/मगर (०.४६५), अन्य (०.५६५) आदि |माविसु = |टेलिफोन कोड = +९७७-०८९ |वेबसाइट={{URL|ddcdailekh.gov.np}} }} '''दैलेख जिल्ला''' [[मध्य-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र|मध्यपश्चिमाञ्चल]] विकास क्षेत्रमी पड्या एक जिल्ला हो । यो [[भेरी अञ्चल|भेरी]] अञ्चलमी पडन्छ । दैलेख जिल्ला भेरी अञ्चलको सब है नानो जिल्ला हो । नेपालको एक मात्र सम्भावित पेट्रोल ग्याँसको खानी यै जिल्लामी रह्याको छ । दैलेख जिल्लामी [[पञ्चकोशी]] नामको तिर्थस्थल रह्याको छ । तैइ तिर्थस्थल अन्तर्गत 'पादुकास्थान', 'शिरस्थान', 'नाभिस्थान', 'धुलेश्वर' रे 'डुङ्गेश्वर' नामका पाँच स्थान रह्याका छन् । नाभिस्थान र शिरस्थानमी जमिनबठे आगा: ज्वाला निकल्लान । पैल्ली पादुकास्थानमी लै ज्वाला बल्लो थ्यो । वि.सं. २०२८ सालमी पादुका खोलामी आयाको बाढीले ज्वालकुंडका साथै मन्दिर बगाईबरे लैग्या हुनाले अब पादुकास्थानमी ज्वाला बल्लु छाड्यो । धुलेश्वरमी जमिनबठे धुलो निकलुन्छ । == नामकरण == ये जिल्लाको नाउ दैलेखको उत्त्पत्ति बारे निम्नानुसारका किंवदन्तिअन पाइनान, <ref name=DDC_Dailekh/> * पौराणिक कालमी दधिचि महर्षिले तपस्या गरी बस्या ठौर हुनाले उनरा नाउबठे "दधिलेक" नाम रन गया रे पछा अपभंस हुनोइ दधिलेकबठे दैलेख नाम रन गयो, * यो क्षेत्र देवताअनको निवासस्थान भया: हुनाले येलाई ''देवलोक'' भणीन्थ्यो । पछा अपभ्रंस हुनोई दैलेख नामाकरण हुन गयो, * याँ भौती मात्रामी दहि-दुध पाइन्या हुनाले "दहिलेक" बठे पछा दैलेख नाम रन गया: <ref name="दधिचि">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bagc.org.uk/history.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2018-12-30 |archive-date=2018-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808104742/http://www.bagc.org.uk/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="ety">{{Cite web |url=http://ddcdailekh.gov.np/ne-brief-introduction/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2018-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223114820/http://ddcdailekh.gov.np/ne-brief-introduction/ |archive-date=2018-12-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="दधिचि"/> <ref name="ety"/> == इतिहास == दैलेख जिल्ला [[:ne:बाइसे राज्यहरू|बाइसे चौबिसे राज्य]]कालमी [[:ne:खस|खस]] राज्यको शीतकालीन राजधानीको रूपमी परिचित [[दुल्लु नगरपालिका|दुल्लु]] र [[:ne:विलासपुर|बेलासपुर]] दुई राज्यमी विभाजित छियो । प्राचीन र मध्यकालमी दुई राज्यमी विभाजित यै जिल्लालाई शाहकालीन नेपालको पुर्नएकीकरण अभियानमी [[:ne:बहादुर शाह|बहादुर शाह]]ले सन १७८९ तिर नेपालमी गाभेको तथ्य ऐतिहासिक वर्णनहरूमी पाइन्छ । <ref name=DDC_Dailekh>{{URL|ddcdailekh.gov.np}}</ref> जिल्लाका विभिन्न ठांउमी रह्याका मन्दिर, देवल, शिलालेख आदिले यै जिल्लाको ऐतिहासिक परिचय दिइरहेका छन् । सदरमुकाम स्थित पुरानो बजारमी रह्याको प्रसिद्ध कोतगढी पुरानो युद्धकिल्लाको रूपमी छियो भन्न्या विश्वास गरिन्छ । बि.सं.२००९ साल अघि [[अछाम जिल्ला|अछाम]], [[सुर्खेत जिल्ला|सुर्खेत]] र [[जाजरकोट जिल्ला|जाजरकोट]] जिल्लाका केही क्षेत्रहरू यै जिल्लामी गाभिएका छिया । <ref name=DDC_Dailekh/> राजा रजौटा उन्मुलन ऐन २०१६ पछि आधुनिक नेपालको प्रशासनिक ढाँचा बमोजिम गौंडा र २०१८ सालपछि यो जिल्ला पूर्वमी भैरीलेक र कट्टीभञ्ज्याङ्ग उत्तरमी महाबुलेक, पश्चिममी कर्णाली नदी, दक्षिणमी तीनचुला भित्रको भूभागलाई दैलेख जिल्लाको सिमाङ्कन गरियाको थियो। <ref name=DDC_Dailekh/> दैलेख जिल्लाको दुल्लु क्षेत्रलाई राणा कालका पहिला प्रधान मन्त्री [[जंगबहादुर राणा|जंग बहादुर राणा]]को बाल्यकाल बितेको ठाउँ भनिबर पनि चिनिन्छ । दैलेख जिल्लाले [[:ne:२००७ सालको क्रान्ति|२००७ सालको क्रान्तीमी]] पश्चिम नेपालको लागी अग्रीम स्थान हासिल गरेको छ । तत्कालीन भुमीगत [[नेपाली काँग्रेस]]का दैलैख नाउले कटुवालका शेर सिंह खड्काले [[कालीकोट जिल्ला|कालिकोट]], [[जुम्ला जिल्ला|जुम्ला]], [[अछाम जिल्ला|अछाम]], [[डोटी जिल्ला|डोटी]] आदी पश्चिमी जिल्लाहरू कब्जा गरेको कुरा ऐतिहासिक वर्णनमी उल्लेख गरियाको छ । २०३६को जनमत संग्रहमी र २०४६ जन आन्दोलनमी पनि दैलेखका रंग बहादुर शाही, बिनोद कुमार शाह, मणी राज रेग्मी गणेश बहादुर खड्का, शिव राज जोशी, रंग नाथ जोशी गोविन्द बन्दी, हेम बहादुर शाही, हर्क बहादुर शाही, पुर्ण ब. शाही, भद्र ब. शाही, तर्क ब. बडुवाल, बजिर सिंह बि.क. चिदानन्द स्वामी जसा अधिकांश नेताअनले साथ दियाका थ्या । == भूगोल रे जलवायु == कर्णाली प्रदेशमि राया दश जिल्लाअन मध्ये दैलेख जिल्लालै एक पहाडी जिल्ला हो । यो जिल्ला 28° 35' 00" N बठे 29 ° 08' 00 'N अक्षांश रे 81 ° 25' 00" E बठे 81 ° 53 '00 "E देशान्तरमि अवस्थित छ । सबहै कम उचाई ५४४ मिटर रे सबहै बढ्ती उचाई ४,१६५ मिटर छ । जिल्ला सदरमुकाम १,१४८ मिटर उचाईमि अवस्थित छ । जिल्लाको ८०% भू-भाग मध्य पहाडी रे २०% भू-भाग उच्च पहाडी भूमिले ओगट्या छ । जिल्ला कूल क्षेत्रफल १,५०५ वर्ग किलोमीटर (५८१ वर्ग मील) रया छ ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ddcdailekh.gov.np/ne-brief-introduction/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2018-12-30 |archive-date=2018-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223114820/http://ddcdailekh.gov.np/ne-brief-introduction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> उचाइका आधरमि यो जिल्ला ४ विभिन्न उप श्रेणीमि बाणी राखी छ । {| class="wikitable" ! [[Geography of Nepal#Climate|जलवायु क्षेत्र]]<ref>{{Citation | author-link = Lillesø, J-P.B., T.B. Shrestha, L.P. Dhakal, R.P. Nayaju and R. Shrestha | title = The Map of Potential Vegetation of Nepal - a forestry/agroecological/biodiversity classification system | series = . Forest & Landscape Development and Environment Series 2-2005 and CFC-TIS Document Series No.110. | year = 2005 | url = http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/20497354/de2_001.pdf | isbn = 87-7903-210-9 | accessdate = Nov 22, 2013 | archive-date = December 3, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032538/http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/20497354/de2_001.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> ! उचाई सिमा ! % क्षेत्रफल |- | मल्लो उष्ण | ३०० to १,००० meters<br>१,००० to ३,०००&nbsp;ft. | १६.७% |- | समशीतोष्ण | १,००० to २,००० meters<br>३,३०० to ६,६००&nbsp;ft. | ६४.५% |- | शीतोष्ण | २,००० to ३,००० meters<br>६,४०० to ९,८००&nbsp;ft. | १६.१% |- | सवअल्पाइन् | ३,००० to ४,००० meters<br>९,८०० to १३,१००&nbsp;ft. | &nbsp;२.३% |} {{clear}} == यातायात == [[दैलेख]] जिल्ला [[विरेन्द्रनगर]] ([[कर्णाली प्रदेश|कर्णाली प्रदेशै]] राजधानि) सित सडक यातायात (F-48) ले जोड़ीरैछ जै लाइ दैलेख सड़क भण्णान। दैलेख सड़क विरेन्द्रनगर ([[सुर्खेत जिल्ला|सुर्खेत]]) जाइबरे [[रत्न राजमार्ग|रत्न राजमार्ग (NH-12)]] माइ मिलन्छे। रत्न राजमार्ग [[महेन्द्र राजमार्ग|महेन्द्र राजमार्ग (NH-1)]] सित [[कोहरपूर]] माइ जोड़िया: छ। सड़क यातायात बठेइ दैलेख लाइ [[दुल्लु]] होइबरे [[कर्णाली राजमार्ग|कर्णाली राजमार्ग (NH-13)]] सित जोड्ड्या अर्खो बाटो लगै छ। नेपालै: राजधानि [[काठमाण्डौं]] दैलेख बठेइ {{convert|647.41|km|mi}} टड़ा: छ। दैलेख बठेइ सबहै नजिक को विमानस्थल [[सुर्खेत विमानस्थन]] हो जो लगभग {{convert|70|km|mi}} टड़ा: छ। == चित्र दिर्घा == <gallery> File:Dailekh Gate 1.JPG|300px|thumb|दैलेख जिल्ला प्रवेश द्वार, रानीमत्ता File:Dailekh Nepal1.JPG|thumb|दैलेख जिल्ला हवाईजहाजबठे धेकिया दृष्य File:Dailekh Nepal2.JPG|thumb|दैलेख जिल्ला हवाईजहाजबठे धेकिया दृष्य File:Dailekh Nepal3.JPG|thumb|दैलेख जिल्ला हवाईजहाजबाट धेकिया दृष्य File:Dailekh Nepal4.JPG|thumb|दैलेख जिल्लामी बग्या कर्णाली नदी हवाईजहाजबठे धेकिया दृष्य |thumb|दैलेख बजारो: एक दृष्य </gallery> == भौगोलिक अवस्थिति == * अक्षांस: २८.३५" देखि २९.८" उत्तर * देशान्तर: ८१.२५" देखि ८१.५३" पूर्वमी * सिमाना: पूर्व जाजरकोट, पश्चिम अछाम, उत्तर कालिकोट, दक्षिण सुर्खेत जिल्ला {{Geographic location |Centre = दैलेख |North = [[कालीकोट जिल्ला|कालिकोट]] |Northeast = |East = [[जाजरकोट जिल्ला|जाजरकोट]] |Southeast = |South = [[सुर्खेत जिल्ला|सुर्खेत]] |Southwest = |West = [[अछाम जिल्ला|अछाम]] |Northwest = }} * क्षेत्रफल: १५०२ वर्ग कि.मि. (देशको कुल भूभागको १.०२%) * निच्चो भाग: समुद्र सतहबाट ५४४ मिटर (तल्लो डुङ्गेश्वर) * उच्चो भाग: ४१६८ मिटर (महाबुलेक) ==प्रशासनिक विभाजन== नेपाल का नौला संविधान, [[नेपालको संविधान २०७२|नेपाल को संविधान २०७२]] अन्सारअ येइ जिल्ला लाइ ४ नगरपालिकाअन रे ७ गाउँपालिकाअन माइ बाँड़िराइछ । नेपाल का नौला संविधान, [[नेपालको संविधान २०७२|नेपाल को संविधान २०७२]] अन्सारअ येइ जिल्ला लाइ ४ नगरपालिकाअन रे ७ गाउँपालिकाअन माइ बाँड़िराइछ । {|class="wikitable sortable" width="auto" style="text-align: left" |- ! सि. नं. ! नगरपालिका ! किसम ! क्षेत्रफल (वर्ग कि.मि.) ! जनसङ्ख्या ! वेबसाइट |- |१ |[[नारायण नगरपालिका|नारायण]] |नगर |११०.६३ |२७,०३७ |{{URL|narayanmun.gov.np}} |- |२ |[[दुल्लु नगरपालिका|दुल्लु]] | नगर |१५६.७७ |४१,५४० | {{URL|dullumun.gov.np}} |- |३ |[[आठबीस नगरपालिका|आठबीस]] | नगर |१६८ |२९,२२७ | {{URL|aathbismun.gov.np}} |- |४ |[[चामुण्डा विन्द्रासैनी नगरपालिका|चामुण्डा विन्द्रासैनी]] | नगर |९०.६ |२६,१४९ | {{URL|chamundabindrasainimun.gov.np}} |- |५ |[[ठाँटीकाँध गाउँपालिका|ठाँटीकाँध]] |गाउँ |८८.२२ |१८,८९६ | {{URL|thantikandhmun.gov.np}} |- |६ |[[भैरवी गाउँपालिका|भैरवी]] | गाउँ |११०.४६ |२१,२३३ | {{URL|bhairabimun.gov.np/}} |- |७ |[[महावु गाउँपालिका|महावु]] | गाउँ |११०.८ |१९,२७७ | {{URL|mahabumun.gov.np}} |- |८ |[[नौमुले गाउँपालिका|नौमुले]] | गाउँ |२२८.५९ |२०,८०२ | {{URL|naumulemun.gov.np}} |- |९ |[[डुङ्गेश्वर गाउँपालिका|डुङ्गेश्वर]] | गाउँ |१०५.१९ |१५,८८३ | {{URL|dungeshwormun.gov.np}} |- |१० |[[गुराँस गाउँपालिका|गुराँस]] | गाउँ |१६४.७९ |२२,०३३ | {{URL|guransmun.gov.np}} |- |११ |[[भगवतीमाई गाउँपालिका|भगवतीमाई]] | गाउँ |१५१.५२ |१८,७७८ | {{URL|bhagawatimaimun.gov.np}} |- ! !दैलेख ![[नेपाल का जिल्लाअन|जिल्ला]] !१५०५ !२६०,८८५ !{{URL|ddcdailekh.gov.np}} |} ===पैलीका [[गाउँ विकास समितिइन (नेपाल)|गाविसअन]] रे नगरपालिकाअन=== [[File:NepalDailekhDistrictmap.png|250px|thumb|दैलेख जिल्लाका गा.वि.स. रे नगरपालिकाहरूको नक्शा]] दैलेख जिल्लामी पल्ली ६० गा.वि.स. रह्या थ्या: । ति मध्ये ५ वटा गाविसअनलाई जोडीबर वि. सं. २०५३ मी नारायण नगरपालिका बनाइया हो, भण्या वि. सं. २०७१ सालमी ६ गाविसलाई जोडीबर दुल्लु नगरपालिका बनाइँया हो । तै पाछा ये जिल्लामी ४९ गाविस रे २ नगरपालिका रह्या: थ्या । {{div col|colwidth=18em}} *[[नारायण नगरपालिका|नारायण]] *[[दुल्लु नगरपालिका|दुल्लु]] *[[अवल पराजुल|अवल पराजुल]] *[[कट्टी|कट्टी]] *[[काल भैरव|काल भैरव]] *[[कासिकाँध|काशीकाँध]] *[[कालिका|कालिका]] *[[कुसापानी|कुसापानी]] *[[खरीगैरा|खरीगैरा]] *[[खड्कावाडा|खड्काबाडा]] *[[गमौडी|गमौडी]] *[[गोगनपानी|गोगनपानी]] *[[गौरी|गौरी]] *[[चामुण्डा|चामुण्डा]] *[[चौराठा|चौराठा]] *[[जगनाथ|जगनाथ]] *[[जम्बुकाँध|जम्बुकाँध]] *[[डाँडा पराजुल|डाँडा पराजुल]] *[[तिलेपाटा|तिलेपाटा]] *[[तोली|तोली]] *[[तोलीजैसी|तोलीजैसी]] *[[द्वारी|द्वारी]] *[[नौमुले|नौमुले]] *[[पगनाथ|पगनाथ]] *[[पिलाडी|पिलाडी]] *[[पिपलकोट|पिपलकोट]] *[[बराह|बराह]] *[[बडाखोला|बडाखोला]] *[[बडा भैरव|बडाभैरव]] *[[बालुवाटार|बालुवाटार]] *[[बाँसी|बाँसी]] *[[बिन्ध्यबासीनी|बिन्ध्यबासीनी]] *[[बेलपाटा|बेलपाटा]] *[[भैरी कालिकाथुम|भैरी कालिकाथुम]] *[[भवानी|भवानी]] *[[मालिका|मालिका]] *[[मेहलतोली|मेहलतोली]] *[[राकम कर्णाली|राकम कर्णाली]] *[[रावतकोट|रावतकोट]] *[[रानीवन|रानीवन]] *[[रुम|रुम]] *[[लकान्द्र|लकान्द्र]] *[[लयाँटी विन्द्रासैनी|लयाँटी विन्द्रासैनी]] *[[लाँकुरी|लाँकुरी]] *[[लालिकाँडा|लालिकाँडा]] *[[विसाला|विसाला]] *[[सल्लेरी|सल्लेरी]] *[[सात्तला|सात्तला]] *[[सिंगौडी|सिंगौडी]] *[[सिंहासैन|सिंहासैन]] *[[सेरी|सेरी]] {{div col end}} == सन्दर्भअन == {{reflist}} == बाइल्ला लिङ्कअन == *[http://www.ddcdailekh.gov.np/ जिल्ला विकास समिति, दैलेख]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://dhamakadaily.com/ धमाका दैनिक (दैलेखको समाचार पत्र)] *[http://youtube.com/watch?gl=US&client=mv-google&hl=en_GB&v=aZA7DGh7OJQ&fulldescription=1 दैलेख जिल्लाको बारेमी भिडियो] *[http://worldjournos.com/detail.php?id=161&detail=&lnk=news&btn_go=GO Worldjournos.com (दैलेख जिल्ला डायरी)]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://facebook.com/hamrodailekh?refid=46 हाम्रो दैलेख जिल्ला] * [http://dailekhkhabar.com दैलेख खबर] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311091635/http://dailekhkhabar.com/ |date=2018-03-11 }} *[http://jwalasandesh.com ज्वाला संदेश] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130000658/http://jwalasandesh.com/ |date=2018-11-30 }} == यिन लै हेरऽ == *[[नेपाला अञ्चलअन]] *{{statoids|id=ynp|title=Districts of Nepal}} {{Dailekh District}} {{Districts of Nepal}} {{commons category|Dailekh District}} {{Coord|28|50|15|N|81|42|28|E|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:enwiki|display=title}} [[श्रेणी:दैलेख जिल्ला]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका जिल्लाअन]] [[श्रेणी:कर्णाली प्रदेशका जिल्लाअन]] 3vmp7jicgtcjgsfvqks7pt54qb6gpfe 0 1378 270590 260088 2026-11-08T00:22:42Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270590 wikitext text/x-wiki '''नन्दकृष्ण जोशी''' (वि.सं. २०१५ - ) [[देउडा गीत|देउडा]] गायक हुन्। [[नेपाल प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान|नेपाल प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान]]को प्रज्ञा सभासद हुन्या पहिला सुदुर पश्चिमेली हुन्। जोशी [[जनआन्दोलन २|जनआन्दोलन २]] लगायतका विभिन्न आन्दोलनमी गरी ३७ पटक थुनिया। नयाँ [[राष्ट्रियगान|राष्ट्रियगान]]को चयन समितिमी पुग्या जोशीले देउडा गायनलाई राष्ट्रिय स्तरमी चिनाया छन। ==जीवनी== ==शिक्षा== ==बाहिरी लिङ्कहरू== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194631/http://koirala.com.np/?p=11014/ नन्दकृष्ण जोशी सानो छँदा] *नेपाली विकिमा नन्दकृष्ण जोशी [[https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80]] [[Category:नेपाली गायकहरू|नन्दकृष्ण जोशी]] [[Category:जीवनी]] 6l2jvx55vvnbleqe9uwcd68yur583yh 0 1401 270592 253134 2026-11-08T00:23:25Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = नाइजर<br>Republic of the Niger | native_name = {{unbulleted list |{{native name|fr|République du Niger}} }} | common_name = Niger | image_flag = Flag of Niger.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Niger.svg | symbol_width = 125px | image_map = Niger_(orthographic_projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark green}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{native phrase|fr|"Fraternité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off}} |{{small|"Fraternity, Work, Progress"}}}} | national_anthem = ''[[La Nigérienne]]''<br/> <center>[[File:La_Nig%C3%A9rienne.ogg]]</center> | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | languages_type = [[National language]]s<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">[http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm |date=19 October 2018 }} (accessed 21 September 2016)</ref> | languages = {{hlist |[[Arabic language|Arabic]] |[[Buduma language|Buduma]]}} {{hlist |[[Fula language|Fulfulde]]}} {{hlist |[[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]]}} {{hlist |[[Hausa language|Hausa]] |[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]}} {{hlist |[[Songhay languages|Zarma & Songhai]] |[[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]] |[[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]] |[[Tebu languages|Tebu]]}} | religion = | demonym = [[Demographics of Niger|Nigerien]] ({{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər|i|ə|n}}&nbsp;{{lower|0.4em|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|title=Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=|accessdate=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230120/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}} or {{IPAc-en|n|aɪ|ˌ|dʒ|ɪər|i|ˈ|ɛ|n}}&nbsp;{{lower|0.4em|<ref>"Niger." ''The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition''. 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034128/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger |date=12 May 2013 }}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}) | capital = [[Niamey]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|32|N|2|05|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Niamey | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Niger|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohamed Bazoum]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Niger|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Brigi Rafini]] | legislature = [[National Assembly of Niger|National Assembly]] | area_rank = 21st | area_km2 = 1,267,000 | area_sq_mi = 489,678 | percent_water = 0.02 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Niger}} | population_estimate_rank = 57th | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_census = 17,138,707 | population_census_year = 2012 | population_density_km2 = 12.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 31.2 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = $23.475&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=81&pr.y=10&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=692&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)|publisher=IMF|accessdate=14 November 2018}} </ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 140th | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,213<ref name="IMF 2017">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512%2C946%2C914%2C137%2C612%2C546%2C614%2C962%2C311%2C674%2C213%2C676%2C911%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C537%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C446%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698%2C672&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database, January 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503062812/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512,946,914,137,612,546,614,962,311,674,213,676,911,548,193,556,122,678,912,181,313,867,419,682,513,684,316,273,913,868,124,921,339,948,638,943,514,686,218,688,963,518,616,728,223,836,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,726,646,199,648,733,915,184,134,524,652,361,174,362,328,364,258,732,656,366,654,734,336,144,263,146,268,463,532,528,944,923,176,738,534,578,536,537,429,742,433,866,178,369,436,744,136,186,343,925,158,869,439,746,916,926,664,466,826,112,542,111,967,298,443,927,917,846,544,299,941,582,446,474,666,754,668,698,672&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |date=3 May 2018 }}, [http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 International Monetary Fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060214005019/http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 |date=14 February 2006 }}. Database updated on 12 April 2017. Accessed on 21 April 2017.</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 183rd | GDP_nominal = $9.869&nbsp;billion<ref name="GDP IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=81&pr.y=10&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=692&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=World Economic Outlook Database. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|last=|first=|date=17 April 2018|website=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_rank = 136th | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $510<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&pr.y=9&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C946%2C914%2C137%2C612%2C546%2C614%2C962%2C311%2C674%2C213%2C676%2C911%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C537%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C446%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698%2C672&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075657/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&pr.y=9&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,946,914,137,612,546,614,962,311,674,213,676,911,548,193,556,122,678,912,181,313,867,419,682,513,684,316,273,913,868,124,921,339,948,638,943,514,686,218,688,963,518,616,728,223,836,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,726,646,199,648,733,915,184,134,524,652,361,174,362,328,364,258,732,656,366,654,734,336,144,263,146,268,463,532,528,944,923,176,738,534,578,536,537,429,742,433,866,178,369,436,744,136,186,343,925,158,869,439,746,916,926,664,466,826,112,542,111,967,298,443,927,917,846,544,299,941,582,446,474,666,754,668,698,672&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a= |date=26 April 2018 }}, [[International Monetary Fund]]. Accessed on 17 April 2018.</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 179th | sovereignty_type = [[History of Niger|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[France]] | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 3 August 1960 | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 34.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ World Bank GINI index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |date=9 February 2015 }}, accessed on 21 January 2016.</ref> | Gini_rank = 70th | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.377 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322121226/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ROU.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 189th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012 }} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+227]] | cctld = [[.ne]] | footnote_a = Lowest ranked. }} '''नाइजर''' [[अफ्रिका|अफ्रिका]] महाद्वीपमाई रयाको एक देश हो। ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:भूगोल]] [[श्रेणी:देश]] [[श्रेणी:अफ्रिकी देशअन]] mju919384z31hrw6c9363stw8m8ag4a 0 1446 270594 261690 2026-11-08T00:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Neer Shah.jpg | name = नीर विक्रम शाह | birth_date = अक्टोबर ११, १९५३ (उमेर ७१) | birth_place = [[काठमाडौं]], नेपाल | nationality = नेपाली | birthname = | native_name = नीर विक्रम शाह | native_name_lang = ne | othername = | occupation = {{hlist|[[फिल्म अभिनेता|अभिनेता]]|[[फिल्म निर्देशक|निर्देशक]]|[[फिल्म निर्माता|निर्माता]]|[[कवि]]|[[गीतकार]]|[[व्यवसायी]]}} | years_active = १९८१–वर्तमान | website = | party = [[नेपाली कांग्रेस]] | height = }} '''नीर शाह''' नेपाली सिनेकलाकार रे चलचित्र निर्देशक लै हुन् । उनलाई नेपाली चलचित्र इतिहासका प्रमुख अभिनेता रे बहुआयामिक पहिचान भएका अभिनेता मानिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bossnepal.com/neer-shah-man-multiple-identities/|title=Neer Shah, man with multiple identities – Boss Nepal|access-date=2024-04-29|archive-date=2024-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429152912/http://bossnepal.com/neer-shah-man-multiple-identities/|url-status=dead}}</ref> उहाँ नेपालको राजपरिवारसँग सम्बन्धित हुनुहुन्छ ।<ref name="thepeninsula_tv_doha">{{cite web |date=17 October 2006 |title=Nepalese TV channel comes to Doha |url=https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&subsection=Qatar+News&month=October2006&file=Local_News200610177414.xml |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503035959/https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&subsection=Qatar+News&month=October2006&file=Local_News200610177414.xml <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=3 May 2007 |accessdate=7 May 2007 |publisher=[[The Peninsula (newspaper)|The Peninsula]]}}</ref> ==फिल्म करियर== नीर शाह धेरै नेपाली चलचित्रका निर्माता वा सह-निर्माता हुन्। उनले बासुदेव, पच्चिस बसन्त, बसन्ती, नेपाल भाषा चलचित्र राजामती लगायतका धेरै नेपाली चलचित्रहरु पनि निर्देशन गरेका छन् ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Film names: Director |url=https://www.nfpa.org.np/film_names_sorted_director.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206213523/https://www.nfpa.org.np/film_names_sorted_director.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2007 |accessdate=7 May 2007 |publisher=Nepal Film Producers Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Production of Films by Decades |url=https://www.nfpa.org.np/film_names_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205758/https://www.nfpa.org.np/film_names_eng.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |accessdate=7 May 2007 |publisher=Nepal Film Producers Association}}</ref> उनी ओस्कारमी मनोनित चलचित्र Himalaya – l'enfance d'un chef का सह-निर्माता पनि हुन्, जसलाई फ्रान्सेली चलचित्र निर्माता एरिक भल्लीले सह-निर्मित रे निर्देशन गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |author=Menon |first=Sreelatha |date=3 March 2003 |title=Oscar-nominated Caravan is running to packed houses in Kathmandu |url=https://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000303/ien03028.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420223047/https://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000303/ien03028.html |archive-date=2005-04-20 |accessdate=7 May 2007 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> कारभान (क्यानडामा) रे हिमालय (डेनमार्क रे फ्रान्समा) को रूपमा पनि रिलिज भएको यो चलचित्र ओस्कार मनोनयन जित्ने नेपालको पहिलो चलचित्र थियो।<ref name="deccanherald_manisha">{{cite web |author=Sarkar |first=Sudeshna |date=16 May 2004 |title=Manisha Koirala is now Mother India |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may162004/enter7.asp |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304034748/https://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may162004/enter7.asp |archivedate=4 March 2006 |accessdate=7 May 2007 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> शाहले प्रेम पिन्डा रे बलिदान जस्ता चलचित्रमी विरोधीका साथै अन्य चरित्र भूमिका पनि निभाएका छन् । उनी केही बलिउड चलचित्रमी अतिथि कलाकारको रुपमी पनि देखिएका छन् । शाहले धेरै नेपाली रे नेपाल भाषा गीतहरू पनि लेखेका छन्। उनले आफ्ना केही चलचित्रको स्क्रिप्ट लेखन पनि गरेका छन् । सन् २००१ मी, उनले फिरदौस अजिम रे श्याम बेनेगल संगै दक्षिण एसियाली वृत्तचित्रहरूको महोत्सव, फिल्म दक्षिण एशिया '०१ को निर्णायकमी सेवा गरे।<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on FSA '01 |url=https://www.himalassociation.org/fsa/filmsouthasia_fsa-01-report.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411102028/https://www.himalassociation.org/fsa/filmsouthasia_fsa-01-report.htm |archivedate=11 April 2007 |accessdate=7 May 2007 |publisher=Himal Association}}</ref> ==फिल्मग्राफी == === एक अभिनेताको रूपमी === {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! वर्ष ! शीर्षक ! भूमिका ! नोटहरू |- | 1985 | ''[[Kusume Rumal]]'' | | |- | 1995 | ''[[Prem Pinda]]'' | | |- | 1995 | ''Nata Ragat Ko'' | | |- |1997 |''Balidaan'' | | |- | 2000 | ''Dhuk Dhuki'' | | |- |2000 |''[[Yo Maya Ko Sagar]]'' |Abhayjan | |- | 2001 | ''Badal Paree'' | Arjun | |- | 2001 | ''[[Siudo Ko Sindoor]]'' | | |- | 2001 | ''[[Jeevan Sathi]]'' | | |- | 2001 | ''Gaunthali'' | | |- | 2001 | Badal Paree | | |- | 2002 | ''Bakshis'' | | |- | 2002 | ''Baacha Bandhan'' | | |- | 2003 | [[Muna Madan]] | | |- | 2008 | [[Sano Sansar (film)|Sano Sansar]] | Police Officer | |- | 2008 | Kismat | | |- |2010 |''The Flash Back: Farkera Herda'' |Sirish's uncle | |- |2014 |''Chha Yekan Chha'' |Shreeman Judge | |- |2015 |''[[Woda Number 6]]'' |Kaji | |- |2018 |''[[Chhakka Panja 3]]'' |Kaji | |- |2023 |''[[Chhakka Panja 4]]'' | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-07-25 |title=Shooting of film ‘Chakka Panja 4’ kicks off |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/129603/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728024911/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/mycity/news/shooting-of-film-chakka-panja-4-kicks-off |archive-date=2022-07-28 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=[[Republica (newspaper)|Republica]] |language=en}}</ref> |} == सेवा == शाह नेपालको पहिलो टिभि स्टेशन नेपाल टेलिभिजन (NTV) को पहिलो प्रमुख रे संस्थापक हुनुहुन्थ्यो रे चलचित्र निर्माण रे माइक्रोवेभ टिभी वितरण कम्पनी सांग्रिला टिभी (STV) का अध्यक्ष हुनुहुन्थियो।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nepalnews.com/contents/englishmonthly/businessage/2003/aug/cover.htm |title = Sky War Ground Reality |publisher = New Business Age, nepalnews.com |date = August 2003 |accessdate = 7 May 2007 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2000 |title=Satellites and South Asia |url=https://www.himalmag.com/dec2000/coverfile.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010209011647/https://www.himalmag.com/dec2000/coverfile.html |archivedate=2001-02-09 |accessdate=7 May 2007 |publisher=[[Himal Southasian]]}}</ref> STV ले NTV को लागी धेरै कार्यक्रमहरु उत्पादन गर्यो रे काठमाडौं उपत्यकामी केबल टेलिभिजन नेटवर्क पनि उपलब्ध गराएको थियो। नेपाली टिभि च्यानलहरू विदेशमी प्रसारण गर्ने युनाइटेड किंगडमस्थित फर्म ग्यालेक्सीमी शाहको ३३ प्रतिशत इक्विटी छ।<ref name="thepeninsula_tv_doha"/> निर्मल निकोलस पलसँग मिलेर उनले "८८८ फिल्म्स" नामक निर्माण कम्पनी स्थापना गरे, जसले नेपाली रे हिन्दी चलचित्रहरू उत्पादन गर्छ।<ref name="deccanherald_manisha"/> उनको अर्को कम्पनी नेशनल स्टुडियोले सिनेमी निर्माणका विभिन्न क्षेत्रमी तालिम दिन्छ।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nepalnews.com/contents/englishmonthly/businessage/2001/sep/showbiz.htm |title = Showbiz: Training |author = Ananta Wagle |publisher = New Business Age, nepalnews.com |date = September 2001 |accessdate = 7 May 2007 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> उनी फिल्म निर्माण कम्पनी न्यू सेन्चुरी पिक्चर्स प्रालिका मालिक पनि हुन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.film.gov.np/film_production.html |title=Film Producers List |publisher=[[Film Development Board]] of Nepal |accessdate=7 May 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928052110/http://www.film.gov.np/film_production.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 28 September 2007}}</ref> शाह नेपालमी कलेज अफ जर्नलिज्म एण्ड मास कम्युनिकेसनको गभर्निङ काउन्सिलमी पनि कार्यरत छन् ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Governing Council |url=https://www.colofjournalism.edu.np/governing.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008130441/https://www.colofjournalism.edu.np/governing.php |archive-date=8 October 2007 |accessdate=7 May 2007 |publisher=College of Journalism and Mass Communication in Nepal}}</ref> "नेपाली कला संस्कृति र पर्यटन उद्योगको प्रवद्र्धन" मी गरेको योगदानको कदरस्वरुप सन् २००२ मी उनलाई संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रीबाटी सम्मान गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=13 January 2002 |title=KC honours Nir Shah, Shrestha |url=https://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/trn/2002/jan/jan13/index.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040818171649/https://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/trn/2002/jan/jan13/index.htm |archivedate=18 August 2004 |accessdate=7 May 2007 |publisher=Nepal News}}</ref> उनी हाल लण्डनमी बस्छन् । == शाही सम्बद्धता == उनका दुई दाजुमध्ये एक कुमार खड्ग विक्रम शाहको विवाह पूर्वराजा ज्ञानेन्द्र शाहकी तीन बहिनीमध्ये एक राजकुमारी शारदा शाहसँग भएको थियो। उनका दाजु रे भाउजु दुवै सन् २००१ को कुख्यात शाही नरसंहारमी मारिएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |author=Swamy |first=Raman |title=Laboratory tests revealed traces of cocaine in Dipendra's bloodstream: report |url=https://www.netguruindia.com/news/Jun01/11/NAT1.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714165536/https://www.netguruindia.com/news/Jun01/11/NAT1.html |archivedate=14 July 2011 |accessdate=7 May 2007 |publisher=NetGuru India}}</ref> उनका अर्का भाइ ललितविक्रम शाह हुन् । ==राजनीति== शाह नेपाली कांग्रेसमा पनि आवद्ध छन् । यसअघि नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र) निकट रहेका मिनेन्द्र रिजाल सञ्चारमन्त्री हुँदा नेपाल टेलिभिजनको निर्देशक बनेपछि उनी नेपाली कांग्रेससँग नजिक भएका थिए ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=यादव |first=अनिल |date=2017-11-12 |title=राजनीतिमा कलाकार : पार्टीका ‘गहना’ मात्रै? |url=https://shukrabar.nagariknetwork.com/news/3365 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808154807/https://shukrabar.nagariknetwork.com/news/3365 |archive-date=2020-08-08 |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=[[Nagarik (daily)| Shukrabaar]] |language=ne}}</ref> == पुरस्कार == * चिन्नलता गीत पुरस्कार (२०११)।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-12 |title=Chinnalata Geet Puraskar |url=https://www.kathmanducraze.com/event_details-eid-43.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928132058/https://www.kathmanducraze.com/event_details-eid-43.html |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=27 September 2015 |website=Kathmandu Craze}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन == {{reflist}} == बाह्य कडीअन == {{नेपाली अभिनेताअन}} [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली अभिनेतान]] 5wgg2jebm9mjl5v7l34puatp3fcn8p2 0 1732 270605 265701 2026-11-08T00:43:53Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Fiji | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item_style=font-size:88%; | {{native name|fj|Matanitu Tugalala o Viti}} | {{native name|hif|फ़िजी गणराज्य {{small|{{transl|hif|Fijī Gaṇarājya}}}}}} }} | common_name = Fiji | image_flag = Flag of Fiji.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Fiji.svg | image_map = Fiji on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{native phrase|fj|"Rerevaka na Kalou ka Doka na Tui"|italics=off|nolink= yes}}<br />{{small|"Fear God and honour the Queen<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fijihighcommission.org.uk/about.html|title= About Fiji – History, Government and Economy|website= www.fijihighcommission.org.uk|access-date= 1 September 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180830031112/http://www.fijihighcommission.org.uk/about.html|archive-date= 30 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> "}} | national_anthem = "[[God Bless Fiji]]"<br /><center>[[File:Fiji National Anthem.ogg|God Bless Fiji]]</center> | official_languages = [[Fijian language|Fijian]]<br> [[English language|English]] <br>[[Fiji Hindi]]<ref>Compare: {{cite web |url= http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Govt--Publications/Constitution.aspx |title= Constitution of the Republic of Fiji |website= fiji.gov.fj |publisher= The Fijian Government |accessdate= 14 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161011085543/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/govt--publications/constitution.aspx |archive-date= 11 October 2016 |url-status=dead }} Subsection 3(3) reads: "This Constitution is to be adopted in the English language and translations in the ''iTaukei'' and Hindi languages are to be made available." Subsection 31(3) clarifies that Fiji Hindi is the intended meaning of "Hindi".</ref> | regional_languages = [[Rotuman language|Rotuman]] | demonym = [[Demographics of Fiji|Fijian]] | capital = [[Suva]]<ref>Although Suva is the largest population center that is classified as a "city", the town of [[Nasinu]] has a population that is slightly higher than Suva's. See {{cite web |title= Age, Sex and Marital Status by Urban and Rural Enumeration, Fiji 2007 |url= http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/component/advlisting/?view=download&format=raw&fileId=1138 |website= statsfiji.gov.fj |publisher= Fiji Bureau of Statistics |access-date= 5 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171016012700/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/component/advlisting/?view=download&format=raw&fileId=1138 |archive-date= 16 October 2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|18|10|S|178|27|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Fiji|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Wiliame Katonivere]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | legislature = [[Parliament of Fiji|Parliament]] | area_rank = 151st <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 18,274 | area_sq_mi = 7,056 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 926,276<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/fiji/demographics_profile.html | title=Fiji Demographics Profile 2019}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 161st | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_density_km2 = 46.4 | population_density_sq_mi = 120.3 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 148th | population_census = 884,887<ref name=2017census>{{cite web |url= http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/Fiji-Bureau-of-Statistics-Releases-2017-Census-Res.aspx |title= Fiji Bureau of Statistics Releases 2017 Census Results |author= Government of Fiji |date= 10 January 2018 |accessdate= 3 November 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181103052331/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/Fiji-Bureau-of-Statistics-Releases-2017-Census-Res.aspx |archive-date= 3 November 2018 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2017 | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 56.8% [[Indigenous Fijians]] | 37.5% [[Indo-Fijians]] | 1.2% [[Rotumans]] | 4.5% Others (European, part European, other [[Pacific Islander]]s, [[Chinese in Fiji|Chinese]]) }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2016<ref name="Factbook-Fiji" /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style= white-space:nowrap; | 64.4% [[Christianity]] |27.9% [[Hinduism in Fiji|Hinduism]] |6.3% [[Islam in Fiji|Islam]] | 0.3% [[Sikhism in Fiji|Sikhism]]| 0.3% Other| 0.8% None}} | religion_year = 2007<ref name="2007 Census – Religion" /> | GDP_PPP = $9.112&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=26&pr.y=14&sy=2018&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=819&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title= Fiji |publisher= International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $10,251<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $5.223&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $5,876<ref name=imf2 /> | sovereignty_type = Independence | established_event1 = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_date1 = 10 October 1970 | established_event2 = Republic | established_date2 = 7 October 1987 | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 36.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=FJ |title= Gini Index |publisher= World Bank |accessdate= 5 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012342/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=FJ |archive-date= 7 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.724 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url= http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019.pdf |title= Human Development Report 2019 |year= 2019 |accessdate= 9 December 2019 |page= 9 |publisher= United Nations Development Programme |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181024144212/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_summary_human_development_statistical_update_en.pdf |archive-date= 24 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 98th | currency = [[Fijian dollar]] | currency_code = FJD | time_zone = FJT | utc_offset = +12 | time_zone_DST = FJST<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.timeanddate.com/library/abbreviations/timezones/pacific/fjst.html |title= FJST – Fiji Summer Time |publisher= timeanddate.com |accessdate= 24 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121020015349/http://www.timeanddate.com/library/abbreviations/timezones/pacific/fjst.html |archive-date= 20 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> | utc_offset_DST = +13<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-advances-clocks-nov-29.html |title= Fiji Reignites Daylight Saving Time on November 29 |publisher= timeanddate.com |date= 10 November 2009 |accessdate= 2 May 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091230085319/http://timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-advances-clocks-nov-29.html |archive-date= 30 December 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[+679]] | cctld = [[.fj]] | today = }} '''फिजी''' [[अस्ट्रेलिया महादेश|अस्ट्रेलिया महादेश]] मि रयाको एक देश हो। == नामाकरण == '''फिजी द्वीप'''को मुख्य द्वीप विती लेवुको नामबठे जाणिन्छ रे ये नाउको उच्चारण येको छिमेकी द्वीप टोंगाको निवासी " फिसी "का रूपमाइ गरन्थ्याः जै को कारण येको नाउ फिजी रयाः हो। यूरोपियअनलाई फिजीवासीअनका बारेमाइ सर्वप्रथम कैप्टन कुकको महासागरिय अभियानको बेलामाइ उनका दलको सदस्य रयाः लेखकअनको लेखअन दबठे जानकारी भयो । यो लेखक फिजीवासीहरूसित पहिला पहिला टोंगा द्वीपमा भेटेको थिए। फिजीका मूल निवासीअनको दुर्जेय योद्धा रे क्रूर आदमखोरअनका रूपमाइ वर्णित गरियाः थ्योः साथै उनलाइ प्रशान्त क्षेत्रमाइ श्रेष्ठ पोतअनको निर्माता तर औसत नाविकको रूपमाइ लै दर्शायाइ छ। उनले आफनो घरलाई विती भन्थ्या, तर टोंगाअनले यसलाई फिसी भण्यो रे कैप्टन कुकले जो कि एक विदेशी थ्योः। येको उच्चारण फिजी गर्‍यो रे अब ये द्वीपअनको नाउ येे नाउबठे जाणिन्छ। == इतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == फिजीमाइ नेपाली == सन् १८७९ बठे १९१६ सम्म ब्रिटिश उपनिवेशकालमाइ भारतबठे करिब ६० हजार है बढीति श्रमिकअन “गिर्मिटिया” प्रणालीअन्तर्गत फिजी गयाः थ्याः। उनीलाई लिखु खेतीका लागि ल्याइयाः थ्योः। यौ समूहभितरी के नेपाली लै भारतहुँनाइ फिजी पुग्या हनसक्द्या बलियो ऐतिहासिक आधार भेटिन्छ। त्यतिबेला भौत नेपाली रोजगारीका खोजीमाई भारत छिरेका थ्योः रे तथैबठे गिर्मिट प्रणालीमाइ नाउ दर्ता गराइबर फिजी पुग्याः। कसैले सीमा पार गद्दा आफनो नाउ, थर वा पहिचान समेत बदल्ल्या काम लै गर्यो। तबै आजभोल फिजीमाइ रयाः नेपाली मूलका मान्सु “इन्डो–फिजियन” समुदायभितर मिसियाः छन्। शुरुमाइ बसोबास सुभा र नभुवा क्षेत्रमा भयाः घेखिन्छ भण्या पछा उनअन सिगाटोका तिर लै सर्या विशेषतः कावानागासाउ क्षेत्रमाइ, जहाँको भूगोल हिमाली क्षेत्रसित मिल्ल्या भयाहनाले उनलाइ अपनत्व महसुस भयाः बताइन्छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=ईश्वरी पौडेल 'आकाश'|शीर्षक=फिजीमा गुमनाम नेपाली: समुद्रपारि हराएको इतिहास र बाँचेको पहिचान|युआरएल=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2026/05/1935480/anonymous-nepalis-in-fiji-a-history-lost-overseas-and-the-identity-of-the-survivors|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=अनलाईन खबर|भाषा=नेपाली)|अभिलेखमिति=|अभिलेखयुआरएल=|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=२० मे २०२६}}</ref> फिजीमाइ सन् १९७२ सम्म ५ हजार जति नेपाली भयाः अनुमान गरियाः थ्योः। रे, हाल फिजीमाइ नेपाली मूलका गोरखाली १५ हजार छन् कि भण्ण्या अनुमान रयाः छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=चेतन पन्त|शीर्षक=फिजीमा हेलम्बु गाउँ|युआरएल=https://annapurnapost.com/story/187092/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=अन्नपुर्ण दैनिक|भाषा=नेपाली)|अभिलेखमिति=|अभिलेखयुआरएल=|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=असोज ९, २०७८}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} ==भाइराकडिअन== * [https://www.bbc.com/nepali/articles/c98dpj2dy08o दक्षिणी प्रशान्त क्षेत्रको फिजीका नेपालीको दशैँ - बीबीसी नेपाली सेवा] [[श्रेणी:ओशेनियालि देशअन]] 87o9dli6esojqwowzlk1h72joxgr9yc 0 1875 270611 259540 2026-11-08T00:48:18Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Benin | native_name = {{smaller|{{native name|fr|République du Bénin}}}} | common_name = Benin | image_flag = Flag of Benin.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Benin.svg | image_map = Location Benin AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark blue|region=Africa|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[African Union]]|subregion_color=light blue}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{vunblist|{{native phrase|fr|"Fraternité, Justice, Travail"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}|{{small|"Fraternity, Justice, Labour"}}}} | national_anthem = {{vunblist|class=nowrap|{{native phrase|fr|[[L'Aube Nouvelle]]|nolink=yes}}|{{small|''The Dawn of a New Day''}}<center>[[File:L'Aube Nouvelle.ogg|L'Aube Nouvelle]]</center>}} | official_languages = {{hlist|[[French language|French]]|[[Fon language|Fon]]|[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]}} | languages_type = [[Indigenous language]]s | languages = [[Bariba language|Bariba]] | demonym = {{hlist|Beninese}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist|38.4% [[Fon people|Fon]]|15.1% [[Adja people|Adja]] & [[Gen language|Mina]]|12% [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]|9.6% [[Bariba people|Bariba]]|8.6% [[Fula people|Fula]]|6.1% Ottamari|4.3% Yoa-Lokpa|2.9% [[Dendi people|Dendi]]|2.8% other|{{nowrap|}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2013 Census<ref name="insae-bj.org">{{cite web |title=PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIQUES ET ECONOMIQUES |url=https://www.insae-bj.org/images/docs/insae-statistiques/enquetes-recensements/RGPH/1.RGPH_4/Indicateurs-et-Projetcions/Principaux%20Indicateurs%20projections%20Preface%20RGPH4.pdf |website=www.insae-bj.org |publisher=INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA STATISTIQUE ET DE L’ANALYSE ECONOMIQUE |language=fr}}</ref> | capital = [[Porto-Novo]]^a | largest_city = [[Cotonou]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]}} | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Benin|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Patrice Talon]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Benin|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name2 = [[Louis Vlavonou]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Benin - National Assembly |url=https://data.ipu.org/content/benin?chamber_id=13341 |website=New Parline: the IPU’s Open Data Platform (beta) |language=en |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518094400/https://data.ipu.org/content/benin?chamber_id=13341 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | legislature = [[National Assembly (Benin)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event1 = from [[France]] | established_date1 = 1 August 1960 | area_rank = 100th | area_km2 = 114763 | area_sq_mi = | area_footnote = <ref name=AS2010>{{Cite report |date=2012 |title=Annuaire statistique 2010 |language=fr |url=http://www.insae-bj.org/annuare-statistique.html?file=files/publications/annuel/Annuaire%20statistique%20%20INSAE%202010.pdf |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique|INSAE]] |page=49 |accessdate=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091201/http://www.insae-bj.org/annuare-statistique.html?file=files%2Fpublications%2Fannuel%2FAnnuaire%20statistique%20%20INSAE%202010.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> | percent_water = 0.4% | population_estimate = 11,733,059 | population_estimate_rank = 78th | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_census = 10,008,749<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insae-bj.org/ |title=BENIN en Chiffres |trans-title=BENIN in Figures |language=fr |website=[[Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique|INSAE]] |accessdate=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217002938/http://www.insae-bj.org/ |archive-date=17 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2013 | population_density_km2 = 94.8 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 120th | GDP_PPP = $29.918 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&pr.y=10&sy=2015&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=638&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 137th | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,552<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 163rd | GDP_nominal = $11.386 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 141st | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $971<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 163rd | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 47.8 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI&country=BEN|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate)|publisher=[[World Bank]]|website=databank.worldbank.org |access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.520 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 163rd | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | country_code = | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+229]] | cctld = [[.bj]] | footnote_a = [[Cotonou]] is the seat of government. | today = }} '''बेनिन''' [[अफ्रिका]] महाद्वीपमाई रयाको एक देश हो। ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[Category:अफ्रिकी देशअन]] qk7bat0njsru4nv8uxii6d3e1kauoqh 0 1902 270613 259108 2026-11-08T00:50:33Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Plurinational State of Bolivia | common_name = '''बोलिभिया'''<br>Bolivia | native_name = {{small|{{nobold|{{native name|es|Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia}}<br />{{native name|gn|Tetã Hetãvoregua Mborivia}}<br />{{native name|ay|Wuliwya Suyu}}<br />{{native name|qu|Puliwya Mamallaqta}}<!--end nobold:-->}}}} | image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg | image_coat = Escudo de Bolivia.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|es|"La Unión es la Fuerza"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{small|"Unity is Strength"}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bcb.gov.bo/sitio/monedas/ligera/monedas/m10c.html | title=Moneda de 10 Centavos |trans-title=10 Cent Coins | language=Spanish | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428004356/http://www.bcb.gov.bo/sitio/monedas/ligera/monedas/m10c.html | archivedate=28 April 2007 | publisher=[[Central Bank of Bolivia]] | accessdate=28 January 2014}}</ref>}} | national_anthem = {{native name|es|"[[National Anthem of Bolivia|Himno Nacional de Bolivia]]"|nolink=yes|italic=no}}<br/><center>[[File:Himno Nacional de Bolivia instrumental.ogg]]</center> | image_map = BOL orthographic.svg | map_width = 220px | alt_map = | image_map2 = Bolivia - Location Map (2011) - BOL - UNOCHA.svg | alt_map2 = | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[South America]] |region_color= grey }} | capital = [[Sucre]] <small>(constitutional and judicial)</small><br/>[[La Paz]] <small>(executive and legislative)</small> | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]]}}<br/>{{small|{{coord|17|48|S|63|10|W}}}} | languages_type = Official languages<ref name="languages">{{cite web|url=http://bolivia.justia.com/nacionales/nueva-constitucion-politica-del-estado/primera-parte/titulo-i/capitulo-primero/|title=Justia Bolivia :: Nueva Constitución Política Del Estado > PRIMERA PARTE > TÍTULO I > CAPÍTULO PRIMERO :: Ley de Bolivia|website=bolivia.justia.com|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225051614/http://bolivia.justia.com/nacionales/nueva-constitucion-politica-del-estado/primera-parte/titulo-i/capitulo-primero/|archive-date=25 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | languages={{unbulleted list | [[Bolivian Spanish|Spanish]] | [[Aymara language|Aymara]] | [[Quechua language|Quechua]] | [[Guarani language|Guarani]] | [[Languages of Bolivia|and 33 others]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |68% [[Mestizo]] |20% [[Indigenous Bolivians|Indigenous]] |5% [[White Bolivians|White]] |1% [[Afro-Bolivians|Black]] |4% Other |2% Unspecified }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2018<ref name="cia">{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html | title=South America :: Bolivia | work=[[The World Factbook]] | publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] | accessdate=25 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213095613/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html | archive-date=13 February 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> | demonym = Bolivian | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Bolivia|Interim President]] | leader_name1 = [[Jeanine Áñez]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/20/el-mas-reconoce-la-sucesion-por-renuncia-abandono-de-funciones-de-evo-alvaro-238006.html|title=El MAS reconoce la sucesión por renuncia y abandono de funciones de Evo y Álvaro|website=Pagina Siete|date=20 November 2019|accessdate=20 November 2019|archive-date=21 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121085912/https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2019/11/20/el-mas-reconoce-la-sucesion-por-renuncia-abandono-de-funciones-de-evo-alvaro-238006.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2019/11/12/la-senadora-jeanine-anez-asumio-la-presidencia-provisional-de-bolivia-tras-la-renuncia-de-evo-morales/|title=La senadora Jeanine Áñez asumió la presidencia provisional de Bolivia tras la renuncia de Evo Morales|publisher=Infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref> | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Bolivia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = ''Vacant'' | legislature = [[Plurinational Legislative Assembly]] | upper_house = [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = [[Bolivian Declaration of Independence|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Spain]] | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 6 August 1825 | established_event2 = Recognized | established_date2 = 21 July 1847 | established_event3 = [[United Nations Charter|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date3 = 14 November 1945 | established_event4 = Current constitution | established_date4 = 7 February 2009 | area_km2 = 1,098,581 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 27th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 424,163 | percent_water = 1.29 | population_estimate = 11,469,896 <ref>{{"INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística - Estadísticas Demográficas". www.ine.gob.bo. Archived from the original on 2018-06-30. Retrieved 2018-06-30.}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2019<ref name=imf>{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=58&pr.y=4&sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=218&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=| title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects | publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] }}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 82nd | population_density_km2 = 10.4 | population_density_sq_mi = 26,9 | population_density_rank = 224th | FR_total_population_estimate_year = 11,428,245 (2019)<ref name=imf/> | GDP_PPP = $89.018 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $7,790<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=17&pr.y=21&sy=2019&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=218&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org}}</ref> | GDP_nominal = $43.687 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,823<ref name="auto"/> | Gini = 42.2 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BO |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Bolivia |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811112826/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BO |archive-date=11 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady/--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019.pdf |title=2019 Human Development Report |year=2019 |accessdate=9 December 2019 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 114th | currency = [[Bolivian boliviano|Boliviano]] | currency_code = BOB | time_zone = [[UTC−4:00|BOT]] | utc_offset = −4 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+591]] | iso3166code = | cctld = [[.bo]] | footnote_a = {{note|1}} While [[Sucre]] is the constitutional capital, [[La Paz]] is the seat of government and the executive capital. See [[Capital of Bolivia|below]]. | today = }} '''बोलिभिया''' [[दक्षिण अमेरिका|दक्षिण अमेरिका]] मि रयाको एक देश हो। ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:विश्वका देशअन]] [[Category:दक्षिण अमेरिका देशहरू]] aeollvnkdl21djn2uvoay87tl46eb5f 0 1954 270617 260017 2026-11-08T00:52:26Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Featured article}} {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = भानुभक्त आचार्य | image = Bhanubhakta Acharya.jpg | caption = भानुभक्त आचार्यको तस्विर | birth_date = वि. सं. १८७१ असार २९ | birth_place = चुँदी रम्घा, [[तनहुँ जिल्ला|तनहुँ]], [[नेपाल]] | death_date = वि सं. १९२५ असोज ६ | death_place = सतीघाट, तनहुँ | occupation = [[कवि]] |known_for = उत्कृष्ट कविता लेखन, रामायण |father= धनञ्जय आचार्य |religion = [[हिन्दु]] }} '''भानुभक्त आचार्य''' (वि. सं. १८७१ असार २९ – वि सँ १९२५ असोज ६) नेपाली साहित्य का प्राथमिक काल का प्रतिनिधि कवि हुन। उन वाल्मीकि रामायण का अनुवादक का रुप मी प्रख्यात छन। मोतिराम भट्ट ले उनलाई पैल्ली कि मिञ्‍ज्याँ नेपाली भाषा का आदिकवि को उपाधि दियाऽ थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gorkhapatra.org.np/mag/muna.detail.php?article_id=357&cat_id=28 |title=आदिकवि भानुभक्त आचार्य: मुना, असार २०६७ |access-date=2016-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719211701/https://gorkhapatra.org.np/mag/muna.detail.php?article_id=357&cat_id=28 |archive-date=2024-07-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> उनले प्रश्नोत्तर (वि.सं. १९१० ), भक्तमाला (वि.सं. १९१०), वधूशिक्षा(वि सं १९१९)<ref name = "himalayatimes" /> लगायतका कृतिइन लेखीराइछन। उनरा पाण्डुलिपि लाई संग्रह अरीबर मोतिराम भट्टले पुस्तकाकार मी प्रकाशित अर्‍या पछा उन नेपाली साहित्य मी पछ्याणीया हुन। ==जीवनी== भानुभक्त को जन्म धनञ्‍जय आचार्य रे धर्मावतीदेवी का पुत्रका रूप मी तनहूँ का रम्घा मी विक्रम सम्वत १८७१ असार २९ गते भयाको थ्यो।<ref>भानुभक्त आचार्य[https://gahateli.wordpress.com/2012/06/16/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-bhanu-bhakta-acharya/]</ref> बज्या श्रीकृष्ण आचार्य बठेइ शिक्षा पाया का यिन ले यक घासी को घास काटिबर पाटी पौवा बनौन्या इच्छा बठेइ केइ न केइ अरीबर नाउँ कमौन्या प्रेरणा पाया को थ्यो भण्ण्या भुँणाई छ। उनी नानामी नेपाली भाषाको कवितामी बोल्ल्या, कवितामी गाउँन्या रे कवितामी नाच्थ्या अरन्थ्या। एक फेर एक जना बटुवाले उनरो परिचय माग्दा बेला उनले कवितामी जवाफ दिया थ्याः: :पहाड्को अति बेस देश् तनहुँमा श्रीकृष्ण ब्राहृमण् थिया। :खुप् उच्चा कुल आर्यवंशि हुन गै सत्कर्ममा मन्दिया :विद्यामा पनि जो धुरन्धर भई शिक्षा मलाई दिया । :इन्को नाति म भानुभक्त भनि हूँ यो जानि चिन्ही लिया। <ref name = "samakalinsahitya">[http://www.samakalinsahitya.com/?show=detail&art_id=2283 समकालीन साहित्य]</ref> ===योगदान=== अठारौं शताव्दी मी उदायाका नेपाली बाङ्ग्मय का ज्योति भानुभक्त आचार्य राणाकालीन संकटपूर्ण, अस्थिर वातावरण भितरि राम को आदर्श सृष्टि अद्द्या यक मार्गदर्शक हुन। उनले राजमहल होऊ या वनबास यात्रा, लोकहित की न्यूति जसोइ लै काम अद्दु पणन्छ भण्णया भगवान राम का आदर्श को प्रचार अद्दाऽ सङ्ङै हजारौ वर्ष बठेइ पूर्वीय जगत मी उपजीव्य बन्याऽ प्रतिनिधि ग्रन्थ रामायण को नेपाली मी पुनर्जन्म अरौनाइ भानुभक्त सफल भया। नेपाली जगत मी एकैबर भाषा, साहित्य, संस्कृति, धर्म, दर्शन, परम्परा, चरित्र, मर्यादा, पितृप्रेम, भ्रातृत्त, दाम्पत्य, कर्तव्य, देशप्रेम, जनवात्सल्य जसा सप्पै विषयअन को समन्वय एवं समष्टि भाव प्रदान अर्‍या हुनाले भानुभक्तले आदिकवि तथा नेपाल का राष्ट्रिय विभूति जसा सम्मान पाया हुन। == भानुभक्त नेपाली साहित्यमी == नेपाली वाङ्ग्मयका नेपाली लेखक कविअनका आधारस्तम्भ भानुभक्तलाई देशविदेशका अध्येता, समालोचक एवं अनुसन्धाताअनले विभिन्न दृष्टिले हेरी राखिछन्। नेपाली वाङ्मयमा सागर बन्या भानुलाई आआफ्ना विवेक रे बुद्धिले भ्याएसम्म कतिले गाग्राले उघाया छन् त कतिले कसणो, बेल्याः, गिलास, पञ्चपात्रो, आचमनी जेले जति पाइयो उघाउन्या काम भयाः छ। आदिकवि भानुभक्त बहुआयामिक व्यक्तित्व भया कुरा उनरा सबै रचनाले पुष्टि अरियाः छ। संस्कृतभाषामी लेखिया अध्यात्मरामायणमा छन्दगत विविधता भेटिए लै अनुष्टुप्छन्दको बाहुल्य छ तर आदिकविले आफनो रामायणमी शिखरिणी, मन्दाक्रान्ता, वंशस्थविलं, मालिनी, स्रग्धरा जस्ता १३ वटा शास्त्रीयछन्दको अनुपम उदाहरण प्रस्तुत अरयाः छन् भण्या शार्दूलविक्रीडित छन्दलाई सबहै बढति प्रयोग अरयाः छन्। जैले अद्दा शार्दूलविक्रीडित छन्दलाई नेपाली जनमानसले भानुभक्तको छन्दसमेत भण्या अरयाः पाइन्छ। अनुष्टुप् जसो सामान्य छन्दमी लेखिया संस्कृत श्लोकको भावानुवादलाई स्रग्धरा जसो अत्यन्त लामो छन्दमी बदल्लु सक्कु रे त्यइमी लै अनुप्रास अलङ्कारादि गुणले सजाउनु भानुभक्तको काव्यकौशल हो। या केही पत्रपत्रिका रे भानुसम्बन्धी कृतिअनका आधारमी भानुभक्त सम्बन्धी/उनका कृतिअनका बारेमी लेखिया रचनाअनबठे कतिपय शीर्षक रे लेखकअनको नाम उल्लेख गरिया छ। शीर्षक रे लेखकका बीचमी केई शब्दअन राखिएया छन् ति केवल पूर्वापर सम्बन्ध जोड्डाइ रे भाषिक मिठासका निउति भयाः हो। भानुसम्बन्धी रचनाका या प्रस्तुत गरिया शीर्षकअन अध्ययनले भ्याएसम्म रे प्राप्त भयासम्मका पत्रपत्रिकाअनबठे उद्धृत गरिया छ। शीर्षक प्राप्त भया पत्रपत्रिका रे अन्य स्रोतअनको सम्पूर्ण विवरण यो नानो टिपोटमी दिन सम्भव धेखिएन। यो एक सङ्केत मात्ररि हो। ==कृतिअन== प्रकाशित कृतिहरु:- :महाकाव्य *''[[रामायण|भानुभक्तीय रामायण]]''-रचनाकाल १९१० :काब्य *''प्रश्नोत्तर'' (वि.सं. १९१० ) *''भक्तमाला''(वि.सं. १९१०) *''वधूशिक्षा'' (वि सं १९१९) *''रामगीता'' (वि सं १९२५) *''केही फुटकर कविता'' ==कविताशं== ==कविताशं== {| class="wikitable" ![[वाल्मीकीय रामायण|रामायण]] १.बाल काण्ड !घाँसी |- |एक् दिन् नारद् सत्य लोक् पुगिगया लोक्को गरौ हित् भनि ब्रम्ह्ना ताहि थिया पर्या चरणमा खुसि गराया पनि । क्या सोध्छौ तिमी सोध भन्छु म भनि मर्जि भयेथ्यो जसै ब्रम्ह्नाको करुणा बुझेर ऋषिले बिन्ति गर्या यो तसै । हे ब्रम्ह्ना जति हुन् सुभा सुभ सबै सुनि रयाछु कछु बाकि छइन केही तथापि सुन्न इच्छ्या म यो गर्द्छु । आउ लाज भयो कलि बखतमा प्राणी दुराचार भइ गर्न्याछन सब पाप् अनेक तरहका निज्का मतिमा गइ । साच्चो कुरा गरोइनन् अरुकोइ गर्नन् त निन्दा पनि अर्कको धन खानलाई अभिलाष् गर्नन् त दियो भनि । कोहि जन् परस्त्रिमा रतहुनन् कोही त हिम्सा महा देहलाई त आत्मा जानी रहलान् नास्तिक पसु झहि तहाँ । । |भर् जन्म घाँस तिर मन् दिई धन कमायो नाम क्यै रहोस् पछि भनेर कुवा खनायो । घाँसी दरिद्र घरको तर बुद्धि कस्तो म भानुभक्त धनी भैकन किन यस्तो । मेरा ईनार न त सत्तल पाटिकै छन् जे धन चीजहरु छन् घर भित्रनै छन् । त्यस घाँसीले कसरी आज दिए छ अर्ति धिक्कार हो म कन बस्नु न राखि किर्ति । |} ==चित्र दिर्घा== <gallery> File:Statue of Bhanubhakta Acharya at Chundi Ramgha 01.jpg|thumb| चुँदी [[रम्घा]]माइ रया भानुभक्त अाचार्यको शालिक File:Bhanu salik Nepal Academy5.JPG|thumb|भानु शालिक नेपाल प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठानमाइ File:Aadikavi Bhanubhakta Acharya.jpg|thumb|भानुभक्त अाचार्य अर्धकद शालिक, दरवार हाइस्कुल काठमाडौँ File:Bhanubhakta letter.jpg|thumb|भानुभक्त अाचार्यले चेलालाइ लेख्या चिठी संवत् १९१५ File:Bhanubhakta_statue.JPG |390x390px|right|thumb|[[दार्जिलिङ]]माइ रया भानुभक्त आचार्यको शालिक </gallery> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य लिङ्कहरू== {{commonscat|Bhanubhakta Acharya|भानुभक्त आचार्य}} #[http://www.pustakalaya.org/view.php?pid=Pustakalaya:2484 आदिकवि भानुभक्त (पटकथा)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201123902/http://pustakalaya.org/view.php?pid=Pustakalaya:2484 |date=2011-12-01 }} #[http://www.majheri.com/taxonomy/term/90 भानुभक्त आचार्यका रचनाहरू (मझेरी डट कममा)] #[https://setopati.com/social/60990 यसरी मनाइयो भानु जयन्ती-तस्बिरमा हेर्नुहोस्(सेटोपाटी अनलाइनमा)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181242/https://setopati.com/social/60990 |date=2021-07-09 }} {{नेपाली भाषाका साहित्यकारअन}} {{नेपाला राष्ट्रिय विभूतिअन}} [[श्रेणी:अपूर्ण लेख]] [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] ttdh6lb3lbjwigvjru2ep6b24une34b 0 1970 270620 268309 2026-11-08T00:53:12Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = |native_name = ''सहिद भीमदत्त पन्त'' |native_name_lang = ne |image =BhimDPant.jpg |caption = [[डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला]] माई रयाः सहिद भीमदत्त पन्तको सालिक |birth_place = [[अमरगढी किल्ला|अमरगढी]], [[डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला]], [[नेपाल]] |birth_date = १९२६ A.D. (१९८३ [[Vikram Samvat|BS]] मंसिर १०) |death_date = १९५३ A.D. (२०१० [[Vikram Samvat|BS]] साउन १७) |death_place = [[जोगबुढा]], [[डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला]], [[नेपाल]] |occupation = क्रान्तिकारी नेता, किसान नेता |father = तारानाथ पन्त |relatives = भाइ यदुनाथ पन्त |religion = [[हिन्दु]] }} '''भीमदत्त पन्त'''को जन्म विक्रम सम्वत् १९८३ मङ्सिर १० गते अचेलको [[डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला|डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला]] [[अमरगढी नगरपालिका|अमरगढी नगरपालिका]]को कारिगाउँमि भयाः हो । गर्ग गोत्रका यिनरा बाःको नाउँ पण्डित तारानाथै रे इजाको नाउँ सरस्वतीदेवी हो ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paschimsamachar.com/news/761495936775.html#.VHaUmtKUc_8|title=पश्चिम समाचार डट कम|access-date=2019-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909221902/http://www.paschimsamachar.com/news/761495936775.html#.VHaUmtKUc_8|archive-date=2024-09-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==जीवनी== भीमदत्त पन्त को ब्याः कारिगाउँका पराशर गोत्री दामोदरै रे बिस्नाकी माइली चेली पार्वतीसौँ भयाः हो । पार्वतीबटा यिनरा चेला सुदाम, चेली रेवती रे चेला लीलाधरको जन्म भयाः हो । तीनै चेलाचेली एकै मैनाभितरी रे बाः पण्डित तारानाथको स्वर्गे यिनरा कलिलाइ उमेरमि भएपछि यिन भौत निराश भयाः हुन् । भीमदत्तकी पडाइलेखाइ भारतका सिँगाहीमि भयै हो । ताँः पड्ड्या बखत महात्मा गान्धीका नेतृत्वमि भारतको स्वतन्त्रता सङ्ग्राम चलिरैथ्यो । यिन तै सङ्ग्रामबटा प्रभावित भया । महात्मा गान्धीभण्णा लै सुभाषचन्द्र बोसबटा यिन भौतै प्रभावित भयाः थ्या । जनताको हिट्ट्, डुल्ल्, बोल्ल्, लेख्द्, समर्थन वा विरोध अद्द, शान्तिसङ् बत्थुइ रे बाँत्त पाउन्या मौलिक अधिकार राजनीतिबटाहै सुरक्षित पाड्ड् सकिन्या विश्वास भयाः हुनाले यिन राजनीतिका बाटामि लाग्याः हुन् । महात्मा गान्धी, जवाहरलाल नेहरू, सरदार वल्लभभाइ पटेल, गोविन्दवल्लभ पन्त, धर्मभक्त माथेमा, [[शुक्रराज शास्त्री|शुक्रराज शास्त्री]], [[दशरथ चन्द|दशरथ चन्द]], [[गङ्ङालाल श्रेष्ठ|गङ्ङालाल श्रेष्ठ]], डा.के.आई.सिंह जसा व्यक्तिबटा यिन भौत प्रभावित भयाः हुन् । पछि भारतका वामपन्थी नेता महाराज गुरु अयङ्करबटा लकै प्रभावित भैबर यिनले माक्र्सवादी दर्शन लै पड्याः हुन् । श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता यिनलाई भौत मन पड्ड्या किताप हो । तैभितरको यो सिल्लोक यिन ठाउँ ठाउँ सुणाउँथ्या— जातस्य हि ध्रुवो मृत्युध्रुवं जन्म मृतस्य च तस्मादपरिहार्येऽर्थे न त्वं शोचितुमर्हसि ।। (श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता, २।२७) अर्थात् शरीरलाई सदाइँँ जन्मन्याइँ रे मद्द्या तत्त्व माण्णै हो भण्या लै जन्मन्याकी मरु रे मद्द्याको जन्म त निश्चित छ । इसा किसिमकी उपाय नभयै बातकी चिन्ता अद्दु बेकार हो । ==राजनीतिक यात्रा== नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसका नेता भया लै राणा, नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसै रे राजा मिलिबर दिल्लीमि भयाः सम्झौताको विरोध यिनले डा.के.आई.सिंहका जसेरी अर्‍यो । २००७ सालकी क्रान्ति हुन्या बखत नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसले जे भण्याः थ्यो तैभण्णा फरक बाटो हिट्ट लाग्यापछि यिन छटपटायाः हुन् । हुना त २००७ सालकी क्रान्तिपिछ्यारि यिन डडेल्धुरा शासन छेत्रका गभर्नर बनाइयाः लै हुन् । क्रान्ति अद्द् जाण्ण्या क्यै मान्स शासन चलाउनामि असफल लै हुनाहान् । चीनमि सनयात्सेनकी डौल तसी भयै थी । यिनले लै सोच्याः जसो शासन चलाउन पायैन । अनेक किसिमका झन्झट यिनले शासन समाल्ल्या बखत बेहोद्दु पड्यो । यिनले अनेक कोसिस अद्दा लकै सोच्याः जसो भयैन । ठुलाठालू, सामन्त, व्यापारी, कर्मचारी, साहू, महाजनै रे धूर्तसौँ मिलिबर तिनरा सबै फुचेरा कामका होमि हो मिलाउनु यिनलाई ठिक लाग्यैन । सदाइँभरि बदमासी अद्द्या तसाइ मान्सका दाउपेःचका सिकार यिन भया । धनीमानी, साहू, व्यापारी, शोषक, सामन्तबटा जम्मा अर्‍याः धन गरिबमि बाँड्ने काम अरे लै यिनले जस पाउन सक्यैन केलाइ भण्या यिनरा नजिकका क्यै मान्स फटाहा थ्या । सही मान्स पछ्याण्ण नसक्दु लै यिनरी कमजोरी धेक्किन्छे । यै बाःतको उदाहरण नजिक माणिएका मान्सले यिन बसेको ठाउँ यिनलाई पक्डाउ अद्द् आएका सरकारी सैनिकलाई भण्णुइँ रे आफनाइँ मित लालबहादुर मगरले यिनलाई गोली हाणिबर माःद्दु हो । क्रान्ति अन्न्या बेलाकी थोकाभौत संयमै रे आनिबानीकी कमीकमजोरी लै यिनमि रयैकी थी ।।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinekhabar.com/2017/08/614182/#.VHaUmtKUc_8|title= भीमदत्त पन्तको ६५औं स्मृति दिवस आज, को हुन् भीमदत्त?-अनलाइन खबर}}</ref> प्रजातन्त्रको स्थापना भयापछि लै गरिब निमुखा जनता माःरिबर ठुलाठालू, सामन्त, व्यापारी, कर्मचारी, साहू, महाजनै रे धूर्तैले जसेरी आफनो दुनो सोज्याउने काम अद्द् लाग्या तैको विरोध यिनले अर्‍याः हो । हुना त यिन जसा त्यागी नेताले अरेका कामबटा व्यक्ति व्यक्तिको स्वतन्त्रताइ रे प्रजातान्त्रिक मूल्यको स्थिरता हुनोइँ गयाः त हो । तसो भया लै समता, शोषणको अन्त्य, विभेदको अन्त्य, जनताका मौलिक अधिकारको सुनिश्चय जसा प्रश्न आँज लै यै देशमि जसाःतसाइ छन् । यिन राजनीतिक तीव्र विचार भयाः नेता हुन् । यिनले जे सोच्यो त्यो परम्पार अद्दाइलाइ इमान्दार भैबर काम अर्‍यो । विचारका हिसाबले शक्तिशाली, क्रान्तिकारी, जनाधारयुक्त, प्रतिभाशाली, इमान्दार, लगातार समर्पित, त्यागी महान् राननेता यिन हुन् । गरिबकी खातिरी अद्द्या मान्स थोकाइ हुनाहान् । माछा जन् माःरु गरिब जन् माःरु को भण्णछ रे ? तसी कुरडी यिनै अद्दथ्या । कुरडी चलाउन्या मात्तर नभैबर तै बमोजम काम पनि यिनले अरेको हो । जे भण्यो त्यो अद्द्या यिन जसा नेता मात्तर नभैबर मान्सै पाउन लै मुस्किल छ । जै बखत यिनले डोटीका ठाउँ ठाउँ गैबर “कि त जोःत हलो कि त छोड थलो, यदि हैन भने अब छैन भलो” भण्ण्या नारा दियाः थ्यो तै बखत समाजका गण्यमान्य भणीन्या मान्स यिनलाई बौलाहा, बेसुर्‍या, सन्की, बेकुफ, विवेकहीन भणिबर तथानाम गाली अद्दथ्या । आज तिनै मान्स हलो जोत्त बाध्य भै रैछन् । साठी वर्षपछिको समाज यिनले उसै बखत धेकिसक्याः थ्यो । यिनले जे भण्याः थ्यो आज त्यै लागू हुन्नाः छ । सत्ताइस वर्ष मात्तर यिन बाँच्याः हुन् । हिसाब लाउन्या हो भण्या सत्ताइसमि पन्द्र वर्ष त शैशव र किशोरावस्थामि बित्तछ । तैपछिका क्यै वर्ष पडाइलेखाइमि लै लाग्दाहान् । क्यै वर्ष मालपर्बत अद्दामि लै बिते हुन् । बाँकी रयाः समयमि अरेकी राजनीति यिनरी राजनीति हो । तति कम समयमि सय वर्ष बाँचेका नेताले अद्द् नसक्न्या काम यिनले अरिदियो । गरिबमारा फटाहाको अन्त्य, ब्याजखोर साहूको अन्त्य, गरिब, भूमिहीन, निमुखा, कमजोर, दलित, पिछडिएका, दुर्गम क्षेत्रका बासिन्दाको उद्धारै रे समुन्नति, समान न्याय यिनरो चाहना थ्यो । यिनले तसै उद्देश्यखिलाई क्रान्ति अरेका हुन् । स्थिर विचार, दृढ गन्तव्य, अडिग अठोटका धनी यिनले कैलै बिसद्द नसकिन्या योगदान दीबर आफनो नाउँ नेपालका इतिहासमि स्वर्णाक्षरले लेखायाः छन् । भीमदत्तको जीवन आँधीबेरीको जसो धेकिन्छ । थोक्काइ बेरमि ढाइँढुइँ आइबर उड्न्या जति उडाई, भाँच्चिन्या जति भाँची उनीताःर सामसुम हुन्या आँधीबेरीका वातावरणकी नक्कल उनले अरेको धेकिन्छ । भीमदत्त छिटाइँ जन्म्या, छिटाइँ नेता भया, छिटाइँ चल्यौ लाग्या । समयभण्णा पैल्ली उनले राजनीतिक विचार पोख्यो । उनले उठाएको मुद्दा भणेको तल्लो तहका जनताले लै बाँत्तु, सामान्य नागरिक भैबर अवसर पाउनु, उन्नति अद्दु, सामन्तका शोषणबटा उन्मुक्ति पाउनु, जोत्त सकिन्या जग्गा पाउनु, गुजारा अद्द पुग्न्या आर्थिक अवस्था हुन्या आधार पाउनु पड्डछ भण्ण्या हो । इत्ति भण्णु क्या थ्यो यिनलाई देशद्रोही, डाँका, आतङ्ककारी, फटाहा, असामाजिक, विप्लवी रे नहुना नहुना दोष लाइबर भारतीय सेनाको मद्दत मागिबर राज्यले माद्द लायो । त्यो लै प्रजातन्त्रको स्थापना भयापिछ्यारिकी बात हो । साँच्चि भण्णे हो भण्या जनताको कल्याण हुन्या काम यिनले अरेका हुन्। त्यै काम क्रुर शासककी डीठमि अपराध लाग्यो । न्याय अन्धा हुन्छ, शासक अन्धा हुनाहान्, भौतजसो निसाफ निर्दोषीका विरुद्ध लै अरिन्छ भण्ण्यै कुरडीका उदाहरण लै यिन हुन् । हुना त लणैँमि, राजनीतिमि रे मायापिर्तीमि जे अरे लै मुनासिब हन्छ भण्णाहान् । व्यक्तिले अरेको गल्तीको डण्ण त राज्यले दिन्छ । भीमदत्त जसा जनताका नेता माद्द्या राज्यले अरेको गल्तीको डण्ण कसेरी को दिन्या हो ? यो प्रश्न पनि प्रश्नै बनिबर रै रैछ । २०१० साउन १७ गते पर्भातको खानु नखानाइँ मारिएका भीमदत्तका हडबटाहै मुन्टो काटिबर डडेल्धुरा बजार घुमाउन्या उइ बखतका शासकका दुर्बुद्धितिर जति धारे हात लाए लै जसेरी थोका हुन्छ उसेरी अमर सहिद राजनेता भीमदत्तको जति बयान लाए लै थोका हुन्छ। सुदूर पश्चिमाञ्चलमी गाइन्या चैतमी भीमदत्तको चैत भाैती प्रख्यात माणिन्छ। चैतमी भीमदत्तलाई प्रमुख पात्र बनाईवर उनरा जीवनमी घट्या प्रमुख घटनाको उल्लेख गर्या पाइन्छ। :माथ न्यूडी हात खडी जय नेपाल बोली :सुन्दो नाइ लालबहादुर हानिहाल्यो गोली :घूमरेला केशपास झलक दन्तपाटी :पउँच्यो है नेपालथी शिर लैयो काटी<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jhannaya.nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/810/2020-02-01?fbclid=IwAR0wH66K2qKq34mHLg-F5GObq0IQvfB07NamnJtK4aECo8rew7Ubfnv29Go |title=हराउँदै सुदूरपश्चिमका चैतहरू - झननयाँ नयाँ पत्रिका डेली |access-date=2020-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008015702/https://jhannaya.nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/810/2020-02-01?fbclid=IwAR0wH66K2qKq34mHLg-F5GObq0IQvfB07NamnJtK4aECo8rew7Ubfnv29Go |archive-date=2025-10-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==मृत्यु== भीमदत्त पन्तलाई फाँसी दियिया: थेऽन तर उनराइ साथीले फसाया: थ्यो। उनलाई डड़ेलधुरा जिल्ला: जोगबुढ़ा: बिर्खमा जङ्ङलमी गोली हाणिबर मा:र्‍या हो। पन्त लुग्या: ठौर उनराई साथीले धेकाया हो। उनलाई माद्दाइ भारत बठेइ सेना बोलायिया थ्या। उनलाई वि.सं. २०१० साल साउन १७ गते पकोणिबर भोल्का दिन स्थानिय सामन्तीना: मद्दत ले सिपाइन हँता मुण्डो कटाइबर मारिया: हो। पछा उनरो मुण्डो डड़ेल्धुरा: चोकमी टाङ्या थ्यो। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{reflist}} ==बाइल्ला सुत्र== *[http://www.ekantipur.com/nep/2068/4/16/full-story/333434.html किसान नेता भीमदत्त पन्तलाई फाँसी दिइएको उनन्साठी वर्ष पूरा] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418091003/http://www.ekantipur.com/nep/2068/4/16/full-story/333434.html |date=2012-04-18 }} *[http://www.onlinekhabar.com/2016/03/395327/ भीमदत्त पन्त रे कप्तान यज्ञबहादुरसहित २२ सहिद थपिया] *[http://koselinews.com/?p=7233 पहिलो क्रान्तिकारी किसान नेता भीमदत्त पन्तको आज ६४ औं स्मृति दवस]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[श्रेणी:सुदुर पश्चिमाञ्चलका सहिद]] [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली राजनितीज्ञ]] qxi30erbsbxdyk7sg9d275dmexgrbz5 0 2023 270622 265838 2026-11-08T00:54:58Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Mongolia |native_name = {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}<br />{{native name|mn|Монгол Улс}} |common_name = Mongolia |image_flag = Flag of Mongolia.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Mongolia.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = File:Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green}} |national_motto = |national_anthem = {{unbulleted list |[[National anthem of Mongolia|Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал]]<br />{{transl|mn|''Mongol ulsyn töriin duulal''}}<br />({{Lang-en|"National anthem of Mongolia"}})}}<br /><center> </center> |official_languages = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] |languages_type = [[Official script]]s |languages = {{hlist|[[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]|[[Mongolian script|Mongolian]]<!-- Please, add an official (and non-media) source, otherwise it may be removed. --><ref>{{cite news |url = http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36 |title = Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script |newspaper=UB Post |date = June 21, 2011 |accessdate=2010-07-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20111101013639/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36 |archivedate = November 1, 2011 }}</ref>}} |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 96% [[Mongols]] | 4% [[Kazakhs]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mg.html |title = Mongolia |publisher = CIA |work = The World Factbook |accessdate = August 9, 2015 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703173449/https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mg.html |archivedate = July 3, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2010 |demonym = {{hlist ||Mongolian{{Ref label|b|b}}|[[Mongol]]}} |capital = [[Ulaanbaatar]]{{Ref label|a|a}} |religion = [[Buddhism in Mongolia|Buddhism]] (53%)<br />Non-religious (38.6%)<br/>[[Islam in Mongolia|Islam]] (3%)<br/>[[Mongolian shamanism|Shamanism]] (2.9%)<br/>[[Christianity in Mongolia|Christianity]] (2.2%)<br/>Others (0.4%)<ref name="cia" /> |coordinates = {{coord|48|N|106|E|scale:20000000_source:GNS|display=title}} |largest_city = capital |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}} [[republic]]<ref name="Draft">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |url-status= |journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archivedate=August 19, 2008 |pages= |access-date=21 February 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Dual">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |journal=French Politics |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |access-date=21 February 2016 |quote=Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger’s sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in '''Mongolia''', Poland, and Senegal. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053112/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="IDEA">{{cite web |url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/news/mongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy |title=Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy |last=Odonkhuu |first=Munkhsaikhan |author-link1=<!-- Munkhsaikhan Odonkhuu --> |date=12 February 2016 |website=ConstitutionNet |publisher=[[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|International IDEA]] |access-date=21 February 2016 |quote=Mongolia is sometimes described as a semi-presidential system because, while the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to the SGKh, the president is popularly elected, and his/her powers are much broader than the conventional powers of heads of state in parliamentary systems. |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225144740/http://www.constitutionnet.org/news/mongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy |archivedate=February 25, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |leader_title1 = [[President of Mongolia|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Khaltmaagiin Battulga]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]] |legislature = [[State Great Khural]] |area_rank = 18th |area_km2 = 1,566,000 |area_sq_mi = 603,909 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --> |percent_water = 0.67<ref name="cia"/> |population_estimate = 3,353,470<ref name="population projection">{{cite web|url=http://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Renewed_2015-2045_Population_projection_english.pdf&ln=En|title=Renewed 2015-2045 population projection|date=1 January 2017|website=www.1212.mn|publisher=[[Mongolian Statistical Information Service]]|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612103548/http://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Renewed_2015-2045_Population_projection_english.pdf&ln=En|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census = 3,057,778<ref name="2015 census">{{cite web|url=http://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=2015_Population_and_housing_by-census_of_Mongolia_en.pdf&ln=En|title=2015 population and housing by census of mongolia|date=1 January 2016|website=www.1212.mn|publisher=[[Mongolian Statistical Information Service]]|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612103546/http://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=2015_Population_and_housing_by-census_of_Mongolia_en.pdf&ln=En|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2020 |population_estimate_rank = 134th |population_census_year = 2015 |population_density_km2 = 2.07 |population_density_sq_mi = 5.4 |population_density_rank = 194th |GDP_PPP_year = 2019 |GDP_PPP = $47&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOMN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=5&c=948&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, January 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 115th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $14,270<ref name="IMFWEOMN"/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 93rd |GDP_nominal = $13.7&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOMN"/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2019 |GDP_nominal_rank = 133rd |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,151<ref name="IMFWEOMN"/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 116th |Gini_year = 2018 |Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |Gini = 32.7 <!-- number only --> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MN |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Mongolia |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2018 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> |HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |HDI = 0.735 <!-- number only, between 0 and 1 --> |HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 92nd |sovereignty_type = [[History of Mongolia|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Xiongnu|Xiongnu Empire]] |established_date1 = formed 209 BC |established_event2 = [[Mongol Empire]] |established_date2 = formed 1206 |established_event3 = [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911|Declaration of independence]] from [[Qing dynasty]] |established_date3 = December 29, 1911 |established_event4 = [[Mongolian People's Republic]] was established |established_date4 = November 26, 1924 |established_event5 = Independence was recognized by [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] |established_date5 = January 5, 1946 |established_event6 = [[Constitution of Mongolia|Current constitution]] |established_date6 = February 13, 1992 |currency = [[Mongolian tögrög|Tögrög]] |currency_code = MNT |time_zone = <!-- [[Asia/Hovd|HOVD]] (Hovd Standard Time) / [[Asia/Ulaanbaatar||ULAT]] (Ulaanbaatar Standard Time) --> |utc_offset = +7/+8<ref>{{cite web |title = Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7 |publisher = Time Temperature.com |url = http://www.timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml |accessdate = 2007-09-30 |url-status=live |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013100212/http://timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml |archivedate = October 13, 2007 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +8/+9<ref>{{cite web |title= Clock changes in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia |publisher= timeanddate.com |url= http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/mongolia/ulaanbaatar |accessdate= 2015-03-27 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223717/http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/mongolia/ulaanbaatar |archivedate= March 25, 2015 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> |date_format = yyyy.mm.dd ([[Common Era|CE]]) |drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Right-hand traffic|right]] |calling_code = [[+976]] |iso3166code = MN |cctld = [[.mn]], [[.мон]] |footnote_a = {{Note|a}} Also spelled "Ulan Bator". |footnote_b = {{Note|b}} "Mongolian" denotes nationality, which includes minorities such as [[Kazakhs]] or [[Tuvans]], while "Mongol" indicates [[Mongols|Mongol ethnicity]]. }} [[File:Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|300px|(मंगोलिया)]] '''मंगोलिया''' [[एसिया|एसिया]] मी रयाको एक देश हो। ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:एसियाका देशअन]] ==भाइरका कडि== {{एसिया महादेशका राष्ट्रहरू}} j3ua5d3ej6nldqa9qgfimxgsvmr5yik 0 2191 270626 261300 2026-11-08T00:59:18Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox athlete |name = मीरा राई |image = Mira Rai 02.JPG |caption = मीरा राई एक कार्यक्रममी |country = {{NEP}} |club = [[नेपाल राष्ट्रिय एथलेटिक्स टिम]] |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|12|31}} |medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | महिला म्याराथन खेलाडी}} {{MedalCompetition|माउन्ट ब्लान्क अल्ट्रा म्याराथन}} {{MedalGold |२०१५ फ्रान्स|एकल}} {{MedalCompetition|स्काई रनिङ एसियन च्याम्पियनसिप}} {{MedalGold |२०१५ हङकङ|एकल}} {{MedalCompetition|बेन नेभिस अल्ट्रा दौड}} {{MedalGold |२०१७ बेलायत|एकल}} }} '''मीरा राई''' (जन्म: ३१ डिसेम्बर १९८८)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fidal.it/atleta/Mira-Rai/dqqRmJeja2U%3D|title=Mira Rai|publisher=fidal.it|accessdate=8 November 2017}}</ref> नेपाली म्याराथन खेलाडी तथा पूर्व माओवादी लडाकू<ref name=himalkhabar1>{{cite web|title=अयोग्य लडाकु, योग्य खेलाडी|url=http://www.himalkhabar.com/?p=94311|website=हिमाल खबर|accessdate=२५ माघ २०७१|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824140831/http://www.himalkhabar.com/?p=94311|archive-date=2015-08-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> हन्। विभिन्न अल्ट्रा म्याराथन खेलमी सहभागिता जनाइसकेकी मीराले फ्रान्सको चामोनिक्समा आयोजित माउन्ट ब्लान्क अल्ट्रा म्याराथनको तोकिया ८० किमीको दूरी १२ घण्टा ३२ मिनेटमी पुरा अरिवर उपाधि जितेई छन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalkhabar.com/?p=105055|website=हिमाल खबर|accessdate=१२ असार २०७२|title=मीरा राईले जितिन् फ्रान्समा आयोजित अल्ट्रा म्याराथन|archive-date=2015-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824202650/http://www.himalkhabar.com/?p=105055|url-status=dead}}</ref> मीराले सन् २०१७ को नेशनल जोग्राफीको एड्भन्चर अफ दी इयरमी 'साहसी वर्ष व्यक्ति २०१७' को उपाधि हासिल अरेकि छन्। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://setopati.com/khel/61851/#sthash.vpuBjULW.dpuf|website=सेतोपाटी अनलाइन|accessdate=१४ माघ २०७३|title=मीरा राईले जितिन् नेसनल ज्योग्राफिकको 'साहसी वर्ष व्यक्ति'|archive-date=2023-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417090447/https://www.setopati.com/khel/61851/#sthash.vpuBjULW.dpuf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == सन्दर्भअन == {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:नेपाली खेलाडीअन]] 48fasigev9kiqnf8lq534qesv7kswwa 0 2221 270628 266138 2026-11-08T00:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = मेलिना राई | image = Melina Rai (Singer).jpg | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = | background = आधुनिक गायिका | birth_name = | native_name = मेलिना राई | native_name_lang = ne | alias = | birth_date = | birth_place = | origin = नेपाली | death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) --> | death_place = | genre = | occupation = गायिका | instrument = | years_active = <!-- YYYY–YYYY (or –present) --> | label = | associated_acts = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | notable_instruments = }} '''मेलिना राई''' [[नेपाल |नेपाली ]] पप रे आधुनिक गायिका हुन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://biography.lumbinimedia.com/2017/09/melina-rai.html|title=मेलिना राईको जीवनी|access-date=२०१७-०९-२१|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128203530/http://biography.lumbinimedia.com/2017/09/melina-rai.html|archive-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> मेलिना राई पछिल्ला समयमी नेपाली गीत सङ्गीत क्षेत्रमी एक लोकप्रिय रे चर्चित नाम हो। उनीद्वारा गाइएका गीतअन भौती लोकप्रिय रया छन्। ==चर्चित गीतहरू== * तिमिले बाटो फेरेउरे , अर्कैलाई हेरेउरे.... * आसुँ पुछ्ने रुमाल.<ref> Roshan Fyuba @rfyubaSep 8आजको शूटिङ् पनि सम्पन्न भयो । गीत आसुँ पुछ्ने रुमाल ---गायिका : मेलिना राई शब्द : के बि मल्ल संगीत : रोशन... </ref> * तिमी संगै अमर नाता जोडूँ जोडूँ लाग्छ... * पिरतीको डोरी...(एल्बम:अनमोल) * तिमी संगै अमर नाता जोडूँ जोडूँ लाग्छ... * पत्थर झैं रैछ तिम्रो मुट... * सोह्र पुगी सत्रमा * आउन माया (सुमन राई) ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} ==भाइरा कड़ियन== [[श्रेणी:नेपाली गायिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] m1szyjp5ag4knmtcqqnha96lsbt8gd6 0 2511 270635 258816 2026-11-08T01:09:59Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of the Congo | native_name = {{resize|80%|{{native name|fr|République démocratique du Congo}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|kg|Repubilika ya Kôngo ya Dimokalasi}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|ln|Republíki ya Kongó Demokratíki}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|lu|Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata}}}} | image_flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (grey spear).svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Coat of arms]] | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Justice&nbsp;– Paix&nbsp;– Travail"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"Justice&nbsp;– Peace&nbsp;– Work"}} | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|[[Debout Congolais]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"Arise, Congolese"}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">[[File:National anthem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.ogg|center]]</div> | image_map = Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(orthographic_projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark green}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Kinshasa]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|19|S|15|19|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Kinshasa | official_languages = French | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Lingala language|Lingala]] |[[Kikongo]] |[[Swahili language|Swahili]] |[[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]]}} | ethnic_groups = ''See [[#Ethnic groups|Ethnic groups]] section below'' | demonym = <span class="nowikilink">Congolese</span> | government_type = [[Unitary system|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Félix Tshisekedi]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President of the Senate]] | leader_name3 = [[Alexis Thambwe Mwamba]] | leader_title4 = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = [[Jeannine Mabunda]] | leader_title5 = [[Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President of the Constitutional Court]] | leader_name5 = Benoît Lwamba Bindu | legislature = [[Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Democratic Republic of Congo|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[International Association of the Congo|Colonised]] | established_date1 = 17 November 1879 | established_event2 = [[Congo Free State]] | established_date2 = 1 July 1885 | established_event3 = [[Belgian Congo]] | established_date3 = 15 November 1908 | established_event4 = [[Congo Crisis|Independence]] from [[Belgium]] | established_date4 = 30 June 1960<ref name="cia.gov"> {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Democratic Republic of Congo |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2014 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |accessdate=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810035132/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |archive-date=10 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | established_event5 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 142|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date5 = 20 September 1960 | established_event6 = Renamed Democratic Republic of Congo | established_date6 = 1 August 1964 | established_event7 = [[Zaire|Republic of Zaire]] | established_date7 = 29 October 1971 | established_event8 = [[First Congo War|Fall of Mobutu]] | established_date8 = 17 May 1997 | established_event9 = [[Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Current constitution]] | established_date9 = 18 February 2006 | area_km2 = 2,345,409 | area_rank = 11th | area_sq_mi = 905,355 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 3.32 | population_estimate = 101,780,263 (July 2020 est.)<ref name=imf2>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/335rank.html | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects | publisher=The World Factbook | access-date=2020-06-14 | archive-date=2018-12-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218221601/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/335rank.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 14th | population_density_km2 = 39.19 | population_density_sq_mi = 101.54 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $77.486 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $843<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $46.117 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $501<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 44.4 | Gini_year = 2006 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=1|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927100305/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=1|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.459 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 179th | currency = [[Congolese franc]] | currency_code = CDF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] and [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = {{nowrap|+1 to +2}} | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+243]] | iso3166code = CD | cctld = [[.cd]] | today = }} '''लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कंगो''' [[अफ्रिका]] महाद्वीपमाई रयाको एक देश हो। ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[Category:अफ्रिकी देशअन]] qhhrhapdpdz92ylltsau11qchjnbb41 0 2642 270637 268113 2026-11-08T01:12:27Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = शिव परियार | image = Shiva-pramod music Khabar Music Awards (cropped to Shiva).jpg | caption = २०१८ मी शिव परियार | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|02|22}} | birth_place = [[सर्लाही जिल्ला|सर्लाही]], [[नेपाल]]<ref name="auto"/> | occupation = {{flatlist| * गायक * गीतकार * संगीतकार }} | years_active = २००३{{ndash}}हालसम्म | notable_works = ''कहाँ थियौ तिमी'', ''सङ्गी'', ''फेवातालमा साइँली'', ''पिलायो साथीले'', ''क्या दामी भो'' | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = {{hlist|[[अर्धशास्त्रीय संगीत|अर्धशास्त्रीय]]|[[लोकप्रिय संगीत|लोकप्रिय]]|[[भावनात्मक संगीत|भावनात्मक]]|[[लोक संगीत|लोक]]|पप}} | instrument = {{flatlist| * गायन * [[हार्मोनियम]] * [[तबला]] * गितार }} }} }} '''शिवबहादुर परियार''' नेपाली गायक, गीतकार तथा संगीतकार हुन्। उनी [[नेपालको संगीत|नेपाली संगीत]]मी आफ्नो योगदानका लागि परिचित छन्।<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=Mahat |first1=Sunny |date=2019-08-16 |title=A classical singer who redefines the genre |publisher=[[The Annapurna Express]] |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/a-classical-singer-who-redefines-the-genre-1832 |url-status=live |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805090852/https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/a-classical-singer-who-redefines-the-genre-1832 |archive-date=2021-08-05}}</ref> उनका चर्चित गीतहरूमी ''धेरै चोटि मरेँ म त'', ''कहाँ थियौ तिमी'', ''अलिकति नजर तिम्रो'', ''सङ्गी'', ''क्या दामी भो'', ''पाकेर खाएको फल मिठो'', ''आँसुको अर्थ'', ''नभेटी नभेटी'', ''धोकेबाज हौ तिमी'', ''फुलैफुल दिन्छौ कि'', ''फेवातालमा साइँली'' रे ''पिलायो साथीले'' पर्दछन्।<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |last1=Lama |first1=Sonam |date=2018-09-24 |title=5 Things About Shiva Pariyar |publisher=[[My Republica|Republica]] |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/mycity/news/5-things-about-shiva-pariyar |url-status=live |access-date=2023-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510110937/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/mycity/news/5-things-about-shiva-pariyar |archive-date=2023-05-10}}</ref> सन् २०१९ सम्ममी उनले तेह्रवटा स्टुडियो एल्बम सार्वजनिक गरिसकेका थिए।<ref name="auto" /> == संगीत यात्रा == शिव परियारको जन्म [[सर्लाही जिल्ला|सर्लाही]], [[नेपाल]]मी भएको हो।<ref name="auto" /> परियारले शास्त्रीय संगीतदेखि आधुनिक पपसम्म विभिन्न संगीत विधालाई आफ्नो गायनमी समेटेका छन्।<ref name="auto2"/> उनी पूर्वीय शास्त्रीय संगीतको [[तबला]] तथा पियानो पनि बजाउन सक्छन्।<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=2016 |title=Shiva Pariyar |publisher=[[Radio Kantipur]] |url=https://radiokantipur.com/celebrity/hot-property/315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614065042/https://radiokantipur.com/celebrity/hot-property/315 |archive-date=2020-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khatiwada |first1=Nishan |date=2020-08-02 |title=Is the singers' freedom of expression absolute? |publisher=[[The Annapurna Express]] |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/is-the-singers-freedom-of-expression-absolute-2695 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805015602/https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/is-the-singers-freedom-of-expression-absolute-2695 |archive-date=2020-08-05}}</ref> सन् २००३ मी उनले [[रेडियो नेपाल]]द्वारा आयोजित ''राष्ट्रिय समसामयिक संगीत प्रतियोगिता''मी स्वर्ण पदक प्राप्त गरे।<ref name=":0" /> उनले सानै उमेरदेखि संगीतको प्रशिक्षण लिन थालेका थिए रे सन् २००५ मी आफ्नो पहिलो एल्बम ''मोक्ष्य'' सार्वजनिक गरे।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lama |first1=Sonam |date=2018-11-20 |title=Singing for a growing music industry |publisher=[[My Republica|Republica]] |agency=[[Nagarik (daily)|Nagarik]] |issue=My City's Sonam Lama |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/mycity/news/singing-for-a-growing-music-industry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510110934/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/mycity/news/singing-for-a-growing-music-industry |archive-date=2023-05-10}}</ref> आफ्नो पहिलो एल्बम सार्वजनिक गरेको तीन वर्षपछि परियारले लगातार ''स्वयम्'' रे ''कादम्बिनी'' नामक दुई स्टुडियो एल्बम सार्वजनिक गरे।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Acharya |first1=Mahesh |title=गायक शिब परीयारलाइ स्वरका बादशाह उपाधीसहित सम्मान |url=https://abcnepali.com/entertainment/9054/?fbclid=IwAR3qAcPLyCOJ-t4NbzoolqTKZoOfDgqMhIm0nUGNYvZCmdwICd5BXSEf0H4 |website=ABCNepali.com |publisher=ABC Nepali |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806051731/https://abcnepali.com/entertainment/9054/?fbclid=IwAR3qAcPLyCOJ-t4NbzoolqTKZoOfDgqMhIm0nUGNYvZCmdwICd5BXSEf0H4 |url-status=dead}}</ref> सन् २०१० मी उनले आफ्नो चौथो स्टुडियो एल्बम ''क्या दामी'' सार्वजनिक गरे। त्यसपछि सन् २०११ मी पाँचौँ एल्बम ''फाटेको मन'' सार्वजनिक गरे।<ref name=":0" /> सन् २०११ मी परियारले आफ्नो छैटौँ एल्बम ''पागल'' सार्वजनिक गरे। त्यसको अर्को वर्ष उनले लगातार दुईवटा एल्बम ''कथाले मागेपछी'' रे ''ओन्ली फर यु मेरो साथी'' सार्वजनिक गरे। सन् २०१३ मी उनले उमेश सुब्बाद्वारा संगीतबद्ध आफ्नो नवौँ स्टुडियो एल्बम ''टाढाको साथी'' सार्वजनिक गरे।<ref name=":0" /> उनको दशौँ एल्बम ''शिव बुक'' सन् २०१५ मी सार्वजनिक भयो।<ref name=":0" /> सन् २०२३ को मे महिनामी उनी नेपालको पहिलो अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय रियालिटी शो ''[[मेरो भ्वाइस युनिभर्स]]''का छ जना निर्णायकमध्ये एकका रूपमी सहभागी भए।<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=Nepal’s 1st International reality shows calls for audition |url=https://english.makalukhabar.com/2023/03/105547/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402065633/https://english.makalukhabar.com/2023/03/105547/ |archive-date=2023-04-02 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Makalu Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref> === एल्बमहरू === # ''Mokshya'' (२००५) # ''Swayam'' (२००८) # ''Kadambini'' (२००९) # ''Kya Daami'' (२०१०) # ''Fateko Man'' (२०११) # ''Pagal'' (२०११) # ''Kathale Magepachhi'' (२०१२) # ''Only You Mero Sathi'' (२०१२) # ''Tadako Sathi'' (२०१३) # ''Shiva Book'' (२०१५) # ''Shivalaya'' (२०२१) # ''Shivalaya-2'' (२०२३) # ''Timi Ra Ma'' (२०२३) == पुरस्कार तथा सम्मान == * राष्ट्रिय युवा प्रतिभा पुरस्कार, कला तथा संगीत (२०१६) – [[नेपाल सरकार]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samiti |first1=Rastriya Samachar |date=2016-08-12 |title=President Bhandari honours youth on International Youth Day |publisher=[[The Himalayan Times]] |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/president-bhandari-honours-youth-international-youth-day |url-status=live |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510110936/https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/president-bhandari-honours-youth-international-youth-day |archive-date=2023-05-10}}</ref> * उत्कृष्ट पुरुष स्वर प्रस्तुति पुरस्कार (२०१७) – Hits FM Music Award<ref>{{cite web |title=HMA Winners 2074 |url=https://www.hitsfm.com.np/hma-winners-2074/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209114855/https://www.hitsfm.com.np/hma-winners-2074/ |archive-date=2023-02-09 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=Hits FM 91.2 |publisher=[[Hits FM (Nepal)|Hits FM]]}}</ref> * राष्ट्रिय कान्तिपुर संगीत पुरस्कार (२०१८) – Radio Kantipur 96.1<ref>{{cite news |date=2019 |title=National Music Awards 2075 |publisher=The Kathmandu Post |agency=[[Kantipur Publications]] |issue=21 January 2019 |url=https://www.kmg.com.np/national-music-awards-2075 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510110936/https://www.kmg.com.np/national-music-awards-2075 |archive-date=2023-05-10}}</ref> * उत्कृष्ट पप पुरुष स्वर पुरस्कार (२०१९) – Hits FM Music Award<ref>{{cite news |date=2020-01-19 |title=Sabin Rai and The Pharaoh win big at the annual Hits FM music awards |publisher=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2020/01/19/celebrating-nepali-music-industry |url-status=live |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805090848/https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2020/01/19/celebrating-nepali-music-industry |archive-date=2021-08-05}}</ref> * आधुनिक गायक (पुरुष) – राष्ट्रिय संगीत पुरस्कार<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khadgi |first1=Ankit |date=2019-01-21 |title=Veteran singer Sthapit receives Lifetime Achievement Award at 2019 National Music Awards |publisher=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2019/01/21/veteran-singer-sthapit-receives-lifetime-achievement-award-at-2019-national-music-awards |url-status=live |access-date=2023-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510195312/https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2019/01/21/veteran-singer-sthapit-receives-lifetime-achievement-award-at-2019-national-music-awards |archive-date=2023-05-10}}</ref> * उत्कृष्ट पुरुष पार्श्वगायक – दोस्रो Music Khabar Music Award (२०१३), ''Bato Modera Gayau''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=म्यूजिक खबर म्यूजिक अवार्ड आठौंसम्मका विजेताहरु |url=https://musickhabar.com/music-khabar-music-award-2/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=MusicKhabar.com: Nepal's No. 1 Musical Newspaper |language=en}}</ref> * उत्कृष्ट युगल गायन – चौथो Music Khabar Music Award (२०१५), ''Aafnai Jindagi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Khabar Music Awards {{!}} Artist of Nepal |url=https://www.artistofnepal.com/awards/music-khabar-music-awards |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=www.artistofnepal.com}}</ref> * उत्कृष्ट आधुनिक गीत गायक – सातौँ Music Khabar Music Award (२०१८), ''Barsau Bho''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=७औं म्युजिक खबर म्युजिक अवार्ड विराटनगरमा सम्पन्न, शिब र प्राश्ना सर्वोत्कृष्ट गायक-गायिका |url=https://musickhabar.com/7th-music-khabar-music-award-2018/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=MusicKhabar.com: Nepal's No. 1 Musical Newspaper |language=en}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pariyar, Shiva}} [[Category:नेपाली गायकहरू]] e4msp5uc2om02ldff9wqapk48ip9oa4 0 2710 270639 265635 2026-11-08T01:16:29Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = सन्नी लियोनी | image = Sunny Leone at Ginna press meet (3).jpg | caption = २०२२ मं लियोनी | birth_name = करनजीत कौर वोहरा | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|5|13}}<ref name=OwnBio>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en/about |title=मेरो बारे मं |work=SunnyLeone.com |access-date=January 5, 2016 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165939/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en/about |url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_place = [[सार्निया, ओन्टारियो]], क्यानाडा | other_names = करन मल्होत्रा<br>करनजीत कौर<br>करनजीत कौर वेबर | occupation = {{hlist|अभिनेत्री|पूर्व [[अश्लील चलचित्र अभिनेत्री]]|}} | years_active = २००१–हालसम्म | spouse = {{marriage|डेनियल वेबर|2011}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sunny-Leones-husband-comes-to-India/articleshow/12687162.cms/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322071308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sunny-Leones-husband-comes-to-India/articleshow/12687162.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 22, 2014 |title=सन्नी लियोनी का पति भारत आयो |work=[[द टाइम्स अफ इन्डिया]] |date=April 16, 2012 |access-date=October 1, 2012}}</ref> | children = ३ | works = | citizenship = {{hlist|क्यानाडा|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका}} | awards = [[सन्नी लियोनीका चलचित्र आ पुरस्कार#पुरस्कार आ नामाङ्कन|पूरा सूची]] | website = {{URL|sunnyleoneofficial.com}} }}[[File:Sunny Leone 2012.jpg|thumb|300px|(सन्नी लियोनी)]] '''सन्नी लियोनी''' बलिउड अभिनेत्री एवं पोर्न स्टार हुन्।उनको जन्म १३ मे १९८१ मी [[क्यानाडा|क्यानडा]] मा भएको हो। सनी लियोन को जन्म पंजाबमा खत्री परिवार मा भएको थियो । उनकि आमाको सन् 2008 मा देहावसान भएको थियो। उनको परिवारमा उनका बुवा र एउटा भाई मात्र थिए। उनका बुवा हिमाचल प्रदेशको नहान नामको सानो गाउमा बस्थे भने सनि लियोन भाई सँग दिल्लीमा एउटा कोठा लिएर बस्थिन्। उनि धेरै पुरुष हरुलाई मात्र साथी बनाउने गर्थिन् र उनिहरु सँगै कहिले बाहिर कहिले आफ्नै कोठामा शारीरिक सम्बन्ध बनाउने गर्दथिन्। भाईले सधै दिदी ले केटाहरुसँग सम्बन्ध बनाएको देखेर दिदी को शरीरको प्यासा भैसकेको थियो र दुई बिच पनि हुने गर्थ्यो। पछि 2011 मा उनले बिहे गरिन्। == सुरुवाती जिनगी == करनजीत कौर वोहराको जन्म १३ मई १९८१ मं [[सार्निया, ओन्टारियो]] मं [[सिख]] भारतीय [[पञ्जाबी जाति|पञ्जाबी]] परिवार मं भयौ।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/sunny-leone-s-real-name-revealed/article1-847131.aspx |title=सन्नी लियोनीको असली नाम सार्वजनिक |access-date=April 1, 2014 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=April 27, 2012 |agency=Agencies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142211/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/sunny-leone-s-real-name-revealed/article1-847131.aspx |archive-date=April 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Vickey Lalwani, Mumbai Mirror |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/People-in-India-are-conservative-Sunny-Leone/articleshow/23691999.cms? |title=भारतका मान्छे परम्परावादी छन: सन्नी लियोनी |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=August 8, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2015 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/People-in-India-are-conservative-Sunny-Leone/articleshow/23691999.cms?%20 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=eyeweek /> सानै उमेरमं ऊ आफैंला एक [[टमबोय]] बताउँथी,<ref name=LATimes2016>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-c1-india-porn-sunny-leone-snap-story.html |title=के पूर्व अश्लील चलचित्र अभिनेत्री सन्नी लियोनीले भारतला यौनबारे खुला सोच सिकाउन सक्दी? |first=Shashank |last=Bengali |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=August 24, 2016 |location=Los Angeles |issn=0458-3035 |access-date=August 25, 2016 |archive-date=October 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012033608/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-c1-india-porn-sunny-leone-snap-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ऊ धेरै खेलकुदप्रेमी थी आ छोरामान्छेसँग सडक हकी खेल्थी।<ref name=avn>{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-Becomes-Vivid-Girl-43494.html |title=सन्नी लियोनी भिभिड गर्ल बनिन् |access-date=August 26, 2007 |date=June 20, 2007 |work=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]] |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415134432/http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-Becomes-Vivid-Girl-43494.html |url-status=live}}</ref> परिवार सिख भएपनि,<ref name=eyeweek /> उनका बुबुआमाले उनला [[रोमन क्याथोलिक धर्म|क्याथोलिक]] स्कुल मं भर्ना कराय,<ref name=eyeweek /><ref name=Ambush /> काहेकि सार्वजनिक स्कुल मं पठाउन असुरक्षित मानिन्थ्यो।<ref name=Alff>{{cite web |url=http://cltampa.com/dailyloaf/archives/2010/08/23/pornstar-sunny-leone-on-thriving-in-the-wild-wild-west-of-the-adult-industry-nsfw |title=अश्लील चलचित्र उद्योगमं सन्नी लियोनीको सफलता |publisher=blogs.creativeloafing.com |access-date=September 11, 2010 |date=August 23, 2010 |first=Shawn |last=Alff |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429010453/https://www.cltampa.com/dailyloaf/archives/2010/08/23/pornstar-sunny-leone-on-thriving-in-the-wild-wild-west-of-the-adult-industry-nsfw |url-status=live}}</ref> जब ऊ १३ बरसकी भई, तब उनका परिवार [[फोर्ट ग्राटियट, मिशिगन]] सर्न गयो, आ एक बरस पछी [[लेक फरेस्ट, क्यालिफोर्निया]] मं बस्यो।<ref name=Ambush /><ref name=torostar /> यो उनका हजुरबुबा–हजुरआमाको सपना पूरा गर्नका खातिर भयौ, जसमं सिंगो परिवार एकै ठाउँ मं बसोस् भन्ने चाहना थी।<ref name=eyeweek /> उनले पहिलो चुम्बन ११ बरसको उमेरमं गरिन,<ref name=brazzers /> १६ बरसको उमेरमं एक बास्केटबल खेलाडीसँग आफ्नो कौमार्य गुमाइन,<ref name=brazzers /> आ १८ बरसको उमेरमं आफू [[उभयलिंगी]] भएको थाहा पाइन्।<ref name=bisexual>{{cite web |url=http://www.mensfitness.com/advice/hot-women/meet-girl-sunny-leone |title=सन्नी लियोनीसँग भेट |access-date=February 1, 2007 |date=February 1, 2007 |work=[[Men's Fitness]] |archive-date=April 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403061406/http://www.mensfitness.com/advice/hot-women/meet-girl-sunny-leone |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=brazzers>{{cite web |url=https://www.brazzers.com/profile/view/id/1213/sunny-leone/ |title=सन्नी लियोनी प्रोफाइल |access-date=March 9, 2018 |date=March 9, 2018 |website=[[Brazzers]] |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165942/https://www.brazzers.com/profile/view/id/1213/sunny-leone/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == व्यक्तिगत जिनगी == जुन २००६ मं लियोनी अमेरिकी नागरिक बनिन्,<ref name="xrent"/> फेर उनले आफू क्यानाडाकी [[दोहोरो नागरिकता|दोहोरो नागरिक]]कै रूपमा रहन चाहेको बताइन्।<ref name="sapna">{{cite web |url=http://www.sapnamagazine.com/fall05/articles/culture/fa-sunny.html |title=यौन आ स्टारडम: एक देसी वयस्क मनोरञ्जनकर्मीको संसारभित्र |access-date=August 22, 2007 |author=Shaheryar Hafeez |date=Fall 2005 |work=[[Sapna magazine]] |archive-date=August 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818140644/http://sapnamagazine.com/fall05/articles/culture/fa-sunny.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> १४ अप्रिल २०१२ मं उनले आफू अब भारतकी बासिन्दा भएको घोषणा गरिन्,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/SunnyLeone/status/191135558796451841 |title=Twitter / SunnyLeone: आज मेरो लागि सबैभन्दा खुसीको खबर छ |via=Twitter |access-date=November 2, 2013 |archive-date=November 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107135408/https://twitter.com/SunnyLeone/status/191135558796451841 |url-status=live}}{{Primary source inline|date=July 2022}}</ref><ref name="in.movies.yahoo.com">{{cite web |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/sunny-leone-now-indian-citizen-183000530.html |title=सन्नी लियोनी अब भारतीय नागरिक |publisher=Yahoo! |date=April 14, 2012 |access-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105050026/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/sunny-leone-now-indian-citizen-183000530.html |archive-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> आ ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' ला दिएको एक अन्तर्वार्तामं उनले बताइन् कि ऊ [[भारतको विदेशी नागरिकता]] (OCI) प्राप्त गर्न योग्य थिइन्, काहेकि उनका बुबुआमा भारतमं बस्दै आएका थिए। उनले ''जिस्म २'' चलचित्रको छायाङ्कनअघि नै यसका लागि आवेदन दिइसकेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite news |last=Bansal |first=Varsha |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article585734.ece |title=भारतीय प्रशंसकबारे सन्नी लियोनी |work=The New Indian Express |date=August 15, 2012 |access-date=November 2, 2013 |archive-date=November 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106093759/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article585734.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-MUM-sunny-leone-ragini-mms-2-later-house-in-mumbai-first-3669421.html |title=रागिनी एमएमएस २ पछी पहिले मुम्बईमं घर: सन्नी लियोनी |work=dailybhaskar |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |date=August 20, 2012 |access-date=November 2, 2013 |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103105549/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-MUM-sunny-leone-ragini-mms-2-later-house-in-mumbai-first-3669421.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-triple-treat-sunny-leone-will-have-three-releases-within-the-next-six-months-1917049 |title=अर्का छ महिनामं सन्नी लियोनीका तीन चलचित्र रिलिज हुँदै |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=November 11, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114011206/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-triple-treat-sunny-leone-will-have-three-releases-within-the-next-six-months-1917049 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rta2">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/33070.html |title=सन्नी लियोनीको RTA PSA AVN अवार्डमं प्रदर्शन हुने |date=January 7, 2009 |publisher=AVN |access-date=January 7, 2009 |archive-date=September 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924025944/http://business.avn.com/articles/33070.html |url-status=live}}</ref> लियोनी देब्रे हातले काम गर्ने व्यक्ति हुन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/how-is-it-to-be-a-southpaw-in-a-right-handed-world/cid/1697393 |title=दाहिने हात प्रधान दुनियाँमं देब्रेहाते हुनु कस्तो हो? |last=Paul |first=Ushnota |website=The Telegraph (India) |publisher=The Telegraph India |date=August 12, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2022}}</ref> लियोनीला स्वास्थ्य आ फिटनेसप्रति गहिरो रुचि छ आ ऊ मुख्यधाराका धेरै फिटनेस प्रकाशनमं पनि देखापरेकी छन्। उनले खेलकुद ब्रान्ड Fantasy Fitness का लागि फिटनेस कपडाको मोडलिङ गरिन्<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fantasyfitness.com/models/sunny-leone.php |title=Fantasy Fitness सँग सन्नी लियोनीको मोडलिङ |date=August 1, 2009 |publisher=FantasyFitness.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721115016/http://www.fantasyfitness.com/models/sunny-leone.php |archive-date=July 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 1, 2009}}</ref> आ उनले बताइन् कि व्यस्त तालिकाका बावजुद ऊ सकेसम्म नियमित व्यायाम गरेर आफूला फिट राख्छिन्। ''[[Men's Fitness]]'' पत्रिकामं उनले भनिन्, “म स्वस्थ खाना खान प्रयास गर्छु — धेरै तरकारी खान्छु आ हरेक दिन दूध पिउँछु।”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mensfitness.com/advice/hot-women/meet-girl-sunny-leone |title=वयस्क स्टार सन्नी लियोनीला खेलकुद मन पर्छ |author=Men's Fitness |date=August 1, 2009 |publisher=[[Men's Fitness]] |access-date=August 1, 2009 |archive-date=April 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403061406/http://www.mensfitness.com/advice/hot-women/meet-girl-sunny-leone |url-status=live}}</ref> २००८ मं प्रकाशित ''[[Eye Weekly]]'' को एक लेखमं भनिएको थियो कि “लियोनी सिख परम्परासँग आफ्नो सम्बन्ध कायम राख्ने सक्दो प्रयास गर्छिन्, यद्यपि त्यो व्यवहारभन्दा बढी विचारमं देखिन्छ। तर धर्मका कारण उनले आफ्नो पेशागत बाटो त्याग्ने सम्भावना कम छ।” लेखमं लियोनीको भनाइ पनि उद्धृत गरियो: “कतिपय युवतीहरू उद्योग छोडेर आफूले भगवान फेला पारेको दाबी गर्छन्। तर साँचो कुरा त यो हो कि भगवान त उनीहरूसँग सुरुदेखि नै थिए।”<ref name=EyeWeekly>{{cite web |url=http://www.eyeweekly.com/scrollingeye/article/32910 |title=सन्नी लियोनीको अमेरिका |last=Weisblott |first=Marc |date=July 4, 2009 |work=[[Eye Weekly]] |access-date=January 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710213113/http://www.eyeweekly.com/scrollingeye/article/32910 |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> मे २०१५ मं भारतको [[मुम्बई]] मं बस्ने एक महिलाले सन्नी लियोनीको वेबसाइट sunnyleone.com ले [[भारतीय संस्कृति]] बिगारिरहेको आरोप लगाउँदै उजुरी दिएपछि लियोनीविरुद्ध प्रहरी [[प्रथम सूचना प्रतिवेदन]] (FIR) दर्ता भयौ। ठाणे प्रहरीको रामनगर साइबर शाखाले भारतीय दण्ड संहिताको धारा २९२, २९२ए आ २९४ अन्तर्गत मुद्दा दर्ता गर्‍यो, जसअन्तर्गत जेल सजाय, जरिवाना वा दुबै हुन सक्थ्यो। वरिष्ठ प्रहरी निरीक्षक जे.के. सावन्तले भने, “हामी वेबसाइट बन्द गर्न सक्दैनौं, तर सञ्चालकला आपत्तिजनक सामग्री हटाउन अनुरोध गर्नेछौं।”<ref name="FIR">{{cite news |last=Pradeep Gupta |date=May 16, 2015 |title='भारतीय संस्कृति बिगारेको' आरोपमं मुम्बईकी महिलाले लियोनीविरुद्ध FIR दर्ता गरिन् |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mumbai-woman-files-FIR-against-Leone-for-destroying-Indian-culture/articleshow/47303642.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118021652/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mumbai-woman-files-FIR-against-Leone-for-destroying-Indian-culture/articleshow/47303642.cms |archive-date=January 18, 2016 |access-date=August 23, 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[Category:जीवनी]] 1rosc4qkfvmzwspg6mrvqsas8bfs1m7 0 2813 270642 257839 2026-11-08T01:18:13Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270642 wikitext text/x-wiki '''सिड्नी बन्दरगाह सेतु''' सिड्नी बन्दरगाह मी निर्मित यक फलामे चापाऽ आकारो सेतु (पुल) हो जै मी रेल, सवारीसाधन, साइकल रे बटुवा पैदल यातायातो व्यवस्था छ। यो पुल सिड्नीया केन्द्रीय व्यावसायिक जिल्ला रे उत्तरी तटाऽ मध्य मी रैरैछ। पुल, बन्दरगाह रे वायीँ लाई अवस्थित [[सिड्नी ओपेरा हाउस|सिड्नी ओपेरा हाउसो]] नाटकीय दृश्य [[सिड्नी]] रे [[अष्ट्रेलिया|अस्ट्रेलिया]] दुयेइ को मूर्त छवि हो। बाँध लाई स्थानीय ले येइ का चापीय आकाराऽ डिजाइनाऽ कारण ले येइ लाई मया ले “'''द कोट ह्याङ्गर'''” भँण्ण्या अरीराइछन्।<ref name="7bwh">{{cite web | title=7BridgesWalk.com.au | work=Bridge History | url=http://www.7bridgeswalk.com.au/pages/bridge-history.php#sydharbourbridge | accessdate=२३ अक्टोबर २००६ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829175704/http://www.7bridgeswalk.com.au/pages/bridge-history.php#sydharbourbridge | archive-date=2007-08-29 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ==इतिहास== ==पर्यटन== ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} ==बाइल्ला स्रोतअन== [[Category:सिड्नी बन्दरगाह]] [[Category:सिड्नीया पर्यटकीय स्थलअन]] iww6lfeo0isrexszuu245lnxk41us05 0 2996 270646 260125 2026-11-08T01:20:58Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''हरिवंश आचार्य''' (वि.सं. २०१५) एक अभिनेता हुन्। उन सबै भन्दा बढि सफल नेपाली हाँस्य कलाकारहरूमध्येमी हुन्। यिन अभिनय तथा गायनमा धेरै कुशल छन्। उनी "मह जोडी" नामको जोडी मध्येका जोडी हुन्। उनका जोडी [[मदनकृष्ण श्रेष्ठ|मदन कृष्ण श्रेष्ठ]] हुन्। ==जीवनी== हरिवंश आचार्य एक ब्राह्मण परिवारमी जन्म्या थ्या। उनरो जन्म वि.सं. २०१४ कार्तिक २७ गते (सन् १९५८ अक्टोबर ९) काठमाडौंको गैरीधारामी भया हो। उनका पिताका नाम होमञ्जय आचार्य र माताको नाम गणेशकुमारी हो। ==विवाह== उनरो विवाह बिक्रम संवत २०४०मा मीरा आचार्य सँग विवाह गरे। उनको परिवारको कुरा गर्दा, उनका दुई छोराहरू त्रिलोक आचार्य र मोहित आचार्य छन्। हरिवंश कि श्रीमती<ref>http://nagariknews.com/opinions/98-opinion/26147-2011-05-05-06-06-08.html</ref> मीरा आचार्य २०११ अप्रिल २०मा ह्रृदयघातबाट मृत्यु भयो। उनी लामो समय देखि हृदय रोगबाट पिडित थिइन। उनले वि.सं. २०६९ असारमा रमिला पाठकसँग दोस्रो बिहे गरे। <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/nep/2069/3/8/full-story/349927.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-08-22 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010926/http://www.ekantipur.com/nep/2069/3/8/full-story/349927.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==मह जोडीको जन्म== == छायांकन == * लोभि पापी * फिलिम (film) * राजामति * बलिदान *जे भो राम्रै भो * तँ त सार्है नै बिग्रिस नि बद्री उनि नेपाल टेलिभिजनको शुरुआती दिनहरूमा सक्रिय रूपले प्रसस्त रूपमा हास्य सृंखलाहरूमा जोडिएका थिए। यी मध्ये उल्लेख गर्नको लागि केही सफल हास्य कृतिहरू तल छन् : * लाल पुर्जा * पन्द्र गते * भकुण्डे भूत * हरि बहादुर र मदन बहादुरको श्रृंखला * ५०/५० * दशैं ==पुरस्कार== ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} ==बाहिरी लिङ्कहरू== * [http://www.bestcyberzone.com/entertainment/profiles/Hari-Bansha-Acharya-115.html/ हरिवंशका तस्वीरहरू] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422183135/http://www.bestcyberzone.com/entertainment/profiles/Hari-Bansha-Acharya-115.html |date=2012-04-22 }} * [http://dhakatopi.com/hari_bansha_acharya/ हरिवंश आचार्य, ढाका टोपी नेपाली संगीत संग्रह] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731044306/http://dhakatopi.com/hari_bansha_acharya/ |date=2012-07-31 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201116163920/http://koirala.com.np/?p=11042/ हरिवंश आचार्य सानो छँदा] * [http://www.madanpuraskar.org/guthi/haribansa.php मदन पुरस्कार गुठी] {{नेपाली अभिनेताअन}} [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली अभिनेतान]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका हाँस्य कलाकारअन]] 015gv1x5kke8jhpr23flhkloi3s77y2 4 3883 270550 270548 2026-11-07T20:32:20Z MediaWiki message delivery 1888 /* WikiRefine Campaign Starts Today – Join the 15-Day Improvement Drive! */ नयाँ खण्ड 270550 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{चौपातो शिर्षक}}</noinclude> ==Train the Training मि भाग लिनाइँ== * जून १५, २०१६ बठे जून १७, २०१६ ३(तीन)को "Train the Training" कार्यक्रममी भाग लिनाईलाइ मुइ [[भारत|भारत]]का बंगलोर शहर जान्नाछुँ | * समय :- जून १५, २०१६ बठे जून १७, २०१६ ३(तीन) दिन | * ठौर :- Centre for Internet and Society office, Domlur, [[भारत|भारत]] बंगलोर | * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CIS-A2K/Events/Train_the_Trainer_Program/2016#Registration बिस्तृतमि हेरया] - [[User:Janak Bhatta|Janak Bhatta]] ([[User talk:Janak Bhatta|talk]]) 11:41, 16 June 2016 (UTC) == डोटेलीमी अनुबाद गद्दु आवश्यक == तलदिया पृष्ठअन डोटेली भाषामी नभैबर नेपाली भाषामी छन् । यीनरो अनुबाद डोटेली भाषामी गद्दु आवश्यक छ । सबै विकिपिडियन मित्रुरुनलाइ अनुरोध छ । * [[विकिपिडिया:व्यवस्थापकअन]] * [[अक्षय तृतीया]] * [[अजा एकादशी]] * [[अचला एकादशी]] * [[सुर्मा सरोवर जात्रा]] :--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Janak Bhatta|Janak Bhatta]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Janak Bhatta|कुरडी]]) १५:०७, ९ मे २०१७ (+0545) *{{समर्थन}} --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) १८:१६, १० मे २०१७ (+0545) ===छलफल=== [[विकिपिडिया:व्यवस्थापकअन]] को नाउँ [[विकिपिडिया:प्रबन्धक]] राख्या निको होला क्याइकि प्रबन्धक रे व्यवस्थापक जुदाइ व्यक्ति हुन। --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) १९:०९, १० मे २०१७ (+0545) {{Archive top}} == "ढाँचा:जदौ"को नाउँ रे पन्‍ना सम्बन्धी == "जदौ" आँखर डोटी क्षेत्राः सप्पै समुदाअनले नहोइबर कोइ विशेष समुदाय हताँ प्रयोग हुन्या हुनाले येइ आँखरैः ठउर "स्वागतम्" या और कोइ प्रयुक्त आँखर लेख्द्या प्रस्ताव अद्दौ। इसैका सङ्ङै येइ पन्‍नालाई आँजि आकर्षक बनौनाइ प्रस्ताव अद्‍दौ। येइ विषयमी आफुनी कुरणि राख्याऽ। --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) १८:१६, १० मे २०१७ (+0545) ===समर्थन=== * मेरो {{समर्थन}} छ ।--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj Uprety|Saroj Uprety]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Saroj Uprety|कुरडी]]) १८:५९, १० मे २०१७ (+0545) * मेरो {{समर्थन}} छ ।--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Janak Bhatta|Janak Bhatta]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Janak Bhatta|कुरडी]]) २१:३६, १० मे २०१७ (+0545) * {{समर्थन}}--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Ramesh S.Bohara|<font size="1"><big><span style="text-shadow:gray 2px 2px 2px;"><font color="blue">Ramesh<span style="text-shadow:gray 2px 2px 2px;"><font color="sky-blue"><font size=2>]]([[User talk:Ramesh S.Bohara|<font size="1"><big><span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;"><font color="blue">✉✉</font></span></big></font></font></font></span></font></span></big></font>]]) ०६:२८, ११ मे २०१७ (+0545) ===विरोध=== ===कुरणिकाआनी=== * मेरो बिचारमी जदौका बदलामी स्वागतम् राखीबर [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj Uprety/प्रयोगशाला|नौला]] ढाँचा प्रयोग अद्दा निको होलो ।--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj Uprety|Saroj Uprety]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Saroj Uprety|कुरडी]]) १९:१६, १० मे २०१७ (+0545) * यिसा कुरामी छलफल चलाइबर मात्तर निर्णय भौत निको हो । मुलाइ लै "जदौ" आँखर डोटी क्षेत्राः सप्पै तिर प्रयोग हुन्छ जसो नाइँ लाग्दो । येकी ठौर ''स्वागत'' वा ''नमस्कार'' राक्दु निको होलो । येमी [[user:Ram Prasad Joshee|Ram Prasad Joshee]] जी रे [[user:Ramesh S.Bohara|Ramesh S.Bohara]] जी को विचार कि छ ? येइ विषयमी आफुनी कुरणि राख्याऽ । एकफेर हामले डोटेली भाषाका बिज्ञअनलाइ सोध्यालै आँजि निको हुन्या थ्यो ।--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Janak Bhatta|Janak Bhatta]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Janak Bhatta|कुरडी]]) २१:३६, १० मे २०१७ (+0545) :{{done}}--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj Uprety|Saroj Uprety]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Saroj Uprety|कुरडी]]) १६:२९, १३ मे २०१७ (+0545) {{Archive bottom}} ==डोटेली विकिपिडिया सापसपाइ अभियान== डोटेली विकिपिडिया मैं भौत लेखअन नाऽना ठुटा, सन्दर्भ नभयाऽ, रे लेख मापदण्ड पुरा नअद्द्या खाल का छन्। विकिपिडिया लाइ चुस्त राख्दाइ लेख को गुणस्तर लै कायम अद्दु आवश्यक छ। तबै यिसा मापदण्ड नपुग्याऽ लेखअन लाइ हटाइबरे विकिपिडिया लाइ साप राख्द्या अभियान चनौलाइ प्रस्ताव राख्दौ। मेटौन पड्ड्या श्रेणि मैं निम्न उल्लेखित बुँदा पुरा नअद्द्या लेख पड़िसक्दान्। * कम्ति मैं लै १० वाक्य (१ अनुच्छेद) को लेख हन पड्ड्या * कम्ति मैं लै २ (लेखै प्रकृति हेरिबरे १ लै माण्ण सकिन्या छ) सन्दर्भ हन पड्ड्या * लेख लाइ आवश्यक जानकारि बक्सा रे चित्र हन पड्ड्या * २ या २ है बर्ति श्रेणि राखियाऽ हन पड्ड्या येइ मैं आफनु विचार र सल्लाग दियाऽ। --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) २१:३३, २६ अप्रिल २०१८ (NPT) ==समर्थन== * {{समर्थन}} -- प्रस्तावकाऽ तरफ बठै।--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) २१:३३, २६ अप्रिल २०१८ (NPT) * {{समर्थन}} --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Janak Bhatta|Janak Bhatta]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Janak Bhatta|कुरडी]]) १६:३५, २३ अगस्ट २०१८ (NPT) ===विरोध=== ===कुरणिकाआनी=== == Wikigraphists Bootcamp (2018 India): Applications are open == Wikigraphists Bootcamp (2018 India) to be tentatively held in the last weekend of September 2018. This is going to be a three-day training workshop to equip the participants with the skills to create illustrations and digital drawings in SVG format, using software like Inkscape. Minimum eligibility criteria to participate is as below: *Active Wikimedians from India contributing to any Indic language Wikimedia projects. *At least 1,500 global edits till 30 May 2018. *At least 500 edits to home-Wikipedia (excluding User-space). Please apply at the following link before 16th June 2018: '''[[:m:Wikigraphists Bootcamp (2018 India)/Participation|Wikigraphists Bootcamp (2018 India) Scholarships]]'''. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १६:५७, १२ जुन २०१८ (NPT) <!-- Message sent by User:Krishna Chaitanya Velaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_India/Community_notification_targets&oldid=18119632 --> ==अगस्ट २०१८ को खास लेख चुनाउ खिलाइ== {{ping|Janak Bhatta|KB Thakulla|Ramesh S.Bohara}}, सन् २०१८ अगस्ट मैना: खास लेख बनौनाइ उपयुक्त लेख (खास लेख मापदण्ड पुरा अर्या: लेख) तै मैना लेख खिलाइ सिफारिस अद्दाइ सप्पै डोट्यालि विकिपिडिया: सम्पादक रे प्रयोगकर्ताअन माइ अनुरोध अद्दौ। सिफारिस अरन्ज्याँ तै लेख लाइ खास लेख क्याइ बनौन्या भँणिबरे तमरो विचार लगै राख्या:। सिफारिस भया: लेखअन मध्ये सबै है रामड़ा लेख लाइ तै मैना: खास लेख बनायीन्या हो। --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) १९:५०, २६ जुलाई २०१८ (NPT) ==सेप्टेम्बर २०१८ को खास लेख चुनाउ खिलाइ== {{ping|Janak Bhatta|KB Thakulla|Ramesh S.Bohara}}, सन् २०१८ सेप्टेम्बर मैना: खास लेख बनौनाइ उपयुक्त लेख (खास लेख मापदण्ड पुरा अर्या: लेख) तै मैना लेख खिलाइ सिफारिस अद्दाइ सप्पै डोट्यालि विकिपिडिया: सम्पादक रे प्रयोगकर्ताअन माइ अनुरोध अद्दौ। सिफारिस अरन्ज्याँ तै लेख लाइ खास लेख क्याइ बनौन्या भँणिबरे तमरो विचार लगै राख्या:। सिफारिस भया: लेखअन मध्ये सबै है रामड़ा लेख लाइ तै मैना: खास लेख बनायीन्या हो। --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) २०:५८, १ अगस्ट २०१८ (NPT) [[श्रेणी:विकिपिडिया:चौपातो]] == Call for bids to host Train-the-Trainer 2019 == ''Apologies for writing in English, please consider translating the message'' Hello everyone, This year CIS-A2K is seeking expressions of interest from interested communities in India for hosting the Train-the-Trainer 2019. Train-the-Trainer or TTT is a residential training program which attempts to groom leadership skills among the Indian Wikimedia community (including English) members. Earlier TTT has been conducted in 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. If you're interested in hosting the program, Following are the per-requests to propose a bid: * Active local community which is willing to support conducting the event ** At least 4 Community members should come together and propose the city. Women Wikimedians in organizing team is highly recommended. * The city should have at least an International airport. * Venue and accommodations should be available for the event dates. ** Participants size of TTT is generally between 20-25. ** Venue should have good Internet connectivity and conference space for the above-mentioned size of participants. * Discussion in the local community. Please learn more about the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program|Train-the-Trainer program]] and to submit your proposal please visit [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2019/Bids|this page]]. Feel free to [[m:Special:EmailUser/Pavan Santhosh (CIS-A2K)|reach]] to me for more information or email tito{{@}}cis-india.org Best! [[User:Pavan Santhosh (CIS-A2K)|Pavan Santhosh]] ( [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ११:३७, ६ जनवरी २०१९ (NPT) ) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=17298203 --> == Train-the-Trainer 2019 Application open == ''Apologies for writing in English, please consider translating''<br> Hello,<br> It gives us great pleasure to inform that the Train-the-Trainer (TTT) 2019 programme organised by CIS-A2K is going to be held from 31 May, 1 & 2 June 2019. '''What is TTT?'''<br> Train the Trainer or TTT is a residential training program. The program attempts to groom leadership skills among the Indian Wikimedia community members. Earlier TTT has been conducted in 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. '''Who should apply?'''<br> * Any active Wikimedian contributing to any Indic language Wikimedia project (including English) is eligible to apply. * An editor must have 600+ edits on Zero-namespace till 31 March 2019. * Anyone who has the interest to conduct offline/real-life Wiki events. * Note: anyone who has already participated in an earlier iteration of TTT, cannot apply. Please '''[[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2019|learn more]]''' about this program and apply to participate or encourage the deserving candidates from your community to do so. Regards. -- [[User:Tito (CIS-A2K)|Tito (CIS-A2K)]], sent using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १०:५२, २६ अप्रिल २०१९ (NPT) <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=17298203 --> == Wikimedia Education SAARC conference application is now open == ''Apologies for writing in English, please consider translating''<br/> Greetings from CIS-A2K,<br/> The Wikimedia Education SAARC conference will take place on 20-22 June 2019. Wikimedians from Indian, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Afghanistan can apply for the scholarship. This event will take place at [https://goo.gl/maps/EkNfU7FTqAz5Hf977 Christ University], Bangalore. '''Who should apply?'''<br> *Any active contributor to a Wikimedia project, or Wikimedia volunteer in any other capacity, from the South Asian subcontinent is eligible to apply * An editor must have 1000+ edits before 1 May 2019. * Anyone who has the interest to conduct offline/real-life Wikimedia Education events. *Activity within the Wikimedia movement will be the main criteria for evaluation. Participation in non-Wikimedia free knowledge, free software, collaborative or educational initiatives, working with institutions is a plus. Please '''[[:m:Wikimedia_Education_SAARC_conference/Registration|know more]]''' about this program and apply to participate or encourage the deserving candidates from your community to do so. Regards.[[User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)|Ananth (CIS-A2K)]] using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १९:३९, ११ मे २०१९ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/Indic_VPs&oldid=19091276 --> == CIS-A2K: 3 Work positions open == Hello,<br>Greetings for CIS-A2K. We want to inform you that 3 new positions are open at this moment. * Communication officer: (staff position) The person will work on CIS-A2K's blogs, reports, newsletters, social media activities, and over-all CIS-A2K general communication. The last date of application is 4 June 2019. * Wikidata consultant: (consultant position), The person will work on CIS-A2K's Wikidata plan, and will support and strengthen Wikidata community in India. The last date of application is 31 May 2019 * Project Tiger co-ordinatorː (consultant position) The person will support Project tiger related communication, documentation and coordination, Chromebook disbursal, internet support etc. The last date of application is 7 June 2019. '''For details about these opportunities please see [[:m:CIS-A2K/Team/Join|here]]'''. <small>-- [[User:Tito (CIS-A2K)|Tito (CIS-A2K)]], sent using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १५:४७, २२ मे २०१९ (NPT)</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> == प्रबन्धक अधिकार सम्बन्धमैं == {{Ping|Nirajan pant|Janak Bhatta}} जी, डोटेली विकिपिडियामैं भौत कामकाजअन जस्याँ पन्ना मेटौन, सुरक्षीत अद्दु आवश्यक रह्याऽ छ । येइका साथै मिडियाविकि नेमस्पेसमैं भयाऽ पन्नाअन लै सुधार तथा निर्माण अद्दु छ रे येइ टेक्निकल सुधार खिलाइ मुइलाई येइ अधिकार प्रदान अद्द अनुरोध अरिन्छ ।--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj Uprety|Saroj Uprety]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Saroj Uprety|कुरडी]]) १५:१३, ५ जुन २०१९ (NPT) :तमरि अर्जि पैली लै अस्वीकृत होइसकीरैछ। तबै येइ उपर छलफल चलौन उपयुक्क नाइधेक्कुँ।--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) २१:२६, ७ जुन २०१९ (NPT) {{clear}} == Project Tiger 2.0 == ''Sorry for writing this message in English - feel free to help us translating it'' <div style="align:center; width:90%%;float:left;font-size:1.2em;margin:0 .2em 0 0;{{#ifeq:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|2}}||background:#EFEFEF;|}}border:0.5em solid #000000; padding:1em;"> <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:PT2.0 PromoMotion.webm|right|320px]] Hello, We are glad to inform you that [[m:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)|'''Project Tiger 2.0/GLOW''']] is going to start very soon. You know about Project Tiger first iteration where we saw exciting and encouraging participation from different Indian Wikimedia communities. To know about Project Tiger 1.0 please [[m:Supporting Indian Language Wikipedias Program|'''see this page''']] Like project Tiger 1.0, This iteration will have 2 components * Infrastructure support - Supporting Wikimedians from India with internet support for 6 months and providing Chrome books. * Article writing contest - A 3-month article writing contest will be conducted for Indian Wikimedians communities. Following community feedback, we noted some community members wanted the process of article list generation to be improved. In this iteration, there will be at least two lists of articles :# Google-generated list, :#Community suggested a list. Google generated list will be given to the community members before finalising the final list. On the other hand, the community may create a list by discussing among the community over Village pump, Mailing list and similar discussion channels. Thanks for your attention,<br/> {{user:Ananth (CIS-A2K)}}<br/> Message sent by [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १९:२७, २० अगस्ट २०१९ (+0545) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tulsi Bhagat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/Indic_VPs&oldid=19312574 --> {{clear}} == Project Tiger important 2.0 updates == <div style="align:center; width:44%;float:left;font-size:1.2em;height:22em;{{#ifeq:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|2}}||background:#EFEFEF;|}}border:0.5em solid #000000; padding:1em;"> <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="color:Red;font-size:1.5em;text-align:center;"> '''Infrastructure support'''</div> [[File:Project Tiger Community Based Applications.png|280px|upright|right]] Did you know that applications for Chromebooks and Internet stipends under [[:m:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)|Project Tiger 2.0]] are open since 25th August 2019?<br/> We have already received 35 applications as of now from 12 communities. If you are interested to apply, please visit the [[:m:Growing_Local_Language_Content_on_Wikipedia_(Project_Tiger_2.0)/Support| '''support page''']] and apply on or before 14 September 2019. </div> </div> <div style="align:center; width:44%;float:left;font-size:1.2em;height:22em;{{#ifeq:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|2}}||background:#EFEFEF;|}}border:0.5em solid #000000; padding:1em;"> <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="color:Red;font-size:1.5em;text-align:center;"> '''Article writing contest'''</div> [[File:Project Tiger Media post Black.png|280px|upright|right]] As part of the article writing contest of Project Tiger 2.0, we request each community to create their own list by discussing on the village pump and put it on respective [[:m:Growing_Local_Language_Content_on_Wikipedia_(Project_Tiger_2.0)/Writing_Contest#Topics|'''topic list''']]. We also request you to create a pan India article list which needs to be part of writing contest by voting under each topic [[:m:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)/Writing Contest/Topics/Proposal for additional items with pan-national interests|'''here''']] </div> </div> {{clear}} For any query, feel free to contact us on the [[:m:Talk:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)|'''talk page''']] 😊<br/> Thanks for your attention<br/> [[User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)|Ananth (CIS-A2K)]] using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १९:०५, २९ अगस्ट २०१९ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/Indic_VPs&oldid=19312574 --> == Wikimedia movement strategy recommendations India salon == ''Please translate this message to your language if possible.'' [[File:Talk-icon-Tamil-yesNO.svg|right|120px]] Greetings,<br/> You know Strategy Working Groups have published draft recommendations at the beginning of August. On 14-15 September we are organising a strategy salon/conference at Bangalore/Delhi (exact venue to be decided) It'll be a 2 days' residential conference and the event aims to provide a discussion platform for experienced Wikimedians in India to learn, discuss and comment about the draft recommendations. Feedback and discussions will be documented. If you are a Wikipedian from India, and want to discuss the draft recommendations, or learn more about them, you may apply to participate in the event. Please have a look at the '''[[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wikimedia movement strategy recommendations India salon|event page for more details]]''' The last date of application is 7 September 2019. It would be great if you share this information who needs this. For questions, please write on the event talk page, or email me at tito+indiasalon@cis-india.org Thanks for your attention<br/> [[User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)|Ananth (CIS-A2K)]] sent through [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १५:००, २ सेप्टेम्बर २०१९ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/Indic_VPs/1&oldid=19346824 --> == Project Tiger Article writing contest Update == {{clear}} ''Sorry for writing this message in English - feel free to help us translating it'' <div style="align:center; width:90%;float:left;font-size:1.2em;height:20em;{{#ifeq:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|2}}||background:#F9ED94;|}}border:0.5em solid #000000; padding:1em;"> <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello all, We would like to give some of the important updates about Project Tiger 2.0. [[File:Emoji u1f42f.svg|frameless|right|100px]] * It was informed about the community-generated list for the Article writing contest. The deadline for this has been extended till '''30 September 2019''' since few communities are working on it.   * We are expecting the Project Tiger 2.0 article writing contest to begin from 10 October 2019 and also there is a need for creating the [[:m:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)/Writing Contest|writing contest page]] in the local Wiki's if you are interested to help please contact [[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] & [[User talk:SuswethaK(CIS-A2K)]].  Looking forward to exciting participation this year! Please let us know if you have any doubts. Thanks for your attention<br/> [[User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)|Ananth (CIS-A2K)]]<br/>sent by [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १५:२५, २७ सेप्टेम्बर २०१९ (+0545) </div> </div> {{clear}} <!-- Message sent by User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19346827 --> == GLOW edit-a-thon starts on 10 October 2019 == <div style="border:8px black ridge; background:#f2df94;"> :''Excuse us for writing in English, kindly translate the message if possible'' Hello everyone,<br> [[File:Emoji_u1f42f.svg|right|100px|tiger face]] Hope this message finds you well. Here are some important updates about [[:m:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)|Project Tiger 2.0/GLOW edit-a-thon]]. * The participating communities are requested to create an '''[[:m:Growing_Local_Language_Content_on_Wikipedia_(Project_Tiger_2.0)/Writing_Contest|event page on their Wikipedia]]''' (which has been already updated with template link in the last post). Please prepare this local event page before 10 October (i.e. Edit-a-thon starting date) * All articles will be submitted here under Project Tiger 2.0. Please copy-paste the fountain tool link in the section of submitted articles. Please see the links '''[[:m:Growing_Local_Language_Content_on_Wikipedia_(Project_Tiger_2.0)/Writing_Contest#Statistics|here on this page]]'''. Regards. -- [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] and [[User:SuswethaK(CIS-A2K)]] (on benhalf of Project Tiger team) <small>using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ०१:२६, ५ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+0545)</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> == Project Tiger 2.0: Article contest jury information == :''Excuse us for writing in English, kindly translate the message if possible'' Hello everyone,<br> [[File:Emoji_u1f42f.svg|right|100px|tiger face]]We want to inform you that Project Tiger 2.0 is going to begin on 10 October. It's crucial to select jury for the writing contest as soon as possible. Jury members will assess the articles. Please start discussing on your respective village pump and '''[[:m:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)/Writing Contest/Jury|add your name here]]''' as a jury for writing contest if you are interested. Thank you. --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:५१, ८ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> {{Discussion top|छलफल समाप्त —- [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj Uprety|Saroj Uprety]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Saroj Uprety|कुरडी]]) २३:३२, २६ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+0545)}} == विकिकन्फेरेन्स इण्डिया २०२० का आयोजन सम्बन्ध माइ == [[:m:WikiConference India|विकिकन्फेरेन्स इण्डिया]] दुइ फेर सन् २०११ रे सन् २०१६ माइ आयोजना होइसकीरैछ। भारत का आन्ध्र प्रदेश रे तेलङ्गाना का विकिमिडियनअन ले औन्या विकिकन्फेरेन्स इण्डिया हैदराबाद माइ गद्दाइ खिलाइ प्रस्ताव अरिराइछन। औन्या विकिकन्फेरेन्स लाइ आँजि जेदा समावेशी रे विश्वसनीय बनाउनाइ खिलाइ उनअन ले विभिन्न समुदायअन को विचार जाँण्ण खोजिराइछन। खास अरिबर विकिकन्फेरेन्स इण्डिया ले हम लाइ विभिन्न समुदाय का सम्पादनकर्ताअन सित ज्ञान बाँण्णाइ, नौला विचार रे परियोजनाअन का बारेमी जाँण्णाइ अवसर पाउना का सङ्ङै बितीबर रयाका विकिपिडियनअन सित नजिक आउनाइ सहयोग अद्द्या छ। येइ कन्फेरेन्स को आयोजना अद्दाइ खिलाइ मेटा-विकि माइ [[m:WikiConference India 2020: Initial conversations|प्रारम्भिक छलफल पन्ना]] बनायीरैछ। और समुदायअन को लगै समर्थन [[:m:WikiConference_India_2020: _Initial_conversations#Community_endorsements|येइ खण्ण]] माइ हेद्द सकीन्छ। [[m:User:KCValega|कृष्ण भेल्गा]] का आग्रह माइ मुइ ले यो सन्देश समुदायसमक्ष राखिराइछौं। यदि येइ आयोजन लाइ तम जरुड़ि ठानन्छः भँण्या याँ आफनु मत राख्याः। येइ प्रस्ताव माइ टिप्पणी तथा समर्थन अद्द्या समय सन् २०१९ अक्टोबर १८ सम्म रयाः सब्बै माइ जानकारि लगै गराउन चाहनौ। धन्यवाद! --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) २१:०६, १४ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+०५४५) {{ping|Anup Sadi|Dolon Prova|Janak Bhatta|Bhupendra Shrestha|पर्वत सुबेदी|Nawaraj Ghimire|हिमाल सुबेदी}}{{ping|Ram Prasad Joshee|1997kB|Saroj Uprety}} यै छलफल खिलाइ विविध सहभागिता पर्याप्त आवश्यक भयाले, छलफललाई ध्यान दिन केयि सक्रिय सम्पादकअनलाई सहभागी अद्दया। </small> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:KCVelaga|KCVelaga]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:KCVelaga|कुरडी]]) २०:४२, १५ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+०५४५) ===समर्थन=== * पूर्ण {{समर्थन}}- [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj Uprety|Saroj Uprety]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Saroj Uprety|कुरडी]]) २१:३९, १५ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+0545) * पूर्ण {{समर्थन}} [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nawaraj Ghimire|Nawaraj Ghimire]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nawaraj Ghimire|कुरडी]]) ०७:५७, १६ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+0545) * पूर्ण {{समर्थन}}- [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Janak Bhatta|Janak Bhatta]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Janak Bhatta|कुरडी]]) १२:४७, १७ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+0545) * पूर्ण {{समर्थन}} [[प्रयोगकर्ता:पर्वत सुबेदी|पर्वत सुबेदी]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:पर्वत सुबेदी|कुरडी]]) १३:५४, २७ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+0545) ===विरोध=== ===टिप्पणी=== {{Discussion bottom}} == Project Tiger Article writing contest Jury Update == Hello all, [[File:Emoji u1f42f.svg|frameless|right|100px]] There are some issues that need to be addressed regarding the Juries of the Project Tiger 2.0 article writing contest. Some of the User has [[:m:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)/Writing Contest/Jury|shown interest]] to be a jury and evaluate the articles created as the part of the writing contest. But they don't meet the [[:m:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)/Writing Contest/Jury|eligibility criteria]]. Please discuss this aspect with the community, if the community feel that they have the potential to be a jury then we can go ahead. If not please make a decision on who can be the jury members from your community within two days. The community members can change the juries members in the later stage of the writing contest if the work done is not satisfactory or the jury member is inactive with the proper discussion over the village pump. Regards, <br> Project Tiger team at [[:m:CIS-A2K|CIS-A2K]] <br> Sent through--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १६:३६, १७ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19426666 --> == Project Tiger update: Let's walk together with Wikipedia Asian Month and WWWW == <div style="border:8px red ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Emoji_u1f42f.svg|thumb|140px|The Tiger says "Happy Dipavali" to you]] ::''Apologies for writing in English, Kindly translate this message if possible.'' Greetings! First of all "Happy Dipavali/Festive season". On behalf of the Project Tiger 2.0 team we have exciting news for all. Thanks for your enthusiastic participation in Project Tiger 2.0. You also know that there is a couple of interesting edit-a-thons around. We are happy to inform that the '''Project Tiger article list just got bigger.''' We'll collaborate on Project Tiger article writing contest with [[:m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2019|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] (WAM2019) and [[:m:Wiki_Women_for_Women_Wellbeing_2019|Wiki Women for Women Wellbeing 2019 (WWWW-2019)]]. Most communities took part in these events in the previous iterations. Fortunately this year, all three contests are happening at the same time. Wikipedia Asian Month agenda is to increase Asian content on Wikipedias. There is no requirement for selecting an article from the list provided. Any topic related to Asia can be chosen to write an article in WAM. This contest runs 1 November till 30 November. For more rules and guidelines, you can follow the event page on Meta or local Wikis. WWWW focus is on increase content related to women's health issues on Indic language Wikipedias. WWWW 2019 will start from 1 November 2019 and will continue till 10 January 2020. A common list of articles will be provided to write on. '''<span style="background:yellow;">In brief: The articles you are submitting for Wikipedia Asian Month or WWWW, you may submit the same articles for Project Tiger also. '''</span> Articles created under any of these events can be submitted to fountain tool of Project Tiger 2.0. Article creation rule will remain the same for every community. -- sent using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १८:२९, २९ अक्टोबर २०१९ (+0545) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> == Project Tiger 2.0 - Hardware support recipients list == <div style="border:6px black ridge; background:#f2df94;"> :''Excuse us for writing in English, kindly translate the message if possible'' Hello everyone,<br> [[File:Emoji_u1f42f.svg|right|100px|tiger face]] Thank you all for actively participating and contributing to the writing contest of Project Tiger 2.0. We are very happy to announce the much-awaited results of the hardware support applications. You can see the names of recipients for laptop [[:m:Growing_Local_Language_Content_on_Wikipedia_(Project_Tiger_2.0)/Support/Laptops|here]] and for laptop see [[:m:Growing_Local_Language_Content_on_Wikipedia_(Project_Tiger_2.0)/Support/Internet|here]]. 78 Wikimedians will be provided with internet stipends and 50 Wikimedians will be provided with laptop support. Laptops will be delivered to all selected recipients and we will email you in person to collect details. Thank you once again. Regards. <small>-- [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] and [[User:SuswethaK(CIS-A2K)]] (on benhalf of Project Tiger team) <br> using --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १३:००, ८ नोभेम्बर २०१९ (+0545)</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19426666 --> == [WikiConference India 2020] Invitation to participate in the Community Engagement Survey == This is an invitation to participate in the Community Engagement Survey, which is one of the key requirements for drafting the Conference & Event Grant application for WikiConference India 2020 to the Wikimedia Foundation. The survey will have questions regarding a few demographic details, your experience with Wikimedia, challenges and needs, and your expectations for WCI 2020. The responses will help us to form an initial idea of what is expected out of WCI 2020, and draft the grant application accordingly. Please note that this will not directly influence the specificities of the program, there will be a detailed survey to assess the program needs post-funding decision. *Please fill the survey at; https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd7_hpoIKHxGW31RepX_y4QxVqoodsCFOKatMTzxsJ2Vbkd-Q/viewform *The survey will be open until 23:59 hrs of 22 December 2019. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १४:५०, १८ डिसेम्बर २०१९ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> == Project Tiger updates - quality of articles == :''Excuse us for writing in English, kindly translate the message if possible'' Hello everyone,<br> [[File:Emoji_u1f42f.svg|right|100px|tiger face]] It has been around 70 days since Project Tiger 2.0 started and we are amazed by the enthusiasm and active participation being shown by all the communities. As much as we celebrate the numbers and statistics, we would like to reinstate that the quality of articles is what matters the most. Project Tiger does not encourage articles that do not have encyclopedic value. Hence we request participants to take care of the quality of the articles submitted. Because [[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_about_winning|Wikipedia is not about winning]], it is about users collectively building a reliable encyclopedia. Many thanks and we hope to see the energy going! <small>(on behalf of Project Tiger team) <br> sent using --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:०६, १९ डिसेम्बर २०१९ (+0545)</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19426666 --> == Project Tiger 2.0 - last date of the contest == {{clear}} <div style="border:6px black ridge; background:#f2df94;"> :''Excuse us for writing in English, kindly translate the message if possible'' Greetings from CIS-A2K! [[File:Emoji_u1f42f.svg|right|100px|tiger face]] It has been 86 days since Project Tiger 2.0 article writing contest started and all [[m:Growing_Local_Language_Content_on_Wikipedia_(Project_Tiger_2.0)/Writing_Contest#Fountain_tool|15 communities]] have been performing [https://tools.wmflabs.org/neechal/tigerarticle.html extremely well], beyond the expectations. <br> The 3-month contest will come to an end on 11 January 2020 at 11.59 PM IST. We thank all the Wikipedians who have been contributing tirelessly since the last 2 months and wish you continue the same in these last 5 days!<br> Thanks for your attention <br> using --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १९:२०, ६ जनवरी २०२० (+0545) </div> {{clear}} <!-- Message sent by User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19426666 --> == Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2020 == [[File:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2020.svg|right|frameless]] '''Wiki Loves Women''' is back with the 2020 edition. Join us to celebrate women and queer community in '''Folklore theme''' and enrich Wikipedia with the local culture of your region. Happening from 1 February-31 March, [[:m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2020|Wiki Loves Women South Asia]] welcomes the articles created on folk culture and gender. The theme of the contest includes, but is not limited to, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklores, witches and witch hunting, fairytales and more). You can learn more about the scope and the prizes at the [[:m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2020|project page]]. Best wishes, [[:m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2020|Wiki Loves Women Team]] --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १५:३७, १९ जनवरी २०२० (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlw&oldid=19720650 --> == Train-the-Trainer 2020 Application open == ''Sorry for writing this message in English - feel free to help us translating it'' <div style="align:center; width:90%%;float:left;font-size:1.0em;margin:0 .2em 0 0;{{#ifeq:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|2}}||background:#EFEFEF;|}}border:0.5em solid #000000; padding:1em;"> <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, CIS-A2K is glad to announce Train the Trainer programme 2020 (TTT 2020) from 28 February - 1 March 2020. This is the 7th iteration of this programme. We are grateful to all the community members, resource persons for their consistent enthusiasm to participate and support. We expect this to continue as before. '''What is TTT?'''<br> Train the Trainer or TTT is a residential training program. The program attempts to groom leadership skills among the Indian Wikimedia community members. Earlier TTT has been conducted in 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. '''Who should apply?'''<br> * Any active Wikimedian from India, contributing to any Indic language Wikimedia project (including English) is eligible to apply. * An editor with at least 800 edits on zero-namespace before 31 December 2019. * Anyone who has the interest to conduct offline/real-life Wiki events and to train others. * Anyone who has already participated in an earlier iteration of TTT, cannot apply. Please [[m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2020|learn more]] about this program and apply to participate or encourage the deserving candidates from your community to do so. Thanks for your attention, --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २१:३१, २१ जनवरी २०२० (+0545) </div> </div> {{clear}} <!-- Message sent by User:Ananth (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19426666 --> == विकिकार्यशाला नेपाल २०२० का प्रस्ताव मी सहमति खिलाइ == विकिमिडियन मित्तुरअन का बीच छलफल, अन्तर विकि समन्वय तथा विकि समुदाय को प्राथमिकता तथा चुनौति का बारेमी सहकार्य खिलाइ नेपाल मी बोलीन्या भाषाअन का समुदायअन को सम्मेलन '''विकिक्याम्प नेपाल को दोसरो संस्करण'''-'''विकिक्याम्प नेपाल २०२०''' इसै नोभेम्बर २०२० मी आयोजना खिलाइ [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Conference/WikiCamp_Nepal_2020#Discussion मेटा] मी प्रस्ताव अरीया हनाले कृपया यै प्रस्ताव मी तमरो विचार रे सहमति राखि दिनाइ अनुरोध अद्दाउँ। - आयोजक समूह का तरफ बठेइ --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) १६:१५, २२ फेब्रुअरी २०२० (+0545) == Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon == {{clear}} ''Sorry for writing this message in English - feel free to help us translating it'' <div style="align:center; width:90%;float:left;{{#ifeq:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|2}}||background:#F9ED94;|}}border:0.5em solid #000000; padding:1em;"> <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikisource-logo-with-text.svg|frameless|right|100px]] Hello all, As '''[[:m:COVID-19|COVID-19]]''' has forced the Wikimedia communities to stay at home and like many other affiliates, CIS-A2K has decided to suspend all offline activities till 15th September 2020 (or till further notice). I present to you for an online training session for future coming months. The CIS-A2K have conducted a [[:m:Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon|Online Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon]] to enrich our Indian classic literature in digital format. '''WHAT DO YOU NEED''' * '''Booklist:''' a collection of books to be proofread. Kindly help us to find some classical literature your language. The book should not be available in any third party website with Unicode formatted text. Please collect the books and add our [[:m:Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon/Book list|event page book list]]. *'''Participants:''' Kindly sign your name at [[:m:Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon/Participants|Participants]] section if you wish to participant this event. *'''Reviewer:''' Kindly promote yourself as administrator/reviewer of this proofreadthon and add your proposal [[:m:Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon/Participants#Administrator/Reviewer|here]]. The administrator/reviewers could participate in this Proofreadthon. * '''Some social media coverage:''' I would request to all Indic Wikisource community member, please spread the news to all social media channel, we always try to convince it your Wikipedia/Wikisource to use their SiteNotice. Of course, you must also use your own Wikisource site notice. * '''Some awards:''' There may be some award/prize given by CIS-A2K. * '''A way to count validated and proofread pages''':[https://wscontest.toolforge.org/ Wikisource Contest Tools] * '''Time ''': Proofreadthon will run: from 01 May 2020 00.01 to 10 May 2020 23.59 * '''Rules and guidelines:''' The basic rules and guideline have described [[:m:Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon/Rules|here]] * '''Scoring''': The details scoring method have described [[:m:Indic_Wikisource_Proofreadthon/Rules#Scoring_system|here]] I really hope many Indic Wikisources will be present this year at-home lockdown. Thanks for your attention<br/> [[User:Jayanta (CIS-A2K)|Jayanta (CIS-A2K)]]<br/> Wikisource Advisor, CIS-A2K </div> </div> {{clear}} <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indic_Wikisource_Helpdesk/VP_Wikipedia&oldid=19989954 --> == [[:ru:Шаблон:Индоарийские Википедии|Template:Indo-Aryan wikipedia]] == Could somebody translate this navigation template of Indo-Aryan wikipedia to your wikipedia?[[:ru:Шаблон:Индоарийские Википедии|Indo-Aryan wikipedia:Template:]]--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Kaiyr|Kaiyr]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Kaiyr|कुरडी]]) १८:१२, २२ अप्रिल २०२० (+0545) :Sorry [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Kaiyr|Kaiyr]], nobody from this community have knowledge of Russian language. If it is available in English I can translate. --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) २१:०७, २२ अप्रिल २०२० (+0545) ::There are just numbers and names of wikipedia. Like Hindi wikipedia etc.--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Kaiyr|Kaiyr]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Kaiyr|कुरडी]]) २१:४०, २२ अप्रिल २०२० (+0545) == [Small wiki toolkits – Indic workshop series 2020] Register now! == Greetings, hope this message finds you all in the best of your health, and you are staying safe amid the ongoing crisis. Firstly, to give you context, [[m:Small wiki toolkits|Small wiki toolkits]] (SWT) is an initiative to support [[m:Small_and_large_wikis#Small_wikis|small wiki]] communities, to learn and share technical and semi-technical skills to support, maintain, and grow. We are happy to inform you that the SWT group has planned a series of [[m:SWT Indic Workshop Series 2020/Overview|four online workshops for Indic Wikimedia community members]] during June & July 2020. These workshops have been specifically designed and curated for Indic communities, based on a [[:c:File:Community Engagement Survey report, WikiConference India 2020.pdf|survey conducted]] early this year. The four workshops planned in this regard are; *'''Understanding the technical challenges of Indic language wikis (by [[m:User:BMueller (WMF)|Birgit]]):''' Brainstorming about technical challenges faced by contributors to Indic language Wikimedia projects. *'''Writing user scripts & gadgets (by [[m:User:Jayprakash12345|Jayprakash12345]]):''' Basics to intermediate-level training on writing [[mw:Manual:Interface/JavaScript#Personal_scripts|user scripts]] (Javascript and jQuery fundamentals are prerequisites). *'''Using project management & bug reporting tool Phabricator (by [[m:User:AKlapper (WMF)|Andre]]):''' Introduction to [[mw:Phabricator|Phabricator]], a tool used for project management and software bug reporting. *'''Writing Wikidata queries (by [[m:User:Mahir256|Mahir256]]): '''Introduction to the Wikidata Query Service, from writing simple queries to constructing complex visualizations of structured data. :''You can read more about these workshops at: [[m:SWT Indic Workshop Series 2020/Workshops|SWT Indic Workshop Series 2020/Workshops]]'' -- exact dates and timings will be informed later to selected participants. Registration is open until 24 May 2020, and you can register yourself by visiting [[m:SWT Indic Workshop Series 2020/Registration|this page]]! These workshops will be quite helpful for Indic communities to expand their technical bandwidth, and further iterations will be conducted based on the response to the current series. Looking forward to your participation! If you have any questions, please contact us on the [[m:Talk:SWT Indic Workshop Series 2020/Overview|talk page here]]. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:२३, १६ मे २०२० (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> ==सम्पादन-थन बारेमी== ५ जुन १९७३ बठे पैल्ली फेर विश्व वातावरण दिवस मनाउन सुरु अरियाः हो। संयुक्त राष्ट्रद्वारा घोषित यै दिवस पर्यावरण प्रति वैश्विक स्तरमी राजनैतिक रे सामाजिक जागृति ल्याउन्या उद्देश्यले मनाइन्छ। ‍‍‌‌ डोटेली विकिपिडियामी लै '''विश्व वातावरण दिवस'''(५ जून) का अवसरमी सम्पादन-थन आयोजना खिलाइ प्रस्ताव अद्दाउँ। प्रस्ताव मी तमरो विचार, सहमति रे सहभागिताखि लाई अनुरोध अद्दाउँ। - आयोजक समूह का तरफ बठेइ -- [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Janak Bhatta|Janak Bhatta]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Janak Bhatta|कुरडी]]) २२:२६, २ जुन २०२० (+0545) ===समर्थन=== * {{Support}} मेरा तरफ बठेइ समर्थन।--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) २१:४०, ३ जुन २०२० (+0545) * {{Support}} --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Anup Sadi|Anup Sadi]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Anup Sadi|कुरडी]]) २२:४३, ३ जुन २०२० (+0545) * {{Support}}--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Dolon Prova|Dolon Prova]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Dolon Prova|कुरडी]]) २२:४५, ३ जुन २०२० (+0545) * {{Support}}--[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Galib Tufan|Galib Tufan]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Galib Tufan|कुरडी]]) १०:१२, ४ जुन २०२० (+0545) ===विरोध=== ===टिप्पणी=== == Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon II and Central Notice == {{clear}} ''Sorry for writing this message in English - feel free to help us translating it'' <div style="align:center; width:90%;float:left;{{#ifeq:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|2}}||background:#F9ED94;|}}border:0.5em solid #000000; padding:1em;"> <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikisource-logo-with-text.svg|frameless|right|100px]] Hello Proofreader, After successful first [[:m:Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon|Online Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon]] hosted and organised by CIS-A2K in May 2020, again we are planning to conduct one more [[:m:Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon 2020|Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon II]].I would request to you, please submit your opinion about the dates of contest and help us to fix the dates. Please vote for your choice below. {{Clickable button 2|Click here to Submit Your Vote|class=mw-ui-progressive|url=https://strawpoll.com/jf8p2sf79}} '''Last date of submit of your vote on 24th September 2020, 11:59 PM''' I really hope many Indic Wikisource proofreader will be present this time. Please comment on [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon 2020|CentralNotice banner]] proposal for [[:m:Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon 2020|Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon 2020]] for the Indic Wikisource contest. (1 Oct2020 - 15 Oct, all IPs from India, Bangladesh, Srilanka, all project). Thank you. Thanks for your attention<br/> [[User:Jayanta (CIS-A2K)|Jayanta (CIS-A2K)]]<br/> Wikisource Advisor, CIS-A2K <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indic_Wikisource_Helpdesk/VP_Wikipedia&oldid=20461525 --> </div> == Mahatma Gandhi edit-a-thon on 2 and 3 October 2020 == <div style=" border-top:8px #d43d4f ridge; padding:8px;>[[File:Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg|right|100px]] ''Please feel free to translate the message.''<br> Hello,<br> Hope this message finds you well. We want to inform you that CIS-A2K is going to organise a mini edit-a-thon for two days on 2 and 3 October 2020 during Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary. This is not related to a particular project rather participants can contribute to any Wikimedia project (such as Wikipedia, Wikidata, Wikimedia Commons, Wikiquote). The topic of the edit-a-thon is: Mahatma Gandhi and his works and contribution. Please participate in this event. For more information and details please visit the '''[[:m:Mahatma Gandhi 2020 edit-a-thon |event page here]]'''. Thank you. — [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] <small>Sent using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १७:०९, २८ सेप्टेम्बर २०२० (+0545)</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> == Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 == ''Please consider translating the message.'' [[File:MeterCat image needed.jpg|thumb|This event does not have a logo yet, you may help to [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021#Logo_proposal|create one]].]] <div style="border-left:8px ridge gold;padding:5px;"> Hello, Hope this email finds you well. We want to inform you about Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021, an online wiki-event by A2K which is to be conducted from 19 – 21 February 2021 during the occasion of International Mother Language Day. Please see '''[[:m:Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021|the event page here]]'''. also Please subscribe to the '''[[:m:Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021/Newsletter|event-specific newsletter]]''' to get regular news and updates. '''Get involved''' # Please help in creating a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021#Logo_proposal|logo for the event]]. # This event has a "Request for Comments" portal, where we are seeking your opinion on different topics. Please consider [[:m:Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021/Request_for_Comments|sharing your expertise]]. # We need help to translate a few messages to different Indian languages. [[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Get involved/Translation|Could you help]]? Happy Diwali. --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १८:३१, १४ नोभेम्बर २०२० (+0545) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> == WMWM 2021 Newsletter #1 == Namaskar, You are receiving this notification as you are one of the subscriber of [[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Newsletter|Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 Newsletter]]. We are sharing with you the first newsletter featuring news, updates and plans related to the event. You can find our first issue '''[[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Newsletter/2020-12-01|here]]'''. If you do not want to receive this kind of notification further, you can remove yourself from [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021|here]]. Sent through [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:४२, १ डिसेम्बर २०२० (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Bodhisattwa@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021&oldid=20717190 --> == Festive Season 2020 edit-a-thon on 5-6 December 2020 == <div style="border-top:10px ridge red; padding-left:5px;padding-top:5px;"> [[File:Rangoli on Diwali 2020 at Moga, Punjab, India.jpg|thumb|200px|[[:m:Festive_Season_2020_edit-a-thon|Festive Season 2020 edit-a-thon]] is on 5 – 6 December 2020]] Namaskara/Hello, Hope you are doing well. On 5–6 December, A2K will conduct a mini edit-a-thon on the theme Festivals of India. This edit-a-thon is not restricted to a particular project and editors can contribute to any Wikimedia project on the theme. Please have a look at the '''[[:m:Festive_Season_2020_edit-a-thon|event page, and please participate]]'''. Some tasks have been suggested, please feel free to expand the list. Regards. Sent using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १७:१४, २ डिसेम्बर २०२० (+0545) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> == Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 Newsletter #2 == <div style="border:4px red ridge; background:#fcf8de; padding:8px;> Hello,<br> The second edition of Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 newsletter has been published. We have started a logistics assessment. The objective of the survey is to collect relevant information about the logistics of the Indian Wikimedia community members who are willing to participate in the event. Please spend a few minutes to fill [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdkSwR3UHRZnD_XYIsJhgGK2d6tJpb8dMC4UgJKAxyjZKA2IA/viewform this form]. There are other stories. Please read the '''[[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Newsletter/2020-12-16|full newsletter here]]'''. To subscribe or unsubscribe the newsletter, please visit [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021|this page]]. --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ०७:२५, १७ डिसेम्बर २०२० (+0545) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021&oldid=20756436 --> == Submission Open for Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 == ''Sorry for writing this message in English - feel free to help us translating it'' Hello, We are excited to announce that submission for session proposals has been opened for Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021, the upcoming online wiki-event which is to be conducted from 19 – 21 February 2021 during the occasion of International Mother Language Day. The submission will remain open until 24 January 2021. '''You can submit your session proposals here -'''<br/> https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021/Submissions<br/> {{Clickable button 2|Click here to Submit Your session proposals|class=mw-ui-progressive|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021/Submissions}} A program team has been formed recently from highly experienced Wikimedia volunteers within and outside India. It is currently under the process of expansion to include more diversity in the team. The team will evaluate the submissions, accept, modify or reject them, design and finalise the program schedule by the end of January 2021. Details about the team will come soon. We are sure that you will share some of your most inspiring stories and conduct some really exciting sessions during the event. Best of luck for your submissions! Regards,<br/> Jayanta<br/> On behalf of WMWM India 2021 <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021&oldid=20756436 --> == Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 Newsletter #3 == <div style="border:4px red ridge; background:#fcf8de; padding:8px;> Hello,<br> Happy New Year! The third edition of Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 newsletter has been published. We have opened proposals for session submissions. If you want to conduct a session during the event, you can propose it [[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Submissions|here]] before 24 Jamuary 2021. There are other stories. Please read the '''[[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Newsletter/2021-01-01|full newsletter here]]'''. To subscribe or unsubscribe the newsletter, please visit [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021|this page]]. -- [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १४:४१, १ जनवरी २०२१ (+0545) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021&oldid=20756436 --> <!-- Message sent by User:Bodhisattwa@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021&oldid=20915971 --> == Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 Newsletter #4 == <div style="border:1px #808080 ridge; background:Azure; padding:8px;> Hello,<br> Happy New Year! The fourth edition of Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 newsletter has been published. We have opened the registration for participation for this event. If you want to participate in the event, you can register yourself [[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Registration|here]] before 16 February 2021. There are other stories. Please read the '''[[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Newsletter/2021-16-01|full newsletter here]]'''. To subscribe or unsubscribe the newsletter, please visit [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021|this page]].[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २१:५७, १७ जनवरी २०२१ (+0545) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021&oldid=20977965 --> == [Small wiki toolkits] Understanding the technical challenges == Greetings, hope this message finds you all in the best of your health, and you are staying safe amid the ongoing crisis. Firstly, to give you context, [[m:Small wiki toolkits|Small wiki toolkits]] (SWT) is an initiative to support [[m:Small_and_large_wikis#Small_wikis|small wiki]] communities, to learn and share technical and semi-technical skills to support, maintain, and grow. In India, a [[m:SWT Indic Workshop Series 2020/Overview|series of workshops]] were conducted last year, and they received good response. They are being continued this year, and the first session is: '''Understanding the technical challenges of wikis''' (by [[m:User:BMueller (WMF)|Birgit]]): Brainstorming about technical challenges faced by contributors contributing to language projects related to South Asia. The session is on 24 January 2021, at 18:00 to 19:30 (India time), 18:15 to 19:45 (Nepal time), and 18:30 to 20:00 pm (Bangladesh time). You can '''register yourself''' by visiting [[m:SWT South Asia/Registration|'''this page''']]! This discussion will be crucial to decide topics for future workshops. Community members are also welcome to suggest topics for future workshops anytime at https://w.wiki/t8Q. If you have any questions, please contact us on the [[m:Talk:SWT South Asia/Overview/Overview|talk page here]]. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:२४, १९ जनवरी २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Indic_Village_Pumps&oldid=20957862 --> == [Small wiki toolkits] Upcoming bots workshops: Understanding community needs == Greetings, as you may be aware that as part of [[:m:SWT_South_Asia|Small wiki toolkits - South Asia]], we conduct a workshop every month on technical topics to help small wikis. In February, we are planning on organizing a workshop on the topic of bots. Bots are automated tools that carry out repetitive, tedious and mundane tasks. To help us structure the workshop, we would like understand the needs of the community in this regard. Please let us know any of * a) repetitive/mundane tasks that you generally do, especially for maintenance *b) tasks you think can be automated on your wiki. Please let us your inputs on [[:m:Talk:SWT_South_Asia/Workshops#Upcoming_bots_workshops%3A_Understanding_community_needs|'''workshops talk page''']], before 7 February 2021. You can also let me know your inputs by [[Special:EmailUser/KCVelaga|emailing me]] or pinging me here in this section. Please note that you do not need to have any programming knowledge for this workshop or to give input. Regards, [[User:KCVelaga|KCVelaga]] १९:३०, २८ जनवरी २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=20999902 --> == Call for feedback: WMF Community Board seats & Office hours tomorrow == ''(sorry for posting in English)'' Dear Wikimedians, The [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is organizing a [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees/Call_for_feedback:_Community_Board_seats|'''call for feedback''']] about community selection processes between February 1 and March 14. Below you will find the problem statement and various ideas from the Board to address it. We are offering multiple channels for questions and feedback. With the help of a team of community facilitators, we are organizing multiple conversations with multiple groups in multiple languages. During this call for feedback we publish weekly reports and we draft the final report that will be delivered to the Board. With the help of this report, the Board will approve the next steps to organize the selection of six community seats in the upcoming months. Three of these seats are due for renewal and three are new, recently approved. '''Participate in this call for feedback and help us form a more diverse and better performing Board of Trustees!''' <u>'''Problems:'''</u> While the Wikimedia Foundation and the movement have grown about five times in the past ten years, the Board’s structure and processes have remained basically the same. As the Board is designed today, we have a problem of capacity, performance, and lack of representation of the movement’s diversity. This problem was identified in the Board’s 2019 governance review, along with recommendations for how to address it. To solve the problem of capacity, we have agreed to increase the Board size to a maximum of 16 trustees (it was 10). Regarding performance and diversity, we have approved criteria to evaluate new Board candidates. What is missing is a process to promote community candidates that represent the diversity of our movement and have the skills and experience to perform well on the Board of a complex global organization. Our current processes to select individual volunteer and affiliate seats have some limitations. Direct elections tend to favor candidates from the leading language communities, regardless of how relevant their skills and experience might be in serving as a Board member, or contributing to the ability of the Board to perform its specific responsibilities. It is also a fact that the current processes have favored volunteers from North America and Western Europe. Meanwhile, our movement has grown larger and more complex, our technical and strategic needs have increased, and we have new and more difficult policy challenges around the globe. As well, our Movement Strategy recommendations urge us to increase our diversity and promote perspectives from other regions and other social backgrounds. In the upcoming months, we need to renew three community seats and appoint three more community members in the new seats. What process can we all design to promote and choose candidates that represent our movement and are prepared with the experience, skills, and insight to perform as trustees? <u>'''Ideas:'''</u> The Board has discussed several ideas to overcome the problems mentioned above. Some of these ideas could be taken and combined, and some discarded. Other ideas coming from the call for feedback could be considered as well. The ideas are: *<u>Ranked voting system.</u> Complete the move to a single transferable vote system, already used to appoint affiliate-selected seats, which is designed to best capture voters’ preferences. *<u>Quotas.</u> Explore the possibility of introducing quotas to ensure certain types of diversity in the Board (details about these quotas to be discussed in this call for feedback). *<u>Call for types of skills and experiences.</u> When the Board makes a new call for candidates, they would specify types of skills and experiences especially sought. *<u>Vetting of candidates.</u> Potential candidates would be assessed using the Trustee Evaluation Form and would be confirmed or not as eligible candidates. *<u>Board-delegated selection committee.</u> The community would nominate candidates that this committee would assess and rank using the Trustee Evaluation Form. This committee would have community elected members and Board appointed members. *<u>Community-elected selection committee.</u> The community would directly elect the committee members. The committee would assess and rank candidates using the Trustee Evaluation Form. *<u>Election of confirmed candidates.</u> The community would vote for community nominated candidates that have been assessed and ranked using the Trustee Evaluation Form. The Board would appoint the most voted candidates. *<u>Direct appointment of confirmed candidates.</u> After the selection committee produces a ranked list of community nominated candidates, the Board would appoint the top-ranked candidates directly. <u>'''Call for feedback:'''</u> The [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees/Call_for_feedback:_Community_Board_seats|call for feedback]] runs from February 1 until the end of March 14. We are looking for a broad representation of opinions. We are interested in the reasoning and the feelings behind your opinions. In a conversation like this one, details are important. We want to support good conversations where everyone can share and learn from others. We want to hear from those who understand Wikimedia governance well and are already active in movement conversations. We also want to hear from people who do not usually contribute to discussions. Especially those who are active in their own roles, topics, languages or regions, but usually not in, say, a call for feedback on Meta. You can participate by joining the [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees/Call_for_feedback:_Community_Board_seats#How_to_participate|Telegram chat group]], and giving feedback on any of the talk pages on Meta-Wiki. We are welcoming the organisation of conversations in any language and in any channel. If you want us to organize a conversation or a meeting for your wiki project or your affiliate, please write to me. I will also reach out to communities and affiliates to soon have focused group discussions. An [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees/Call_for_feedback:_Community_Board_seats/Conversations/2021-02-02_-_First_Office_Hour|'''office hour''']] is also happening '''tomorrow at 12 pm (UTC)''' to discuss this topic. Access link will be available 15 minutes before the scheduled time (please watch the office hour page for the link, and I will also share on mailing lists). In case you are not able to make it, please don't worry, there will be more discussions and meetings in the next few weeks. Regards, [[User:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]] २२:१५, १ फेब्रुअरी २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=20999902 --> == Research Needs Assessment for Indian Language Wikimedia (ILW) Projects == Dear All, The [[:m:CIS-A2K|Access to Knowledge (A2K)]] team at CIS has been engaged with work on research on Indian language Wikimedia projects as part of the APG since 2019. This year, following up on our learnings from work so far, we are undertaking a needs assessment exercise to understand a) the awareness about research within Indian language Wikimedia communities, and identify existing projects if any, and b) to gather community inputs on knowledge gaps and priority areas of focus, and the role of research in addressing the same. We would therefore request interested community members to respond to the needs assessment questionnaire here:<br> {{Clickable button 2|Click here to respond|url=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd9_RMEX8ZAH5bG0qPt_UhLakChs1Qmw35fPbFvkrsWPvwuLw/viewform|class=mw-ui-progressive}} Please respond in any Indian language as suitable. The deadline for this exercise is '''February 20, 2021'''. For any queries do write to us on the CIS-A2K research [[:m:Talk:CIS-A2K/Research|talk page here]] [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:५३, ३ फेब्रुअरी २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indic_Wikisource_Helpdesk/VP_Wikipedia&oldid=20461525 --> * Hello, thanks to those who have submitted responses to this needs assessment. We want to inform you that <span style="background:yellow;">the deadline to share your response has been extended till 5 March 2021.</span> [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd9_RMEX8ZAH5bG0qPt_UhLakChs1Qmw35fPbFvkrsWPvwuLw/viewform Click here to respond].Thanks. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:BhuvanaMeenakshi(CIS-A2K)|BhuvanaMeenakshi(CIS-A2K)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:BhuvanaMeenakshi(CIS-A2K)|कुरडी]]) १२:२१, २४ फेब्रुअरी २०२१ (+0545) == Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 Newsletter #5 == <div style="border:1px #808080 ridge; background:Azure; padding:8px;> Hello,<br> Greetings!! The fifth edition of Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 newsletter has been published. We have opened the registration for participation for this event. If you want to participate in the event, you can register yourself [[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Registration|here]] before '''16 February 2021'''. There are other stories. Please read the '''[[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Newsletter/2021-02-01|full newsletter here]]'''. To subscribe or unsubscribe the newsletter, please visit [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021|this page]].<br>[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:३४, ३ फेब्रुअरी २०२१ (+0545) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021&oldid=21052845 --> == Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 Newsletter #5 == <div style="border:1px #808080 ridge; background:Azure; padding:8px;> Hello,<br> Greetings!! The fifth edition of Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 newsletter has been published. We have opened the registration for participation for this event. If you want to participate in the event, you can register yourself [[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Registration|here]] before '''16 February 2021'''. There are other stories. Please read the '''[[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Newsletter/2021-02-01|full newsletter here]]'''. To subscribe or unsubscribe the newsletter, please visit [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021|this page]].<br>[[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:३८, ३ फेब्रुअरी २०२१ (+0545) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021&oldid=21052845 --> ==Proposal for a meeting with Doteli Wikimedians regarding Wikimedia Foundation Board Governance call for feedback== I am Krishna Chaitanya, currently working on the Board Governance team at the Wikimedia Foundation. The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees is changing several of their by-laws, which will have a substantial impact on how the Wikimedia movement works in the coming years. But they would like the community to be involved in the process of these changes, and receive community feedback regarding the proposed changes. A call for feedback started yesterday (1 Feb) and will continue until 14 March. You can read more about the call for feedback at <u>[[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees/Call_for_feedback:_Community_Board_seats|'''Call for feedback: Community Board seats''']]</u> or from my mailing list message. I am sorry for a lot of English-heavy content. It would be great if you can translate the main page into Doteli :) In this regard, I am proposing to have an online meeting with Doteli Wikimedians, wherein I can explain the background, the reason, why this is needed, and what are the changes being proposed. You can then share your feedback. Let me know your thoughts and if you have any questions. --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:KCVelaga (WMF)|कुरडी]]) २०:२६, ४ फेब्रुअरी २०२१ (+0545) :{{ping|Dolon Prova|Janak Bhatta|Nirajan pant}} Pinging some active users as per [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/dty.wikipedia.org/contributing/top-editors/normal|table|last-month|~total|monthly this]. --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:KCVelaga (WMF)|कुरडी]]) २०:२६, ४ फेब्रुअरी २०२१ (+0545) == [Small wiki toolkits] Bot workshop: 27 February == As part of the Small wiki toolkits (South Asia) initiative, we are happy to announce the second workshop of this year. The workshop will be on "[[:en:Wikipedia:Bots|bots]]", and we will be learning how to perform tasks on wiki by running automated scripts, about Pywikibot and how it can be used to help with repetitive processes and editing, and the Pywikibot community, learning resources and community venues. Please note that you do not need any technical experience to attend the workshop, only some experience contributing to Wikimedia projects is enough. Details of the workshop are as follows: *Date: 27 February *Timings: 15:30 to 17:00 (IST), 15:45 to 17:15 (NPT), 16:00 to 17:30 (BDT) *Meeting link: https://meet.google.com/vri-zvfv-rci | ''[https://calendar.google.com/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=MGxwZWtkdDdhdDk0c2Vwcjd1ZGYybzJraWcgY29udGFjdEBpbmRpY21lZGlhd2lraWRldi5vcmc&tmsrc=contact%40indicmediawikidev.org click to add your Google Calendar].'' *Trainer: [[:m:User:JHernandez_(WMF)|Joaquin Oltra Hernandez]] Please sign-up on the registration page at https://w.wiki/yYg. Note: We are providing modest internet stipends to attend the workshops, for those who need and wouldn't otherwise be able to attend. More information on this can be found on the registration page. Regards, [[:m:Small_wiki_toolkits/South_Asia/Organization|Small wiki toolkits - South Asia organizers]], १५:५६, १८ फेब्रुअरी २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=20999902 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter February 2021 == <div style="border:6px black ridge; background:#EFE6E4;width:60%;"> [[File:Envelope alt font awesome.svg|100px|right|link=:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe]] Hello,<br /> [[:m:CIS-A2K|CIS-A2K]] has published their newsletter for the month of February 2021. The edition includes details about these topics: {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} *Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 *Online Meeting with Punjabi Wikimedians *Marathi Language Day *Wikisource Audiobooks workshop *2021-22 Proposal Needs Assessment *CIS-A2K Team changes *Research Needs Assessment *Gender gap case study *International Mother Language Day {{Div col end|}} Please read the complete newsletter '''[[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/February 2021|here]]'''.<br /> <small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]</small>. </div> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:०९, ८ मार्च २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ananth_(CIS-A2K)/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19426666 --> == WMF Community Board seats: Upcoming panel discussions == As a result of the first three weeks of the [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Community Board seats|call for feedback on WMF Community Board seats]], three topics turned out to be the focus of the discussion. Additionally, a new idea has been introduced by a community member recently: Candidates resources. We would like to pursue these focus topics and the new idea appropriately, discussing them in depth and collecting new ideas and fresh approaches by running four panels in the next week. Every panel includes four members from the movement covering many regions, backgrounds and experiences, along with a trustee of the Board. Every panel will last 45 minutes, followed by a 45-minute open mic discussion, where everyone’s free to ask questions or to contribute to the further development of the panel's topics. *[[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Community Board seats/Conversations/Topic panels/Topic panel: Skills for board work|Skills for Board work]] - [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1615572040 Friday, March 12, 18:00 UTC] *[[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Community Board seats/Conversations/Topic panels/Topic panel: Support for candidates|Support for candidates]] - [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1615642250 Saturday, March 13, 13:30 UTC] *[[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Community Board seats/Conversations/Topic panels/Topic panel: Board - Global Council - Hubs|Board - Global Council - Hubs]] - [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1615651214 Saturday, March 13, 16:00 UTC] *[[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Community Board seats/Conversations/Topic panels/Topic panel: Regional diversity|Regional diversity]] - [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1615726800 Sunday, March 14, 13:00 UTC] To counter spamming, the meeting link will be updated on the Meta-Wiki pages and also on the [https://t.me/wmboardgovernanceannounce Telegram announcements channel], 15 minutes before the official start. Let me know if you have any questions, [[:m:User:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]], १४:२१, १० मार्च २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=20999902 --> == [Small wiki toolkits] Workshop on "Debugging/fixing template errors" - 27 March == As part of the Small wiki toolkits (South Asia) initiative, we are happy to announce the third workshop of this year. The workshop will be on "Debugging/fixing template errors", and we will learn how to address the common template errors on wikis (related but not limited to importing templates, translating them, Lua, etc.). <div class="plainlinks"> Details of the workshop are as follows: *Date: 27 March *Timings: 3:30 pm to 5:00 pm (IST), 15:45 to 17:15 (NPT), 16:00 to 17:30 (BST) *Meeting link: https://meet.google.com/cyo-mnrd-ryj | [https://calendar.google.com/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=MjgzaXExcm9ha3RpbTBiaTNkajBmM3U2MG8gY29udGFjdEBpbmRpY21lZGlhd2lraWRldi5vcmc&tmsrc=contact%40indicmediawikidev.org ''click here to add this to your Google Calendar'']. *Trainer: [[:m:User:Jayprakash12345|Jay Prakash]] Please sign-up on the registration page at https://w.wiki/36Sg. prepare for the workshop in advance, we would like to gather all kinds of template errors (related but not limited to importing templates, translating them, Lua, etc.) that you face while working with templates on your wiki. If you plan to attend the workshop and would like your common issues related to dealing with templates addressed, share your issues using [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfO4YRvqMaPzH8QeLeR6h5NdJ2B-yljeo74mDmAZC5rq4Obgw/viewform?usp=sf_link this Google Form], or [[:m:Talk:Small_wiki_toolkits/South_Asia/Workshops#Upcoming_workshop_on_%22Debugging_template_errors%22|under this section on the workshop's talk page]]. You can see examples of such errors at [[:c:Category:Lua script errors screenshots|this category]]. </div> Note: We are providing modest internet stipends to attend the workshops, for those who need and wouldn't otherwise be able to attend. More information on this can be found on the registration page. Regards, [[:m:Small_wiki_toolkits/South_Asia/Organization|Small wiki toolkits - South Asia organizers]], १२:४६, १६ मार्च २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=20999902 --> == [Small wiki toolkits] Workshop on "Designing responsive main pages" - 30 April (Friday) == As part of the Small wiki toolkits (South Asia) initiative, we would like to announce the third workshop of this year on “Designing responsive main pages”. The workshop will take place on 30 April (Friday). During this workshop, we will learn to design main pages of a wiki to be responsive. This will allow the pages to be mobile-friendly, by adjusting the width and the height according to various screen sizes. Participants are expected to have a good understanding of Wikitext/markup and optionally basic CSS. Details of the workshop are as follows: *Date: 30 April (Friday) *Timings: [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1619785853 18:00 to 19:30 (India / Sri Lanka), 18:15 to 19:45 (Nepal), 18:30 to 20:00 (Bangladesh)] *Meeting link: https://meet.google.com/zfs-qfvj-hts | to add this to your Google Calendar, please use [https://calendar.google.com/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=NmR2ZHE1bWF1cWQyam4yN2YwZGJzYWNzbjMgY29udGFjdEBpbmRpY21lZGlhd2lraWRldi5vcmc&tmsrc=contact%40indicmediawikidev.org click here]. If you are interested, please sign-up on the registration page at https://w.wiki/3CGv. Note: We are providing modest internet stipends to attend the workshops, for those who need and wouldn't otherwise be able to attend. More information on this can be found on the registration page. Regards, [[:m:Small wiki toolkits/South Asia/Organization|Small wiki toolkits - South Asia organizers]], २१:३६, १९ अप्रिल २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=20999902 --> == Invitation for Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021 == Hello there, We are inviting you to participate in '''[[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021]]''', a global contest scheduled to run from July through August 2021. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. In its first year (2020), 36 Wikimedia communities in 27 countries joined the campaign. Events relating to the campaign included training organized by at least 18 Wikimedia communities in 14 countries. The campaign resulted in the addition of media files (photos, audios and videos) to more than 90,000 Wikipedia articles in 272 languages. Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) offers an ideal task for recruiting and guiding new editors through the steps of adding content to existing pages. Besides individual participation, the WPWP campaign can be used by user groups and chapters to organize editing workshops and edit-a-thons. The organizing team is looking for a contact person to coordinate WPWP participation at the Wikimedia user group or chapter level (geographically or thematically) or for a language WP. We’d be glad for you to reply to this message, or sign up directly at [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021/Participating Communities#Wikimedia affiliate communities|WPWP Participating Communities]]. Please feel free to contact [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021/Organizing Team|Organizing Team]] if you have any query. Kind regards,<br/> [[User:Tulsi Bhagat|Tulsi Bhagat]]<br/> Communication Manager<br/> Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign<br/> <small>Message delivered by [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ०९:३९, ५ मे २०२१ (+0545)</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Tulsi Bhagat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos_2021/Call_for_participation_letter/Targets&oldid=21423535 --> == Call for Election Volunteers: 2021 WMF Board elections == Hello all, Based on an [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Community Board seats/Main report|extensive call for feedback]] earlier this year, the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/2021-04-15_Resolution_about_the_upcoming_Board_elections|announced the plan for the 2021 Board elections]]. Apart from improving the technicalities of the process, the Board is also keen on improving active participation from communities in the election process. During the last elections, Voter turnout in prior elections was about 10% globally. It was better in communities with volunteer election support. Some of those communities reached over 20% voter turnout. We know we can get more voters to help assess and promote the best candidates, but to do that, we need your help. We are looking for volunteers to serve as Election Volunteers. Election Volunteers should have a good understanding of their communities. The facilitation team sees Election Volunteers as doing the following: *Promote the election and related calls to action in community channels. *With the support from facilitators, organize discussions about the election in their communities. *Translate “a few” messages for their communities [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Election Volunteers|Check out more details about Election Volunteers]] and add your name next to the community you will support [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Election_Volunteers|'''in this table''']]. We aim to have at least one Election Volunteer, even better if there are two or more sharing the work. If you have any queries, please ping me under this message or [[Special:EmailUser/KCVelaga (WMF)|email me]]. Regards, [[:m:User:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]] ११:०६, १२ मे २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=20999902 --> == २०२१ बोर्ड अफ ट्रस्टीज निर्वाचनखिलाइ उम्मेदवारि खुलिगै == सप्पैलाइ नमस्कार, २०२१ बोर्ड अफ ट्रस्टीज निर्वाचन छँटाइ औन्नाछ। उपलब्ध सीट भद्दाइनिउति समुदायका उम्मीदवारअनै आवश्यकता छ। विकिमिडिया फाउण्डेशन बोर्ड अफ ट्रस्टीज विकिमीडिया फाउण्डेशनआ सञ्चालनै देखरेख अरन्छ। सामुदायिक सञ्चालकलै नियुक्त अरियाऽ सञ्चालकलै मिलिबर सञ्चालक समिति बनन्छे। हरेक ट्रस्टी तीन सालओ कार्यकाल पूरा अरन्छ। विकिमिडिया समुदायसङ सामुदायिक ट्रस्टीखिलाइ मत दिन्या अवसर छ। विकिमिडिया योगदानकर्ता बोर्डमी चार सीट भद्दाइनिउति २०२१ मी मत दिन्ना। यो यक टोलिआ रूपमी बोर्डमी प्रतिनिधित्व, विविधता, रे विशेषज्ञतामी सुधार अद्द्या यक अवसर हो। सम्भावित उम्मेदवार को हन्? तम सम्भावित उम्मेदवार होऽ त? '''विशेषताअन''' विकिमिडिया यक वैश्विक अभियान हो तबै बर्तिझा समुदायअनबठै उम्मेदवार खोज्जाछ। उम्मेदवारअनले बोर्डमी कि अनुभव रे दृष्टिकोण ल्याउँलो भँण्ण्या विषयमी सोच्चु पड्ड्या हन्छ। आदर्श उम्मेदवार विकिमिडिया मिशनसित पङ्क्तिबद्ध हुनान रे तन विचारशील, शिष्ट, समुदाय‍-केन्द्रित हनान। बोर्ड तन दृष्टिकोणलै आवाजलै खोज्ज चाहन्छ जैको प्रतिनिधित्व कम छ तथा अभियानखिलाइ आवश्यक छन। तिनअनले विकिमिडियालाइ यक नौला ट्रस्टीबठै चाय्यियाऽ चीज लेइ सक्दान। '''वचन''' ट्रस्टी तीन सालआ कार्यकालखिलाइ सेवा अद्दान रे लगातार तीन कार्यकालसम्म सेवा दिइ सक्दान। यात्रा अवधि छाड़िबर, समय प्रतिबद्धता प्रति वर्ष लगभग १५० घण्टा हो। यो समय सङताइ बर्ष समान रूपले वितरित नाइँहुनो। समय बैठकआ आसपास केन्द्रित हन्छ। ट्रस्टीले कम्तिमीलै बोर्डआ यक समितिमी सेवा दिन्याछन भँण्ण्या आशा छ। '''आवश्यकताअन''' अङरेजि बोर्डखिलाइ कामकाजि भाषा हो। उम्मीदवारअनलाइ अङरेजिको आधारभूत ज्ञान हन आवश्यक छ, पुइलै सहायतालै प्रशिक्षणलै काममी खटौन्या प्रक्रियाका हिस्सा हन। मतदाताआ बीच व्यापक रूपमी पुग्दाइनिउति उम्मेदवारआ आवेदनलाइ कैयौँ भाषामी अनुवाद अरीन्याहो। '''आवेदन''' सप्पै परियोजनाअन रे समुदायनअनबठै उम्मेदवारअन जो विकिमिडिया ट्रस्टीकि आवश्यकता पुरा अद्दान उनलाइ स्वागत छ। यदि तमलाइ कोइ व्यक्ति यक निको ट्रस्टी होइसकन्छ भँण्ण्या लागन्छ भँण्या उनलाइ चुनाउमी उठ्ठाइ प्रेरित अरऽ। उम्मेदवारअन उम्मेदवारिखिलाइ आवेदन दिय पन्नामी जानकारि पाइसक्दान तथा उम्मेदवारि दिइसक्दान। तमरा सहयोगखिलाइ धन्यवाद, विकिमिडिया बोर्ड अफ ट्रस्टीज जेदा जानकारिखिलाइ [[:meta:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/2021-06-09/Call_for_Candidates/dty|याँ तक्याऽ]]। --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) १८:२२, १० जुन २०२१ (+0545) == Candidates from South Asia for 2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board Elections == Dear Wikimedians, As you may be aware, the Wikimedia Foundation has started [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021|elections for community seats]] on the Board of Trustees. While previously there were three community seats on the Board, with the expansion of the Board to sixteen seats last year, community seats have been increased to eight, four of which are up for election this year. In the last fifteen years of the Board's history, there were only a few candidates from the South Asian region who participated in the elections, and hardly anyone from the community had a chance to serve on the Board. While there are several reasons for this, this time, the Board and WMF are very keen on encouraging and providing support to potential candidates from historically underrepresented regions. This is a good chance to change the historical problem of representation from the South Asian region in high-level governance structures. Ten days after the call for candidates began, there aren't any [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Candidates#Candidate_Table|candidates from South Asia]] yet, there are still 10 days left! I would like to ask community members to encourage other community members, whom you think would be potential candidates for the Board. While the final decision is completely up to the person, it can be helpful to make sure that they are aware of the election and the call for candidates. Let me know if you need any information or support. Thank you, [[:m:User:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]] १५:४८, १९ जुन २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=20999902 --> == डोटेली विकिपिडियामी २०२१ विकिमिडिया फाउण्डेशन निर्वाचन == सप्पैलाइ नमस्कार, २०२१ विकिमिडिया बोर्ड निर्वाचनखिलाइ डोटली विकिपिडियामी यक पन्ना बनायीरैछ। तम येइ पन्नालाइ ताजि जानकारि रे नौलि कुरड़िखिलाइ आफुना ध्यानसूचीमी राखिसकन्छऽ रे केइ प्रश्न भया तै लै सोदिसकन्छऽ। [[File:Info icon 002.svg|20px]] मतदाता योग्यता मापदण्ड सार्वजनिक अरीरैछ। कृपया तल्तिरआ लिङ्कमी तकऽ। Link: [[विकिपिडिया:२०२१ विकिमिडिया फाउण्डेशन बोर्ड निर्वाचन|२०२१ विकिमिडिया फाउण्डेशन बोर्ड निर्वाचन]] [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nirajan pant|Nirajan pant]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Nirajan pant|कुरडी]]) १२:४२, १ जुलाई २०२१ (+0545) == Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021 == [[File:Wiki Loves Women logo.svg|right|frameless]] '''Wiki Loves Women South Asia''' is back with the 2021 edition. Join us to minify gender gaps and enrich Wikipedia with more diversity. Happening from 1 September - 30 September, [[:m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|Wiki Loves Women South Asia]] welcomes the articles created on gender gap theme. This year we will focus on women's empowerment and gender discrimination related topics. We warmly invite you to help organize or participate in the competition in your community. You can learn more about the scope and the prizes at the [[:m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|project page]]. Best wishes,<br> [[:m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|Wiki Loves Women Team]]<br>२३:३१, ११ जुलाई २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:MdsShakil@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MdsShakil/sandbox/2&oldid=21717413 --> == [Wikimedia Foundation elections 2021] Candidates meet with South Asia + ESEAP communities == Dear Wikimedians, As you may already know, the 2021 Board of Trustees elections are from 4 August 2021 to 17 August 2021. Members of the Wikimedia community have the opportunity to elect four candidates to a three-year term. After a three-week-long Call for Candidates, there are [[:m:Template:WMF_elections_candidate/2021/candidates_gallery|20 candidates for the 2021 election]]. This event is for community members of South Asian and ESEAP communities to know the candidates and interact with them. * The '''event will be on 31 July 2021 (Saturday)''', and the timings are: :* India & Sri Lanka: 6:00 pm to 8:30 pm :* Bangladesh: 6:30 pm to 9:00 pm :* Nepal: 6:15 pm to 8:45 pm :* Afghanistan: 5:00 pm to 7:30 pm :* Pakistan & Maldives: 5:30 pm to 8:00 pm * '''For registration and other details, please visit the event page at [[:m: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Meetings/South Asia + ESEAP]]''' [[User:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]], १५:४५, १९ जुलाई २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=20999902 --> == 2021 WMF Board election postponed until August 18th == Hello all, We are reaching out to you today regarding the [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021|2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. This election was due to open on August 4th. Due to some technical issues with SecurePoll, the election must be delayed by two weeks. This means we plan to launch the election on August 18th, which is the day after Wikimania concludes. For information on the technical issues, you can see the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287859 Phabricator ticket]. We are truly sorry for this delay and hope that we will get back on schedule on August 18th. We are in touch with the Elections Committee and the candidates to coordinate the next steps. We will update the [[:m:https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021|Board election Talk page]] and [https://t.me/wmboardgovernancechat Telegram channel] as we know more. Thanks for your patience, [[:m:User:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]], ०९:३४, ३ अगस्ट २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=20999902 --> == Grants Strategy Relaunch 2020–2021 India call == Namaskara, A [[:m:Grants Strategy Relaunch 2020–2021 India call|Grants Strategy Relaunch 2020–2021 India call]] will take place on '''Sunday, 8 August 2021 at 7 pm IST''' with an objective to narrate and discuss the changes in the Wikimedia Grants relaunch strategy process. Tanveer Hasan will be the primary speaker in the call discussing the grants strategy and answering questions related to that. You are invited to attend the call. '''Why you may consider joining''' Let's start with answering "why"? You may find this call helpful and may consider joining if— * You are a Wikimedia grant recipient (rapid grant, project grant, conference grant etc.) * You are thinking of applying for any of the mentioned grants. * You are a community/affiliate leader/contact person, and your community needs information about the proposed grants programs. * You are interested to know about the program for any other reason or you have questions. In brief, As grants are very important part of our program and activities, as an individual or a community/user group member/leader you may consider joining to know more— * about the proposed programs, * the changes and how are they going to affect individuals/communities * or to ask your questions. '''Event page''':[[:m:Grants Strategy Relaunch 2020–2021 India call|Grants Strategy Relaunch 2020–2021 India call]] We request you to add your name in the participants list [[:m:Grants_Strategy_Relaunch_2020–2021_India_call#Participants|here]]. If you find this interesting, please inform your community/user group so that interested Wikimedians can join the call. Thank you, Tito Dutta Access to Knowledge,CIS-A2K <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indic_Wikisource_Helpdesk/VP_Wikipedia&oldid=21830811 --> == Invitation for Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021 == <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021'''</span><br>'''September 1 - September 30, 2021'''<span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|<span style="font-size:10px;color:red">''view details!''</span>]]</span> ----[[File:Wiki Loves Women South Asia.svg|right|frameless]]'''Wiki Loves Women South Asia''' is back with the 2021 edition. Join us to minify gender gaps and enrich Wikipedia with more diversity. Happening from 1 September - 30 September, [[metawiki:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|Wiki Loves Women South Asia]] welcomes the articles created on gender gap theme. This year we will focus on women's empowerment and gender discrimination related topics.<br> We are proud to announce and invite you and your community to participate in the competition. You can learn more about the scope and the prizes at the [[metawiki:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|''project page'']].<br> Best wishes,<br> [[m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|Wiki Loves Women Team]] </div>००:२४, १४ अगस्ट २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:MdsShakil@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MdsShakil/sandbox_1&oldid=21878984 --> == The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Election is open: 18 - 31 August 2021 == Voting for the [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Voting|2021 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates from the community were asked to submit their candidacy. After a three-week-long Call for Candidates, there are [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Candidates#Candidate_Table|19 candidates for the 2021 election]]. The Wikimedia movement has the opportunity to vote for the selection of community and affiliate trustees. By voting, you will help to identify those people who have the qualities to best serve the needs of the movement for the next several years. The Board is expected to select the four most voted candidates to serve as trustees. Voting closes 31 August 2021. *[[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Candidates#Candidate_Table|Learn more about candidates]]. *[[:c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees.webm|Learn about the Board of Trustees]]. *[[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Voting|'''Vote''']] Read the [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/2021-08-18/2021 Voting Opens|full announcement and see translations on Meta-Wiki]]. Please let me know if you have any questions regarding voting. [[:m:User:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]], ११:५६, १८ अगस्ट २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=21829177 --> == Universal Code of Conduct - Enforcement draft guidelines review == The [[:m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Phase_2|Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 drafting committee]] would like comments about the enforcement draft guidelines for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC). This review period is planned for 17 August 2021 through 17 October 2021. These guidelines are not final but you can help move the progress forward. The committee will revise the guidelines based upon community input. Comments can be shared in any language on the [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|draft review talk page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Discussions|multiple other venues]]. Community members are encouraged to organize conversations in their communities. There are planned live discussions about the UCoC enforcement draft guidelines: *[[wmania:2021:Submissions/Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Roundtable|Wikimania 2021 session]] (recorded 16 August) *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions#Conversation hours|Conversation hours]] - 24 August, 31 August, 7 September @ 03:00 UTC & 14:00 UTC *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions|Roundtable calls]] - 18 September @ 03:00 UTC & 15:00 UTC Summaries of discussions will be posted every two weeks [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee/Digest|here]]. Please let me know if you have any questions. [[User:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]], १२:०९, १८ अगस्ट २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=21829177 --> == [Reminder] Wikimedia Foundation elections 2021: 3 days left to vote == Dear Wikimedians, As you may already know, Wikimedia Foundation elections started on 18 August and will continue until 31 August, 23:59 UTC i.e. ~ 3 days left. Members of the Wikimedia community have the opportunity to elect four candidates to a three-year term. Here are the links that might be useful for voting. *[[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021|Elections main page]] *[[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Candidates|Candidates for the election]] *[[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Candidates/CandidateQ&A|Q&A from candidates]] *👉 [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Voting|'''Voting''']] 👈 We have also published stats regarding voter turnout so far, you can check how many eligible voters from your wiki has voted on [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Stats|this page]]. Please let me know if you have any questions. [[:m:User:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]], ११:२५, २९ अगस्ट २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=21829177 --> == Results of 2021 Wikimedia Foundation elections == Thank you to everyone who participated in the 2021 Board election. The Elections Committee has reviewed the votes of the 2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, organized to select four new trustees. A record 6,873 people from across 214 projects cast their valid votes. The following four candidates received the most support: *Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight *Victoria Doronina *Dariusz Jemielniak *Lorenzo Losa While these candidates have been ranked through the community vote, they are not yet appointed to the Board of Trustees. They still need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. The Board has set a tentative date to appoint new trustees at the end of this month. Read the [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/2021-09-07/2021 Election Results|full announcement here]]. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ०८:४१, ८ सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=21829177 --> == Universal Code of Conduct EDGR conversation hour for South Asia == Dear Wikimedians, As you may already know, the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of behaviour for collaboration on Wikimedia projects worldwide. Communities may add to this to develop policies that take account of local and cultural context while maintaining the criteria listed here as a minimum standard. The Wikimedia Foundation Board has ratified the policy in December 2020. The [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|current round of conversations]] is around how the Universal Code of Conduct should be enforced across different Wikimedia platforms and spaces. This will include training of community members to address harassment, development of technical tools to report harassment, and different levels of handling UCoC violations, among other key areas. The conversation hour is an opportunity for community members from South Asia to discuss and provide their feedback, which will be passed on to the drafting committee. The details of the conversation hour are as follows: *Date: 16 September *Time: Bangladesh: 5:30 pm to 7 pm, India & Sri Lanka: 5 pm to 6:30 pm, Nepal: 5:15 pm to 5:45 pm *Meeting link: https://meet.google.com/dnd-qyuq-vnd | [https://calendar.google.com/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=NmVzbnVzbDA2Y3BwbHU4bG8xbnVybDFpOGgga2N2ZWxhZ2EtY3RyQHdpa2ltZWRpYS5vcmc&tmsrc=kcvelaga-ctr%40wikimedia.org add to your calendar] You can also attend the global round table sessions hosted on 18 September - more details can be found on [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations/Roundtable discussions/Sep18Announcement|this page]]. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १६:३२, १० सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=21829177 --> == Movement Charter Drafting Committee - Community Elections to take place October 11 - 24 == This is a short message with an update from the Movement Charter process. The call for candidates for the Drafting Committee closed September 14, and we got a diverse range of candidates. The committee will consist of 15 members, and those will be (s)elected via three different ways. The 15 member committee will be selected with a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Set Up Process|3-step process]]: * Election process for project communities to elect 7 members of the committee. * Selection process for affiliates to select 6 members of the committee. * Wikimedia Foundation process to appoint 2 members of the committee. The community elections will take place between October 11 and October 24. The other process will take place in parallel, so that all processes will be concluded by November 1. For the full context of the Movement Charter, its role, as well the process for its creation, please [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|have a look at Meta]]. You can also contact us at any time on Telegram or via email (wikimedia2030@wikimedia.org). Best, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ०८:३१, २२ सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=21829177 --> == Mahatma Gandhi 2021 edit-a-thon to celebrate Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary == [[File:Mahatma Gandhi 2021 edit-a-thon poster 2nd.pdf|thumb|90px|right|Mahatma Gandhi 2021 edit-a-thon]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope you are doing well. Glad to inform you that A2K is going to conduct a mini edit-a-thon to celebrate Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary. It is the second iteration of Mahatma Gandhi mini edit-a-thon. The edit-a-thon will be on the same dates 2nd and 3rd October (Weekend). During the last iteration, we had created or developed or uploaded content related to Mahatma Gandhi. This time, we will create or develop content about Mahatma Gandhi and any article directly related to the Indian Independence movement. The list of articles is given on the [[:m: Mahatma Gandhi 2021 edit-a-thon|event page]]. Feel free to add more relevant articles to the list. The event is not restricted to any single Wikimedia project. For more information, you can visit the event page and if you have any questions or doubts email me at nitesh{@cis-india{{dot}}org. Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १६:०४, २४ सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> == Voting period to elect members of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee is now open == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/>Voting for the election for the members for the Movement Charter drafting committee is now open. In total, 70 Wikimedians from around the world are running for 7 seats in these elections. '''Voting is open from October 12 to October 24, 2021.''' The committee will consist of 15 members in total: The online communities vote for 7 members, 6 members will be selected by the Wikimedia affiliates through a parallel process, and 2 members will be appointed by the Wikimedia Foundation. The plan is to assemble the committee by November 1, 2021. Learn about each candidate to inform your vote in the language that you prefer: <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates> Learn about the Drafting Committee: <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee> We are piloting a voting advice application for this election. Click yourself through the tool and you will see which candidate is closest to you! Check at <https://mcdc-election-compass.toolforge.org/> Read the full announcement: <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections> '''Go vote at SecurePoll on:''' <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections> Best, Movement Strategy & Governance Team, Wikimedia Foundation <section end="announcement-content"/> </div> ११:३५, १३ अक्टोबर २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=22177090 --> == Meet the new Movement Charter Drafting Committee members == :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' The Movement Charter Drafting Committee election and selection processes are complete. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results|election results have been published]]. 1018 participants voted to elect seven members to the committee: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_Knipel_(Pharos)|Richard Knipel (Pharos)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anne_Clin_(Risker)|Anne Clin (Risker)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Alice_Wiegand_(lyzzy)|Alice Wiegand (Lyzzy)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Micha%C5%82_Buczy%C5%84ski_(Aegis_Maelstrom)|Michał Buczyński (Aegis Maelstrom)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_(Nosebagbear)|Richard (Nosebagbear)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ravan_J_Al-Taie_(Ravan)|Ravan J Al-Taie (Ravan)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ciell_(Ciell)|Ciell (Ciell)]]'''. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Affiliate-chosen_members|affiliate process]] has selected six members: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anass_Sedrati_(Anass_Sedrati)|Anass Sedrati (Anass Sedrati)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#%C3%89rica_Azzellini_(EricaAzzellini)|Érica Azzellini (EricaAzzellini)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Jamie_Li-Yun_Lin_(Li-Yun_Lin)|Jamie Li-Yun Lin (Li-Yun Lin)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Georges_Fodouop_(Geugeor)|Georges Fodouop (Geugeor)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Manavpreet_Kaur_(Manavpreet_Kaur)|Manavpreet Kaur (Manavpreet Kaur)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Pepe_Flores_(Padaguan)|Pepe Flores (Padaguan)]]'''. * The Wikimedia Foundation has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Wikimedia_Foundation-chosen_members|appointed]] two members: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Runa_Bhattacharjee_(Runab_WMF)|Runa Bhattacharjee (Runab WMF)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Jorge_Vargas_(JVargas_(WMF))|Jorge Vargas (JVargas (WMF))]]'''. The committee will convene soon to start its work. The committee can appoint up to three more members to bridge diversity and expertise gaps. If you are interested in engaging with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] drafting process, follow the updates [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|on Meta]] and join the [https://t.me/joinchat/U-4hhWtndBjhzmSf Telegram group]. With thanks from the Movement Strategy and Governance team,<br> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ०८:१२, २ नोभेम्बर २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=22177090 --> == Maryana’s Listening Tour ― South Asia == Hello everyone, As a part of the Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer Maryana’s Listening Tour, a meeting is scheduled for conversation with communities in South Asia. Maryana Iskander will be the guest of the session and she will interact with South Asian communities or Wikimedians. For more information please visit the event page [[:m: Maryana’s Listening Tour ― South Asia|here]]. The meet will be on Friday 26 November 2021 - 1:30 pm UTC [7:00 pm IST]. We invite you to join the meet. The session will be hosted on Zoom and will be recorded. Please fill this short form, if you are interested to attend the meet. Registration form link is [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScp_Hv7t2eE5UvvYXD9ajmCfgB2TNlZeDQzjurl8v6ILkQCEg/viewform here]. <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=19112563 --> == Invitation: Movement Strategy Implementation Grants (MSIG) Call for Wikimedians of Nepal - 10 December 2021 (Friday) == Hello everyone, I am [[metawiki:User:CSinha_(WMF)|Chitraparna Sinha]], the community facilitator of [[metawiki:Movement_Strategy|Movement Strategy]] for South Asia after Krishna Chaitanya Velaga. I would like to invite Wikimedians of Nepal for a getting to know each other session and discuss [[metawiki:Grants:MSIG/About|Movement Strategy Implementation Grants]] (MSIG), and how it can fund projects surrounding [[metawiki:Movement_Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy Initiatives]]. '''Proposed Agenda''' * Introduction with each other & learn about what all is going on in the community; and how I can support the community to grow. * A brief overview of MSIG (what it is & how it will work) & discuss concerns. '''Meeting Language''' Hindi & English. I also understand a bit of Nepali. This could be a multi-lingual conversation. '''Meeting Details:''' (Nepal) Grants Community Conversation * Friday, December 10 · 5:45 – 6:45pm ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1639138520 your timezone]) Google Meet joining info * Video call link: https://meet.google.com/obs-nuig-azm * Or dial: ‪(US) +1 234-759-5435‬ PIN: ‪499 811 999‬# * More phone numbers: https://tel.meet/obs-nuig-azm?pin=6700219854798 Please share the message among community members. Thanks for sharing your valuable time. --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:CSinha (WMF)|वार्ता]]) १७:१९, ३० नवम्बर २०२१ (+0545) == Festive Season 2021 edit-a-thon == Dear Wikimedians, CIS-A2K started a series of mini edit-a-thons in 2020. This year, we had conducted Mahatma Gandhi 2021 edit-a-thon so far. Now, we are going to be conducting a [[:m: Festive Season 2021 edit-a-thon|Festive Season 2021 edit-a-thon]] which will be its second iteration. During this event, we encourage you to create, develop, update or edit data, upload files on Wikimedia Commons or Wikipedia articles etc. This event will take place on 11 and 12 December 2021. Be ready to participate and develop content on your local Wikimedia projects. Thank you. on behalf of the organising committee [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १३:३१, १० डिसेम्बर २०२१ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433389 --> == First Newsletter: Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022 == Dear Wikimedians, We are glad to inform you that the [[:m: Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022|second iteration of Wikimedia Wikimeet India]] is going to be organised in February. This is an upcoming online wiki event that is to be conducted from 18 to 20 February 2022 to celebrate International Mother Language Day. The planning of the event has already started and there are many opportunities for Wikimedians to volunteer in order to help make it a successful event. The major announcement is that [[:m: Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022/Submissions|submissions for sessions]] has opened from today until a month (until 23 January 2022). You can propose your session [[:m: Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022/Submissions|here]]. For more updates and how you can get involved in the same, please read the [[:m: Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022/Newsletter/2021-12-23|first newsletter]] If you want regular updates regarding the event on your talk page, please add your username [[:m: Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022|here]]. You will get the next newsletter after 15 days. Please get involved in the event discussions, open tasks and so on. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २०:४३, २३ डिसेम्बर २०२१ (+0545) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections == :''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Board of Trustees is preparing a call for feedback about the upcoming Board Elections, from January 7 - February 10, 2022. While details will be finalized the week before the call, we have confirmed at least two questions that will be asked during this call for feedback: * What is the best way to ensure fair representation of emerging communities among the Board? * What involvement should candidates have during the election? While additional questions may be added, the Movement Strategy and Governance team wants to provide time for community members and affiliates to consider and prepare ideas on the confirmed questions before the call opens. We apologize for not having a complete list of questions at this time. The list of questions should only grow by one or two questions. The intention is to not overwhelm the community with requests, but provide notice and welcome feedback on these important questions. '''Do you want to help organize local conversation during this Call?''' Contact the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance team]] on Meta, on [https://t.me/wmboardgovernancechat Telegram], or via email at msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org. Reach out if you have any questions or concerns. The Movement Strategy and Governance team will be minimally staffed until January 3. Please excuse any delayed response during this time. We also recognize some community members and affiliates are offline during the December holidays. We apologize if our message has reached you while you are on holiday. Thank you, [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १३:०९, २८ डिसेम्बर २०२१ (+0545) == Second Newsletter: Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022 == Good morning Wikimedians, Happy New Year! Hope you are doing well and safe. It's time to update you regarding [[:m: Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022|Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022]], the second iteration of Wikimedia Wikimeet India which is going to be conducted in February. Please note the dates of the event, 18 to 20 February 2022. The [[:m: Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022/Submissions|submissions]] has opened from 23 December until 23 January 2022. You can propose your session [[:m: Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022/Submissions|here]]. We want a few proposals from Indian communities or Wikimedians. For more updates and how you can get involved in the same, please read the [[:m: Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022/Newsletter/2022-01-07|second newsletter]] If you want regular updates regarding the event on your talk page, please add your username [[:m: Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022|here]]. You will get the next newsletter after 15 days. Please get involved in the event discussions, open tasks and so on. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ११:२४, ८ जनवरी २०२२ (+0545) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open == <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now open and will close on 16 February 2022. With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions. There are two confirmed questions that will be asked during this Call for Feedback: # What is the best way to ensure more diverse representation among elected candidates? ''The Board of Trustees noted the importance of selecting candidates who represent the full diversity of the Wikimedia movement. The current processes have favored volunteers from North America and Europe.'' # What are the expectations for the candidates during the election? ''Board candidates have traditionally completed applications and answered community questions. How can an election provide appropriate insight into candidates while also appreciating candidates’ status as volunteers?'' There is one additional question that may be presented during the Call about selection processes. This question is still under discussion, but the Board wanted to give insight into the confirmed questions as soon as possible. Hopefully if an additional question is going to be asked, it will be ready during the first week of the Call for Feedback. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Join the conversation.]] Thank you,, Movement Strategy and Governance<section end="announcement-content"/> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १५:३५, १२ जनवरी २०२२ (+0545) :Please note an additional question has now been added. There are also [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Discuss Key Questions|several proposals]] from participants to review and discuss. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १२:३४, २२ जनवरी २०२२ (+0545) === Question about the Affiliates' role for the Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections === <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Question_about_the_Affiliates%27_role_for_the_Call_for_Feedback:_Board_of_Trustees_elections|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Question_about_the_Affiliates%27_role_for_the_Call_for_Feedback:_Board_of_Trustees_elections|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Question_about_the_Affiliates%27_role_for_the_Call_for_Feedback:_Board_of_Trustees_elections}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|'''Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections''']] so far. The Movement Strategy and Governance team has announced the last key question: '''How should affiliates participate in elections?''' Affiliates are an important part of the Wikimedia movement. Two seats of the Board of Trustees due to be filled this year were filled in 2019 through the Affiliate-selected Board seats process. A change in the [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bylaws&type=revision&diff=123603&oldid=123339 Bylaws removed the distinction between community and affiliate seats]. This leaves the important question: How should affiliates be involved in the selection of new seats? The question is broad in the sense that the answers may refer not just to the two seats mentioned, but also to other, Community- and Affiliate-selected seats. The Board is hoping to find an approach that will both engage the affiliates and give them actual agency, and also optimize the outcomes in terms of selecting people with top skills, experience, diversity, and wide community’s support. The Board of Trustees is seeking feedback about this question especially, although not solely, from the affiliate community. Everyone is invited to share proposals and join the conversation in the Call for Feedback channels. In addition to collecting online feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team will organize several video calls with affiliate members to collect feedback. These calls will be at different times and include Trustees. Due to the late addition of this third question, the Call will be extended until 16 February. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees/Call_for_feedback:_Board_of_Trustees_elections/Discuss_Key_Questions|Join the conversation.]] Best regards, Movement Strategy and Governance [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १२:३४, २२ जनवरी २०२२ (+0545) == Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 5 == <section begin="ucoc-newsletter"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 5, January 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the fifth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News (formerly known as Universal Code of Conduct News)! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board elections and other relevant MSG topics. This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly or bi-weekly to subscribers. Please remember to subscribe '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]]''' if you would like to receive these updates. <div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Call for Feedback about the Board elections''' - We invite you to give your feedback on the upcoming WMF Board of Trustees election. This call for feedback went live on 10th January 2022 and will be concluded on 16th February 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|continue reading]]) *'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification''' - In 2021, the WMF asked communities about how to enforce the Universal Code of Conduct policy text. The revised draft of the enforcement guidelines should be ready for community vote in March. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Strategy Implementation Grants''' - As we continue to review several interesting proposals, we encourage and welcome more proposals and ideas that target a specific initiative from the Movement Strategy recommendations. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|continue reading]]) *'''The New Direction for the Newsletter''' - As the UCoC Newsletter transitions into MSG Newsletter, join the facilitation team in envisioning and deciding on the new directions for this newsletter. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|continue reading]]) *'''Diff Blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about MSG on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|continue reading]])</div><section end="ucoc-newsletter"/> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १३:४९, १९ जनवरी २०२२ (+0545) == Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022 Postponed == Dear Wikimedians, We want to give you an update related to Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022. [[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022|Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2022]] (or WMWM2022) was to be conducted from 18 to 20 February 2022 and is postponed now. Currently, we are seeing a new wave of the pandemic that is affecting many people around. Although WMWM is an online event, it has multiple preparation components such as submission, registration, RFC etc which require community involvement. We feel this may not be the best time for extensive community engagement. We have also received similar requests from Wikimedians around us. Following this observation, please note that we are postponing the event, and the new dates will be informed on the mailing list and on the event page. Although the main WMWM is postponed, we may conduct a couple of brief calls/meets (similar to the [[:m:Stay safe, stay connected|Stay safe, stay connected]] call) on the mentioned date, if things go well. We'll also get back to you about updates related to WMWM once the situation is better. Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १३:१२, २७ जनवरी २०२२ (+0545) <small> Nitesh Gill on behalf of WMWM Centre for Internet and Society </small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == CIS - A2K Newsletter January 2022 == Dear Wikimedians, Hope you are doing well. As a continuation of the CIS-A2K Newsletter, here is the newsletter for the month of January 2022. This is the first edition of 2022 year. In this edition, you can read about: * Launching of WikiProject Rivers with Tarun Bharat Sangh * Launching of WikiProject Sangli Biodiversity with Birdsong * Progress report Please find the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/January 2022|here]]. Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १४:०२, ४ फेब्रुअरी २०२२ (+0545) <small> Nitesh Gill (CIS-A2K) </small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=18069678 --> == [Announcement] Leadership Development Task Force == Dear community members, The [[:m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2018-20/Recommendations/Invest in Skills and Leadership Development|Invest in Skill and Leadership Development]] Movement Strategy recommendation indicates that our movement needs a globally coordinated effort to succeed in leadership development. The [[:m:Community Development|Community Development team]] is supporting the creation of a global and community-driven [[:m:Leadership Development Task Force]] ([[:m:Leadership Development Task Force/Purpose and Structure|Purpose & Structure]]). The purpose of the task force is to advise leadership development work. The team seeks community feedback on what could be the responsibilities of the task force. Also, if any community member wishes to be a part of the 12-member task force, kindly reach out to us. The feedback period is until 25 February 2022. '''Where to share feedback?''' '''#1''' Interested community members can add their thoughts on the [[:m:Talk:Leadership Development Task Force|Discussion page]]. '''#2''' Interested community members can join a regional discussion on 18 February, Friday through Google Meet. '''Date & Time''' * Friday, 18 February · 7:00 – 8:00 PM IST ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1645191032 Your Timezone]) ([https://calendar.google.com/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=NHVqMjgxNGNnOG9rYTFtMW8zYzFiODlvNGMgY19vbWxxdXBsMTRqbnNhaHQ2N2Y5M2RoNDJnMEBn&tmsrc=c_omlqupl14jnsaht67f93dh42g0%40group.calendar.google.com Add to Calendar]) * Google Meet link: https://meet.google.com/nae-rgsd-vif Thanks for your time. Regards, [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १४:०५, ९ फेब्रुअरी २०२२ (+0545) == International Mother Language Day 2022 edit-a-thon == Dear Wikimedians, CIS-A2K announced [[:m:International Mother Language Day 2022 edit-a-thon|International Mother Language Day]] mini edit-a-thon which is going to take place on 19 & 20 February 2022. The motive of conducting this edit-a-thon is to celebrate International Mother Language Day. This time we will celebrate the day by creating & developing articles on local Wikimedia projects, such as proofreading the content on Wikisource, items that need to be created on Wikidata [edit Labels & Descriptions], some language-related content must be uploaded on Wikimedia Commons and so on. It will be a two-days long edit-a-thon to increase content about languages or related to languages. Anyone can participate in this event and users can add their names to the given link. Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १८:५३, १५ फेब्रुअरी २०२२ (+0545) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines & Ratification Vote == '''In brief:''' the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised Enforcement Guidelines]] have been published. Voting to ratify the guidelines will happen from [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|7 March to 21 March 2022]]. Community members can participate in the discussion with the UCoC project team and drafting committee members on 25 February (12:00 UTC) and 4 March (15:00 UTC). Please [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|sign-up]]. '''Details:''' The [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire Wikimedia movement. The UCoC and the Enforcement Guidelines were written by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|volunteer-staff drafting committees]] following community consultations. The revised guidelines were published 24 January 2022. '''What’s next?''' '''#1 Community Conversations''' To help to understand the guidelines, the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team will host conversations with the UCoC project team and drafting committee members on 25 February (12:00 UTC) and 4 March (15:00 UTC). Please [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|sign-up]]. Comments about the guidelines can be shared [[:m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on the Enforcement Guidelines talk page]]. You can comment in any language. '''#2 Ratification Voting''' The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees released a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/January 2022 - Board of Trustees on Community ratification of enforcement guidelines of UCoC|statement on the ratification process]] where eligible voters can support or oppose the adoption of the enforcement guidelines through vote. Wikimedians are invited to [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information/Volunteer|translate and share important information]]. A [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|SecurePoll vote]] is scheduled from 7 March to 21 March 2022. [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information#Voting%20eligibility|Eligible voters]] are invited to answer a poll question and share comments. Voters will be asked if they support the enforcement of the UCoC based on the proposed guidelines. Thank you. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) २०:५८, २२ फेब्रुअरी २०२२ (+0545) == <section begin="announcement-header" />The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now closed <section end="announcement-header" /> == <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections]] is now closed. This Call ran from 10 January and closed on 16 February 2022. The Call focused on [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Discuss Key Questions#Questions|three key questions]] and received broad discussion [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Discuss Key Questions|on Meta-wiki]], during meetings with affiliates, and in various community conversations. The community and affiliates provided many proposals and discussion points. The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Reports|reports]] are on Meta-wiki. This information will be shared with the Board of Trustees and Elections Committee so they can make informed decisions about the upcoming Board of Trustees election. The Board of Trustees will then follow with an announcement after they have discussed the information. Thank you to everyone who participated in the Call for Feedback to help improve Board election processes. Thank you, Movement Strategy and Governance<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १३:५६, ५ मार्च २०२२ (+0545) == UCoC Enforcement Guidelines Ratification Vote Begins (7 - 21 March 2022) == The ratification of the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|enforcement guidelines]] has started. Every eligible community member can vote. For instructions on voting using SecurePoll and Voting eligibility, [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter_information|please read this]]. The last date to vote is 21 March 2022. '''Vote here''' - https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/391 Thank you, [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) २२:५२, ७ मार्च २०२२ (+0545) == CIS-A2K Newsletter February 2022 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope you are doing well. As you know CIS-A2K updated the communities every month about their previous work through the Newsletter. This message is about February 2022 Newsletter. In this newsletter, we have mentioned our conducted events, ongoing events and upcoming events. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Launching of WikiProject Rivers with Tarun Bharat Sangh|Wikimedia session with WikiProject Rivers team]] * [[:m:Indic Wikisource Community/Online meetup 19 February 2022|Indic Wikisource online meetup]] * [[:m:International Mother Language Day 2022 edit-a-thon]] * [[c:Commons:Pune_Nadi_Darshan_2022|Wikimedia Commons workshop for Rotary Water Olympiad team]] ; Ongoing events * [[:m:Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon March 2022|Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon March 2022]] - You can still participate in this event which will run till tomorrow. ;Upcoming Events * [[:m:International Women's Month 2022 edit-a-thon|International Women's Month 2022 edit-a-thon]] - The event is 19-20 March and you can add your name for the participation. * [[c:Commons:Pune_Nadi_Darshan_2022|Pune Nadi Darshan 2022]] - The event is going to start by tomorrow. * Annual proposal - CIS-A2K is currently working to prepare our next annual plan for the period 1 July 2022 – 30 June 2023 Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/February 2022|here]]. Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 08:58, 14 March 2022 (UTC) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Pune Nadi Darshan 2022: A campaign cum photography contest == Dear Wikimedians, Greetings for the Holi festival! CIS-A2K is glad to announce a campaign cum photography contest, Pune Nadi Darshan 2022, organised jointly by Rotary Water Olympiad and CIS-A2K on the occasion of ‘World Water Week’. This is a pilot campaign to document the rivers in the Pune district on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign period is from 16 March to 16 April 2022. Under this campaign, participants are expected to click and upload the photos of rivers in the Pune district on the following topics - * Beauty of rivers in Pune district * Flora & fauna of rivers in Pune district * Religious & cultural places around rivers in Pune district * Human activities at rivers in Pune district * Constructions on rivers in Pune district * River Pollution in Pune district Please visit the [[:c:commons:Pune Nadi Darshan 2022|event page]] for more details. We welcome your participation in this campaign. Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १३:०४, १५ मार्च २०२२ (+0545) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting is now closed == <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Greetings, The ratification voting process for the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) came to a close on 21 March 2022. '''Over {{#expr:2300}} Wikimedians voted''' across different regions of our movement. Thank you to everyone who participated in this process! The scrutinizing group is now reviewing the vote for accuracy, so please allow up to two weeks for them to finish their work. The final results from the voting process will be announced [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|here]], along with the relevant statistics and a summary of comments as soon as they are available. Please check out [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|the voter information page]] to learn about the next steps. You can comment on the project talk page [[metawiki:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on Meta-wiki]] in any language. You may also contact the UCoC project team by email: ucocproject[[File:At_sign.svg|link=|16x16px|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Best regards, [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १५:२२, २३ मार्च २०२२ (+0545) == Announcing Indic Hackathon 2022 and Scholarship Applications == Dear Wikimedians, we are happy to announce that the Indic MediaWiki Developers User Group will be organizing [[m:Indic Hackathon 2022|Indic Hackathon 2022]], a regional event as part of the main [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] taking place in a hybrid mode during 20-22 May 2022. The event will take place in Hyderabad. The regional event will be in-person with support for virtual participation. As it is with any hackathon, the event’s program will be semi-structured i.e. while we will have some sessions in sync with the main hackathon event, the rest of the time will be upto participants’ interest on what issues they are interested to work on. The event page can be seen on [[m:Indic Hackathon 2022|this page]]. In this regard, we would like to invite community members who would like to attend in-person to fill out a [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc1lhp8IdXNxL55sgPmgOKzfWxknWzN870MvliqJZHhIijY5A/viewform?usp=sf_link form for scholarship application] by 17 April, which is available on the event page. Please note that the hackathon won’t be focusing on training of new skills, and it is expected that applications have some experience/knowledge contributing to technical areas of the Wikimedia movement. Please post on the event talk page if you have any queries. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ००:१६, ८ अप्रिल २०२२ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=23115331 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter March 2022 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope you are doing well. As you know CIS-A2K updated the communities every month about their previous work through the Newsletter. This message is about March 2022 Newsletter. In this newsletter, we have mentioned our conducted events and ongoing events. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wikimedia session in Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh|Wikimedia session in Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh]] * [[c:Commons:RIWATCH|Launching of the GLAM project with RIWATCH, Roing, Arunachal Pradesh]] * [[c:Commons:Pune_Nadi_Darshan_2022|Wikimedia Commons workshop for Rotary Water Olympiad team]] * [[:m:International Women's Month 2022 edit-a-thon]] * [[:m:Indic Wikisource Proofreadthon March 2022]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Relicensing & digitisation of books, audios, PPTs and images in March 2022|Relicensing & digitisation of books, audios, PPTs and images in March 2022]] * [https://msuglobaldh.org/abstracts/ Presentation on A2K Research in a session on 'Building Multilingual Internets'] ; Ongoing events * [[c:Commons:Pune_Nadi_Darshan_2022|Wikimedia Commons workshop for Rotary Water Olympiad team]] * Two days of edit-a-thon by local communities [Punjabi & Santali] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/March 2022|here]]. Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 09:33, 16 April 2022 (UTC) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Extension of Pune Nadi Darshan 2022: A campaign cum photography contest == Dear Wikimedians, As you already know, [[c:Commons:Pune_Nadi_Darshan_2022|Pune Nadi Darshan]] is a campaign cum photography contest on Wikimedia Commons organised jointly by Rotary Water Olympiad and CIS-A2K. The contest started on 16 March on the occasion of World Water Week and received a good response from citizens as well as organisations working on river issues. Taking into consideration the feedback from the volunteers and organisations about extending the deadline of 16 April, the organisers have decided to extend the contest till 16 May 2022. Some leading organisations have also shown interest in donating their archive and need a sufficient time period for the process. We are still mainly using these topics which are mentioned below. * Beauty of rivers in Pune district * Flora & fauna of rivers in Pune district * Religious & cultural places around rivers in Pune district * Human activities at rivers in Pune district * Constructions on rivers in Pune district * River Pollution in Pune district Anyone can participate still now, so, we appeal to all Wikimedians to contribute to this campaign to enrich river-related content on Wikimedia Commons. For more information, you can visit the [[c:Commons:Pune_Nadi_Darshan_2022|event page]]. Regards [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 04:58, 17 April 2022 (UTC) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Join the South Asia / ESEAP Annual Plan Meeting with Maryana Iskander == Dear community members, In continuation of [[m:User:MIskander-WMF|Maryana Iskander]]'s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer/Maryana’s Listening Tour| listening tour]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Communications|Movement Communications]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] teams invite you to discuss the '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|2022-23 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]'''. The conversations are about these questions: * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia 2030|2030 Wikimedia Movement Strategy]] sets a direction toward "knowledge as a service" and "knowledge equity". The Wikimedia Foundation wants to plan according to these two goals. How do you think the Wikimedia Foundation should apply them to our work? * The Wikimedia Foundation continues to explore better ways of working at a regional level. We have increased our regional focus in areas like grants, new features, and community conversations. How can we improve? * Anyone can contribute to the Movement Strategy process. We want to know about your activities, ideas, requests, and lessons learned. How can the Wikimedia Foundation better support the volunteers and affiliates working in Movement Strategy activities? <b>Date and Time</b> The meeting will happen via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/84673607574?pwd=dXo0Ykpxa0xkdWVZaUZPNnZta0k1UT09 Zoom] on 24 April (Sunday) at 07:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1650783659 local time]). Kindly [https://calendar.google.com/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=MmtjZnJibXVjYXYyZzVwcGtiZHVjNW1lY3YgY19vbWxxdXBsMTRqbnNhaHQ2N2Y5M2RoNDJnMEBn&tmsrc=c_omlqupl14jnsaht67f93dh42g0%40group.calendar.google.com add the event to your calendar]. Live interpretation will be available for some languages. Regards, [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १५:४९, १७ अप्रिल २०२२ (+0545) == Call for Candidates: 2022 Board of Trustees Election == Dear community members, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees elections]] process has begun. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Announcement/Call_for_Candidates|Call for Candidates]] has been announced. The Board of Trustees oversees the operations of the Wikimedia Foundation. Community-and-affiliate selected trustees and Board-appointed trustees make up the Board of Trustees. Each trustee serves a three year term. The Wikimedia community has the opportunity to vote for community-and-affiliate selected trustees. The Wikimedia community will vote to elect two seats on the Board of Trustees in 2022. This is an opportunity to improve the representation, diversity, and expertise of the Board of Trustees. Kindly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|submit your candidacy]] to join the Board of Trustees. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १४:३२, २९ अप्रिल २०२२ (+0545) == CIS-A2K Newsletter April 2022 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, I hope you are doing well. As you know CIS-A2K updated the communities every month about their previous work through the Newsletter. This message is about April 2022 Newsletter. In this newsletter, we have mentioned our conducted events, ongoing events and upcoming events. ; Conducted events * [[:m:Grants talk:Programs/Wikimedia Community Fund/Annual plan of the Centre for Internet and Society Access to Knowledge|Annual Proposal Submission]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Digitisation session with Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha|Digitisation session with Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wikimedia Commons sessions of organisations working on river issues|Training sessions of organisations working on river issues]] * Two days edit-a-thon by local communities * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Digitisation review and partnerships in Goa|Digitisation review and partnerships in Goa]] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WHE_PiFOtU&ab_channel=JessicaStephenson Let's Connect: Learning Clinic on Qualitative Evaluation Methods] ; Ongoing events * [[c:Commons:Pune_Nadi_Darshan_2022|Wikimedia Commons workshop for Rotary Water Olympiad team]] ; Upcoming event * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Indic Wikisource Plan 2022-23|Indic Wikisource Work-plan 2022-2023]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/April 2022|here]]. Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 15:47, 11 May 2022 (UTC) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == <section begin="announcement-header" />Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election 2022 - Call for Election Volunteers<section end="announcement-header" /> == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/2022/Call for Election Volunteers|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/2022/Call for Election Volunteers|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/2022/Call for Election Volunteers}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Movement Strategy and Governance team is looking for community members to serve as election volunteers in the upcoming Board of Trustees election. The idea of the Election Volunteer Program came up during the 2021 Wikimedia Board of Trustees Election. This program turned out to be successful. With the help of Election Volunteers we were able to increase outreach and participation in the election by 1,753 voters over 2017. Overall turnout was 10.13%, 1.1 percentage points more, and 214 wikis were represented in the election. There were a total of 74 wikis that did not participate in 2017 that produced voters in the 2021 election. Can you help increase the participation even more? Election volunteers will help in the following areas: * Translate short messages and announce the ongoing election process in community channels * Optional: Monitor community channels for community comments and questions Volunteers should: * Maintain the friendly space policy during conversations and events * Present the guidelines and voting information to the community in a neutral manner Do you want to be an election volunteer and ensure your community is represented in the vote? Sign up [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/About|here]] to receive updates. You can use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/About|talk page]] for questions about translation.<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १५:५५, १२ मे २०२२ (+0545) == CIS-A2K Newsletter May 2022 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, I hope you are doing well. As you know CIS-A2K updated the communities every month about their previous work through the Newsletter. This message is about May 2022 Newsletter. In this newsletter, we have mentioned our conducted events and ongoing and upcoming events. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Punjabi Wikisource Community skill-building workshop|Punjabi Wikisource Community skill-building workshop]] * [[:c:Commons:Pune_Nadi_Darshan_2022|Wikimedia Commons workshop for Rotary Water Olympiad team]] ; Ongoing events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Assamese Wikisource Community skill-building workshop|Assamese Wikisource Community skill-building workshop]] ; Upcoming event * [[:m:User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)/June Month Celebration 2022 edit-a-thon|June Month Celebration 2022 edit-a-thon]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/May 2022|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 12:23, 14 June 2022 (UTC) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=18069678 --> == June Month Celebration 2022 edit-a-thon == Dear Wikimedians, CIS-A2K announced June month mini edit-a-thon which is going to take place on 25 & 26 June 2022 (on this weekend). The motive of conducting this edit-a-thon is to celebrate June Month which is also known as pride month. This time we will celebrate the month, which is full of notable days, by creating & developing articles on local Wikimedia projects, such as proofreading the content on Wikisource if there are any, items that need to be created on Wikidata [edit Labels & Descriptions], some June month related content must be uploaded on Wikimedia Commons and so on. It will be a two-days long edit-a-thon to increase content about the month of June or related to its days, directly or indirectly. Anyone can participate in this event and the link you can find [[:m: June Month Celebration 2022 edit-a-thon|here]]. Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 12:46, 21 June 2022 (UTC) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass == : ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, Community members are invited to ''' [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|propose statements to use in the Election Compass]]''' for the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election.]] An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/neutral/disagree). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views. Here is the timeline for the Election Compass: * July 8 - 20: Community members propose statements for the Election Compass * July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements * July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements * August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements * August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements * August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August. The Elections Committee will oversee the process, supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team. MSG will check that the questions are clear, there are no duplicates, no typos, and so on. Regards, Movement Strategy & Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १३:५१, १२ जुलाई २०२२ (+0545) == CIS-A2K Newsletter June 2022 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope you are doing well. As you know CIS-A2K updated the communities every month about their previous work through the Newsletter. This message is about June 2022 Newsletter. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted events. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Assamese Wikisource Community skill-building workshop|Assamese Wikisource Community skill-building workshop]] * [[:m:June Month Celebration 2022 edit-a-thon|June Month Celebration 2022 edit-a-thon]] * [https://pudhari.news/maharashtra/pune/228918/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4/ar Presentation in Marathi Literature conference] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/June 2022|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 12:23, 19 July 2022 (UTC) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Board of Trustees - Affiliate Voting Results == :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear community members, '''The Affiliate voting process has concluded.''' Representatives from each Affiliate organization learned about the candidates by reading candidates’ statements, reviewing candidates’ answers to questions, and considering the candidates’ ratings provided by the Analysis Committee. The shortlisted 2022 Board of Trustees candidates are: * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) See more information about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Results]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|Statistics]] of this election. Please take a moment to appreciate the Affiliate representatives and Analysis Committee members for taking part in this process and helping to grow the Board of Trustees in capacity and diversity. Thank you for your participation. '''The next part of the Board election process is the community voting period.''' View the election timeline [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline| here]]. To prepare for the community voting period, there are several things community members can engage with, in the following ways: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Read candidates’ statements]] and read the candidates’ answers to the questions posed by the Affiliate Representatives. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Propose and select the 6 questions for candidates to answer during their video Q&A]]. * See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee’s ratings of candidates on each candidate’s statement]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Propose statements for the Election Compass]] voters can use to find which candidates best fit their principles. * Encourage others in your community to take part in the election. Regards, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १४:३८, २० जुलाई २०२२ (+0545) == Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7 == <section begin="msg-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance newsletter! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation. The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]]) * '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]]) * '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]]) * '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]]) * '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]]) * '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]]) * '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]]) * '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]]) * '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]]) * '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]]) </div><section end="msg-newsletter"/> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १८:३९, २४ जुलाई २०२२ (+0545) == Vote for Election Compass Statements == :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear community members, Volunteers in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|vote for statements to use in the Election Compass]]'''. You can vote for the statements you would like to see included in the Election Compass on Meta-wiki. An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/neutral/disagree). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views. Here is the timeline for the Election Compass: *<s>July 8 - 20: Volunteers propose statements for the Election Compass</s> *<s>July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements</s> *July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements *August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements *August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements *August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August Regards, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १२:४६, २६ जुलाई २०२२ (+0545) == Delay of Board of Trustees Election == Dear community members, I am reaching out to you today with an update about the timing of the voting for the Board of Trustees election. As many of you are already aware, this year we are offering an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|Election Compass]] to help voters identify the alignment of candidates on some key topics. Several candidates requested an extension of the character limitation on their responses expanding on their positions, and the Elections Committee felt their reasoning was consistent with the goals of a fair and equitable election process. To ensure that the longer statements can be translated in time for the election, the Elections Committee and Board Selection Task Force decided to delay the opening of the Board of Trustees election by one week - a time proposed as ideal by staff working to support the election. Although it is not expected that everyone will want to use the Election Compass to inform their voting decision, the Elections Committee felt it was more appropriate to open the voting period with essential translations for community members across languages to use if they wish to make this important decision. '''The voting will open on August 23 at 00:00 UTC and close on September 6 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Matanya, on behalf of the Elections Committee [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १३:२४, १५ अगस्ट २०२२ (+0545) == CIS-A2K Newsletter July 2022 == <br /><small>Really sorry for sending it in English, feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope everything is fine. As CIS-A2K update the communities every month about their previous work via the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K shares its July 2022 Newsletter. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted events. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Partnerships with Marathi literary institutions in Hyderabad|Partnerships with Marathi literary institutions in Hyderabad]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/O Bharat Digitisation project in Goa Central library|O Bharat Digitisation project in Goa Central Library]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Partnerships with organisations in Meghalaya|Partnerships with organisations in Meghalaya]] ; Ongoing events * Partnerships with Goa University, authors and language organisations ; Upcoming events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Gujarati Wikisource Community skill-building workshop|Gujarati Wikisource Community skill-building workshop]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/July 2022|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 15:10, 17 August 2022 (UTC) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=18069678 --> == WikiConference India 2023: Initial conversations == Dear Wikimedians, Hope all of you are doing well. We are glad to inform you to restart the conversation to host the next WikiConference India 2023 after WCI 2020 which was not conducted due to the unexpected COVID-19 pandemic, it couldn't take place. However, we are hoping to reinitiate this discussion and for that we need your involvement, suggestions and support to help organize a much needed conference in February-March of 2023. The proposed 2023 conference will bring our energies, ideas, learnings, and hopes together. This conference will provide a national-level platform for Indian Wikimedians to connect, re-connect, and establish their collaboration itself can be a very important purpose on its own- in the end it will empower us all to strategize, plan ahead and collaborate- as a movement. We hope we, the Indian Wikimedia Community members, come together in various capacities and make this a reality. We believe we will take learnings from earlier attempts, improve processes & use best practices in conducting this conference purposefully and fruitfully. Here is a survey [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfof80NVrf3b9x3AotDBkICe-RfL3O3EyTM_L5JaYM-0GkG1A/viewform form] to get your responses on the same notion. Unfortunately we are working with short timelines since the final date of proposal submission is 5 September. We request you please fill out the form by 28th August. After your responses, we can decide if we have the community need and support for the conference. You are also encouraged to add your support on [[:m:WikiConference_India_2023:_Initial_conversations|'''this page''']], if you support the idea. Regards, [[User:Nitesh Gill|Nitesh Gill]], [[User:Nivas10798|Nivas10798]], [[User:Neechalkaran|Neechalkaran]], १२:२४, २४ अगस्ट २०२२ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=23115331 --> == 2022 Board of Trustees Community Voting Period is now Open == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear community members, The Community Voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Here are some helpful links to get you the information you need to vote: * Try the [https://board-elections-compass-2022.toolforge.org/ Election Compass], showing how candidates stand on 15 different topics. * Read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|candidate statements]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|answers to Affiliate questions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Learn more about the skills the Board seeks]] and how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee found candidates align with those skills]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Campaign_Videos|Watch the videos of the candidates answering questions proposed by the community]]. If you are ready to vote, you may go to [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2022|SecurePoll voting page]] to vote now. '''You may vote from August 23 at 00:00 UTC to September 6 at 23:59 UTC.''' To see about your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Regards, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १८:११, २६ अगस्ट २०२२ (+0545) == The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting is about to close == :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting is about to Close| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting about to Close|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting is about to Close}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, The Community Voting period of the 2022 Board of Trustees election started on August 23, 2022, and will close on September 6, 2022 23:59 UTC. There’s still a chance to participate in this election. If you did not vote, please visit the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2022|SecurePoll voting page]] to vote now. To see about your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. If you need help in making your decision, here are some helpful links: * Try the [https://board-elections-compass-2022.toolforge.org/ Election Compass], showing how candidates stand on 15 different topics. * Read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|candidate statements]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|answers to Affiliate questions]]. *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Learn more about the skills the Board seek]] and how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee found candidates align with those skills]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Campaign_Videos|Watch the videos of the candidates answering questions proposed by the community]]. Regards, Movement Strategy and Governance<section end="announcement-content" /> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १८:२९, १ सेप्टेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) == Revised Enforcement Draft Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Revisions committee]] is requesting comments regarding the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|'''Revised Enforcement Draft Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC)''']]. This review period will be open from '''8 September 2022 until 8 October 2022.''' The Committee collaborated to revise these draft guidelines based on input gathered from the community discussion period from May through July, as well as the community vote that concluded in March 2022. The revisions are focused on the following four areas: # To identify the type, purpose, and applicability of the UCoC training; # To simplify the language for more accessible translation and comprehension by non-experts; # To explore the concept of affirmation, including its pros and cons; # To review the balancing of the privacy of the accuser and the accused The Committee requests comments and suggestions about these revisions by '''8 October 2022'''. From there, the Revisions Committee anticipates further revising the guidelines based on community input. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|Find the Revised Guidelines on Meta]], and a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Comparison|comparison page in some languages.''']] Everyone may share comments in a number of places. Facilitators welcome comments in any language on the Revisions Guideline Talk Page. Comments can also be shared on talk pages of translations, at local discussions, or during conversation hours. There are planned live discussions about the UCoC enforcement draft guidelines. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Conversation hours|'''Conversation hours''']] The facilitation team supporting this review period hopes to reach a large number of communities. If you do not see a conversation happening in your community, please organize a discussion. Facilitators can assist you in setting up the conversations. Discussions will be summarized and presented to the drafting committee every two weeks. The summaries will be published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee/Digests|here]].<section end="announcement-content" /> ''~ On behalf of the UCoC project team''. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १७:२३, १३ सेप्टेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) == WikiConference India 2023: Proposal to WMF == Hello everyone, We are happy to inform you that we have submitted the [[:m:Grants:Conference/WikiConference_India_2023|Conference & Event Grant proposal for WikiConference India 2023]] to the Wikimedia Foundation. We kindly request all the community members to go through the proposal -- including the community engagement survey report, program plan, venue and logistics, participation and scholarships, and the budget, and provide us with your suggestions/comments on the [[:m:Grants_talk:Conference/WikiConference_India_2023|talk page]]. You can endorse the proposal in the [[:m:Grants:Conference/WikiConference_India_2023#Endorsements|endorsements section]], please do add a rationale for supporting this project. According to the timeline of the Conference and Event Grants program, the community can review till 23 September 2022, post that we will start integrating all the received feedback to make modifications to the proposal. Depending on the response of community members, an IRC may be hosted next week, especially if there are any questions/concerns that need to be addressed. We reopened the survey form and if you are still interested in taking part in the survey and you have something in mind to share or want to become a part of the organizing team, please <span class="plainlinks">[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfof80NVrf3b9x3AotDBkICe-RfL3O3EyTM_L5JaYM-0GkG1A/viewform fill out the form]</span> so we all can work together. Let us know if you have any questions. Regards, [[:m:User:Nitesh Gill|Nitesh Gill]], [[:m:User:Nivas10798|Nivas10798]], [[:m:User:Neechalkaran|Neechalkaran]], १३:२०, १९ सेप्टेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=23719531 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter August 2022 == <br /><small>Really sorry for sending it in English, feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope everything is fine. As CIS-A2K update the communities every month about their previous work via the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K shares its August 2022 Newsletter. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted events. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Relicensing of Konkani & Marathi books|Relicensing of Konkani & Marathi books]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Inauguration of Digitised O Bharat volumes on Wikimedia Commons by CM of Goa state|Inauguration of Digitised O Bharat volumes on Wikimedia Commons by CM of Goa state]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Meeting with Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti on Hindi Books Digitisation Program|Meeting with Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti on Hindi Books Digitisation Program]] ; Ongoing events * Impact report ; Upcoming events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Gujarati Wikisource Community skill-building workshop|Gujarati Wikisource Community skill-building workshop]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/August 2022|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 06:51, 22 September 2022 (UTC) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter September 2022 == <br /><small>Really sorry for sending it in English, feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope everything is well. Here is the CIS-A2K's for the month of September Newsletter, a few conducted events are updated in it. Through this message, A2K shares its September 2022 Newsletter. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted events. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Meeting with Ecological Society & Prof Madhav Gadgil|Meeting with Ecological Society & Prof Madhav Gadgil]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Relicensing of 10 books in Marathi|Relicensing of 10 books in Marathi]] * [[:m:Grants:APG/Proposals/2020-2021 round 2/The Centre for Internet and Society/Impact report form|Impact report 2021-2022]]4 * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Gujarati Wikisource Community skill-building workshop|Gujarati Wikisource Community skill-building workshop]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/September 2022|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १८:२८, १५ अक्टोबर २०२२ (+0545) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter October 2022 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope everything is well. CIS-A2K's monthly Newsletter is here which is for the month of October. A few conducted events are updated in the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K wants your attention towards its October 2022 work. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and upcoming events. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Meeting with Wikimedia France on Lingua Libre collaboration|Meeting with Wikimedia France on Lingua Libre collaboration]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Meeting with Wikimedia Deutschland on Wikibase & Wikidata collaboration|Meeting with Wikimedia Deutschland on Wikibase & Wikidata collaboration]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Filmi datathon workshop|Filmi datathon workshop]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wikimedia session on building archive at ACPR, Belagavi|Wikimedia session on building archive at ACPR, Belagavi]] ; Upcoming event * [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022|Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/October 2022|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १५:३३, ७ नोभेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022 == ''Sorry for writing this message in English - feel free to help us translate it'' [[File:Wikisource-logo-with-text.svg|frameless|right|100px]] Dear Proofreader,<br> Thank you and congratulation to you for your participation and support last year. The CIS-A2K has been conducted again this year [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022|Online Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022]] to enrich our Indian classic literature in digital format. <u>'''WHAT DO YOU NEED'''</u> * '''Booklist:''' a collection of books to be proofread. Kindly help us to find some books in your language. The book should not be available on any third-party website with Unicode formatted text. Please collect the books and add our [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022/Book list|event page book list]]. You should follow the copyright guideline described [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022/Book list|here]]. After finding the book, you should check the pages of the book and create [[:m:Wikisource Pagelist Widget|<nowiki><pagelist/></nowiki>]]. *'''Participants:''' Kindly sign your name at [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022/Participants|Participants]] section if you wish to participate in this event. *'''Reviewer:''' Kindly promote yourself as administrator/reviewer of this proofreadthon and add your proposal [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022/Participants#Administrator/Reviewer|here]]. The administrator/reviewers could participate in this Proofreadthon. * '''Some social media coverage:''' I would request to all Indic Wikisource community members, please spread the news to all social media channels, we always try to convince your Wikipedia/Wikisource to use their SiteNotice. Of course, you must also use your own Wikisource site notice. * '''Some awards:''' There may be some award/prize given by CIS-A2K. * '''A way to count validated and proofread pages''':[https://indic-wscontest.toolforge.org/ Indic Wikisource Contest Tools] * '''Time ''': Proofreadthon will run: from 14 November 2022 00.01 to 30 Novemeber 2022 23.59 (IST) * '''Rules and guidelines:''' The basic rules and guideline have described [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022/Rules|here]] * '''Scoring''': The details scoring method have described [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022/Rules#Scoring_system|here]] I really hope many Indic Wikisources will be present this time. Thanks for your attention<br/> [[User:Jayanta (CIS-A2K)|Jayanta (CIS-A2K)]]- 9 November 2022 (UTC)<br/> Wikisource Program officer, CIS-A2K <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Jayanta_(CIS-A2K)/Indic_VP&oldid=24046141 --> == WikiConference India 2023: Program submissions and Scholarships form are now open == Dear Wikimedians, We are really glad to announce that '''[[:m:WikiConference India 2023|WikiConference India 2023]]''' has been successfully funded and it will take place from '''3 to 5 March 2023'''. The theme of the conference will be '''Strengthening the Bonds'''. We also have exciting updates about the Program and Scholarships. The applications for scholarships and program submissions are open now! You can find the form for submission '''[[:m:WikiConference India 2023/Scholarships|here]]''' and for program you can go '''[[:m:WikiConference India 2023/Program Submissions|here]]'''. For more information and regular updates please visit the Conference [[:m:WikiConference India 2023|Meta page]]. If you have something in mind you can write on [[:m:Talk:WikiConference India 2023|talk page]]. ‘‘‘Note’’’: Scholarship form and the Program submissions will be open from '''11 November 2022, 00:00 IST''' and the last date to submit is '''27 November 2022, 23:59 IST'''. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:५३, १० नोभेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) (on behalf of the WCI Organizing Committee) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh Gill@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Invitation to join the Online Indic Wikisource meetup (12th November 2022) == Hello fellow Wikisource enthusiasts! We are the hosting the [[Indic Wikisource Community/Online meetup 12 November 2022|Indic Wikisource Community Online meetup]] on '''12 November 2022 7:30 PM IST'''. The objectives are below. * Participate in [[m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022]] book collection. * Queries regarding [[m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022]] * Suggestions/opinions/reviews anything are welcome regarding the Contest procedure. * Gift and prizes for the contest selection. If you are interested in joining the meeting, kindly leave a message on '''jayanta@cis-india.org''' and we will add you to the calendar invite. Meanwhile, feel free to check out [[:m:Indic Wikisource Community/Online meetup 12 November 2022|the page on Meta-wiki]] and suggest any other topics for the agenda. Thanks for your attention<br/> [[User:Jayanta (CIS-A2K)|Jayanta (CIS-A2K)]]<br/> Wikisource Program officer, CIS-A2K <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Jayanta_(CIS-A2K)/Indic_VP&oldid=24046141 --> == WikiConference India 2023: Extension of Program submissions and scholarship deadline == Hello, wonderful Wikimedians, As you already know, the program and scholarship applications for [[:m:WikiConference India 2023|WikiConference India 2023]] are open. Although today is the last date to submit the [[:m:WikiConference India 2023/Program Submissions|program]] and [[:m:WikiConference India 2023/Scholarships|scholarship]] applications, we would like to inform you that we are extending the deadline to '''14 December 2022'''. The deadline has been extended to ensure our community members have more time to apply and ensure we are able to receive a diverse spread of applications. Please let us know if you have any queries by posting them on the [[:m:Talk:WikiConference India 2023|conference talk page]]. Thank you! [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १७:३८, २७ नोभेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) Regards, WCI 2023 Core organizing team. <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh Gill@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Movement Charter: South Asia Regional Consultation == Dear community members, As many of you are aware, the Movement Charter regional consultations have begun. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|MCDC]] seeks community feedback about three sections of the Movement Charter: # [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|Preamble]] # [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]] # [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] (''intentions statement'') '''How can you participate?''' You can participate by joining the regional consultation for South Asia on '''2 December 2022''' (Friday) from '''14:00 to 15:30 UTC''' (7:30 PM to 9:00 PM IST) on '''Google Meet'''. Kindly [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=NDMzczA0bWdwY2lpN3I2Mm5tYXA3b29hYXAgY19vbWxxdXBsMTRqbnNhaHQ2N2Y5M2RoNDJnMEBn&tmsrc=c_omlqupl14jnsaht67f93dh42g0%40group.calendar.google.com '''add the event to your calendar''']. Other ways to share feedback are: # Fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 survey]. # Write on the Meta Talk pages: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|Preamble]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] (''intentions statement'') # Write on the Movement Strategy Forum: [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-preamble/2284 Preamble], [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-values-principles/2285 Values & Principles], [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-roles-responsibilities-statement-of-intent/2286 Roles & Responsibilities] (''intentions statement'') # Email MCDC at [mailto:movementcharter@wikimedia.org movementcharter@wikimedia.org] If you want to learn more about the Movement Charter, its goals, why it matters, and how it impacts your community, a 12-minute recording of one of the “Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter” sessions is available [[c:File:Ask_Me_Anything_on_Movement_Charter,_Introduction_by_Érica_Azzellini,_English,_Nov_12,_2022.webm|here]]. Thanks for your time and interest. [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १८:४४, २८ नोभेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) == WikiConference India 2023 Open Community Call and Extension of program and scholarship submissions deadline == Greetings Wikimedians, Thank you for supporting Wiki Conference India 2023. We are humbled by the number of applications we have received and hope to learn more about the work that you all have been doing to take the movement forward. In order to offer flexibility, we have recently extended our deadline for the Program and Scholarships submission- you can find all the details on our [[:m:WikiConference India 2023|Meta Page]]. COT is working hard to ensure we bring together a conference that is truly meaningful and impactful for our movement and one that brings us all together. With an intent to be inclusive and transparent in our process, we are committed to organizing community sessions at regular intervals for sharing updates and to offer an opportunity to the community for engagement and review. Following the same, we are hosting the first Open Community Call on the 3rd of December, 2022. We wish to use this space to discuss the progress and answer any questions, concerns or clarifications, about the conference and the Program/Scholarships. Please add the following to your respective calendars and we look forward to seeing you on the call * '''[WCI 2023] Open Community Call''' * '''Date''': 3rd December 2022 * '''Time''': 1800-1900 (IST) * '''Google Link''': https://meet.google.com/cwa-bgwi-ryx Furthermore, we are pleased to share the email id of the conference contact@wikiconferenceindia.org which is where you could share any thoughts, inputs, suggestions, or questions and someone from the COT will reach out to you. Alternatively, leave us a message on the Conference [[:m:Talk:WikiConference India 2023|talk page]]. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २१:४३, २ डिसेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) On Behalf of, WCI 2023 Core organizing team. <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh Gill@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter November 2022 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope everything is well. CIS-A2K's monthly Newsletter is here which is for the month of November. A few conducted events are updated in the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K wants your attention towards its November 2022 work. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and upcoming events. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wikibase orientation session in Pune Nagar Vachan Mandir library|Digitisation & Wikibase presentation in PNVM]] * [[:m:Indic Wikisource Community/Online meetup 12 November 2022|Indic Wikisource Community/Online meetup 12 November 2022]] * [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022|Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon November 2022]] ; Upcoming event * [[:m:Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022|Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/November 2022|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 16:28, 7 December 2022 (UTC) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022 == <br /><small>Apologies to not write in your language.</small> Dear Wikimedians, Glad to inform you that CIS-A2K is going to conduct an event, Indic Wiki improve-a-thon 2022, for the Indic language. It will run from 15 December to 5 January 2023. It will be an online activity however if communities want to organise any on-ground activity under Improve-a-thon that would also be welcomed. The event has its own theme '''Azadi Ka Amrit Mahatosav''' which is based on a celebration of the 75th anniversary of Indian Independence. The event will be for 20 days only. This is an effort to work on content enrichment and improvement. We invite you to plan a short activity under this event and work on the content on your local Wikis. The event is not restricted to a project, anyone can edit any project by following the theme. The event page link is [[:m:Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022|here]]. The list is under preparation and will be updated soon. The community can also prepare their list for this improve-a-thon. If you have question or concern please write on [[:m:Talk:Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022|here]]. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १३:१६, १२ डिसेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == WikiConference India 2023: Revised Conference Dates & Program-Scholarship Submission Reminder == <small>Please feel free to translate into your language.</small> Dear Wikimedians, We want to inform you that due to specific reference to conference operational and logistical challenges, we had to revise the conference dates. The new dates for [[:m:WikiConference India 2023|WikiConference India 2023]] are '''28, 29, and 30 April 2023''' (Friday to Sunday), Hyderabad, India. The new dates have been finalized after a thorough check to avoid any overlaps or challenges. '''Reminder''': The last date for [[:m:WikiConference India 2023/Program Submissions|Program]] and [[:m:WikiConference India 2023/Scholarships|Scholarships]] submission is '''14 December 2022, 11:59 pm IST'''. For any questions and support, reach out to contact@wikiconferenceindia.org or leave a message on the conference talk page. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ०२:०२, १३ डिसेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) <small> Nivas & Nitesh (On behalf of the WCI 2023 organizing team). </small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh Gill@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == WikiConference India 2023:Open Community call on 18 December 2022 == Dear Wikimedians, As you may know, we are hosting regular calls with the communities for [[:m:WikiConference India 2023|WikiConference India 2023]]. This message is for the second Open Community Call which is scheduled on the 18th of December, 2022 (Today) from 7:00 to 8:00 pm to answer any questions, concerns, or clarifications, take inputs from the communities, and give a few updates related to the conference from our end. Please add the following to your respective calendars and we look forward to seeing you on the call. * [WCI 2023] Open Community Call * Date: 18 December 2022 * Time: 1900-2000 [7 pm to 8 pm] (IST) * Google Link: https://meet.google.com/wpm-ofpx-vei Furthermore, we are pleased to share the telegram group created for the community members who are interested to be a part of WikiConference India 2023 and share any thoughts, inputs, suggestions, or questions. Link to join the telegram group: https://t.me/+X9RLByiOxpAyNDZl. Alternatively, you can also leave us a message on the [[:m:Talk:WikiConference India 2023|Conference talk page]]. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १३:४८, १८ डिसेम्बर २०२२ (+0545) <small> On Behalf of, WCI 2023 Organizing team </small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh Gill@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter December 2022 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope everything is well. CIS-A2K's monthly Newsletter is here which is for the month of December. A few conducted events are updated in the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K wants your attention towards its December 2022 work. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and upcoming events/activities. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Launching of GLAM projects in Aurangabad|Launching of GLAM projects in Aurangabad]] * [[:m:Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022/Online Meetup 10 Dec 2022|Online Meetup 10 Dec 2022 (Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022)]] * [[:m:Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022|Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022]] ; Upcoming event * Mid-term Report 2022-2023 Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/December 2022|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:२८, ७ जनवरी २०२३ (+0545) <small>On behalf of [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Upcoming vote on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, In mid-January 2023, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] will undergo a second community-wide ratification vote. This follows [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|the March 2022 vote]], which resulted in a majority of voters supporting the Enforcement Guidelines. During the vote, participants helped highlight important community concerns. The Board’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] requested that these areas of concern be reviewed. The volunteer-led [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Revisions_Committee_members|Revisions Committee]] worked hard reviewing community input and making changes. They updated areas of concern, such as training and affirmation requirements, privacy and transparency in the process, and readability and translatability of the document itself. The revised Enforcement Guidelines can be viewed '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|here]]''', and a comparison of changes can be found '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Comparison|here]]'''. '''How to vote?''' Beginning '''January 17, 2023''', voting will be open. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Voter information|This page on Meta-wiki]]''' outlines information on how to vote using SecurePoll. '''Who can vote?''' The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information#Voting_eligibility|eligibility requirements]]''' for this vote are the same as for the Wikimedia Board of Trustees elections. See the voter information page for more details about voter eligibility. If you are an eligible voter, you can use your Wikimedia account to access the voting server. '''What happens after the vote?''' Votes will be scrutinized by an independent group of volunteers, and the results will be published on Wikimedia-l, the Movement Strategy Forum, Diff and on Meta-wiki. Voters will again be able to vote and share concerns they have about the guidelines. The Board of Trustees will look at the levels of support and concerns raised as they look at how the Enforcement Guidelines should be ratified or developed further. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १५:४९, ८ जनवरी २०२३ (+0545) == <section begin="announcement-header" />Voting Opens on the Revised Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines <section end="announcement-header" /> == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 2|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''{{subst:more languages}}'' Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting|voting period]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|revised Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] is now open! Voting will remain open for two weeks and will close at '''23:59 UTC''' on '''January 31, 2023'''. Please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|'''voter information page''']] for voter eligibility information and details on how to vote. For more details on the Enforcement Guidelines and the voting process, see our [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement/Voting_1|previous message]]. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, <section end="announcement-content" /> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १७:३७, १७ जनवरी २०२३ (+0545) == CIS-A2K Newsletter January 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope everything is well. CIS-A2K's monthly Newsletter is here which is for the month of December. A few conducted events are updated in the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K wants your attention towards its January 2023 tasks. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and upcoming events/activities. ; Conducted events * [[:m:Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022|Indic Wiki Improve-a-thon 2022]] * [[:m:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)/Writing Contest/Community Training 2022|Project Tiger 2.0 Training]] * [[:m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Community Fund/Annual plan of the Centre for Internet and Society Access to Knowledge/Midpoint Report|Mid-term Report 2022-2023]] ; Upcoming event * [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/January 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscibe this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:५६, १२ फेब्रुअरी २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == International Mother Language day 2023 Datathon == <small>Apologies to write in English.</small> Dear all, Hope you are doing well. CIS-A2K is going to organise [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon|International Mother Language day 2023 Datathon]] on the occasion of and to celebrate International Mother language Day. The datathon will be from 21st February to 28 February 2023. During the week, we will contribute to Wikidata to add labels, descriptions, Aliases, items or properties and references to the statements. You can go through the given page link, add yourself and become a part of the event. During the datathon, we will finalise a day and organise a one or two-hour online session with a Wikidata expert to learn advanced tactics. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:३४, १६ फेब्रुअरी २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Reminder: International Mother Language day 2023 Datathon == Dear all, The International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon will start tomorrow (after a few hours at 00:01 am) till 28 February. To contribute please add your name [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon|here]]. We will contribute to Wikidata to add labels, descriptions, Aliases, items or properties and references to the statements. We have created the outreach dashboard to track the activities. [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/International_Mother_Language_Day/International_Mother_Language_Day_2023_Datathon Here] is the link. There will be an online session on Sunday. The session will be for 1:30 hrs. Please block your calendar for 4:00 to 5:30 pm. Jinoy will be there for a training session to introduce basics and the tools like 'TABernacle', 'QS' and 'Mix n Match' that can be used for adding labels and improving the existing WD item for newbies. Please reach out if you have any questions or concerns at program@cis-india.org. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:४३, २० फेब्रुअरी २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Community feedback-cycle about updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use starts == <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours/Announcement|}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello community members, [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department|Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department]] is organizing a feedback-cycle with community members to discuss updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use. [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Terms of Use|The Terms of Use (ToU)]] are the legal terms that govern the use of websites hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. We will be gathering your feedback on a draft proposal from February through April. The draft will be translated into several languages, with written feedback accepted in any language. This update comes in response to several things: * Implementing the Universal Code of Conduct. * Updating project text to the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license. * Proposal for better addressing undisclosed paid editing. * Bringing the Terms of Use in line with current and recently passed laws affecting the Wikimedia Foundation, including the European Digital Services Act As part of the feedback cycle two office hours will be held: the first on 2 March and the second on 4 April. For further information, please consult: * The [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update|proposed update of the ToU by comparison]] * The page for your [[metawiki:Talk:Terms of use|feedback]] * Information about [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours|the office hours]] On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[प्रयोगकर्ता:CSinha (WMF)|CSinha (WMF)]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:CSinha (WMF)|कुरडी]]) १३:४५, २२ फेब्रुअरी २०२३ (+0545) == CIS-A2K Newsletter Feburary 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Hope everything is well. CIS-A2K's monthly Newsletter is here which is for the month of February. A few conducted events are updated in the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K wants your attention towards its February 2023 tasks and towards upcoming events. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and upcoming events/activities. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Digitization & Documentation of Cultural Heritage and Literature in Meghalaya|Digitization & Documentation of Cultural Heritage and Literature in Meghalaya]] * [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2023 Datathon]] * Wikidata Online Session ; Upcoming event * March Month Activity on Wikimedia Commons * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Hindi Wikisource Community skill-building workshop|Hindi Wikisource Community skill-building workshop]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/February 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]] ([[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|talk]]) 04:50, 8 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Women's Month Datathon on Commons == <small>Please help us to translate the message.</small> Hello Wikimedians, Hope you are doing well. CIS-A2K and [[:commons:Commons Photographers User Group|CPUG]] have planned an online activity for March. The activity will focus on Wikimedia Commons and it will begin on 21 March and end on 31 March 2023. During this campaign, the participants will work on structure data, categories and descriptions of the existing images. We will provide you with the list of the photographs that were uploaded under those campaigns, conducted for Women’s Month. You can find the event page link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons|here]]. We are inviting you to participate in this event and make it successful. There will be at least one online session to demonstrate the tasks of the event. We will come back to you with the date and time. If you have any questions please write to us at the event [[:m:Talk:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons|talk page]] Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:३४, १२ मार्च २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Women's Month Datathon on Commons Online Session == Dear Wikimedians, Hope you are doing well. As we mentioned in a previous message, CIS-A2K and [[:commons:Commons Photographers User Group|CPUG]] have been starting an online activity for March from 21 March to 31 March 2023. The activity already started yesterday and will end on 31 March 2023. During this campaign, the participants are working on structure data, categories and descriptions of the existing images. The event page link is [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons|here]]. We are inviting you to participate in this event. There is an online session to demonstrate the tasks of the event that is going to happen tonight after one hour from 8:00 pm to 9:00 pm. You can find the meeting link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons/Online Session|here]]. We will wait for you. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १९:२१, २२ मार्च २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter March 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, There is a CIS-A2K monthly Newsletter that is ready to share which is for the month of March. A few conducted events and ongoing activities are updated in the Newsletter. Through this message, A2K wants your attention towards its March 2023 tasks and towards upcoming events. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and ongoing events/activities. ; Conducted events * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons|Women's Month Datathon on Commons]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Women's Month Datathon on Commons/Online Session|Women's Month Datathon on Commons/Online Session]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Hindi Wikisource Community skill-building workshop|Hindi Wikisource Community skill-building workshop]] * [[:m:Indic Wikisource Community/Online meetup 25 March 2023|Indic Wikisource Community Online meetup 25 March 2023]] ; Ongoing activity * [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon April 2023|Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon April 2023]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/March 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १६:१५, १० अप्रिल २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Wikimedia Foundation’s 2023-2024 Annual Plan and Upcoming Community Conversations == Hi Everyone, The [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024 draft annual plan] of the Wikimedia Foundation applicable from July 2023 to June 2024 has been published and is '''open for feedback'''. ''While the entire annual plan is available in multiple languages, a [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024 short summary] is available in close to 30 languages including many from the region.'' '''Two-Way Planning/Conversations''' Since last year, the Foundation has prioritized [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2022-2023/Two-Way_Planning two-way planning] with communities by asking community members to share their goals for the coming year. We are hosting [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Collaboration a series of calls/discussions] across various time zones to collaborate across the movement, for South Asia-based communities; # In-person session during [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConference_India_2023/Program WikiConference India], on the 28th of April with the attendees of the conference. (recording to be uploaded on meta). # '''Virtual Discussion on the 30th of April, 2023 (0600 UTC)- Join Us!''' We would like to invite you all to participate in the '''virtual discussion on the 30th of April''' where [https://wikimediafoundation.org/profile/lisa-seitz-gruwell/ Lisa Seitz Gruwell, Chief Advancement Officer, and Deputy to the Chief Executive Officer] would be sharing and discussing the plans with the movement. '''Call Details''' '''Virtual Discussion''' (Via Zoom) '''Date''': 30th April 2023 (Sunday) '''Time''': 0600 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682834411 ZoneStamp]) [https://diff.wikimedia.org/event/30th-april-annual-planning-call/ Diff Calendar Link] Look forward to seeing you on the call. Please add the above details to your [https://diff.wikimedia.org/event/30th-april-annual-planning-call/ respective calendars], and do get in touch with me if you have any further questions. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:RASharma_(WMF) Rachit Sharma (WMF)] <small>Sent using [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १०:१४, २५ अप्रिल २०२३ (+0545)</small> <!-- Message sent by User:SGill (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_Gill/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=24930250 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter April 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Greetings! CIS-A2K has done a few activities in the month of April and CIS-A2K's monthly Newsletter is ready to share which is for the last month. A few conducted events and ongoing activities are updated in the Newsletter. In this newsletter, we have mentioned A2K's conducted and ongoing events/activities. ; Conducted events * [[:m:Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon April 2023|Indic Wikisource proofread-a-thon April 2023]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wikimedia session on building archive at ACPR, Belagavi|CIS-A2K/Events/Wikimedia session on building archive at ACPR, Belagavi]] ; Ongoing activity * [[:c:Commons:Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023|Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023]] Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/April 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १३:३५, १५ मे २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023 campaign cum photography contest == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> Dear Wikimedians, Greetings! CIS-A2K has started the Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2022 campaign cum photography contest on Wikimedia Commons from 15 May to 30 June. The aim of the contest is to document the Mula & Mutha rivers along with their tributaries in the Pune district on Wikimedia Commons in the form of images and videos. You can see more specific topics in the [[c:Commons:Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023/Rivers & Topics|Rivers and Topics]] section. In this campaign, partner organisations like, Jeevitnadi, Ecological Society, Samuchit Enviro Tech, Nisarg Sevak, National Society for Clean Cities etc. are actively participating. We are eager to see your contributions in this contest. For sign-up and upload please visit [[:c:Commons:Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023|Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023]]. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ११:०४, १७ मे २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == The upcoming calls conducted by A2K for or with communities == <small>Apologies for writing in English. Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> Dear Wikimedians, We are excited to announce the launch of the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/India Community Monthly Engagement Calls|A2K Monthly Engagement Call]], a series of interactive sessions aimed at fostering collaborative learning within the Wikimedia community. The motive behind starting the series of interactive sessions is to bring the community together to discuss and interact about important topics. The first Monthly Engagement call will start with [[:m:Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect|Let’s Connect]] which is an initiative to create an open and safe learning space for all Wikimedians to share and learn different skills with other peers and to add value and contribute collectively to the community. The first call in this series, organized and hosted by CIS-A2K, will take place on [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/India Community Monthly Engagement Calls/June 3, 2023 Call|June 3, 2023]], from 6:00 PM to 7:00 PM (IST). One more announcement is about, on June 5, 2023, as we celebrate Environment Day, A2K is planning to engage communities and community members in discussions about potential activities for the month of June. These activities will involve capturing images of the environment, uploading them to Wikimedia Commons, and adding existing photos to articles on Wikipedia. We would love to invite Wikimedians to collaborate and join us in planning this activity on Sunday, May 28, 2023, from 11:00 am to 12:00 pm. Call details are below: * '''Preparatory Call for June Month Activity''' * '''Sunday, May 28 · 11:00 am – 12:00 pm''' * Time zone: Asia/Kolkata * '''Video call link''': https://meet.google.com/rsy-nhsk-upp Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १४:१०, २५ मे २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter May 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Greetings! We are pleased to inform you that CIS-A2K has successfully completed several activities during the month of May. As a result, our monthly newsletter, which covers the highlights of the previous month, is now ready to be shared. The newsletter includes updates on the conducted events and ongoing activities, providing a comprehensive overview of A2K's recent endeavours. We have taken care to mention both the conducted and ongoing events/activities in this newsletter, ensuring that all relevant information is captured. ; Conducted events * Preparatory Call for June Month Activity * Update on status of A2K's grant proposal ; Ongoing activity * [[:c:Commons:Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023|Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan 2023]] ; Upcoming Events * Support to Punjabi Community Proofread-a-thon Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/May 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Invitation to join at WikiConverse India Call - June 24th, 2023 == <small>Apologies to write in English please help us to translate the message in your language</small> Greetings! WikiConverse India is a new initiative that A2K is working on to improve collaboration among communities in India. WikiConverse India aims to initiate and foster dialogue within the Indian language Wikimedia community on various topics that are important for the growth of the Wikimedia movement. Currently, we are conducting regular calls as part of this initiative. For the month of June, this call will be scheduled on June 24th, 2023, from 6:00 PM to 7:30 PM IST. A2K will invite Indian participants from recent international conferences, namely the Wikimedia Hackathon and EduWiki Conference, to share their important takeaways specifically relevant to India. To join the WikiConverse India Call, You can find the call details below: * WikiConverse India Call, June 24th, 2023 * Saturday, June 24 · 6:00 – 7:30pm IST * Video call link: https://meet.google.com/qcm-rrac-qzk If you have any questions, please write to a2k@cis-india.org. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ००:१४, १७ जुन २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Reminder: Invitation to Join WikiConverse India Call == <small>Apologies for writing in English</small> Hello all, As we informed you earlier, CIS-A2K has begun a new initiative to improve collaboration among communities in India. WikiConverse India aims to initiate and foster dialogue within the Indian language Wikimedia community on various topics that are important for the growth of the Wikimedia movement. Currently, we are conducting regular calls as part of this initiative. For the month of June, this call will be scheduled for June 24th, 2023, today at 6:00 PM. The call meta page is already prepared and you can find it [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/WikiConverse India Calls/Takeaways of Indian Wikimedians from EduWiki Conference & Hackathon|here]]. The call details are here to join us: * '''Topic''': WikiConverse India Call * '''Time''': Jun 24, 2023 06:00 PM India * '''Join Zoom Meeting''': https://us06web.zoom.us/j/88637468034?pwd=MUVBVm1MVXlYNm1OTjZCNGpsM3R2dz09 * '''Meeting ID''': 886 3746 8034 ** '''Passcode''': 874408 We hope you can find some time to join us and listen to the amazing stories and learning experiences from the speakers. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १५:४६, २४ जुन २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter June 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Greetings! We are pleased to inform you that CIS-A2K has successfully completed several activities during the month of June. As a result, our monthly newsletter, which covers the highlights of the previous month, is now ready to be shared. We have taken care to mention the conducted events/activities in this newsletter, ensuring that all relevant information is captured. ; Conducted events * Community Engagement Calls and Activities ** India Community Monthly Engagement Calls: 3 June 2023 call ** Takeaways of Indian Wikimedians from EduWiki Conference & Hackathon ** Punjabi Wikisource Proofread-a-thon * Skill Development Programs ** Wikidata Training Sessions for Santali Community * Indian Community Need Assessment and Transition Calls * Partnerships and Trainings ** Academy of Comparative Philosophy and Religion GLAM Project ** Wikimedia Commons sessions with river activists ** Introductory session on Wikibase for Academy of Comparative Philosophy and Religion members Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/June 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १३:१२, १७ जुलाई २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Announcement of Train the Trainer 2023 and Call for Scholarship == Dear all, We are excited to announce the reactivation of the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program|Train the Trainer (TTT)]] initiative by CIS-A2K in 2023. TTT aims to empower Indian Wikimedians like you with essential skills to support Wikimedia communities effectively. Through this program, we seek to enhance your capacity, encourage knowledge sharing, identify growth opportunities, and enable a positive impact on the communities you serve. The [https://forms.gle/GynAYyGzoNXh4VM26 scholarship application] period is from ‘‘‘1st to 14th August 2023’’’. Unfortunately, we regretfully cannot consider applications from non-Indian Wikimedians due to logistical and compliance-related constraints. The event is scheduled for the end of September or the beginning of October 2023, and final dates and venue details will be announced soon. We encourage your active participation in [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2023|TTT 2023]] and welcome you to apply for scholarships via the provided form. For inquiries, please contact us at a2K@cis-india.org or nitesh@cis-india.org. We look forward to your enthusiastic involvement in making Train the Trainer 2023 a resounding success! Regards, Nitesh (CIS-A2K) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Introducing Adiutor Project == Dear fellow Wikimedia enthusiasts, we are excited to introduce the [[metawiki:Adiutor|Adiutor]] Project, an initiative aimed at enhancing the Wikipedia editing experience! Adiutor is a user-friendly gadget designed to simplify various tasks for Wikipedia editors, making editing easier, faster, and more enjoyable. From creating deletion requests to conducting copyright checks, Adiutor streamlines repetitive processes, giving you more time to focus on creating valuable content for the community. If you're interested in using Adiutor on your local wiki, we'd love to hear from you! Drop us a message here or reach out to Vikipolimer with your Wikimedia community details. Let's collaborate to bring Adiutor to your language and wiki! Join the Adiutor Project, and together, let's make Wikipedia editing a more efficient and rewarding experience! For any questions or to express your interest in bringing Adiutor to your local wiki, feel free to contact Vikipolimer - we're here to support and work together with you! Looking forward to your enthusiastic participation! [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Vikipolimer|Vikipolimer]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Vikipolimer|कुरडी]]) ०६:३६, ६ अगस्ट २०२३ (+0545) == Reminder for TTT Scholarship and announcement about Event dates == Dear all, We wanted to remind you about the Scholarship form for the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2023|Train the Trainer 2023 program]] and also provide you with the event dates. We encourage you to apply for scholarships to participate in Train the Trainer 2023, as it offers a valuable opportunity for you to actively contribute to your language communities. The scholarship form is accessible [https://forms.gle/GynAYyGzoNXh4VM26 here], and the submission window will remain open until 14th August 2023. If you are genuinely interested in promoting knowledge sharing and community empowerment, we strongly encourage you to fill out the form. (Please note that we won't be able to consider applications from Wikimedians based outside of India for TTT 2023.) The Train The Trainer program will take place on 29th, 30th September, and 1st October 2023. This program provides you an opportunity to enhance your leadership and community-building skills. Thank you for your attention. <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == CIS-A2K Newsletter July 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Greetings! We are pleased to inform you that CIS-A2K has successfully completed several activities during the month of July. As a result, our monthly newsletter, which covers the highlights of the previous month, is now ready to be shared. We have taken care to mention the conducted events/activities in this newsletter, ensuring that all relevant information is captured. ; Conducted events * Wikibase session with RIWATCH GLAM * Wikibase technical session with ACPR GLAM * Wikidata Training Sessions for Santali Community * An interactive session with some Wikimedia Foundation staff from India ; Announcement * Train The Trainer 2023 Program Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/July 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Thank you [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:०८, ८ अगस्ट २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Invitation to the Indic Community Monthly Engagement Call on September 8, 2023 == Dear Wikimedians, A2K is excited to invite you to the third call of the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls|Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls]] initiative scheduled for September 8, 2023, where A2K is hosting “Learning Clinic: Collective learning from grantee reports in South Asia” by Let’s Connect. This event is designed to foster collaboration and knowledge-sharing among community members interested in the region's progress, grantees, potential grantees, and Regional Fund Committee members. The dedicated meta page is [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls/September 8, 2023 Call|here]]. Here are the details: * Date: September 8th * Time: 6:00 PM - 7:30 PM IST * Language: English * Facilitation: Jessica Stephenson (WMF - Let’s Connect), Pavan Santhosh (CIS-A2K), Chinmayee Mishra (Let’s Connect working group) * Duration: 1.5 hours * Zoom Link: [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/82712474511?pwd=YUF3SE8yeWpWK0I0Z2QzQW9HN2x5dz09 Zoom Link] You can find detailed information on the given meta page. We look forward to meeting you there tomorrow. :) Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १६:४६, ७ सेप्टेम्बर २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Announcing Indic Wikimedia Hackathon 2023 and Invitation to Participate == Dear Wikimedians, The [[:m:Indic_MediaWiki_Developers_User_Group|Indic MediaWiki Developers User Group]] is happy to announce '''Indic Wikimedia Hackathon 2023 on 16-17 December 2023 in Pondicherry, India'''. The event is for everyone who contributes to Wikimedia’s technical spaces code developers, maintainers, translators, designers, technical writers and other related technical aspects. Along with that, contributors who don't necessarily contribute to technical spaces but have good understanding of issues on wikis and can work with developers in addressing them can join too. You can come with a project in mind, join an existing project, or create something new with others. The goal of this event is to bring together technical contributors from India to resolve pending technical issues, bugs, brainstorm on tooling ideas, and foster connections between contributors. We have scholarships to support participation of contributors residing in India. The '''scholarship form can be filled at https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd_Qqctj7I87QfYt5imc6iPcGPWuPfncCOyAd_OMbGiqxzxhQ/viewform?usp=sf_link and will close at 23:59 hrs on 15 October 2023 (Sunday) [IST].''' Please reach out to contact{{@}}indicmediawikidev.org if you have any questions or need support. Best, Indic MediaWiki Developers UG, १०:२५, ४ अक्टोबर २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=25696853 --> == Image Description Month in India: 1 October to 31st October == <small>Apologies for writing in English.</small> Dear everyone, We're excited to invite you to the [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Image Description Month in India|Image Description Month India]] description-a-thon, set to take place from October 1st to October 31st, 2023. During this event, we'll be focusing on improving image-related content across Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons. To stay updated and get involved, please visit our dedicated event page [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Image Description Month in India|event Page]]. Your active participation will be instrumental in enhancing Wikimedia content and making it more accessible to users worldwide. Thank you :) [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २०:२०, ५ अक्टोबर २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == A2K Monthly Newsletter for September 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, In September, CIS-A2K successfully completed several initiatives. As a result, A2K has compiled a comprehensive monthly newsletter that highlights the events and activities conducted during the previous month. This newsletter provides a detailed overview of the key information related to our endeavors. ; Conducted events * Learning Clinic: Collective learning from grantee reports in South Asia * Relicensing and Digitisation workshop at Govinda Dasa College, Surathkal * Relicensing and Digitisation workshop at Sayajirao Gaekwad Research Centre, Aurangabad * Wiki Loves Monuments 2023 Outreach in Telangana * Mula Mutha Nadi Darshan Photography contest results and exhibition of images * Train The Trainer 2023 Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/September 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २१:३७, १० अक्टोबर २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == A2K Monthly Newsletter for October 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, In the month of October, CIS-A2K achieved significant milestones and successfully concluded various initiatives. As a result, we have compiled a comprehensive monthly newsletter to showcase the events and activities conducted during the preceding month. This newsletter offers a detailed overview of the key information pertaining to our various endeavors. ; Conducted events * Image Description Month in India * WikiWomen Camp 2023 ** WWC 2023 South Asia Orientation Call ** South Asia Engagement * Wikimedia Commons session for Birdsong members * Image Description Month in India Training Session Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/October 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ११:१०, ७ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == A2K Community Needs Assessment Form == In late November, A2K hosted a significant call as part of [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/WikiConverse India Calls/2023 A2K Needs Assessment Event|WikiConverse India discussions]], aiming to understand the diverse needs of Indian Communities! We deeply appreciate the active participation of every community member, as your valuable suggestions and opinions will be instrumental in shaping A2K's future initiatives. To enrich this collaborative effort, we've crafted a [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFfRvf844FKb1La0UC7fXHzofxrZorpr3QjDGJL1a0iOgXyQ/viewform form]. Your responses will provide key components for a broader needs assessment, offering profound insights into the community's suggestions and guiding A2K’s future plans. We invite you to invest just a few precious minutes in sharing your thoughts, ideas, efforts, and impactful initiatives! If you have any doubts or queries, feel free to reach out to nitesh@cis-india.org. Thank you for being an integral part of our vibrant community! Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १४:२९, ५ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Enhancing Your Wikimania 2024 Scholarship Application: Community Call and Volunteer Support == Dear Wikimedians, I hope this message finds you well. A2K is excited to share news about an upcoming A2K initiative to support Indian Wikimedians in the Wikimania 2024 scholarship process. ;Community Call with Experienced Wikimedians: Join the community call on December 9, 2023, featuring experienced Indian Wikimedians. Gain insights into the Wikimania scholarship process, key application elements, and participate in a Q&A session. ;Volunteer Committee: A dedicated volunteer committee will assist applicants through Zoom Room Support Sessions, offering one-on-one discussions, personalized feedback, and application enhancement strategies. For more details and to register: * Community Call Meta page: [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls/December 9, 2023 Call|link]] * Date: 9 December 2023 * Time: 6:00 PM to 7:30 PM IST We invite your active participation and look forward to your engagement in this community call. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १२:३५, ७ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == A2K Monthly Report for November 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, CIS-A2K wrapped up several initiatives in November, and we've compiled a detailed monthly newsletter highlighting the events and activities from the past month. This newsletter provides a comprehensive overview of key information regarding our diverse endeavors. ; Conducted events * Heritage Walk in 175 year old Pune Nagar Vachan Mandir library * 2023 A2K Needs Assessment Event * Train The Trainer Report Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/November 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ११:३९, ११ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == A2K Monthly Report for December 2023 == <br /><small>Please feel free to translate it into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, In December, CIS-A2K successfully concluded various initiatives, and we have curated an in-depth monthly newsletter summarizing the events and activities of the past month. This newsletter offers a comprehensive overview of key information, showcasing our diverse endeavors. ; Conducted events * Digital Governance Roundtable * Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls: Wikimania Scholarship Call * Indic Wikimedia Hackathon 2023 * A2K Meghalaya Visit Highlights: Digitization and Collaboration * Building Bridges: New Hiring in CIS-A2K * Upcoming Events ** Upcoming Call: Disinformation and Misinformation in Wikimedia projects Please find the Newsletter link [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/December 2023|here]]. <br /><small>If you want to subscribe/unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १२:३९, १२ जनवरी २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == A2K Monthly Report for January 2024 == <br /><small>Feel free to translate into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, In January, CIS-A2K successfully concluded several initiatives, and we are pleased to present a comprehensive monthly newsletter summarizing the events and activities of the past month. This newsletter provides an extensive overview of key information, highlighting our diverse range of endeavors. ; Conducted Events * Roundtable on Digital Cultures * Discussion on Disinformation and Misinformation in Wikimedia Projects * Roundtable on Digital Access You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/January 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ०१:०२, १० फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == A2K Monthly Report for February 2024 == <br /><small>Feel free to translate into your language.</small> [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, In February, CIS-A2K effectively completed numerous initiatives, and we are delighted to share a detailed monthly newsletter encapsulating the events and activities from the previous month. This newsletter offers a thorough glimpse into significant updates, showcasing the breadth of our varied undertakings. ; Collaborative Activities and Engagement * Telugu Community Conference 2024 * International Mother Language Day 2024 Virtual Meet * Wiki Loves Vizag 2024 ; Reports * Using the Wikimedia sphere for the revitalization of small and underrepresented languages in India * Open Movement in India (2013-23): The Idea and Its Expressions Open Movement in India 2013-2023 by Soni You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/February 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १९:५७, १८ मार्च २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == CIS-A2K announcing Community Collaborations program == <small>Please feel free to translate this into your preferred language.</small> Dear Wikimedians, Exciting news from A2K! We're thrilled to announce that CIS-A2K is now seeking proposals for collaborative projects and activities to advance Indic Wikimedia projects. If you've got some interesting ideas and are keen on co-organizing projects or activities with A2K, we'd love to hear from you. Check out all the details about requirements, process, timelines, and proposal drafting guidelines right [[m:CIS-A2K/Community Collaboration|here]]. We're looking forward to seeing your proposals and collaborating to boost Indic Wikimedia projects and contribute even more to the open knowledge movement. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २०:१०, १८ मार्च २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == A2K Monthly Report for March 2024 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, A2K is pleased to present its monthly newsletter for March, highlighting the impactful initiatives undertaken by CIS-A2K during the month. This newsletter provides a comprehensive overview of the events and activities conducted, giving you insight into our collaborative efforts and engagements. ; Collaborative Activities and Engagement * [[Commons:Wiki Loves Vizag 2024|Wiki Loves Vizag: Fostering Open Knowledge Through Photography]] ; Monthly Recap * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/She Leads|She Leads Program (Support)]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/WikiHour: Amplifying Women's Voices|WikiHour: Amplifying Women's Voices (Virtual)]] * [[:m:Wikimedia India Summit 2024|Wikimedia India Summit 2024]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Institutional Partners/Department of Language and Culture, Government of Telangana|Department of Language and Culture, Government of Telangana]] ; From the Team- Editorial ; Comic You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/March 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १८:०२, ११ अप्रिल २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == A2K Monthly Report for April 2024 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, We are pleased to present our monthly newsletter for April, highlighting the impactful initiatives undertaken by CIS-A2K during the month. This newsletter provides a comprehensive overview of the events and activities conducted, giving you insight into our collaborative efforts and engagements. * In the Limelight- Chandan Chiring ; Monthly Recap * [[Commons:Tribal Culture Photography Competition]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Indic Community Monthly Engagement Calls/April 12, 2024 Call]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/2024/Wikipedia training to Indian Language educators|Wikipedia Training to Indian Language educators]] * [[:m:Wiki Explores Bhadrachalam]] * Wikimedia Summit ; From the Team- Editorial ; Comic You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/April 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:०७, १४ मे २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == WMF’s Annual Plan Draft (2024-2025) and Session during the South Asia Open Community Call (SAOCC) == Hi Everyone, This message is regarding the [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025|Wikimedia Foundation’s Draft Annual Plan for 2024-2025]], and in continuation of [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XER6M7X2LPMRVI4N5MPXMZ5G4UUMBIQR/ Maryana’s email]; inviting inputs from members of the movement. The entire annual plan is available in multiple languages and a shorter summary is available in close to 30 languages including many from South Asia; and open for your feedback. We invite you all to a session on the Annual Plan during 19th May's [:m:South Asia Open Community Call|South Asia Open Community Call (SAOCC)]], in line with the [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Collaboration|collaborative approach]] adopted by the foundation for finalizing Annual Plans. The discussion will be hosted by members of the senior leadership of the Wikimedia Foundation. Call Details (Please add the details to your respective calendars) * [https://meet.google.com/ffs-izis-bow Google Meeting] ** Date/Time: 19th May 2024 @ 1230-1400 UTC or 1800-1930 IST You can add any questions/comments on Etherpad [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/South_Asia_Community_Call]; pre-submissions welcomed. Ps: To know more about the purpose of an Annual Plan, please read our [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan#Frequently_Asked_Questions_(FAQ) listed FAQs]. Look forward to seeing you on the call. Best [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:२०, १४ मे २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_Gill/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=24930250 --> == A2K Monthly Report for May 2024 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, We are pleased to present our May newsletter, showcasing the impactful initiatives undertaken by CIS-A2K throughout the month. This edition offers a comprehensive overview of our events and activities, providing insights into our collaborative efforts and community engagements. ; In the Limelight: Openness for Cultural Heritage ; Monthly Recap * Digitisation Workshop * [[Commons:Tribal Culture Photography Competition]] * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wiki Technical Training 2024|Wiki Technical Training]] ; Dispatches from A2K ; Coming Soon * Future of Commons Convening You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/May 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १८:२१, २७ जुन २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == A2K Monthly Report for June 2024 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, We are excited to share our June newsletter, highlighting the impactful initiatives undertaken by CIS-A2K over the past month. This edition provides a detailed overview of our events and activities, offering insights into our collaborative efforts and community engagements and a brief regarding upcoming initiatives for next month. ; In the Limelight- Book Review: Geographies of Digital Exclusion ; Monthly Recap * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Wiki Technical Training 2024|Wiki Technical Training]] * Strategy discussion (Post-Summit Event) ; Dispatches from A2K * Future of Commons ;Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities * Gearing up for Wikimania 2024 * Commons workshop and photo walk in Hyderabad ; Comic You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/June 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १२:०८, २६ जुलाई २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Train-the-Trainer (TTT) 2024: Call for Applications == ''Apologies for writing in English, please feel free to post this into your language.'' Dear Wikimedians, We are thrilled to announce the 9ninth iteration of the Train-the-Trainer (TTT) program, co-hosted by CIS-A2K and the Odia Wikimedians User Group. TTT 2024 will be held from October 18-20, 2024, in Odisha. This event aims to enhance leadership and training skills among active Indian Wikimedians, with a focus on innovative approaches to foster deeper engagement and learning. ; Key Details: * Event Dates: October 18-20, 2024 * Location: Odisha, India * Eligibility: Open to active Indian Wikimedians * Scholarship Application Deadline: Thursday, August 15, 2024 We encourage all interested community members to apply for scholarships. Please review the event details and application guidelines on the [[:m:Meta page|Meta page]] before submitting your application. Apply Here: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeshY7skcMUfevuuzTr57tKr_wwoefrJ9iehq6Gn_R8jl6FmA/viewform Scholarship Application Form] For any questions, please post on the [[:m:Talk:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2024|Event talk page]] or email nitesh@cis-india.org. We look forward to your participation and contributions! Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १६:३०, ३१ जुलाई २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == Reminder: Apply for TTT 2024 Scholarships by August 22 == Dear Wikimedians, '''Important Reminder''': The scholarship application deadline has been extended till Thursday, August 22, 2024. We encourage active Wikimedians to submit their applications before the deadline. Please ensure you review the essential details on [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2024|Meta page]] regarding this event. Scholarship Application [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeshY7skcMUfevuuzTr57tKr_wwoefrJ9iehq6Gn_R8jl6FmA/viewform form] For any questions, please reach out on the Event talk page or via email at nitesh@cis-india.org or Chinmayee at chinumishra70@gmail.com. Regards, TTT 2024 Organising team [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ०२:००, २१ अगस्ट २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == A2K Monthly Report for July 2024 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, We are excited to share our July newsletter, highlighting the impactful initiatives undertaken by CIS-A2K over the past month. This edition provides a detailed overview of our events and activities, offering insights into our collaborative efforts and community engagements and a brief regarding upcoming initiatives for next month. ; In the Limelight- NEP Study Report ; Monthly Recap * [https://cis-india.org/raw/report-on-the-future-of-the-commons Future of Commons] * West Bengal Travel Report ;Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities * [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Train the Trainer Program/2024|Train the Trainer 2024]] You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/July 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १४:५०, २८ अगस्ट २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == A2K Monthly Report for August 2024 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, We are excited to present our August newsletter, showcasing the impactful initiatives led by CIS-A2K throughout the month. In this edition, you'll find a comprehensive overview of our events and activities, highlighting our collaborative efforts, community engagements, and a sneak peek into the exciting initiatives planned for the coming month. ; In the Limelight- Doing good as a creative person ; Monthly Recap * Wiki Women Collective - South Asia Call * Digitizing the Literary Legacy of Sane Guruji * A2K at Wikimania * Multilingual Wikisource ;Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities * Tamil Content Enrichment Meet * Santali Wiki Conference * TTT 2024 You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/August 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:४०, २६ सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == A2K Monthly Report for September 2024 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, We are thrilled to share our September newsletter, packed with highlights of the key initiatives driven by CIS-A2K over the past month. This edition features a detailed recap of our events, collaborative projects, and community outreach efforts. You'll also get an exclusive look at the exciting plans and initiatives we have in store for the upcoming month. Stay connected with our vibrant community and join us in celebrating the progress we’ve made together! ; In the Limelight- Santali Wiki Regional Conference 2024 ; Dispatches from A2K ; Monthly Recap * Book Lover’s Club in Belagavi * CIS-A2K’s Multi-Year Grant Proposal * Supporting the volunteer-led committee on WikiConference India 2025 * Tamil Content Enrichment Meet * Experience of CIS-A2K's Wikimania Scholarship recipients ;Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities * Train-the-trainer 2024 * Indic Community Engagement Call * A2K at Wikimedia Technology Summit 2024 You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/September 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २०:५८, १० अक्टोबर २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Announcing Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024 & scholarship applications == Dear Wikimedians, We hope you are well. We are thrilled to announce the upcoming [[:metawiki:Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]], hosted by the [[:metawiki:Indic MediaWiki Developers User Group|Indic MediaWiki Developers UG]] (aka Indic-TechCom) in collaboration with the [[:metawiki:Odia Wikimedians User Group|Odia Wikimedians UG]]. The event will take place in Bhubaneswar during 20-22 December 2024. Wikimedia hackathons are spaces for developers, designers, content editors, and other community stakeholders to collaborate on building technical solutions that help improve the experience of contributors and consumers of Wikimedia projects. The event is intended for: * Technical contributors active in the Wikimedia technical ecosystem, which includes developers, maintainers (admins/interface admins), translators, designers, researchers, documentation writers etc. * Content contributors having in-depth understanding of technical issues in their home Wikimedia projects like Wikipedia, Wikisource, Wiktionary, etc. * Contributors to any other FOSS community or have participated in Wikimedia events in the past, and would like to get started with contributing to Wikimedia technical spaces. We encourage you to follow the essential details & updates on Meta-Wiki regarding this event. Event Meta-Wiki page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indic_Wikimedia_Hackathon_Bhubaneswar_2024 Scholarship application form: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf07lWyPJc6bxOCKl_i2vuMBdWa9EAzMRUej4x1ii3jFjTIaQ/viewform Click here to apply ] ''(Scholarships are available to assist with your attendance, covering travel, accommodation, food, and related expenses.)'' Please read the application guidance on the Meta-Wiki page before applying. The scholarship application is open until the end of the day 2 November 2024 (Saturday). If you have any questions, concerns or need any support with the application, please start a discussion on the event talk page or reach out to us contact@indicmediawikidev.org via email. Best, [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १५:२०, १९ अक्टोबर २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=25720607 --> == A2K Monthly Report for October 2024 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, We’re thrilled to share our October newsletter, featuring the impactful work led or support by CIS-A2K over the past month. In this edition, you’ll discover a detailed summary of our events and initiatives, emphasizing our collaborative projects, community interactions, and a preview of the exciting plans on the horizon for next month. ; In the Limelight: TTT ;Dispatches from A2K ; Monthly Recap * Wikimedia Technology Summit ; Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities * TTT follow-ups You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/October 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १७:५४, ८ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == A2K Monthly Report – November 2024 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, We’re excited to bring you the November edition of the CIS-A2K newsletter, highlighting our impactful initiatives and accomplishments over the past month. This issue offers a comprehensive recap of our events, collaborative projects, and community engagement efforts. It also provides a glimpse into the exciting plans we have lined up for the coming month. Stay connected with our vibrant community as we celebrate the progress we’ve made together! ; In the Limelight: Tulu Wikisource ; Dispatches from A2K ; Monthly Recap * Learning hours Call * Dandari-Gussadi Festival Documentation, Commons Education Project: Adilabad * Executive Directors meeting at Oslo ; Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities * Indic Wikimedia Hackathon 2024 * Learning Hours You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/November 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Warm regards, CIS-A2K Team [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:३१, १० डिसेम्बर २०२४ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == Invitation to Participate in the Wikimedia SAARC Conference Community Engagement Survey == Dear Community Members, I hope this message finds you well. Please excuse the use of English; we encourage translations into your local languages to ensure inclusivity. We are conducting a Community Engagement Survey to assess the sentiments, needs, and interests of South Asian Wikimedia communities in organizing the inaugural Wikimedia SAARC Regional Conference, proposed to be held in Kathmandu, Nepal. This initiative aims to bring together participants from eight nations to collaborate towards shared goals. Your insights will play a vital role in shaping the event's focus, identifying priorities, and guiding the strategic planning for this landmark conference. Survey Link: https://forms.gle/en8qSuCvaSxQVD7K6 We kindly request you to dedicate a few moments to complete the survey. Your feedback will significantly contribute to ensuring this conference addresses the community's needs and aspirations. Deadline to Submit the Survey: 20 January 2025 Your participation is crucial in shaping the future of the Wikimedia SAARC community and fostering regional collaboration. Thank you for your time and valuable input. Warm regards,<br> [[:m:User:Biplab Anand|Biplab Anand]] <!-- Message sent by User:Biplab Anand@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Biplab_Anand/lists&oldid=28074658 --> == A2K Monthly Report – December 2024 == [[File:Centre for Internet And Society logo.svg|180px|right|link=]] Dear Wikimedians, Happy 2025! We are thrilled to share with you the December edition of the CIS-A2K Newsletter, showcasing our initiatives and achievements from the past month. In this issue, we offer a detailed recap of key events, collaborative projects, and community engagement efforts. Additionally, we provide a preview of the exciting plans we have in store for the upcoming month. Stay connected with our dynamic community as we celebrate the progress we’ve made together! ; In the Limelight: Santali Food Festival ; Dispatches from A2K ; Monthly Recap * Learning hours Call * Indic Wikimedia Hackathon 2024 * Santali Food Festival ; Coming Soon - Upcoming Activities * She Leads Bootcamp You can access the newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/December 2024|here]]. <br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Warm regards, CIS-A2K Team [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:५६, १२ जनवरी २०२५ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=23719485 --> == New Wikimedia Campaign Launching Tomorrow: Indic Writing Systems Campaign 2025 == Dear Wikimedians, We are excited to announce the launch of the [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems/Indic writing systems campaign 2025|Indic writing systems campaign 2025]], which will take place from 23 January 2025 (World Endangered Writing Day) to 21 February 2025 (International Mother Language Day). This initiative is part of the ongoing efforts of [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems|WikiProject writing Systems]] to raise awareness about the documentation and revitalization of writing systems, many of which are currently underrepresented or endangered. Representatives from important organizations that work with writing systems, such as Endangered Alphabets and the Script Encoding Initiative, support the campaign. The campaign will feature two primary activities focused on the [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems/Indic writing systems campaign 2025/Lists|list of target scripts]]: * '''Wikidata Labelathon''': A focused effort to improve and expand the information related to South Asian scripts on Wikidata. * '''Wikipedia Translatathon''': A collaborative activity aimed at enhancing the coverage of South Asian writing systems and their cultural significance on Wikipedia. We are looking for local organizers to engage their respective communities. If you are interested in organizing, kindly sign-up [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems/Indic writing systems campaign 2025/Local Organizers|here]]. We also encourage all Indic Wikimedians to [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems/Indic writing systems campaign 2025/Participate|join us]] in this important campaign to help document and celebrate the diverse writing systems of South Asia. Thank you for your support, and we look forward to your active participation. Regards [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:१४, २२ जनवरी २०२५ (+0545) Navya sri Kalli <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=22433435 --> == A2K Monthly Newsletter – January 2025 == Dear Wikimedians, We are delighted to share the January edition of the CIS-A2K Newsletter, highlighting our initiatives and accomplishments from the past month. This issue features a detailed recap of key events, collaborative projects, and community engagement efforts. Plus, get a sneak peek at the exciting plans we have for the upcoming month. Let’s continue strengthening our community and celebrating our collective progress! ;In the Limelight * Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons App Usage in India: Key Insights and Challenges ;Dispatches from A2K ;Monthly Highlights * Learning Hours Call * She Leads Bootcamp 2025 * Wikisource Reader App ; Coming Soon – Upcoming Activities * Participation in Wikisource Conference * Second Iteration of She Leads Please read the full newsletter [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/January 2025|here]]<br /><small>To subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, click [[:m:CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe|here]]. </small> Looking forward to another impactful year ahead! Regards, CIS-A2K Team [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २०:१९, १२ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIS-A2K/Reports/Newsletter/Subscribe/VP&oldid=28096022 --> == Invitation for the next South Asia Open Community Call (SAOCC) with a focus on WMF's Annual Plans (27th April, 2025) == Dear All, The [[:m:South Asia Open Community Call|South Asia Open Community Call (SAOCC)]] is a monthly call where South Asian communities come together to participate, share community activities, receive important updates and ask questions in the moderated discussions. The next SAOCC is scheduled for 27th April, 6:00 PM-7:00 PM (1230-1330 UTC) and will have a section with representatives from WMF who will be sharing more about their [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|Annual Plans]] for the next year, in addition to Open Community Updates. We request you all to please attend the call and you can find the joining details [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/South_Asia_Open_Community_Call#27_April_2025 here]. Thank you! [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १४:१०, १४ अप्रिल २०२५ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_Gill/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=28543211 --> == Update from A2K team: May 2025 == Hello everyone, We’re happy to share that the ''Access to Knowledge'' (A2K) program has now formally become part of the '''Raj Reddy Centre for Technology and Society''' at '''IIIT-Hyderabad'''. Going forward, our work will continue under the name [[:m:IIITH-OKI|Open Knowledge Initiatives]]. The new team includes most members from the former A2K team, along with colleagues from IIIT-H already involved in Wikimedia and Open Knowledge work. Through this integration, our commitment to partnering with Indic Wikimedia communities, the GLAM sector, and broader open knowledge networks remains strong and ongoing. Learn more at our Team’s page on Meta-Wiki. We’ll also be hosting an open session during the upcoming [[:m:South Asia Open Community Call|South Asia Open Community Call]] on 6 - 7 pm, and we look forward to connecting with you there. Thanks for your continued support! Thank you Pavan Santhosh, On behalf of the Open Knowledge Initiatives Team. <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_Gill/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=28543211 --> == 📣 Announcing the South Asia Newsletter – Get Involved! 🌏 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''{{int:please-translate}}'' Hello Wikimedians of South Asia! 👋 We’re excited to launch the planning phase for the '''South Asia Newsletter''' – a bi-monthly, community-driven publication that brings news, updates, and original stories from across our vibrant region, to one page! We’re looking for passionate contributors to join us in shaping this initiative: * Editors/Reviewers – Craft and curate impactful content * Technical Contributors – Build and maintain templates, modules, and other magic on meta. * Community Representatives – Represent your Wikimedia Affiliate or community If you're excited to contribute and help build a strong regional voice, we’d love to have you on board! 👉 Express your interest though [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfhk4NIe3YwbX88SG5hJzcF3GjEeh5B1dMgKE3JGSFZ1vtrZw/viewform this link]. Please share this with your community members.. Let’s build this together! 💬 This message was sent with [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) by [[m:User:Gnoeee|Gnoeee]] ([[m:User_talk:Gnoeee|talk]]) at २१:२७, ६ जुन २०२५ (+0545) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Gnoeee@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/South_Asia_Village_Pumps&oldid=25720607 --> == Call for Expression of Interest – Advanced Train the Trainer 2025 (ATTT) == ''Sorry for writing in English. Please feel free to translate it into your language.'' The [[:m:IIITH-OKI|Open Knowledge Initiatives]] (OKI) team at IIIT-Hyderabad is organising [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025|Advanced Train the Trainer (ATTT) 2025]], tentatively in the second week of October 2025 at IIIT-Hyderabad. The program is for experienced Wikimedians who have attended TTT earlier and wish to deepen their leadership, thematic expertise, and practical skills. It will run in parallel [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025/Tracks|tracks]]: * ''' Evaluation, Impact, and Data Storytelling''' – Measure, analyse, and communicate the impact of Wikimedia initiatives. * '''Project Design Challenge''' – Develop a 3-month project with mentoring and planning tools. Info about the event: * Deadline: 20 August 2025 * Apply here: [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025/Expression of Interest|Expression of Interest form]] If you cannot apply directly on Meta, email your proposal (following the Meta template) with a valid reason to nitesh@research.iiit.ac.in. — Open Knowledge Initiatives Team, IIIT-Hyderabad [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २३:४५, १४ अगस्ट २०२५ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (OKI)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_Gill/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=29127818 --> == Expression of Interest Extended: Advanced Train the Trainer 2025 == Dear all, We are pleased to inform you that the deadline to submit your Expression of Interest has been extended until '''26 August'''. The [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025|Advanced Train the Trainer]] (ATTT) 2025 will be held on '''10, 11, and 12 October 2025 at IIIT-Hyderabad'''. ATTT is designed for experienced Wikimedians who have or have not previously participated in Train the Trainer, but wish to develop further their leadership, thematic expertise, and practical application skills. The training will run in two thematic tracks: * '''Evaluation, Impact, and Data Storytelling''' – Learn to measure, analyse, and narrate the impact of Wikimedia initiatives through hands-on labs and peer feedback. * '''Project Design: From Learning to Action''' – Work on a 3-month project with mentoring and planning tools, turning learning into impactful, context-driven initiatives. ** Apply here: [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025/Expression of Interest|Expression of Interest form]] ** Deadline to apply (extended): 26 August 2025 ** Event Dates: 10-12 October 2025 We will share further updates with you soon. ''Note: If you are unsure about which track to choose, please still submit your application by answering the questions thoroughly. Our team will review it and assign you to the most suitable track. If you are not comfortable applying directly on Meta, you may send your proposal (using the Meta template and with a valid reason) to nitesh@research.iiit.ac.in. If selected, the OKI team will publish it on Meta on your behalf.'' We look forward to receiving your applications and working together to shape impactful Wikimedia leadership! Regards, Open Knowledge Initiatives Team IIIT-Hyderabad [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २०:२७, २० अगस्ट २०२५ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (OKI)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_Gill/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=29127818 --> == Final Call: Apply for Advanced Train the Trainer 2025 by Today == Dear all, This is a kind reminder that today is the '''last day''' to submit your '''Expression of Interest for Advanced Train the Trainer 2025'''. If you are interested, we warmly encourage you to complete your application at the earliest using the link below: [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Advance Train The Trainer 2025/Expression of Interest|Here]] ''Please note that we will not be able to accommodate requests for reopening the form after the deadline. Once submissions close, our team will begin the review process.'' We look forward to your participation and thank you for your continued interest in strengthening leadership within our communities. Regards, IIITH-OKI [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १४:२०, २६ अगस्ट २०२५ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (OKI)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_Gill/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=29127818 --> == Invitation to join South Asian Community and the Annual Planning Discussions with WMF == "Kindly feel free to translate this text into your own language." Dear Community member, We would like to invite you all to the April edition of the South Asia Open Community Call that will focus on a discussion with the leadership of the Wikimedia Foundation on their [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|Annual Plan (2026-2027)]]. The [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan|Foundation’s Annual Plan]] is a high-level roadmap for what the organisation aims to achieve in the coming year. It includes not only the foundation’s Goals, Progress, and plan but also a summary of Global Trends that impact the present and future of our movement. This is the right time for the South Asia community to participate and share their thoughts on the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual plan, helping shape it together. Share your hopes, concerns, bold ideas, and specific requests to contribute to the Foundation’s planning. Hence, the next [[:m:South Asia Open Community Call|South Asia Open Community Call]] will be hosted on the following dates/times. Please mark the same in your calendar and sign up [[:m:Event:South Asia Open Community Call, April 2026|here]]. * Platform: Google Meet * Date: 17th April, 2026 * Time: 1930-2045 IST (1400-1515 UTC) * Registration Link: [[:m:Event:South Asia Open Community Call, April 2026|here]] Note: Only those who have registered will receive the joining link. Look forward to seeing you on the call, Best, [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ००:२६, ६ अप्रिल २०२६ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh Gill@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_Gill/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=29127818 --> == Call for Applications: TTT 2026 (Deadline Extended to 20 May) == ''<small>Apologies for writing in English. Please feel free to translate this into your language.</small>'' Hello everyone, We hope you are doing well. We would like to share that applications for the [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Train the Trainer Program/2026|Train the Trainer (TTT) 2026]] program are currently open. TTT is a capacity-building initiative aimed at supporting Wikimedians in developing training, facilitation, and leadership skills. We are happy to inform you that the scholarship application deadline has been [[:m:IIITH-OKI/Train the Trainer Program/2026/Scholarship|extended until 20 May 2026]]. We are still receiving applications and encourage interested community members, especially emerging leaders, to [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/17eq6lJNCTVBoKRqz5IdSCiYWv-eHBrYRnx1wXfncwLI/viewform?edit_requested=true&pli=1 apply]. We also request your support in sharing this opportunity within your communities and networks, so that it can reach a wider and more diverse group of participants. Thank you for your continued support. '''OKI (IIIT-H)''' [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) १८:४७, १७ मे २०२६ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (OKI)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_Gill/lists/Indic_VPs&oldid=30361720 --> '''डोटेली भाषामाइ अनुवाद''' सबैलाई नमस्कार, हाम आशा अद्दाउकि तम सबै सकुशल होला। हाम तमलाइ जानकारी अद्दु चाहानौ कि Train the Trainer (TTT) 2026 कार्यक्रमका खिलाइ आवेदन खुला गरियाः छ। TTT विकिमिडियनअनलाई प्रशिक्षण, सहजीकरण रे नेतृत्व सम्बन्धी सीप विकासमाइ सहयोग पुर्‍याउन्याः क्षमता अभिवृद्धि कार्यक्रम हो। हाम खुशीका साथ जानकारी अराउँनाउ कि छात्रवृत्ति आवेदनको अन्तिम मिति २० मे २०२६ सम्म थप गरियाः छ। हाम आजि लै आवेदनअन पाउन्ना छौँ रे विशेष अरी उदीयमान नेतृत्वकर्ताअनलाई आवेदन दिन प्रोत्साहित अद्दाउँ। ये अवसरलाई तमुनलेको समुदाय तथा सञ्जालअनमाइ साझा अरिदिन लै अनुरोध अद्दाउँ, ताकि यो आजि व्यापक रे विविध सहभागीअनसम्म पुग्गु सकोस्। तमरानको निरन्तर सहयोगकि लाइ धन्यवाद। '''अनुवादक''' - [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Janak Bhatta|Janak Bhatta]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:Janak Bhatta|कुरडी]]) १२:०३, १८ मे २०२६ (+0545) == Community Tech Task Force: Technical needs assessment for Indic communities == ''Please feel free to translate it into your language.'' </br> </br> Hello everyone, </br> </br> We hope you're doing well! </br> </br> The [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indic_MediaWiki_Developers_User_Group Indic_MediaWiki_Developers_User_Group] (IMDUG) is reaching out to Wikimedia communities across India to strengthen collaboration and better understand the technical needs of different language communities. Last year, we piloted [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indic_Community_Task_Force_2025 Indic_Community_Task_Force_2025] initiative by engaging with two language communities to understand their technical challenges and identify opportunities for collaboration. Based on our learnings, experience, and the valuable insights we received, we are expanding the initiative this year to reach all Indic communities. Our goal is to reach every community and understand where technical support is most needed. === What are we looking for? === We invite your community to nominate one or two points of contact and share: *The name of your Wikimedia community. *A primary and alternate community contact. *Telegram usernames of the nominated contacts. *A brief overview of your community's technical challenges, needs, or priorities. </br> This could include areas such as: *Editing or patrolling workflows that could be improved. *Gadgets, tools, or bots that your community needs. *Template or interface-related challenges. *Technical barriers faced by contributors. *Any other broad technical priorities for your community. === How to participate === Please fill out the community response [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdhpPdn0qgHkEiYZCXEumpV-WNWm6n8bZdfR6TIkGTcbuBOew/viewform?usp=dialog form] by '''18th August'''. If your community prefers, you are also welcome to reply directly on this message. === What happens next? === The information collected will help us: *Build a network of community contacts for future technical collaboration. *Understand and prioritize the technical needs of Indic Wikimedia communities. *Plan focused technical support and community engagement activities. *Connect communities with developers and relevant technical initiatives where appropriate. </br> Please note that while we will carefully review every submission, our ability to provide support will depend on the complexity of the request, available expertise within the User Group, volunteer bandwidth, and available resources. Although we may not be able to address every request immediately, we will make every effort to prioritize and support as many community needs as possible, and where appropriate, connect communities with the relevant developers or technical channels. We look forward to working more closely with your community! </br> '''Best wishes,''' </br> [[User:Kalli navya|Navya sri Kalli]] </br> ''On behalf of the Indic MediaWiki Developers User Group (IMDUG)'' == WikiRefine: A 15-Day Wikipedia Article Improvement Campaign == Hello everyone, The Open Knowledge Initiatives (OKI) team is pleased to announce '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine WikiRefine]''', a 15-day article improvement campaign taking place from '''7 to 21 November 2026'''. We invite editors from all participating language communities to take part. The campaign aims to encourage Wikimedians to improve the overall quality of Wikipedia articles, with a focus on references, article structure, readability, images, internal links and other aspects of content development. ; Article lists For this campaign, we have prepared lists based on the 100 most-read articles from the last five years for participating language Wikipedias. You can find the article lists and other campaign information here: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine/List_of_Articles View the article lists] ;Evaluating article improvements We will be using the [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/ WikiEval tool], developed to support the evaluation of Wikipedia content during campaigns. It will help assess article quality and track improvements made throughout WikiRefine. ;What happens after the campaign? WikiRefine will also serve as a preparatory activity for a follow-up in-person event focused on qualitative improvements to local-language Wikipedias. We aim to bring together the top two participants (from India only) from each participating community. Their contributions will be assessed by a jury of experienced Wikimedians familiar with the respective languages. We encourage each community to identify up to three organisers, ensuring diverse representation of genders and both new and experienced Wikimedians. Jury members should be experienced contributors with a good understanding of their respective language Wikipedias. '''We invite everyone to participate, improve articles and help make knowledge in our languages more comprehensive and accessible.''' ([[m:IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine/Community Sign-up|Community Sign-up page]]) For more information, please visit the [[m:IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine|WikiRefine project page]]. '''Note:''' A few language Wikipedia article lists have not yet been added to the dedicated page due to a technical issue with the tool. We are working to resolve this and aim to add them before the campaign begins. Thank you! [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) २२:५६, ४ नोभेम्बर २०२६ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (OKI)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_(OKI)/lists/Indic_Wikipedia_VPs&oldid=31250414 --> == WikiRefine Campaign Starts Today – Join the 15-Day Improvement Drive! == ''This is a reminder for all communities: if your community has already signed up or is not planning to participate, please feel free to skip this reminder.'' Dear community members, The **WikiRefine 15-day article improvement campaign** starts today, '''7 November 2026''', and will run until '''21 November 2026'''. The campaign aims to improve the quality of existing articles across participating language Wikipedias. For this campaign, lists based on the 100 most-read articles over the last five years have been prepared for each participating language community. Participants can work on improving references and citations, article structure, readability, images and media, internal links, and other aspects of article quality. Since the campaign begins over a long weekend, you can start at your own pace. If your community needs more time to work on the selected articles, you can extend the campaign period upon request. We will use the [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/ WikiEval tool] to track improvements and assess article quality throughout the campaign. WikiRefine will also serve as preparation for a follow-up in-person event. The '''top two participants from each community''' will be selected based on their contributions for this event. '''How to participate:''' * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine WikiRefine project page] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine/List_of_Articles List of selected articles] * [https://wikieval.toolforge.org/ WikiEval tool] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/IIITH-OKI/Edit-a-thon/WikiRefine/Community_Sign-up Community Sign-up page] We invite everyone to participate and help improve the quality of existing articles in our languages. Happy editing! [[प्रयोगकर्ता:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता कुरणि:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरडी]]) ०२:१७, ८ नोभेम्बर २०२६ (+0545) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (OKI)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_(OKI)/lists/Indic_Wikipedia_VPs&oldid=31250414 --> blai0azxuxzv5qqukx059fv0bmiur27 0 5139 270636 257747 2026-11-08T01:11:08Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = विश्व वातावरण दिवस | type =अन्तरराष्ट्रीय | image = Ecologia.jpg | official_name = संयुक्त राष्ट्र विश्व पर्यावरण दिवस | nickname = ''Eco Day, World Environment Day, WED'' | significance = सम्पूर्ण विश्वलाइ पर्यावरणको सुरक्षा किन चाहिन्छ भन्ने कुरा जानकारी गराउनको लागी। | duration = १ दिन | date = ५ जून | firsttime = {{start date and age|5|6|1974|df=yes}} | observances = पर्यावरण को सुरक्षा }} '''विश्व वातावरण दिवस''' यक अन्तराष्ट्रिय दिवस हो । ५ जुन १९७३ देखि पैल्लो पटक विश्व वातावरण दिवस मनाउन सुरु गरिया हो । [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ|संयुक्त राष्ट्र]]द्वारा घोषित यै दिवस पर्यावरण प्रति वैश्विक स्तरमी राजनैतिक रे सामाजिक जागृति ल्याउन्या उद्देश्यले मनाइन्छ । ‍‍‌‌ ==इतिहास== वातावरण संरक्षणखि लेखा विश्वमी राजनीतिक रे सामाजिक जनचेतना जगाउन्या उद्देश्यका साथ सन् १९७२ का ५ जुनबठे १६ जुनसम्म संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घको महासभाले विश्व वातावरण सम्मेलनको आयोजना अर्या थ्यो । सम्मेलनको यक वर्षपछा वातावरणीय संरक्षणको आवश्यकता महसुुस अरी ५ जुन १९७३ मी पैल्ली फेर विश्व वातावरण दिवस मनाउन सुरु गरिया हो।<ref name="">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sambadmedia.com/?p=92714 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2017-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701161321/http://www.sambadmedia.com/?p=92714 |archive-date=2022-07-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|World Environment Day}} [[श्रेणी:अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय दिवसअन]] du2g4576g4tjlnu2j2s91m8obkxlxy8 0 13173 270630 260109 2026-11-08T01:03:02Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox writer | name = रमेश विकल | image = No-Photo-Available-240x300.jpg | imagesize = | alt = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_date = वि.सं. १९८५ कार्तिक २९ | birth_place = आरुबारी, [[जोरपाटी]], [[काठमाडौं]], [[नेपाल]] | death_date = वि.सं. २०६५ पुस ०२ | death_place = [[काठमाडौं]] | resting_place = | occupation = [[साहित्यकार]] | nationality = {{flagicon|नेपाल}} [[नेपाली (स्पष्टता)|नेपाली]] | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | Blood Group = | notableworks = [[नयाँसडकको गीत|नयाँ सडकको गीत]] | spouse = सुशीला | children = | influences = | influenced = | awards = [[मदन पुरस्कार]] | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | portaldisp = }} '''रमेश विकल''' (वि.सं. १९८५ – २०६५) नेपाली कथाकार र उपन्यासकार थिए । ==कार्य== रचना - वि.सं. २००६मा शारदामा गरीब शीर्षकको कथा प्रकाशित मौलिक कृति :- * १) नयाँसडकको गीत * २) विरानो देशमा * ३) एउटा बूढो भ्वाइलिन आशावरीको धूनमा * ४) आज फेरि तन्ना फेरिन्छ * ५) शव सालिक र सहस्र बुद्ध * ६) उर्मिला भाउजू कथा संग्रह * ७) सुनौली * ८) अविरल बग्दछ इन्द्रावती, उपन्यास * ९) सात सूर्य एक फन्को * १०) निलगिरीको छांयामा यात्रा साहित्य * ११) सप्तरंग * १२) भक्तिथापा * १३) मिल्किएको माणि नाटक * १४) अगेनाको डिलमा * १५) विक्रम र नौलो ग्रह * १६) सातथुंगा बाल साहित्य ==बाह्य लिङ्कहरू== * [http://www.madanpuraskar.org/guthi/rameshbikal.php मदन पुरस्कार गुठी] * [http://www.majheri.com/taxonomy/term/124 रमेश विकलका रचनाहरू (मझेरी डट कममा)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180907041526/http://koirala.com.np/?p=11281 रमेश विकल जानौं] {{नेपाली भाषाका साहित्यकारअन}} [[Category:जीवनी]] [[Category:साहित्य]] ffb24xfkfxpkssusc4uho8sd5xzxlvl 0 13612 270583 259095 2026-11-08T00:10:22Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = टेलर स्विफ्ट | image = Taylor Swift 2 - 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg | alt = Taylor Swift on the red carpet at the iHeartRadio Music Awards 2019 | caption = सन् २०१९ मे मी टेलर स्विफ्ट | birth_name = टेलर एलिसन स्विफ्ट | birth_date = {{birth date and age |1989|12|13}} | birth_place = [[पेन्सिलभेनिया|रिडिङ पेन्सिलभेनिया]], [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * गायिका , गीत रचनाकार * अभिनेत्री }} | years_active = २००४–हाल | net_worth = $३२०&nbsp; मिलियन (अगस्ट २०१८ को अनुसार) | website = {{URL|taylorswift.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = {{flatlist| * [[पप सङ्गीत|पप]] * [[कन्ट्रि पप|कन्ट्रि पप]] }} | background = solo_singer | associated_acts = | instrument = {{flatlist| * स्वर * गितार * बन्जो * पियानो * जुकालि }} | label = {{flatlist| * [[अार.सि.ए रेकर्ड|आर.सी.ए]] * [[बिग मेसिन रेकर्डस्|बिग मेसिन]]}} }} }} '''टेलर एलिसन स्विफ्ट''' (जन्म १३ डिसेम्बर १९८९) यक अमेरिकी विश्व प्रसिद्धि कन्ट्रि-पप गायिका, गीत रचनाकार, सङ्गीतिकार तथा अभिनेत्री हुन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/taylor-swift-13896.php |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट |publisher=द फेमस पिपुल|date=}}</ref> स्विफ्टले १४ वर्षको उमेरमी व्यावसायिक गीत लेखन सुरु गरे। उनले २००५ मी बिग मेसिन रेकर्ड्समी हस्ताक्षर गरे रे "टेलर स्विफ्ट (एल्बम) (2006) रे "फियरलेस (टेलर स्विफ्ट एल्बम)" (2008) एल्बमहरू मार्फत कन्ट्री पप गायिकाको रूपमी प्रमुखता हासिल गरिन्। । 2018 मा रिपब्लिक रेकर्डसँग हस्ताक्षर गरेपछि, स्विफ्टले एक्लेक्टिक पप एल्बम ''Lover (एल्बम)'' (2019) र आत्मकथात्मक वृत्तचित्र ''मिस अमेरिकाना'' (2020) जारी गरिन्। विश्वको सबैभन्दा धेरै बिक्रि हुने संगीतकारहरू मध्ये एक, स्विफ्टले २०१९ सम्म २०० मिलियन भन्दा बढी रेकर्डहरू बेचेको छ। उनी सबैभन्दा धेरै कमाउने महिला टूरिङ एक्ट, स्पोटिफाई र एप्पल म्युजिकमा सबैभन्दा बढी स्ट्रिम गर्ने महिला, र आयको मुख्य स्रोतको रूपमा संगीतको साथ पहिलो अरबपति हुन्। == जीवन र करियर == ===बाल्यकाल=== [[File:Grandview Blvd 76, Wyomissing PA.JPG|thumb|स्विफ्टको बाल्यकालको घर वायोमिसिङ, पेन्सिलभेनियामा]] टेलर एलिसन स्विफ्टको जन्म 13 डिसेम्बर, 1989, <ref name="Newsround-2020">{{cite news|date=March 2, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift: The record-breaking artist in numbers|work=[[Newsround]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/51711128|url-status=live|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308182512/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/51711128|archive-date=March 8, 2020}}</ref> वेस्ट रिडिङ, पेन्सिलभेनियामा भएको थियो।<ref name="Sutherland-2015">{{cite news|last=Sutherland|first=Mark|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/11430433/Taylor-Swift-interview-A-relationship-No-ones-going-to-sign-up-for-this.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/11430433/Taylor-Swift-interview-A-relationship-No-ones-going-to-sign-up-for-this.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Taylor Swift interview: 'A relationship? No one's going to sign up for this'|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=May 23, 2015|access-date=April 20, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> उनको नाम गायक-गीतकार जेम्स टेलरको नाममा राखिएको हो।<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Scott |first=Walter |date=June 11, 2015 |title=What Famous Pop Star Is Named After James Taylor? |url=https://parade.com/404291/walterscott/what-famous-pop-star-is-named-after-james-taylor/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015232256/https://parade.com/404291/walterscott/what-famous-pop-star-is-named-after-james-taylor/ |archive-date=October 15, 2016 |access-date=December 12, 2018}}</ref> उनका बुबा, स्कट किंग्सले स्विफ्ट, मेरिल लिन्चका पूर्व स्टक ब्रोकर थिए<ref>{{cite web|date=May 23, 2015|title=Taylor Swift is not an "underdog": The real story about her 1 percent upbringing that the New York Times won't tell you|url=https://www.salon.com/2015/05/22/taylor_swift_is_not_an_underdog_the_real_story_about_her_1_percent_upbringing_that_the_new_york_times_wont_tell_you/|access-date=December 26, 2020|work=[[Salon.com]]|archive-date=May 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525020227/https://www.salon.com/2015/05/22/taylor_swift_is_not_an_underdog_the_real_story_about_her_1_percent_upbringing_that_the_new_york_times_wont_tell_you/|url-status=live}}</ref> र उनकी आमा, एन्ड्रिया गार्डनर स्विफ्ट, एक म्युचुअल फन्ड मार्केटिङ कार्यकारीको रूपमा काम गर्थिन्।{{sfn|Jepson|2013|page=1}} स्विफ्टका कान्छो भाइ अस्टिन एक अभिनेता हुन्।<ref>{{cite news|last=Roth|first=Madeline|date=May 19, 2015|title=Taylor Swift's Brother Had The Most Epic Graduation Weekend Ever|publisher=[[MTV News]]|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2164771/austin-swift-epic-graduation-weekend/|url-status=live|access-date=July 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192253/http://www.mtv.com/news/2164771/austin-swift-epic-graduation-weekend/|archive-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref> स्विफ्टकी आमा स्कटिश र जर्मन मूलकी हुन्, र उनको बुबा स्कटिश र अंग्रेजी वंशको टाढाको इटालियन पुर्खाका हुन्।<ref>{{Cite news |first=Gabriel |last=McKay |authorlink= |title=Taylor Swift Edinburgh: Is star the real queen of Scotland? |newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |date=July 6, 2023 |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/arts_ents/23623229.taylor-swift-edinburgh-star-real-queen-scotland/ |via= |access-date=February 4, 2024 |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201171031/https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/arts_ents/23623229.taylor-swift-edinburgh-star-real-queen-scotland/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="scottish-heritage">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/taylor-swift-reveals-scottish-heritage-at-packed-glasgow-gig-tells-the-crowd-i-am-one-of-you-10342590.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/taylor-swift-reveals-scottish-heritage-at-packed-glasgow-gig-tells-the-crowd-i-am-one-of-you-10342590.html |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|first=Loulla-Mae|last=Eleftheriou-Smith|title=Taylor Swift tells Scotland: 'I am one of you'|date=June 24, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Independent]]|access-date=July 10, 2019}}</ref> स्विफ्टका हजुरबुवा, चार्ल्स सीए बाल्डी, एक इटालियन आप्रवासी उद्यमी र सामुदायिक नेता थिए जसले 1800 मा फिलाडेल्फियामा धेरै व्यवसायहरू खोलेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vadala|first=Nick|title=Taylor Swift ancestor's home added to Philly Register of Historic Places|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/entertainment/celebrities/taylor-swifts-great-great-grandfathers-home-added-to-philadelphia-register-of-historic-places-20170714.html|access-date=January 15, 2021|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=July 14, 2017 |archive-date=May 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525020227/https://www.inquirer.com/philly/entertainment/celebrities/taylor-swifts-great-great-grandfathers-home-added-to-philadelphia-register-of-historic-places-20170714.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 25, 2017|title=Taylor Swift's Great-Great-Grandfather's Philly Home Gets Historic Landmark Status|url=https://apnews.com/article/c8cba53f9c3d4c3aba3c656f95141fad|access-date=January 15, 2021|website=AP NEWS|archive-date=May 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522084847/https://apnews.com/article/c8cba53f9c3d4c3aba3c656f95141fad|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scottish-heritage"/> उनकी हजुरआमा, मार्जोरी फिनले, एक ओपेरा गायक थिइन्, <ref>{{cite web|date=September 17, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift stammt aus dem Freistaat |url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/deutschland-welt/taylor-swift-stammt-aus-dem-freistaat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231210129/https://www.br.de/nachrichten/deutschland-welt/taylor-swift-stammt-aus-dem-freistaat,74u30ctj64uk4dtr6mukgd1h68w0 |archive-date=December 31, 2021 |access-date=July 23, 2023 |publisher=[[BR24]] |language=de}}</ref>जसको चर्चमा गायन संगीतमा उनको प्रारम्भिक सम्झनाहरू मध्ये एक बन्यो जसले उनको करियरलाई आकार दियो।{{sfn|Jepson|2013|p=1}} स्विफ्ट अमेरिकी कवि एमिली डिकिन्सनको दुई पटक हटाइएका छैटौं काका हुन्।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisholtz |first=Drew |date=March 4, 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Taylor Swift and an iconic American poet are related, Ancestry reveals |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/taylor-swift-emily-dickinson-related-rcna141604 |access-date=March 4, 2024 |work=Today |archive-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304230138/https://www.today.com/popculture/taylor-swift-emily-dickinson-related-rcna141604 |url-status=live }}</ref> स्विफ्टले उनको प्रारम्भिक वर्षहरू क्रिसमस ट्री फार्ममा बिताए जुन उनका बुबाले आफ्ना ग्राहकहरू मध्ये एकबाट किनेका थिए।<ref name="widdicombe1" /><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Raab|first=Scott|url=http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/music/a30491/taylor-swift-1114/ |title=Taylor Swift Interview|magazine=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=October 20, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216031004/http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/music/a30491/taylor-swift-1114/|archive-date=February 16, 2015}}</ref> उनी क्रिस्चियन हुन्।<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://relevantmagazine.com/culture/taylor-swift-on-politicians-co-opting-faith-im-a-christian-thats-not-what-we-stand-for/|title=Taylor Swift on Politicians Co-opting Faith: 'I'm a Christian. That's Not What We Stand For'|magazine=[[Relevant (magazine)|Relevant]]|date=January 31, 2020|access-date=April 2, 2020|archive-date=November 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125042517/https://relevantmagazine.com/culture/taylor-swift-on-politicians-co-opting-faith-im-a-christian-thats-not-what-we-stand-for/|url-status=live}}</ref> उनले Wyndcroft स्कूलमा स्थानान्तरण गर्नु अघि बर्नार्डिन फ्रान्सिस्कन बहिनीहरूद्वारा<ref>{{cite news|last=Uhrich|first=Bill|url=http://readingeagle.com/articlephotos.aspx?id=195866|title=Photos Students at Alvernia Montessori School sending Taylor Swift a valentine |newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]]|date=February 13, 2010|access-date=February 25, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085055/http://readingeagle.com/articlephotos.aspx?id=195866|archive-date=October 16, 2013}}</ref> सञ्चालित Alvernia Montessori School मा प्रिस्कूल र किन्डरगार्टन भर्ना गरिन्।<ref name="readingeagle1">{{cite news|last=Hatza|first=George|url=http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=116460|title=Taylor Swift: Growing into superstardom|newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]]|date=December 8, 2008|access-date=April 17, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401101613/http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=116460|archive-date=April 1, 2012}}</ref> परिवार वायोमिसिङ, पेन्सिलभेनियामा भाडाको घरमा सर्यो,<ref>{{cite news|last=Mennen|first=Lauren |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/business/real_estate/Taylor_Swifts_Wyomissing_childhood_home_on_the_market_for_799500.html|title=Taylor Swift's Wyomissing childhood home on the market for $799,500|newspaper=[[Philadelphia Daily News]]|access-date=October 13, 2016|date=November 12, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017134537/http://www.philly.com/philly/business/real_estate/Taylor_Swifts_Wyomissing_childhood_home_on_the_market_for_799500.html|archive-date=October 17, 2016}}</ref> जहाँ स्विफ्टले वायोमिसिङ एरिया जुनियर/सिनियर हाई स्कूलमा पढे।<ref>{{cite news|last=Chang|first=David|url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Taylor-Swift-Wedding-Berks-County-Reading-Pennsylvania-369611241.html|title=Taylor Swift Returns to Reading Pennsylvania as Maid of Honor in Friend's Wedding|date=February 22, 2016|access-date=August 26, 2016|publisher=[[WCAU]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916152958/http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Taylor-Swift-Wedding-Berks-County-Reading-Pennsylvania-369611241.html|archive-date=September 16, 2016}}</ref> नौ वर्षको उमेरमा, स्विफ्टले म्युजिकल थिएटरमा रुचि राखे र चारवटा बर्क्स युथ थिएटर एकेडेमी निर्माणमा प्रदर्शन गरिन्।<ref>{{cite news|title=Taylor Swift, Age 12|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/photographer-reveals-rare-photos-taylor-swift-international-star-gallery-1.2072369?pmSlide=1.2072339|access-date=August 26, 2016|newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827003623/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/photographer-reveals-rare-photos-taylor-swift-international-star-gallery-1.2072369?pmSlide=1.2072339|archive-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> उनी नियमित रूपमा भोकल र अभिनय पाठका लागि न्यूयोर्क शहर पनि जान्थिन्।<ref>{{cite web|last=Cooper|first=Brittany Joy|url=http://tasteofcountry.com/taylor-swift-acting-emma-stone/|title=Taylor Swift Opens Up About a Future in Acting and Admiration for Emma Stone|work=[[Taste of Country]]|date=April 15, 2012|access-date=April 17, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417225849/http://tasteofcountry.com/taylor-swift-acting-emma-stone/|archive-date=April 17, 2012}}</ref> उनले स्थानीय उत्सव र कार्यक्रमहरूमा प्रदर्शन गर्दै सप्ताहन्त बिताइन्।<ref name="Rolling Stone 2008-12-08">''[[Rolling Stone]]'' Interview: The Unabridged Taylor Swift, December 2, 2008</ref><ref name="albuminfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1546980/when-she-thinks-tim-mcgraw-taylor-swift-savors-payoff/|title=When She Thinks 'Tim McGraw', Taylor Swift Savors Payoff: Hardworking Teen to Open for George Strait Next Year|date=December 1, 2006|first=Edward|last=Morris|publisher=[[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]]|access-date=March 11, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626105553/http://www.cmt.com/news/1546980/when-she-thinks-tim-mcgraw-taylor-swift-savors-payoff/|archive-date=June 26, 2015}}</ref> फेथ हिलको बारेमा डकुमेन्ट्री हेरेपछि, स्विफ्टले संगीतमा क्यारियर बनाउनको लागि नासभिल, टेनेसीमा सर्न आवश्यक महसुस गरे।<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite news|last=Diu|first=Nisha Lilia|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/8421110/Taylor-Swift-interview-I-wont-do-sexy-shoots.html|title=Taylor Swift: 'I won't do sexy shoots'|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=April 3, 2011|access-date=April 17, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506063028/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/8421110/Taylor-Swift-interview-I-wont-do-sexy-shoots.html|archive-date=May 6, 2013}}</ref>उनले त्यहाँ एघार वर्षको उमेरमा आफ्नी आमासँग रेकर्ड लेबलहरू हेर्नको लागि यात्रा गारिन र डली पार्टन र डिक्सी चिक्स कराओके कभरहरूको डेमो टेपहरू पेश गारिन।<ref name="CMT 2008-11-26">{{cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1600309/cmt-insider-interview-taylor-swift-part-1-of-2/|title=News : CMT Insider Interview: Taylor Swift (Part 1 of 2)|publisher=[[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]]|date=November 26, 2008|access-date=July 1, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123055134/http://www.cmt.com/news/1600309/cmt-insider-interview-taylor-swift-part-1-of-2/|archive-date=January 23, 2015}}</ref> तर, उनी अस्वीकृत भए किनभने "त्यो सहरका सबैजना मैले गर्न चाहेको काम गर्न चाहन्थे। त्यसोभए, म आफैंमा सोचिरहेँ, मलाई फरक हुनको लागि एउटा तरिका पत्ता लगाउन आवश्यक छ।"<ref name="americansongwriter2">{{Cite magazine|last=Malec|first=Jim|url=https://www.americansongwriter.com/2011/05/taylor-swift-the-garden-in-the-machine/|title=Taylor Swift: The Garden In The Machine|magazine=[[American Songwriter]]|date=May 2, 2011|access-date=May 21, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510173906/http://www.americansongwriter.com/2011/05/taylor-swift-the-garden-in-the-machine/|archive-date=May 10, 2012}}</ref> उनले ग्रीष्म ऋतुहरू स्टोन हार्बर, न्यू जर्सीमा बिताइन् जबसम्म उनी चौध वर्षको उमेरमा स्थानीय कफी पसलमा प्रदर्शन गर्दै।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Qureshi |first1=Hira |title=Visit this Stone Harbor café where Taylor Swift was 'always coming in to play' as a child |url=https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/life/2021/12/02/stone-harbor-nj-coffee-talk-taylor-swift-early-years/8685370002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026233155/https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/life/2021/12/02/stone-harbor-nj-coffee-talk-taylor-swift-early-years/8685370002/ |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |access-date=December 12, 2022 |website=[[Courier-Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kuperinsky |first1=Amy |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift shouts out Jersey Shore town in video for surprise album |url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2020/07/taylor-swift-shouts-out-jersey-shore-town-in-video-for-surprise-album.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212232831/https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2020/07/taylor-swift-shouts-out-jersey-shore-town-in-video-for-surprise-album.html |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2022 |publisher=[[NJ.com]]}}</ref> २००२ मा, जब उनी लगभग बाह्र वर्षकी थिइन्, स्थानीय संगीतकार रोनी क्रेमरले उनलाई गितार बजाउन सिकाए। क्रेमरले गीतकारको रूपमा उनको पहिलो प्रयासमा मद्दत गरे, जसले उनलाई "लकी यू" लेख्न अग्रसर गर्यो।<ref>{{cite news|last1=Martino|first1=Andy|title=EXCLUSIVE: The real story of Taylor Swift's guitar 'legend'|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/computer-tech-taught-taylor-swift-guitar-exclusive-article-1.2072638|access-date=August 28, 2017|newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |date=January 10, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122040522/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/computer-tech-taught-taylor-swift-guitar-exclusive-article-1.2072638|archive-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> 2003 मा, स्विफ्ट र उनका आमाबाबुले न्यूयोर्क-आधारित प्रतिभा प्रबन्धक डेन डिम्ट्रोसँग काम गर्न थाले। उनको सहयोगमा, स्विफ्टले आफ्नो "राइजिङ स्टार्स" अभियानको भागको रूपमा Abercrombie र Fitch को लागि मोडेल गरे, एउटा मौलिक गीत मेबेलाइन संकलन सीडीमा समावेश गरिएको थियो, र प्रमुख रेकर्ड लेबलहरू सहित।<ref name="americanbar">{{cite web|title= Dymtrow v. Swift et al: Federal Civil LawsuitNew York Southern District Court, Case No. 1:07-cv-11277-RJS|url=http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/Forums/entsports/PublicDocuments/oppositionbrief.authcheckdam.PDF|access-date=April 18, 2012|publisher=[[American Bar Association]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011190303/http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/Forums/entsports/PublicDocuments/oppositionbrief.authcheckdam.PDF|archive-date=October 11, 2012}}</ref> आरसीए रेकर्ड शोकेसमा मौलिक गीतहरू प्रदर्शन गरेपछि, तेह्र वर्षकी स्विफ्टलाई कलाकार विकास सम्झौता दिइयो र आफ्नी आमासँग न्यासभिलको बारम्बार यात्रा गर्न थालिन।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31032270/ns/dateline_nbc-newsmakers/t/tour-taylor-swift/|title=On tour with Taylor Swift|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=May 31, 2009|access-date=July 1, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005101242/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31032270/ns/dateline_nbc-newsmakers/t/tour-taylor-swift/|archive-date=October 5, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Monsueto Ventures">{{Cite magazine|last1=Castro|first1=Vicky|title=How to Succeed as an Entrepreneur, Taylor Swift Style|url=http://www.inc.com/vicky-castro/how-to-succeed-as-an-entrepreneur-taylor-swift-style.html|magazine=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607100913/http://www.inc.com/vicky-castro/how-to-succeed-as-an-entrepreneur-taylor-swift-style.html|archive-date=June 7, 2016|access-date=February 9, 2015|date=February 6, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Willman-2007">{{Cite magazine|first=Chris|last=Willman|date=July 25, 2007|title=Getting to know Taylor Swift|url=https://ew.com/article/2007/07/25/getting-know-taylor-swift/|access-date=January 25, 2022|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|archive-date=May 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524211942/https://ew.com/article/2007/07/25/getting-know-taylor-swift/|url-status=live}}</ref> === गीत लेखन=== स्विफ्टको गीत लेखनप्रतिको आकर्षण बाल्यकालदेखि नै सुरु भएको थियो ।उनले आफ्नी आमालाई क्लास प्रस्तुतीकरणको लागि तयार गर्न मद्दत गरेर आत्मविश्वास र प्रारम्भिक गीत लेखन रुचिको श्रेय दिए।<ref>{{cite news |last=Bream |first=Jon |date=December 7, 2007 |title=Music: OMG! Taylor's senior year |url=http://www.startribune.com/omg-taylor-s-senior-year/12149446/?elr=KArks%3ADCiU1PciUiD3aPc%3A_Yyc%3AaUoaEYY_1Pc_bDaEP7U |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712083112/http://www.startribune.com/omg-taylor-s-senior-year/12149446/?elr=KArks%3ADCiU1PciUiD3aPc%3A_Yyc%3AaUoaEYY_1Pc_bDaEP7U |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date=July 1, 2012 |newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]}}</ref><ref name="sessionsinterview" /> 2011 मा न्यु योर्कर मा, स्विफ्टले भनिन् कि उनले पहिलो गीतकारको रूपमा पहिचान गरे: "म गीतहरू लेख्छु, र मेरो आवाज ती गीतहरू प्राप्त गर्ने माध्यम हो"।<ref name="widdicombe1" /> उनको व्यक्तिगत अनुभवहरु उनको प्रारम्भिक गीतहरु को लागी एक साझा प्रेरणा थियो, जसले उनको जीवन नेभिगेट गर्न मद्दत गर्यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304510704575562401576663866|title=Taylor Swift's Solo Act|last=Farley|first=Christopher John|date=October 22, 2010|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=May 24, 2012|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201211555/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304510704575562401576663866|archive-date=February 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name="telltale">{{Cite magazine|last1=Jo Sales|first1=Nancy|last2=Diehl|first2=Jessica|date=April 2013|title=Taylor Swift's Telltale Heart|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/04/taylor-swift-cover-story|url-status=live|access-date=February 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130205206/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/04/taylor-swift-cover-story|archive-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> उनको पहिलो तीन स्टुडियो एल्बमहरूमा, प्रेम, हृदयघात, र असुरक्षा, किशोरावस्थाको दृष्टिकोणबाट, प्रमुख विषयवस्तुहरू थिए।<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="Kelly-2009">{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=James|url=http://www.accessatlanta.com/news/entertainment/music/taylor-swift-writing-her-own-songs-and-rules/nQy5n/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908123045/http://www.accessatlanta.com/news/entertainment/music/taylor-swift-writing-her-own-songs-and-rules/nQy5n/|archive-date=September 8, 2014|title=Taylor Swift writing her own songs and rules|newspaper=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|date=August 26, 2009|access-date=July 30, 2012}}</ref> उनले रेडमा विषाक्त सम्बन्धको कोलाहलमा डुबेकी थिइन् र<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8030142/taylor-swift-red-best-album/|title=Why Taylor Swift's ''Red'' Is Her Best Album|date=November 8, 2017|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=December 27, 2020|first=Sam|last=Lansky|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126142545/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8030142/taylor-swift-red-best-album|url-status=live}}</ref> 1989 मा नोस्टाल्जिया र पोस्ट-रोमान्स सकारात्मकतालाई अँगालेकी थिइन्। ''Reputation'' स्विफ्टको प्रसिद्धिको डाउनसाइडबाट प्रेरित भएको थियो,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-moments-that-couldnt-fit-in-our-cover-story-890700/|title=9 Taylor Swift Moments That Didn't Fit in Our Cover Story|last=Hiatt|first=Brian|date=September 30, 2019|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=October 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001144210/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-moments-that-couldnt-fit-in-our-cover-story-890700/|url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> र ''love'' उनको ''full spectrum of love'' को अनुभूतिको विवरण दिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onairwithryan.iheart.com/featured/ryan-seacrest/content/2019-08-27-taylor-swift-talks-newfound-freedom-lover-tour-plans-and-so-much-more/|title=Taylor Swift Talks Newfound 'Freedom,' 'Lover' Tour Plans and So Much More|website=[[On Air with Ryan Seacrest]]|date=August 27, 2019|access-date=March 22, 2020|archive-date=April 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408215457/https://onairwithryan.iheart.com/featured/ryan-seacrest/content/2019-08-27-taylor-swift-talks-newfound-freedom-lover-tour-plans-and-so-much-more/|url-status=live}}</ref> == एल्बमअन == * ''[[टेलर स्विफ्ट (एल्बम)|टेलर स्विफ्ट]]'' (२००६) * ''[[फिएरलेस (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम|फिएरलेस]]'' (सन् २००८) * ''[[स्पिक नाउ (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|स्पिक नाउ]]'' (सन् २०१०) * ''[[रेड (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|रेड]]'' (सन् २०१२) * ''[[१९८९ (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|१९८९]]'' (सन् २०१४) * ''[[रेपुटेसन (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|रेपुटेसन]]'' (सन् २०१७) ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} == बाइल्ला सूत्रअन == * [http://taylorswift.com आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] * {{IMDb name|2357847|टेलर स्विफ्ट}} [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] [[श्रेणी:अमेरिकी अभिनेत्री]] ovwd4e16a6d2toyhemhk67ks6z60lvy 0 13642 270598 266120 2026-11-08T00:29:28Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Political post |post = प्रधानमन्त्री |body = नेपाल |insignia = |insigniasize = 125px |insigniacaption = नेपालको चिन्ह |image = The Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. K.P. Sharma Oli calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on April 06, 2018 (cropped).jpg |imagesize = 165px |incumbent = [[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]] |incumbentsince = ३१ असार २०८१ |residence = बालुवाटार [[सिंह दरवार]], [[काठमाण्डौ]] |style = सम्माननीय |appointer = [[नेपालका राष्ट्रपति]] |termlength = ५ बर्ष |formation = बि.सं १८५५ देखि मूलकाजीको रुपमा |inaugural = मूलकाजी [[दामोदर पाँडे]] |website = }} {{Merge to |नेपाल का प्रधानमन्त्रीइन|date=मे २०१९}} {{नेपालको राजनीति}} नेपालमाी [[प्रधानमन्त्री]]आ पद सन् [[१७९९]] मी सुरू भया माणीया छ। मूलकाजी [[दामोदर पाण्डे]]ले राजा [[रणबहादुर शाह]]को अनुपस्थितिमअं मूलकाजी भै सशक्त एकलौटी शासन चलाया थ्यो। दामोदरआ हत्या पश्चात [[भीमसेन थापा]] मुख्तियार पदमी नियुक्त भया थ्यो। उन पछा सब्बै प्रधानमन्त्रीलाई [[मुख्तियार]] भणीन्थ्यो। प्राइम मिनिष्टर (प्रधानमन्त्री) भणी सम्बोधन गरिया: तथा प्रथम पटक प्रधानमन्त्रीको श्रीपेच लाउन्या [[माथवरसिंह थापा]] हुन्। तर दामोदर पाण्डेभन्दा पूर्व नेपाल एकीकरणपश्चात काजी [[अभिमान सिंह बस्नेत]]ले मुख्य प्रशासक मूलकाजीको उपाधिले कार्यसम्पादन गर्दथ्यो । त्यसैले उनी एकीकृत नेपालका प्रथम प्रधानमन्त्री सरहका व्यक्तित्व हुन् । त्यस्तै देवानकाजी [[वंशराज पाण्डे]], राजकुमार [[बहादुर शाह]], मूलकाजी [[कीर्तिमान् सिँह बस्न्यात]] र मूलकाजी [[बख्तावर सिंह बस्न्यात]] स्पष्ट प्रतिनिधि देखिन्छन् ।<ref name="knownepalshistory">https://knownepalshistory.blogspot.com/2016/09/prime-ministers-of-nepal-before-bhimsen.html?showComment=1489935927353&m=1#c8178148443274477370</ref> {{Verifiability}} ==नेपाल एकीकरणपश्चात (सन् १७६८-१७९९) सम्मका प्रधानमन्त्री सरह व्यक्तित्व== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;" |- ! चित्र ! व्यक्तित्वको नाम</br> (जीवन-मृत्यु) ! व्यक्तित्वको पद ! राजनीतिक पक्ष |- |[[File:Abhiman Singh Basnet.jpg|60px]] |[[अभिमान सिंह बस्न्यात]] |मूलकाजी | |- | |[[सर्वजीत राना मगर]] |मूलकाजी | |- | |[[वंशराज पाँडे]] |देवानकाजी | |- | |[[स्वरुप सिंह कार्की]] |मूलकाजी | |- | |[[बहादुर शाह]] |[[चौतारिया]], राजप्रतिनिधि | |- |[[File:Kirtiman Singh Basnyat.jpg|60px]] |[[कीर्तिमान् सिँह बस्न्यात]] |मूलकाजी | |- | |[[बख्तावर सिंह बस्न्यात]] |मूलकाजी | |} *[[रणजीत पाँडे]] पनि [[दामोदर पाँडे]] पश्चात मूलकाजी भै प्रशासन चलाएको कहीं कहीं मानियाको थ्यो। <ref name="knownepalshistory"/> ==नेपाल अधिराज्य (राजतन्त्र)मी भया प्रधानमन्त्रीअनको सूची (सन् १७९९–२००८)== ===निरङ्कुश राजतन्त्रमी भया प्रधानमन्त्रीअन (सन् १७९९- सन् १९९०) === ===थापा/पाण्डे शासनकालमी भया [[प्रधानमन्त्री]]अन (१७९९-१८४६)=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !rowspan=2 | # !width=60px rowspan=2|चित्र !width=30% rowspan=2|प्रधानमन्त्रीको नाम<br /><small>(जन्म-मृत्यु) !width=28% colspan=2|अवधि !rowspan=2|[[राजनीतिक दल|राजनीतिक दल]] वा सामुहिक गुटबन्दी |- !पदभार सम्भाल्या !पदभार छोड्या |- |१ |[[File:Damodar Pande.jpg|60px]] |'''[[दामोदर पाण्डे]]''' <br /><small>(१७५२-१८०४) |१७९९ |१८०४ | [[पाँडे वंश]] |- | — |[[File:Rana Bahadur Shah.jpg|60px]] |''राजा - [[रणबहादुर शाह]] द्वारा शासन संचालित'' <br /><small>(१७७७-१८०६) | १८०४ | १८०६ | |- |२ |[[File:Bhimsen Thapa.jpg|60px]] |'''[[भीमसेन थापा]]''' <br /><small>(१७७५-१८३९) | बि.सं. १८६३<ref name=":0">[https://www.opmcm.gov.np/former-pm/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173519/http://www.opmcm.gov.np/former-pm/ |date=2018-12-25 }}नेपालका पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्रीहरु : नेपाल सरकार प्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषदको कार्यालय</ref> | १८९४<ref name=":0" /> | [[थापा वंश]] |- |३ |[[File:Ranajang Pande.jpg|60px]] |'''[[रणजंग पाँडे|रणजङ्ग पाण्डे]]''' (१/२) <br /><small>(?–१८४३) | १८३७ | १८३७ | [[पाँडे वंश]] |- |४ |[[File:Ranganath Paudyal.jpg |60px]] |'''[[पण्डित]] [[रङ्गनाथ पौडेल]]''' (१/२) <br /><small>(१७७३–?) | बि.सं. १८९४<ref name=":0" /> | १८९५ | [[थापा वंश]] पक्ष |- |५ |[[चित्र:Puskar Shah.jpg|60px]] |'''[[चौतरिया]] [[पुष्कर शाह]]''' <br /><small>(१७८४-१८४६) | बि.सं. १८९५ | १८९६ | [[चौतारिया]] |- ||३ |[[File:Ranajang Pande.jpg|60px]] |'''[[रणजंग पाँडे|रणजङ्ग पाण्डे]]''' (२/२) <br /><small>(?-१८४३) | बि.सं. १८९६ | १८९७ | [[पाँडे वंश]] |- |४ |[[File:Ranganath Paudyal.jpg |60px]] |'''[[पण्डित]] [[रङ्गनाथ पौडेल]]''' (२/२) <br /><small>(१७७३-?) | १८४० | १८४० | [[थापा वंश]] पक्ष |- |६ |[[File:Fatteh Jang Shah.jpg|60px]] |'''[[चौतरिया]] [[फत्तेजंग शाह|फत्तेजङ्ग शाह]]''' (१/२) <br /><small>(१८०५-१८४६) | बि.सं. १८९७ | १९०० | [[चौतारिया]] |- |७ |[[File:Mathabar Simha Thapa.jpg|60px]] |'''[[माथवरसिंह थापा|माथवरसिँह थापा]]''' <br /><small>(१७९८-१८४५) | बि.सं.१९०० | १९०२ | [[थापा वंश]] |- |६ |[[File:Fatteh Jang Shah.jpg|60px]] |'''[[चौतरिया]] [[फत्तेजंग शाह|फत्तेजङ्ग शाह]]''' (२/२) <br /><small>(१८०५-१८४६) | बि.सं. १९०२ | १९०३ असोज २ | [[चौतारिया]] पक्ष |} ===राणा शासनकालमी भया [[प्रधानमन्त्री]]अन (१९०३-२००७)=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !rowspan=2 | # !width=60px rowspan=2|चित्र !width=30% rowspan=2|प्रधानमन्त्रीको नाम<br /><small>(जन्म-मृत्यु) !width=28% colspan=2|अवधि !rowspan=2|[[राजनीतिक दल|राजनीतिक दल]] वा समुह |- !पदभार सम्भालेको !पदभार छोडेको |- |८ |[[File:Jung bahadur 1877.jpg|60px]] |'''[[जंगबहादुर राणा|जङ्गबहादुर कुँवर राणा]] ''' (१/२) <br /><small>(१८१७-१८७७) | बि.सं.१९०३ असोज २ | १९१३ | [[राणा वंश]] |- |९ |[[File:Bam Bahadur Kunwar.jpg|60px]] |'''[[बमबहादुर राणा|बमबहादुर कुँवर राणा]] ''' <br /><small>(१८१८-१८५७) | बि.सं. १९१३ | १९१४ | [[राणा वंश]] |- | — |[[File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[कृष्णबहादुर राणा|कृष्णबहादुर कुँवर राणा]]''' (कार्यकारी)<br /><br /><small>(१८२३-१८६३) | २५ मे १८५७ | २८ जुन १८५७ | [[राणा वंश]] |- |८ |[[File:Jung bahadur 1877.jpg|60px]] |'''[[जंगबहादुर राणा|जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]''' (२/२) <br /><small>(१८१७-१८७७) | बि.सं.१९१४ | १९३३ | [[राणा वंश]] |- |१० |[[File:Ranaudip Singh Bahadur Rana.jpg|60px]] |'''[[रणोद्दिप सिँह बहादुर राणा|रणोद्दिप सिँह कुँवर राणा]]''' <br /><small>(१८२५-१८५५) | बि.सं १९३३ | १९४२ | [[राणा वंश]] |- |११ |[[File:Bir Shamsher.jpg|60px]] |'''[[वीर शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|वीर शम्शेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]''' <br /><small>(१८५२-१९०१) | बि.सं १९४२ | १९५७ | [[राणा]] पक्ष |- |१२ |[[File:Dev Shamsher.jpg|60px]] |'''[[देव शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|देव शम्शेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]''' <br /><small>(१८६२-१९१४) | बि.सं १९५७ | १९५८ | [[राणा]] पक्ष |- |१३ | |'''[[चन्द्र शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|चन्द्र शम्शेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]''' <br /><small>(१८६३-१९२९) |बि.सं १९५८ | १९८६ | [[राणा]] पक्ष |- |१४ |[[File:Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.jpg|60px]] |'''[[भिम शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]''' <br /><small>(१८६५-१९३२) | बि.सं १९८६ | १९८९ | [[राणा]] पक्ष |- |१५ |[[File:Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.jpg|60px]] |'''[[जुद्ध शमशेर जंगबहादुर राणा|जुद्ध शम्शेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] ''' <br /><small>(१८७५-१९५२) | बि.सं १९८९ | २००२ | [[राणा]] पक्ष |- |१६ |[[File:Padma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.jpg|60px]] |'''[[पद्म शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]''' <br /><small>(१८८२-१९६१) | बि.सं २००२ | २००२ | [[राणा]] पक्ष |- |१७ |[[File:Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.jpg|60px]] |'''[[मोहन शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|मोहन शम्शेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]''' <br /><small>(१८८५-१९६७) | वि.सं. २००५ | वि.सं.२००८ | [[राणा]] पक्ष |} === छोटो प्रजातान्त्रिक कालमी भया [[प्रधानमन्त्री]]अन (वि.सं. २००८-वि.सं. २०१६) === {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !rowspan=2 | # !width=60px rowspan=2|चित्र !width=30% rowspan=2|प्रधानमन्त्रीको नाम<br /><small>(जन्म-मृत्यु) !width=28% colspan=2|अवधि !rowspan=2|[[राजनीतिक दल|राजनीतिक दल]] वा समुह |- !पदभार सम्भालेको !पदभार छोडेको |- |१८ |[[File:Matrika Prasad Koirala.jpg|60px]] |'''[[मातृकाप्रसाद कोइराला|मातृका प्रसाद कोइराला]]''' (१/२) <br /><small>(१९१२-१९९७) | वि.सं.२००८ | २००९ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस]] |- | — | |''राजा - [[त्रिभुवन वीर विक्रम शाह]] द्वारा शासन संचालित'' <br /><small>(१९०६-१९५५) | १४ अगस्त १९५२ | १५ जुन १९५३ | |- |१८ |[[File:Matrika Prasad Koirala.jpg|60px]] |'''[[मातृकाप्रसाद कोइराला|मातृका प्रसाद कोइराला]]''' (२/२) <br /><small>(१९१२-१९९७) | १५ जुन १९५३ | १४ अप्रिल १९५५ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस]] |- | — |[[File:Mahendra of Nepal.jpg|60px]] |''राजा [[महेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह]] द्वारा शासन संचालित'' <br /><small>(१९२०-१९७२) | १४ अप्रिल १९५५ | २७ जनवरी १९५६ | |- |१९ |[[File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[टङ्कप्रसाद आचार्य|टङ्क प्रसाद आचार्य]]'''<br /><small>(१९६९ मंसिर १७-२०४५) | वि.सं. २०१२ माघ १२ | वि.सं. २०१४ असार ३१ |[[नेपाल प्रजा परिषद्]] |- |२० | |'''[[कुँवर इन्द्रजित सिंह|डा. के. आई. सिँह]]'''<br /><small>(विसं. १९६३-२०३८) | वि.सं. २०१४ श्रावण ११ | २०१४ कार्तिक २९ |[[संयुक्त लोकतान्त्रिक पार्टी]] |- |२१ |[[File:Subarna_Samsher_Rana.jpg|60px]] |'''[[सुवर्ण शमशेर राणा|सुवर्ण शम्शेर राणा]]'''<br /><small>(१९१०-१९७७) | बि.सं २०१४ | २०१६ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस]] |- |२२ |[[File:BP Koirala.jpg|60px]] |'''[[विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला|विश्वेश्वर प्रसाद कोइराला]]'''<br /><small>(१९१४-१९८२) | २७ मे १९५९ | २६ डिसेम्बर १९६० |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस]] |} === पञ्चायत कालमी भया [[प्रधानमन्त्री]]अन (वि.सं. २०१७-वि.सं. २०४७) === {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !rowspan=2 | # !width=60px rowspan=2|चित्र !width=30% rowspan=2|प्रधानमन्त्रीको नाम<br /><small>(जन्म-मृत्यु) !width=28% colspan=2|अवधि !rowspan=2|[[राजनीतिक दल|राजनीतिक दल]] वा समुह |- !पदभार सम्भालेको !पदभार छोडेको |- |२३ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[तुल्सी गिरी]]''' (१/३)<br /><small>(१९२६-) | २६ डिसेम्बर १९६० | २३ डिसेम्बर १९६३ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२४ | |'''[[सूर्यबहादुर थापा|सूर्य बहादुर थापा]]''' (१/५)<br /><small>(१९२८-) | २३ डिसेम्बर १९६३ | २६ फेब्रुअरी १९६४ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२३ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[तुल्सी गिरी]]''' (२/३)<br /><small>(१९२६-) | २६ फेब्रुअरी १९६४ | २६ जनवरी १९६५ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२४ | |'''[[सूर्यबहादुर थापा|सूर्य बहादुर थापा]]''' (२/५)<br /><small>(१९२८-) | २६ जनवरी १९६५ | ७ अप्रिल १९६९ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२५ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[कीर्तीनिधि विष्ट|किर्ती निधि बिष्ट]]''' (१/३)<br /><small>(१९२७-) | ७ अप्रिल १९६९ | १३ अप्रिल १९७० |पञ्चायत पक्ष |- | — | |'''[[गेहेन्द्र बहादुर राजभण्डारी]]''' (कार्यकारी) <br /><small>(१९२३-) | १३ अप्रिल १९७० | १४ अप्रिल १९७१ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२५ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[कीर्तीनिधि विष्ट|कीर्ति निधि बिष्ट]]''' (२/३)<br /><small>(१९२७-) | १४ अप्रिल १९७१ | १६ जुलाई १९७३ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२६ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[नगेन्द्रप्रसाद रिजाल|नगेन्द्र प्रसाद रिजाल]]''' (१/२)<br /><small>(१९२७-१९९४) | १६ जुलाई १९७३ | १ डिसेम्बर १९७५ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२३ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[तुल्सी गिरी]]''' (३/३)<br /><small>(१९२६-) | १ डिसेम्बर १९७५ | १२ सेप्टेम्बर १९७७ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२५ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[कीर्तीनिधि विष्ट|कीर्ति निधि बिष्ट]]''' (३/३)<br /><small>(१९२७-) | १२ सेप्टेम्बर १९७७ | ३० मे १९७९ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२४ | |'''[[सूर्यबहादुर थापा|सूर्य बहादुर थापा]]''' (३/५)<br /><small>(१९२८-) | ३० मे १९७९ | १२ जुलाई १९८३ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२७ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[लोकेन्द्र बहादुर चन्द]]''' (१/४)<br /><small>(१९४०-) | १२ जुलाई १९८३ | २१ मार्च १९८६ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२६ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[नगेन्द्रप्रसाद रिजाल|नगेन्द्र प्रसाद रिजाल]]''' (२/२)<br /><small>(१९२७-१९९४) | २१ मार्च १९८६ | १५ जुन १९८६ | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२८ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[मरिचमान सिंह श्रेष्ठ|मरिचमान् सिँह श्रेष्ठ]]'''<br /><small>(१९४२-२०१३) | १५ जुन १९८६ | ६ अप्रिल १९९० | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |२७ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[लोकेन्द्र बहादुर चन्द]]''' (२/४)<br /><small>(१९४०-) | ६ अप्रिल १९९० | १९ अप्रिल १९९० | पञ्चायत पक्ष |- |} === संबैधानिक राजतन्त्रमी भया [[प्रधानमन्त्री]]अन (वि.सं. २०४७-वि.सं. २०६५) === {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !rowspan=2 | # !width=60px rowspan=2|चित्र !width=30% rowspan=2|प्रधानमन्त्रीको नाम<br /><small>(जन्म-मृत्यु) !width=28% colspan=3|अवधि !rowspan=2|[[राजनीतिक दल|राजनीतिक दल]] |- !पदभार सम्भालेको !पदभार छोडेको !दिन |- |२९ |[[ File:Krishna p Bhattarai.jpg|60px]] |'''[[कृष्णप्रसाद भट्टराई|कृष्ण प्रसाद भट्टराई]]''' (१/२)<br /><small>(१९२४-२०११) | २०४७ वैशाख ६<ref>[https://np.psjtv.com/index.php/2017/6/32592] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818004436/https://np.psjtv.com/index.php/2017/6/32592 |date=2019-08-18 }}२५ वर्षमा २६ सरकार :मङ्गलबार, २३ जेठ २०७४ पिएसजे न्युज</ref> | २०४८ जेठ १२ |४०२ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |- |३० |[[ File:Girija P koirala.jpg|60px]] |'''[[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइराला]]''' (१/५)<br /><small>(१९२५-२०१०) | २०४८ जेठ १२ | २०५१ मंसिर १४ |१२८४ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |- |३१ | |'''[[मनमोहन अधिकारी]]'''<br /><small>(१९२०-१९९९) | २०५१ मंसिर १४ | २०५२ भदौ २७ |२८६ |[[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा एमाले]] |- |३२ |[[ File:Sher bahadur.jpg|60px]] |'''[[शेरबहादुर देउवा|शेरबहादुर देउबा]]''' (१/४)<br /><small>(२००३ जेठ ३१-)<ref name=":1">[http://lokaantar.com/biswo/14881/]सिंहदरबारमा चौथो इनिङ, को हुन् शेरबहादुर देउवा ?</ref> | २०५२ भदौ २७ | २०५३ फागुन २९ |५४७ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |- |२७ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[लोकेन्द्र बहादुर चन्द]]''' (३/४)<br /><small>(१९४०-) | २०५३ फागुन २९ | २०५४ असोज २१ |२०९ |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी|राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी (चन्द)]] |- |२४ | |'''[[सूर्यबहादुर थापा|सूर्य बहादुर थापा]]''' (४/५)<br /><small>(१९२८-) | २०५४ असोज २१ | २०५५ वैशाख २ |१९० |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |- |३० |[[ File:Girija P koirala.jpg|60px]] |'''[[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइराला]]''' (२/५)<br /><small>(१९२५-२०१०) | २०५५ वैशाख २ | २०५६ जेठ १७ |४११ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |- |२९ |[[ File:Krishna p Bhattarai.jpg|60px]] |'''[[कृष्णप्रसाद भट्टराई|कृष्ण प्रसाद भट्टराई]]''' (२/२)<br /><small>(१९२४-२०११) | २०५६ जेठ १७ | २०५६ चैत्र ९ |२९६ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |- |३0 |[[ File:Girija P koirala.jpg|60px]] |'''[[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइराला]]''' (३/५)<br /><small>(१९२५-२०१०) | २०५६ चैत्र ९ | २०५८ साउन ११ |४९१ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |- |३२ |[[ File:Sher bahadur.jpg|60px]] |'''[[शेरबहादुर देउवा|शेरबहादुर देउबा]]''' (२/४)<br /><small>(२००३ जेठ ३१-) | २०५८ साउन ११ | २०५९ असोज १८ |४३५ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |- |— |[[ File:Gyanendra 01.jpg|60px]] |''राजा [[ज्ञानेन्द्र शाह|ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह]] द्वारा शासन संचालित'' <br /><small>(१९४७-) | २०५९ असोज १८ |२०५९ असोज २५ |७ | |- |२७ |[[ File:No image.png|60px]] |'''[[लोकेन्द्र बहादुर चन्द]]''' (४/४)<br /><small>(१९४०-) | २०५९ असोज २५ | २०६० जेठ २२ |२३७ |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी|राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी (चन्द)]] |- |२४ | |'''[[सूर्यबहादुर थापा|सूर्य बहादुर थापा]]''' (५/५)<br /><small>(१९२८-) | २०६० जेठ २२ | २०६१ जेठ २१ |३६४ |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |- |३२ |[[ File:Sher bahadur.jpg|60px]] |'''[[शेरबहादुर देउवा|शेरबहादुर देउबा]]''' (३/४)<br /><small>(२००३ जेठ ३१-) | २०६१ जेठ २१ |२०६१ माघ १९ |२४३ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस (लोकतान्त्रिक)]] |- |— |[[ File:Gyanendra 01.jpg|60px]] |''राजा [[ज्ञानेन्द्र शाह|ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह]] द्वारा शासन संचालित'' <br /><small>(२००४ असार २३-) | २०६१ माघ १९ |२०६३ वैशाख १२ |४४८ | |- |३० |[[ File:Girija P koirala.jpg|60px]] |'''[[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइराला]]''' (४/५)<br /><small>(१९२५-२०१०) | २०६३ वैशाख १२ | २०६५ जेठ १५ |७६४ |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |- |} == संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपालमी भया [[प्रधानमन्त्री]]अन (वि.सं. २०६५ - हालसम्म) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !rowspan=2 | # !width=60px rowspan=2|चित्र !width=30% rowspan=2|प्रधानमन्त्रीको नाम<br /><small>(जन्म-मृत्यु) !width=28% colspan=3|अवधि !rowspan=2|[[राजनीतिक दल|राजनीतिक दल]] !rowspan="2" |[[नेपालका राष्ट्रपति|नेपालको राष्ट्रपति]]<br>{{small|(१. बहालवाला)}}<br>{{small|(२. राजनीतिक दल)}} |- !पदभार सम्भालेको !पदभार छोडेको !दिन |- |३० |[[ File:Girija P koirala.jpg|60px]] |'''[[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइराला]]''' (५/५)<br /><small>(१९२५-२०१०) | २०६५ जेठ १५<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul23/news08.php|title=Girija|website=nepalnews|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref><ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/06/26/nepal.resigns/|title=PM|website=cnn|access-date=2017-12-12|archive-date=2017-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212140727/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/06/26/nepal.resigns/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7475112.stm|title=New PM|website=bbc|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref> | २०६५ भदौ २<ref name="edition.cnn.com"/><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> |{{age in days|2008|05|28|2008|08|18}} |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] !rowspan=7|[[रामवरण यादव]] [[File:Ram Baran Yadav, portrait (August 2014).jpg|100px|center]]<br>{{small|(१. २३ जुलाई २००८- २९ अक्टोबर २०१५)}}<br>{{small|(२. [[नेपाली कांग्रेस]])}} |- |३३ |[[ File:Prachanda 2009.jpg|60px]] |'''[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल|पुष्प कमल दाहाल (प्रचण्ड)]]''' (१/२) <br /><small>(वि.सं. २०११ मङ्सिर २६-)<ref name=":2">[http://cmprachanda.com/biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103160308/http://cmprachanda.com/biography |date=2019-01-03 }} जीवनी</ref> | २०६५ भदौ २ | २०६६ जेठ ११ |{{age in days|2008|8|18|2009|5|25}} |एकीकृत नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी) |- |३४ |[[ File:Madhav Kumar Nepal2.JPG|60px]] |'''[[माधवकुमार नेपाल]]''' <br /><small>(२००९ फागुन २३-) | वि.सं. २०६६ जेठ ११ | २०६७।१०।२२ |६२२ | [[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा एमाले]] |- |३५ |[[ File:J.n_(2).jpg|60px]] |'''[[झलनाथ खनाल]] ''' <br /><small>(२००६ साल चैत ६ गते-) | वि.सं. २०६७।१०।२३ | २०६८।५।११ |२०४ | [[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा एमाले]] |- |३६ |[[File:Baburam bhattarai.jpg|60px]] |'''[[बाबुराम भट्टराई]]''' <br /><small>(२०११ असार ४ -) | वि.सं. २०६८।५।१२ | २०६९।११।३० |५६३ |एकीकृत नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी) |- |— |[[ File:Khilaraj regmi.jpg|60px]] |'''[[खिलराज रेग्मी]]''' (कार्यकारी) <br /><small>(२००६ जेठ १८ गते -) | वि.सं. २०६९।१२।१ | २०७०।१०।२८ |३३४ | |- |३७ |[[File:Sushil Koirala.jpg|60px]] |'''[[सुशील कोइराला]]'''<br /><small>(विसं १९९६ साउन २८-२०७२ माघ २५) | वि.सं. २०७०।१०।२८ | २०७२।६।२४ | {{age in days|2014|02|11}} |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस]] |- |३८ |[[File:KP_Oli.jpg|60px]] | '''[[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]]'''<br/><small>(वि.सं.२००८–) |वि.सं. २०७२।६।२५ |२०७३।४।१९ | |[[नेकपा एमाले]] !rowspan=4|[[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]] [[File:Shinzo Abe and Bidhya Devi Bhandari at the Enthronement of Naruhito (1) cropped.jpg|100px|center]]<br>{{small|(१. २९ अक्टोबर २०१५-)}}<br>{{small|(२. [[नेकपा एमाले]])}} |- |३३ |[[ File:Prachanda 2009.jpg|60px]]<ref name="">{{Cite web |url=http://setopati.com/raajneeti/50832/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-01-12 |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111172622/http://setopati.com/raajneeti/50832 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |'''[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल|पुष्प कमल दाहाल (प्रचण्ड)]]''' <br /><small>(वि.सं. २०११ मङ्सिर २६-)<ref name=":2" /> | वि.सं.२०७३।०४।१९<ref name="hindustantimes">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pushpa-kamal-dahal-prachanda-sworn-in-as-new-nepal-pm/story-fxTybu9KE84daJKaxW03lI.html|title=Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda sworn in as new Nepal PM|date=2016-08-04|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2017-07-08|language=en}}</ref> | २०७४।०२।२३ |{{age in days|2016|08|04|2017|05|31}} |[[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |- |३२ |[[ File:Sher bahadur.jpg|60px]] |'''[[शेरबहादुर देउवा|शेरबहादुर देउबा]]''' (४/४)<br /><small>(२००३ जेठ ३१-)<ref name=":1" /> | वि.सं. २०७४।०२।२४<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/prime-minister-sher-bahadur-deuba-sworns-in/|title=Sher Bahadur Deuba sworns in as Prime Minister|website=thehimalayantimes.com|access-date=2017-07-08}}</ref> | २०७४।११।०३ <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-02-15/cabinet-meet-underway-pm-deuba-to-address-the-nation-at-11am.html|title=PM Deuba announces resignation|newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/sher-bahadur-deuba-resigns-kp-oli-to-take-over-as-nepal-pm-5064812/|title=Sher Bahadur Deuba resigns, KP Oli to take over as Nepal PM|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref> |{{age in days|2017|06|07|2018|02|15}} |[[नेपाली काँग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |- |३८ |[[File:KP Oli.jpg|60px]] |'''[[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]]''' (२/२)<br/><small>(वि.सं. २००८) | २०७४।११।०३<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-02-15/pm-kp-sharma-olis-oath-taking-ceremony-begins.html|title=Newly appointed PM KP Sharma Oli takes oath of office|newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref> | बहालवाला | {{age in days|2018|02|15}} |[[नेकपा एमाले]] |} ==यो पनि हेर== *[[नेपाला राजाहअन]] *[[नेपाला प्रधान सेनापतिअन]] *[[नेपाला मन्त्रिमण्डलअन]] *[[नेपाला प्रधानन्यायाधीशअन]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीअन]] qvctodm6ulgr8tk3gwl4ono797m2pfb 0 13846 270607 259432 2026-11-08T00:44:36Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | leader_name2 = [[शेख हसिना|शेख हसिना वाजेद]] | leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[शिरीन शारमिन चौधुरी]]}} | leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[सैयद माहमुद होसेन]]}} | conventional_long_name = गणप्रजातान्त्रिक बङ्गलादेश | native_name = গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ([[बङ्गाली भाषा|बङ्गाली]]) | image_flag = Flag of Bangladesh.svg | image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_Bangladesh.svg | common_name = बङ्गलादेश | symbol_type = [[बङ्गलादेशको राष्ट्रिय प्रतीक|राष्ट्रिय प्रतीक]] | national_anthem = "[[आमार सोनार बाङ्ला]]"<br/> ([[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]]: "मेरो सुनौलो बङ्गाल") <br/><center>[[चित्र:Amar Sonar Bangla vocal music.oga]]</center> ---- <center>'''राष्ट्रिय रण-सङ्गीत:''' "नोतुनेर गान" <br/> ([[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]]: "युवाको गीत")<ref name="national march">{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=NATIONAL SYMBOLS→National march|कार्य=শামীম রেজা|प्रकाशक=বাংলা একাডেমি|युआरएल=http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|भाषा=ইংরেজি|पहुँचमिति=१४ डिसेम्बर २०१६|अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228040953/http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|अभिलेखमिति=२८ डिसेम्बर २०१६}}</ref> <br/> <center>[[file:Chol Chol Chol.ogg]]</center> | other_symbol = {{unbulleted list |[[file:গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকারের সীল.svg|90x90px|बङ्गलादेश सरकार तथा मन्त्रालयहरूको चिह्न]]}} | other_symbol_type = [[बङ्गलादेश सरकारको चिह्न]] | image_map = Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = | capital = [[ढाका]] | largest_city = [[ढाका]] | official_languages = [[बङ्गाली भाषा|बाङ्ला]]<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/bangla_all_sections.php?id=957|शीर्षक=গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান|युआरएल=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/bangla_sections_detail.php?id=957&sections_id=29340|वर्ष=|कार्य=[[আইন, বিচার ও সংসদ বিষয়ক মন্ত্রণালয় (বাংলাদেশ)|আইন, বিচার ও সংসদ বিষয়ক মন্ত্রণালয়]]|प्रकाशक=বাংলাদেশ সরকার|पहुँचमिति=२०१९-०४-२६|अभिलेखमिति=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074122/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/bangla_all_sections.php?id=957|अभिलेखमिति=२४ डिसेम्बर २०१८}}</ref> | national_languages = [[बङ्गाली भाषा|बाङ्ला]] | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | ९८% [[बङ्गाली (जाति)|बङ्गाली]] | {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; |title= २% अन्य | [[चाकोमा]] | [[बिहारी]] | [[मारमा]] | [[साँओताल]] | [[मुरङ]] |[[राखाइन]] | | [[बम जाति|बम]] | [[त्रिपुरा (जातिगोष्ठी)|त्रिपुरा]] | [[खुमि]] | [[कुकी (जातिगोष्ठी)|कुकी]] | [[गारो]] | [[मनिपुरी (जाति)|विष्नुप्रिय मनिपुरी]] | [[बङ्गलादेशमा बसोबासरत भारतीयहरू|भारतीय]] | [[बङ्गलादेशमा बसोबासरत चिनियाँ नागरिकहरू|चिनियाँ]] }} }} | ethnic_groups_year = २०११<ref name="বাংলাদেশকে জানুন">{{वेब स्रोत |युआरएल=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/page/812d94a8-0376-4579-a8f1-a1f66fa5df5d/বাংলাদেশকে-জানুন |शीर्षक=জানুন |भाषा=bn |पहुँचमिति=13 February 2015 |शीर्षक=সংরক্ষণাগারভুক্ত অনুলিপি |अभिलेखमिति=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216093108/http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/www.bangladesh.gov.bd/index6517.html?q=bn%2F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8 |अभिलेखमिति=१६ फेब्रुअरी २०१५ }}</ref> | demonym = बङ्गलादेशी | government_type = [[संसदीय गणतन्त्र]] | leader_title1 = [[बङ्गलादेशको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] | leader_name1 = [[आब्दुल हामीद]] | leader_title2 = [[बङ्गलादेशको प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[राष्ट्रिय संसदको सभामुख|सभामुख]]}} | leader_title4 = [[बङ्गलादेशको प्रधान विचारपति|प्रमुख विचारपति]] | legislature = [[राष्ट्रिय संसद]] | established_event1 = [[बङ्गभङ्ग (सन् १९४७)|बङ्गभङ्ग]] तथा बेलायती भारतको समाप्ति | sovereignty_type = <div style="text-align: left;">[[भारत विभाजन|गठन]] तथा [[बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध]]</div> | established_date1 = १४-१५ अगस्ट १९४७ | established_event2 = [[पूर्वी पाकिस्तान|पूर्व पाकिस्तान]] | established_date2 = १४ अक्टोबर १९५५ | established_event3 = [[पाकिस्तान]]बाट स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा | established_date3 = २६ मार्च १९७१ | established_event4 = [[बङ्गलादेशको विजय दिवस|विजय दिवस]] | established_date4 = १६ डिसेम्बर १९७१ | established_event5 = [[बङ्गलादेशको संविधान|संविधान]] | established_date5 = ४ नोभेम्बर १९७२ | established_event6 = सर्वशेष झूखण्ड विनिमय | established_date6 = ३१ जुलाई २०१५ | area_km2 = 147570 | area_footnote = <ref "name=cia">{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html|शीर्षक= দ্য ওয়ার্ল্ড ফ্যাক্টবুকে বাংলাদেশের ক্ষেত্রফল|मिति= २४ जुन २०१९|वेबसाइट= www.cia.gov|प्रकाशक= কেন্দ্রীয় গোয়েন্দা সংস্থা|पहुँचमिति= ५ जुलाई २०१९|अभिलेखमिति= https://web.archive.org/web/20190609174603/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html|अभिलेखमिति= ९ जुन २०१९}}</ref> | area_rank = ९५औँ | area_sq_mi = 56977 | percent_water = ७% | population_estimate = १६२,९५१,५६०<ref name="alo-1385751">{{वेब स्रोत|अन्तिम१=হক|प्रथम१=শাকিলা|शीर्षक=পাকিস্তানকে পেছনে ফেলে এগিয়ে বাংলাদেশ|युआरएल=http://www.prothomalo.com/economy/article/1385751/পাকিস্তানকে-পেছনে-ফেলে-এগিয়ে-বাংলাদেশ|पहुँचमिति=१७ डिसेम्बर २०१७|कार्य=দৈনিক প্রথম আলো|मिति=१३ डिसेम्बर २०१७|अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825192149/https://www.prothomalo.com/economy/article/1385751/%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%9b%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ab%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%8f%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%bc%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b6|अभिलेखमिति=२५ अगस्ट २०१८}}</ref> | population_census = १४९,७७२,३६४<ref>[http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904045106/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |date=2011-09-04 }} {{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904045106/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |शीर्षक=बङ्गलादेश|मिति=४ सेप्टेम्बर २०११ }}जनगणना – बङ्गलादेश राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क विभाग</ref> | population_estimate_year = २०१७ | population_estimate_rank = ७औँ | population_census_year = २०११ | population_census_rank = ८औँ<ref name="alo-1385751"/> | population_density_km2 = १,१०६ | population_density_rank = १०औँ | population_density_sq_mi = २,८६४.५ | GDP_PPP = $८३१.७५० बिलियन<ref name="imf">{{वेब स्रोत |युआरएल=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=21&pr.y=6&sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=513&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |शीर्षक=Bangladesh|कार्य=World Economic Outlook Database|प्रकाशक=IMF }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = २०१८ | GDP_PPP_rank = ३१औँ | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $४,५६१<ref name="imf"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = १३९औँ | GDP_nominal = $३१४.६५६ बिलियन<ref name="imf"/><br/> ৳२२,५०४,७९ करोड | GDP_nominal_year = २०१८ | GDP_nominal_rank = ४३औँ | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $१,७५४<ref name="alo-1385751"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = १४८औँ | Gini = ३२.४० | Gini_year = २०१६ | Gini_change = (+) ०.९३% <ref>{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=https://knoema.com//atlas/Bangladesh/topics/Poverty/Income-Inequality/GINI-index|शीर्षक=Bangladesh GINI index, 2017-2018 - knoema.com|मिति=31 October 2019|कार्य=Knoema|पहुँचमिति=31 October 2019|अभिलेखमिति=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031110534/https://knoema.com//atlas/Bangladesh/topics/Poverty/Income-Inequality/GINI-index|अभिलेखमिति=३१ अक्टोबर २०१९}}</ref> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{वेब स्रोत |युआरएल=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |शीर्षक=Gini Index |प्रकाशक=विश्व बेङ्क|अभिलेखमिति=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |अभिलेखमिति=16 February 2015 |पहुँचमिति=2 March 2011 }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = ०.६१४ | HDI_year = २०१९ | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">युआरएल=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking {{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322121226/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ROU.pdf|शीर्षक=बङ्गलादेश |मिति=२२ मार्च २०१७ }}</ref> | HDI_rank = {{ordinal|१३५}} | currency = [[बङ्गलादेशी टाका|टाका]] (৳) | currency_code = बीडीटी | time_zone = [[बङ्गलादेशको प्रमाणिक समय]] | utc_offset = +६ | date_format = बङ्गाब्दो, दद-मम-वववव | drives_on = ट्राफिक पद्धति निर्देशना | calling_code = +८८० | cctld = [[डटबाङ्ला]]<br/>[[डटबीडी]] | official_website = [http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/ राष्ट्रिय वेबसाइट] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |९०.४% [[इस्लाम धर्म|इस्लाम]]|८.५% [[बङ्गलादेशमा हिन्दु धर्म|हिन्दु]] |०.६% [[बुद्ध धर्म|बौद्ध धर्म]] |०.४% [[इसाई धर्म|इसाई]] |०.१०% [[आदिवासी जनजाति|आदिवासी]]}} | religion_year = २०११<ref name="বাংলাদেশ">{{वेब स्रोत |युआरएल=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf |भाषा=बङ्गाली |प्रकाशक=US department of States |शीर्षक=সংরক্ষণাগারভুক্ত অনুলিপি |मिति=२९ मे २०१९ |अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622204505/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf |अभिलेखमिति=२२ जुन २०१७ }}</ref> | area_magnitude = | iso3166code = बीडी }} '''बङ्गलादेश''' , आधिकारिक नाम '''जनगणतान्त्रिक बङ्गलादेश''' [[दक्षिण एसिया]]को एउटा राष्ट्र हो। देशको उत्तर, पूर्व रे पश्चिम सीमाना [[भारत]] रे दक्षिणपूर्व सीमाना [[म्यानमार|म्यानमा]] देशसँग जोडिएको छ भने यस देशको दक्षिणमी [[बङ्गालको खाडी]] रहेको छ। बङ्गलादेश रे भारतीय राज्य [[पश्चिम बङ्गाल]] एक बाङ्लाभाषी अञ्चल, [[बङ्गाल]] हो, जसको ऐतिहासिक नाम “বঙ্গ” ''बङ्गो'' वा “বাংলা” ''बाङ्ला'' हो। यसको सीमारेखा त्यस समय निर्धारित भयो जब सन् १९४७ मी भारतको विभाजनको बेला यसलाई [[पूर्वी पाकिस्तान|पूर्व पाकिस्तान]]को नामबाटी पाकिस्तानको पूर्वी भाग घोषित गरिएको थियो। पूर्व रे पश्चिम पाकिस्तानको बीच लगभग १६०० किलोमिटर (१००० माइल)को भौगोलिक दूरी रहेको थियो। पाकिस्तानको दुबै भागहरूको जनताको धर्म ([[इस्लाम धर्म|इस्लाम]]) एउटै थियो तर उनीहरूको बीच जाति रे भाषागत दूरी थियो। पाकिस्तानको तत्कालिन सरकारको अन्यायको विरुद्ध सन् १९७१ मी भारतको सहयोगबाटी एउटा छुट्टै बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन पछि स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्र बङ्गलादेशको उदभव भएको थियो। स्वतन्त्र पछि बङ्गलादेशको केही सुरुवाती वर्ष राजनीतिक अस्थिरताबाटी परिपूर्ण थियो। देशमी १३ शासक बदलिन पुगे रे ४ सैनिक बिद्रोह भएको थियो। विश्वको सबैभन्दा धेरै जनशक्ति भएको देशहरूमी बङ्गलादेशको स्थान आठौँ छ तर क्षेत्रफलको दृष्टिबाटी बङ्गलादेश विश्वमा ९३औँ स्थानमी रहेको छ। [[मुसलमान]]- सघन जनसङ्ख्या भएको देशहरूमी बङ्गलादेशको स्थान चौथो हो जबकि बङ्गलादेशको मुसलमानको सङ्ख्या भारतको अल्पसङ्ख्यक मुसलमानको सङ्ख्या भन्दा कम छ। बङ्गलादेश दक्षिण एसियाली आञ्चलिक सहयोग संस्था, [[दक्षिण एसियाली क्षेत्रीय सहयोग सङ्गठन ]] रे [[बहुक्षेत्रीय प्राविधिक तथा आर्थिक सहयोगका लागि बङ्गालको खाडीको प्रयास|बिम्सटेक]]को प्रतिष्ठित सदस्य हो। [[चित्र:Front sight view of the National Parliament House of Bangladesh.jpg|thumb| ]] == इतिहास == बङ्गलादेशमी सभ्यताको इतिहास धेरै पुराना छ। आजको [[भारत]]को अंधिकांश पूर्वी क्षेत्र कुनै वेला [[बङ्गाल|बङ्गलादेश]]को नामबाटी जानिन्थो। [[बुद्ध धर्म|बौद्ध]] ग्रन्थहरूको अनुसार यस क्षेत्रमी आधुनिक सभ्यताको शुरुवात ७०० इसवी इसा पू.मा प्रारम्भ भएको मानिन्छ। यहाँको प्रारम्भिक सभ्यतामी [[बुद्ध धर्म|बौद्ध]] रे [[बङ्गलादेशमा हिन्दु धर्म|हिन्दु]] धर्मको प्रभाव स्पष्ट देख्न सकिन्छ। उत्तरी बङ्गलादेशमी स्थापित भएको यस्तो हजारौ अवशेष अहिले पनि मौजूद छ जसलाई मन्दिर वा मठ भन्न सकिन्छ। बङ्गालको इस्लामीकरण [[मुगल साम्राज्य|मुगल]] साम्राज्यको व्यापारीहरूद्वारा १३ औ शताब्दीमी शुरु भयो रे १६ औ शताब्दी सम्म बङ्गाल [[एसिया]]को प्रमुख व्यापारिक क्षेत्रको रूपमी उदायो। [[युरोप]] का व्यापारीहरूको आगमन यस क्षेत्रमी १५ औ शताब्दीमा भयो रे अन्तत: १६औ शताब्दीमी [[इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी|ईस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी]]द्वारा उनीहरूको प्रभाव बढाउन शुरु भयो। १८ औ शताब्दी आउदा आउदा यस क्षेत्रको नियन्त्रण पूर्ण रूपले उनीहरूको हाथमी आयो जुन बिस्तारै बिस्तारै पूरै [[भारत]]मी फैलियो। जब स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलनको फलस्वरूप १९४७ मी भारत स्वतन्त्र भयो तब राजनीतिक कारणबाटी हिन्दु बहुल भारतलाई रे मुस्लिम बहुल [[पाकिस्तान]]मी विभाजित गर्नुपर्‍यो। भारतको विभाजन भएको फलस्वरूप [[बङ्गाल]] पनि दुई भागमी बाडियो। यसको हिन्दु बहुल क्षेत्र भारतसँग रह्यो रे [[पश्चिम बङ्गाल]]को नामबाटी जनिन थालियो तथा मुस्लिम बहुल क्षेत्र [[पूर्वी बङ्गाल]] [[पाकिस्तान]]को हिस्सा बन्यो जुन [[पूर्वी पाकिस्तान]]को नामबाटी जानिन थालियो। [[जमींदारी प्रथा]]ले यस क्षेत्रलाई नराम्रोसँग गाजेर राखेको थियो जसको बिरुध्द १९५० मी एउटा ठुलो आन्दोलन शुरु भयो रे १९५२ को [[बङ्गला]] भाषा आन्दोलनको साथ जोडिएर यो बङ्गलादेशी गणतन्त्रको दिशामी एउटा ठुलो आन्दोलन बन्यो। यस आन्दोलनको फलस्वरूप बङ्गला भाषीहरूलाई उनीहरूको भाषाको अधिकार प्राप्त भयो। सन १९५५ मी पाकिस्तान सरकारने [[पूर्वी बङ्गाल]]को नाम बदलेर [[पूर्वी पाकिस्तान]] गरिदियो। [[पाकिस्तान]] द्वारा [[पूर्वी पाकिस्तान]]को उपेक्षा र दमनको शुरुवात यहींबाट भयो। रे तनाव स्त्तर दसक आउदा आउदा आफ्नो चरमोत्कर्षमी पुग्यो। पाकिस्तानी शासक [[याहया खाँ]] द्वारा लोकप्रिय [[बङ्गलादेश अवामी लिग|अवामी लीग]] रे उनका नेताहरूलाई प्रताडित गरिन थालियो, जसको फलस्वरूप [[बंगबन्धु]] [[शेख मुजीवु्ररहमान]]को नेत्रीत्व मी बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रताको आन्दोलन शुरु भयो। बङ्गलादेशमी रगतको खोला बग्यो, लाखौ बङ्गाली मारिए तथा १९७१ को खूनी सङ्घर्षमी दस लाख भन्दा बढि बङ्गलादेशी [[शरणार्थी]]ले छिमेकी देश [[भारत]]मी शरण लिनु पर्‍यो। [[भारत]] यस समस्याबाटी जुध्नलाई त्यस समय धेरै अफ्ठारो सामना गरिरहेको थियो रे भारतलाई बङ्गलादेशी नागरिकले अनुरोध गरे यसै अनुरोधको आधारमी भारतले यस समस्यामी हस्तक्षेप गर्नु पर्‍यो जसको फलस्वरूप १९७१ का [[भारत पाकिस्तान युद्ध]] शुरु भयो। बङ्गलादेशमी [[मुक्ति वाहिनी]] सेनाको गठन भयो जसको धेरै जसो सदस्य बङ्गलादेशका बौद्धिक वर्ग रे विद्यार्थी समुदाय थिए, यिनीहरूले भारतीय सेनाको मदद गुप्तचर सूचनाहरू दिएर तथा [[छापामार युद्ध|गुरिल्ला युद्ध]] पद्धतिबाट गरे। [[पाकिस्तानी सेना]]ले अन्तत: १६ डिसेम्बर १९७१ मी [[भारतीय सेना]]को समक्ष आत्मसमर्पण गरे, लगभग ९३००० युद्ध बन्दी बनाईए जसलाई भारतको विभिन्न शिविरहरूमी राखीयो ताकि उनीहरू बङ्गलादेश क्रोधको शिकार नबनुन। बङ्गलादेश एउटा स्वतन्त्र मुलुक बन्यो रे [[मुजीवुर्र रहमान]] यसको प्रथम प्रधानमन्त्री बने। == राजनीति == देशको राजनीतिमी [[राष्ट्रपति]] संवैधानिक प्रधान हुन्छन, जबकि [[प्रधानमन्त्री]] देशको प्रशासनिक प्रमुख हुन्छन। [[राष्ट्रपति]] हरेक पाँच पछि निर्वाचित गरिन्छ। प्रधानमन्त्रीको नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपतिद्वारा गरीन्छ, प्रधानमन्त्री यस्तो व्यक्तिलाई चुनिन्छ जो त्यस समय [[संसद]]को का सदस्य हुन्छ रे राष्ट्रपतिलाई विश्वास दिलाउछ कि उसलाई संसदमी बहुमतको समर्थन हासिल छ। प्रधानमन्त्रीले आफ्नो मन्त्रीको केबिनेट गठित गर्दछ जसको नियुक्तिको सहमती राष्ट्रपतिले दिन्छन। बङ्गलादेशको [[संसद]] लाई '''जातीय संसद''' भनिन्छ जसको ३०० सदस्य प्रत्यक्ष मतदानद्वारा निर्वाचित आउदछन, रे पाँच वर्षसम्म आफ्नो क्षेत्रको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दछन। देशको सबैभन्दा ठुलो वैधानिक संस्था बङ्गलादेश [[नेपालको सर्वोच्च अदालत|सर्वोच्च अदालत]] जसको [[प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] रे अन्य न्यायधीशहरूको नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति गर्दछन। == भूगोल == बङ्गलादेशको धेरै जसो भाग समुद्र सतह भन्दा एकदम कम उचाइमी पर्दछ। धेरैजसो भू भाग नदीको मुख भागमी पर्दछन् जो [[सुन्दरवन|सुंदरवन]] नामले चिनिन्छन्। यी [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] (स्थानीय नाम [[पद्मा नदी]]), [[ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी|ब्रम्हपुत्र]], [[यमुना नदी|यमुना]] र [[मेघना नदी|मेघना]] नदीका हुन् जो [[बङ्गालको खाडी]] क्षेत्रमा अवस्थित छन्। यी नदीहरू [[हिमालय]] पर्वतमी मुहान भएका नदी हुन्। बङ्गलादेशको माटो अत्यन्तै उब्जाउ छ। तर [[बाढी]] र [[अनिकाल]]ले बाँग्लादेश प्रभावित भैरहन्छ। [[चिटागांग]] जिल्लामी अलिअलि पहाडी क्षेत्र पर्दछ जसको सबैभन्दा अग्लो चुचुरो [[केओक्रादांग]] १,२३० मीटर अग्लो छ। यो [[सिलहट]] मंडलको दक्षिण पूर्वमा छ। बङ्गलादेशको जलवायु [[उष्णकटिबंधीय]] [[जलवायु परिवर्तन|जलवायु]] हो, यहाँ [[अक्टोबर]] देखि [[मार्च]] सम्म जाडो [[मार्च]] देखि [[जून]] सम्म [[गर्मी]] हुन्छ। [[मार्च]] देखि [[जून]] सम्म [[मनसून]]बाटी पानी पर्दछ। बङ्गलादेशले प्राय: हरेक वर्ष [[चक्र्वातीय तूफान]] सामना गर्नु पर्दछ। माटो [[अपरदन]] रे वन विनाश यहाँको ठुलो समस्या हो। [[ढाका]] यहाँको सबैभन्दा ठुलो [[सहर|शहर]] हो, अन्य ठुला शहरमा [[चिटागांग]], [[राजशाही]], रे [[खुल्ना|खुलना]] हुन्। [[चिटागांग]]को दक्षिण स्थित [[काक्स बजार]] विश्वको सबैभन्दा लामो बीच मध्ये एक हो। == संस्कृति == === साहित्य === बङ्गाली भाषा रे साहित्यको परम्परा एक हजार वर्षभन्दा पुरानो छ। ७औँ शताब्दीमी लेखिएको बौद्ध दोहार सङ्कलन चर्यपदलाई [[बङ्गाली भाषा]]को सबैभन्दा पुरानो सङ्केतको रूपमी मान्यता प्राप्त छ। मध्ययुगमी बङ्गाली भाषामी कविता, लोकगीत रे पालागानको परिचय गराइएको थियो। बङ्गलादेशमी लेखनको सबैभन्दा पुरानो प्रमाण महास्थान ब्राह्मी शिलालेख हो। यो तेस्रो शताब्दी ईसा पूर्वको भएको मानिन्छ। गुप्ता साम्राज्यमी यस क्षेत्रमी संस्कृत साहित्य फलिफाप भएको थियो। बङ्गाली भाषा ८ देखि १०औँ शताब्दीमी संस्कृत रे मगधि प्रकृतबाटी विकसित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahasthan_Brahmi_Inscription|title=Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription|work=Banglapedia|access-date=17 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134342/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahasthan_Brahmi_Inscription|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[बङ्गाली साहित्य]] एक सहस्राब्दी पुरानो परम्परा हो; चर्यपाद बङ्गाली कविताका प्रारम्भिक उदाहरण हो। सुफी अध्यात्मवादले धेरै बङ्गाली मुसलमान लेखकहरूलाई प्रेरित गरेको थियो। बङ्गाल सल्तनतको समयमी मध्यकालीन बङ्गाली लेखकहरूमी अरबी रे फारसी कृतिहरूको प्रभावमी परेका थिए। तत्कालीन समयमी बङ्गालका सुल्तानहरूले बङ्गाली साहित्यको संरक्षण गरेका थिए। मालाधर बसु, बिप्रादास पिपिलाइ, विजय गुप्ता रे यसोराज खान १५औँ शताब्दीका केही उल्लेखनीय लेखकहरू हुन्। चण्डीदास प्रारम्भिक मध्ययुगका उल्लेखनीय गीतिकवि हुन्। सैयद आलाओल मध्य बङ्गाली साहित्यका प्रतिष्ठित लेखक थिए। बङ्गाल पुनर्जागरणले आधुनिक बङ्गाली साहित्यलाई आकार दिएको थियो। यसमी उपन्यास, रे लघुकथाहरू पनि समावेश रहेका छन्। [[रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर]] साहित्यमा [[नोबेल पुरस्कार]] प्राप्त गर्ने पहिलो गैर-युरोपेली पुरस्कार विजेता थिए र उनलाई बङ्गाली सेक्सपियर पनि भनिन्छ।<ref>{{cite news |author=Junaidul Haque |date=7 May 2011 |title=Rabindranath: He belonged to the world |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092524/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092524/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548 |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>[[काजी नजरुल इसलाम]] एक क्रान्तिकारी कवि थिए जसले उपनिवेशवाद रे फासिवाद विरुद्ध राजनैतिक विद्रोहको सहारा लिएका थिए। १९औँ शताब्दीमी बङ्गली साहित्यमी नयाँ युगको सुरुवात बङ्गाल पुनर्जागरणको युगमी कलकत्ता सहरबाटी भएको थियो।बङ्गलादेशका राष्ट्रिय कवि [[काजी नजरुल इसलाम]]ले बङ्गाली भाषामी साहित्यलाई समृद्ध बनाएका थिए। बेगम रोकेयालाई बङ्गलादेशको अग्रज नारीवादी लेखकको रूपमी चिनिन्छ।<ref name="Rubaiyat">{{cite news|url=https://rubaiyat-hossain.com/2011/05/26/begum-rokeya-the-pioneer-feminist-of-bangladesh/|title=Begum Rokeya : The Pioneer Feminist of Bangladesh|last1=Rubaiyat|first1=Hossain|work=The Daily Star|access-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815113311/https://rubaiyat-hossain.com/2011/05/26/begum-rokeya-the-pioneer-feminist-of-bangladesh/|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> अन्य पुनर्जागरण प्रतिमाहरूमी माइकल मधुसुदन दत्त रे शरतचन्द्र चट्टोपाध्याय रहेका छन्। लेखक सैयद मुज्ताबा अली आफ्नो विश्वराजनीति बङ्गला विश्वदर्शनका लागि प्रख्यात छन्। जसिमुद्दिन एक प्रख्यात कवि थिए। शम्सुर रहमान रे अल माहमूदलाई २०औँ शताब्दीमी उदाएका दुई महान् बङ्गाली कवि मानिन्छ। फारुख अहमद, सुफिया कामाल, सैयद अली अहसान, अहसान हबीब, अबुल हुसैन, शहिद कद्री, फजल शाहबुद्धीन, अबु जफर ओबिदुल्लाह, उमर अली, अल मुजाहिदी, सिद शम्सुलु हुक, निर्मलेन्दु गुुन, आबिद अजाद, हसन हफिजूर रहमान रे अब्दुल हाई सिकदार आधुनिक बङ्गलादेशी कविताका महत्वपूर्ण हस्तीहरू हुन्।<ref>{{cite news |title=Syed Mujtaba Ali |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=106359 |work=The Daily Star |date=18 September 2009 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222125956/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=106359 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222125956/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=106359 |date=22 December 2015 }}</ref> अहमद सोफा स्वतन्त्रता पछिको युगमी सबैभन्दा महत्वपूर्ण बङ्गलादेशी बुद्धिजीवी मानिन्छ। हुमायुन अहमद आधुनिक बङ्गलादेशी यथार्थवाद तथा विज्ञान कथाका लोकप्रिय लेखक थिए। === कला === बङ्गलादेशमी विभिन्न प्रकारका नृत्यहरू प्रचलित रहेका छन्। जसमी आदिवासी जनजाति नाच, लोक नृत्य, शास्त्रीय नृत्य आदि रहेका छन्। देशको ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा यात्रा गर्ने परम्परा रहेको छ। बङ्गलादेशको सङ्गीत भाषाको प्रमुख हो। बङ्गलादेशको ग्रामीण भेगका [[लोकगीत|लोकसङ्गीत]]मध्ये बाउल गीत, जारी, सारी, भावाइया, भाटियाली, मुर्शिदी, गम्भिरा, कविगान आदि लोकसङ्गीत उल्लेखनीय छन्। [[एकतारे]], डोतारा, [[ढोल]], [[बाँसुरी]] आदि लाई मुख्यतया ग्रामीण क्षेत्रको लोक सङ्गीतसँगै बाजाको रूपमी प्रयोग गरिन्छ। === सञ्चार माध्यम तथा चलचित्र === बङ्गलादेशमी दैनिक २०० जति दैनिक पत्रपत्रिका रे १,८०० भन्दा बढी साप्ताहिक वा मासिक पत्रिकाहरू प्रकाशित हुन्छन्। तथापि, नियमित रूपमी अखबार पढ्नेहरूको सङ्ख्या कम छ रे यो कुल जनसङ्ख्याको १५% मात्र हो। दैनिक पत्रपत्रिकाहरूमी प्रथोम आलो, इत्तेफाक, कालेर कण्ठ लोकप्रिय छन्। सञ्चारमाध्यममध्ये बङ्गलादेश रेडियो रे बीबीसी बाङ्ला रेडियोको बङ्गलादेशमी लोकप्रिय छन्। राज्यद्वारा सञ्चालित टेलिभिजन कम्पनी [[बङ्गलादेश टेलिभिजन]]को अतिरिक्त १० भन्दा बढी निजी उपग्रहमी आधारित टेलिभिजन च्यानल रे पाँच भन्दा बढी रेडियोहरू बङ्गलादेशबाटी प्रसारण हुन्छन्। [[ढाका]] केन्द्रित चलचित्र उद्योगबाटी हरेक वर्ष करिब ८० देखि १०० [[बङ्गलादेशी चलचित्र|बङ्गाली चलचित्र]]हरू बनाइन्छन्। === व्यञ्जन शैली === भारतीय रे मध्यपूर्वी खानपानले बङ्गलादेशको खान्की परम्परामा प्रभाव पारेको छ। भात, दाल रे माछा बङ्गलादेशीहरूको [[मुख्य खाना]] हो। रसगुल्ला, कचगोला, चोमचोम, गुलाब जामुन, सन्देश जस्ता चिज तथा अन्य प्रकारका मिठाईहरू यस देशमा निकै लोकप्रिय छन्। ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:सार्क देशअन]] [[श्रेणी:एसियाका देशअन]] {{एसिया महादेशका राष्ट्रहरू}} a7gomoaj58lhc08wg5fd0sfeeqxy11j 0 14256 270556 184713 2026-11-07T23:22:00Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox games | Name = आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७५ | Logo = | Size = 300px | Optional caption = आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुदको आधिकारिक लोगो | country ={{NEP}} | Host city = [[काठमाडौ]] , दाङ | Provinces and cities participating = | Athletes participating = | Events = | Opening ceremony = | Closing ceremony = | Officially opened by = | Athlete's Oath = | Judge's Oath = | Olympic Torch = | Stadium = [[नेपालगन्ज रंगशाला]] |previous =[[सातौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७३|''२०७३'']] | next = [[नवौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७७|'''२०७७''']] }} ''आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७५'' [[नेपाल राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद]]को आठौं संस्करणको खेलकुद हो । यो आठौं संस्करणको खेलकुद प्रतियोगिताका केही खेलहरु बर्दिया, दाङ, कपिलवस्तु, रुपन्देही र काठमाडौंमा समेत हुनेगरी आयोजना गरिदैछ<ref>{{cite web |title=आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुदको खेल स्थलको टुङ्गो लाग्यो|url=https://khelpati.com/sports-organization/1277|website=खेलपाटी|accessdate=१५ साउन २०७५ }}</ref> ==खेल स्थल== राखेपले साउन ११ २०७५ मा बसेको बैठक मार्फत आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुदको लागि खेल स्थल तय गरेको थियो । प्रतियोगिताका अधिकांश खेल बाँके जिल्लाका विभिन्न खेलस्थलमा हुने र केही खेलहरु बर्दिया, दाङ, कपिलवस्तु, रुपन्देही र काठमाडौंमा समेत हुने गरि राखेपले खेल स्थल तय गरेको थियो । बैठकले [[नेपालगञ्ज रंगशाला]]मा आठौ राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद प्रतियोगिताको उद्घाटन र समापन कार्यक्रम गर्ने निर्णय गरेको थियो । बैठकको निर्णय अनुसार पुरुष फुटबल सहित एथ्लेटिक्सका विभिन्न स्पर्धा बाँकेको [[नेपालगञ्ज रंगशाला]]मा हुने निर्णय गरेको थियो । मुल आयोजक समारोह समितिले गरेको निर्णय अनुसार बाँकेमा विभिन्न खेल स्थलमा १७ वटा खेलहरु हुनेछन् । बर्दियामा ४, दाङमा ७, कपिलवस्तुमा १ र रुपन्देहीमा ४ खेलहरु आयोजना हुनेछन् । ==सब्बै खेलअन== ==खेलहरू== {{col-start}} {{col-3}} *फुटबल *क्रिकेट *भलिबल *बक्सिङ *तेक्वान्दो *टेबल टेनिस *उसु *जुडो *ह्याडबल *कराँते *कुस्ती {{col-3}} *हकी *सुटिङ *जिम्न्याष्टिक *साईकिलिङ *आर्चरी *फेन्सिङ *पौडी *ट्रायथलन *एथ्लेटिक्स *फुल कन्ट्याक्ट कराँते *ब्याटमिन्टन *बास्केटबल {{col-3}} *आईटीएफ तेक्वान्दो *शारीरिक सुगठन *सफ्ट टेनिस *लन टेनिस *तेक्वान्दो *कबड्डी *बुद्विचाल *खोखो *सेपाकताक्रो *स्क्वास *प्याराग्याईडिङ *गल्फ {{col-end}} ==सहभागी टिमअन== ;आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुदमी सहभागी जनाउन्या सब्बै ११ टिमअन {{col-start}} {{col-2}} *प्रदेश नम्बर १ *प्रदेश नम्बर २ *प्रदेश नम्बर ३ *[[आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७५ मी गण्डकी प्रदेश|गण्डकी प्रदेश]] *प्रदेश नम्बर ५ {{col-2}} *प्रदेश नम्बर ६ *प्रदेश नम्बर ७ *[[आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७५ मी नेपाल पुलिस|नेपाल पुलिस क्लब]] *[[आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७५ मी नेपाल आर्मी|नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]] *[[आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद २०७५ मी एपीएफ क्लब|एपीएफ क्लब]] *एनआरएन {{col-end}} ==पदक तालिका== ==लोगो तथा मस्कट== [[राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद परिषद]]का सदस्य सचिव [[केशवकुमार विष्ट]]ले २०७४ फाल्गुन ०८ गते मंगलबार नेपालगन्जमा लोगो, गीत, नारा र मस्कोट सार्वजनिक गरेका थिए । प्रतियोगिताको नारा ‘आठौं खेलकुद हाम्रो प्रदेशमा, पसिना र पौरख आफ्नै देशमा’ तय गरिएको छ । यो नारा सदस्य सचिव विष्टले लेखेका हुन् । भने प्रतियोगितको गीत नारायण खतिवडाले लेखेका हुन् ।<ref>[https://www.kantipurdaily.com/sports/2018/02/20/20180220164247.html आठौं राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद प्रतियोगिता : लोगो र मस्कोट हात्तीको छावा सार्वजनिक ,कान्तिपुर २०७४ फाल्गुन ०८)] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> प्रदेश नम्बर ५ मा बाँके र बर्दिया राष्ट्रिय निकुन्ज रहेकाले पर्यटन प्रवर्द्धनका लागि मस्कोट हात्तीको छावा तय गरिएको सदस्य सचिव विष्टले बताएका थिए । उनले लोगोमा शान्तिका दूत [[गौतम बुद्ध]], शान्तिको प्रतीक [[परेवा]], बर्दियाको राष्ट्रिय निकुन्ज ठाकुरद्वारालाई प्रतिविम्बित गरेको जानकारी दिएमा थिए । लोगो बनाउनका लागि राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद परिषद्ले सार्वजनिकरुपमा प्रतिस्पर्धा गराएको थियो । ==यो पनि हेर== ==सन्दर्भ सामाग्रीअन== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य सुत्रअन== {{नेपाल राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद}} [[श्रेणी:नेपाल राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद]] b87ax3135g2npst979idpa5fp6cou9n 0 14602 270558 258498 2026-11-07T23:23:36Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = इन्दिरा प्रसाईं | honorific_suffix = | native_name = इन्दिरा | native_name_lang = नेपाली | image = | caption = इन्दिरा प्रसाईं | birth_name = | birth_date = वि.सं. २०१४ फागुन ३ गते <!-- {{Birth date and age|२०१४|११|03}} --> | birth_place = दार्जिलिङ, [[भारत]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | monuments = | residence = | nationality = {{flagicon|नेपाल}} [[नेपाली]] | other_names = | ethnicity = <!-- Ethnicity should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | citizenship = | education = एम्.बी.ए. | alma_mater = | occupation = लेखन, सम्पादन, पत्रकारिता | years_active = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = [[कथा]], [[उपन्यास]], [[कविता]] | notable_works = [[मन सायद उघ्रदैन]], [[वयान]], [[विश्वामित्र]], [[रनमाया]], [[बाइपङ्खी घोडा]] | style = | influences = | influenced = | home_town = [[काठमाडौं (स्पष्टता)|काठमाडौं]] | salary = | height = | weight = <!-- {{convert|weight in kg|kg|lb}} --> | television = | title = | term = | religion = <!-- Religion should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = स्व.गणेशप्रसाद शर्मा, दुर्गादेवी नेपाल | relatives = | callsign = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | website = <!-- {{URL|http://}} --> | footnotes = }} बा गणेशप्रसाद शर्मा रे इज्या दुर्गादेवी नेपाल का कोख बठे विक्रम सम्बत् २०१४ साल फागुन ३ <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nai.com.np/contents.php?id=74&fbclid=IwAR0uhnEL6S7NIKcvfJJePNapAxxvs5FZ8mmAGYKs1Cfqp3G34IfzPgg2tsk |title=नइ डटकम |access-date=2019-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818084907/http://www.nai.com.np/contents.php?id=74&fbclid=IwAR0uhnEL6S7NIKcvfJJePNapAxxvs5FZ8mmAGYKs1Cfqp3G34IfzPgg2tsk |archive-date=2019-08-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> गते [[भारत]] का दार्जिलिङ माइ जन्मी साहित्यकार इन्दिरा प्रसाईं खास अरिबर कथा, उपन्यास रे कविता विधा मी कलम चलाउछिन। [[गोरखापत्र संस्थान]] कि कार्यकारी अध्यक्ष<ref name=majheri>इन्दिरा प्रसाईं, '''[http://www.majheri.com/node/6115?destination=node%2F6115&e7e3_name=39 मेरो कार्यकालमा कसरी खस्क्यो मधुपर्क' ?]''' majheri.com,प्रकाशित मिति: बुधबार, 02/09/2011</ref> भइसकी उन अच्याल नइ प्रकाशन माइ अध्यक्ष का <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nai.com.np/contents.php?id=2 |title=नइ डटकम |access-date=2019-05-10 |archive-date=2019-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422120537/http://nai.com.np/contents.php?id=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> रूप मी कार्यरत छन। [[महेन्द्र मोरङ आदर्श बहुमुखी क्याम्पस|महेन्द्र मोरङ् आदर्श]] बहुमुखी क्याम्पस रे पशुपति बहुमुखी क्याम्पस मी प्राध्यापन गरिसकी उनरा '''मन सायद उघ्रदैन''', '''वयान''' कथासङ्ग्रह, '''विाश्वमित्र''', '''रनमाया''' उपन्यास, '''बाइपङ्खी घोडा''', '''माल्दाइलाई चिठी''' चर्चित कवितासङ्ग्रह हुन। उनरो उपन्यास ''''उसको लोग्ने र बिरालो'''<nowiki/>' अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा मी ''''The Husband and Cat'''<nowiki/>' अनुवाद भया: छ रे तसै किताप लाइ [[इजिप्ट|ईजिप्ट]] सरकार ले [[अरबी]] भाषा मी लै अनुवाद अरिराइछ। उनरो दोसरो उपन्यास ''''रनमाया'''<nowiki/>' [[नेपाल प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान]] बाटि अङरेजि भाषा मी अनुवाद अरिया: छ। येइ का अलावा ५३ विभिन्न विधा का कितापअन प्रकाशित होइर्यान भँण्या भौती कृतिइन तथा पत्रपत्रिकाअन सम्पादन अरी राखि छन्। ==प्रकाशित कथासङ्ग्रह== * मन सायद उघ्रदैन (२०५१) * बयान (२०५५) <ref>[http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88 कविताकोष डटओआरजी] </ref> * दोस्रोसत्ता (२०६२) <ref> [http://www.madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?start=22610 मदनपुरस्कार डटओआरजी] </ref> * मेरो कथा नलेखिदिनू (२०७४) <ref> [https://www.samakalinsahitya.com/index.php?show=news&news_id=788 समकालीन साहित्य डटकम] </ref> ==प्रकाशित उपन्यास== * विश्वामित्र (२०५५) * रनमाया (२०५८) * शिखा (२०५९) * उसको लोग्ने र बिरालो (२०६०) * The Husband & the Cat (2005 AD) * उसको लोग्ने र बिरालो (अरेबिक भाषा : 2010 AD) (इजिप्ट सरकारको संस्कृति मन्त्रालयबाट प्रकाशित पहिलो नेपाली साहित्य) * Ranamaya (2017 AD) ==प्रकाशित कवितासङ्ग्रह== * बाईपङ्खी घोडा (२०५७) * तिमी हुनुको (लामोकविता : २०५७) * नेपाल न्यूज डट कम (२०५९) * माल्दाइलाई चिठी (२०६१) * ए समुद्र! (लामोकविता : २०६३) * शारदा (लामोकविता : २०६९) * Being of You (2017 AD) ==प्रकाशित खण्डकाव्य== * हरिमाया (२०७४) ==प्रकाशित समिक्षात्मक पत्रनिबन्ध== * प्रिय नरेन्द्र (२०६१) ==जीवनीमूलक निबन्ध== * मेरी सासू (२०६५) * भागीरथा प्रसाईको निर्वाण (२०६९) ==समीक्षा== * उषा शेरचनको सङ्खघोष (२०७२) ==कोश== * विश्व नारी नेपाली स्रष्टाकोश (२०७१) ==अनुवाद== * मेरा जीवन : मेरी कहानी (२०५४) नेपालीभाषाबाट हिन्दीभाषामा ==सम्पादन== * भारती खरेल : सृजना र समीक्षा (२०५२) * पौरखी पुरुष (२०५२) * एउटा अमर प्राज्ञ : बालकृष्ण सम (२०५४) * रुद्रराज पाण्डे : सृष्टि र दृष्टि (२०५४) * गणेश गुरु : साधनादेखि समाधिसम्म (२०५४) * भूपाल अर्चना (२०५५) * उकाली ओरालीहरूमा तारादेवी (२०५६) * ईश्वर बराल : कृति र कीर्ति (२०५७) * श्री ५ वीरेन्द्रको बहुआयामिक व्यक्तित्व (२०५७) * सङ्गीतशिरोभूषण : नातिकाजी (२०५८) * ईश्वरवल्लभ : आयाम र आकृति (२०५९) * कमल दीक्षित : कालो अक्षरदेखि सग्लो अक्षरसम्म (२०६०) * मिश्रका कृति : कविका दृष्टि (२०६०) * त्रिमूर्ति निकेतन (२०६०) * शरदचन्द्र भट्टराईको इतिवृत्त (२०६२) * देवकोटा शताब्दी कविता (२०६६) * देवकोटा राष्ट्रिय चिन्तन (२०६६) * नेपाली साहित्यको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विस्तार (२०६७) * विश्व नारी नेपाली साहित्यको रेखाङ्कन (२०७१) * चौध अञ्चलमा नारी साहित्य (२०७१) * वानीरा गिरीको कृतिस्तम्भ (२०७१) * कवितामा वानीरा (२०७१) * विश्वनारी साहित्य समीक्षा (२०७२) * भानुभक्त दुई सय वर्ष (२०७२) * बगेको खोला (२०७२) * नरेन्द्रराज प्रसाईकृत भानुजीवनी : मूल्य र मान्यता (२०७३) * अविश्रान्त साधक : घटराज भट्टराई (२०७४) * कवितामा घटराज भट्टराई (२०७४) ==पत्रिका सम्पादन== * कथाक्रम त्रैमासिक (२०४१-२०४३) * प्रज्ञापत्र मासिक (२०५३-२०५५) * भानुमोती वार्षिक (२०५६-२०६३) ==पुरस्कार रे सम्मान== * युवावर्ष मोती पुरस्कार (२०५१) * मैनाली कथा पुरस्कार (२०५२) * राष्ट्रिय प्रतिभा पुरस्कार (२०५२) * राष्ट्रिय गौरव युवासम्मान (२०५३) * भानुभक्त सम्मान (२०६२) * भद्रकुमारी घले पुरस्कार (२०६४) * दीपज्योति पुरस्कार (२०६७) * देरुनीख पुरस्कार (२०६७) * भानुभक्त स्वर्ण पदक (२०७१) * भानुभक्त प्रज्ञा पुरस्कार (२०७१) * भारती खरेल पुरस्कार २०७३) ==विभूषण== * गद्दीआरोहणको रजतमहोत्सव पदक (२०५३) * प्रबल गोरखादक्षिणबाहु (२०५७) * वीरेन्द्रऐर्श्वर्य सेवापदक (२०५८) ==संस्थापक== * नइ प्रकाशन - २०५२ * त्रिमूर्ति निकेतन - २०६१ ==नियुक्ति रे मनोनीत== * कार्यकारी अध्यक्ष, गोरखापत्र संस्थान (२०६२) * सल्लाहकार, श्री ५ को सरकार (२०६२-२०६३) * उपाध्यक्ष, भानुभक्त व्दिशतवार्षिकी कार्यकारी समिति (नेपाल सरकार, २०७१) ==प्राध्यापन== * महेन्द्र मोरड आदर्श बहुमुखी क्याम्पस, विराटनगर (२०४७-२०५१) * पशुपति बहुमुखी क्याम्पस, काठमाडौं (२०५६ देखि २०७१) ==चित्र दीर्घा== <gallery> इन्दिरा_प्रसाई‌ं_आफ्नो_श्रीमान्_नरेन्द्रराज_प्रसाईंसँग.jpg|thumb|इन्दिरा प्रसाईं श्रीमान् नरेन्द्रराज प्रसाईं सित इन्दिरा_प्रसाई्ं_आफ्नो_परिवारसँग.jpg|thumb|इन्दिरा प्रसाईं आफुनि मौ सित </gallery> ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==बाइल्ला लिङ्कअन== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190818084907/http://www.nai.com.np/contents.php?id=74&fbclid=IwAR0uhnEL6S7NIKcvfJJePNapAxxvs5FZ8mmAGYKs1Cfqp3G34IfzPgg2tsk नइ डटकम] * [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100007220835227 इन्दिरा प्रसाईंको फेसबुक पेज] [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका साहित्यकारअन]] 0n9635qfn9yqp23bkg87r8ssbb2omjc 0 14621 270552 259999 2026-11-07T23:19:08Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = अभि सुवेदी | honorific_suffix = | native_name = अभि सुवेदी | native_name_lang = नेपाली | image = Abhi Subedi (3).jpg|thumb| | caption = अभि सुवेदी सन् २०१० मा नयाँ दिल्लीमी भया सार्क साहित्य सम्मेलनमी बोल्लुलाराया | birth_name = अभिनारायण सुवेदी | birth_date = वि.सं २००२ असार १७ | birth_place = [[साब्ला]], [[तेह्रथुम जिल्ला|तेह्रथुम]], [[नेपाल]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = {{flagicon|Nepal}}[[नेपाली (स्पष्टता)|नेपाली]] | other_names = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = एम. ए. (अङ्ग्रेजी), एम. एस्सी.(भाषाशास्त्र), [[विद्यावारिधि]] | alma_mater = [[:en:University of Edinburgh|इडिनबर्ग विश्वविद्यालय, स्कटल्यान्ड]] | occupation = लेखन | years_active = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = [[कविता]], [[नाटक]], [[समालोचना]] | notable_works = आरुका फूलका सपना, कार्पेट टाँगिएको आकाश | style = | influences = | influenced = | home_town = [[काठमाडौं (स्पष्टता)|काठमाडौ]] | salary = | height = | weight = | television = | title = | term = | religion = | spouse = विन्दु सुवेदी | partner = | children = गिरीश सुवेदी, सलिल सुवेदी | parents = | relatives = | callsign = | awards = सार्क साहित्य एवार्ड, युगकवि सिद्धिचरण पुरस्कार | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | website = | footnotes = }} '''अभि सुवेदी''' (जन्म - वि.स. २००२ असार १७, तदनुसार सन् १९४५ जुन ३०) [[नेपाली (स्पष्टता)|नेपाली]] रे [[अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा|अङ्ग्रेजी]] [[भाषा]]मी समानान्तर कलम चलाउन्या नेपाली समालोचक, भाषाविद्, नाटककार, अनुवादक तथा [[कवि]] हुन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2016/07/455006 |title=‘आफैंले पढाएका प्रचण्डलाई चिनिनछु’ अभि सुबेदीसँग गुरु संवाद|trans-title= |first= last= |website=onlinekhabar.com|date=२०७३ साउन ४ गते |accessdate=2017-12-12}}</ref> उनको स्रष्टा व्यक्तित्व नाटककार, कवि रे निबन्धकारमी विभक्त छ भण्या द्रष्टा व्यक्तित्व समालोचक रे साहित्यिक चिन्तकका रूपमी प्रसिद्ध छ। करिब तीन दर्जन कृतिका कृतिकार सुवेदीको साहित्यिक छवि उनको बाह्य छविजसो सर्वथा भिन्न, उच्च रे गम्भीर छ।<ref name="Samakalin1">{{cite web|url=http://samakalinsahitya.com/index.php?show=detail&art_id=5014 |title=निबन्धमा उत्तरवर्ती कालखण्डको आतिथ्यमा रमाउँदा|trans-title=|first=प्रा.डा.कुमारप्रसाद |last=कोइराला |website=samakalinsahitya.com|date=सोमबार, 15 मङ्गसीर, 2071|accessdate=2017-12-12}}</ref> ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन== ==कार्य जीवन== ==लेखनशैली== {{Quote box |width=250px |align=right|quoted=true |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |salign=right |quote = <poem> '''निचरेर सुकाएको आकाश''' -अभि सुवेदी आकाशबाट धर्धरी भक्कानो फोरेर रोएको कानमा खसेपछि वेगले भेट्न दौडेँ, पृथ्वी मेरो मोटरसाइकलको चक्कामा पहिरन अल्झाएर झन्डै नाङ्गिइन्, पानी जस्तै थ्याच्च बसिन् म भिजेको सरि मायाले टाँगिएँ र एक निचरेर सुकाएको हलुका आकाश भएँ । </poem>|source = शब्द र चोट }} ==लेखन एवम् प्रकाशन / मुख्य कृतिअन== ===कवितासङ्ग्रह=== *''शब्द र चोट'' - सन्‌ १९९७ ===नाटक=== *''तीन नाटक'' - सन्‌ २००८ ISBN 99933-647-3-8 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mandalabookpoint.com/main_details.php?sid=137&cat= |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306005829/http://www.mandalabookpoint.com/main_details.php?sid=137&cat= |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''चिरिएका साँझहरू'' - सन्‌ २०१३ *''पाँच नाटक'' - सन्‌ २००४ ISBN 99933-890-9-9 <ref>http://madanpuraskar.org/view_book_info.php?id=19855</ref> *''आरुका फूलका सपना'' ISBN 999331160X ===निबन्धसङ्ग्रह=== *''निबन्धमा उत्तरवर्ती कालखण्ड ''- सन्‌ २००९ ISBN 9789993307211 <ref>http://madanpuraskar.org/view_book_info.php?id=27509</ref> *''कार्पेट टाँगिएको आकाश'' *''निबन्ध र टुँडिखेल'' - सन्‌ २००८ *''फ्लानरको डायरी'' - सन्‌ २०१४ ===अनुवाद=== *''जापानी नोह नाटक'' - सन्‌ १९८९ *''पोयम्स अब् द सेन्चुरी'' - सन्‌ २००० *''भ्वाइसेस अब्‍ नेपाल'' (संयुक्त) - सन्‌ १९९९ *''बियोन्ड बोर्डर्स'' (संयुक्त) - सन्‌ २००२ *''जापानी हाइकु'' - हिजो र आज - सन्‌ १९८७ *''आधुनिक जापानी कविता'' - सन्‌ १९८७ === समालोचना === *''सहित्य र आमवृत्त'' - सन्‌ २०१३ ISBN 9789937852531 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pandulipibooks.com/sahitya.php |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-date=2015-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326061257/http://pandulipibooks.com/sahitya.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''जापानी हाइकु'' - हिजो र आज - २०४४<ref name="Haiku1">{{cite web|url=http://www.majheri.com/node/8016 |title=हाइकुको मिठास बुझ्नेलाई मात्र थाहा हुन्छ|trans-title=|first=अभि |last=सुवेदी |website=majheri.com|date=Sat, 10/22/2011|accessdate=2017-12-12}}</ref> *''पाश्चात्य काव्य सिद्धान्त'' - वि. सं. २०३० (सन्‌ १९७३) <ref>http://madanpuraskar.org/view_book_info.php?id=7548</ref> *''रचना र माध्यम'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sajha.org.np/criticism.shtml/ |title=समालोचना, साझा प्रकाशन |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-date=2013-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005115316/http://www.sajha.org.np/criticism.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''सिर्जना र मूल्याङ्कन'' - सन्‌ १९८२ <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sajha.org.np/criticism.shtml/ |title=समालोचना, साझा प्रकाशन |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-date=2013-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005115316/http://www.sajha.org.np/criticism.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''माध्यम र रचना'' - सन्‌ १९९७ ===सम्पादन=== *''जापानी नोह नाटक'' *''समकालिन नेपाली कविता'' - सन्‌ १९९६ *''विश्वसाहित्यको ऐतिहासिक रूपरेखा'' - सन्‌ १९७४ *''पच्चीस वर्षका नेपाली कविता'' - सन्‌ १९८२ *''आधुनिक नेपाली कविता'' - सन्‌ १९८७ ===अङ्ग्रेजी भाषामी प्रकाशित कृतिअन=== *''ब्रूज्ड इभिनिङ्स'' (नाटक), (Bruised Evenings 2011 (Play). <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.canadanepalprograms.com/2014/08/interview-with-prof-dr-abhi-subedi-in.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218165216/http://www.canadanepalprograms.com/2014/08/interview-with-prof-dr-abhi-subedi-in.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''नेपाली थिएटर एज आई सी इट'' (Nepali Theatre as I See It, 2007) ISBN 999469989X <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mandalabookpoint.com/main_details.php?sid=218&cat=%20&s=Others&t=Nepali%20Theatre%20As%20I%20See%20It |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218175752/http://www.mandalabookpoint.com/main_details.php?sid=218&cat=%20&s=Others&t=Nepali%20Theatre%20As%20I%20See%20It |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''थ्री प्लेज'' (अनुवाद- सङ्गीता रायमाझी) (Three Plays. Trans Sangita Rayamajhi, 2003) ISBN 9993364738 *''ड्रीम्स अब् पीच ब्लासम्स'' (Dreams of Peach Blossoms, 2001, 2012 (play) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.canadanepalprograms.com/2014/08/interview-with-prof-dr-abhi-subedi-in.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218165216/http://www.canadanepalprograms.com/2014/08/interview-with-prof-dr-abhi-subedi-in.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''इकाइ कावागुची'' - द ट्य्रासप्यास इनसाइडर (Ekai Kawaguchi: the Trespassing Insider, 1999.) ISBN 99933-10-02-5 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mandalabookpoint.com/main_details.php?sid=26&cat=%20&s=Travelogue&t=Ekai%20Kawaguchi:%20The%20Trespassing%20Insider |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218175544/http://www.mandalabookpoint.com/main_details.php?sid=26&cat=%20&s=Travelogue&t=Ekai%20Kawaguchi:%20The%20Trespassing%20Insider |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''चेसिङ ड्रीम्स'' - काठमाडौं ओडिसी (Chasing Dreams: Kathmandu Odyssey, (poetic play) ASIN B0006F9QP4 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mandalabookpoint.com/main_details.php?sid=20&cat=%20&s=Poems&t=Chasing%20Dreams |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218175630/http://www.mandalabookpoint.com/main_details.php?sid=20&cat=%20&s=Poems&t=Chasing%20Dreams |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''नेपाली लिटरेचर'' - ब्याकग्राउन्ड एन्ड हिस्ट्री (Nepali Literature: Background and History, 1978.) *''मानस'' (अङ्ग्रेजी कविताहरूको संयुक्त सङ्ग्रह) (Manas (English poems), joint collection, 1974.) ==प्रमुख पुरस्कार तथा सम्मान== * [[सार्क साहित्य पुरस्कार]] २०१० <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAARC_Literary_Award सार्क लिटरेरी एवार्ड] </ref> * युगकवि सिद्धिचरण पुरस्कार <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kalikafm.com.np/index.php?pageName=news_details&id=14645&catId=6/ |title=युगकवि सिद्धिचरण पुरस्कारद्वारा साहित्यकार अभि सुवेदी सम्मानित, साहित्य, KalikaFM 95.2 |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819064354/http://www.kalikafm.com.np/index.php?pageName=news_details&id=14645&catId=6/ |archive-date=2019-08-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * डबली पुरस्कार २००२ <ref> page 371, The World of Theatre 2003 Edition: edited by Ian Herbert, Nicole Leclercq </ref> ==सन्दर्भ सूची== {{reflist}} ==वाह्य लिङ्कअन== * [http://www.samakalinsahitya.com/?show=detail&art_id=5014/ निबन्धमा उत्तरवर्ती कालखण्डको आतिथ्यमा रमाउँदा]</br> * [http://srrasta.blogspot.com/2008/10/blog-post_9095.html/ अभिनारायण सुवेदी] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531004815/http://srrasta.blogspot.com/2008/10/blog-post_9095.html |date=2013-05-31 }}</br> * [http://www.newsofnepal.com/new/literature/2014/02/38008/ डा. सुवेदीको पछिल्लो कृति] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331015623/http://www.newsofnepal.com/new/literature/2014/02/38008 |date=2014-03-31 }}></br> * [http://www.ekantipur.com/kantipur/reporter/602.html/ अभि सुवेदीका पाक्षिक लेख]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</br> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190819064354/http://www.kalikafm.com.np/index.php?pageName=news_details&id=14645&catId=6/ युगकवि सिद्धिचरण पुरस्कारद्वारा साहित्यकार अभि सुवेदी सम्मानित]</br> * [http://setopati.com/kala/6559/ ‘निबन्ध के हो ? बल्ल थाहा पाएँ’: अभि सुवेदी, सेतोपाटी, शनिबार, मंसिर २९, २०७०] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221055203/http://setopati.com/kala/6559/ |date=2014-02-21 }} </br> * [http://echitwanpost.com/chitwan/5432_2013_11_30/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AE/ डा. शिव रिजाल, ''आरूका फूल, अभि सुवेदी र म'', चितवन पोष्ट , नोवेम्बर ३०, २०१३]</br> * [http://www.majheri.com/node/5495/ लक्ष्मी, उत्सव र हुरी - अभि सुवेदी, मझेरी डट कम, २०६७ कार्तिक २१] {{नेपाली भाषाका साहित्यकारअन}} {{सार्क साहित्य पुरस्कार प्राप्त व्यक्तित्वअन}} [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली साहित्यकार]] d6lbasaslkp3s0kd25thf6375j736ij 0 14654 270616 259034 2026-11-08T00:52:20Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox international football competition | tourney_name =भरतपुर गोल्डकप २०७६ | image = | size | alt = | caption = नेपाल | country = {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} | dates = वैशाख २४ गतेबठे जेठ ४ गतेसम्म | num_teams = १२ | venues = १ | cities = १ | champion_other = [[सङ्कटा क्लब]] | count = १ | second_other = [[झापा ११ फुटबल क्लब|झापा ११]] | third_other = | fourth_other = | matches = | goals = | attendance = | top_scorer = | player = अमित तामाङ (सङ्कटा) | goalkeeper = राजाबाबु थापा (सङ्कटा) | fair_play = | prevseason = | nextseason = }} '''भरतपुर गोल्डकप''' चितवनको [[भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|भरतपुर]]मी पैले फेर आयोजना भयाको यक फुटबल प्रतियोगिता हो। यि प्रतियोगिता एजे इन्टरनेसनलले नारायणगढ क्याम्पाचौरमी वैशाख २४ गते बठे जेठ ४ गते सम्म सञ्चालन गर्‍याको थ्यो। यस प्रतियोगितामी [[सहिद स्मारक ए-डिभिजन लिग|ए डिभिजन लिग]]का सात रे मोफसलका पाँच गरी १२ टोलीअनको सहभागिता रह्याको थ्यो। एेल यस प्रतियोगितालाई पुरानो मेडिकल कलेज भरतपुरले प्रायोजन गर्‍याको छ भने सह प्रायोजकको रूपमी एक्सपर्ट एजुकेसन भिसा सेन्टर तथा सहयोगी संस्थाको रूपमी [[अखिल नेपाल फुटबल सङ्घ|एन्फा]], राष्ट्रिय खेलकुल परिषद चितवन, एष्ट्रल युथ सोसाइटी, भरतपुर महानगरपालिका रे [[गोल नेपाल डटकम|गोल नेपाल]] रह्याका छन्। प्रतियोगिताको विजेता बन्दै [[सङ्कटा क्लब]]ले रु ६ लाखसहित गोल्डकप रे मेडल रे द्वितीय भयाको [[झापा ११ फुटबल क्लब|झापा ११]]ले रु तीन लाख नगद पुरस्कार हात पार्‍या थ्याः। प्रतियोगितामी चार विधाका सर्वोत्कृष्ट खेलाडीअनलाई जनही रु २० हजार, सर्वोत्कृष्ट खेलाडीअनलाई रु ४० हजार रे प्रत्येक प्रतियोगिताको उत्कृष्ट खेलाडीअनले (म्यान अफ द म्याच)लाई रु १० हजार प्रदान गरियाको थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nepalinepse.com/bharatipur-goalcup/|title=बैशाख २४ बठे भरतपुर गोल्डकप हुँदै|author=|date=११ बैशाख २०७६, बुधबार ०८:३७|work=नेपाली नेप्से|accessdate=६ जेठ २०७६|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821071740/https://nepalinepse.com/bharatipur-goalcup/|archive-date=2019-08-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> प्रतियोगिताको प्रदेश नं ३ का सामाजिक विकासमन्त्री युवराज दुलालले एक समारोहबीच उद्घाटन गरेका थिए<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inheadline.com/news/68094|title=भरतपुर गोल्डकप सुरु|author=|date=११ बैशाख २०७६, बुधबार|work=इन हेडलाइन्स|accessdate=६ जेठ २०७६|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722155206/https://www.inheadline.com/news/68094|archive-date=2019-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> भने विजयी टोली रे खेलाडीअनलाई भरतपुर महानगरपालिकाकी मेयर [[रेणु दाहाल]]ले पुरस्कार रे कप प्रदान गर्‍याकी थिन्। [[सहिद स्मारक ए-डिभिजन लिग|ए-डिभिजन लिग]]को क्लब सङ्कटाले रमपम झापा–११ लाई ३–० ले पराजित गर्दै सीएमएस भरतपुर गोल्डकप २०७६ फुटबल प्रतियोगिताको विजेता बन्याको थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajdhanidaily.com/169377/|title=सङ्कटा विजेता|author=राजधानी संवाददाता|date=२ जेठ २०७५|work=राजधानी डेल्ली|accessdate=५ जेठ २०७६|archive-date=2019-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521112038/http://rajdhanidaily.com/169377/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://radionepal.gov.np/news-details/26764/2019-05-19|title=भरतपुर गोल्डकप फुटबल प्रतियोगिता २०७६ उपाधि सङ्कटा क्लबलाई|author=|date=२०७६ जेठ ५ आइतबार|work=[[रेडियो नेपाल]]|accessdate=जेठ ६, २०७६}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == सहभागी टोलीअन == ;भरतपुर गोल्डकप २०७६ का सहभागी क्लबअन {{col-start}} {{col-3}} *ए-डिभिजनका क्लबअन **[[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]] **[[नेपाल पुलिस क्लब]] **[[सशस्त्र प्रहरी बल क्लब]] **[[थ्री स्टार क्लब]] **[[च्यासल युथ क्लब]] **[[सङ्कटा क्लब]] **[[जावलाखेल युथ क्लब]] {{col-3}} *मोफसलका क्लबअन **विजय युथ क्लब हेटौंडा **चितवन-११ **बिरगञ्ज युथ एकेडमी **नुवाकोट ११ **[[झापा ११ फुटबल क्लब|झापा ११]] {{col-end}} == खेलअन == === क्वाटरफाइनल छनोट चरण === === क्वाटरफाइनल === ---- {{football box |date = २०७६ वैशाख २७ |time = अपरान्ह ४ बजे |team1 = [[च्यासल युथ क्लब]] |score = २-१ |team2 = [[नेपाल पुलिस क्लब]] |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = |referee= |attendance= }} ----<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hamrokhelkud.com/football/52911|title=च्यासल भरतपुर गोल्डकपको क्वार्टरफाइनलमा|author=|date=शुक्रबार, वैशाख २७, २०७६|work=हाम्रो खेलकुद|accessdate=८ जेठ २०७६|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524065819/https://www.hamrokhelkud.com/football/52911|archive-date=2019-05-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> ---- {{football box |date = २०७६ जेठ ०३ |time = अपरान्ह ४ बजे |team1 = [[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]] |score = (सडनडेथमा नेपाल प्रहरी पराजित) |team2 = [[चितवन ११]] |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = |referee= |attendance= }} ---- ===सेमिफाइनल=== ---- {{football box |date = २०७६ जेठ ०३ |time = |team1 = [[झापा ११]] |score = १-० |team2 = [[च्यासल युथ क्लब]] |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = |referee= |attendance= }} ---- {{football box |date = २०७६ वैशाख ३१ |time = |team1 = [[चितवन जिल्ला|चितवन ११]] |score = ०-०<br>(२-४) |team2 = [[सङ्कटा क्लब]] |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = |referee= |attendance= }} ---- ===फाइनल=== ---- {{football box |date = २०७४ जेठ ०४ |time = |team1 = [[झापा ११]] |score = ०-३ |team2 = [[सङ्कटा क्लब]] |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = |referee= |attendance= }} ----<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epurwa.com/?p=14571|title=भरतपुर गोल्डकप : उपाधिका लागी आज सङ्कटा रे झापा ११ भिड्दै|author=|date=चितवन, जेठ ४|work=इ-पूर्व|accessdate=८ जेठ २०७६|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225103748/https://epurwa.com/?p=14571|url-status=dead}}</ref> == व्यक्तिगत पुरस्कारअन == {| class="wikitable" !पुरस्कार विधा !विजेताअन<ref name=कान्तिपुर डेल्ली>{{cite web|url=https://www.kantipurdaily.com/author/author-14240|title= भरतपुर गोल्डकपको उपाधि सङ्कटालाई|author=रमेशकुमार पौडेल|date=जेष्ठ ४, २०७६|work=कान्तिपुर डेल्ली|accessdate=जेष्ठ ५,२०७६}}</ref> !क्लब |- |उत्कृष्ट [[गोलरक्षक (फुटबल)|गोलरक्षक]] |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} राजाबाबु थापा |[[सङ्कटा क्लब]] |- |उत्कृष्ट [[रक्षापंक्ति (फुटबल)|रक्षापङ्क्तिका खेलाडी]] |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} सुन्दास चौधरी |चितवन ११ |- |उत्कृष्ट [[मध्यपंक्ति (फुटबल)|मध्यपङ्क्तिका खेलाडी]] |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} सञ्जोग राई |[[झापा ११ फुटबल क्लब|झापा ११]] |- |उत्कृष्ट [[अग्रपंक्ति (फुटबल)|अग्रपङ्क्तिका खेलाडी]] |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} निशान लिम्बु |[[झापा ११ फुटबल क्लब|झापा ११]] |- |सर्वोत्कृष्ट खेलाडी |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} अमित तामाङ |[[सङ्कटा क्लब]] |} == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन == {{टिप्पणीसूची}} r4d56n0sr3vobdxvj346d5hup71getn 0 14661 270615 257652 2026-11-08T00:52:18Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football tournament | title = भरतपुर गोल्डकप | current = [[भरतपुर गोल्डकप २०७६]] | logo = | founded = वि.सं. २०७६<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inheadline.com/news/68094|title=भरतपुर गोल्डकप शुरु|author=|date=११ बैशाख २०७६, बुधबार|work=इन हेडलाइन्स|accessdate=६ जेठ २०७६|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722155206/https://www.inheadline.com/news/68094|archive-date=2019-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region = {{flagicon|NEP}} [[नारायणगढ]], [[नेपाल]] | number of teams = १२ | current champions = [[सङ्कटा क्लब]]<br>(१ औं उपाधि) | most successful club = [[सङ्कटा क्लब]]<br>(१ औं उपाधि) | broadcasters = | motto = | website = }} '''भरतपुर गोल्डकप''' नेपाल का [[चितवन जिल्ला]] मी आयोजना हुन्या यक राष्ट्रिय स्तर को फुटबल प्रतियोगिता हो। यो प्रतियोगिता वि.सं. २०७६ साल बठे शरू भयाऽहो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nepalinepse.com/bharatipur-goalcup/|title=बैशाख २४ देखि भरतपुर गोल्डकप हुँदै|author=|date=११ बैशाख २०७६, बुधबार ०८:३७|work=नेपाली नेप्से|accessdate=६ जेठ २०७६|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821071740/https://nepalinepse.com/bharatipur-goalcup/|archive-date=2019-08-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> भरतपुर गोल्डकप कि पैल्ली उपाधि ए-डिभिजन टोलि [[सङ्कटा क्लब]] ले मोफसल का अर्खा क्लब [[झापा ११]] लाइ फाइनल मी ३-० गोल अन्तर ले हराइबर जित्याको थ्यो<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajdhanidaily.com/169377/|title=सङ्कटा विजेता|author=राजधानी संवाददाता|date=२ जेठ २०७५|work=राजधानी डेल्ली|accessdate=५ जेठ २०७६|archive-date=2019-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521112038/http://rajdhanidaily.com/169377/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://radionepal.gov.np/news-details/26764/2019-05-19|title=भरतपुर गोल्डकप फुटबल प्रतियोगिता २०७६ उपाधि सङ्कटा क्लबलाई|author=|date=२०७६ जेठ ५ आइतबार|work=[[रेडियो नेपाल]]|accessdate=जेठ ६, २०७६}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> । == टोली प्रदर्शनी == === विजेताअन=== {| class="wikitable" wikitable ' |- ! संस्करण ! वर्ष (वि.स.) ! विजेता ! उपविजेता ! फाइनल नतिजा |- |- | प्रथम | [[भरतपुर गोल्डकप २०७६|२०७६]] |'''[[सङ्कटा क्लब]]''' | [[झापा ११]] | ३-०<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hamrokhelkud.com/football/53281 |title=सङ्कटा भरतपुर गोल्डकपको विजेता |author= |work=हाम्रो खेलकुद डटकम |accessdate=शनिबार, जेष्ठ ४, २०७६ }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |} ===उत्कृष्ट टिम नतिजा=== {| class="wikitable" wikitable ' |- ! क्र.स. ! टिम ! विजेता ! उपविजेता !विजेता वर्ष |- |१. |'''[[सङ्कटा क्लब]]''' |१ |० | [[भरतपुर गोल्डकप २०७६|२०७६]] |- |२. |[[झापा ११]] |० |१ |_ |} == विधागत पुरस्कारअन == === पैलो संस्करण २०७६ === {| class="wikitable" !पुरस्कार विधा !विजेताअन<ref name=कान्तिपुर डेल्ली>{{cite web|url=https://www.kantipurdaily.com/author/author-14240|title= भरतपुर गोल्डकपको उपाधि सङ्कटालाई|author=रमेशकुमार पौडेल|date=जेष्ठ ४, २०७६|work=कान्तिपुर डेल्ली|accessdate=जेष्ठ ५,२०७६}}</ref> !क्लब |- |उत्कृष्ट [[गोलरक्षक (फुटबल)|गोलरक्षक]] |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} राजाबाबु थापा |[[सङ्कटा क्लब]] |- |उत्कृष्ट [[रक्षापंक्ति (फुटबल)|रक्षापङ्क्ति का खेलाड़ि]] |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} सुन्दास चौधरी |चितवन ११ |- |उत्कृष्ट [[मध्यपंक्ति (फुटबल)|मध्यपङ्क्ति का खेलाड़ि]] |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} संजोग राई |[[झापा ११ फुटबल क्लब|झापा ११]] |- |उत्कृष्ट [[अग्रपंक्ति (फुटबल)|अग्रपङ्क्ति का खेलाड़ि]] |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} निशान लिम्बु |[[झापा ११ फुटबल क्लब|झापा ११]] |- |सर्वोत्कृष्ट खेलाड़ि |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} अमित तामाङ |[[सङ्कटा क्लब]] |} == सन्दर्भअन == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी :भरतपुर गोल्डकप]] [[श्रेणी :नेपाली फुटबल प्रतियोगिताअन]] 63y2ugyqqclp66nbfzdem7zy2kc4fso 0 14699 270557 260189 2026-11-07T23:22:30Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox international football competition | tourney_name = इटहरी गोल्डकप | year = २०७५ | image = | size | alt = | caption = | country = {{Flagicon|Nepal}}<br>[[इटहरी]], सुनसरी | dates = २०७५, माघ १२ गतेबठे माघ १९ गतेसम्म <ref name= नेपालटप>{{cite web|url=http://thenepaltop.com/news/8849|title=इटहरी गोल्डकपको तयारी पूरा, राष्ट्रपतिले उद्घाटन गर्ने|author=|date=३० पुस २०७५|work=द नेपाल टप|accessdate=१९ माघ २०७५|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525150105/https://www.thenepaltop.com/news/8849|archive-date=2019-05-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> | num_teams = ८ | venues = १ | cities =१ | champion_other = [[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thahanews.com/category/sports#61265|title=मदन भण्डारी स्मृति गोल्डकप : विभागीय टिम आर्मी विजयी|author=|date=|work=थाहा खबर|accessdate=१९ माघ २०७५|archive-date=2019-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205051421/http://thahanews.com/category/sports#61265|url-status=dead}}</ref> | count = १ | second_other = [[मनाङ मर्स्याङ्दी क्लब]] | third_other = | fourth_other = | matches = | goals = | attendance = | top_scorer = [[भरत खवास]] | player = टङ्क वस्नेत | goalkeeper =[[विकेश कुथु]] | fair_play = | prevseason = [[इटहरी गोल्डकप २०७३|२०७४]] | nextseason =[[इटहरी गोल्डकप २०७६|२०७६]] }} '''इटहरी गोल्डकप २०७५''' इटहरी गोल्डकप अन्तर्गत [[सुनसरी जिल्ला|सुनसरी]]को इटहरीमी वर्सेेनी आयोजना हुने प्रतियोगिताको दोस्रो संस्करण थ्यो। यै प्रतियोगिता इटहरी गोल्डकपको नाउँ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय आमन्त्रण मदन स्मृति इटहरी गोल्डकप भए पछाको दोस्रो संस्करण हो। राष्ट्रिय जागृति युवा क्लबको आयोजनामी १२ माघबठे<ref name=नेपालटप/> सुरु भयाको यै प्रतियोगिताी [[सहिद स्मारक ए-डिभिजन लिग|ए डिभिजन लिग]]का चार, मोफसलका दुई, भुटान रे क्यामेरून गरी आठ टोलीअनको सहभागिता रह्याको थ्यो। गोल्डकपको उद्घाटन राष्ट्रपति [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]]ले गरेकि थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sajhapost.com/tag/%e0%a4%87%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%aa-%e0%a4%ab%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%b2|title=मदनको स्मृतिमा इटहरी गोल्डकप आजबठे, राष्ट्रपतिले उद्घाटन गर्ने|author=|date=|work=साझा पोस्ट|accessdate=६ माघ २०७५}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> इटहरी क्षेत्रिय रङ्गशालामी शनिबार भयाको खेलमी [[सहिद स्मारक ए-डिभिजन लिग २०७५|लिग]] विजेता [[मनाङ मर्स्याङ्दी क्लब]]लाई २–० ले पराजित गर्दै [[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब|आर्मी]]ले उपाधि हात पारेको थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radionepal.gov.np/news-details/23408/2019-02-02|title=मनाङ मर्स्याङदीलाई पराजित गर्दै आर्मीले जित्यो उपाधि|author=|date=|work=[[रेडियो नेपाल]]|accessdate=१९ माघ २०७५|archive-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525150100/http://radionepal.gov.np/news-details/23408/2019-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> उपाधिसँगै आर्मीले १६ लाख प्राप्त गरेको थ्यो भने उपविजेता मनाङले ८ लाख प्राप्त गरेको थ्यो। जितसँगै आर्मीले मोफसलका दुई गोल्डकपको उपाधि उचाल्न सफल भयाको छ। यसले यसअघि क्लबले विशाल मेमोरियल कपको उपाधि जितेको थ्यो। [[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]] फिदिम गोल्डकप रे [[सिमरा गोल्डकप]]को उपविजेता समेत बन्न सफल भयाको थ्यो।<ref name=खेलपाटी>{{cite web|url=https://www.khelpati.com/football/5594|title=मनाङलाई हराउँदै इटहरी गोल्डकपको उपाधि आर्मीलाई |author=|date=|work=खेलपाटी|accessdate=१८ माध २०७५}}</ref> फाइनल खेलको चौथौँ मिनेटमी टङ्क बस्नेतले आर्मीलाई अग्रता दिलाएका थ्याः। खेलको ८१ अौँ मिनेटमी कप्तान [[भरत खवास]]ले गोल गर्दै [[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब|आर्मी]]ले अग्रता दोब्बर बनाएको थ्याः रे उक्त खेल आर्मीकै पक्षमी रह्याको थ्यो।<ref name=खेलपाटी/> == सहभागी टोलीअन == प्रतियोगितामी आयोजक राष्ट्रिय जागृति क्लबसहित [[सहिद स्मारक ए-डिभिजन लिग|ए डिभिजन लिग]]का चार, मोफसलका दुई, भुटान रे क्यामेरून गरी आठ टोलीअनको सहभागिता रयाको थ्यो। {{col-start}} {{col-2}} *{{flagicon|NEP}}[[मनाङ मर्स्याङ्दी क्लब]] *{{flagicon|NEP}}[[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]] *{{flagicon|NEP}}[[नेपाल पुलिस क्लब]] *{{flagicon|NEP}}[[थ्री स्टार क्लब]] {{col-2}} *{{flagicon|NEP}}[[झापा ११ फुटबल क्लब|झापा-११]] *{{flagicon|NEP}}[[सुनसरी|राष्ट्रिय जागृति क्लब]](आयोजक) *{{flagicon|BHU}}[[भुटान|भुटान सिएफसी फुटबल क्लब ]] *{{flagicon|CMR}}[[क्यामेरून|दाफिन्स फेमिली फुटबल क्लब ]] {{col-end}} == पुरस्कार राशि == *विजेता:-रू.१६ लाख *उप-विजेता:-रू.८ लाख == पुरस्कारअन == *पुरस्कार विवरण: {| class="wikitable" !विधा !खेलाडी !क्लब |- |उत्कृष्ट खेलाडी | टङ्क वस्नेत | [[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]] |- |उत्कृष्ट [[गोलरक्षक (फुटबल)|गोलरक्षक]] | [[विकेश कुथु]] | [[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]] |- |उत्कृष्ट [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|अग्रपङ्क्ति खेलाडी]] |[[भरत खवास]] |[[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]] |- |उत्कृष्ट [[रक्षापङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|रक्षापङ्क्ति खेलाडी]] | सुरज विश्वकर्मा | [[मनाङ- मर्स्याङ्दी क्लब]] |- |उत्कृष्ट [[मध्यपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|मध्यपङ्क्ति खेलाडी]] | सन्तोष तामाङ | [[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]] |- |उत्कृष्ट प्रशिक्षक |चुन बहादुर थापा | [[नेपाल आर्मी क्लब]] |- |उदयीमान खेलाडी | उमेश राई | राष्ट्रिय जागृति क्लब |} === अन्य पुरस्कारअन === उदयमान खेलाअनी आयोजक राष्ट्रिय जागृति क्लबका उमेश राई भयका थ्याः रे उनले २४ इञ्चको टिभी पुरस्कार पाएका थ्याः। यस्तै, प्रतियोगिताको सर्वाधिक गोलकर्ता त्रिभुवन आर्मी क्लबका कप्तान भरत खवासले बने भने उनले २५ हजार प्राप्त गरेका थ्याः। प्रतियोगिताको सर्बाेत्कृष्ट खेलाडी आर्मीका मध्यपङ्का खेलाडी तथा फाइनल खेलका गोलकर्ता टङ्क वस्नेतले २५ हजार नगद सहित ४३ इञ्चको टिभीबठे सम्मानित भएका थ्याः रे व्यक्तिगत उत्कृष्ट पुरस्कार पाउनेले जनही २० हजार नगद प्राप्त गरेका थ्याः भने म्यान अफ द म्याच हुने खेलाडीअनले १० हजार प्राप्त गरेका थ्याः। == सन्दर्भअन == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:नेपाली फुटबल प्रतियोगिताअन]] h4jbi56cdloxofmw7bo81flrh2m8hto 0 14711 270600 265343 2026-11-08T00:40:45Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox news event | title = पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड | image = [[File:Panchthar district locator.png|250px]] | image_name = | image_size = 250px | caption = हत्याकाण्डको घटना भएको जिल्ला [[पाँचथर जिल्ला|पाँचथर]] | date = २०७६ जेठ ६, सोमबार <ref>{{cite web |title=पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड : गाउँलेहरु त्रसित, रातभर तपाईको प्रतिक्रिया  जेठ ८, २०७६ बुधबार १८:५७:३ | |url=https://ujyaaloonline.com/story/20537|website=उज्यालो नेपाल|accessdate=जेठ ९, २०७६}}</ref> | place = [[पाँचथर जिल्ला]], [[नेपाल]] | verdict = | sentence= | convictions = |suspects= मानबहादुर माखिम<ref>{{cite web |title=पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड : ‘आत्महत्या’अघि मानबहादुरले एकाबिहानै ५ हजार मागेको त्यो ‘अन्तिम कल’ ! | |url=https://www.lokaantar.com/samachar/77020|website=lokaantar.com|accessdate=जेठ ७, २०७६}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=भतिजाको बयान : घरज्वाइँ नबस्दा सम्बन्धविच्छेदको प्रक्रिया, अंशमा कुरा अड्किएपछि ...| |url=https://lokaantar.com/samachar/77022|website=lokaantar.com|accessdate=जेठ ७, २०७६}}</ref> | convicted = | outcome = | reported injuries = सीता खजुम<ref>{{cite web|title=पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड : घाइते बालिकाको अवस्था सामान्य|1=|url=https://www.kantipurdaily.com/news/2019/05/21/155844703654855271.html|website=कान्तिपुर दैनिक|accessdate=जेठ ७, २०७६|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526131522/https://www.kantipurdaily.com/news/2019/05/21/155844703654855271.html|archive-date=2019-05-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> | reported death(s) = ९ जना<br>(दुई परिवारको)<br> २०७६ जेठ }} '''पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड''' यक वि.स. २०७६ जेठ ६ गते सोमबार नेपाला [[पाँचथर जिल्ला]]आ [[मिक्लाजुङ गाउँपालिका]] भया हत्याकाण्ड हो । यै हत्याकाण्डमी दुई परिवारका ९ जनाको हत्या गरियाथ्यो <ref>{{cite web|title=पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड : घाइते बालिकाको अवस्था सामान्य|1=|url=https://www.kantipurdaily.com/news/2019/05/21/155844703654855271.html|website=कान्तिपुर दैनिक|accessdate=जेठ ७, २०७६|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526131522/https://www.kantipurdaily.com/news/2019/05/21/155844703654855271.html|archive-date=2019-05-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> । ==घटना विवरण== २०७६ साल जेठ ६ गते सोमबार राति [[पाँचथर जिल्ला]], [[मिक्लाजुङ गाउँपालिका]] का बमबहादुर फियाक सहित उनको परिवारका चार जनाको हत्या भया थ्यो । बमबहादुरका ज्वाइँ धनराज सेर्मासहित परिवारमी रह्या पाँचजनाको हत्या भया थ्यो । सब्बैलाई धारिलो हतियारल्या टाउको रे शरीरमि क्षतविक्षत हुन्या अरी काट्या थ्यो । घटनाको एक मात्र प्रत्यक्षदर्शी १२ वर्षीया सीता खजुम थिइन्<ref>{{cite web|title=पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड : सीतालाई मनोपरामर्श|1=|url=https://www.kantipurdaily.com/news/2019/05/25/155874660857297470.html|website=कान्तिपुर दैनिक|accessdate=जेठ ११, २०७६|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525161402/https://www.kantipurdaily.com/news/2019/05/25/155874660857297470.html|archive-date=2019-05-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> । उनी घटनाका बेला भाग्यारे छिमेकी घरमी शरण लिएर बाँच्न सफल भयाथ्यो । उन्ल्या प्रहरीमी दिए्या बयानअनसारी कपडाल्या अनुहार छोपेर नचिनिने गरी आएको यक जना व्यक्तिले धारिलो हतियारले पालैपालो परिवारका सब्बैलाई प्रहार गर्या थ्यो । हत्यामी संलग्न आशंका गरिया व्यक्ति बमबहादुर फियाकका कान्छा ज्वाइँ मानबहादुर माखिम थ्यो । जुन घटनास्थलभन्दा करिब डेढ घण्टा पैदल दूरीमी पर्न्या मिक्लाजुङ–७ लिम्बा गाउँमी झुन्डिया अवस्थामी मृत फेला पर्या थ्यो<ref>{{cite web|title=पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड : 'एक जना मात्र’ संलग्न|1=|url=https://www.kantipurdaily.com/news/2019/05/24/155866172268533420.html|website=कान्तिपुर दैनिक|accessdate=जेठ १०, २०७६|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525161401/https://www.kantipurdaily.com/news/2019/05/24/155866172268533420.html|archive-date=2019-05-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> । ==मृतकअन== '''पाँचथर हत्याकाण्डकी मृतक व्याक्तिअन'''<ref>{{cite web |title=पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड : ९ जनाको सामूहिक अन्त्येष्टि| |url=https://ujyaaloonline.com/story/20603|website=ujyaaloonline.com|accessdate=जेठ ०९, २०७६}}</ref> *बमबहादुर फियाक *पुर्सिमायाँ फियाक *मनकुमारी फियाक *श्रेया फियाक *धनराज शेर्मा *जस्मिता फियाक *इक्सा शेर्मा *योवना शेर्मा *मुना शेर्मा ==शंकास्पद व्यक्ति== यस हत्याकाण्डमी संलग्न रह्या भनी आशंका गरिया व्यक्ति मानबहादुर माखिया, जुन घटनास्थल बाटी करिब डेढ घण्टा पैदल दूरीमी पर्न्या मिक्लाजुङ–७ लिम्बा गाउँमी झुन्डिया अवस्थामी मृत फेला पर्या थ्यो । घटना पैछि केही स्थानीय बासिन्दाल्या प्रहरी सामु मानबहादुर ‘डिप्रेसन’ बाटी ग्रसित रह्या बटाया थ्यो<ref>{{cite web|title=पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड : मानबहादुरले आत्महत्या गरेको ठाउँ नजिकै भेटिए खुकुरी, लुगा र झोला|2=|url=https://setopati.com/politics/181003|website=setopati.com|accessdate=जेठ ०७, २०७६|archive-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525151839/https://setopati.com/politics/181003|url-status=dead}}</ref> । ==प्रहरी जानकारी== ==सन्दर्भ सामाग्रीअन== {{reflist}} == बाइल्ला सूत्रअन == *[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FV3NkTXTm-I पाँचथर हत्याकाण्ड : हत्यामी संलग्न भनी शङ्का गरियाः व्यक्ति मृत फेला, युट्युबबठे (कान्तिपुर टेलिभिजन)] {{नेपालका हत्याकाण्डअन}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका हत्याकाण्डअन]] [[श्रेणी:पाँचथर जिल्ला]] 8c01qd65gw6mgqfed6l9d9cc26odbxv 0 14716 270629 260160 2026-11-08T01:01:42Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = यूनाइटेड टेलिकम | logo = Utl logo.jpg | caption = कम्पनीको लोगो | type = निजी कम्पनी | genre = | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = | founder = | defunct = | location_city = काठमाडौं | location_country = नेपाल | location = | locations = | area_served = | key_people = | industry = | products = | services = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = | parent = | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = http://utlnepal.com/index.php | footnotes = | intl = }} '''यूनाइटेड टेलिकम''' नेपालको दूरसञ्चार सेवा प्रदायक मध्ये यक हो। यै कम्पनी चार कम्पनीको संयुक्त उपक्रममा स्थापना गरिएको दूरसञ्चार प्रदायक कम्पनी हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://utlnepal.com/abus_utl_a_consortium.php|title=यूनाइटेड टेलिकमका लगानीकर्ताहरू|author=|date=|work=आधिकारिक वेबसाइटबाट|accessdate=१० जेठ २०७६|archive-date=2019-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526132859/http://utlnepal.com/abus_utl_a_consortium.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> यस कम्पनीमा लगानी गर्ने चार मध्ये तीन कम्पनीअनको भारतको दूरसञ्चार कम्पनीअन हुन् भने चौथो नेपाली कम्पनी हो। यस कम्पनीको दर्तीत कार्यालय काठमाडौंमा रह्याको छ। २०६९ चैत २९ गते [[नेपाल दूरसञ्चार प्राधिकरण]]को बैठकले एकीकृत अनुमतिपत्र दिने निर्णय गरेर सबै खालका दूरसञ्चार सेवा सञ्चालन गर्न पाउने अनुमतिपत्र यै कम्पनीलाई प्रदान गर्‍याको थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doorsanchar.com/nep/?page_id=1022|title=यूनाइटेड टेलिकम|author=|date=|work=दूरसञ्चार|accessdate=१० जेठ २०७६|archive-date=2019-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110080705/http://doorsanchar.com/nep/?page_id=1022|url-status=dead}}</ref> == कम्पनीको सेयर संरचना<ref>{{cite web|url=http://utlnepal.com/abus_utl_a_consortium.php|title=शेयर संरचना|author=|date=|work=आधिकारिक वेबसाइटबाट|accessdate=१० जेठ २०७६|archive-date=2019-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526132859/http://utlnepal.com/abus_utl_a_consortium.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> == * महानगर टेलिफोन निगम लिमिटेड - २६.६८ प्रतिशत * टेलिकम्युनिकेशन कन्सल्टस इण्डिया लिमिटेड - २६.६८ प्रतिशत * टाटा कम्युनिकेशन लिमिटेड - २६.६८ प्रतिशत * नेपाल भेञ्चर प्रा.लि. - २० प्रतिशत == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन == {{टिप्पणीसूची}} == बाइल्ला सूत्रअन == [https://web.archive.org/web/20190601121950/http://www.utlnepal.com/index.php आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{नेपाला दूरसञ्चार माध्यमअन}} [[श्रेणी:सञ्चार]] [[श्रेणी:दूरसञ्चार]] [[श्रेणी:टेलिकम]] [[श्रेणी:इण्टरनेट सेवा प्रदायकअन]] ii3xlqsby7uz8fd35dkh22uejmr1bss 0 15070 270582 260923 2026-11-08T00:06:35Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = जोहान कालीन | image = | fullname = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[स्वीडेन]] | currentclub = [[नेपाल]] | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = | years1 = | clubs1 = | caps1 = | goals1 = | manageryears1 = २००८-२०११ | managerclubs1 = बर्गनासेट्स् एआइके<ref name="Imagekhabar">{{cite web|url=http://pristine.imagekhabar.com/samachar/detail/32945/31/Machhindra-FC-appoints-Swedish-coach-Johan-Kalin-as-head-coach-for-initial-contract-of-4-months.shtml|title=Machhindra FC appoints Swedish coach Johan Kalin as head coach for initial contract of 4 months|publisher=Image Khabar|accessdate=2019-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514173016/http://pristine.imagekhabar.com/samachar/detail/32945/31/Machhindra-FC-appoints-Swedish-coach-Johan-Kalin-as-head-coach-for-initial-contract-of-4-months.shtml|archive-date=2019-05-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> | manageryears2 = २०११-२०१३ | managerclubs2 = नोट्भीकेन्स आइके | manageryears3 = २०१३-२०१४ | managerclubs3 = [[मछिन्द्र फुटबल क्लब]]<ref name=”Nepalifootball”>{{cite web|url=http://nepalifootball.com/domestic/news/1725-swedish-national-johan-kalin-has-been-appointed-head-coach-of-nmb-bank-machhindra-fc|publisher=Nepalifootball|title=Swedish national Johan Kalin has been appointed head coach of NMB Bank Machhindra FC.|accessdate=2019-03-07|archive-date=2019-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305181702/http://nepalifootball.com/domestic/news/1725-swedish-national-johan-kalin-has-been-appointed-head-coach-of-nmb-bank-machhindra-fc|url-status=dead}}</ref> | manageryears4 = २०१९– | managerclubs4 = [[नेपाली राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम|नेपाल]] }} '''जोहान कालीन''' (जनम सन् १०७८<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/216053-johan-kalin |title=Johan Kalin|publisher=Footballdatabase |accessdate=2019-03-07}}</ref>) यक [[स्वीडेन|स्वीडेनी]] फुटबल प्रबन्धक हुन जो अच्याल [[नेपाली राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम]] का मुख्य प्रशिक्षक का रूप मी कार्यरत छन।<ref name="KathPost1"/>। उन ले स्वीडेन का विभिन्न फुटबल क्लबअन लाइ प्रशिक्षण दीसकिराइछन। कालीन युइएफए तथा और फुटबल नियामक निकायअन बठेइ मान्यता प्राप्त प्रशिक्षक हुन<ref name="KathPost1">{{cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2019-02-25/nepals-new-coach-seeks-improvement.html|title=Nepal’s new coach seeks improvement|publisher=The Kathmandu Post|accessdate=2019-02-25}}</ref> ==प्रशिक्षण जीवन== कालीन सन् २०१३-२०१४ माइ [[शहीद स्मारक ए-डिभिजन फुटबल लिग]] खिलाइ [[मछिन्द्र फुटबल क्लब]] का प्रशिक्षक का रूप मी अनुबन्धित भया।<ref name="Imagekhabar"/> उनराइ प्रशिक्षण मी रह्या: मछिन्द्र लिग मी दोसरा स्थान मी पुग्दाइ सफल होइरैथ्यो जै का लाग्दा उन ले खेल मी धेकाया: रणनीतिक कौशल खिलाइ वाहिवाहि पाइराइथ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/i-m-here-to-develop-standard-of-nepali-football-head-coach-kalin/|title=I’m here to develop standard of Nepali football: Head coach Kalin|publisher=República|date=2019-02-25}}</ref>। सन् २०१९ बाटि उन दुइ वर्ष खिलाइ [[नेपाली राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम]] का मुख्य प्रशिक्षक का रूप मी नियुति होइर्यान।<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Kathmandu Post|url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2019-01-18/anfa-names-swedish-kalin-as-nepal-coach.html|title=ANFA names Swedish Kalin as Nepal coach|date=2019-03-07}}</ref> उनरा प्रशिक्षण मी भया: नेपाल को पैल्लो खेल, मित्रतापूर्ण खेल [[कुवेत राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम|कुवेत]] सित भया: थ्यो जो ०-० का बराबरी माइ सकिया: थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Himalayan Times|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-hold-kuwait/|title=Nepal hold Kuwait|date=2019-03-23}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम का प्रशिक्षकअन]] [[श्रेणी:स्वीडेन का फुटबल खेलाड़िइन]] [[श्रेणी:स्वीडेन का मान्सअन]] 0eyq1qe8765qd3iyn1dbsiaqeoz9f06 0 17775 270564 258336 2026-11-07T23:37:05Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = किडरेक्स | logo = | screenshot = | caption = किडरेक्स डट अोआरजीको पर्दा चित्रण | url = {{URL|https://www.alarms.org/kidrex/}} | type = [[सहायक कम्पनी]] | language = [[अङरेजी भाषा|अङरेजी]] | registration = चाहिँदैन | owner = | author = | launch date = डिसेम्बर २००८ | current status = चालू | revenue = }} '''किडरेक्स डट अोआरजी''' बालबालिकाअनका लागि सुरक्षित माणिएको एक [[वेब खोज इञ्जिन]] हो जसलाई गुगल अनुकूलन खोजीले सञ्चालन गर्ने थर्याको छ।<ref name="Lifehacker">{{Cite news |title = KidRex Provides Hassle-Free Web Search Filtering for Kids |url = http://lifehacker.com/5142346/kidrex-provides-hassle+free-web-search-filtering-for-kids |publisher = [[लाइफ ह्याकर]] |date = २००९-०२-०१ |access-date = 2019-10-07 |archive-date = 2013-11-22 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131122084009/http://lifehacker.com/5142346/kidrex-provides-hassle+free-web-search-filtering-for-kids }}</ref><ref name="PC World">{{Cite news |title = Use KidRex to Protect Your Children Online |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/165163/improve_pc_speed_and_security.html |publisher = [[पिसि वर्ल्ड (पत्रिका)|पिसि वर्ल्ड]] |date = २००९-०५-२४ |access-date = 2019-10-07 |archive-date = 2012-08-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120806000831/http://www.pcworld.com/article/165163/improve_pc_speed_and_security.html }}</ref> साइटले गुगल सुरक्षित खोजीको प्रयोग अद्दछ रे अनुचित [[वेबसाइट]] तथा शब्दहरूलाई आफ्नै भण्डार माइ कायम राख्दछ। वेबसाइटको बनावट, हातले कोरिएको रङ्गीत सिसाकलम रे रङ्गीन कलमको जसो छ। टाइम पत्रिकाले यसलाई सन् २०१३ को शीर्ष ५० वेबसाइटअनको सूचि माइ राखेको थ्यो रे उक्त पत्रिकाले यसलाई [[गुगल]]सँग लै तुलना अरेको थ्यो। यसलाई धेरै विद्यालयअनले प्रयोग गर्दै आइरहेका छन्।<ref name="Time">{{cite web|url=http://techland.time.com/2013/05/06/50-best-websites-2013/slide/kidrex/ |title=सन् २०१३ का ५० उत्कृष्ट वेबसाइटअन |last=रोचम्यान |first=बोनी |work=[[टाइम (पत्रिका)|टाइम]] |date=May 1, 2013 |accessdate=मे १२, २०१३ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511122550/http://techland.time.com/2013/05/06/50-best-websites-2013/slide/kidrex/ |archivedate=मे ११, २०१३ }}</ref> == ढाँचा == किडरेक्स खोज परिणामअन रङ्ग रे दृश्य समावेश गरिया: हुन्छ जून डेस्कटप प्रयोगको लागि बनाइया थ्यो। यसको वेबसाइट मोबाइल मैत्री भणे छैन। यक निषेधित खोज शब्दले ४०४ रङ्गीन सिसाकलमको शैलीमा परिणाम पृष्ठ माइ त्रुटि देखाउँछ रे प्रयोगकर्तालाई "पुनः प्रयास गर्न" आग्रह अद्दछ। सामाजिक सञ्चार माध्यमका वेबसाइटअनलाई किडरेक्सद्वारा कडाइका साथ प्रतिबन्ध गरिया: थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinosearch.com/KidRex.php|title=किडरेक्स र डाइनोसर्च - बालबालिकाहरूका लागि सुरक्षित खोज इञ्जिनहरू|website=डाइनो सर्च डटकम|access-date=२०१९-१०-०४}}</ref> == इतिहास == किडरेक्स डट अोआरजीलाई, डिसेम्बर २००८ मा प्रक्षेपण गरिया: थ्यो। सुरुवातको यक दशक पछा सन् २०१८ माइ अज्ञात रकमका लागि यसलाई अल्राम्स डटअोआरजीद्वारा अधिग्रहण गरिया: थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alarms.org/welcome-kidrex/|title=Welcome Kidrex! {{!}} National Council For Home Safety and Security|language=अमेरिकी अङ्ग्रेजी|access-date=२०१९-१०-०४|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529193447/https://www.alarms.org/welcome-kidrex/|archive-date=2025-05-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> अल्राम्स डट अोआरजीले प्रदर्शन गर्दै आइरहेको विज्ञापनलाई उक्त वर्ष माइ हटाइया थ्यो। अधिग्रहण लगत्तै, वेबसाइटको डोमेन नाम प्रविष्ट गर्दा प्रयोगकर्ता यसको अभिभावक कम्पनी अल्राम्स माइ पुनर्निर्देशित हुन्छन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alarms.org/welcome-kidrex/|title=Welcome Kidrex! {{!}} National Council For Home Safety and Security|language=अमेरिकी अङरेजी|access-date=२०१९-१०-०४|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529193447/https://www.alarms.org/welcome-kidrex/|archive-date=2025-05-29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alarms.org/kidrex/pro/|title=KidRex Pro - Web Filtering|website=अल्राम्स डटकम|access-date=२०१९-१०-०४}}</ref> किडरेक्स प्रो अधिक सुविधाअनको साथ वेबसाइट भुक्तान संस्करण हो। किडरेक्स प्रो अच्याल मर्मतका लागि बन्द गरिया: छ रे नौलो ब्राण्ड सेवा माइ पुनर्कल्पना गरिया: छ। == विवाद == एक सुरक्षा अन्वेषकलाई यै [[वेब खोज इञ्जिन]]ले वयस्क आधारित सामग्रीअनका लागि खोजी परिणामअनको प्रयोग गर्न सक्षम बनाएका कारण सन् २०१८ माइ, किडरेक्सको "सुरक्षित" दाबी माथि शङ्का उत्पन्न गरिया: थ्यो। किडरेक्स रे बालबालिकाअनका लागि लक्षित अर्को सुरक्षित खोजी इञ्जिन, [[किडल (खोज इञ्जिन)|किडल]]ले यौन अभिमुखीकरण सम्बन्धी शब्दअनलाई प्रतिबन्ध अरेको थ्यो जसलाई प्रयोगकर्ताअनले आलोचना अरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alarms.org/kidrex/results/?q=gay&cof=FORID:10&ie=UTF-8&safe=high&cx=004805094470466704532:yjrgzqordo8&sa.x=0&sa.y=0|title=gay - KidRex|website=अल्राम्स डट अोआरजी|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == *[[किडल (खोज इञ्जिन)|किडल]] *[[किड्जसर्च]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य सूत्रहरू == *{{Official website|https://www.alarms.org/kidrex/}} {{वेब खोज इञ्जिनअन}} [[श्रेणी:बालबालिकाका वेबसाइटअन]] [[श्रेणी:इण्टरनेट खोज इञ्जिनअन]] [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-१ माइ बनाइया वा सुधारिया लेखअन]] b9z6cmmzbpb0sjetw0wwub8kljlgfnm 0 17780 270614 268100 2026-11-08T00:50:41Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = ब्याक टु डिसेम्बर | cover = | alt = | border = yes | type = एकल | artist = [[टेलर स्विफ्ट]] | album = [[स्पिक नाउ]] | released = {{start date|2010|11|15}} | format = डिजिटल डाउनलोड | recorded = | studio = | venue = | genre = *[[पप सङ्गीत]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/taylor-swift/chart-history/country-songs/song/669403 |title=Taylor Swift Back To December Chart History |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate= 10 March 2018 |quote=}}</ref> | length = {{Duration|m=4|s=53}} <small>(वास्तविक)</small> <BR> {{Duration|m=4|s=11}} <small>(सम्पादित)</small> | label = [[बिग मेसिन रेकर्डस्|बिग मेसिन]] | writer = टेलर स्विफ्ट | producer = {{flatlist| * नेथन च्यापमेन * टेलर स्विफ्ट}} | prev_title = [[माइन (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|माइन]] | prev_year = २०१० | next_title = [[मिन (गीत)|मिन]] | next_year = २०११ | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|QUwxKWT6m7U|"ब्याक टु डिसेम्बर"}}}} }} '''ब्याक टु डिसेम्बर''' अमेरिकी गायिका तथा गीतकार [[टेलर स्विफ्ट]] को गीत हो जुन उनरो तेस्रो स्टुडियो एल्बम [[स्पिक नाउ]] खिलाइ रेकर्ड गरियाः थ्यध। एल्बमको पाँचौँ एकल रूप माइ यै गीत ३१ अगस्ट २०१५ का दिन बिग मेसिन रेकर्डस् रे रिपब्लिक रेकर्डस् द्वारा रेडियो माइ सार्वजनिक अरियाः थ्यो। स्पिक नाउ साङ्गीतिक सङ्गालोको दोस्रो एकल गीतको रुप माइ यै गीत लाइ १ नोभेम्बर २०१० मी संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको कन्ट्री रेडियो मार्फत सार्वजनिक अरियाः थ्यो। स्विफ्टका अनुसार, "ब्याक टु डिसेम्बर" प‌ल्लो गीत हो जैमी उनले गीत मार्फत कसैसङ्ङ माफी मागेकी थिइन्। विश्लेषकअन अनुमान गर्छन् कि गीत टेलर लुट्नर स्विफ्टको पूर्व प्रेमीको बारे माइ छ जुन पछा लुट्नद्वारा स्वीकार अरियाः थ्यो। ब्याक टु डिसेम्बर डिसेम्बर" यक कण्ट्रि पप सङ्गीत माणिन्छ रे यै गीतका शब्दअनले यक पूर्व प्रेमीसङ्ङ सम्बन्ध विच्छेद खिलाइ क्षमाको मागेको छ। ब्याक टु डिसेम्बरले विश्लेषकअनद्वारा प्रशंशा समीक्षा प्राप्त गर्‍या थ्यो जसले यै गीत लाइ स्पिक नाउको मुख्य आकर्षण मान्दछन्। विश्लेषकअनले यै गीत माइ प्रयोग अरियाः स्वर, सङ्गीत रे शब्दको तारिफ गर्‍या थ्याः। यै गीत अमेरिकी [[बिलबोर्ड हट १००]] माइ शीर्ष ६ माइ रे [[क्यानडा]]को क्यानडेली हट १०० माइ शीर्ष ७ माइ पर्न सफल भयाः थ्यो। यै गीत बिलबोर्ड हट कन्ट्रि सङ्सको तालिका माइ शीर्षक स्थान अोगट्न सफल भयाः थ्यो। गीतले अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरमी मध्यम सफलता प्राप्त गर्दै न्युजील्याण्डमी २४ औँ स्थान रे अष्ट्रेलियामी २६ औँ स्थानमी पर्न सफल भयाः थ्यो। अाधिकारिक सङ्गीत श्रव्य दृश्य युअाना लिमोन द्वारा निर्देशित गरियाः थ्यो जैले स्विफ्ट रे उनको प्रेमीको बीच माइ सम्बन्ध विच्छेदन परिणाम लाइ विलाप गर्दछ। साङ्गीतिक श्रब्य दृश्य लाइ विश्लेषकअनले सकारात्मक समीक्षा गर्‍या थ्याः। स्विफ्टले ब्याक टु डिसेम्बर गीतको प्रत्यक्ष प्रस्तुति लै दियाः थिइन् जैमा ४४ अौँ वार्षिक कन्ट्रि सङ्गीत सङ्घ पुरस्कार रे ३८अौँ अमेरिकी सङ्गीत पुरस्कार समावेश छन्। == पृष्ठभूमि तथा सार्वजनिक == स्विफ्टका अनुसार "ब्याक टु डिसेम्बर" गीतले स्विफ्टले कहिल्यै नगरेको कुरा माइ पूर्व प्रेमी समक्ष माफ मागेकी थिइन्।<ref name="People">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20444470,00.html |title=VIDEO: Taylor Swift Explains Apology Song 'Back to December' |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People.com]] |date=2010-11-23 |accessdate=2010-11-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107230600/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C%2C20444470%2C00.html |archivedate=7 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Digitalspy">{{cite web|author=Jennifer Still |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a281766/swift-back-to-december-is-an-apology.html |title=Swift: 'Back To December is an apology' |publisher=Digitalspy |date=2010-10-13 |accessdate=2010-11-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101016044404/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a281766/swift-back-to-december-is-an-apology.html| archivedate= 16 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> उनले भनिन्, "मैले पैल्लो गीत माइ माफी माग्नु पड्ड्या आवश्यकता कहिल्यै महसुस गरेकी थिइन" तर पछिल्लो दुई वर्ष माइ मुइले धेरै किसिमको पाठ सिकेको छु रे यसमी धेरै किसिमका पाठअन लै अनुभव गर्‍या छु।<ref name="Digitalspy" /> <ref name="People" /><ref name="Lyrics">{{cite magazine|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/10/12/taylor-swift-back-to-december-apologizes-taylor-lautner/ |title=Taylor Swift apologizes (to Taylor Lautner?) in 'Back to December' |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=2010-10-12 |accessdate=2010-11-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101207020124/http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/10/12/taylor-swift-back-to-december-apologizes-taylor-lautner/| archivedate= 7 December 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> कहिलेकाहि तमी धेरै ढिलो पाठ सिक्छौ रे त्यै बिन्दु माऊ तमीले लापरबाही गर्‍या कारण तमीले माफ माग्नु पर्छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/09/taylor-lautner-taylor-swift-back-december|title=Taylor Lautner confirms Taylor Swift's 'Back to December' is about him|last=Kickham|first=Dylan|date=August 9, 2016|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=August 9, 2016|archive-date=December 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223080035/http://ew.com/article/2016/08/09/taylor-lautner-taylor-swift-back-december/|url-status=dead}}</ref> विश्लेषकअनले अनुमान गर्‍या छन् कि गीत उनरो पूर्व प्रेमी, द ट्वाइलाइट सागाका अभिनेता टेलर लट्नर हुन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taylorswift.com/news/o1287965052241?post=speak-now-3-week-itunes-countdown0.69034700%201287776315#o1287965052241 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107204440/http://www.taylorswift.com/news/o1287965052241?post=speak-now-3-week-itunes-countdown0.69034700%201287776315 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2011 |title=SPEAK NOW 3-WEEK ITUNES COUNTDOWN! |date=September 27, 2010 |work=Taylorswift.com |accessdate=December 15, 2010 }}</ref> ब्याक टु डिसेम्बर पैल्लो पटक १२ अक्टोबर २०१० का दिन आइट्युन्स स्टोर मार्फत स्पिक नाउ साङ्गीतिक सङ्गालोको प्रमुख एकलको रूप माइ सार्वजनिक गरियाः थ्यो। १५ नोभेम्बर २०१० माइ यै गीत स्पिक नाउ एल्बमको दोस्रो एकलको रूपमी गारि गरियाः थ्यो। <ref name="Radio">{{cite web|url=http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=11/15/2010&Format=4 |title=R&R :: Going For Adds :: CHR/Country |publisher=[[Radio & Records]] |work=''Gfa.radioandrecords.com'' |date=November 15, 2010 |accessdate=December 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316092305/http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=11%2F15%2F2010&Format=4 |archivedate=March 16, 2012 }}</ref> == तालिका == === साप्ताहिक तालिका === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- ! तालिका (सन् २०१०–११) ! शीर्ष<br />स्थान |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Australia|२६|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Back to December|refname=australia|accessdate=January 11, 2012}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Canada|७|artist=Taylor Swift|refname=canada|accessdate=January 11, 2012}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardcanadachrtop40|३४|artist=Taylor Swift|accessdate=November 7, 2017}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardcanadacountry|५|artist=Taylor Swift|accessdate=November 7, 2017}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardcanadahotac|२९|artist=Taylor Swift|accessdate=November 7, 2017}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|New Zealand|२४|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Back to December|refname=newzealand|accessdate=January 11, 2012}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardhot100|६|artist=Taylor Swift|accessdate=January 13, 2011}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardadultcontemporary|१४|artist=Taylor Swift|refname=ac |accessdate=March 28, 2011}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardadultpopsongs|११|artist=Taylor Swift|refname=adultpop |accessdate=January 20, 2011}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardcountrysongs|३|artist=Taylor Swift|refname=country |accessdate=January 13, 2011}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|११|artist=Taylor Swift|refname=pop |accessdate=January 13, 2011}} |- |} ===वर्ष-समाप्ति तालिका === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !scope="col"|तालिका (सन् २०११) !scope="col"|स्थान |- | संयुक्त राज्य [[बिलबोर्ड हट १००]] | style="text-align:center;"| ७४ |- | संयुक्त राज्य कन्ट्रि सङ्गीत (''[[बिलबोर्ड (पत्रिका)|बिलबोर्ड]]'') | style="text-align:center;"| ३८ |- | संयुक्त राज्य वयस्क समकालीन (''[[बिलबोर्ड (पत्रिका)|बिलबोर्ड]]'') | style="text-align:center;"| ३० |- | संयुक्त राज्य वयस्क पप सङ्गीत (''[[बिलबोर्ड (पत्रिका)|बिलबोर्ड]]'') | style="text-align:center;"| ४२ |- | संयुक्त राज्य रेडियो सङ्गीत (''[[बिलबोर्ड (पत्रिका)|बिलबोर्ड]]'') | style="text-align:center;"| ५८ |} == प्रमाणपत्र == {| class="wikitable" |- ! देशअन ! प्रमाणपत्र ! बिक्री |- | {{झण्डा|क्यानडा}} (क्यानडा म्युजिक) | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px]]<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Back+to+December%20Taylor+Swift|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट ब्याक टु डिसेम्बर|publisher=क्यानडा म्युजिक|date=४ जुलाई २०११}}</ref> | + ४०,००० |- | {{झण्डा|अमेरिका}} (आरआइएए) | २× प्लेटिनम [[File:Double platinum record icon.svg|30px]] <ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Taylor+Swift&ti=Back+to+December#search_section|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको ब्याक टु डिसेम्बर गीत|publisher=आरआइएए|date=२२ अगष्ट २०१४}}</ref> | + २,००,००,०० |- |} == सार्वजनिक इतिहास == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col"| देश ! scope="col"| मिति ! scope="col"| ढाँचा ! scope="col"| रेकर्ड लेबल |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{झण्डा|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका}} | १२ अक्टोबर २०१० | डिजिटल डाउनलोड | rowspan="3"| [[बिग मेसिन रेकर्डस्]] |- | १४ नोभेम्बर २०१०<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/back-to-december-single/397361196/|title=Back to December - Single by Taylor Swift on Apple Music|date=25 October 2010|publisher=}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | रेडियो |- | ३० नोभेम्बर २०१०<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239#210 |title=Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings: 11/30 Mainstream |work=[[FMQB]] |publisher=Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report, Inc. and Mediaspan Online Services |accessdate=2010-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215044351/http://fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239 |archivedate=15 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | मेनस्ट्रिम रेडियो |- ! scope="row"| {{झण्डा|बेलायत}} | २० मार्च २०११<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.7digital.com/artist/taylor-swift/release/back-to-december|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617045549/https://www.7digital.com/artist/taylor-swift/release/back-to-december|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 June 2012|title=Back To December (2011) - Taylor Swift - MP3 Downloads 7digital United Kingdom|date=17 June 2012}}</ref> | डिजिटल डाउनलोड | युनिभर्सल रेकर्डस् |- |} == सन्दर्भ सामग्री == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य सूत्रहरू == *{{YouTube|QUwxKWT6m7U|"ब्याक टु डिसेम्बरको आधिकारिक साङ्गीतिक श्रव्य दृश्य}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121211085648/http://taylorswift.com/releases#release-2832 टेलर स्विफ्टको आधिकारिक जाल स्थलमी गीतको शब्द] [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-१ माइ बनाइया वा सुधारिया लेखअन]] [[श्रेणी:टेलर स्विफ्टका गीतअन]] 1zh7rt9z0fbxdfu6avshwypomuhlic9 0 17817 270649 268124 2026-11-08T01:22:07Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = २२ | cover = | alt = | border = yes | type = एकल | artist = [[टेलर स्विफ्ट]] | album = [[रेड (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|रेड]] | released = {{Start date|2013|03|12}} | format = {{flatlist| * सिडी एकल * डिजिटल डाउनलोड }} | recorded = | studio = | venue = | genre = [[पप सङ्गीत|पप]] | length = {{Duration|m=3|s=52}} | label = [[बिग मेसिन रेकर्डस्|बिग मेसिन]] | writer = {{flatlist| * टेलर स्विफ्ट * म्याक्स मार्टिन * सेलब्याक }} | producer = {{flatlist| * म्याक्स मार्टिन * सेलब्याक }} | prev_title = [[आई न्यु यु वेर ट्रबल]] | prev_year = २०१२ | next_title = [[हाइवे डण्ट केयर]] | next_year = २०१३ | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|AgFeZr5ptV8|"२२"}}}} }} '''"२२"''' अमेरिकी गायिका तथा गीतकार [[टेलर स्विफ्ट]]को गीत हो जुन उनरो चौँथो स्टुडियो एल्बम [[रेड (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|रेड]] खिलाइ रेकर्ड गरियाः थ्यो। यै गीत स्विफ्टले मार्टिन रे सेलब्याकसङ्ङको सहकार्यमी लेखेकी थिइन्। यै गीत सन् २०१३ मार्च १२ का दिन रेड एल्बमको चौँथो एकलको रूपमी सार्वजनिक गरियाः थ्यो। यै गीतको शब्दले २२ वर्ष पुग्दा खेरीको खुसी लाइ व्यक्त गर्‍या छ। यै गीत अमेरिकी [[बिलबोर्ड हट १००]]को शीर्ष २० मा समावेश भयाः थ्यो ज‌ कारण रेड साङ्गीतिक सङ्गालोको यै गीत शीर्ष २० मी पड्ड्या छैटौँ गीत बन्न सफल भयाः थ्यो। == पृष्ठभूमि रे सार्वजनिक == सन् २०१० माइ स्विफ्टको [[स्पिक नाउ (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|स्पिक नाउ]] नामक तेस्रो साङ्गीतिक सङ्गालो सार्वजनिक भयाः थ्यो<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/474565/taylor-swift-qa-the-risks-of-red-and-the-joys-of-being-22 | title=Taylor Swift Q&A: The Risks of 'Red' and The Joys of Being 22 | date=October 19, 2012 |accessdate=April 28, 2013 |magazine=Billboard |first=Phil |last=Gallo}}</ref> जसमी समावेश सब्बै गीतअन स्विफ्ट एक्लैले लेखेकी थिइन् तर "रेड" खिलाइ स्विफ्टले विभिन्न गीतकार तथा सङ्गीतकारअनसङ्ङ सहकार्य गर्ने निर्णय गरेकी थिइन् जसका कारण स्विफ्टले उनको साङ्गीतिक सङ्गालोमी काम गर्न खिलाइ दुई गीतकार रे सङ्गीतकार म्याक्स मार्टिन रे सेलब्याक लाइ बोलाएकी थिइन्। [[बिलबोर्ड (पत्रिका)|बिलबोर्ड पत्रिका]]सङ्ङको यक अन्तर्वार्तामा उनले भनेनि," "मेरो खिलाइ २२ वर्षको उमेर मेरो जीवनको सब है मनपर्दो वर्ष भयाः छ"। <ref name="us">{{cite web |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |title=Top 40/M Future Releases (March 5, 2013) |publisher=All Access Music Group |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Eb1yad7C?url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |archivedate=February 21, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> यै गीतले आधिकारिक रूपमी अमेरिकी समकालीन हिट रेडियो लाइ प्रभाव पार्ने निश्चित भयाः थ्यो। <ref name="uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/sitecomponent/a28814/singles-release-diary.html |title=Singles Release Diary |work=[[Digital Spy]] |accessdate=April 28, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430100420/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/sitecomponent/a28814/singles-release-diary.html |archivedate=April 30, 2013}}</ref>यक विशेष सीमित संस्करण व्यक्तिगत रूपमी गन्ती गरियाः सीडी एकल १३ मार्च २०१३ मी स्विफ्टको आधिकारिक स्टोरमी विशेष रूपमी सार्वजनिक गरियाः थ्यो भणे सोही दिन यै गीतको साङ्गीतिक श्रव्य दृश्य लै सार्वजनिक गरियाः थ्यो।<ref name="single%2520cd%25201">{{cite web |url=http://taylorswift.com/LIMITED-EDITION-22-Single-CD/dp/B00BT0PSXE?field_availability=-2&field_browse=3228049011&field_product_site_launch_date_utc=-1y&id=LIMITED+EDITION+22+Single+CD&ie=UTF8&refinementHistory=brandtextbin%2Csubjectbin%2Ccolor_map%2Cprice%2Csize_name&searchNodeID=3228049011&searchPage=1&searchRank=salesrank&searchSize=12 |title=Taylor Swift LIMITED EDITION "22" Single CD |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F5lcI345?url=http://store.taylorswift.com/LIMITED-EDITION-22-Single-CD/dp/B00BT0PSXE |archivedate=March 13, 2013 |publisher=TaylorSwift.com |accessdate=March 13, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="single%2520cd%25202">{{cite web |url=http://taylorswift.com/LIMITED-EDITION-22-Single-Package/dp/B00BT0WAZ8?field_availability=-2&field_browse=3228182011&field_product_site_launch_date_utc=-1y&id=LIMITED+EDITION+22+Single+Package&ie=UTF8&refinementHistory=brandtextbin%2Csubjectbin%2Ccolor_map%2Cprice%2Csize_name&searchNodeID=3228182011&searchPage=1&searchRank=salesrank&searchSize=12 |title=LIMITED EDITION "22" Single Package |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F5lxSic8?url=http://store.taylorswift.com/LIMITED-EDITION-22-Single-Package/dp/B00BT0WAZ8 |archivedate=March 13, 2013 |publisher=TaylorSwift.com |accessdate=March 13, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == पुरस्कार == {| class="wikitable" |- ! वर्ष ! संस्था ! पुरस्कार/कार्य ! नतिजा ! सन्दर्भ |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| २०१३ | नियोक्स फ्यान पुरस्कार | वर्षको उत्कृष्ट गीत | {{nom}} | <ref name="antena3">{{cite web|url=http://www.antena3.com/neox-fan-awards/2013/nominados/temazo-ano_2013071900091.html |title=Neox Fan Awards 2013: Temazo del a帽o |date=August 10, 2014 |work=Antena3 |language=Spanish |accessdate=January 25, 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009214428/http://www.antena3.com/neox-fan-awards/2013/nominados/temazo-ano_2013071900091.html |archivedate=October 9, 2014 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| २०१४ | द भि चार्ट पुरस्कर |उत्कृष्ट सङ्गीत श्रव्य दृश्य | {{won}} | <ref name="antena3" /> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| २०१५ | rowspan=2| बिएमआई पुरस्कार | पुरस्कार विजेता गीत | {{won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/2015_bmi_pop_awards |title=P!nk Receives President’s Award at 63rd Annual BMI Pop Awards |publisher=Broadcast Music, Inc. |accessdate=May 11, 2016 |date=May 13, 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408002639/http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/2015_bmi_pop_awards |archivedate=April 8, 2016 }}</ref> |- | वर्षको उत्कृष्ट प्रकाशक | {{won}} |} == संरचना रे सङ्गीत == २२ यक पप गीत हो जुन ३ मिनेट ५२ सेकेण्ड लामो छ।<ref name="Idolator">{{cite web | url=http://idolator.com/7438222/taylor-swift-22-single | title=Taylor Swift Announces "22" As Next ‘Red’ Single | publisher=[[Buzz Media]] | work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]] | date=February 6, 2013 | accessdate=February 18, 2013 | author=Lansky, Sam | archive-date=November 16, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116040430/http://www.idolator.com/7438222/taylor-swift-22-single | url-status=dead }}</ref> यै गीत स्विफ्टले म्याक्स मार्टिन रे सेलब्याकको साथमी लेखेकी थिइन् जसले त्यस पछा "वि अार नेभर एभर गेटिङ ब्याक टुगेदर" रे "आई न्यु यु अोर ट्रबल" नामक दुई बहुचर्चित गीत लेखेका थ्याः।<ref name="sm">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdFPE.asp?ppn=MN0111214|title=Digital sheet music - Taylor Swift - 22|work=Musicnotes.com|publisher=[[Alfred Publishing]]|date=November 29, 2012|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://songbpm.com/taylor-swift/22 |title=BPM for '22' by taylor swift |work=songbpm.com |accessdate=April 28, 2013}}</ref> यस गीतको आनन्द र २२ बर्षको भएको खुशीको वर्णन गर्दछ।<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.savingcountrymusic.com/song-reviews-for-taylor-swifts-red | title=Song Reviews For Taylor Swift’s "Red" | date=October 29, 2012| accessdate=January 29, 2014}}</ref> == साङ्गीतिक श्रव्य दृश्य == "२२" गीत खिलाइ सङ्गीत श्रव्य दृश्य फेब्रुअरी २०१३ मी कैद गरियाः थ्यो भणे मार्च २०१३ मी यै लाइ पैल्लो फेर सार्वजनिक गरियाः थ्यो। यै गीतको अाधिकारिक सङ्गीत श्रव्य दृश्य एन्थोनी मेण्डलर द्वारा निर्देशित गरियाः थ्यो जसले स्विफ्टसङ्ङ दृश्यको अवधारणा विकास गर्‍या थ्याः भणे उनले यसअघि स्विफ्टको "आई न्यु यु वेर ट्रबल" गीतको सङ्गीत श्रव्द दृश्यमा लै निर्देशनको काम गर्‍या थ्याः। यै गीतको श्रव्य दृश्य ४:३ को अनुपातमी खिचियाः छ जसको शुरूवातमी स्विफ्ट साथीअनसङ्ङ धेकिन्छसन्। सन् २०१९ मे का अनुसार यै गीत लाइ [[युट्युब]]मी ५१० मिलियन दर्शकअनले अवलोकन गर्‍या छन्।<ref name="mv">{{cite web |url=http://www.taylorswift.com/news/135391 |title=TAYLOR TO PREMIERE VIDEO FOR "22" THIS WEDNESDAY |publisher=Taylor Swift |accessdate=March 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315014839/http://taylorswift.com/news/135391 |archive-date=2013-03-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == प्रत्यक्ष प्रस्तुति == स्विफ्टले पैल्लो फेर सन् २०१२ अगष्ट १३ का दिन यै गीतको प्रत्यक्ष प्रस्तुति दिएकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|last=Acuna|first=Kristen|title=Taylor Swift's Brilliant '22' Billboard Music Awards Performance|url=http://www.sfgate.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Taylor-Swift-s-Brilliant-22-Billboard-Music-4531752.php|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|accessdate=May 20, 2013|date=May 20, 2013}}</ref> स्विफ्टले सन् २०१३ फेब्रुअरी २२ का दिन [[फ्रान्स]]मी कस्मिक रिफसलमी प्रत्यक्ष प्रस्तुत दिएकी थिइन् जुन अफ.टिभीले प्रत्यक्ष देखाएको थ्यो। स्विफ्टले यै गीतको प्रत्यक्ष प्रस्तुति उनरो तेस्रो साङ्गीतिक भ्रमणका बेला सन् २०१३ मे १९ का दिन बिलबोर्ड सङ्गीत पुरस्कारको समारोहमी दिएकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iasimone |first1=Ashley |title=All the Surprise Songs Taylor Swift Has Performed On Her Reputation Stadium Tour B-Stage (So Far) |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8458025/taylor-swift-reputation-tour-b-stage-songs-list |website=Billboard |accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref> यै गीत लाइ स्विफ्टले उनरो छैटौँ एल्बम रेपुटेसनको विश्व भ्रमणका बेला सिकागो, [[इलिनोइ]], म्यासाच्युसेन रे अष्ट्रेलियाको [[सिड्नी]]मी लै प्रत्यक्ष प्रस्तुत दिएकी थिइन्। == साङ्गीतिक तालिका प्रस्तुति == रेड साङ्गीतिक सङ्गालोका अन्य गीतअन जस्तै यै गीतको सार्वजनिक पछा थुप्रै फेर डिजिटल बिक्रीको कारण विभिन्न देशअनमी सङ्गीत तालिकामी यै गीत पर्न सफल भयाः थ्यो।<ref name="US">{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/951902/taylor-swift-sells-over-1-million-in-record-billboard-200-debut|title=Taylor Swift Sells Over 1 Million in Record Billboard 200 Debut|date=November 3, 2010|first=Keith|last=Caulfield|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-oct-28-2012-songs-chris-brown-213026172.html|title=Week Ending Oct. 28, 2012. Songs: Chris Brown’s Comeback|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|work=[[Yahoo! Music]]|date=October 31, 2012|access-date=January 25, 2013|last=Grein|first=Paul}}</ref> "२२" गीत संयुक्त राज्य [[बिलबोर्ड हट १००]]को सङ्गीत तालिकामी ४४अौँ स्थानमी तालिका पर्दापण गर्‍या थ्यो रे यै गीत बिलबोर्ड हट डिजिटल सङको तालिकामी शीर्ष ७ मी पर्न सफल भया थ्यो भणे तात्कालिक समयमी यै गीतका १०८००० प्रतिलिपीअन बिक्री भयाः थ्याः।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2013-01-12/hot-100?order=gainer|title=Hot 100 – Week of January 12, 2013 (Biggest Jump)|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=January 25, 2013}}</ref> सन् २०१३ जनवरी १२ का दिन यो गीतले पछा हट १०० को तालिकामी ८४अौँ स्थान आउँदै पुन तालिकामी प्रवेश गर्‍या थ्यो। यै गीत लाइ पुन: एकल गीतको रूपमी सार्वजनिक गरे पछा यै गीत ६४अौँ स्थानमी पर्न सफल भया थ्यो।<ref name="UK">{{cite web|title=Chart Log UK: New Entries Update – 3.11.2012 (Week 43)|url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/121103cluk.txt|work=zobbel.de|publisher=Tobias Zywietz|access-date=November 5, 2012|last=Zywietz|first=Tobias}}</ref><ref name="CAN">{{Cite news|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/S/Swift_Taylor/2010/11/03/15941396.html|title=Taylor Swift shakes up charts|date=November 3, 2010|first=John|last=Williams|work=JAM! Music|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer|Canoe.ca]]|access-date=November 4, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> यै गीत [[क्यानडा]]को बिलबोर्ड क्यानडेली हट १०० मी शीर्ष २९ मी पर्न सफल भयो भणे पछा यै गीत २० अौँ स्थान सम्म उकालो चड्या थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6312267/ask-billboard-all-taylor-swift-edition?page=0%2C1|last=Trust|first=Gary|title=Ask Billboard: All-Taylor Swift Edition|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=November 11, 2014|access-date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> यै गीत संयुक्त अधिराज्य सङ्गीत तालिकामी ७अौँ स्थान सम्म आयाः थ्यो। सन् २०१४ सम्म यै गीतका २० लाख प्रतिलिपीअन बिक्री भया थ्याः। सन् २०१७ नोभेम्बर सम्मको तथ्याङ्क अनुसार [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]मी यै गीतका २३ लाख प्रतिलिपीअन बिक्री भया थ्याः।<ref name=sales>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8046939/taylor-swift-career-album-song-sales-ask-billboard|title=Ask Billboard: Taylor Swift's Career Album & Song Sales|date=November 26, 2017|access-date=November 26, 2017|first=Gary|last=Trust}}</ref> == तालिका == === साप्ताहिक तालिका === {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center" |- !scope="col"|तालिका (सन् २०१३) !scope="col"|शीर्ष<br/>स्थान |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Australia|२१|artist=Taylor Swift|song=22|accessdate=February 16, 2013|refname="ariasingles"}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Flanders Tip|३|artist=Taylor Swift|song=22}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Wallonia Tip|२८|artist=Taylor Swift|song=22}} |- ! scope="row" | {{झण्डा|ब्राजिल}} (बिलबोर्ड ब्राजिल हट १००)<ref name="Billboard Brasil 1-13">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |date=September 2013|title=Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay |journal=[[Billboard Brasil]] |issue=44 <!--|isbn=977-217605400-2--> |page=88 |url= |accessdate= |editor=BPP}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|97 |- ! scope="row" | {{झण्डा|ब्राजिल}} (बिलबोर्ड ब्राजिल)<ref name="Billboard Brasil 1-13"/> | style="text-align:center;"|28 |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Canada|२०|song=22|artist=Taylor Swift|artistid={{BillboardID|Taylor Swift}}|accessdate=October 30, 2012|refname="canada"}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardcanadachrtop40|१६|song=22|artist=Taylor Swift|artistid={{BillboardID|Taylor Swift}}|accessdate=November 24, 2013}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardcanadahotac|११|song=22|artist=Taylor Swift|artistid={{BillboardID|Taylor Swift}}|accessdate=November 24, 2013}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Czech Republic|१००|song=22|year=2013|week=22}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|France|१५५|artist=Taylor Swift|song=22}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Irish|१२|song=22|year=2013|week=14|accessdate=February 15, 2013|refname="ireland"}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Israelairplay|३|artist=Taylor Swift|song=22|week=18|year=2013|accessdate=2013-28-04}} |- ! scope="row"| {{झण्डा|लेबनान}} (लेबनान टप २०)<ref>http://www.olt20.com/Taylor_Swift#fragment-2&panel1-2</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 14 |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|New Zealand|२३|artist=Taylor Swift|song=22|accessdate=February 18, 2013}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Scotland|९|song=22|date=April 20, 2013}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Slovakia|३६|song=22|year=2013|week=18}} |- {{singlechart|South Africa|४|song=22|date=2013-05-21|rowheader=true|accessdate=April 25, 2014}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|UK|९|song=22|date=January 19, 2012|accessdate=March 24, 2013}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardhot100|२०|song=22|artist=Taylor Swift|artistid={{BillboardID|Taylor Swift}}|accessdate=October 31, 2012|refname="hot100"}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardadultcontemporary|१९|song=22|artist=Taylor Swift|artistid={{BillboardID|Taylor Swift}}|accessdate=June 13, 2013|refname="adultconemporary"}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardadultpopsongs|९|song=22|artist=Taylor Swift|artistid={{BillboardID|Taylor Swift}}|accessdate=May 25, 2013|refname="adultpopsongs"}} |- !scope="row"{{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|१२|song=22|artist=Taylor Swift|artistid={{BillboardID|Taylor Swift}}|accessdate=April 27, 2013|refname="popsongs"}} |} ===वर्ष-समाप्ति तालिका=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- !तालिका (सन् २०१३) !स्थान |- !scope="row"|{{झण्डा चिन्ह|क्यानडा}} (क्यानडेली हट १००)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2013/canadian-hot-100?page=7|title=Best of 2013: Canadian Hot 100|work= |publisher=Prometheus Gobal Media|accessdate=December 13, 2013}}</ref> |align="center"|७८ |- !scope="row"|{{झण्डा चिन्ह|संयुक्त अधिराज्य}} (संयुक्त अधिराज्य एकल चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20130106/37501/|title=End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2013|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=August 30, 2019}}</ref> | ७६ |- !scope="row"|{{झण्डा चिन्ह|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका}} ''बिलबोर्ड'' हट १००<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2013/hot-100-songs?page=7|title=Best of 2013 – Hot 100 Songs|magazine=Billboard.com|accessdate=2013-12-13}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"|७१ |- !scope="row"|{{झण्डा चिन्ह|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका}} वयस्क उत्कृष्ट ४० (''बिलबोर्ड'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Adult Pop Songs Year End 2015|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/adult-pop-songs|website=Billboard|accessdate=August 30, 2019}}</ref> | ४८ |} == सार्वजनिक इतिहास == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col"| देश ! scope="col"| मिति ! scope="col"| ढाँचा ! scope="col"| लेबल |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| {{USA}} | २६ नोभेम्बर २०१२ | समकालीन हिट रेडियो | rowspan="3"| [[बिग मेसिन रेकर्डस्]] |- | २७ नोभेम्बर २०१२<ref name="single cd 1">{{cite web|url=http://store.taylorswift.com/LIMITED-EDITION-22-Single-CD/dp/B00BT0PSXE?field_availability=-2&field_browse=3228049011&field_product_site_launch_date_utc=-1y&id=LIMITED+EDITION+22+Single+CD&ie=UTF8&refinementHistory=brandtextbin%2Csubjectbin%2Ccolor_map%2Cprice%2Csize_name&searchNodeID=3228049011&searchPage=1&searchRank=salesrank&searchSize=12 |title=Taylor Swift LIMITED EDITION "22" Single CD |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F5lcI345?url=http://store.taylorswift.com/LIMITED-EDITION-22-Single-CD/dp/B00BT0PSXE |archivedate=March 13, 2013 |publisher=TaylorSwift.com |accessdate=March 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref><ref name="single cd 2">{{cite web|url=http://store.taylorswift.com/LIMITED-EDITION-22-Single-Package/dp/B00BT0WAZ8?field_availability=-2&field_browse=3228182011&field_product_site_launch_date_utc=-1y&id=LIMITED+EDITION+22+Single+Package&ie=UTF8&refinementHistory=brandtextbin%2Csubjectbin%2Ccolor_map%2Cprice%2Csize_name&searchNodeID=3228182011&searchPage=1&searchRank=salesrank&searchSize=12 |title=LIMITED EDITION "22" Single Package |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F5lxSic8?url=http://store.taylorswift.com/LIMITED-EDITION-22-Single-Package/dp/B00BT0WAZ8 |archivedate=March 13, 2013 |publisher=TaylorSwift.com |accessdate=March 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> |सिडी एकल |- ! scope="row"| {{UK}} | ३१ मार्च २०१३ | समकालीम्ह हिट रेडियो |} == सन्दर्भ सामग्री == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाइल्ला सूत्रअन == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgFeZr5ptV8 युट्युबमी आधिकारिक श्रव्य दृश्य] * [http://taylorswift.com/releases#release-7301 यै गीतको शब्द टेलर स्विफ्टको आधिकारिक जाल स्थलमा] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211085648/http://taylorswift.com/releases#release-7301 |date=2012-12-11 }} * {{MetroLyrics song|taylor-swift|22}} [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-१ माइ बनाइया वा सुधारिया लेखअन]] [[श्रेणी:टेलर स्विफ्टका गीतअन]] rlbpwjjlbhh1wc5ap7489g4jd7p9md4 0 17834 270555 261073 2026-11-07T23:20:14Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | name = आइक्युटेल | developer = आइक्युटेल डटकम, सिमित दायित्व कम्पनी | operating_system = वेब, [[गुगल क्रोम|क्रोम]], [[एण्ड्रोइड (सञ्चालन प्रणाली)|एण्ड्रोइड]], [[आइओएस]] | genre = उत्पादकता सफ्टवेयर रे व्यक्तिगत कार्य प्रवन्धन | license = [[स्वामित्व सफ्टवेयर|स्वामित्व]] | website = [http://iqtell.com/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] }} '''आइक्युटेल''' यक उत्पादकता अनुप्रयोग हो जसले प्रयोगकर्ताअनलाई [[इमेल|ई-डाँक]], कार्य, परियोजना, [[पात्रो]], सम्पर्क, एभरनोटका सामग्री लगायतका अधिक एकल अनुप्रयोग माइ प्रबन्ध गर्न अनुमति दिन्छ। आइक्युटेल यक वेब अनुप्रयोगका साथ साथै [[आइओएस]] रे [[एण्ड्रोइड (सञ्चालन प्रणाली)|एण्ड्रोइड]] अनुप्रयोगको रूप माइ उपलब्ध थ्यो। सबै प्रयोगयोगकर्ताअनका जानकारीअन स्वत: सप्पै उपकरणअन बीच समक्रमित भया थ्यो। यसका आइओएस रे एण्ड्रोइड अनुप्रयोगअनले अफलाइन पहुँचलाई समर्थन गर्दथे। यै अनुप्रयोगलाई डेभिड एलेनको गेटिङ थिङ्स डन नामक पुस्तक वर्णन गरिया अवधारणा रे विधिअनको कार्यान्वयन गर्न लै प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref>[http://lifehacker.com/iqtell-puts-gtd-notes-and-email-in-a-single-productivi-1539006627 "IQTELL Puts GTD, Notes and Email in a Single Productivity App"]. ''लाइफ ह्याकर, अभिगमन मिति २० असोज २०७६ ''</ref> कम्पनीको प्रधान कार्यालय [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]को न्यू जर्सी माइ अवस्थित थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/iqtell|title=आइक्युटेल, सिमित दायित्व कम्पनीको जानकारी|author=|date=|work=टेक क्रञ्च|accessdate=२० असोज २०७६}}</ref> == इतिहास == आइक्युटेललाई सन् २०१३ माइ रान फ्लामद्वारा विकास रे सार्वजनिक गरिया थ्यो।<ref>[http://www.baselinemag.com/careers/slideshows/how-to-deal-with-email-when-youre-on-vacation.html "How to Deal With Email When You're on Vacation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20150128195556/http://www.baselinemag.com/careers/slideshows/how-to-deal-with-email-when-youre-on-vacation.html |date=2015-01-28 }}. ''Base Line'', डेनिस म्याककार्फेर्टिद्वारा | २०१४-०७-०३</ref><ref>[http://www.itproportal.com/2013/04/16/4-productivity-tools-help-you-get-things-done-iqtell-wunderlist-tracky-basecamp/ "4 Productivity tools to help you get things done: IQTell, Wunderlist, Tracky, Basecamp"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207060334/http://www.itproportal.com/2013/04/16/4-productivity-tools-help-you-get-things-done-iqtell-wunderlist-tracky-basecamp/ |date=2015-02-07 }}. ''सूचना प्रविधि प्रो पोर्टल'', १६ मे २०१३, केट रूसेलद्वारा</ref> सन् २०१४ माइ, यैको आधिकारिक मोबाइल अनुप्रयोग [[एण्ड्रोइड (सञ्चालन प्रणाली)|एण्ड्रोइड]] रे [[आइओएस]] माइ सार्वजनिक गरिया थ्यो।<ref> [http://www.maclife.com/article/news/overnight_recap_google_maps_out_beta_iqtell_amazon_coin_android "Overnight Recap: Google Maps Out of Beta, IQTELL, Amazon Coin on Android"]. ''म्याक लाइफ'', फेब्रुअरी २०, २०१४</ref> सन् २०१५ माइ, प्रिमियम रे प्लेटिनम सदस्यता योजनाअन पेश गरिया थ्यो जसले नि: शुल्क प्रयोगकर्ता संस्करणको कायम गरेको थ्यो। अप्रिल २०१७ माइ, यैको नौलो वेब अनुप्रयोगको प्रक्षेपण गरिया थ्यो।<ref>[https://iqtell.com/2017/04/launching-new-web-app/ "हाम्रो नयाँ वेब अनुप्रयोगको सार्वजनिक गर्दै"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801124628/https://iqtell.com/2017/04/launching-new-web-app/ |date=2017-08-01 }}. ''आइक्युटेलको आधिकारिक उत्पादकता ब्लग'', अप्रिल ५, २०१७</ref> ३१ जुलाई २०१७ माइ, आइक्युटेलका सप्पै सेवाअन पूर्ण रूप माइ बन्द गरिया थ्यो।<ref>[https://iqtell.com/2017/06/the-future-of-iqtell/ "आइक्युटेलको भविष्य"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801121646/https://iqtell.com/2017/06/the-future-of-iqtell/ |date=2017-08-01 }}. ''आइक्युटेलको आधिकारिक उत्पादकता ब्लग'', जून २९, २०१७</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@KenFleisher/iqtell-was-unique-fff4e10808b3|title=आइक्युटेल नमूना थियो|author=केन फ्लेसर|date=|work=७ जुलाई २०१७|accessdate=२० असोज २०७६}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://discussion.evernote.com/topic/106845-iqtell-shutting-down-again/|title=आइक्युटेलका सम्पूर्ण सेवा बन्द हुँदै छन्|author=डिभिगारो|date=|work=एभरनोट|accessdate=२० असोज २०७६}}</ref> == उत्पादकता विधि == आइक्युटेल, गेटिङ थिङ्स डन (पुस्तक) उत्पादकत्व विधिका साथ उपयुक्त बनाउन बनावट गरिया थ्यो। प्रयोगकर्ताअनले गेटिङ थिङ्स डनका सूचीअनको प्रयोग गर्न सक्दछन्।<ref name=tr>[http://www.techrepublic.com/article/iqtell-is-ready-to-super-charge-your-mobile-productivity/ "IQTELL is ready to super charge your mobile productivity"]। ज्याक वालेनद्वारा, ''टेक रिपब्लिक'', फेब्रुअरी २६, २०१४</ref><ref>[http://www.techrepublic.com/article/clear-your-head-while-quickly-navigating-your-inbox-with-iqtell-contexts/ "Clear your head while quickly navigating your inbox with IQTELL contexts"]। ज्याक वालेनद्वारा ''टेक रिपब्लिक'', मार्च ६, २०१४</ref> वेब अनुप्रयोग, [[आइओएस]] वा [[एण्ड्रोइड (सञ्चालन प्रणाली)|एण्ड्रोइड]] अनुप्रयोगको प्रयोग गरेर, प्रयोगकर्ताअनले उनीअनको ई -डाँकलाई द्रुत प्रक्रिया माइ लागू अर्न सक्दछन्।<ref name=muo>[http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/inbox-control-iqtell-might-answer/ "If Your Inbox Is Out of Control, IQTELL Might Be the Answer "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007133134/https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/inbox-control-iqtell-might-answer/ |date=2019-10-07 }}, ''मेक युज अफ इट'' ड्यान अलब्राइटद्वार, अभिगमन मिति २६ मार्च, २०१४</ref><ref name=tr /><ref name=muo /> ई डाँकलाई कार्य, परियोजना, आदि माइ परिवर्तन गरिया थ्यो रे मूल ई डाँकलाई डाँक बाकस बठे हटाइया थ्यो। ई डाँक, शृजना गरिया वस्तुअनको अंश बन्या थ्यो (उदाहरण खिलाइ कार्य, परियोजना, इत्यादि)। यैलाइ [[जिमेल]] माइ सबै डाँक फोल्डर रे गैर जिमेल माइ सङ्ग्रह फोल्डरम माइ लै अवलोकन अर्न सकिन्छ। आइक्युटेल सुविधाअन माइ ई-डाँक, [[पात्रो]], सम्पर्क, सूची प्रबन्धन, साझेदारी रे टोलीका सदस्यअन सामेल छन्। यैका सप्पै सुविधाअन [[एभरनोट]] रे [[आइक्लाउड]] जस्ता सामान्यतया प्रयोग हुने सङ्गठन [[सफ्टवेयर]]अन सित उपयुक्त थिए।<ref>[http://www.askyourandroid.com/applications/productivity-applications/iqtell-manage-your-emails-tasks-and-projects-the-smart-way/ "IQTELL: Manage your Emails, Projects and Tasks the smart way'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007133113/http://www.askyourandroid.com/applications/productivity-applications/iqtell-manage-your-emails-tasks-and-projects-the-smart-way/ |date=2019-10-07 }} ''आक्स योर एण्ड्रोइड''</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाइल्ला सूत्रअन == * [http://iqtell.com/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{कार्य व्यवस्थापन सफ्टवेयर}} [[श्रेणी:कार्य व्यवस्थापन सफ्टवेयरअन]] [[श्रेणी:वेब अनुप्रयोगअन]] [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-१ माइ बनाइया वा सुधारिया लेखअन]] mktpdc9qc7wdihwybepb5dg3j0evnby 0 17839 270627 263861 2026-11-08T00:59:35Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | name = मेलबक्स | logo = Mailbox logo.svg | logo size = 250px | screenshot = | screenshot_size = 225px | caption = | author = अर्चेष्ट्रा, निगम | developer = [[ड्रपबक्स (सेवा)|ड्रपबक्स, निगम]] | released = {{Start date|2013|02|07}} | latest release date = {{Shut down|2016|02|26}} | discontinued = हैन | operating system = [[आइओएस]], [[एण्ड्रोइड (सञ्चालन प्रणाली)|एण्ड्रोइड]], [[अोएक्स एक्स]] (परिक्षण संस्करण) | genre = [[इ-डाँक पाठक]] | license = [[फ्रिवेर]] | website = {{URL|www.mailboxapp.com}} }} '''मेलबक्स''' [[आइओएस]] रे [[एण्ड्रोइड (सञ्चालन प्रणाली)|एण्ड्रोइड]] खिलाइ शृजना गरिया यक [[फ्रिवेयर]] ई डाँक प्रबन्धन अनुप्रयोग हो। यैलाइ अर्चेष्ट्रा निगमले विकास रे सञ्चालन गर्या छ। यैले यैको उपयोगिता रे नवीन सुविधाअन खिलाइ असङ्ख्य प्रविधि ब्लगअनको ध्यानाकर्षण गर्न सफल भया थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultofmac.com/214723/mailbox-by-orchestra-the-best-email-app-weve-ever-used-review/ |title=Mailbox By Orchestra: The Best Email App We’ve Ever Used (Review) |publisher=कल्ट अफ म्याक |date=2013-02-03 |accessdate=2013-02-08}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2013/2/7/3961544/mailbox-app-for-iphone-inbox-unchained Inbox Unchained: Mailbox just fixed email on the iPhone] द भर्ज (२०१३-०२-०७)। अभिगमन मिति २०१३-०७-३०</ref> शुरु हुनुभन्दा यक हप्ता अघि, यक पूर्व-दर्ता अवधिले आरक्षणअनको प्रतीक्षा सूची माइ ३,८०,००० परिणाम दिया थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2013/02/07/mailbox-app-iphone-wait-list/ |title=Mailbox CEO says insane 380K person wait list kept app from crashing today |publisher=भेञ्चर बिट |date=२०१३-०२-०४ |accessdate=२०१३-०२-०८ |archive-date=2019-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729185601/https://venturebeat.com/2013/02/07/mailbox-app-iphone-wait-list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2013/2/14/3988872/mailbox-email-iphone-app-suffers-downtime Mailbox for iPhone suffers downtime even with slow rollout] द भर्ज (२०१३-०२-१४)। अभिगमन मिति २०१३-०७-३० </ref> ७ फेब्रुअरी २०१७ माइ, [[आइओएस]] खिलाइ अनुप्रयोगको रूप माइ सार्वजनिक भए लगत्तै यो त्यस दिन [[एप ष्टोर (आइअोएस)|एपष्टोर]] माइ दोस्रो सब है डाउनलोड गरिया नि: शुल्क अनुप्रयोग बन्या थ्यो। यैको शुरुवाती प्रक्षेपण ७ फेब्रुअरी २०१३ माइ गरिया थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|author=Seth Fiegerman |url=http://mashable.com/2013/02/07/mailbox-iphone-release/ |title=Mailbox Email App Finally Released on iPhone (Sort Of) |publisher=म्यासएबल |date=2013-01-22 |accessdate=2013-02-08}}</ref> मार्च २०१३ माइ, अर्चेष्ट्रालाई ड्रपबक्सद्वारा अधिग्रहण गरिया थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mailboxapp.com/blog/?p=1#mailbox-now-available-without-the-wait/|title=Mailbox now available without the wait|date=2013-04-16|accessdate=2013-05-15|archive-date=2014-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913040302/http://www.mailboxapp.com/blog/?p=1#mailbox-now-available-without-the-wait/|url-status=dead}}</ref> जसले गर्दा मेलबक्सको सार्वजनिक छिटो रूप माइ भया थ्यो भणे पूर्व-दर्ता अवधि अप्रिल माइ समाप्त भया थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/15/dropbox-buys-mailbox-all-13-employees-joining-and-app-will-remain-separate/|title=Dropbox Buys Mailbox, All 13 Employees Joining And App Will Remain Separate|author=डारेल इथरिङ्टन|publisher=[[टेक क्रञ्च]]|date=२०१३-०३-१५|accessdate=२०१३-०३-१५}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2013/03/15/dropbox-buys-mailbox/|title=Dropbox Buys Mailbox|author=टोड वासरम्यान|publisher=म्यासएबल|date=2013-03-15|accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/03/15/dropbox-acquires-mailbox/|title=Dropbox acquires Mailbox, teases an email and cloud collaboration|author=जोन फिङ्गस|publisher=इनग्याजेट|date=2013-03-15|accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref> अप्रिल २०१४ माइ, ड्रपबक्सले [[एण्ड्रोइड (सञ्चालन प्रणाली)|एण्ड्रोइड]] खिलाइ मेलबक्सको आधिकारिक अनुप्रयोगको जारी गर्या थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/04/09/dropbox-mailbox-android-desktop/ |title=Dropbox brings the popular Mailbox email app to Android and desktop|author=ब्राड मोलेन|publisher=इनग्याजेट|date=२०१४ -०४-०९|accessdate=२०१४-०४-१०}}</ref><ref>http://9to5mac.com/2014/04/09/mailbox-goes-beyond-ios-now-available-on-android-and-coming-soon-to-os-x/</ref> र ओएस एक्स खिलाइ सार्वजनिक परिक्षण संस्करण घोषणा गर्या थ्यो जसलाई सोही वर्षको अगष्ट माइ जारी गरिया थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/04/09/dropbox-mailbox-android-desktop/ |title=Dropbox brings the popular Mailbox email app to Android and desktop|author=ब्राड मोलेन|publisher=इनग्याजेट|date=२०१४-०४-०९|accessdate=२०१४-०४-१०}}</ref><ref>http://9to5mac.com/2014/04/09/mailbox-goes-beyond-ios-now-available-on-android-and-coming-soon-to-os-x/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Mailbox for OS X Enters Public Beta|url = https://thenextweb.com/apps/2014/08/19/mailbox-os-x-enters-public-beta-new-features-including-snooze-device/|website = द नेक्स्ट वेब|accessdate = डिसेम्बर ७, २०१५|date = अगष्ट १९, २०१४|last = बल्दविन|first = Roberto}}</ref> डिसेम्बर २०१५ माइ, [[ड्रपबक्स]]ले मूलभूत डाँकलाई कायम गर्न नसक्या भन्दै मेलबक्सको विच्छेदनको घोषणा गर्या थ्यो। अघि घोषण गरिए अनुसार, यो अन्ततः २६ फेब्रुअरी २०१६ माइ पूर्ण रूप माइ बन्द गरिया थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://blogs.dropbox.com/mailbox/2015/12/saying-goodbye/|title = Saying Goodbye|date = डिसेम्बर ७्, २०१५|accessdate = डिसेम्बर ७, २०१५|website = मेलबक्स|archive-date = 2016-02-12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160212004556/https://blogs.dropbox.com/mailbox/2015/12/saying-goodbye/|url-status = dead}}</ref> == विशेषता == मेलबक्स [[जिमेल]] रे [[आइक्लाउड]] खाताअन माइ सीमित थ्यो। यैले याहुको डाँकलाई ३ दिन खिलाइ समर्थन गर्या थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mailboxapp.com/blog/?p=1#/posts/70314498897|title=मेलबक्स: आइक्लाउड र याहु मेलका लागि|accessdate=२०१४-०६-०२|archive-date=2014-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913040302/http://www.mailboxapp.com/blog/?p=1#/posts/70314498897|url-status=dead}}</ref> मेलबक्स चालू गर्न, कम्पनीका सेवकअनलाई प्रयोगकर्ताको इ डाँक खाता माइ पहुँच प्रदान गर्न आवश्यक पर्दछ। उक्त पहुँच एपीआई ([[जिमेल]]) वा सिधा पहुँच (आइक्लाउड) मार्फत गर्न सकिन्छ। मेलबक्सको सेवकअनले बारम्बार प्रयोगकर्ताको ई-डाँक खातालाई सूचनाअन प्रदान गर्न प्रश्न गर्दथे रे लामो समयसम्म पृष्ठभूमि माइ चल्नु बिना नै अनुप्रयोगलाई यैको सामग्री पुन: ताजा अर्न अनुमति दिन्थ्यो। == आलोचना == अनुप्रयोगको सार्वजनिक पछा, यो अमेरिकी कम्पनी [[गुगल]]को [[जिमेल]] खाताअन माइ मात्तरी उपलब्ध भया थ्यो। डिसेम्बर २०१३ देखि, अनुप्रयोगले [[आइक्लाउड]] डाँकका खाताअनलाई लै समर्थन अर्या थ्यो, तर शुरुवातको बेला आइक्लाउड पासवर्ड मेलबक्सको सेवकअन माइ थपिया थ्यो, जुन [[जिमेल]] खाताअन खिलाइ आवश्यक थिएन।<ref>{{Citeweb | author=लियो बेकर | url=https://www.heise.de/mac-and-i/meldung/Mailbox-App-von-Dropbox-unterstuetzt-iCloud-E-Mail-2069105.html | title=Mailbox-App von Dropbox unterstützt iCloud-E-Mail | work=म्याक र आइ | date=2013-12-18 | accessdate=2019-07-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729185605/https://www.heise.de/mac-and-i/meldung/Mailbox-App-von-Dropbox-unterstuetzt-iCloud-E-Mail-2069105.html | archive-date=2019-07-29 | url-status=dead }}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाइल्ला सूत्रअन == * [http://www.mailboxapp.com/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706210326/http://www.mailboxapp.com/ |date=2017-07-06 }} [[श्रेणी:आइओएस सफ्टवेयर]] [[श्रेणी:ई-डाँक पाठकअन]] [[श्रेणी:एण्ड्रोइड (सञ्चालन प्रणाली) सफ्टवेयर]] [[श्रेणी:म्याकओएस ई-डाँक पाठकअन]] [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-१ माइ बनाइया वा सुधारिया लेखअन]] itncmowhu0omdw18ue8so1gyxliu50x 0 17855 270593 264644 2026-11-08T00:23:35Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bangladesh district | name = नाटोर | native_name = নাটোর | image_skyline = Natore Uttara GanoBhaban1 (Prime Minister's Residence).JPG | image_map = BD Natore District locator map.svg | image_caption = | nickname = | motto = | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|24.41|88.93|region:BD|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | division_name = [[राजशाही विभाग|राजशाही]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = | seat = | leader_party = | leader_title = सङ्घीय परिषद् | leader_name = नाटोर-१, नाटोर-२, नाटोर-३, नाटोर-४ | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 1900.19 | area_metro_km2 = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 1706673 | population_as_of = २०११ | population_rank = | population_demonym = | population_note = | postal_code = ६४०० | coast_km = | maplink = | footnotes = }} '''नाटोर''' ({{भाषा-बङ्गाली|নাটোর}}) [[बङ्गलादेश|बङ्गलादेशा]] उत्तरी भागमी पड्ड्या यक जिल्ला हो। यै जिल्ला [[राजशाही विभाग|राजशाही]] विभाग अन्तर्गत पडन्छ। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.natore.gov.bd/ |title=नाटोर जिल्लाको आधिकारिक जाल स्थल |publisher=बाङ्लापिडिया |date=२ फेब्रुअरी २०१८ |accessdate=10 February 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209152940/http://www.natore.gov.bd/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.maphill.com/search/natore-district/|title= नाटोर जिल्लाको नक्सा|publisher= म्यापहिल|date= |access-date= 2019-10-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190827054225/http://www.maphill.com/search/natore-district/|archive-date= 2019-08-27|url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://mapcarta.com/Natore_District|title=नाटोर जिल्लाको नक्शा |publisher=म्यापकार्टा|date=}}</ref> == भूगोल == [[Image:Chalan Beel Natore Bangladesh (9).JPG|right|thumb|288px|पाबना जिल्ला रे नाटोर जिल्लामी रयाः चलन बिल]] नाटोर बङ्गलादेशा उत्तरी क्षेत्रमी पड्ड्या यक जिल्ला हो रे यै जिल्ला २४°२५' बठेइ २४°५८' उत्तर अक्षांश रे ८८°२३' बठेइ ८९°१०' पुर्व देशान्तरणमी अवस्थित छ। नाटोर जिल्लाले बङ्गलादेशा कुल क्षेत्रफल मध्ये १८९६.०५ वर्ग किलोमिटर अोगट्या छ। यै जिल्ला लाइ [[बगुडा जिल्ला|बगुडा]] रे [[नउगाँ जिल्ला|नउगाँ]]ले उत्तर बठेइ घेर्‍या छ भणे यै जिल्लाको दक्षिणमी [[पाबना जिल्ला|पाबना]] रे [[कुष्टिया जिल्ला|कुष्टिया]] जिल्ला रयाः छन्। त्यै गरि यै जिल्लाको पूर्वमी [[पाबना जिल्ला|पाबना]] रे [[शिराजगञ्ज जिल्ला|शिराजगञ्ज]] जिल्ला रयाः छन् भणे पश्चिममी [[राजशाही जिल्ला|राजशाही]] जिल्ला रयाः छ। पद्मा, बरल, नगर आदि यै जिल्लाका प्रमुख नदिअन हुन्।<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thefullwiki.org/Natore_District|title= नाटोर जिल्लाको पूर्व विवरण|publisher= द फुल विकि|date= |access-date= 2019-10-09|archive-date= 2019-08-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190827074937/http://www.thefullwiki.org/Natore_District|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://khujbo.com/natore-district-information/|title= नाटोर जिल्ला|publisher= खुजबो|date= |access-date= 2019-10-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191003071812/http://khujbo.com/natore-district-information/|archive-date= 2019-10-03|url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Natore_District.html|title=नाटोर जिल्ला जानकारी |publisher=आइपिएफएस|date=}}</ref> [[Image:ছুটে চলা 02.jpg|right|thumb|288px|]] == इतिहास == बङ्गलादेश मुक्ति अभियान सन् १९७१ अप्रिल ४ का दिन बठइ देश व्यापी रुपमी शुरू भयाः थ्यो भणे यै युद्धका बेला यै क्षेत्रमी बसोबास अर्ने उर्दु मात्रृभाषा भयाः मान्सुअनले (राजाकार) रे पाकिस्तानी सेनाले याँ रयाः बङ्गाली मातृभाषा भयाः स्थानीय मान्सुअन लाइ सामूहिक हत्या, घरटहरामी आगजनी, महिला माथी दुर्ववहार, सामूहिक बलात्कार गरि आतङ्क मच्चायाः थ्याः। १९ मार्च १९७१ का दिन पाकिस्तानी सेना रे बङ्गलादेशा मुक्ति खिलाइ लडिरयाः लडाकु बीच नाटोर सदर उपजिल्लामी प्रत्यक्ष गोली हानाहान तथा युद्ध भयाः थ्यो जाँ पाकिस्तानी सेनाको प्रमुख अधिकारी आसलम रे इसाक सहित ४० सेनाको मृत्यु भयाः थ्यन्ह। ३० मार्च १०७१ का दिन पाकिस्तानी सेना रे बङ्गलादेशी लडाकु बीच लालपुर उपजिल्लामी प्रत्यक्ष गोली हानाहान भयाः थ्यो जाँ ८० लडाकुको ज्यान गएको थियो भणे ३२ जणा घाइते भयाः थ्यो। चामाटिया गाउँमश्र भयाः युद्धमी लै ३ बङ्गलादेशी लडाकुको मृत्यु भया थ्यो। १२ अप्रिलमी भयाः युद्धमी १० मुक्तियोद्धाअन सहिद भयाः थ्याः। पाकिस्तानी सेनाले १९ अप्रिल १९७१ का दिन यै जिल्लाका १०० सर्वसाधारणहअनको सामूहिक हत्या गर्‍या थ्याः जै माइ दिलिप कुमार सरकार, डा महिन्द्रानाथ सरकार रे नवाराम मजुम्दार समावेश छन्। ३ मे बठेइ २७ जुलाई १९७१ सम्म पाकिस्तानी सेनाले यै जिल्लाको लालपुर उपजिल्ला अन्तर्गतको उत्तर बङ्गाल चिनी उद्योग, रामकृष्णपुर, बिलमारीया हाट, निल कुठी जस्ता ठौरअनमी आक्रमण गरि लगभग ५००० जना सर्वसाधारणअनको हत्या गर्‍या थ्याः। वीर प्रतिक आजाद आलीको नेतृत्वमी रयाः बङ्गलादेशी लडाकु रे पाकिस्तानी सेना बीच नविरपाडा गाउँमी प्रत्यक्ष गोली हानाहान हुँदा १६ पाकिस्तानी सेना मारियाः थ्याः। ३ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन पाकिस्तानी सेनाले महेशपुरका ३६ सर्वसाधारणअनको सामूहिक हत्या गर्‍या थ्याः। == जनशाङ्खिकि == सन् २०११ को राष्ट्रिय जनगणना अनुसार यै जिल्ला कुल जनसङ्ख्या ६,९८४,४७ रयाः छ जसमध्ये पुरुषको जनसङ्ख्या ३,५३२,०१ छ भणे महिलाको जनसङ्ख्या ३,४५२,४६ रयाः छ। यै जिल्लाको जनधनत्व ७५६ प्रति वर्ग किलोमिटर रयाः छ। धर्मका अाधारमी यै जिल्लामी इस्लाम धर्मका मान्सुअनरो जनसङ्ख्या ५,४९७,०२ रयाः छ भणे हिन्दु धर्मको जनसङ्ख्या १,४८३,३९ छ। त्यस्तै गरि बुद्ध धर्मको जनसङ्ख्या १८६, इसाई धर्मको २१ रे अन्य धर्मका मान्सुअनको जनसङ्ख्या १९९ रयाः छ। यै जिल्लामी सन्थल, मुण्डा, मुसहर अादि जनजातिअन बसोबास गर्छन्। यस जिल्लामा १९६१ मस्जिद, २१८ हिन्दु मन्दिर, १२ गिर्जाघर रे ६ चिहानअा रयाः छन्। घासीपिरको चिहान, सालामपुर रे बाउडा शाही मस्जिद, भेलालाबाडिया शाह बागुको चिहान रे मस्जिद, मायार मस्जिद, चापिला शाही मस्जिद, बुधपाडा हयरत इसाम शाश आलमको मस्जिद, हजरत शाह सुफी बोरहान उद्दिनको चिहान, सोना पीरेको चिहान, पाँच पीरेको चिहान, बड बाघा माजार शरीफ, रहिम साधुरको चिहान (गुरुदासपुर उपजिल्ला), बुडा पिरको चिहान, जयकालीबाडि मन्दिर, (नाटोर सदर उपजिल्ला), श्री श्री राधा रामन र श्री श्री नारायण बिगराहो टेगोर देव मन्दिर (सिङ्डा उपजिल्ला), श्री फकिर चन्द गोसाई आश्रम (लालपुर उपजिल्ला) आदि यै जिल्लाका प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थलअन हुन्। <ref>{{cite web|url= http://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE|title= नाटोर जिल्ला जानकारी|publisher= बाङ्लापिडिया|date= |access-date= 2019-10-09|archive-date= 2020-06-08|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200608215440/http://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE|url-status= dead}}</ref> ==अर्थतन्त्र== [[Image:Wheat field natore.jpg|right|thumb|288px|नाटोर जिल्लामा रहेको गहुँ बारी]] यै जिल्लाको अर्थतन्त्र मुख्यतया कृषिमी आधारित छ। यै उपजिल्लाका अधिकांश मान्सुअन किसान हुन्। यै उपजिल्लामा धान, गहुँ, मकै, खुर्सानी, तोरी, प्याज, उखु, आलु तथा अन्य अन्न बालीअन उत्पादन अरिन्छ। यै उपजिल्लामी मुख्यतया आँप, केरा, लिची, खरबुजा, कटहर आदि उत्पादन हुँदै आयाः छ। यै जिल्लाले मुख्यतया धान, लिची, आँप, लगायत मौसमी तरकारी रे अन्य फलफूलअन निर्यात गर्दै आयाः छ। यै जिल्लामी १६५ हाट बजार तथा मेला सञ्चालनमी रयाः छन्। <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.snipview.com/q/Natore%20District|title=नाटोर जिल्ला |publisher=स्नीपभ्यु|date=}}</ref> यै जिल्लाको मुख्य अाय श्रोतको बाटो भन्या कृषि रे खेती जसमी जिल्लाकै ७०.५९% मान्सुअन संलग्न छन्। यै जिल्लाका मान्सुअन अन्य जस्तै ३.०१% मजदुरी, व्यापार रे उद्योगमी ५.०२%, वाणिज्यमी १०%, सञ्चार रे यातायातमी २.७४%, रेमिटेन्समी ०.२१%, सरकारी कार्यलयअनमी ४.४५% ,धर्म सेवामा ०.१२% रे अन्यमी ११.३८% रयाः छन्। == शिक्षा == यै जिल्लाको कुल साक्षरता दर ४१.६% रयाः छ जसमध्ये पुरुषको साक्षरता ४५.५% छ भणे महिलाको साक्षरता दर ३७.४% रयाः छ। यै जिल्लामी ५९ क्याम्पस, १ प्राविधिक शिक्षण संस्था, २७४ माध्यमिक विद्यालय, ७०१ प्राथमिक विद्यालय रे २३७ मदरसाअन रयाः छन्। यै जिल्लाका प्रख्यात तथा लोकप्रिय शिक्षण संस्थाअन यै प्रकार छन्; नवाव सिराज-उद-दल्लाह सरकारी क्याम्पस (सन् १९६५), बिलचलन सहिद सामसुज्जोहा क्याम्पस (सन् १९६९), कालाम डिग्री क्याम्पस, लालपुर महाविद्यालय, गोपालपुर डिग्री क्याम्पस, आब्दुलपुर सरकारी क्याम्पस, बिल हालति त्रिमोहनी डिग्री क्याम्पस, इकबाल डिग्री क्याम्पस, बराइग्राम डिग्री महाविद्यालय (१९७०), बनपाडा डिग्री क्याम्पस (सन् १९८५), राजापुर डिग्री क्याम्पस (सन् १९९५), मौखाडा महिला डिग्री क्याम्पस (सन् १९९६), बनपाडा कृषि तथन प्राविधिक क्याम्पस (सन् २०००) (बाडाइग्राम उपजिल्ला), माजमर शरिफ प्राविधिक तथा व्यापार व्यवस्थापन महपरिला क्याम्पस (सन् २००१), गोपालपुर पौर प्राविधिक तथा बिएम क्याम्पस (सन् २००२), चकनाजिरपुर व्यवसायीक क्याम्पस (सन् २००२), दिघापातिया पिएन उच्च विद्यालय, नाटोर महाराजा जगदीन्द्र नाथ उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १८८४), ललोर उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९०१), कालाम उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९२४), चकनजिरपुर उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९२५), नाटोर सरकारी छात्र उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९४४), बाडाइग्राम पाइलट उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९५४), राजापुर उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९५४), लुइस उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९५९), सिकरपुर आलिया मदरसा (गुरुदासपुर उपजिल्ला) आदि।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.govresultbd.com/junior-school-list-natore-district/|title= नाटोर जिल्लामी रयाः विद्यालय तथा शिक्षण संस्थाअन|publisher= गोभरिजल्टबिडी|date= |access-date= 2019-10-09|archive-date= 2019-08-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190827065017/https://www.govresultbd.com/junior-school-list-natore-district/|url-status= dead}}</ref> == केही प्रसिद्ध स्थलअन == [[Image:Rani_Vabani_Rajbari_3U6A1987.jpg|right|thumb|300px|रानी भवानीको दरबार, नाटोर जिल्ला]] नाटोर जिल्लाः यक प्रमुख पर्यटकीय स्थल रानी भवानीको दरबार हो। रानी भवानी यक महान सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता थिएन्। उन बङ्गलादेशी महिलाअन खिलाइ शिक्षा फैलाउने अग्रणी थिइन्।<ref name=Banglapedia1>{{cite book |author=एबिएम महमुद |chapter=रानी भवानी |chapter-url=http://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80 |title=बाङ्लापिडिया: बाङ्लादेशको राष्ट्रिय ज्ञानकोष |editor=सिरजुल इसलाम र अहमद जामाफ |publisher=बाङ्लादेश |year=सन् २०१२ |edition=दोस्रो |access-date=2019-10-09 |archive-date=2021-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021113018/https://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80 |url-status=dead }}</ref> यै ऐतिहासिक दरबार पुरानो बस बिसौनी नजिकै अवस्थित छन्। यै क्षेत्र वरपर क्याम्पस, यक विद्यालय रे रानी भवानीको नाउँ बठेइ राखियाः अन्य संस्था लै छन्। रानी भवानीको दरबार एउटा अद्भुत तालले घेरियाः छ जसले यै क्षेत्रको सुन्दर बनाउँछ। [[File:Uttara Gonovaban Natore.jpg|right|thumb|300px|उत्तर गणभवनको प्रवेश द्वार]] उत्तर गणभवन (डोघापोटिया राजबारीको नाउँले लै परिचित) स्वदेशी तथा विदेशी पर्यटकअन खिलाइ सब है लोकप्रिय पर्यटकीय स्थल हो। प्राचीन इतिहासका अनुसार नाटोरका राजाले यहीँ बसोबास गर्ने गर्थे भणे हाल यै दरबार लाइ उत्तर गणभवन भणिन्छ रे बङ्गलादेशका राष्ट्रपतिको आधिकारिक निवासअन मध्ये यक हो। याँ झिक्क मैदानअनमी अवस्थित छ रे यै भवनमी सजावटी ढोकाअन, ठूलो बगैचा, रे सयौँ कोठाको रयाः छन्। यै भवन वरपर एक ताल छ रे केही भव्य मूर्तिकला लै रयाः छन्। यै नाटोर जिल्ला सहर बठेइ ३ किलोमिटरको दुरीमी अवस्थित छ।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hotelmotel.bangladeshinformation.info/hotel-list-of-natore-district/ |title=नाटोर जिल्लामा रहेका अतिथि गृह तथा होटलहरू |publisher=होटेलमोटेल |date= |access-date=2019-10-09 |archive-date=2019-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827073700/https://hotelmotel.bangladeshinformation.info/hotel-list-of-natore-district/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url= https://touristplace.bangladeshinformation.info/tourist-places-of-natore-district/|title= नाटोर जिल्लाका पर्यटकीय स्थलहरू|publisher= टुरिष्टप्लेस|date= |access-date= 2019-10-09|archive-date= 2019-08-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190827073704/https://touristplace.bangladeshinformation.info/tourist-places-of-natore-district/|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebangladesh.net/natore-district.html |title=नाटोर जिल्लाका लोकप्रिय स्थलहरू |publisher=द बाङ्लादेश |date= |access-date=2019-10-09 |archive-date=2019-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827082209/https://www.thebangladesh.net/natore-district.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://heritageofnatore.blogspot.com/2014/01/district-map-of-natore.html?m=1 |title=नाटोर जिल्ला |publisher=हेरिटेज अफ नाटोर|date=}}</ref> == प्रशासन == प्रशासकीय नटोर उप-विभाग सन् १८४५ माइ [[राजशाही जिल्ला]]को अधिनमी स्थापित गरियाः थ्यो रे सन् १८६९ माइ नगरपालिका निगममी पदोन्नति गरियाः थ्यो। यै उप-विभाग लाइ सन् १९८४ मा जिल्लामी रुपान्तरण गरियाः थ्यो। यै जिल्लामी हाल ७ उपजिल्लाअन रयाः छन् जसमध्ये सब है झिक्क उपजिल्ला सिङ्डा (५२८.४६ वर्ग किलोमिटर) हो भणे सब है नानो उपजिल्ला बागातिपाडा (१३९.३७ वर्ग किलोमिटर) हो। यै जिल्लाका उपजिल्लाअन यस प्रकार छन्; [[File:Natore-Monument.jpg|thumb|300px|सहिद स्मारक]] <ref>{{cite news |title=59.47% vote in 6th phase upazila polls |author=महम्मद जाकिरा |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/may/21/5947-vote-6th-phase-upazila-polls |accessdate=23 November 2014 |newspaper=ढाका ट्रिब्युन |date=21 May 2014}}</ref> * [[गुरुदासपुर उपजिल्ला]] * [[नाटोर सदर उपजसल्ला]] * [[बाडाइग्राम उपजिल्ला]] * [[बागातिपाडा उपजिल्ला]] * [[लालपुर उपजिल्ला]] * [[सिङ्डा उपजिल्ला]] * [[नलडाङ्गा उपजिल्ला]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kabirhat.com/bangladesh-district/natore.html|title=नाटोर जिल्लाका उपजिल्ला, सङ्घ परिषद् र गाउँहरू |publisher=काबिरहाट|date=}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} == बाह्य सूत्रहरू == {{commonscat|Natore District|नाटोर जिल्ला}} *[https://en.m.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Natore_District विकिभोयाजमी नटोर जिल्लाको यात्रा सहयोगी] *[http://www.natore.gov.bd/ नाटोर जिल्लाको अाधिकारिक जाल स्थल] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007034244/http://www.natore.gov.bd/ |date=2019-10-07 }} [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-१ माइ बनाइया वा सुधारिया लेखअन]] [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेशा जिल्लाअन]] b1074csmgo05p97c2y5j5awg0rtw114 0 17858 270589 264928 2026-11-08T00:22:23Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = नउगाँ जिल्ला | native_name = নওগাঁ জেলা | native_name_lang = bn<!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | official_name = नउगाँ | type = [[बङ्गलादेश का जिल्लाअन|जिल्ला]] | image_skyline = NaogaonDistrict Bangladesh.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = मथि बठेइ घडि का दिशा तिर: बलिहार राज दरबार, जोगोडोल बिहार, दुवालहाटि राज दरबार, गाजा समाज कार्यालय, स्वाधीनता स्तम्भ | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | nickname = | nicknames = | motto = | mottoes = | image_map = BD Naogaon District locator map.svg | map_caption = बङ्गलादेश मी {{PAGENAME}} कि अवस्थिति| image_map1 = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=|frame-width=200|frame-height=220|stroke-width=1|zoom=8|frame-align=center|frame-lat=|frame-long=|title={{PAGENAME}}}} | map_caption1 = {{PAGENAME}} को विस्तार अद्द सकीन्या नक्सा | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = center | pushpin_map_caption = बङ्गलादेश मी नगाउँ कि अवस्थिति | coordinates = {{coord|24.90|88.75|region:BD|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = देश | subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh}} | subdivision_type1 = [[बङ्गलादेश का विभागअन|विभाग]] | subdivision_name1 = [[राजशाही विभाग|राजशाही विभाग]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = | seat = | leader_party = | leader_title = [[जातीय संसद|जातीय संसद]] निर्वाचन क्षेत्रअन | leader_name = नउगाँ-१, नउगाँ-२, नउगाँ-३, नउगाँ-४, नउगाँ-५, नउगाँ-६ | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 3435.65 | area_metro_km2 = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 2600157 | population_as_of = सन् २००१ को जनगणना | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_demonyms = | population_note = | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = | timezone1 = [[बङ्गलादेश मानक समय|बीएसटी]] | utc_offset1 = +०६:०० | postal_code_type = [[बङ्गलादेश का डाक सङ्केतअन कि सूची|डाक सङ्केत]] | postal_code = ६५०० | website = {{URL|http://www.dcnaogaon.gov.bd}} | footnotes = | blank_name_sec1 = [[मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क|एचडीआई]] (सन् २०१८) | blank_info_sec1 = ०.५७८<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref><br/>{{color|#fc0|medium}} · [[मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क का आधार मी बङ्गलादेश का क्षेत्रअन कि सूची|२१ मध्ये १७वाँ]] | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = }} '''नउगाँ''' ({{lang-bn|নওগাঁ জেলা}}) [[बङ्गलादेश|बङ्गलादेश]] का उत्तरी क्षेत्र माइ पड्ड्या यक जिल्ला हो। यो जिल्ला [[राजशाही विभाग|राजशाही]] विभाग मी पड़न्छ। नउगाँ नाउ अर्याः शहर यै जिल्लाको प्रमुख शहर हो। <ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Naogaon_District |title=नउगाँ जिल्लाको जानकारी |publisher=बाङ्लापिडिया |date= }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> यो जिल्ला बङ्लादेश का उत्तरी क्षेत्र मी २४°३२' बठेइ २५°२३' उत्तर अक्षांश रे ८८°२३' बठेइ ८९°१०' पूर्व देशान्तर मी अवस्थित छ। नउगाँ जिल्ला ले [[बङ्गलादेश|बङ्गलादेश]] का कुल क्षेत्रफल मध्ये ३४३५.६७ वर्ग किलोमिटर ओगटिराइछ। यै जिल्ला लाइ [[भारत]] का [[पश्चिम बङ्गाल]] राज्य ले उत्तर बठेइ घेरिराइछ भँण्या दक्खिन मी [[राजशाही जिल्ला|राजशाही]] रे [[नटोर जिल्ला|नटोर]] जिल्ला रयाः छन। तसोइ गरिबर यै जिल्ला का पूर्व मी [[जयपुरहट जिल्ला|जयपुरहाट]], [[बगुडा जिल्ला|बगुडा]] रे [[नटोर जिल्ला|नटोर]] जिल्ला रयाः छन् भँण्या पश्चिम मी [[नवावगञ्ज जिल्ला|नवावगञ्ज]] जिल्ला रयाः छ। यो जिल्ला मी आत्राई, पुनर्भाह, जमुना, शिव, नगर आदि नदिअन रयाः छन।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://mynaogaon.blogspot.com/2015/01/rivers-in-naogaon-district.html?m=1|title= नउगाँ जिल्लामा रहेका नदिहरू|publisher= माई नउगाँ|date= }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://maps-bd.blogspot.com/2013/05/naogaon-info.html?m=1|title=नउगाँ जिल्लाको नक्सा |publisher=म्याप्स|date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.shohoz.com/bus-tickets/Dhaka-to-Noagaon|title= नउगाँ जिल्ला बठेइ ढाका सम्म|publisher= शोहोज|date= |access-date= 2019-10-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190916121411/https://www.shohoz.com/bus-tickets/Dhaka-to-Noagaon|archive-date= 2019-09-16|url-status= dead }}</ref> == इतिहास == [[File:Bijoy Liberation War Monument.jpg|thumb|200px|बङ्गलादेश मुक्तियुद्ध स्मारक]] बङ्गलादेश मुक्ति अभियान सन् १९७१ अप्रिल ४ का दिन बठेइ देश व्यापी रुपमी शुरू भयाः थ्यो भणे पाकिस्तानी सेनाको यक समूहको सैनिक किल्ला नउगाँ जिल्लामी अवस्थित थ्यो। सन् १९७१ को अप्रिल महिनामी पाकिस्तानी सेनाले उक्त सैनिक किल्ला वरपरका स्थानअनमी जस्तैः नियमतपुर रे भाविचामी अचानक आक्रमण गरि सर्वसाधारणअनको सामूहिक हत्या गर्‍या थ्याः भणे सेनाले उक्त गाउँका थुप्रै घरअनमी आगजन तथा लुटपाट समेत गर्‍या थ्याः। दिवान अजिजुर रहमान रे एएनएम सलिक चौधरी सहित बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता खिलाइ लडिरयाः ११ लडाकुअन नियमतपुरको यक प्रहरी थानामी घेरा लगायाः थ्याः जसका कारण त्याँ उपस्थित ६ राजाकारले (इसै क्षेत्रमी बसोबास गर्ने उर्दु मातृभाषा भयाः बङ्गलादेश विरोधी तथा पाकिस्तानी सेनाका समर्थकआ) हातहतियारसहित आत्मसमर्पण गर्‍या थ्याः। २४ अप्रिल १९७१ का दिन पाकिस्तानी सेनाले रानीनगर उपजिल्ला अन्तर्गतको यक गाउँमी आक्रमण गरि ७८ जना सर्वसाधारणअनको सामूहिक हत्या गर्‍या थ्याः। १९७१ अगष्ट महिनामी पाकिस्तानी सेनाले मान्दा उपजिल्ला अन्तर्गत पर्ने पुकारिया गाउँमी अचानक आक्रमण गरि १२८ सर्वसाधारणअनको हत्या गरि यक झिक्क चिहानमी गाडिदियाः थ्याः। १४ अगष्ट १९७१ का दिन बङ्गलादेशको मुक्ति खिलाइ लडिरयाः लडाकुको सापाहार उपजिल्ला अन्तर्गत हापनिया सडकमी पाकिस्तानी सेना सवार सवारीसाधनमी बम प्रहार गर्‍या थ्याः जाँ ५ सेना मारियाः थ्याः। उक्त घटनाको फलस्वरूप पाकिस्तानी सेनाले उक्त घटना भयाः ठाउँको वरपर रयाः वस्ती तथा गाउँअनका थुप्रै सर्वसाधारणअनको सामूहिक हत्या गर्‍या थिए। १९ सेप्टेम्बर १९७१ का दिन पाकिस्तानी सेना रे बङ्गलादेशी लडाकु बीच प्रत्यक्ष गोली हानाहान तथा युद्ध भयाः थ्यो जाँ केही लडाकूअन सहिद भयाः थ्या। १५ अक्टोबरका दिन पाकिस्तानी सेना रे बङ्गलादेशी लडाकु बीच बदलगाछी उपजिल्ला अन्तर्गत कोला बन्दर भन्ने ठौर माइ प्रत्यक्ष गोली हानाहान तथा युद्ध भयाः थ्यो जाँ दर्जनौँ पाकिस्तानी सेना सहित दुई लडाकुको मृत्यु भयाः थ्यो। उक्त घटनाको केही दिन पश्चात् पाकिस्तानी सेनाले गदलगाछी उपजिल्लाको मोहनपुर गाउँका ११ सर्वसाधारणअनको वीभत्स हत्या गर्‍या थ्या। पाकिस्तानी सेनाले पछा यै जिल्लाको नितपुर बालियाचन्द पुल रे पोरशा उपजिल्लाको गङ्गुडिया क्याम्पसका वरपरको क्षेत्रअनमी सामूहिक हत्या रे आतङ्क मच्चायाः थ्याः। पाकिस्तानी सेनाले कोला, बन्दरपुर, मिठापुर, भालुबारा जस्ता गाउँहरूमा थुप्रै मान्सुको हत्या गरि घरटहरामी पूर्णतया आगजनी समेत गर्‍या थ्याः। नउगाँ सदर उपजिल्ला अन्तर्गतको पाहारपुर गाउँमी लै पाकिस्तानी सेनाले सर्वसाधारणअनको सामूहिक हत्या गर्‍या थ्याः। पाकिस्तानी सेनाले १४ सर्वसाधारणअन लाइ धामोइरहाट उपजिल्लामी आगो लगाई हत्या गर्‍या थ्याः। पाकिस्तानी सेना रे बङ्गलादेशी लडाकु बीच धामोइरहाट उपजिल्लामी युद्ध भयाः थ्यो जाँ २५ सेना सहित २ बङ्गलादेशी लडाकुको ज्यान गयाः थ्यो। पाकिस्तानी सेना रे बङ्गलादेशी लडाकु बीच रङ्गमाटी, गाङ्रा,कुलफटपुर जस्ता स्थानअनमी प्रत्यक्ष गोली हानाहान भएको थियो जहाँ दुवै पक्षका थुप्रै लडाकुअनको मृत्यु भयाः थ्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.touristplaces.com.bd/naogaon/bijoy-liberation-war-monument/|title=नउगाँ जिल्लामा रहेका बङ्गलादेश मुक्ति युद्ध पनि बनाइएका सहिद स्मारक तथा ऐतिहासिक भवनहरू|publisher=टुरिष्ट प्लेसेस|date=|access-date=2019-10-09|archive-date=2019-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828035724/https://www.touristplaces.com.bd/naogaon/bijoy-liberation-war-monument/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assaminfo.com/districts/20/nagaon.htm |title=नउगाँ जिल्लाको पूर्ण जानकारी |publisher=आसाम इन्फो|date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://naogaondistrictinformation.blogspot.com/2016/03/history-of-naogaon-sadar.html?m=1 |title=नउगाँ जिल्लाको इतिहास |publisher=नउगाँ डिस्ट्रिक इन्फर्मेसन|date=}}</ref> == जनसाङ्खिकि == सन् २०११ को राष्ट्रिय जनगणना अनुसार यै जिल्ला कुल जनसङ्ख्या २३,९१३,५५ रयाः छ जसमध्ये पुरुषको जनसङ्ख्या १२,२८२,५३ छ भणे महिलाको जनसङ्ख्या ११,६३१,०२ रयाः छ। यै जिल्लाको जनधनत्व ७५६ प्रति वर्ग किलोमिटर रयाः छ। धर्मका आधारमी यै जिल्लामा इस्लाम धर्मका मान्सुअनको जनसङ्ख्या २०,६२६,१६ रयाः छ भणे हिन्दु धर्मको जनसङ्ख्या २,५६५,९६ छ। त्यस्तै गरि बौद्ध धर्मको जनसङ्ख्या १४,३१३, इसाई धर्मको ३३६ रे अन्य धर्मका मान्सुअनको जनसङ्ख्या ५७,४९४ रयाः छ। यै जिल्लामा सन्थल, मुण्डा,अराँव आदि जनजातिअन बसोबास अद्दान।<ref>{{cite web|url= http://naogaon.gov.bd/|title= नउगाँ जिल्लाको आधिकारिक वेबसाइट|publisher= नउगाँ डट जिओभी डट बिडी|date= |access-date= 2019-10-09|archive-date= 2019-10-07|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191007033945/http://www.naogaon.gov.bd/|url-status= dead}}</ref> == अर्थतन्त्र == यै जिल्लाको कुल क्षेत्रफल २५ लाख वर्ग किलोमिटर रयाः छ रे यै जिल्ला लगभग सब्बै मान्सुअन कृषिक हुन्। यै जिल्लामा मुख्यतया कोदो, जुट, मकै, उखु, तोरी, गँहु, आलु, प्याज, भेन्टा आदि उत्पादन हुनान। सन् २००९-१० सम्म यै जिल्लामी १३,५८४,३२ मेटि्रक टन गँहु उत्पादन भयाः थ्यो। यै जिल्ला हाल धान उत्पादन गर्ने जिल्लाअनको उच्च सूचीमी पर्छ रे याँ भौती मात्रमी धान कुट्ने मिलअन रयाः छन्। <ref>{{cite web |url= https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Naogaon_District |title=नउगाँ जिल्लाको जानकारी |publisher=विकि भिजुवल|date=}}</ref> यै जिल्लाको मुख्य आय श्रोतको बाटो भन्या कृषि रे खेती हो जस माइ जिल्लाकै ७४.२९% मान्सुअनको संलग्न छन्। यै जिल्लाका मान्सुअन अन्य जस्तै २.४५% मजदुरी, व्यापार रे उद्योगमी १.०३%, वाणिज्यमी ९.८९%, सञ्चार रे यातायातमी २.७४%, रेमिटेन्समी ०.२१%, सरकारी कार्यलयअनमी ४.४५% ,धर्म सेवामी ०.१२% रे अन्यमी ४.५२% रयाः छन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://naogaon.net/ |title=नउगाँ जिल्लामा कृषि |publisher=नउगाँ डटनेट |date= |access-date=2019-10-09 |archive-date=2019-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828062859/http://naogaon.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == शिक्षा == यै जिल्लाको कुल साक्षरता दर ४४.४% रयाः छ जसमध्ये पुरुषको साक्षरता दर ४९.४% छ भणे महिलाको साक्षरता दर ३९.१% रयाः छ। यै जिल्लामी १ कानुन विषयको क्याम्पस, ४५ क्याम्पस, ५८४ माध्यमिक विद्यालय, १० प्राविधिक विद्यालय, १३४२ प्राथमिक विद्यालय, २२ सामुदायिक विद्यालय, २३ बाल उद्धान केन्द्र रे २४४ मदरसाअन रयाः छन्; यै उपजिल्लाका केही उत्कृष्ट शिक्षण संस्थाअन यै प्रकार छन्; धामइरहाट एमएम डिग्री क्याम्पस (सन् १९७०), मान्दा मोमिन शाहाना डिग्री क्याम्पस (सन् १९७०), नियमतपुर डिग्री क्याम्पसमा (सन् १९८०), नउगाँ सरकारी क्याम्पस (सन् १९६२), महादेवपुर सरकारी क्याम्पस (सन् १९६७), मोला आजाद स्मारक क्याम्पस (सन् १९६८), नउगाँ सरकारी बिएमसी महिला क्याम्पस (सन् १९७२), शेर-इ-बाङ्ला क्याम्पस (सन् १९७२), बदलगाछी सरकारी क्याम्पसमा (सन् १०७२), सापाहमर सरकारी क्याम्पस (सन् १९७३), दुबालहाटी राजा हरानाथ उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १८६४), नगर कुसुम्बा बहुभाषिक उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १८८२), नउगाँ केडी सरकारी उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १८८४), मियानाम बहुभाषिक उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १८९५), भीमपुर बहुभाषिक उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९०१), धामोइरहाट सोफिया पाइलट उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९०४), नउगाँ पिएम उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९०९), मान्दा एससी पाइलट उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९१०), कामता एसएन उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९१३), हामिदपुर जितालाल उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९२३), चकला बहुभाषिक उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९१४), नउगाँ जेला विद्यालय (सन् १९१७), कृतिपुर बहुभाषिक उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९२१), नउगाँ केन्द्रीय कन्या उच्च विद्यालय (सन् १९२६), धामइरहाट सदिक्की फजिल मदरसा (सन् १९७४) आदि।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.govresultbd.com/junior-school-list-naogaon-district/|title= नउगाँ जिल्लामा रहेका शिक्षण संस्थाहरू|publisher= गोभरिजल्ट डटबिडी|date= |access-date= 2019-10-09|archive-date= 2019-08-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190827065051/https://www.govresultbd.com/junior-school-list-naogaon-district/|url-status= dead}}</ref> == प्रशासन == प्रशासकीय नउगाँ उपविभाग [[राजशाही जिल्ला|राजशाही]] जिल्लाको स्वामित्वमी सन् १८७७ माइ स्थापना गरियाः थ्यो। यै उप-विभाग लाइ सन् १९८४ माइ जिल्ला रुपमी स्थापित गरियाः थ्यो। यै जिल्लामी हाल ११ वटा उप-जिल्लाअन रया छन् जसमध्ये [[नियमतपुर उपजिल्ला|नियमतपुर]] सब है झिक्को (४४९.१० वर्ग किलोमिटर) उपजिल्ला रुपमी रयाः छ जसले जिल्लाको कुल क्षेत्रफल मध्य १३.०७% ओगट्या छ भणे [[बदलगाछी उपजिल्ला|बदलगाछी]] सब है नानो (२१३.९८ वर्ग किलोमिटर) उपजिल्ला हो। नउगाँ जिल्लाका उपजिल्लाअन यस प्रकार छन् : * आत्राइ उपजिल्ला * बदलगाछी उपजिल्ला * धामोइरहाट उपजिल्ला * मान्दा उपजिल्ला * महादेवपुर उपजिल्ला * नउगाँ सदर उपजिल्ला * नियामतपुर उपजिल्ला * पत्नीतला उपजिल्ला * पारशा उपजिल्ला * रानीनगर उपजिल्ला * सापाहार उपजिल्ला<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kabirhat.com/bangladesh-district/naogaon.html |title=नउगाँ जिल्लामी रयाः उपजिल्ला तथा गाउँअन |publisher=काबिरहाट|date=}}</ref> == केही प्रसिद्ध स्थलअन == === पाहाडपुर === [[File:Somapura Mahavihara, Bangladesh.jpg|200px|thumbnail|]] पाहाडपुर नउगाँ जिल्लाको जामालगञ्ज बठेइ ५ किलोमिटर पश्चिममी पड्ड्या यक सानो गाउँ हो जाँ सोमापुरा महाविहार मठका अवशेषअन उत्खनन गरियाः थ्यो। सातौँ शताब्दीको यै पुरातात्विक खोजले लगभग २ एकड (११०,००० वर्ग किलोमिटर) जग्गा क्षेत्र ओगट्याः छ। यै ठौर वरपर पाइएका अवशेषअनले चतुर्भुज आकार ओगट्या छ भणे यसको सम्पूर्ण स्थानअन ९०० फिट (२७० मिटर) भन्दा बढी मापन गरियाः छ भणे यसको उचाई १२ बठेइ १५ फिट (३.७ बठेइ ४.६ मिटर) रयाः छ। उत्तरमी विस्तृत प्रवेश द्वार साथ त्याँ उत्तरमी ४५ कक्षअन छन् रे अौर तीन पक्षमी प्रत्येक ४४ ४४, कुल १७७ कोठाअन रयाः छन्। पिरामिडल मन्दिरको वास्तुकला दक्षिण-पूर्वी एसिया, विशेष गरी म्यानमार रे जावा बठेइ प्रभावित छ। यै ठौर विशेषगरि अग्लो भयाः कारण यै ठौरको नाउँ अग्लो पहाड बठेइ राखियाः हो। <ref>{{cite web |url= https://m.youtube.com/channel/UCCq50jDNY2LgVHmuOzEwMbA|title=नउगाँ जिल्ला सम्बन्धित श्रव्य दृश्यहरू |publisher=युट्युब|date=}}</ref> यै पुरातात्त्विक सम्पदा लाइ ऐल सङ्गहालय बनाइयाः छ। यै क्षेत्र बठेइ उत्खनन तथा पत्ता लाग्या सामग्रीअनले यै सङ्ग्रहालयको शोभा बढायाः छ। उत्खनन गरियाः सामग्रीअन राजशाही स्थित विरेन्द्र अनुसन्धान सङ्ग्रहालयमी लै सुरक्षित राखियाः छ।सङ्ग्रहालयको पुरातन वस्तुमा टेराकोटा पट्टिका, विभिन्न देवीदेवताअनको चित्र, माटोको वस्तु, सिक्का शिलालेख, सजावटी इट्टा, रे अन्य माटोका वस्तुअन सामेल छन्। सोमापुरा महाविहारको ९ माइल पश्चिम-दक्षिण पश्चिममा हल्द विहारको पुरातात्विक क्षेत्र हो जुन अस्थायी रूपमी युनेस्कोको विश्व सम्पदा सूचीमी सूचीकृत गरियाः छ।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thebangladesh.net/naogaon-district.html|title= नउगाँ मा रहेका केही पर्यटकीय स्थलहरू|publisher= द बाङ्लादेश|date= |access-date= 2019-10-09|archive-date= 2019-08-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190827082248/https://www.thebangladesh.net/naogaon-district.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> === कुसुम्बा मस्जिद === [[चित्र:Kusumba014.jpg|200px|thumbnail|कुमुम्बा शाही मस्जिदको एक तस्वीर]] कुसुम्बा शाही मस्जिद ({{भाषा-बङ्गाली|কুসুম্বা শাহী মসজিদ}}) बङ्गलादेशको नउगाँ जिल्ला अन्तर्गतको उपजिल्ला मान्दामा अवस्थित छ। यो मस्जिद आत्राइ नदिको पश्चिम किनारमा रहेको छ। यस मस्जिदको स्थापना सन् १५५८-५९ मा भएको थियो। कुसुम्बा मस्जिदको नाउँ कुसुम्बा गाउँ बठेइ साभार गरियाः हो। यै मस्जिद लाइ बङ्गलादेशमी अफगान शासनको समयमी सुलेमान नाउँको उच्च पदका अधिकारीले निर्माण गर्‍य थ्याः। यै अन्तिम सूरी शासकअन मध्ये एकको अधिनमी निर्माण गरियाः थ्यो। यै मस्जिद बनाउनेको नाउँ घियसुद्दीन बहादुर शाह थ्याः। यद्यपि यै मस्जिद सुरी शासन अन्तर्गत निर्माण गरियाः थ्यो। यै मस्जिदमी प्रयोग भयाः वास्तुगत ढाँचा उत्तर भारतको पैलेको सुरी वास्तुकला बठेइ प्रभावित नभई छुट्टै प्रकारको थ्यो। यै मस्जिद लाइ बाङ्ला शैलीमी निर्माण गरियाः थ्यो। पूर्वी केन्द्रीय प्रवेशद्वारमी रयाः शिलालेखले मस्जिदको निर्माणको सन् १५५८-५९ मी भयाः भणी उल्लेख गरियाः छ।<ref>{{cite web |url= http://naogaon.amardesh.com/|title=नउगाँ जिल्ला |publisher=नउगाँ|date=}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्री == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाइल्ला सूत्रअन == {{commonscat|Naogaon District|नउगाँ जिल्ला}} * {{wikivoyage-inline|Naogaon District|नउगाँ जिल्ला}} * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/322 नउगाँ जिल्लाका धरोहरअन] [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-१ माइ बनाइया वा सुधारिया लेखअन]] [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेशा जिल्लाअन]] 8b4a4ultrih59v3ml16akx0gz7f6hak 0 17862 270644 257807 2026-11-08T01:20:32Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website |url = [http://skyrock.com/ skyrock.com] |name = स्काइरक |country of origin = [[पेरिस]], [[फ्रान्स]] |logo = |commercial = हो |type = [[सामाजिक सञ्जाल सेवा]] |registration = चाहिदैन |owner = टेलिफन |alexa = {{IncreaseNegative}} ६५७ ({{as of|2013|9|1|alt=सेप्टेम्बर २०१३}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web |url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/skyrock.com |title= स्काइरक डटकम साइटको जानकारी |publisher= [[अलेक्सा इन्टरनेट|अलेक्सा इण्टरनेट]] |accessdate= 2013-09-01 |archive-date= 2013-12-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131229191342/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/Skyrock.com |url-status= dead }}</ref><!-- अोके बोटद्वारा मासिक रूप माइ अद्यावधिक--> |language = [[फ्रान्सेली भाषा|फ्रान्सेली]], [[अङरेजी भाषा|अङरेजी]], [[जर्मनेली भषा|जर्मनेली]], [[डच भाषा|डच]], [[इटालीयाली भाषा|इटालीयाली]], [[स्पेनी भाषा|स्पेनी]], [[पोर्चुगाली भाषा|पोर्चुगाली]] |launch date = १७ डिसेम्बर, २००२ |current status = चालू }} '''स्काइरक डटकम''' [[फ्रान्स]] माइ आधारित यक सामाजिक सञ्जाल सेवा तथा वेबसाइट हो जसले यै माइ दर्ता भया प्रयोगकर्ताअनलाई नि: शुल्क खिलाइ निजीकृत वेब ठौर प्रदान अद्दछ।<ref name=cb>{{cite news|title=स्काइरक|url=http://www.crunchbase.com/company/skyrock|accessdate=२३ जनवरी २०१३|newspaper=क्राञ्चबेस}}</ref> यो ब्लग बनाउन, प्रोफाइल थप्न रे अन्य दर्ता भया व्यक्तिसित सन्देशअन साटासाट गर्न यसले सक्षम बनाया छ। साइटले सदस्यअनको सङ्गीत रचनाअन माइ समर्पित ब्लगअन शृजना गर्न लै सम्भव बनाउँदछ। यो हाल ७ वटा भाषा माइ उपलब्ध छ जस माइ फ्रान्सेली, अङरेजी, जर्मनेली, पोर्चुगाली, डच, इटालीयाली, स्पेनी लगायतका भाषाअन समावेश छन्। कम्पनीको प्रधान कार्यालय फ्रान्सको राजधानी [[पेरिस]] माइ अवस्थित छ। यसको संस्थापक, पियरे बेल्लङ्गरले यैलाइ फ्रान्सेली स्काइरक रेडियोसित जोडेका कारन, स्काई रक डटकमको वेबसाइट अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय रूप माइ पहुँच योग्य छ। यक मापक आयोग कमस्कोरका अनुसार, पछिल्ला १४ संस्करणअन मार्फत यो विश्वव्यापी रूप माइ पहुँच योग्य बन्या हो। <ref>{{Citeweb|url=http://www.skyrock.com/international.php|title=Liste des versions de Skyrock.com au ९ अक्टोबर २००९ 2008|access-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006042006/http://www.skyrock.com/international.php|archive-date=2019-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> पछिल्ला संस्करणअन कम अद्यावधिक भएकाले कम्पनीले २६ अगष्ट २०१० माइ, यैलाइ नौलो संस्करणका साथ सुरू गरेको थ्यो। == पृष्ठभूमि रे विवरण == यसको आधिकारिक ब्लग डिसेम्बर २००२ माइ, यैका संस्थापक पियरे बेलाङ्गरद्वारा स्थापना गरिया थ्यो। मे २००७ माइ, स्काई ब्लग ब्राण्डको विच्छेदन पछा स्काइ रक डटकम यक वास्तविक सामाजिक सञ्जाल सेवाको रूप माइ शुरू भया थ्यो। यस माइ ब्लग शृजना विकल्प माइ साथीअन, सन्देश, वार्ता रे प्रोफाइलअन जस्ता सञ्जाल सुविधाअन थपिया थिए।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adreu.eurid.eu/adr/decisions/decision.php?dispute_id=3495 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-05-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120530170238/http://adreu.eurid.eu/adr/decisions/decision.php?dispute_id=3495 |archivedate=2012-05-30 }}</ref> सन् २००८ माइ स्काइ रक डटकम विश्व माइ सातौं झिक्क सामाजिक सञ्जाल थ्यो जस माइ २१ मिलियन भन्दा बढी आगन्तुक समावेश थिए।<ref>{{Citeweb|url=http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=2396|title=Classement des réseaux sociaux dans le monde en juin 2008 selon Comscore}}</ref><ref name="comscore.com">http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=2396</ref> == आलोचनाअन == [[फ्रान्स]] माइ स्काई रकको प्रवेश दर उच्च छ। धेरै फ्रान्सेली मध्य विद्यालयअन माइ, विद्यार्थीअनले उनअनको बहिष्कारको परिणामस्वरूप विद्यालय कर्मचारीलाई दुर्व्यवहार गर्न यै मञ्चको प्रयोग गरेका थिए रे उक्त विद्यालयअनद्वारा सतर्कता जारी गर्दै उनअनले यस्तो व्यवहारको बारे माइ अभिभावक रे विद्यार्थीअनलाई चेतावनी दिएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archquo.nouvelobs.com/cgi/articles?ad%3Dmultimedia%2F20050317.OBS1492.html%26datebase%3D20050318 |accessdate=September 24, 2008 |title=स्काइरक|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013160126/http://archquo.nouvelobs.com/cgi/articles?ad=multimedia%2F20050317.OBS1492.html&datebase=20050318 |archivedate=October 13, 2007 }}</ref> यसबाहेक, केही अमेरिकी पत्रिकाअनले सन् २००५ को [[फ्रान्स]] माइ भया नागरिक अशान्तिको विरोधि आन्दोलन माइ स्काइ ब्लगका प्रयोगकर्ताअनलाई जोड्न खिलाइ प्रयास गरेका थिए।<ref>http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/08/news/blogs.php</ref> तथापि, फ्रान्सेली राज्यका संस्थानअनले स्काइ रक ब्लगको प्रयोगलाई सूचित गर्दै कुनै औपचारिक गुनासो पेश गरेका थिएनन्। केही प्रख्यात [[फ्रान्स|फ्रान्सेली]] संस्थाअनले सन्देशअन संप्रेषण गर्न स्काइ रक ब्लगलाई मनपर्ने उपकरणको रूप माइ शृजना गरेका थिए जुन चाहीँ फ्रान्सेली समान अवसर रे भेदभाव विरोधी आयोगको यक उदाहरण हो। == लोकप्रियता == === सिमिलर वेब === नोभेम्बर २०१९ सम्म, [[सिमिलर वेब]]को तथ्याङ्कका अनुसार, यो विश्वव्यापी सर्वाधिक लोकप्रिय वेबसाइटअनको सूची माइ ६,७०८अौँ स्थान माइ रह्या छ भने चीन माइ यसको क्रम ३१५ रह्या छ जस माइ यैको उछाल दर ५१.०३% रह्या छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/skyrock.com|title=सिमिलर वेबको विश्लेषण|author=सिमिलर वेब|date=|work=|accessdate=असोज २०७६ }}</ref> === अलेक्सा इण्टरनेट === नोभेम्बर २०१९ सम्म, [[अलेक्सा इन्टरनेट|अलेक्सा इण्टरनेट]]को तथ्याङ्कका अनुसार, यो विश्वव्यापी सर्वाधिक लोकप्रिय वेबसाइटअनको सूची माइ ५,५०४अौँ स्थान माइ रह्या छ भने भारत माइ यसको क्रम २७९ रह्या छ।<ref name="alexa"/> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाइल्ला सूत्रअन == * {{official|http://www.skyrock.com/}} [[श्रेणी:फ्रान्सेली वेबसाइटअन]] [[श्रेणी:सामाजिक सञ्जाल वेबसाइटअन]] [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-१ माइ बनाइया वा सुधारिया लेखअन]] p7y1f05sxepsbhzcj8wmqdymksr2go7 0 22331 270568 254409 2026-11-07T23:42:21Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = कैथरीन टेरेसा<br/>Catherine Tresa | image = | caption = कैथरीन टेरेसा | birth_name = कैथरीन टेरेसा अलेक्जेंडर | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|09|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[दुबई|दुबई, संयुक्त अरब अमीरात]]<ref name=autogenerated1/> | occupation = अभिनेत्री | height = ५ फुट ६ इंच | parents = फ्रैंक मारियो अलेक्जेंडर<br/>टेरेसा अलेक्जेंडर }} '''क्याथरीन टेरेसा''' (जनम १० सेप्टम्बर १९८९) एक भारतीय फिल्म अभिनेत्री रे मोडल हन जो मुख्य रूपवमी तेलुगू, [[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]], मलयालम रे कन्नड़ फिल्ममी धेकिएकि छिन्।<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/catherine-tresa-is-truly-multi-faceted-hm.html|title=Catherine Tresa is truly multi-faceted|publisher=123telugu.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420084055/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/catherine-tresa-is-truly-multi-faceted-hm.html|archive-date=20 अप्रैल 2013|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3815986.ece|title=Riding high|publisher=The Hindu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927234518/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3815986.ece|archive-date=27 सितंबर 2012|accessdate=7 November 2012}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} == भाईरा कडिअन == {{Commons category|Catherine Tresa|कैथरीन टेरेसा}} * {{IMDb name|id=5528429|name=कैथरीन टेरेसा}} * [https://www.instagram.com/catherinetresa/ कैथरीन टेरेसा] on [[इंस्टाग्राम]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Tresa, Catherine}} estl31r211esusbq91xqgkzqlndu2tx 0 23274 270604 265344 2026-11-08T00:43:07Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox election | country = Nepal | type = parliamentary | ongoing = yes | previous_election = प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९ | previous_year = २०१७ | previous_mps = | next_election = | next_year = २०२७ | seats_for_election = पाँचौं [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]]का सबै २७५ सिट | majority_seats = १३८ | election_date = २०७९ मङ्सिर ०४<ref>https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepal-parliamentary-elections-nov-22.html</ref> | registered = | turnout = | map_image = ConstituencyMapofNepal.svg | map_size = | map_caption = नेपालको मतदान क्षेत्रअनको नक्सा | image_size = 130x130px | image1 = KP Oli.png | party1 = नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी) | leader1 = [[खड्गप्रसाद ओली|केपी शर्मा ओली]] | leader_since1 = २०७१ असार | leaders_seat1 = ''TBD'' | seats1 = | last_election1 = ३३.२५%, १२१ सिटअन | seats_before1 = ९४ | seats_needed1 = {{increase}}४४ | seat_change1 = | popular_vote1 = | percentage1 = | swing1 = | image2 = Prime Minister of Nepal, Shri Sher Bahadur Deuba, in Glasgow, Scotland on November 02, 2021 (1).jpg | party2 = नेपाली काँग्रेस | leader2 = [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] | leader_since2 = २०१७ फागुन २४ | leaders_seat2 = ''TBD'' | seats2 = | last_election2 = ३२.७८%, ६४ सिटअन | seats_before2 = ६३ | seats_needed2 = {{increase}}७५ | seat_change2 = | popular_vote2 = 3,128,389 | percentage2 = 32.78% | image3 = Prachanda 2009.jpg| | party3 = नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र) | leader3 = [[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] | leader_since3 = २०५३ जेठ | leaders_seat3 = ''TBD'' | last_election3 = १३.६६%, ५३ सिटअन | seats_before3 = ४९ | seats_needed3 = {{increase}}८९ | seat_change3 = | popular_vote3 = | percentage3 = | swing4 = | image4 = Madhav Kumar Nepal 2009-09-23.jpg | party4 = नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी) | leader4 = [[माधवकुमार नेपाल|माधब कुमार नेपाल]] | leader_since4 = २०७८ भदौ ०२ | leaders_seat4 = ''TBD'' | seats4 = | last_election4 = ''नयाँ पार्टी'' | seats_before4 = २५ | seats_needed4 = {{increase}}११३ | seat_change4 = | popular_vote4 = | percentage4 = | swing5 = | image5 = Upendra Yadav at Rajbiraj (cropped).jpg | party5 = जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल | leader5 = [[उपेन्द्र यादव]] | leader_since5 = २०७७ जेष्ठ २६ | leaders_seat5 = ''TBD'' | seats5 = | last_election5 = ''नयाँ पार्टी'' | seats_before5 = २० | seats_needed5 = {{increase}}११८ | seat_change5 = | popular_vote5 = | percentage5 = | swing6 = <!--JSP-N(D)--> | image6 = MahanthaThakur.png | party6 = सङ्घीय समाजवादी फोरम | leader6 = [[महन्थ ठाकुर]] | leader_since6 = २०७८ भदौ ०२ | leaders_seat6 = ''TBD'' | seats6 = | last_election6 = ''नयाँ पार्टी'' | seats_before6 = १४ | seats_needed6 = {{increase}}१२४ | seat_change6 = | popular_vote6 = | percentage6 = | title = [[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]] | before_election = [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] | before_party = नेपाली काँग्रेस | after_election = | after_party = }} '''प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९''' [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७४|२०७४]] को निर्वाचनका ५ वर्षपछा बि. सं. २०७९ सालमी हुन्या आम निर्वाचन हो। नेपाल सरकारले २०७९ को प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन मङ्सिर ४ अद्दा निर्णय अरयाः छ।<ref>{{cite web|title=नेपाल निर्वाचन: मङ्सिर ४ गते प्रतिनिधिसभा र प्रदेशसभा निर्वाचन गर्ने मन्त्रिपरिषद्को निर्णय|url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-62416888|website=www.bbc.com|publisher=बिबिसी न्यूज|accessdate=9 अगस्ट 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=आम निर्वाचन मंसिर ४ मा !|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/08/04/165957370830211115.html|website=ekantipur.com|publisher=कान्तिपुर समाचार|accessdate=9 अगस्ट 2022}}</ref> ==पृष्ठभूमि== ==दल तथा गठबन्धन== === नेपाली कांग्रेस नेतृत्वको गठबन्धन <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.reportersnepal.com/2022/10/728156 | title=जसपा गठबन्धनबाट बाहिरियो, अब चार दलबीच मात्रै सिट बाँडफाँटमा सहमति हुने }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Local elections: 5-party ruling alliance to fight together across Nepal - OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/local-elections-5-party-alliance.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Five-party alliance organize mass gathering |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/five-party-alliance-organize-mass-gathering |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207180652/https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/five-party-alliance-organize-mass-gathering |url-status=dead }}</ref>=== {| class="wikitable" width="50%" ! colspan="2" |पार्टी <ref>{{Cite web |title=सत्ता गठबन्धनमा समझदारी : धनुषा-२ र सिरहा-४ मी मैत्रीपूर्ण प्रतिस्पर्धा अद्दा |url=https://lokaantar.com/story/198969/2022/10/5/main-news/Satta-Gathabandhan |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Lokaantar |language=Nepali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Republica |title=Ruling alliance forms task force for allocation of electoral seats among themselves |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/130073/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=My Republica |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820054820/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/130073/ |archive-date=2022-08-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-05 |title=Ruling parties to fight parliamentary elections as an electoral alliance - OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/ruling-parties-electoral-alliance.html |access-date=2022-08-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruling coalition agrees to go to polls jointly under electoral alliance |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/08/05/ruling-coalition-agrees-to-go-to-polls-jointly-under-electoral-alliance |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya123himal |date=2022-08-04 |title=Madhav Nepal said: Third front will be formed within the alliance too |url=https://himalsanchar.com/madhav-nepal-said-third-front-will-be-formed-within-the-alliance-too/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Himal Sanchar |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183749/https://himalsanchar.com/madhav-nepal-said-third-front-will-be-formed-within-the-alliance-too/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> !झण्डा !चिन्ह !नेता !फोटो !सिट !पुरुष उमेदवार !महिला उमेदवार |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}};color:white" |'''1.''' |[[नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |[[File:Nepali Congress.png|60x60px]] |[[File:Nepalese Election Symbol Tree.svg|60x60px]] |[[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] |[[File:The former Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba meeting the Union Minister for Commerce & Industry and Textiles, Shri Anand Sharma, in New Delhi on June 13, 2013 (cropped).jpg|67x67px]] |९० |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}};color:white" |'''2.''' |[[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |[[File:Flag of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).svg|50x50px]] | rowspan="2" |[[File:Election logo Maoist.jpg|61x61px]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=मनोज सत्याल |title=हँसिया हतौडा चिन्हमा चुनाव लड्ने बाबुराम र वामदेवलाई माओवादीको ह्विप लाग्छ कि लाग्दैन? |url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/279793/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Setopati |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816112824/https://www.setopati.com/politics/279793 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] |[[File:Prachanda 2009.jpg|67x67px]] |४४ |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:#00B2B2;color:white" |'''३.''' |[[समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]] |[[File:NSP flag.png|50x50px]] |[[बाबुराम भट्टराई]] |[[File:Baburam Bhattarai in Sydney.jpg|60x60px]] |२ |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)}};color:white" |'''4.''' |[[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)]] |[[File:Flag of the CPN (Unified Socialist).svg|50x50px]] |[[File:Nepalese Election Symbol Pen.jpg|62x62px]] |[[माधवकुमार नेपाल]] |[[File:Madhav Kumar Nepal 2009-09-23.jpg|67x67px]] |१८ |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal}};color:white" |'''5.''' |[[लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल|लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी पार्टी]] |[[File:LSP-N logo.png|50x50px]] | |[[महन्थ ठाकुर]] |[[File:MahanthaThakur.png|50x50px]] |९ |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Rastriya Janamorcha}};color:white" |'''6.''' |[[राष्ट्रिय जनमोर्चा]] |[[File:No_image_available.svg|60x60px]] |[[File:RaJaMo.png|60x60px]] |[[चित्रबहादुर केसी]] |[[File:Circle-icons-profile.svg|67x67px]] |२ |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- ! colspan="6" |Total !१६५ !TBD !TBD |} ===नेकपा एमाले नेतृत्वको गठबन्धन === प्रमुख प्रतिपक्षी , [[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा एमाले]]ले पनि चुनाबी गठबन्धन बनाएको छ र इसाई पार्टी [[नेपाल परिवार दल]], [[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी]], [[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]], लगायत अन्य विपक्षी दलहरूसँग नियमित छलफलमा छ। {| class="wikitable" width="50%" ! colspan="2" |Party<ref>{{Cite web |title=जसपालाई एमालेले २० सिट छाड्ने, राप्रपालाई ५ सिट |url=https://lokaantar.com/story/199208/2022/10/7/politics/uml-jasapa-rpp |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Lokaantar |language=Nepali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एमालेको समर्थनमा कमल थापा मकवानपुर-१ मा चुनाव लड्ने |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/08/166523957308345729.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne |archive-date=2022-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008144050/https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/08/166523957308345729.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> !झन्डा !चिन्ह !नेता !फोटो !सिट !पुरुष उमेदवार !महिला उमेदवार |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}};color:white" |'''1.''' |[[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)]] |[[File:Flag_of_the_CPN-UML_(2021-).svg|50x50px]] | rowspan="3" |[[File:CPN (UML) election symbol 1.png|60x60px]] |[[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]] |[[File:KP Oli.png|67x67px]] |१४० |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Nepal Pariwar Dal}};color:white" |'''2.''' |[[नेपाल परिवार दल]] |[[File:Christianity Symbol.svg|49x49px]] |[[एकनाथ ढकाल]] |[[File:Ek Nath Dhakal-MP, official pic.jpg|56x56px]] | colspan="3" |[[समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व प्रणाली|समानुपातिकमा]] १ सिट |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal}};color:white" |'''3.''' |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी नेपाल]] |[[File:No_image_available_(ne).svg|50x50px]] |[[कमल थापा]] |[[File:Kamal Thapa 2015.jpg|66x66px]] |१ |१ |TBD |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|People's Socialist Party, Nepal}};color:white" |'''4.''' |[[People's Socialist Party, Nepal]] |[[File:Flag of Janata Samajbadi Party.svg|50x50px]] |[[File:Rastriya Janata Party electoral symbol.png|60x60px]] |[[उपेन्द्र यादव]] |[[File:Upendra Yadav at Rajbiraj (cropped).jpg|67x67px]] |१७ |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}};color:white" |'''5.''' |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |[[File:Rppnepalflagnewversion.png|50x50px]] |[[File:Logo_RPP,_Nepal.png|60x60px]] |[[राजेन्द्र प्रसाद लिङ्देन|राजेन्द्रप्रसाद लिङ्देन]] |[[File:Rajendra Prasad Lingden.png|50x50px]] |६ |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- |'''६.''' |नेपाली कांग्रेस (बिपी) |[[File:No image available (ne).svg|50x50px]] |[[File:No image available (ne).svg|50x50px]] |[[कर्णबहादुर मल्ल]] | |१ |१ |''TBD'' |- ! colspan="6" |Total !TBD !TBD !TBD |- |} === प्रगतिशील गठबन्धन<ref>{{Cite web |last=रातोपाटी |title=हृदयेश त्रिपाठी नेतृत्वको पार्टी र नेकपा संयुक्तबीच चुनावी तालमेलको घोषणा |url=https://ratopati.com/story/262935/2022/9/12/poltical-party |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=RatoPati |language=Nepali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जनता प्रगतिशील पार्टी र नेकपा (संयुक्त)बीच चुनावी तालमेल गर्ने सहमति |url=https://ekagaj.com/article/politics/114088/?v=1 |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=ekagaj |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912102534/https://ekagaj.com/article/politics/114088/?v=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === {| class="wikitable" width="50%" ! colspan="2" |पार्टी !झण्डा !चिन्ह !नेता !फोटो !सिट !पुरुष उमेदवार !महिला उमेदवार |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|People's Progressive Party (Nepal)}};color:white" | |[[People's Progressive Party (Nepal)|People's Progressive Party]] |[[File:No_image_available.svg|50x50px]] | rowspan="2" |[[File:Nepalese_election_symbol_farmer.jpg|72x72px]] |[[हृदयेश त्रिपाठी]] |[[File:Circle-icons-profile.svg|50x50px]] |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Janamat Party}};color:white" | |[[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified)|CPN (Unified)]] |[[File:No_image_available.svg|50x50px]] |Chandradev Joshi |[[File:Circle-icons-profile.svg|50x50px]] |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |} === अन्य === {| class="wikitable" width="50%" ! colspan="2" |पार्टी !झण्डा !चिन्ह !नेता !फोटो !सिट !पुरुष उमेदवार !महिला उमेदवार |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Nepal Workers Peasants Party}};color:white" | |[[नेपाल मजदुर किसान पार्टी]] |[[File:Nepali_Workers_Peasants_Party_flag.png|50x50px]] |[[File:Nepal Majdoor Kisan Party.svg|60x60px]] |[[नारायणमान बिजुक्छे]] |[[File:Narayanman bijukchhe comrade rohit.png|50x50px]] |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal}};color:white" | |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] |[[File:No image available.svg|50x50px]] |[[File:No image available.svg|60x60px]] |[[रवि लामिछाने]] | |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Janamat Party}};color:white" | |[[जनमत पार्टी]] |[[File:Flag_of_Janamat_Party_Nepal.png|50x50px]] |[[File:Janamat_Party_Election_Symbol.png|60x60px|Janamat Party Election Symbol]] |[[चन्द्रकान्त राउत|सीके राउत]] |[[File:Circle-icons-profile.svg|50x50px]] |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party}};color:white" | |[[तराई मधेस लोकतान्त्रिक पार्टी]] |[[File:Tmalopa flag.png|50x50px]] |[[File:Nepalese election symbol urn.jpg|70x70px]] |[[Brikhesh Chandra Lal]] |[[File:Circle-icons-profile.svg|50x50px]] |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Citizens' Liberation Party}};color:white" | |[[नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी]] |[[File:No image available.svg|50x50px]] |[[File:Nagrik unmukti symbol.jpg|59x59px]] |[[रेशमलाल चौधरी]] |[[File:Circle-icons-profile.svg|50x50px]] |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |- | style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bibeksheel Sajha Party}};color:white" | |[[विवेकशील साझा पार्टी|बिबेकशील साझा पार्टी]] |[[File:Sajha Party.png|50x50px]] |[[File:Bibeksheel Sajha Party.svg|60x60px]] |Samikchya Baskota |[[File:Circle-icons-profile.svg|50x50px]] |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |''TBD'' |} ==नतिजाहरू== {|class="wikitable sortable" !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;vertical-align:center;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"|राजनीतिक दल !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan="1" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"|निर्वाचन चिन्ह !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan="3"|प्रत्यक्ष !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan="3"|सामानुपातिक !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"|कूल<br>सिट |- !मत !class="unsortable"| % !सिट !मत !class="unsortable"| % !सिट |- |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[नेपाली कांग्रेस|नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Nepalese Election Symbol Tree.svg|25px]] | || || || || || || |- |style="text-align:left;|[[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |style="text-align:center;"|[[File:CPN_UML_electoral_symbol_2074.svg|25px]] | || || || || || || |- |style="text-align:left;|[[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माके)]] |style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Election logo Maoist.jpg|25px]] | || || || || || || |- |style="text-align:left;|[[नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेकपा (एस)]] |style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Nepalese Election Symbol Pen.jpg|25px]] | || || || || || || |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]] | style="text-align:center;" |[[Image:Rajapa.svg|25px]] | || || || || || || |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[सङ्घीय समाजवादी फोरम, नेपाल|सङ्घीय समाजवादी फोरम]] | style="text-align:center;" | | || || || || || || |- |style="text-align:left;|[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी नेपाल]] |style="text-align:center;"|[[Image:RPP Loktantrik Symbol.png|25px]] | || || || || || || |- |style="text-align:left;|[[विवेकशील साझा पार्टी|विवेकशील साझा]] |style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Bsp.svg|25px]] | || || || || || || |- |style="text-align:left;|[[नेपाल मजदुर किसान पार्टी]] |style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Nwpeasantsparty.svg|25px]] | || || || || || || |- |style="text-align:left;|[[राष्ट्रिय जनमोर्चा]] |style="text-align:center;"|[[Image:Rastriyajana.svg|25px]] | || || || || || || |- ! colspan="2" |'''कूल'''|| || ||१६५|| || ||११०||'''११०''' |- |} == मत सर्वेक्षण == === मत सर्वेक्षण === ==== सबै पार्टी एक्ला एक्लाई लड्दा ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px" !मिति !सर्वेक्षक ! colspan="2" |सबैहै ठूलो पार्टी !'''कांग्रेस''' !'''एमाले''' !'''माओवादी''' !'''जसपा''' !'''लोसपा''' !एस !'''नेमकिपा''' !नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी |- !२९ जुलाई २०२२ !सेन्टर फर डेटा जर्नालिजम (Centre for Data Journalism) ([[कान्तिपुर पब्लिकेशन्स|कान्तिपुर]])<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/07/29/165905554000264448.html|title=संसदीय चुनावका सम्भावित ९ परिदृश्य|website=ekantipur.com|language=ne|access-date=2022-07-29|archive-date=2022-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729024146/https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/07/29/165905554000264448.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/07/29/165905896397044765.html|title=१६५ निर्वाचन क्षेत्रमा कुन दलको मत कति ?|website=ekantipur.com|language=ne|access-date=2022-07-29|archive-date=2022-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729024825/https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/07/29/165905896397044765.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}};" | |'''कांग्रेस''' |७६ |७१ |८ |५ |२ |१ |१ |१ |- !११ अगस्ट २०२२ !ग्लोबल इन्स्टिच्युट फर इन्टरडिसिप्लिनारी स्टडिज (Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies) ([[अनलाइन खबर|अनलाइनखबर]])<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2022/08/1172022|title=यस्तो हुनेछ चुनावी जोडघटाउ र समीकरणको सम्भावित दृश्य|website=Online Khabar|language=en-US|access-date=2022-08-11}}</ref> | style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}};" | |'''कांग्रेस''' |७९ |६९ |८ |४ |२ |१ |१ |१ |} ==== कांग्रेस+गठबन्धन र एमाले लड्दा ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px" !मिति !सर्वेक्षक ! colspan="2" |सबैभन्दा ठूलो पार्टी !'''कांग्रेस गठबन्धन''' !'''एमाले''' !'''नेमकिपा''' |- !२९ जुलाई २०२२ !सेन्टर फर डेटा जर्नालिजम (Centre for Data Journalism) ([[कान्तिपुर पब्लिकेशन्स|कान्तिपुर]])<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> | style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}};" | |'''कांग्रेस''' |१५४ |१० |१ |- !११ अगस्ट २०२२ !ग्लोबल इन्स्टिच्युट फर इन्टरडिसीप्लिनारी स्टडिज (Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies) ([[अनलाइन खबर|अनलाइनखबर]])<ref name=":5" /> | style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}};" | |'''कांग्रेस''' |१५५ |९ |१ |} ==== कांग्रेस गठबन्धन र एमाले गठबन्धन लड्दा ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px" !मिति !सर्वेक्षक ! colspan="2" |सबैभन्दा ठूलो पार्टी !'''कांग्रेस गठबन्धन''' !'''एमाले गठबन्धन''' !'''नेमकिपा''' |- !२९ जुलाई २०२२ !सेन्टर फर डेटा जर्नालिजम (Centre for Data Journalism) ([[कान्तिपुर पब्लिकेशन्स|कान्तिपुर]])<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> | style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}};" | |'''कांग्रेस''' |१४७ |१७ |१ |- !११ अगस्ट २०२२ !ग्लोबल इन्स्टिच्युट फर इन्टरडिसिप्लिनारी स्टडिज (Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies) ([[अनलाइन खबर|अनलाइनखबर]])<ref name=":5" /> | style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}};" | |'''कांग्रेस''' |१४७ |१७ |१ |} ==== कांग्रेस+लोसपा र एमाले र समाजवादी गठबन्धन ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px" !मिति !सर्वेक्षक ! colspan="2" |सबैभन्दा ठूलो पार्टी !'''कांग्रेस गठबन्धन''' !'''एमाले''' !समाजवादी गठबन्धन !'''लोसपा''' !'''नेमकिपा''' !नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी |- !२९ जुलाई २०२२ !सेन्टर फर डेटा जर्नालिजम (Centre for Data Journalism) ([[कान्तिपुर पब्लिकेशन्स|कान्तिपुर]])<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> | style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}};" | |'''कांग्रेस''' |६३ |६० |३७ |२ |१ |१ |- !११ अगस्ट २०२२ !ग्लोबल इन्स्टिच्युट फर इन्टरडिसिप्लिनारी स्टडिज (Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies) ([[अनलाइन खबर|अनलाइनखबर]])<ref name=":5" /> | style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}};" | |'''कांग्रेस''' |६५ |६० |३५ |२ |१ |१ |} ==== कांग्रेस+लोसपा रे एमाले+राप्रपा रे समाजवादी गठबन्धन ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px" !मिति !सर्वेक्षक ! colspan="2" |सबैहऔ ठूलो पार्टी !'''एमाले''' !'''कांग्रेस''' !समाजवादी गठबन्धन !'''लोसपा''' !'''नेमकिपा''' ![[नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी]] |- !२९ जुलाई २०२२ !सेन्टर फर डेटा जर्नालिजम (Centre for Data Journalism) ([[कान्तिपुर पब्लिकेशन्स|कान्तिपुर]])<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> | style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}};" | !'''एमाले''' |८८ |४५ |३७ |२ |१ |१ |- !११ अगस्ट २०२२ !ग्लोबल इन्स्टिच्युट फर इन्टरडिसिप्लिनारी स्टडिज (Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies) ([[अनलाइन खबर]])<ref name=":5" /> | style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}};" | !'''एमाले''' |८५ |५५ |३० |२ |१ |१ |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{reflist}} kt4hki4t3v8h4iy8fyacgk1heimsh01 0 23742 270634 260546 2026-11-08T01:09:05Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''लाचर सी''' ( जर्मन उच्चारण: [laːxɐ Ze] ) जसलाई लाचर सी Laacher See (लाचर सी) भणिवर जाणिन्छ। यो एक जीवित ज्वालामुखी हो, जो जर्मनीको कोलोन शहरका नजिक रयाः छ। <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hmoob.in/wiki/Laacher_See |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614095917/https://www.hmoob.in/wiki/Laacher_See |archive-date=2023-06-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == पर्यटकों का आकर्षण == सामान्य रूप ले लाचार सी रे एका आसपासमा ठैर सुन्दर धेकिन्छ। सुन्दर भया हुनाल पर्यटक आकर्षित हनाना्। ==चित्र दिर्धा== <gallery> चित्र:Laacher See (Sulman).png चित्र:Wiki DSC03026 Geopark Laacher See.jpg चित्र:Laacher See Bootsverleih 1.jpg चित्र:Map Laacher See.jpg </gallery> ==सन्दर्भ== {{टिप्पणीसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीअन== {{Commonscat|Laacher See|लाचर सी}} {{Stub}} [[श्रेणी:ज्वालामुखी]] bzwvan82unqy1uiu62du5sh8ski1zia 0 24423 270621 268293 2026-11-08T00:53:43Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = भूपेन हाजरिका | image = Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, Assam, India.jpg | caption = हजारिका नोभेम्बर २०११ मी | birth_date = ८ सेप्टेम्बर १९२६ | birth_place = [[सादिया]], [[आसाम]], [[ब्रिटिश भारत]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2011|11|05|1926|09|08}} | death_place = [[कोकिलाबेन धीरुभाई अम्बानी अस्पताल]], [[मुम्बई]], [[महाराष्ट्र]], [[भारत]]<ref name=death>{{cite news|title=Acclaimed singer Bhupen Hazarika dies at 85|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/acclaimed-singer-bhupen-hazarika-dies-at-85/199577-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106193926/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/acclaimed-singer-bhupen-hazarika-dies-at-85/199577-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2011|date=5 November 1986|newspaper=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> | other_names = सुधा कोन्थो | education = [[कटन कलेज, गुवाहाटी|कटन कलेज]], [[बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]], [[कोलम्बिया विश्वविद्यालय]] | occupation = [[कवि]], [[गीतकार]], [[गीतकार]], [[संगीतकार]], [[गायक]], [[संगीत निर्देशक]], [[फिल्म निर्माता]], [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | years_active = १९३९–२०१० | notable_works = ''[[रुदाली]]''<br />''[[दरमियाँ: बीच में]]''<br />''[[गजगामिनी]]''<br />''[[दमन (२००१) फिल्म)|दमन]]''<br />''[[इन्द्रमालती]]'' | party = [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]] {{nowrap|(२००४–२०११)}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhupen Hazarika joins BJP |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bhupen-hazarika-joins-bjp/204181 |work=Outlook |date=27 February 2004 |language=en |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114124644/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bhupen-hazarika-joins-bjp/204181}}</ref> | movement = [[भारतीय जनता थिएटर संघ]] | spouse = प्रियमवदा पटेल | children = १ | parents = | relatives = [[सुदक्षिणा सरमा]] (बहिनी) [[जयन्त हजारिका]] (भाइ) | awards = [[भारत रत्न]] (२०१९) (मरणोपरान्त)<br />[[पद्म विभूषण]] (२०१२) (मरणोपरान्त)<br />[[पद्मभूषण]] (२००१)<br />[[पद्मश्री]] (१९७७)<br />[[दादा साहेब फाल्के पुरस्कार]] (१९९२)<br />[[संगीत नाटक अकादमी साथीहरूको सूची|संगीत नाटक अकादमी फेलोशिप]] (2008)<br />[[असोम रत्न]] (२००९)<br />[[फ़्रेंड्स ऑफ़ लिबरेशन वॉर ऑनर]](२०११) | website = {{URL|bhupenhazarika.com}} | module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | constituency1 = नाओबोइचा (विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र) | office1 = [[असम विधान सभा]] का सदस्य | predecessor1 = 'निर्वाचन क्षेत्र स्थापना' | successor1 = लिलाकान्त दास | term_start1 = १९६७ | term_end1 = १९७२ }} }} ''भूपेन हजारिका'' (८ सेप्टेम्बर १९२६ – ५ नोभेम्बर २०११) एक भारतीय पार्श्व गायक, गीतकार, संगीतकार, कवि, अभिनेता, कलाकार, सम्पादक, फिल्म निर्माता, प्रोफेसर रे राजनीतिज्ञ थिए। उनका गीतहरू मुख्यतया असमिया भाषामी आफैले लेखेका रे गाएका थिए, मानवता रे विश्वव्यापी भ्रातृत्वद्वारा चिन्हित छन् रे धेरै भाषाहरूमी अनुवाद रे गाइएका छन्, विशेष गरी [[बंगाली]] रे [[हिन्दी]]।<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhupen Hazarika: The Bard of Brahmaputra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/bhupen-hazarika-the-bard-of-brahmaputra/story-8IkggPd3dEu49dZN9D1sHJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Bharat Ratna Bhupen Hazarika? Key things to know about him |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/who-is-bharat-ratna-bhupen-hazarika-1439591-2019-01-25 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> साम्प्रदायिक सद्भाव, विश्वव्यापी न्याय रे समानुभूतिको विषयवस्तुमी आधारित उनका गीतहरू विशेष गरी [[आसाम]], [[पश्चिम बंगाल]] रे [[बंगलादेश]]का मानिसहरूमाझ लोकप्रिय छन्। उनले [[आसाम]] रे [[उत्तरपूर्व भारत]] को संस्कृति रे लोक संगीतलाई राष्ट्रिय स्तरमा हिन्दी सिनेमामी परिचय गराएको पनि स्वीकार गरिन्छ। उनले 1975 मी [[सर्वश्रेष्ठ संगीत निर्देशनको लागि राष्ट्रिय चलचित्र पुरस्कार]], संगीत नाटक अकादमी पुरस्कार (1987), [[पद्मश्री]] (1977), रे [[पद्मभूषण]] (2001) प्राप्त गरे। ,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> [[दादा साहेब फाल्के अवार्ड]] (१९९२), भारतको सिनेमाको लागि सर्वोच्च पुरस्कार रे [[संगीत नाटक अकादमी साथीहरूको सूची|संगीत नाटक अकादमी फेलोशिप]] (२००८), [[संगीत नाटक अकादमी]] को सर्वोच्च पुरस्कार ।उहाँलाई मरणोपरान्त दुबै [[पद्म विभूषण]], भारतको दोस्रो-सर्वोच्च नागरिक पुरस्कार, २०१२ मी<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881|title= Padma Awards|publisher=pib|date= 27 January 2013 |access-date= 27 January 2013 }}</ref> र [[भारत रत्न]], भारतको सर्वोच्च नागरिक पुरस्कार, २०१९ मी सम्मानित गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bharat-ratna-pranab-mukherjee-bhupen-hazarika-nanaji-deshmukh-ram-nath-kovind-republic-day-2019/354087 | title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab Mukherjee, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika | publisher=Times Now | date=25 January 2019 | access-date=25 January 2019 | archive-date=31 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831133139/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bharat-ratna-pranab-mukherjee-bhupen-hazarika-nanaji-deshmukh-ram-nath-kovind-republic-day/354087 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://risingnortheast.com/assam-celebrates-late-bhupen-hazarika-being-awarded-with-bharat-ratna/|title=Assam Celebrates Late Bhupen Hazarika being awarded with Bharat Ratna " Rising NorthEast|first=Newsdesk Rising|last=Northeast|date=26 January 2019|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011646/https://risingnortheast.com/assam-celebrates-late-bhupen-hazarika-being-awarded-with-bharat-ratna/|url-status=dead}}</ref> हजारिकाले डिसेम्बर १९९८ देखि डिसेम्बर २००३ सम्म [[संगीत नाटक अकादमी]] को अध्यक्षको पद पनि सम्हालिन्।<ref>[http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/10/dr-bhupen-hazarika-legend-of-assam.html Dr. Bhupen Hazarika – the Legend of Assam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120440/http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/10/dr-bhupen-hazarika-legend-of-assam.html |date=26 August 2014 }} ''India-north-east.com''</ref> ==बाल्यकाल== हजारिकाको जन्म ८ सेप्टेम्बर १९२६ मी नीलकान्त रे शान्तिप्रिया हजारिकाको घरमी [[सदिया]], [[आसाम]] नदीको किनारमा रहेको एउटा भित्री सहर [[ब्रह्मपुत्र]] मी भएको थियो।<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111112/jsp/northeast/story_14737522.jsp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203145357/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111112/jsp/northeast/story_14737522.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 February 2013 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=As ashes merge into rivers | date=12 November 2011}}</ref> उनका बुबा मूल रूपमी [[नाजिरा]], [[शिवसागर जिल्ला]] मी अवस्थित सहरका थिए। दश सन्तानमध्ये जेठो, भूपेन हजारिका (साथै उनका भाइबहिनी) आफ्नी आमाको सांगीतिक प्रभावमी परेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrated Indian singer Bhupen Hazarika dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15606150 |work=BBC News |date=5 November 2011 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> उनका बुबा 1929 मी [[गुवाहाटी]] को [[भरालुमुख]] क्षेत्रमी, <ref name="telegraphindia.com" /> राम्रो सम्भावनाको खोजीमी सरे, जहाँ भूपेन हजारिकाले आफ्नो प्रारम्भिक बाल्यकाल बिताए। 1932 मी, उनका बुबा [[धुब्री]] मी सरे,<ref name="Brahmaputra Balladeer">Sushanta Talukdar, ''[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article2615591.ece Brahmaputra Balladeer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110154532/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article2615591.ece |date=2013-11-10 }}'', The Hindu, 10 November 2011</ref> ==शिक्षा रे जीवनवृति== हजारिकाले गुवाहाटीको सोनाराम हाई स्कूल, धुबरी सरकारी हाई स्कूल <ref name="telegraphindia.com"/> र १९४० मी तेजपुर हाई स्कूलबाटी म्याट्रिक गरे। उनले १९४२ मी [[कटन कलेज, गुवाहाटी|कटन कलेज]] बाटी आफ्नो इन्टरमिडिएट आर्ट्स, रे [[बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] बाट राजनीति शास्त्रमी बीए (१९४४) र एमए (१९४६) पूरा गरे। छोटो अवधिको लागि, उनले [[अल इन्डिया रेडियो]], गुवाहाटीमी काम गरे जब उनले [[कोलम्बिया विश्वविद्यालय]] बाटी छात्रवृत्ति प्राप्त गरे रे १९४९ मी न्यूयोर्कको लागि यात्रा गरे। त्यहाँ उनले आफ्नो "वयस्क शिक्षामा श्रव्य-भिजुअल प्रविधिहरू प्रयोग गर्न भारतको आधारभूत शिक्षाको तयारीका लागि प्रस्तावहरू" मी पीएचडी (1952) गरे। न्यूयोर्कमी भूपेन हजारिकाले उहाँलाई प्रभावित गर्ने प्रख्यात नागरिक अधिकार कार्यकर्ता [[पल रोबेसन]] सँग मित्रता राखे।<ref name="Brahmaputra Balladeer"/> उनले संगीतलाई "सामाजिक परिवर्तनको साधन" को रूपमी प्रयोग गरे पल रोबेसनको मार्ग पछ्याउँदै जसले उनलाई एक पटक आफ्नो बारेमी बताउनुभयो। - “Guitar is not a musical instrument, it is a social instrument.”<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Revolutionary Artist Dr. Bhupen Hazarika: Voicing the Silence of the Subaltern|url=https://ajhss.org/pdfs/Vol2Issue4/6.pdf|journal=Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|pages=9|access-date=2024-03-03|archive-date=2023-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509022839/https://ajhss.org/pdfs/Vol2Issue4/6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> कोलम्बिया विश्वविद्यालयमी, उनले प्रियमवदा पटेललाई भेटे, जसलाई उनले 1950 मी विवाह गरे। तिनीहरूको एक्लो सन्तान तेज हजारिकाको जन्म सन् १९५२ मी भएको थियो,<ref name="Bhupen Hazarika obituary">Asjad Nazir, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/06/bhupen-hazarika Bhupen Hazarika obituary], ''The Guardian'', 6 November 2011</ref> र उनी १९५३ मी [[भारत]] फर्किए। ==मृत्यु== हजारिकालाई सन् २०११ मी [[मुम्बई]] कोकिलाबेन धिरुभाई अम्बानी अस्पताल रे मेडिकल रिसर्च इन्स्टिच्युटमी भर्ना गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110187488&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=music&nid=147298 |title=Hazarika's death plunges Kolkata into gloom |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=6 November 2011 |access-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107200206/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110187488&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=music&nid=147298 |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cathnewsindia.com/2011/11/07/church-condoles-hazarikas-death/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005110230/http://www.cathnewsindia.com/2011/11/07/church-condoles-hazarikas-death/ |archive-date=2026-10-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> उनलाई ३० जुन २०११ मी [[सघन उपचार इकाई]] मी भर्ना गरिएको थियो। उनको ५ नोभेम्बर २०११ मी बहु-अंग विफलताको कारण मृत्यु भयो।<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Legend Bhupen Hazarika passes away|date=5 November 2011|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bhupen-hazarika-passes-away|publisher=Bollywood Life|access-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107004759/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bhupen-hazarika-passes-away/|archive-date=7 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/245379/bhupen-hazarika-is-no-more|title=Bhupen Hazarika is no more.|date=5 November 2011|publisher=Indiavision news|access-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107192641/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/245379/bhupen-hazarika-is-no-more|archive-date=7 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15606150 |work=BBC News |title=Celebrated Indian singer Bhupen Hazarika dies |date=5 November 2011}}</ref> उनको शव गुवाहाटीको जज फिल्डमी राज्यमा राखिएको थियो रे [[गौहाटी विश्वविद्यालय]] द्वारा दान गरिएको जग्गामी [[ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी|ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी]] नजिकै ९ नोभेम्बर २०११ मी दाहसंस्कार गरियो। उनको अन्त्येष्टिमी करिब आधा लाख मानिसको उपस्थिति रहेको थियो ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/Lakhs_Attend_Bhupen_Hazarika_s_Funeral-3175.html |title=Lakhs aend Bhupen Hazarika's funeral |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=indiatv |access-date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=8 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408191933/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/Lakhs_Attend_Bhupen_Hazarika_s_Funeral-3175.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Smitha |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/music/indian/2011/bhupen-hazarika-tribute-bollywood-291211.html |title=Bollywood pays tribute to Bhupen Hazarika&nbsp;— Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Entertainment.oneindia.in |date=29 December 2011 |access-date=25 December 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106082731/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/music/indian/2011/bhupen-hazarika-tribute-bollywood-291211.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Bhupen Hazarika 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|डा. भूपेन हजारिकाको सम्झनामी भारतीय हुलाक टिकट]] ==पुरस्कार रे सम्मान== ===राष्ट्रिय रे राज्य सम्मान=== *[[नवौं राष्ट्रिय चलचित्र पुरस्कार]] (१९६१) मी [[आसामीमा सर्वश्रेष्ठ फिचर फिल्मको लागि राष्ट्रिय फिल्म पुरस्कार|असामीमा सर्वश्रेष्ठ फिचर फिल्म]] (''शकुन्तला''; भूपेन हजारिका द्वारा निर्देशित) को लागि पुरस्कार।<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> * २३ औं [[राष्ट्रिय चलचित्र पुरस्कार]] (१९७५) मी "चमेली मेमसाब" (''चमेली मेमसाब''; भूपेन हजारिकाको संगीत) को लागि सर्वश्रेष्ठ संगीत निर्देशक राष्ट्रिय पुरस्कार।<ref>{{cite web|title=NFA archives|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=23NFA.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526091043/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=23NFA.pdf|archive-date=26 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[पद्मश्री]] – भारत गणतन्त्रको चौथो सर्वोच्च नागरिक पुरस्कार (१९७७) * [[अरुणाचल प्रदेश]] राज्य सरकारबाट स्वर्ण पदक "आदिवासी कल्याणमा उत्कृष्ट योगदान, र सिनेमा र संगीत मार्फत आदिवासी संस्कृतिको उत्थान" को लागी। (१९७९)<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh mourns Hazarika's death |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2603749.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |date=6 November 2011 |access-date=6 November 2011}}</ref> * [[संगीत नाटक अकादमी पुरस्कार]] (१९८७) * [[दादा साहेब फाल्के पुरस्कार]] (१९९२) * [[पद्म भूषण]] – गणतन्त्र भारतको तेस्रो सर्वोच्च नागरिक पुरस्कार (२००१) * [[संगीत नाटक अकादमी फेलोहरूको सूची|संगीत नाटक अकादमी फेलोशिप]] (२००८) * [[असोम रत्न]]&nbsp;— [[असम]] राज्यको सर्वोच्च नागरिक पुरस्कार, भारत (२००९) * [[फ्रेन्ड्स अफ लिबरेशन वार सम्मान]], [[बंगलादेश सरकार]] (२०११)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/royal-elegy-for-bhupen/cid/327487 |title=Royal elegy for Bhupen|work=The Telegraph |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> * [[पद्म विभूषण]] – गणतन्त्र भारतको दोस्रो सर्वोच्च नागरिक पुरस्कार (२०१२, मरणोपरान्त)<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref> * [[भारत रत्न]] [[File:IND Bharat Ratna BAR.png|50px]],भारत गणतन्त्रको सर्वोच्च नागरिक पुरस्कार (२०१९, मरणोपरान्त)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pranab-mukherjee-nanaji-deshmukh-bhupen-hazarika-conferred-bharat-ratna/article28905370.ece|title=Pranab Mukherjee, Nanaji Deshmukh, Bhupen Hazarika conferred Bharat Ratna|date=8 August 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=14 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} {{भारत रत्न सम्मानित}} [[श्रेणी:सम्मान]] [[श्रेणी:भारत रत्न]] [[श्रेणी:हिन्दीबाट अनुवादित]] bjgr19lk3wtp2ifh1v1vbvi8htbd1vv 0 24429 270602 259072 2026-11-08T00:41:49Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | order = ९ औं | office = भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री | image = P. V. Narasimha Rao.JPG | caption = राव सन् १९९२ मी | alt = पी.वी. नरसिम्हा राव | predecessor = [[चंद्रशेखर]] | president = {{ubl|[[रामास्वामी वेंकटरमन|आर. वेंकटरमन]]|[[शंकर दयाल शर्मा]]}} | successor = [[अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी]] | office2 = [[रक्षा मंत्री (भारत)|रक्षा मंत्री]] | primeminister2 = ''आफैं'' | predecessor2 = शंकरराव चव्हाण | successor2 = प्रमोद महाजन | party = [[भारतीय राष्ट्रिय कांग्रेस]] | birth_date = २८ जुन १९२१ {{birth date|1921|6|28|df=y}} | birth_place = [[लकनेपल्ली]], [[हैदराबाद राज्य]], ब्रिटिश भारत <br /> (वर्तमान दिन [[तेलंगाना]], भारत) | death_date = {{death date and age|2004|12|23|1921|6|28|df=y}} | death_place = नयाँ दिल्ली, दिल्ली, भारत {{Infobox person|embed=yes|monuments=[[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Gyan Bhumi]]}} | spouse = {{Marriage|सत्यम्मा|1931|1970|reason=d.}} | children = ८ | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[ओस्मानिया विश्वविद्यालय]] ([[कला स्नातक|BA]])|[[मुम्बई विश्वविद्यालय]]|[[नागपुर विश्वविद्यालय]] ([[LL.M.]])}} | occupation = {{hlist|वकिल | राजनीतिज्ञ | लेखक}} | term_start = २१ जुन १९९१ | term_end = १६ मे १९९६ | term_start2 = ६ मार्च १९९३ | term_end2 = १६ मे १९९६ | primeminister3 = [[राजीव गान्धी]] | term_start3 = ३१ डिसेम्बर १९८४ | term_end3 = २५ सेप्टेम्बर १९८५ | predecessor3 = [[राजीव गान्धी]] | successor3 = शंकरराव चव्हाण | office4 = ११ औं केन्द्रीय विदेश मन्त्री | primeminister4 = ''आफैं'' | term_start4 = ३१ मार्च १९९२ | term_end4 = १८ जनवरी १९९४ | predecessor4 = माधवसिंह सोलंकी | successor4 = दिनेश सिंह | primeminister5 = [[राजीव गान्धी]] | term_start5 = २५ जुन १९८८ | term_end5 = २ डिसेम्बर १९८९ | predecessor5 = [[राजीव गान्धी]] | successor5 = [[वि.पी. सिंह]] | primeminister6 = [[इन्दिरा गान्धी]] | term_start6 = १४ जनवरी १९८० | term_end6 = १९ जुलाई १९८४ | predecessor6 = [[श्याम नन्दन प्रसाद मिश्र]] | successor6 = [[इन्दिरा गान्धी]] | office7 = १८ औं केन्द्रीय गृह मन्त्री | primeminister7 = [[राजीव गान्धी]] | term_start7 = १२ मार्च १९८६ | term_end7 = १२ मे १९८६ | predecessor7 = शंकरराव चव्हाण | successor7 = सरदार बुटा सिंह | primeminister8 = {{ubl|[[इन्दिरा गान्धी]]|[[राजीव गान्धी]]}} | term_start8 = १९ जुलाई १९८४ | term_end8 = ३१ डिसेम्बर १९८४ | predecessor8 = प्रकाशचन्द्र सेठी | successor8 = शंकरराव चव्हाण | office9 = चौथो [[आन्ध्र प्रदेशका मुख्यमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|आन्ध्र प्रदेशका मुख्यमन्त्री]] | term_start9 = ३० सेप्टेम्बर १९७१ | term_end9 = १० जनवरी १९७३ | governor9 = खंडुभाई कासनजी देसाई | predecessor9 = कासु ब्रह्मानन्द रेड्डी | successor9 = ''राष्ट्रपति शासन'' | office10 = [[संसद सदस्य, लोकसभा]] | term_start10 = १५ मे १९९६ | term_end10 = ४ डिसेम्बर १९९७ | predecessor10 = गोपीनाथ गजपति | successor10 = जयंती पटनायक | constituency10 = बरहमपुर (लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र) | term_start11 = २० जुन १९९१ | term_end11 = १० मे १९९६ | predecessor11 = गंगुला प्रथापा रेड्डी | successor11 = [[भूमा नागी रेड्डी]] | constituency11 = नन्दयाल (लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र) | term_start12 = ३१ डिसेम्बर १९८४ | term_end12 = १३ मार्च १९९१ | predecessor12 = बर्वे जतिराम चित्रम | successor12 = तेजसिंह राव भोस्ले | constituency12 = रामटेक (लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र) | term_start13 = २३ मार्च १९७७ | term_end13 = ३१ डिसेम्बर १९८४ | predecessor13 = 'निर्वाचन क्षेत्र स्थापना' | successor13 = [[चेन्दुपातला जङ्गा रेड्डी]] | constituency13 = हानामकोंडा (लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र) | office14 = [[आन्ध्र प्रदेश विधान सभा|विधानसभा सदस्य]], [[आंध्र प्रदेश]] | term_start14 = १९५७ | term_end14 = १९७७ | predecessor14 = गुलकोटा श्रीरामुलु | successor14 = चन्द्रपतला नारायण रेड्डी | constituency14 = मन्थनी विधानसभा क्षेत्र | awards = [[भारत रत्न]] (२०२४) }} '''पामुलापति वेंकट नरसिम्हा राव''' (जन्म- २८ जून, १९२१, मृत्यु- २३ डिसेम्बर, २००४) भारतका पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री थिए । उहाँ भारतको अर्थतन्त्रमी उदारवादी सुधारहरू परिचय गराउनका लागि परिचित हुनुहुन्छ।<ref>{{Citation |last=Dean |first=Adam |title=India's Middle Path: Preventive Arrests and General Strikes |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/opening-up-by-cracking-down/indias-middle-path-preventive-arrests-and-general-strikes/4CBA2877327208602BE6573BEA63D1A3 |work=Opening Up by Cracking Down: Labor Repression and Trade Liberalization in Democratic Developing Countries |pages=86–112 |series=Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108777964.006 |isbn=978-1-108-47851-9 |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209130717/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/opening-up-by-cracking-down/indias-middle-path-preventive-arrests-and-general-strikes/4CBA2877327208602BE6573BEA63D1A3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=23 December 2004|title=PV Narasimha Rao Remembered as Father of Indian Economic Reforms|work=voanews.com|publisher=[[VOA News]]|url=http://www.voanews.com/tibetan-english/news/a-28-a-2004-12-23-2-1-90257982.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702070909/http://www.voanews.com/tibetan-english/news/a-28-a-2004-12-23-2-1-90257982.html|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Narasimha Rao was father of economic reform: Pranab" /> ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन == पी.वी.नरसिम्हा रावको जन्म २८ जुन १९२१ मी हालको तेलंगाना (तत्कालीन हैदरावाद राज्यको भाग) को वारंगल जिल्लाको नरसम्पेट मण्डलको लकनेपल्ली गाउँमी एक तेलुगु नियोगी ब्राह्मण परिवारमी भएको थियो।{{sfn|Reddy|1993|p=35}}<ref name="britannica">{{citation |title=P.V. Narasimha Rao |date=17 May 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/P-V-Narasimha-Rao |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602181221/https://www.britannica.com/biography/P-V-Narasimha-Rao |archive-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=live |encyclopedia=britannica.com}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news |date=25 June 2014 |title=People hail decision on PV's birth anniversary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/people-hail-decision-on-pvs-birth-anniversary/article6146786.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231124923/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/people-hail-decision-on-pvs-birth-anniversary/article6146786.ece |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> उनका बुबा सीताराम राव रे आमा रुक्मा बाई कृषि परिवारका थिए।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aggarwala |first1=Adish C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfxtAAAAMAAJ&q=+Rukma+Bai |title=P.V. Narasimha Rao, Scholar Prime Minister |date=1995 |publisher=Amish Publications |isbn=978-81-900289-1-2 |pages=215, 298 |quote=His father Mr. Sitarama Rao and mother Mrs. Rukma Bai. With his wife Mrs. Satyamma |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209130736/https://books.google.com/books?id=CfxtAAAAMAAJ&q=+Rukma+Bai |archive-date=9 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> पछि, उनलाई पामुलापर्थी रंगा राव रे रुक्मिनाम्माले धर्मपुत्री बनाएका थिए रे उनी तीन वर्षको हुँदा वर्तमान तेलंगानाको हनमकोंडा जिल्लाको भीमदेवरपल्ले मण्डलको गाउँ वांगारामी ल्याइयो।<ref name="thehindu.com" /><ref name="britannica" />{{sfn|Sitapati|2016|p=}} पी.वी. भनेर चिनिने, उनले आफ्नो प्राथमिक शिक्षा हनमकोंडा जिल्लाको भीमदेवरापल्ली मण्डलको कटकुरु गाउँमी आफ्नो नातेदार गब्बेता राधाकिशन रावको घरमी बसेर रे उस्मानिया विश्वविद्यालयको कला कलेजमी स्नातक डिग्रीको लागि अध्ययन गरेर पूरा गरे। उनी सन् १९३० को दशकको उत्तरार्धमी हैदराबाद राज्यमी वन्दे मातरम् आन्दोलनको हिस्सा थिए। उनी पछि [[हिसलप कलेज]] गए, जुन अहिले [[नागपुर विश्वविद्यालय]] अन्तर्गत छ, जहाँ उनले कानूनमी स्नातकोत्तर गरे।<ref name="pmindia">{{citation |title=Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao |work=pmindia.gov.in |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-p-v-narasimha-rao-2/ |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901195136/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-p-v-narasimha-rao-2/ |archive-date=1 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> उनले बम्बई विश्वविद्यालय (अहिले मुम्बई) को पुणेको फर्ग्युसन कलेज बाटी कानून पूरा गरे।<ref name="britannica" /> उनका टाढाका भाइ पामुलापर्थी सदाशिव राव, राजा नरेन्द्र,देवुलपल्ली दामोदर राव रे पी.वी. १९४० मी "काकतिया पत्रिका" नामक तेलुगु साप्ताहिक पत्रिका सम्पादन गर्नुभयो।<ref name="kakatiya1">{{cite web |title=Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao |url=http://kakatiyapatrika.com/?page_id=20&cpage=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021206/http://kakatiyapatrika.com/?page_id=20&cpage=1 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=30 March 2010 |work=M. Rajagopalachary, Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao Memorial Endowment Lecture |publisher=kakatiyapatrika.com}}</ref> पी.वी. रे सदाशिव रावले 'जय-विजया' उपनाम अन्तर्गत लेखहरू मी योगदान गरे।<ref name="kakatiya1" /><ref name="kakatiya2">{{cite web |date=31 October 2009 |title=With PV |url=http://kakatiyapatrika.com/?p=57 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133032/http://kakatiyapatrika.com/?p=57 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=30 March 2010 |work=kakatiyapatrika.com}}</ref>उनले सन् १९६८ देखि १९७४ सम्म आन्ध्र प्रदेशमी तेलुगु एकेडेमीको अध्यक्षको रूपमी सेवा गरे।<ref name="britannica" /> साहित्य रे कम्प्युटर सफ्टवेयर ([[कम्प्यूटर प्रोग्रामिङ]] सहित) जस्ता विभिन्न विषयहरूमी (राजनीति बाहेक) उनको व्यापक रुचि थियो।<ref name="The meek inheritor">{{cite news |date=15 July 1991 |title=The meek inheritor |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prime-minister-narasimha-rao-a-faithful-but-unambitious-congressman/1/318533.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117090315/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prime-minister-narasimha-rao-a-faithful-but-unambitious-congressman/1/318533.html |archive-date=17 November 2013 |access-date=17 November 2013 |newspaper=India Today |quote=Rao was one of the first converts to the new technology. Today, he is so adept with the machines that along with the 10 Indian and four foreign languages, Rao has also taught himself some computer languages and is now able to programme them.}}</ref>उनी १७ वटा भाषा बोल्थे । रावको सन् २००४ मी हृदयघातका कारण नयाँ दिल्लीमी निधन भएको थियो । उनको [[हैदराबाद]] मी दाहसंस्कार गरिएको थियो। <ref>{{cite web |date=26 December 2004 |title=Narasimha Rao cremated |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/12/26/stories/2004122601690300.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181502/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/12/26/stories/2004122601690300.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=18 April 2007 |work=thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref> ===भारतीय आणविक कार्यक्रम का पिता === कलाम सम्झन्छन् कि "चुनावको नतिजा उनले सोचेको भन्दा धेरै फरक थियो" किनकि उनलाई परीक्षण नगर्न आदेश दिए। भाजपाका [[अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी]]ले १६ मे १९९६ मी प्रधानमन्त्रीको पदभार ग्रहण गरे। नरसिंह राव, अब्दुल कलाम रे आर चिदम्बरम नयाँ प्रधानमन्त्रीलाई भेट्न गएका थिए "ताकि" कलामको भनाइमी, "यस्तो धेरै महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्यक्रमको सहज अधिग्रहण हुन सक्छ"।<ref name="scroll.in 810874">{{cite news |author=Sitapati, Vinay |title=Narasimha Rao, not Vajpayee, was the PM who set India on a nuclear explosion path |url=https://scroll.in/article/810874/narasimha-rao-not-vajpayee-was-the-pm-who-set-india-on-a-nuclear-explosion-path |access-date=1 May 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=1 July 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530044127/https://scroll.in/article/810874/narasimha-rao-not-vajpayee-was-the-pm-who-set-india-on-a-nuclear-explosion-path |url-status=live }}</ref> रावलाई थाहा थियो कि उनीसँग प्रतिबन्धहरू लाग्नु अघि परीक्षण गर्ने एउटा मात्र मौका थियो, अर्थात्, उनले डिसेम्बर १९९५ मी परम्परागत आणविक बम रे अप्रिल १९९६ मी हाइड्रोजन बम छुट्टाछुट्टै परीक्षण गर्न सकेनन्। [[शेखर गुप्ता]] - जसको राव रे आणविक टोलीमी अभूतपूर्व पहुँच थियो - अनुमान गर्दछन: "सन् १९९५ को उत्तरार्धमी, रावका वैज्ञानिकहरूले उनलाई थप ६ महिना लाग्ने बताए। उनीहरूले केही हतियार परीक्षण गर्न सक्छन् तर अरू... थर्मोन्यूक्लियर इत्यादि होइन। त्यसैले रावले परीक्षणको लागि प्रारम्भिक कदम चाल्न थाले, त्यसपछि परीक्षण गर्ने इरादा बिना।" राष्ट्रिय चुनाव मे १९९६ मी हुने तय भएको थियो रे रावले अर्को दुई महिना प्रचारप्रसारमी बिताए। ८ मे २१:०० मी अब्दुल कलामलाई तत्काल प्रधानमन्त्रीसँग भेट्न भनियो । रावले उनलाई भने, "कलाम, एन-टेस्टको लागि परमाणु ऊर्जा विभाग रे तपाईंको टोलीसँग तयार रहनुहोस् रे म तिरुपति जाँदैछु। तपाइँ परीक्षणको साथ अगाडि बढ्नको लागि मेरो प्राधिकरणको लागि पर्खनुहोस्। DRDO-DAE टोलीहरू कार्यको लागि तयार हुनुपर्छ।" रावले राष्ट्रिय आणविक सुरक्षा रे ब्यालिस्टिक मिसाइल कार्यक्रमलाई बलियो बनाउनुभयो। उनको प्रयासको फलस्वरूप सन् १९९८ को पोखरण आणविक परीक्षण भयो । राव भारतको आणविक कार्यक्रमका "सच्चा पिता" थिए। वाजपेयीले भनेका छन्, मे १९९६ मी, आफूले रावलाई प्रधानमन्त्री बनाएको केही दिनपछि, "रावले मलाई बम तयार भएको बताए। मैले विस्फोट मात्रै गराए।" [[File:The Prime Minister Shri P.V. Narasimha Rao releasing an onerupee commemorative coin on late Shri Rajiv Gandhi former prime Minister, on the occasion of his first death anniversary in New Delhi on May 21, 1992.jpg|thumb|प्रधानमन्त्री श्री पी.वी. नरसिंह राव 21 मे 1992 मी नयाँ दिल्लीमा उहाँको पहिलो पुण्यतिथिको अवसरमी पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री स्वर्गीय श्री राजीव गान्धीको सम्झनामी एक रुपैयाको स्मारक सिक्का जारी गर्दै।]] "सामग्री तयार हे," रावले भनेका थिए। ("सामग्रीहरू तयार छन्") "तपाईं अगाडि बढ्न सक्नुहुन्छ।" तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री रावले डिसेम्बर १९९५ मी आणविक हतियार परीक्षण गर्न चाहेका थिए भन्ने परम्परागत कथा थियो । अमेरिकीहरूले समातेका थिए, रे राव आफ्नो इच्छा अनुसार विचलित भएका थिए। तीन वर्षपछि, प्रधानमन्त्री [[अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी]]ले राजस्थानको चम्किरहेको बालुवा मुनि पाँच आणविक परीक्षणको आदेश दिएर आफ्नो पार्टीको चुनावी वाचा पूरा गरे।<ref name="scroll.in 810874"/> ===लातुर भूकम्प=== सन् १९९३ मी महाराष्ट्रको लातूर भूकम्पले झण्डै १० हजार मानिसको ज्यान लियो रे लाखौं विस्थापित भए ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/latur.htm |title=Latur EarthQuake of 30 September 1993 |access-date=17 February 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307110842/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/latur.htm |archive-date=7 March 2005 }}. imd.ernet.in.</ref>रावलाई आधुनिक प्रविधि रे स्रोतसाधन प्रयोग गरी पीडित जनतालाई राहत दिन रे आर्थिक पुनर्निर्माणका योजनाहरू सञ्चालन गर्नका लागि ठूला राहत कार्यहरू आयोजना गरेकोमी धेरैले प्रशंसा गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/prime-ministers-of-india/p-v-narasimha-rao|title=PV Narsimha Rao – IIFL|website=Indiainfoline|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021074217/https://www.indiainfoline.com/prime-ministers-of-india/p-v-narasimha-rao|url-status=live}}</ref> ===पुरुलिया हतियार ड्रप केस=== नरसिम्हा रावलाई 1995 पुरुलिया हतियार ड्रप केसका आरोपीहरूलाई सुरक्षित बाहिर निकाल्न सहयोग गरेको आरोप लगाइएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Purulia-arms-drop-had-govt-sanction-Davy/articleshow/8112968.cms|title=Purulia arms drop had govt sanction: Davy &#124; India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 April 2011|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818001702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Purulia-arms-drop-had-govt-sanction-Davy/articleshow/8112968.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> यद्यपि, यो कहिल्यै प्रमाणित भएन। ==व्यक्तिगत जीवन== सन् १९३१ मी, १० वर्षीय नरसिम्हा रावले आफ्नै समुदायको रे समान पृष्ठभूमिको परिवारबाटी आएकी आफ्नै उमेरकी केटी सत्यम्मासँग विवाह गरे।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sitapati |first1=Vinay |title=The Man who Remade India: A Biography of P.V. Narasimha Rao |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-069285-8 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUxUDwAAQBAJ&dq=P.+V.+Narasimha+Rao+married+in+1931&pg=PA16 |language=en |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209130638/https://books.google.com/books?id=oUxUDwAAQBAJ&dq=P.+V.+Narasimha+Rao+married+in+1931&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q=P.%20V.%20Narasimha%20Rao%20married%20in%201931&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> उनीहरुले जीवनभर विवाह गरेका थिए । श्रीमती सत्यम्मा १ जुलाई १९७० मी मृत्यु भयो। दम्पतीका तीन छोरा रे पाँच छोरी थिए। उनीहरुको जेठो छोरा पी.वी. रंगा राव, कोटला विजय भास्कर रेड्डीको मन्त्रिपरिषद्मा शिक्षा मन्त्री रे वारंगल जिल्लाको हानामकोंडा विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाटी दुई कार्यकालका लागि विधान सभा सदस्य थिए। दोस्रो छोरा, पी.वी. राजेश्वर राव, सिकन्दराबाद (लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र) बाट ११ औं लोकसभा (१५ मे १९९६ - ४ डिसेम्बर १९९७) का सांसद थिए।<ref name = "raj1">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok11/biodata/11ap35.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812105543/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok11/biodata/11ap35.htm |archive-date=12 August 2010 |title=Biographical Sketch of P.V. Rajeshwar Rao |publisher=Parliament of India |access-date=30 March 2010}}</ref><ref name = "raj2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mipgs.ac.in/pvrajeswararao.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150223/http://www.mipgs.ac.in/pvrajeswararao.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |title=Sri. P.V.Rajeswara Rao |publisher=Matrusri Institute of P.G. Studies |access-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> उनको तेस्रो छोरा P.V. प्रभाकर राव हुन । नरसिम्हा रावका पाँच छोरीहरू श्रीमती एन.शारदा देवी, श्री एन वेंकट कृष्ण रावकी पत्नी; श्रीमती के. सरस्वती देवी, के. सरथचन्द्र रावकी पत्नी; श्रीमती एस वाणी देवी, श्री एस दिवाकर रावकी पत्नी; श्रीमती विजया सोमयाजी, श्री रामकृष्ण सोमयाजीकी पत्नी; र श्रीमती के. जया देवी, श्री के. रेवती नन्दनकी पत्नी। == मृत्यु == [[File:Army, Navy & Air Force personnels, the three wings of services, carrying the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Late Shri P V Narasimha Rao towards service aircraft at Palam Airport, New Delhi on December 24.jpg|thumb|भारतको सैन्य सेवाका तीन पङ्क्तिहरू, नरसिमा रावको पार्थिव शरीरलाई 24 डिसेम्बर 2004 मी पालम एयरपोर्ट, नयाँ दिल्लीमी सेवा विमानमी लैजाँदै हैदराबादको अगाडिको यात्राको लागि जहाँ दाहसंस्कार गरिएको थियो।]] [[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying floral tribute to the former Prime Minister, Late Shri P.V. Narsimha Rao on his 3rd death anniversary, in New Delhi on December 23, 2007.jpg|thumb]] [[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam paying tributes at the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister Late Shri P.V. Narasimha Rao in New Delhi on December 23, 2004.jpg|thumb|अध्यक्ष ए.पी.जे. अब्दुल कलाम 23 डिसेम्बर 2004 मी नयाँ दिल्लीमी पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री स्वर्गीय श्री नरसिंह रावको पार्थिव शरीरमी श्रद्धांजलि अर्पण गर्दै]] रावलाई ९ डिसेम्बर २००४ मी हृदयघात भयो रे उनलाई [[अखिल भारतीय चिकित्सा विज्ञान संस्थान]] लगियो जहाँ उनको १४ दिनपछि ८३ वर्षको उमेरमी मृत्यु भयो।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041230182813/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm Narasimha Rao passes away at the age of 83]. Hindu.com (24 December 2004). Retrieved 10 July 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sitapati|first1=Vinay|title=Day after Babri Masjid demolition, Narasimha Rao kept tabs on Sonia Gandhi courtesy the IB|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/day-after-babri-demolition-narasimha-rao-kept-tabs-on-sonia-gandhi-courtesy-the-ib-2872490/|access-date=22 August 2016|issue=24 June 2016|publisher=The INdian Express|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813115851/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/day-after-babri-demolition-narasimha-rao-kept-tabs-on-sonia-gandhi-courtesy-the-ib-2872490/|url-status=live}}</ref> उनको अन्त्येष्टिमी भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री [[मनमोहन सिंह]], गृहमन्त्री [[शिवराज पाटिल]], [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]] (भाजपा)का अध्यक्ष [[लालकृष्ण आडवाणी]], रक्षामन्त्री प्रणव मुखर्जी, वित्तमन्त्री पी. चिदम्बरम रे अन्य धेरै गणमान्य व्यक्तिहरू अन्य धेरै गणमान्य व्यक्ति नेताहरू सहभागी भएका थिए। राव लामो समयदेखि विधुर हुनुहुन्थ्यो, किनकि उनकी श्रीमतीको सन् १९७० मी मृत्यु भयो रे उनी आफ्ना आठ छोराछोरीहरू बाँचेका थिए।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041231060007/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/26/stories/2004122605320100.htm Nation bids adieu to Narasimha Rao]. ''[[The Hindu]]''.</ref> सन् २००५ मी ज्ञानभूमि भनेर चिनिने जग्गामी {{convert|2.9|acre|order=flip}} विकसित सञ्जिवैया पार्कको छेउमी रहेको पी.वी. नरसिम्हा रावको लागि एउटा स्मारक निर्माण गरिएको थियो। <ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article19166407.ece PVNARASIMHARAO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407102407/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article19166407.ece |date=7 April 2023 }}, The Hindu, 29 June 2017</ref> तेलंगाना सरकारले २०१४ मी उनको जन्मदिनलाई तेलंगाना राज्य समारोहको रूपमा मनाउने घोषणा गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=PVNR Birth Celebrations a State function|url=http://deccan-journal.com/content/pvnr-birthday-declared-state-function-telangana|work=Deccan-Journal|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162329/http://deccan-journal.com/content/pvnr-birthday-declared-state-function-telangana|url-status=dead}}</ref> उनको निधनमी सात दिने राजकीय शोक घोषणा गरिएको छ ।<ref>{{cite web | title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Washington D C, USA | website=Welcome to Embassy of India, Washington D C, USA | date=8 February 2024 | url=https://www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/ArchivesDetails?id=457 | ref={{sfnref | Welcome to Embassy of India, Washington D C, USA| 2024}} | access-date=9 February 2024 | archive-date=29 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729103436/https://www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/ArchivesDetails?id=457 | url-status=live }}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} ==यी पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारत रत्न सम्मानित}} {{Commonscat|P. V. Narasimha Rao}} 1kx5mkdz6glvqn54lizy1ix47ango3y 0 24442 270562 267951 2026-11-07T23:28:26Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = एलन मस्क | image = Elon Musk 2015.jpg | alt = A close-up of Musk's face while giving a speech | caption =२०१५ मा एलन मस्क | birth_name = एलन रिभ मस्क | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|6|28}} | birth_place = [[प्रिटोरिया]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], [[दक्षिण अफ्रिका]] | residence = [[Bel Air, लस एन्जलस|Bel Air]], [[Los Angeles County, क्यालिफोर्निया|लस एन्जलस]], [[क्यालिफोर्निया]], अमेरिका<ref name="forbesbuyshome.com">{{cite news |title=Billionaire Tesla CEO Elon Musk Buys Neighbor's Home in Bel Air For Million |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2013/11/01/billionaire-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-buys-home/ |accessdate=November 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name=bloombergbuyshome>{{cite news |title=Inside Elon Musk's M Bel Air Mansion |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/b/6e27fcba-309d-494e-b87d-c73fb8bb1750 |accessdate=August 21, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207033543/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/b/6e27fcba-309d-494e-b87d-c73fb8bb1750 |archivedate=February 7, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> | citizenship = {{Plainlist| * दक्षिण अफ्रिका (१९७१-वर्तमान) * क्यानाडा (१९८८-वर्तमान) * अमेरिका (२००२-वर्तमान) }} | alma mater = {{plainlist| * [[Queen's University]] * [[पेन्सिलभेनिया विश्वविद्यालय]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541448/timeline-elon-musk-accomplishments |title=Timeline: Elon Musk's accomplishments |last=Hull |first=Dana |date=April 11, 2014 |accessdate=June 11, 2015 |via=[[Mercury News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/ |title=Elon Musk: Patriarchs and Prodigies |year=2013 |accessdate=June 11, 2015 |website=CSQ |publisher=C-Suite Quarterly |last=Zanerhaft |first=Jaron}}</ref>}} | occupation = [[उद्यमी]], [[अभियन्ता|ईन्जिनियर]], र [[लगानीकर्ता]] | known_for = | networth = [[अमेरिकी डलर|यूएस $]] १९ .६६ अरब (अप्रिल २०१८)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/elon-musk/|title=Elon Musk|work=Forbes|access-date=April 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref> | title = {{plainlist| * [[स्पेसएक्स|स्पेस एक्स]] को प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत * [[टेस्ला मोटर्स|टेस्ला]]को प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत * [[Neuralink]]को प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत * [[द बोरिङ्ग कम्पनी]] को प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत }} | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|[[जस्टिन विल्सन मस्क]]|2000|2008|reason=सम्बन्ध विच्छेद}} * [[तलुला रिले]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} २०१०–{{abbr|div.|divorced}} २०१२; {{abbr|m.|married}} २०१३–{{abbr|div.|divorced}} २०१६)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/21/elon-musk-talulah-riley-file-divorce-second-marriage |title=Actor Talulah Riley files to divorce billionaire Elon Musk, again |date=March 21, 2016 |accessdate=April 20, 2016 |work=द गार्जियन}}</ref><ref name="withdrawn">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3185591/Elon-Musk-withdraws-divorce-papers-against-wife-Talulah-Riley-one-month-pair-spotted-holding-hands-Allen-Company-conference.html |title=Elon Musk withdraws Talulah Riley divorce papers after being spotted at Allen & Company conference |date=August 5, 2015 |work=Mail Online}}</ref> }} | children = ६ | parents = {{plainlist| * इरोल मस्क (बुवा) * माये मस्क (आमा)}} | relatives = {{plainlist| * [[किम्बल मस्क]] (भाइ) * [[Tosca Musk]] (sister) * [[Lyndon Rive]] (cousin)}} | signature = Elon Musk Signature.svg | signature_alt = Elon Musk }} '''इलोन रिभ मस्क ''' (जन्म जुन २८, १९७१) एक [[दक्षिण अफ्रिका]]मी जन्मिएका क्यानडेली-अमेरिकी व्यवसायी, लगानीकर्ता, इन्जिनियर, औद्योगिक डिजाइनर, प्राविधि उद्यमी रे परोपकारी हुन् ।<ref>{{Cite news |url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11220326/Elon-Musk-to-launch-fleet-of-internet-satellites.html |title=Elon Musk 'to launch fleet of internet satellites' |date=November 10, 2014 |accessdate=June 23, 2015 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |last=Curtis |first=Sophie |quote= |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2012-09-13/elon-musk-the-21st-century-industrialist |title=Elon Musk, the 21st Century Industrialist |date=September 13, 2012 |accessdate=June 23, 2015 |website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426091133/https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2012-09-13/elon-musk-the-21st-century-industrialist |archivedate=April 26, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asme.org/career-education/early-career-engineers/me-today/engineer-in-focus-elon-musk |title=Engineer in Focus: Elon Musk|publisher=asme.org |accessdate=November 4, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119011009/https://www.asme.org/career-education/early-career-engineers/me-today/engineer-in-focus-elon-musk |archive-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/elon-musks-humanitarian-efforts/|title=Inside Elon Musk's Humanitarian Efforts|date=March 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11220326/Elon-Musk-to-launch-fleet-of-internet-satellites.html|title=Elon Musk 'to launch fleet of internet satellites'|last=Curtis|first=Sophie|date=November 10, 2014|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=June 23, 2015|location=London|quote="Elon Musk, inventor and business magnate"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-09-13/elon-musk-the-21st-century-industrialist|title=Elon Musk, the 21st Century Industrialist|last=Vance|first=Ashlee|date=September 13, 2012|website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426091133/https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2012-09-13/elmusk-the-21st-century-industrialist|archivedate=April 26, 2017|accessdate=June 23, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asme.org/career-education/early-career-engineers/me-today/engineer-in-focus-elon-musk|title=Engineer in Focus: Elon Musk|last=Glanville|first=Paul|publisher=[[asme.org]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119011009/https://www.asme.org/career-education/early-career-engineers/me-today/engineer-in-focus-elon-musk|archive-date=November 19, 2018|accessdate=May 5, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Please do not remove the following two sentences without discussion on the Talk page --> उनी [[स्पेसएक्स]]को संस्थापक, [[प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत]], प्रमुख प्राविधिक अधिकारी रे प्रमुख डिजाइनर हुन्।;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://computerhistory.org/profile/elon-musk/|title=Elon Musk|website=CHM|language=en|access-date=July 12, 2020}}</ref> '''टेस्ला इन्क'''को सुरुवाती लगानीकर्ता,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/|title=A Brief History of Tesla|last=Burns|first=Matt|date=October 8, 2014|work=[[TechCrunch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717064829/https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/#/slide2|archive-date=July 17, 2015|accessdate=June 11, 2015|quote="Tesla was founded not by Elon Musk, but rather by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning in July 2003. The two bootstrapped the fledgling auto company until Elon Musk led the company's US$7.5 million Series A financing round in February 2004."}}</ref>{{refn|A lawsuit settlement agreed to by Eberhard and Tesla in September 2009 designated five people as company founders, including Musk, Eberhard, JB Straubel, Mark Tarpenning, and Ian Wright.<ref name=CNET>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-founders-now-there-are-five/ |title=Tesla Motors founders: Now there are five|last=LaMonica|first=Martin |website=CNET|language=en|access-date=April 17, 2020|quote=Tesla Motors and co-founder Martin Eberhard announced an agreement over who can claim to be a founder of the company on Monday.}}</ref><ref name=FastCompany>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1367866/tesla-lawsuit-drama-ends-five-company-founders-emerge|title=Tesla Lawsuit Drama Ends as Five Company Founders Emerge|last=Schwartz|first=Ariel|date=September 21, 2009|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=April 14, 2020|quote=Eberhard and Musk have reached a rather unexpected resolution–instead of agreeing to share the title of "founder", the pair has designated five people as company founders, including Musk, Eberhard, JB Straubel, Mark Tarpenning, and Ian Wright.}}</ref>|group=note|name=second}} सि.इ.ओ रे प्रोडक्ट आर्किटेक्ट ;<ref name="cnetfounders">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-founders-now-there-are-five/|title=Tesla Motors founders: Now there are five|last=LaMonica|first=Martin|date=September 21, 2009|newspaper=[[CNET]]|quote=}}</ref><ref name="MuskTeslaBio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tesla.com/elon-musk|title=Elon Musk {{!}} Tesla|website=tesla.com|access-date=September 7, 2018}}</ref> ''द बोरिङ कम्पनी''को संस्थापक;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/12/18/elon-musk-traffic-boring/|title=Elon Musk's Next Venture to Tackle Traffic Is Totally 'Boring'|website=Fortune|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> ''न्युरालिंक''को सह-संस्थापक; रे ''ओपन ए आइ''को सह-संस्थापक तथा सुरुवाती अध्यक्ष हुन् <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.openai.com/introducing-openai/|title=Introducing OpenAI|date=December 12, 2015|website=OpenAI Blog|access-date=March 8, 2019|archive-date=February 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224031626/https://blog.openai.com/introducing-openai/|url-status=dead}}</ref> उनी २०१८ मी ''फेलो अफ रोयल सोसाइटी''को रूपमी निर्वाचित भएका थिए।<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2018/05/distinguished-scientists-elected-fellows-royal-society-2018|title=Distinguished scientists elected as Fellows and Foreign Members of the Royal Society|website=Royalsociety.org|accessdate=May 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/elon-musk-13829/|title=Elon Musk|website=Royalsociety.org|accessdate=May 10, 2018}}</ref> २०१८ मी, उनी [[फोर्ब्स]]को [[संसारको सबैभन्दा शक्तिशाली व्यक्तिहरूको फोर्ब्स सूची|संसारको सबैभन्दा शक्तिशाली व्यक्तिहरूको सुची]]मी २५ औँ स्थानमी सुचिकृत भएका थिए,<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/list/|title=The World's Most Powerful People|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-07-31}}</ref> रे २०१९ कोमस्ट इनोभेटिब लिडरमी पहिलो स्थान मी परेका थिए।<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/innovative-leaders/#55480e0526aa|title=America's Most Innovative Leaders|date=August 28, 2019|accessdate=November 10, 2019}}</ref> १४ अगस्ट २०२० को अनुसार उनको खुद सम्पत्ति ७६.७ अर्ब डलर रहेको अनुमान छ रे उनी फोर्ब्सको [[विश्वका अर्बपतिहरू|विश्वको सातौ धनि मानिस]] सुचिकृत भएका थिए ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/elon-musk/?list=rtb/#1ddbacb7999b|title=Real Time Billionaires 1|website=Forbes|accessdate=August 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/|title=Real Time Billionaires|website=Forbes|accessdate=August 14, 2020}}</ref><ref name="forbes_networth" /> उनी विश्वव्यापी रूपमी कुनै पनि अटोमोटिब निर्माताको सबैभन्दा लामो कार्यकाल काम गर्ने [[प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत]] हुन् ।<ref name="auto6">{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/industry-shift-four-departures-longest-190424759.html|title=Industry Shift: With Four Departures This Year, Who Is The Longest-Tenured Automotive CEO?|date=July 8, 2019|website=Yahoo}}</ref> खरबपति <ref>{{cite news|last=Zarroli|first=Jim|date=December 9, 2020|title=Soaring Stock Market Creates A Club Of Centibillionaires|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/09/944739703/soaring-stock-market-creates-a-club-of-centibillionaires|work=NPR|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104023238/https://www.npr.org/2020/12/09/944739703/soaring-stock-market-creates-a-club-of-centibillionaires|archive-date=January 4, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> मस्क जनवरी २०२१ मी, [[जेफ बेजोस]]लाई उछिनेर विश्वको सबैभन्दा धनी व्यक्ति बने।<ref name="net">{{cite news|date=January 7, 2021|title=Elon Musk becomes world's richest person as wealth tops $185bn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55578403|work=BBC|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108023023/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55578403|archive-date=January 8, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन== ===बाल्यकाल तथा परिवार=== इलोन रिभ मस्कको जन्म २८ जुन १९७१ मी दक्षिण अफ्रिका प्रिटोरिया मी भएको थियो।<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1676437/Elon-Musk |title=Elon Musk (South African entrepreneur) |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=December 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2018-05-24/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-elon-musk|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Elon Musk|last=Austin|first=Shelbi|date=May 23, 2018|website=usnews.com}}</ref> उनको आमा माये मस्क , क्यानडा मुलको मोडेल रे पोषणविद थिइन्।<ref name="Biog">{{Triangulation|203|His biography author [[Ashlee Vance]]}}, discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/|title=11 Things to Know About Stunning 69-Year-Old Model Maye Musk|last=Vargas|first=Chanel|date=March 6, 2018|website=Town & Country|language=en-US|access-date=March 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Usborne|first=Simon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family|title=Meet the Musks: who's who in Elon's extended family?|date=February 21, 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=March 25, 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> जो क्यानडामी जन्मिएकी थिइन् तर दक्षिण अफ्रिकामी हुर्किएकी थिइन्। उनको पिता इरोल मस्क, एक दक्षिण अफ्रिकी इलेक्ट्रोमेकानिकल इन्जिनियर, पाइलट, नाउ, परामर्शदाता तथा सम्पत्ति बिकासकर्ता (Property Developer) थिए। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2015/07/02/how-to-raise-a-billionaire-an-interview-with-elon-musks-father-errol-musk/|title=How To Raise A Billionaire: An Interview With Elon Musk's Father, Errol Musk|last=Dolan|first=Kerry A.|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=March 25, 2020}}</ref> उनको एक जना भाइ, [[किम्बल मस्क|किम्बल]] (जन्म:१९७२), रे एक बहिनी, [[टोस्का मस्क|टोस्का]] (जन्म: १९७४) थिए।<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Musk of Romance|language=en-us|work=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/tosca-musk-romance-passionflix/|access-date=September 2, 2020|issn=1059-1028}}</ref>{{refn|<ref name="Biog" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Friend, Tad |title=Plugged In |year=2009 |journal=The New Yorker |volume=85 |issue=23–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaAeAQAAMAAJ&q=Maye+Musk+elon+father |access-date=December 23, 2012 |page=53}}</ref><ref name=stlrafa>{{cite web |url=http://www.solartoday-digital.org/solartoday/201105/?pg=22 |title=A Family Leads to the Installer Universe |date=May 2011 |first=Seth |last=Masia |publisher=Solar Today |access-date=December 23, 2012 |archive-date=March 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310050229/http://www.solartoday-digital.org/solartoday/201105/?pg=22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=forbes20120326>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire |title=At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire |date=March 3, 2012 |work=Forbes |first=Hannah |last=Elliott |access-date=August 12, 2013}}</ref>}} == व्यवसाय == ===जिप टु=== सन् १९९५ मी एलन, किम्बल रे ग्रेग कुरीले एन्जल लगानीकर्ताबाटी आएको पैसाबाटी वेव सफ्टवेयर कम्पनी जिप टुको स्थापना गरेका थिए।<ref name="rollingstone20171115">{{cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/elon-musk-inventors-plans-for-outer-space-cars-finding-love-w511747|title=Elon Musk: The Architect of Tomorrow|last1=Strauss|first1=Neil|date=November 15, 2017|work=Rolling Stone|access-date=November 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817165150/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-the-architect-of-tomorrow-120850/|archive-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref> उनीहरूले पालो अल्टोमी सानो अफिस भाडामी लिएका थिए।<ref name="shower" /> यो कम्पनीले पत्रिका प्रकाशन उद्योगको लागि नक्सा, दिशा, रे पहेंलो पेज सहित इन्टरनेट सिटि गाइडको विकास तथा बजारीकरण गर्यो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20071201/entrepreneur-of-the-year-elon-musk.html|title=Entrepreneur of the Year, 2007: Elon Musk|last=Chafkin|first=Max|date=December 1, 2007|work=Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218001705/https://www.inc.com/magazine/20071201/entrepreneur-of-the-year-elon-musk.html|archive-date=February 18, 2018|access-date=December 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> मस्कले बताएका छन् कम्पनी सफल हुनु अगाडी, उनले अपार्टमेन्ट जुटाउन सक्दैनथे रे उनी अफिसमी नै सुत्ने गर्थे रे एउटा कम्प्युटर भाइसंग साझा गर्थे। मस्कका अनुसार , "वेवसाइट दिनमा चल्थ्यो रे म राती कोडीङ गर्थे, हप्ताको सातै दिन. सबै समय। "<ref name="shower" /> मस्क दाजुभाइले [[द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स]] रे सिकागो ट्रीब्युन बाटी ठेक्का पाए'',''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Zip2+Founder+Launches+2nd+Firm:+Readies+Financial+Supersite.-a055603529|title=Zip2 Founder Launches 2nd Firm: Readies Financial Supersite. – Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412062317/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Zip2+Founder+Launches+2nd+Firm:+Readies+Financial+Supersite.-a055603529|archive-date=April 12, 2021|access-date=April 12, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> रे सिटि सर्च कम्पनीसंग गाभिने योजना त्याग्न बोर्ड अफ डिरेक्टरलाई सहमत गराए ।<ref>[[एलन मस्क#Kidder|Kidder (2013)]], pp. 224–228.</ref> कम्पनीका अध्यक्ष रिच सर्किनले सम्हालिरहेको<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/citysearch-zip2-to-merge-in-300-million-deal/|title=CitySearch, Zip2 to merge in $300&nbsp;million deal|last=Cooper|first=Charles|website=ZDNet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027131824/https://www.zdnet.com/article/citysearch-zip2-to-merge-in-300-million-deal/|archive-date=October 27, 2020|access-date=March 25, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> सिइओको पद हासिल गर्ने मस्कको प्रयास बोर्डबाटी अस्वीकृत भयो <ref name=":0" /><ref>[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], p. 67.</ref> १९९९ फेब्रुअरीमा कम्प्याकले ३०७ मिलियन अमेरिकी डलरमा जिप टु खरिद गर्यो <ref name=":0" /><ref>[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], p. 14.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Compaq+buys+Zip2/2100-1023_3-221675.html|title=Compaq buys Zip2|last=Junnarkar|first=Sandeep|date=February 16, 1999|website=CNET|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021004422/http://news.cnet.com/Compaq+buys+Zip2/2100-1023_3-221675.html|archive-date=October 21, 2014|access-date=December 13, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> मस्कले उनको ७ प्रतिशत शेयरको लागि २२ मिलियन अमेरिकी डलर प्राप्त गरे। <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-rise-of-elon-musk-2016-7|title=How billionaire Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk went from getting bullied as a child to becoming one of the most successful and provocative men in tech|last=Hartmans|first=Matt Weinberger, Avery|website=Business Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323155539/https://www.businessinsider.com/the-rise-of-elon-musk-2016-7|archive-date=March 23, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Vance109">[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], p. 109.</ref> ==='एक्स डट कम' रे पेपाल=== सन् १९९९ मी मस्कले अनलाइन वित्तीय सेवा तथा [[इमेल]] भुक्तानी कम्पनी एक्स डट कमको सह-स्थापना गरे। <ref>[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], p. 78.</ref> यो स्टार्टअप पहिलो अनलाइन बैंकिङ्ग सेवा मध्ये एक थियो रे, यसको प्रारम्भिक महिनामी नै २ लाख ग्राहक यसको सेवामी जोडिए। <ref>[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], p. 84.</ref> कम्पनीका लगानीकर्ताहरूले मस्कलाई एक अनुभवको कमी भएको महसुस गरे रे त्यो वर्षको अन्त्य सम्ममी बिल ह्यारिसले उनको स्थान लिए।<ref name="vance86">[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], p. 86.</ref> अर्को वर्ष, एक्स डट कम अनलाइन बैंक कन्फिनिटि सँग गाभियो।<ref name="shower">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.html|title=Elon Musk slept on his office couch and 'showered at the YMCA' while starting his first company|last=Huddlestone|first=Tom Jr.|date=June 19, 2018|work=CNBC|access-date=September 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818205314/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.html|archive-date=August 18, 2020}}</ref><ref name="vance86" /><ref>[[एलन मस्क#Jackson|Jackson (2004)]], pp. 40, 69, 130, 163.</ref> कन्फिनिटिको स्थापना म्याक्स लेभ्चिन रे पिटर थिलले गरेका थिए। ,<ref>[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], p. 85.</ref> कन्फिनीटिको आफ्नै मनी ट्रान्सफर सुबिधा थियो, (यसको नाम [[पेपाल]] थियो), जुन एक्स डट कमको भन्दा चर्चित थियो।<ref name=":10" /><ref>[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], pp. 85–86.</ref> गाभिए पछि बनेको कम्पनीमी, मस्क सिइओ बने। मस्कको रोजाई लिनक्स भन्दा पनि माइक्रोसफ्ट सफ्टवेयर परेपछि कम्पनीमी खाडल उत्पन्न भयो रे थिलले राजीनामी दिए। <ref>[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], pp. 86–87.</ref> प्राविधिक मामिला रे संसक्त व्यापार मोडलको कमीले, २००० सेप्टेम्बरमी बोर्डले मस्कलाई हटाएर उनको स्थानमी थिललाई सिइओ बनायो।<ref>[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], pp. 87–88.</ref>{{efn|Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor.<ref>{{cite web |title=The PayPal Mafia |url=http://fortune.com/2007/11/13/paypal-mafia/ |website=Fortune |access-date=July 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523114437/http://fortune.com/2007/11/13/paypal-mafia/|archive-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="vance89">[[#Vance|Vance (2015)]], p. 89.</ref>|group=note}} थिलको मातहतमी, कम्पनीले पेपाल सेवामी केन्द्रित गर्यो रे २००१ मी पेपाल नामाकरण गर्यो। <ref name="vance89" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/86432398-4897-11e4-9d04-00144feab7de|title=Timeline: The rise of PayPal|website=ft.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622163106/https://www.ft.com/content/86432398-4897-11e4-9d04-00144feab7de|archive-date=June 22, 2020|access-date=April 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> २००२ मा, पेपाल $१.५ अर्ब सहित 'इबे'मी गाभियो । जसमी मस्क ११.७% सेयर १०० मिनियन डलर सहित सबैभन्दा ठूला हिस्सेदार थिए। <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702009834/a2073071z10-k405.htm|title=SEC 10-K|date=December 31, 2001|publisher=PayPal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825231531/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702009834/a2073071z10-k405.htm|archive-date=August 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>[[एलन मस्क#Vance|Vance (2015)]], pp. 116.</ref> २०१७ मी, मस्कले गोप्य मुल्यमी [[पेपाल]]बाटी एक्स डट कम डोमेन खरिद गरे। उनले यसको भावनात्मक मूल्य रहेको बताएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1026167/elon-musk-just-bought-x-com-the-domain-he-once-owned-from-paypal/|title=Elon Musk bought a web domain worth millions with "sentimental value" to him|last=Huang|first=Echo|website=Quartz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625174509/https://qz.com/1026167/elon-musk-just-bought-x-com-the-domain-he-once-owned-from-paypal/|archive-date=June 25, 2020|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/10/15949862/elon-musk-x-com-paypal-tesla-spacex-domain-name|title=Elon Musk now owns X.com, the defunct domain of his second startup|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=July 10, 2017|work=[[The Verge]]|access-date=September 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625193958/https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/10/15949862/elon-musk-x-com-paypal-tesla-spacex-domain-name|archive-date=June 25, 2020}}</ref> ===स्पेस एक्स=== [[File:SpaceX CEO Elon Musk visits N&NC and AFSPC (190416-F-ZZ999-006) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Musk, dressed in a suit, holds a metal model of the Starship|२०१९ माउत्तर अमेरिकी एरोस्पेस रक्षा समुदाय (नोराड) रे एयरफोर्स स्पेस कमाण्डलाई स्पेसएक्स स्टारसिपको क्षमताको बयान गर्दै मस्क ]] २००१ मी, मस्क गैर-नाफामुलक संस्था ''मार्स सोसाइटी'' (अनुवाद: मङ्गल ग्रह समाज)मी संलग्न भए। उनी मङ्गल ग्रहमी बिरुवाको हुर्काउनको लागि च्याम्बर बनाउने योजनाबाटी प्रभावित भए रे त्यो परियोजनामी आफैले पैसा दिने कुरामी छलफल गरे।<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2015)]], pp. 99, 102—103.</ref> २००१ अक्टोबर मी, मस्क पुरानो अन्तरमहादेशीय ब्यालेस्टिक क्षेप्यास्त्र, जसबाटी हरितगृह पेलोड अन्तरिक्षमी पठाउन सकिन्थ्यो, खरिद गर्नको लागि मस्को भ्रमण गरे। उनले एन.पी.ओ लाभोच्किन रे कोस्मोत्रास कम्पनीसँग छलफल गरे; यद्यपि उनीहरूले मस्कलाई सिकारुको रुपमा हेरे रे एक जना रुसी प्रमुख डिजाइनर सँग त मस्कको विवाद नै भयो। उनको समुह खाली हात अमेरिका फर्कियो। २००२ फेब्रुअरीमी, त्यो समूह तीन अन्तरमहादेशीय ब्यालेस्टिक क्षेप्यास्त्रको लागि रसिया गयो। उनीहरूले कोस्मोत्रास सँग अर्को बैठक गरे। कोस्मोत्रासले एक रकेट ८ मिलियन डलर प्रस्ताव गर्यो, जुन मस्कले अस्वीकार गरे। त्यसको साटो मस्कले एउटा कम्पनी सुरु गर्ने निर्णय गरे जुनले किफायती रकेट बनाउन सक्थ्यो।<ref name=":0"/> आफ्नो प्रारम्भिक सम्पत्तिको १०० मिलियन डलरबाटी,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/business/yourmoney/05rocket.html |title=A Bold Plan to Go Where Men Have Gone Before |date=February 5, 2006 |first=Leslie |last=Wayne |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412130718/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/business/yourmoney/a-bold-plan-to-go-where-men-have-gone-before.html|archive-date=April 12, 2020}}</ref> मस्कले स्पेस एक्सप्लोरेसन टेक्नोलोजीज कोर्प., (स्पेस एक्सको नामले कारोबार हुने, कम्पनी २००२ मे मी स्थापना गरे।<ref>{{citation |title=California Business Search (C2414622 – Space Exploration Technologies Corp) |url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223134214/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223134214/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |date=February 23, 2018 }}</ref> २०२१ अनुसार, उनी कम्पनीको सिइओ रे मुख्य इन्जिनियर पनि छन्।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koren |first1=Marina |title=Elon Musk Is Maybe, Actually, Strangely, Going to Do This Mars Thing |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/05/elon-musk-spacex-starship-launch/618781/ |work=The Atlantic |date=May 6, 2021}}</ref> तीन असफल प्रक्षेपणपछि, २००८ मी चौथो प्रयासमा स्पेसएक्स फाल्कन १ लन्च गर्न सफल भयो। पृथ्वीको भूकेन्द्रीय कक्षमी पुग्ने, यो नै पहिलो निजी तरल-इन्धन रकेट थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://graphics.reuters.com/SPACE-EXPLORATION-SPACEX/010091Q82NF/index.html|title=Falcon Flights|last=Ledur|first=Júlia|date=May 1, 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210212334/https://graphics.reuters.com/SPACE-EXPLORATION-SPACEX/010091Q82NF/index.html|archive-date=February 10, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> त्यो वर्षको अन्त्यमा, स्पेसएक्सले फाल्कन ९ र ड्कोरयागन स्पेसक्राफ्ट लागि [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय अन्तरिक्ष स्टेसन|अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय अन्तरिक्ष स्टेसनमी]] व्यवसायिक आपूर्ति सेवा कार्यक्रम ({{lang-en|Commercial Resupply Services program}}) को १.६ बिलियन डलरको ठेक्का प्राप्त गर्यो । यसले २०११ मा अवकास पाउने स्पेस सटलको स्थान लियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/science/space/spacexs-private-cargo-rocket-heads-to-space-station.html|title=Big Day for a Space Entrepreneur Promising More|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=May 22, 2012|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701083413/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/science/space/spacexs-private-cargo-rocket-heads-to-space-station.html|archive-date=July 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> २०१२ मी, ड्रयागन गाडीले बेर्थ प्राप्त गर्यो, जुन निजी कम्पनीको लागि पहिलो घटना थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57444590/spacex-dragon-returns-to-earth-ends-historic-trip/?tag=cbsnewsSectionContent.10|title=SpaceX Dragon returns to Earth, ends historic trip|last=Harwood|first=William|date=May 31, 2012|work=CBS News|access-date=August 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422175931/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-dragon-returns-to-earth-ends-historic-trip/|archive-date=April 22, 2016}}</ref> पुनर्प्रायोज्य रकेटको लक्ष्यमी काम गर्दैगर्दा, २०१५ मी, स्पेसएक्सले फाल्कन ९ को पहिलो चरणलाई सफलतापूर्वक अवतरण गरायो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35157782|title=SpaceX rocket in historic upright landing|date=December 22, 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=June 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831131922/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35157782|archive-date=August 31, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> अवतरण अटोनोमस स्पेसपोर्ट ड्रोनसिप, एक समुद्र आधारित रिकभरी प्लेटफर्ममी भएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/27/11787532/spacex-falcon-9-rocket-landing-success-sea-drone-ship|title=SpaceX successfully lands a Falcon 9 rocket at sea for the third time|last=O'Kane|first=Sean|date=May 27, 2016|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=Vox Media|location=New York City|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627232003/http://www.theverge.com/2016/5/27/11787532/spacex-falcon-9-rocket-landing-success-sea-drone-ship|archive-date=June 27, 2016|access-date=June 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> २०१८ मी स्पेसएक्सले फाल्कन हेबी प्रक्षेपण गर्यो। यसमा तेस्ला रोडस्टार डमी पेलोडको रुपमी राखिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/02/spacex-falcon-heavy-tesla-roadster-orbit-earth-sun-space/|title=Elon Musk's Tesla in Space Could Crash Into Earth|last=Drake|first=Nadia|date=February 25, 2018|work=National Geographic|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210212336/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/02/spacex-falcon-heavy-tesla-roadster-orbit-earth-sun-space/|archive-date=February 10, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/starman-tesla-roadster-spacex-launched-orbit-have-now-cruised-beyond-ncna931731|title='Starman' and the Tesla Roadster that SpaceX launched into orbit have now cruised beyond Mars|last=Chow|first=Denise|date=November 6, 2019|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210212335/https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/starman-tesla-roadster-spacex-launched-orbit-have-now-cruised-beyond-ncna931731|archive-date=February 10, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> २०१७ मी, स्पेस एक्सले अर्को पिँढीको गाडी तथा स्पेसक्राफ्ट सिस्टम, बिग फाल्कन रकेट लन्च गर्ने कुरा सार्वजनिक गर्यो बिग फाल्कन रकेटलाइ पछी स्टारसिप नामाकरण गरियो, र यसले स्पेसएक्सको सबै प्रक्षेपणलाई धान्न सक्छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOpMrVnjYeY&t=29s|title=Starship Update|date=September 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213212731/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOpMrVnjYeY&t=29s|archive-date=December 13, 2020|access-date=December 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> २०१८ मी, स्पेस एक्सले २०२३ लुनार सर्कमनेभिगेसन मिसन, एक निजी उडान ''डियरमुन प्रोजेक्ट'' को घोषणा गर्यो ।<ref name="wired20180918">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/spacex-will-send-yusaku-maezawa-and-artists-to-the-moon/|title=Elon Musk Says SpaceX Will Send Yusaku Maezawa (and Artists!) to the Moon|date=September 18, 2018|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=May 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716034529/https://www.wired.com/story/spacex-will-send-yusaku-maezawa-and-artists-to-the-moon/|archive-date=July 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> २०२० मी, स्पेसएक्सले पहिलो मानवसहितको उडान डेमो-२ प्रक्षेपण गर्यो, र स्पेस एक्स मानवलाई कक्षमा लैजाने र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय अन्तरिक्ष केन्द्रमी पुग्ने पहिलो निजी कम्पनी बन्यो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/business/live-news/spacex-launch-today-may-30/index.html|title=SpaceX and NASA launch Crew Dragon in Florida: Live updates|last=Wattles|first=Jackie|date=May 30, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=May 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829112802/https://www.cnn.com/business/live-news/spacex-launch-today-may-30/index.html|archive-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref> २०१५ मी स्पेसएक्सले स्याटेलाइट इन्टरनेट एक्सेस (अनुवाद:उपग्रह इन्टरनेट पहुँच) प्रदान गर्न [[पृथ्वीको तल्लो कक्ष]] उपग्रहको [[स्टारलिङ्क]] कन्स्टिलेसनको विकास प्रारम्भ गर्यो ।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spacex-starlink-insight/musk-shakes-up-spacex-in-race-to-make-satellite-launch-window-sources-idUSKCN1N50FC|title=Musk shakes up SpaceX in race to make satellite launch window: sources|last1=Johnson|first1=Eric M.|date=October 31, 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=March 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518170500/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spacex-starlink-insight/musk-shakes-up-spacex-in-race-to-make-satellite-launch-window-sources-idUSKCN1N50FC|archive-date=May 18, 2020|last2=Roulette|first2=Joey|url-status=live}}</ref> यसको पहिलो दुई प्रोटोटाइप स्याटेलाइट २०१८ फेब्रुअरीमी प्रक्षेपण गरियोI २०१९ मे मी परिक्षण स्याटेलाइटको दोस्रो खेप र कन्सटिलेसनको पहिलो ठूलो परिचालन भयो, त्यसमी पहिलो ६० स्याटेलाइट प्रक्षेपित गरिएका थिएI <ref name="NYT-20190601">{{cite news|last=Hall|first=Shannon|title=After SpaceX Starlink Launch, a Fear of Satellites That Outnumber All Visible Stars – Images of the Starlink constellation in orbit have rattled astronomers around the world|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/science/starlink-spacex-astronomers.html|date=June 1, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821011421/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/science/starlink-spacex-astronomers.html|archive-date=August 21, 2020}}</ref> दशक लामो यस परियोजनाको डिजाइन, निर्माणम तथा कन्सटिलेसन परिचालनको कुल लागत स्पेसएक्सले कटिब १० अर्ब डलर अनुमान गरेको छI <ref>{{cite news|last1=Shepardson|first1=David|last2=Roulette|first2=Joey|date=July 30, 2020|title=Taking on SpaceX, Amazon to invest $10 billion in satellite broadband plan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-amazon-broadband/taking-on-spacex-amazon-to-invest-10-billion-in-satellite-broadband-plan-idUSKCN24V3F2|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107200559/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-amazon-broadband/taking-on-spacex-amazon-to-invest-10-billion-in-satellite-broadband-plan-idUSKCN24V3F2|archive-date=January 7, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|group=note|SpaceX received nearly $900&nbsp;million in [[Federal Communications Commission]] subsidies for Starlink.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sheetz|first=Michael|date=December 7, 2020|title=SpaceX's Starlink wins nearly $900&nbsp;million in FCC subsidies to bring internet to rural areas|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/07/spacex-starlink-wins-nearly-900-million-in-fcc-subsidies-auction.html|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216185501/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/07/spacex-starlink-wins-nearly-900-million-in-fcc-subsidies-auction.html|archive-date=December 16, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wattles|first=Jackie|date=December 8, 2020|title=SpaceX gets almost $900&nbsp;million in federal subsidies to deliver broadband to rural America|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/08/tech/spacex-starlink-subsidies-fcc-scn/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218204918/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/08/tech/spacex-starlink-subsidies-fcc-scn/index.html|archive-date=December 18, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}} ===टेस्ला=== [[File:Elon Musk, Tesla Factory, Fremont (CA, USA) (8765031426).jpg|alt=Musks stands, arms crossed and grinning, before a Tesla Model S|thumb|Musk next to a [[Tesla Model S]] at the [[Tesla Fremont Factory]] in 2011]] टेस्ला इन्क, —सुरुमा टेस्ला मोटर्स — २००३ जुलाईमी मार्टिन इबरहार्ड र मार्क टार्पेनिंग द्वारा स्थापना गरिएको थियो र उनिहरूले कम्पनीमी पैसा राखेका थिए I<ref>{{cite news|last=Burns |first=Matt|url=https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla |title=A Brief History of Tesla |date=October 8, 2014 |access-date=June 11, 2015|work=TechCrunch|archive-date=March 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306225331/https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/ |url-status=live }}</ref> कम्पनीको प्रारम्भिक विकासमी मस्कको संलग्नता सँगै दुवै जनाले सक्रिय भूमिका खेलेका थिए I <ref name="From Archive.org-7620615">{{cite web |url=http://www.marketbusinessnews.com/tesla-motors/12064 |title=Tesla Motors Inc. – Company Information |publisher=Market Business News |date=February 12, 2014 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212093533/http://www.marketbusinessnews.com/tesla-motors/12064 |archive-date=February 12, 2014 |url-status=dead |first=Joseph |last=Nordqvist}}</ref> मस्कले २००४ फेब्रुअरीमी सिरिज ए राउण्ड अफ इन्भेस्टमेन्टको नेतृत्व गरे; उनले $६.५ मिलियन लगानी गरे, सबैभन्दा ठुला लगानीकर्ता बने, र अध्यक्षको रुपमी टेस्लाको सञ्चालक समितिमी प्रवेश गरे I <ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2015)]], pp. 153–154.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How Much Equity Did Elon Musk Get From Investing In Tesla's Series A?|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2014/12/29/how-much-equity-did-elon-musk-get-from-investing-in-teslas-series-a/#11415dd62a9f|date=December 29, 2014|access-date=December 23, 2019|archive-date=January 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129035019/https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2014/12/29/how-much-equity-did-elon-musk-get-from-investing-in-teslas-series-a/#11415dd62a9f|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TechCrunchBriefHistory">{{Cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/ |title=A Brief History of Tesla |date=October 8, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2015 |work=TechCrunch|last=Burns |first=Matt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717064829/https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/#/slide2 |archive-date=July 17, 2015 |quote="Tesla was founded not by Elon Musk, but rather by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning in July 2003. The two bootstrapped the fledgling auto company until Elon Musk led the company's US$7.5&nbsp;million Series A financing round in February 2004."}}</ref> मस्कले कम्पनीमी सक्रिय भूमिका लिए र रोडस्टार प्रोडक्ट डिजाइनको निरीक्षण गरे यद्यपि उनी दिन दैनिक व्यापार संचालनमी त्यति संलग्न थिएनन् I<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2015)]], p. 159.</ref> २००७ का कम्पनी भित्रको बढ्दो तनाव र [[२००७-२००८ को वित्तीय सङ्कट|२००८ को वित्तीय सङ्कट]] पछी, इबरहार्ड कम्पनीबाट बाहिरिए I<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Quirky: The remarkable story of the traits, foibles, and genius of breakthrough innovators who changed the world|url=https://archive.org/details/quirkyremarkable0000meli|last=Schilling|first=Melissa|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Morrison |date=October 15, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/venturebeat/2008/10/15/15venturebeat-elon-musk-steps-in-as-ceo-at-tesla-lays-off-99182.html |title=Musk steps in as CEO |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204120521/http://www.nytimes.com/external/venturebeat/2008/10/15/15venturebeat-elon-musk-steps-in-as-ceo-at-tesla-lays-off-99182.html |url-status=live }}</ref> २००८ मी सिइओ र प्रोडक्ट आर्किटेक्टको रुपमी कम्पनीको नेतृत्व लिए I<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 13, 2020|title=Elon Musk: The Story of a Maverick|url=https://interestingengineering.com/elon-musk-the-story-of-a-maverick|access-date=April 3, 2021|website=interestingengineering.com|archive-date=March 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316052411/https://interestingengineering.com/elon-musk-the-story-of-a-maverick|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316052411/https://interestingengineering.com/elon-musk-the-story-of-a-maverick |date=March 16, 2021 }}</ref> २००९ मी इबरहार्ड संगको कानुनी सहमति अनुसार, टार्पेनिंग र अन्य दुई जनाको साथ साथै, मस्क टेस्लाको सह-संस्थापक भए <ref name=CNET>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-founders-now-there-are-five/ |title=Tesla Motors founders: Now there are five|last=LaMonica|first=Martin |website=CNET|date=September 2009|access-date=April 17, 2020|quote=Tesla Motors and co-founder Martin Eberhard announced an agreement over who can claim to be a founder of the company on Monday.}}</ref><ref name=FastCompany>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1367866/tesla-lawsuit-drama-ends-five-company-founders-emerge|title=Tesla Lawsuit Drama Ends as Five Company Founders Emerge |last=Schwartz |first=Ariel |date=September 21, 2009|website=Fast Company|access-date=April 14, 2020|quote=Eberhard and Musk have reached a rather unexpected resolution–instead of agreeing to share the title of "founder", the pair has designated five people as company founders, including Musk, Eberhard, JB Straubel, Mark Tarpenning, and Ian Wright.}}</ref> २०१९ को अनुसार, एलन मस्क कुनै पनि गाडी निर्माता कम्पनीको सबैभन्दा लामो कार्यकाल सिइओ भए I <ref name="auto6"/> ===सोलारसिटी र टेस्ला इनर्जी=== === न्युरालिङ्क === [[चित्र:Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg|alt=Musk standing next to bulky medical equipment on a stage|thumb|Musk discussing a [[Neuralink]] device during a live demonstration in 2020]] २०१६ मी, मस्कलले न्युरालिंकको सहस्थापना गरे। मानव दिमागलाई [[कृत्रिम बौद्धिकता]] (ए.आइ) संग एकीकृत गर्नु यसको उद्देश्य रहेको छ। न्युरालिंकको उद्देश्य यस्तो डिभाइसको निर्माण गर्नु हो, जुन मानव दिमागमी जडान गर्न सकिन्छ र दिमागलाई मेसिनसँग जोड्न सकियोस्। ===द बोरिङ्ग कम्पनी=== २०१६ मी मस्कले टनेल निर्माणको लागि [[द बोरिङ कम्पनी]]को स्थापना गरे। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotcars.com/the-not-so-dull-future-boring-company/|title=The Not So Dull Future Of The Boring Company|date=March 18, 2021|website=HotCars|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001216/https://www.hotcars.com/the-not-so-dull-future-boring-company/|archive-date=March 20, 2021|access-date=April 3, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===व्यवस्थापकीय शैली र कर्मचारी प्रति व्यवहार=== मस्कको व्यवस्थापकीय शैलीर कर्मचारी प्रतिको व्यवहारको निकै आलोचना गरिन्छ। <ref>{{cite journal|first=Charles|last=Duhigg|date=December 13, 2018|title=Dr. Elon & Mr. Musk: Life Inside Tesla's Production Hell|url=https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-tesla-life-inside-gigafactory/|journal=WIRED|access-date=April 25, 2021|archive-date=March 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321221557/https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-tesla-life-inside-gigafactory/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/11/elon-musks-totally-awful-batshit-crazy-most-excellent-year|title=Elon Musk's Totally Awful, Batshit-Crazy, Completely Bonkers, Most Excellent Year|first=Nick|date=November 10, 2020|website=Vanity Fair|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129145435/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/11/elon-musks-totally-awful-batshit-crazy-most-excellent-year|archive-date=January 29, 2021|author=Bilton|url-status=live|access-date=April 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/report-elon-musk-is-kind-of-a-dick-1845645538|title=Report: Elon Musk Is Kind of a Dick|last=Mckay|first=Tom|date=November 11, 2020|website=Gizmodo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419185215/https://gizmodo.com/report-elon-musk-is-kind-of-a-dick-1845645538|archive-date=April 19, 2021|access-date=April 25, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote="Elon's worst trait by far, in my opinion, is a complete lack of loyalty or human connection. Many of us worked tirelessly for him for years and were tossed to the curb like a piece of litter without a second thought. Maybe it was calculated to keep the rest of the workforce on their toes and scared; maybe he was just able to detach from human connection to a remarkable degree. What was clear is that people who worked for him were like ammunition: used for a specific purpose until exhausted and discarded."|title=Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future|url=https://archive.org/details/elonmuskteslaspa0000vanc_v0j1|first=Ashley|last=Vance|isbn=9780062301239|page=[https://archive.org/details/elonmuskteslaspa0000vanc_v0j1/page/147 147]|year=2015|publisher=Harper Collins USA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/working-with-elon-musk-tesla-2015-5|title=Why Tesla employees fear Elon Musk, as told by one of the company's cofounders|last=Eadicicco|first=Lisa|date=May 16, 2015|website=Business Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422121154/https://www.businessinsider.com/working-with-elon-musk-tesla-2015-5|archive-date=April 22, 2021|access-date=April 25, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jun/13/tesla-workers-pay-price-elon-musk-failed-promises|title=Tesla workers say they pay the price for Elon Musk's big promises|date=June 13, 2018|website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323064114/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jun/13/tesla-workers-pay-price-elon-musk-failed-promises|archive-date=March 23, 2021|quote=The CEO is known for outsized claims and ambitious goals. But numerous factory workers say he doesn't follow through – and that his leadership sets a troubling tone.|author=Julia Carrie Wong|access-date=April 25, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> मस्कसँग निकट भएर काम गर्ने एक व्यक्तिले मस्कले पागलपन र दादागिरी जस्तो निकै तल्लो व्यवहार गर्ने बताएका थिए ।<ref name=":2" /> ''बिजनेस इनसाइडर'' नामक पत्रिकाले टेस्लाका कर्मचारीहरूलाई मस्कको रिसबाट बच्न मस्कको डेस्कछेउबाट नहिड्न भनिन्छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-reportedly-terrified-tesla-staff-with-his-firing-sprees-2018-12?r=US&IR=T|title=Tesla employees were reportedly told not to walk past Elon Musk's desk because of his wild firing rampages|date=December 13, 2018|website=Business Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410133229/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-reportedly-terrified-tesla-staff-with-his-firing-sprees-2018-12?r=US&IR=T|archive-date=April 10, 2021|quote=One Gigafactory manager told Wired that they had stopped employees from walking too close to Musk's desk for fear that a word out of place might end up in their getting fired. The manager called the outbursts "Elon's rage firings."|author=Isobel Asher Hamilton|access-date=April 25, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ==चलचित्र रंगमञ्चमा मस्क== मस्कले धेरै चलचित्रमी अतिथि कलाकार र छोटो भुमिकामा देखिएका छन्। ''[[आयरन म्यान २|आइरन म्यान टु]]'' (२०१०),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tate|first1=Ryan|title=10 Awkward Hollywood Cameos by Tech Founders|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/09/founders-awkward-hollywood-cameos/|journal=Wired|date=September 20, 2012|access-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034116/https://www.wired.com/2012/09/founders-awkward-hollywood-cameos/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''ह्वाइ हिम?'' (२०१६),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/video/286858 |title='Why Him?' Director on Elon Musk's Amazing 'I Can't Come to Work Today' Excuse |first=Dan |last=Bova |date= December 21, 2016|website=Entrepreneur|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826161409/https://www.entrepreneur.com/video/286858|archive-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> and ''मेन इन ब्ल्याक:इन्टरनेसनल'' (२०१९).<ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Bryan|date=June 17, 2019|title=Which celebrities are revealed as space aliens in 'Men in Black: International'? (spoilers)|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2019/06/17/men-black-international-reveals-celebrity-aliens-spoilers/1459811001/|work=USA Today|access-date=January 19, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205152713/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2019/06/17/men-black-international-reveals-celebrity-aliens-spoilers/1459811001/|url-status=live}}</ref> उनी देखा परेका टेलिभिजन सिरिजहरूमी ''[[द सिम्प्सन्स|द सिम्प्सन]]'' (२०१५),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-spacex-tesla-on-the-simpsons-2015-1 |title=Elon Musk SpaceX Tesla on the Simpsons |date=January 27, 2015 |website=Business Insider |access-date=April 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527154152/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-spacex-tesla-on-the-simpsons-2015-1|archive-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref> ''द बिग ब्याङ थियोरी]'' (२०१५,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tesla CEO Elon Musk To Appear on Upcoming Episode of the Big Bang Theory|url=http://www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/news/1004869/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-to-appear-on-upcoming-episode-of-the-big-bang-theory/|website=CBS|access-date=December 4, 2015|archive-date=February 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223001910/http://www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/news/1004869/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-to-appear-on-upcoming-episode-of-the-big-bang-theory/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''साउथ पार्क'' (२०१६),<ref>{{cite news|last=The Mercury News|date=November 25, 2016|title=Elon Musk uses 'South Park' to fire back at trolls|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2016/11/25/elon-musk-south-park/|work=The Denver Post|access-date=August 29, 2020|archive-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702010155/https://www.denverpost.com/2016/11/25/elon-musk-south-park/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kurp|first=Josh|date=November 18, 2016|title=Elon Musk Joins The Short List Of 'South Park' Guest Stars To Voice Themselves|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-joins-short-list-165033463.html|work=Yahoo News|access-date=August 29, 2020|archive-date=November 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119144158/https://www.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-joins-short-list-165033463.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119144158/https://www.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-joins-short-list-165033463.html |date=November 19, 2016 }}</ref> ''[[रिक एन्ड मोर्टी]]'' (२०१९),<ref>{{cite web|last=Schedeen|first=Jesse|title=Elon Musk's Rick and Morty Cameo Finally Explains His 'Elon Tusk' Twitter Joke|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/11/25/elon-musk-rick-and-morty-cameo-elon-tusk|website=IGN.com|publisher=IGN|access-date=November 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131050424/https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/11/25/elon-musk-rick-and-morty-cameo-elon-tusk|archive-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cooper|first=Gael Fashingbauer|date=November 25, 2019|title=Elon Musk shows up on Rick and Morty as Elon Tusk, head of Tuskla|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-shows-up-on-rick-and-morty-as-elon-tusk-head-of-tuskla/|work=Cnet|access-date=August 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821033512/https://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-shows-up-on-rick-and-morty-as-elon-tusk-head-of-tuskla/|archive-date=August 21, 2020}}</ref> and ''Saturday Night Live'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news|last=Itzkoff|first=Dave|date=May 9, 2021|title=Elon Musk Hosts a Mother's Day Episode of 'Saturday Night Live'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/arts/television/elon-musk-snl.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 27, 2021}}</ref> उनले ''रेसिङ एक्स्टिङ्क्सन'' (२०१५), र वेर्नर हर्जोग द्वारा निर्देशित ''लो एन्ड बिहोल्ड, रिभेरिज अफ द कनेक्टेड वर्ल्ड'' (२०१६) लगायत वृत्तचित्रमा अन्तर्वार्ता दिएका छन्। <ref>{{cite web |last1=Field |first1=Kyle |title=Tesla Stars In "Racing Extinction" Documentary |date=December 2, 2015 |url=http://cleantechnica.com/2015/12/02/tesla-stars-racing-extinction-documentary/ |publisher=CleanTechnica |access-date=July 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824201304/https://cleantechnica.com/2015/12/02/tesla-stars-racing-extinction-documentary/|archive-date=August 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ladan|first=Tanja M.|date=August 24, 2016|title=Werner Herzog Hacks the Horrors of Connectivity in 'Lo and Behold'|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/nz4p58/werner-herzog-lo-and-behold-documentary|work=Vice|access-date=September 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204205058/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/nz4p58/werner-herzog-lo-and-behold-documentary|archive-date=February 4, 2020}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} lmat1kf2e93wz4n9uw43x7rzj4iksxq 0 24450 270597 264568 2026-11-08T00:29:01Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270597 wikitext text/x-wiki ''नेपालको सङ्गीत'' ले [[नेपाल]] मी बजाइएका रे सुनिएका विभिन्न सङ्गीत विधाहरूलाई जनाउँछ। नेपालमी पचास भन्दा बढी जातीय समूह भएको देशको सङ्गीत निकै विविध छ। तामाङ सेलो, च्याब्रुङ, दोहोरी गीत, आधुनिक गीत, भजन, फिल्मी सङ्गीत, गजल, शास्त्रीय सङ्गीत, गीत रे रत्न सङ्गीत जस्ता विधाहरू व्यापक रूपमी बजाइएका रे लोकप्रिय छन्, तर अन्य धेरै कम सामान्य विधाहरूको सूचीकरण हुन बाँकी छ। रक, मेटल, हिप-हप, र्‍याप, आर एन्ड बी जस्ता पश्चिमी संगीत विधाहरू पनि नेपाली सङ्गीत चार्टहरूमी नियमित रूपमी प्रस्तुत हुन्छन्। देशका अधिकांश सांगीतिक ब्यान्डहरू काठमाडौं उपत्यकामी आधारित छन्। तिब्बत रे भारतका सांगीतिक विधाहरूले नेपाली संगीतमी धेरै प्रभाव पारेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poudel |first=Parsuram |date=2021-09-15 |title=The Historical Context and Present Scenario of M𝒂̅dal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jfac/article/view/48332/36106 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=nepjol.info |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Poudel |first=Parsuram |date=2021-09-15 |title= Musical Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=parsuram+poudel&btnG= |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=scholar.google.com |language=English}}</ref> ==विधा== === तामाङ संगीत === तामाङ समुदायको परम्परागत बाजा डम्फु ढोलका लागि प्रख्यात छ । तामाङ सेलो सङ्गीतसँगै डम्फु रे तुङ्ना पनि छन् । भनिन्छ कि बेलायतीहरूले भारतमी बस्दा डम्फुबाटी ड्रम सेट बनाउने विचार लिएका थिए। केही आधुनिक तामाङ सेलो संगीतमी पश्चिमी रे भारतीय वाद्ययन्त्रको प्रभाव पनि देखिन्छ। [[हिरादेवी वाइवा]]लाई नेपाली लोकगीतकी अग्रदूत मानिन्छ । उनले आफ्नो ४० वर्षको सांगीतिक करियरमी करिब ३०० गीत गाएकी थिइन् ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2011-01-20|title=Pioneer of Nepali folk songs|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110120/jsp/siliguri/story_13466851.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025230739/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110120/jsp/siliguri/story_13466851.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 25, 2012|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> २०११ मी हीरा देवी वाइबाको मृत्यु पछि, उनका छोरा सत्य वाइबा रे छोरी नानवीत आदित्य वाइबाले उनका गीतहरूलाई पुन: जीवित गर्ने काम लिनुभयो, तिनीहरूलाई नयाँ ध्वनिको साथ पुन: रेकर्ड गर्नुभयो रे तिनीहरूलाई नवनीतको आवाजमी जारी गर्नुभयो।<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Daughter revives mother's songs|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/siliguri/story_132419.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/siliguri/story_132419.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 2, 2017|access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Songs of Tribute|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/music/songs-of-tribute-navneet-aditya-waiba-and-satya-aditya-waiba|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212181004/https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/music/songs-of-tribute-navneet-aditya-waiba-and-satya-aditya-waiba/|archive-date=2017-12-12}}</ref> उनीहरुले एल्बमको नाम ‘आमा लाइ श्रद्धाञ्जली (नेपाली म्युजिक एल्बम) - ट्रिब्युट टु मदर’ राखे । नेपाली लोक संगीत विधामी नवनीत एक मात्र कलाकार हुन् जसले बिना मिसावट वा आधुनिकीकरण बिना प्रामाणिक परम्परागत नेपाली लोकगीत गाउँछन्।<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2017-11-04|title=फरिया ल्याइदेछन् तेइ पनि राता घनन !|language=en-US|work=Sambad Post|url=http://sambadpost.com/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4-22/|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312143902/http://sambadpost.com/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4-22/|archive-date=2018-03-12}}</ref> ===दोहोरी=== दोहोरी नेपाली लोक संगीतको विधा हो रे यसको जरा ग्रामीण भेगको परम्परामी छ। नेपालीमी दोहोरीको शाब्दिक अर्थ दुबै पक्षबाटी वा बहस भन्ने हुन्छ । यो बहस सांगीतिक लयमी द्रुत रे मजाकिया कविता समावेश भयेको हुन्छ। दोहोरीमी भाग लिने दुई टोलीले प्राय: प्रतिद्वन्द्वी टोलीमी केटा रे केटीहरू समावेश गर्दछ। गीत एउटा प्रश्नको साथ सुरु हुन्छ, सामान्यतया केटाहरूको पक्षबाटी। केटीले द्रुत जवाफको साथ प्रश्नलाई पछ्याउँछ रे दुई टोलीहरूले संगीत कुराकानी जारी राख्छन्। दोहोरी गीतहरू एक हप्तासम्म चल्न सक्छन्। दोहोरीको लम्बाइ खेलाडीहरूको द्रुत सोच्ने क्षमता रे बुद्धिमी निर्भर गर्दछ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://annastirr.com/research/|title=Dohori Geet|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228235549/https://annastirr.com/research/|archive-date=2016-12-28}}</ref> ===आधुनिक गीत=== [[आधुनिक गीत]] नेपालमी लोकप्रिय गीतहरू हुन् रे यसलाई ''सुगम संगीत'' पनि भनिन्छ। यी गीतहरू मधुर रे मधुर छन्। यस विधाका सबैभन्दा प्रसिद्ध गायक स्वर्गीय नारायण गोपाल थिए जसलाई नेपालीमी "स्वर सम्राट" को रूपमी पनि चिनिन्छ। ‘एउटा मान्छेको’, ‘यति ढेरै माया दी’ जस्ता गीत हिट छन् । अरुणा लामा पनि चर्चित थिए ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nepalisongslyrics.com/tag/narayan-gopal/|title=Narayan Gopal Songs lyrics|work=Nepali Songs Lyrics|access-date=2018-02-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127060747/https://nepalisongslyrics.com/tag/narayan-gopal/}}</ref> उनी "हिल्सको कोकिला" भनेर चिनिन्छन्। उनले सयौं नेपाली गीत गाएकी छिन् ।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxKGBAAAQBAJ&q=aruna+lama+Nightingale+of+the+Hills&pg=PA122|title=Fallen Cicada: Unwritten History of Darjeeling Hills|last=Roy|first=Barun|date=2003-09-01|publisher=Barun Roy|language=en}}</ref> जबकि किरण खरेल, रत्नशमशेर थापा, सुवासचन्द्र ढुंगेल, राजेन्द्र थापा, दिनेश अधिकारी पुरानो पुस्ताका उल्लेखनीय नाम हुन् । समसामयिक गीत लेखनमी रमेश दाहाल, प्रकाश सपुत, शीतल कादम्बिनी, राखी गौचन लगायतका प्रभावशाली गीतकार हुन् । रमेश दाहाल सामाजिक परिवर्तन, शान्ति रे समावेशीकरणका लागि लेख्न जान्छन् ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ehimalayatimes.com/2022/10/52132/|title=शान्तिका लागि योगदान दिन सफल रमेशका गीत |access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref> === शास्त्रीय === [[File:Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg|thumb|194x194px|'''नवनीत आदित्य वाइबा एक नेपाली भाषाका लोक गायक रे नेपाली लोक संगीत विधाका एक मात्र कलाकार हुन् जसले प्रायजसो अर्गानिक रे परम्परागत नेपाली संगीत वाद्ययन्त्रहरू प्रयोग गरी कुनै मिसावट वा आधुनिकीकरण बिना प्रामाणिक परम्परागत नेपाली लोकगीतहरू गाउँछन् रे उत्पादन गर्छन्।]] काठमाडौं उपत्यकामी धेरै व्यावसायिक शास्त्रीय संगीतकारहरू छन्। सुर-सुधा ,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://playingforchange.com/musicians/sur-sudha/|title=Sur Sudha - Playing for Change|work=Playing for Change|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US}}</ref> सुकर्मा,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/2176|title=Sukarma|access-date=2024-03-09|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925072532/http://www.therisingnepal.org.np/news/2176|url-status=dead}}</ref> त्रिकाल,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldmusiccentral.org/2014/01/16/himalayan-jam-world-music-group-trikaal-blends-nepali-folk-music-with-indian-jazz-and-latin-sound/|title=Himalayan Jam: World music group Trikaal blends Nepali folk music with Indian, jazz and Latin sound {{!}} World Music Central.org|website=worldmusiccentral.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-01|archive-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302163914/https://worldmusiccentral.org/2014/01/16/himalayan-jam-world-music-group-trikaal-blends-nepali-folk-music-with-indian-jazz-and-latin-sound/|url-status=dead}}</ref>कुटुम्बा (ब्यान्ड)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://facemeu.com/kutumba-band/|title=Kutumba (band) {{!}} World top Artists - Facemeu.com first nepali infotainment web|website=facemeu.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-26|archive-date=2018-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035643/http://facemeu.com/kutumba-band/|url-status=dead}}</ref>जस्ता ब्यान्डहरू नेपालमी लोकप्रिय रे चर्चित छन्। कलानिधि इन्दिरा संगीत महाविद्यालय, नेपाल संगीत विद्यालय, एसके गुरुकुल संगीत पाठशाला, नारायण संगीत प्रतिष्ठान, गन्धर्व संगीत विद्यालय, श्री संगीत पाठशाला, किरातेश्वर संगीत आश्रम, कपन संगेर सरोवर, यलमाया केन्द्र, संगित गुरुङ, मनुल्ला गुरुङ, रामुल्ला पसललगायत<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kalanidhisangeet.org/|title=::Kalanidhi Indira Sangeet Mahavidyalaya:: The very ancient traditional, folk and classical music is living heritage of Nepal|website=www.kalanidhisangeet.org|access-date=2017-10-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917101527/http://kalanidhisangeet.org/|archive-date=2017-09-17}}</ref> शास्त्रीय सङ्गीत संस्थाहरू छन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southasiainstitute.harvard.edu/events/venue/yalamaya-kendra-patan-dhoka-lalitpur|title=Yalamaya Kendra|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215214700/https://southasiainstitute.harvard.edu/events/venue/yalamaya-kendra-patan-dhoka-lalitpur/|archive-date=2018-02-15}}</ref> संगीत स्मृति गुरुकुल आदिले नेपाली शास्त्रीय संगीतको विकासमा निरन्तर योगदान दिइरहेका छन् ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atulmemorialgurukul.org.np/|title=Atul Memorial Gurukul|website=www.atulmemorialgurukul.org.np|access-date=2017-10-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727033846/http://www.atulmemorialgurukul.org.np/|archive-date=2017-07-27}}</ref> केही प्रसिद्ध शास्त्रीय संगीतकारहरू तारावीर सिंह तुलाधर (जन्म 1943), सितारवादक उमा थापा (जन्म 1950) विजय वैद्य, प्रेम राणा, मनोसे सिंह (जन्म 1979), मोहन सुन्दर श्रेष्ठ (जन्म 1943), सुरेन्द्र श्रेष्ठ र सुर सुधा हुन्। ===मैथिली संगीत=== ''मैथिली संगीत'' [[दक्षिण एशिया]] मी सबैभन्दा पुरानो प्रकारको संगीत हो। यो मिथिला क्षेत्रबाटी उत्पत्ति भएको हो जुन अहिले [[भारत]] रे [[नेपाल]] बीच विभाजित छ। "मैथिली सङ्गीत" कहिले अस्तित्वमी आयो भन्ने ठ्याक्कै कसैलाई थाहा छैन, सायद यसको इतिहासको लम्बाइको कारणले गर्दा, तर यसको समयले यसले भारत रे नेपालमी अन्य संगीतको विकास रे फस्टाउन मद्दत गरेको हुन सक्छ भन्ने संकेत गर्छ।{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} मैथिली संगीत सामान्यतया शास्त्रीय वाद्ययन्त्रहरूद्वारा बजाइने भए तापनि यसलाई आधुनिकीकरण गरिएको छ रे अहिले विभिन्न आधुनिक यन्त्रहरू प्रयोग गरिन्छ। यस संगीत शैलीमा केही महत्वपूर्ण योगदानकर्ताहरू महाकवि [[विद्यापति]] ठाकुर, [[उदित नारायण]] झा रे [[शारदा सिन्हा]] हुन्।<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nepal.saarctourism.org/nepal-music.html | title=Maithili Music of India and Nepal: SAARC Secretariat | publisher=South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation | work=SAARC Music Department | access-date=26 August 2016 | archive-date=12 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512091648/http://nepal.saarctourism.org/nepal-music.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> यस क्षेत्रका लोकगीतहरू सामान्य व्यक्तिको जीवनका विभिन्न घटनाहरूसँग सम्बन्धित छन्। === नेवा संगीत === नेवा संगीत, जसलाई नेवार संगीत पनि भनिन्छ, नेवार समुदायले नेपालमी विकसित गरेको परम्परागत संगीतको रूप हो। संगीतको जरा शास्त्रीय हिन्दू रे बौद्ध संगीतमी छ रे काठमाडौं उपत्यकाको लोक संगीत रे यसका परिधिहरू समावेश गरेर विकसित भएको छ। प्रयोग गरिएका उपकरणहरू मुख्यतया टक्कर रे हावा उपकरणहरू हुन्। प्रसिद्ध नेवार गायक [[नारायण गोपाल]]। नेपालको सांस्कृतिक प्रतीकहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ, उहाँलाई नेपाली संगीतमी "स्वर सम्राट" भनेर चिनिन्छ। उहाँका धेरै त्रासदी गीतहरूका कारण उहाँलाई "ट्र्याजेडी किंग" भनेर पनि चिनिन्छ।[[File:Danchhi gramophone record.jpg|thumb|200px|मदनकृष्ण श्रेष्ठको "Danchhi ya alu" गीतको ग्रामोफोन रेकर्ड"]]धिमे" एक परम्परागत ढोल, नेवार मानिसहरूले धेरै अवसरहरूमी प्रयोग गर्छन्। २००५ को अन्त्यमी, लाखे (पहिलो नेवार मेटल ब्यान्ड) (नवरस श्रेष्ठ) ले आफ्नो पहिलो नेवार मेटल गीत - धम्पा टाचा रेकर्ड गर्यो। === गुरुङ संगीत === गुरुङहरूको रोधी<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bossnepal.com/rodhi-ghar|title=Rodhi Ghar|access-date=2024-03-09|archive-date=2023-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614190603/http://bossnepal.com/rodhi-ghar|url-status=dead}}</ref> को पुरानो परम्परा छ जहाँ युवाहरू भेला हुन्छन्, लोकगीत गाउँछन् रे नाच्छन् रे आफ्ना विचारहरू साझा गर्छन्। रोधीका युवा–युवतीहरू प्रायः दोहोरी गाउँछन् । घन्टु रे चुड्का जस्ता केही सांगीतिक नृत्यहरू अझै पनि अस्तित्वमी छन्, रे धेरै गुरुङ गाउँहरूमी प्रदर्शन गरिन्छ। यी नृत्य प्रकारहरू शताब्दीयौं पुराना छन् रे एकल वा समूहमी प्रदर्शन गरिन्छ। आर्गुको गुरुङ संस्कारमी संगीतको पनि ठूलो भूमिका हुन्छ, जुन समुदायमी कसैको मृत्यु भएपछि गरिन्छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/20837|title=Death ritual music of the Gurungs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215214659/http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/20837|archive-date=2018-02-15}}</ref> चर्चित गुरुङ गायक - [[खेमराज गुरुङ]]। === किरात संगीत === लिम्बू जाति (याक्थुङ) मी विभिन्न प्रकारका गीत, नृत्य रे वाद्य यन्त्रहरू छन्। तीमध्ये धन नाच (धान नाच) <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_000172.htm |title = Dhan Naach |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180215214657/https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_000172.htm |archive-date = 2018-02-15 }}</ref>रे च्याब्रुङ (च्याब्रुङ नाच "ढोल नाच") <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/multimedia/photo-gallery/chyabrung-dance|title=Chyabrung Dance|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215214658/https://thehimalayantimes.com/multimedia/photo-gallery/chyabrung-dance/|archive-date=2018-02-15}}</ref> सबैभन्दा लोकप्रिय छन्। राईले किराती जातिको सबैभन्दा महत्वपूर्ण चाड "उदौली" रे "उभुआली" को अवसरमी गरिने साकेला नाच मनाउँछन्। धेरै नृत्य प्रकारहरूमा किरात मुन्धुमको लागि अनुष्ठान रे धार्मिक प्रस्तावहरू समावेश छन्। === मगर संगीत === सलाइजो, कौडा रे सोरठी मगर जन संगीतका तीन विशेष सांगीतिक विधा हुन्। चर्चित मगर गायक - मास्टर मित्रसेन थापा मगर === शेर्पा संगीत === शेर्पा संगीत तिब्बती बौद्ध धर्ममा आधारित छ। यो पार हिमालय क्षेत्र वरपर तिब्बतको संगीत जस्तै छ। तिब्बती संगीत प्रायः धार्मिक संगीत हो, जसले तिब्बती बौद्ध धर्मको प्रभावलाई झल्काउँछ।<blockquote>"With influence from Tibet, this Nepalese music is characterized by unison singing and occasional accompaniment on the ''damian'', a stringed instrument in the lute family that provides a strong rhythmic base. The musicians generally sing in Helambu (a Sherpa-Tibetan dialect) and sometimes in Tibetan on themes of religion, a desire for material wealth, the natural landscape, and a “sense of an ordered world in contrast to the nomadic pattern of many peoples’ lives” (Bishop). Liner notes include a description of the village and its music, track notes, and lyrics in Helambu/Tibetan and English".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://folkways.si.edu/music-of-a-sherpa-village/world/album/smithsonian|title=Music of a Sherpa Village|website=www.folkways.si.edu}}</ref></blockquote> ===थारु संगीत=== थारु संगीत पनि नेपालमी अझै पनि बजाइने पुरानो प्रकारको संगीत हो। नेपालका विभिन्न भागका थारुहरूले एउटै थारु भाषा नआउने भएकाले थारु सङ्गीत आफैंमी धेरै विविधतायुक्त छ। [[थारु]] ले सजना, माघिया, दशैंया जस्ता गीतहरू प्रायः नेपालको पश्चिमी भागमा गाउने गर्दछन्।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattarai |first=Sewa |date=2023-07-31 |title=Songlines of the rivers and forests |url=https://nepalitimes.com/opinion/margins/songlines-of-the-rivers-and-forests |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=nepalitimes.com}}</ref>[[File:Kathmandu-21.JPG|thumb|संगीतकारहरूले भक्ति गीत गाउँदै]] ===भजन=== भजन एक भक्ति गीत हो जसलाई कहिलेकाहीँ भगवानको प्रशंसा गरिन्छ। यसको कुनै निश्चित रूप छैन; यो मन्त्र वा कीर्तन जस्तै सरल हुन सक्छ। यो सामान्यतया गीतात्मक हुन्छ, ईश्वरको लागि प्रेम रे प्रार्थना व्यक्त गर्दछ। शिव, कृष्ण, विष्णु रे साईबाबा भजन नेपालमा लोकप्रिय छन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/kathmandu/news/kathmandu_news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1495635190&archive=&start_from=&ucat=4&|title=Bhajan}}</ref> प्रसिद्ध भजन गायक [[भक्तराज आचार्य]], [[कोइली देवी]]। ===फिल्मी संगीत=== फिल्मी संगीत नेपालमा लोकप्रिय छ रे मुख्यधारा चलचित्रहरूको लागि उत्पादन गरिन्छ। नेपालमा सिनेमाको इतिहास छोटो छ त्यसैले फिल्मी संगीत अझै विकसित भइरहेको छ। ===गजल=== गजल संगीतको एक काव्यात्मक रूप हो जसमा तुकबद्ध दोहे रे एक अपरिहार्य हुन्छन्, प्रत्येक पङ्क्तिले एउटै मिटर साझा गर्दछ । गजललाई पीडा, हानि रे वियोग, प्रेम रे प्रकृतिको सुन्दरताको काव्यात्मक अभिव्यक्तिको रूपमी बुझ्न सकिन्छ। यो कविता रे संगीत को एक नाजुक रूप हो। बिधा पुरानो हो, छैठौं शताब्दीको अरबी पदमी उत्पत्ति भएको हो। गजल दारी रे उर्दू कविताको रूप भए पनि यसको प्रभाव भारतीय उपमहाद्वीपका धेरै भाषाहरूको कवितामी देख्न सकिन्छ। [[मोतीराम भट्ट]] ले सन् १८९० को आसपास नेपाली भाषामी गजलको लिखित रूप प्रस्तुत गरेका थिए। [[सेतुराम श्रेष्ठ]] (१८९१-१९४१) लाई नेपालमा अग्रगामी गजलहरूको श्रेय दिइएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251260668|title=Seturam Shrestha}}</ref> [[श्रेणी:सङ्गीत]] [[श्रेणी:कला]] 79t0zrytpofn2bdkck761r4f5rmqkkx 0 24466 270618 268382 2026-11-08T00:52:31Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{अनुवाद}} {{Infobox ethnic group|group=भारतीय गोर्खा|image=| population=२,९२६,१६८ (२०११)|popplace=[[सिक्किम]]{{,}}[[दार्जिलिङ]]{{,}}[[असम|आसाम]]{{,}} [[देहरादुन]]|langs=[[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली ]]{{·}}[[नेवारी भाषा|नेवारी]]{{·}}[[लिम्बू भाषा|लिम्बू]]{{·}}[[गुरुङ भाषा|गुरुङ]]{{·}}[[मगर भाषा|मगर]]{{·}}[[तामाङ भाषा|तामाङ]]|rels=[[चित्र:Om.svg|15px]] [[हिन्दु धर्म]]{{·}} [[चित्र: Dharma wheel.svg|25px]] [[बुद्ध धर्म]]{{·}}[[किराँत जाति|किराँत]]{{·}}}} [[चित्र:Indian Army soldiers with the 2nd Battalion, 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles and U.S. Army paratroopers with the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division move toward their objective after being dropped off 130511-A-DK678-018.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार]] [[File:Polished kukri.jpg|thumb|पालिश गरिएको कुकरी]] '''भारतीय गोर्खाहरू''' नेपाली भारतीय भनेर पनि चिनिन्छन्, [[नेपाली भाषा]] बोल्ने भारतीयहरू हुन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/3/9/00004432.pdf|title=India and Nepal. Treaty of Peace and Friendship. Signed at Kathmandu|date=31 July 1950|website=untreaty.un.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519065925/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/3/9/00004432.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2011|access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> आधुनिक शब्द "भारतीय गोर्खा" जातीय [[गोर्खाली]]हरूलाई [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]]हरूबाटी छुट्याउन प्रयोग गरिन्छ। [[भारत]]बाटी गोर्खाहरूको नागरिकताको विषयमी [[भारत|भारत सरकार]]को राजपत्रमी जारी सूचना अनुसार भारतीय गोर्खाहरू भारतका नागरिक हुन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gorkhalandstate.blogspot.com/p/gazette-notification-on-issue-of.html|title=Gorkhaland: Gazette Notification on the Issue of Citizenship of Gorkhas|website=Gorkhaland|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108100918/http://gorkhalandstate.blogspot.com/p/gazette-notification-on-issue-of.html|archive-date=8 January 2019|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> भारतबठे गोर्खाअनको नागरिकताको मुद्दामी [[भारत|भारत सरकार]] को राजपत्र अधिसूचना अनसार भारतीय गोर्खाअन भारतका नागरिक हन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gorkhalandstate.blogspot.com/p/gazette-notification-on-issue-of.html|title=Gorkhaland: Gazette Notification on the Issue of Citizenship of Gorkhas|website=Gorkhaland|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108100918/http://gorkhalandstate.blogspot.com/p/gazette-notification-on-issue-of.html|archive-date=8 January 2019|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> नेपाली भाषालाई भारतीय संविधानको आठौं अनुसूचीमी समावेश गरियाः छ ।<ref>rajbhasha.gov.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution</ref> यद्यपि, भारत-नेपाल शान्ति रे मैत्री सन्धि (१९५०) का कारणले गद्दा भारतीय गोर्खाअनले आफना भारतीय नागरिकताका सन्दर्भमी एक अद्वितीय पहिचान संकटको सामना अद्दु पड्याः छ जैले "पारस्परिक आधारमी, एक देशका नागरिकअनलाई बसोबास, सम्पत्तिको स्वामित्व, व्यापार रे वाणिज्यमी सहभागिता, आवागमन रे समान प्रकृतिका अन्य विशेषाधिकारहरूमी अन्य समान विशेषाधिकारअनमी अनुमति दिन्छ। == जातीयता रे जाति == [[चित्र:Kus_or_Khas,_Goorkha,_dominant_tribe,_Nipal.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|मुख्य गोरखा जनजाति खस]] भारतीय गोर्खाअन जाति रे जातीय-जनजाति गोत्रअनको मिश्रणको साथ देशको उत्तरी भागमा भौत राज्यहरूमी पाइने भारतीय आदिवासी जातीय समूह माणिन्छ। गोर्खाली पर्वतीय जातिअनमी बाहुन (पहाडी ब्राह्मण), क्षेत्री (खस), ठकुरी, वादी, कामी, दमाई, सार्की, गन्धर्भ, कुमाल आदि खस-पर्वतीय जातिहरू पर्छन्। अन्य तिब्बती जातिहरूमी तामाङ, गुरुङ, मगर, नेवार, भुजेल (खवास), शेर्पा रे थामी पर्छन्।<ref>{{cite book|url=http://barunroy.com/the-librar/all-written-works/gorkhas-and-gorkhaland/|title=Gorkhas and Gorkhaland|author=Barun Roy|publisher=Parbati Roy Foundation|year=2012|location=Darjeeling, India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130110164033/http://barunroy.com/the-librar/all-written-works/gorkhas-and-gorkhaland/|archive-date=10 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> किराती जातिमी खम्बु (राई), लिम्बु (सुब्बा), सुनुवार (मुखिया), याक्खा (दिवान), धिमाल आदि पर्दछन्। यद्यपि तिनीहरूमध्ये प्रत्येकको आफ्नै भाषा छ (तिब्बो-बर्मन भाषाहरू वा इन्डो-आर्य भाषाहरूका), गोर्खाहरू बीचको लिंग्वा फ्रान्का नेपाली भाषा हो जसको लिपि देवनागरीमी छ। यो भारतको आधिकारिक भाषाहरू मध्ये एक हो। == जनसङ्ख्या == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+भारतमी नेपाली भाषीहरू वर्ष द्वारा<ref name="India-census">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement7.aspx|title=Growth of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001|website=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220040137/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement7.aspx|archive-date=20 February 2015|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf|title=Language – Census of India|date=2011|website=Census of India|access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> !जनगणना !नेपाली भाषी !वृद्धि |- |१९७१ |१,४१९,८३५ |— |- |१९८१ |१,३६०,६३६ |{{Down}} -४.१७ |- |१९९१ |२,०७६,६४५ |{{Increase}}+५२.६२ |- |२००१ |२,८७१,७४९ |{{Increase}}+३८.२९ |- |२०११ |२,९२६,१६८ |{{Increase}}+१.८९ |} २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार भारतमी कुल २,९२६,१६८ मानिसहरूले [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]] मातृभाषाको रूपमी बोल्छन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011|website=censusindia.gov.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> सबैभन्दा ठूलो जनसङ्ख्या [[पश्चिम बंगाल]]मी फेला पार्न सकिन्छ - १,१५५,३७५ (सन् २००१ जनगणनाबाटी +१२.९७%), [[आसाम]] - ५९६,२१० (+५.५६%), [[सिक्किम]] - ३८२,२०० (+१२.८७%), [[उत्तराखण्ड]] - १०६,३९९ (+१६.८), [[अरुणाचल प्रदेश]] - ९५,३१७ (+००.४२%), [[हिमाचल प्रदेश]] - ८९,५०८ (+२७.३७%), [[महाराष्ट्र]] - ७५,६८३ (+१९.२२%), [[मणिपुर]] - ६३,७५६ (+३८.६१%), [[मेघालय]] - ५४,७१६ (+४.९१%), [[नागाल्याण्ड]] (+४.९१%) %), रे [[मिजोरम]] - ८,९९४ (+०.५१%)।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011|website=censusindia.gov.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> === [[अरुणाचल प्रदेश]] === २००१ को जनगणना अनुसार, सबैभन्दा बढी नेपाली जनसंख्या भएका जिल्लाहरू पश्चिम कामेङ - १३,५८० (कुल जनसंख्याको १८.२%\), लोहित - २२,२०० (१५.७७%), रे दिवाङ उपत्यका - १५,४५२ (२६.७७%) छन्। नेपालीहरूको सबैभन्दा ठूलो अनुपातका तहसीलहरू कोरोनु (५५.३५%), किबिथु (५०.६८%), सुनपुरा (४२.२८%), विजयनगर (४२.१३%), रे रोइङ (३२.३९%) हुन्। २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार, सबैभन्दा बढी नेपाली जनसङ्ख्या भएका जिल्लाहरू पश्चिम कामेङ - १४,३३३ (कुल जनसंख्याको १७.१%), लोहित - २२,९८८ (१३.७७%), रे दिवाङ उपत्यका - १४,२७१ (२२.९९%) छन्। नेपालीहरूको सबैभन्दा ठूलो अनुपातका तहसीलहरू कोरोनु (४८.४९%), किबिथु (६.५%), सुनपुरा (३४.४७%), विजयनगर (४१.८%), रे रोइङ (२६.०%) हुन्। === [[आसाम]] === १९९१ को जनगणना को समयमी, सबैभन्दा धेरै एकाग्रता भएका जिल्लाहरु सोनितपुर - ९१,६३१ (६.४३%), तिनसुकिया - ७६,०८३ (७.९१%), रे कार्बी आङ्लोङ - ३७,७१० (५.६९%) थिए।<ref>{{cite journal|title=Thesis|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/pdfToThesis.jsp?toHandle=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/43386&toFile=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/43386/8/08_chapter%202.pdf|journal=Shodganga|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808011236/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/pdfToThesis.jsp?toHandle=https%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fhandle%2F10603%2F43386&toFile=https%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F43386%2F8%2F08_chapter%202.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2021|access-date=6 July 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> २००१ को जनगणना अनुसार, सबैभन्दा ठूलो जातीय नेपाली जनसंख्या भएका जिल्लाहरू सोनितपुर - १३१,२६१ (कुल जनसंख्या ७.८१%), तिनसुकिया - ८७,८५० (७.६४%), रे कार्बी आङ्लोङ - ४६,८७१ (५.७६%) छन्। सादिया (२७.५१%), ना दुआर (१६.३९%), हेलेम (१५.४३%), मार्गेरिता (१३.१०%), रे उमराङ्सो (१२.३७%) नेपालीहरूको सबैभन्दा ठूलो अनुपात भएका तहसीलहरू हुन्। २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार, सबैभन्दा ठूलो जातीय नेपाली जनसंख्या भएका जिल्लाहरू सोनितपुर - १३५,५२५ (कुल जनसंख्याको ७.०४%), तिनसुकिया - ९९,८१२ (७.५२%), रे कार्बी आङ्लोङ - ५१,४९६ (५.३८%) छन्। सादिया (२६.२%), ना दुआर (१४.८८%), हेलेम (१४.३५%), मार्गेरिता (१३.४७%), रे उमराङ्सो (१२.४६%) नेपालीहरूको सबैभन्दा ठूलो अनुपात भएका तहसीलहरू हुन्। === [[मणिपुर]] === २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार, नेपाली जनताको सबैभन्दा ठूलो अनुपातका तहसिलहरू सदर हिल्स पश्चिम (३३.०%), सैतु-गाम्फाजोल (९.५४%), रे लम्साङ (१०.८५%) हुन्। सबैभन्दा धेरै नेपाली जनसङ्ख्या भएका जिल्लाहरू सेनापति - ३९,०३९ (८.१५%), इम्फाल पश्चिम - १०,३९१ (२.०१%) रे इम्फाल पूर्व - ६,९०३ (१.५१%) हुन्। यसअघिको जनगणनाले मणिपुरमी नेपाली भाषीहरूको सङ्ख्या यसरी गणना गरेको थियो: * १९६१ जनगणना: १३,५७१ * १९७१ जनगणना: २६,३८१ * १९८१ जनगणना: ३७,०४६ * १९९१ जनगणना: ४६,५०० * २००१ जनगणना: ४५,९९८ * २०११ जनगणना: ६३,७५६ === [[मेघालय]] === गोरखा जनसङ्ख्या प्रायः पूर्वी खासी पहाड (३७,००० वा ४.४८%) रे रिभोई (१०,५२४ वा ४.०७%) जिल्लाहरूमा केन्द्रित छ। सबैभन्दा धेरै एकाग्रता भएका तहसीलहरूमी Myliem (8.18%) र Umling (6.72%) पर्छन्। सहरहरू मध्ये, शिलङ क्यान्टोनमेन्ट (२९.९८%), शिलङ (९.८३%), पिन्थोरुमखराह (७.०२%), नोङ्मिन्सोङ (२६.६७%), मदनर्तिङ (१७.८३%), र नोङ्क्सेह (१४.२०%) मी नेपाली बोल्नेहरूको संख्या सबैभन्दा बढी छ। यसअघिको जनगणनाले मेघालयमी नेपाली भाषीहरूको सङ्ख्या यसरी गणना गरेको थियो:<ref>{{cite journal|title=Economy, Ethnicity and Migration in Mehahalaya|url=http://amanpanchayat.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PEI_meghalaya.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808010350/http://amanpanchayat.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PEI_meghalaya.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2021|access-date=12 March 2022|website=amanpanchayat.org|url-status=dead}}</ref> * १९६१: ३२,२८८ * १९७१: ४४,४४५ * १९८१: ६१,२५९ * १९९१: ४९,१८६ * २००१: ५२,१५५ * २०११: ५४,७१६ === [[मिजोरम]] === २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार, मिजोरममी कुल ९,०३५ गोर्खाहरू छन्। यसमध्ये, ५,९४४ आइजवल जिल्लाको Tlangnuam तहसीलमी केन्द्रित छन्, जहाँ तिनीहरू जनसंख्याको १.९% बन्छन्। केन्द्रीय गोर्खा मन्दिर समितिले मिजोरममी जम्मा १३ वटा हिन्दू मन्दिरहरू सञ्चालन गर्दछ रे यिनीहरू राज्यमी एकमात्र हिन्दू पूजास्थलहरू हुन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/temples-inspired-by-churches-in-mizoram/article25532044.ece|title=Temples inspired by churches in Mizoram|last1=Karmakar|first1=Rahul|date=18 November 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224171812/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/temples-inspired-by-churches-in-mizoram/article25532044.ece|archive-date=24 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === [[नागाल्याण्ड]] === अधिकांश नेपाली भाषी जनसङ्ख्या दिमापुर (२१,५९६ वा ५.७०%) रे कोहिमा (९,८१२ वा ३.६६%) जिल्लाहरूमी पाइन्छ। सबैभन्दा बढी केन्द्रित तहहरू नागिनीमोरा (७.४८%), मेराङ्मेन (६.७८%), निउल्यान्ड (६.४८%), कुहोबोटो (७.०४%), चुमुकेडिमा (७.०७%), धनसिरिपार (६.०९%), मेदजिफेमा (९.११%), नामसाङ (९.११%) ८.८१%), कोहिमा सदर (६.२७%), सेचु-जुब्जा (५.०३%), र पेडी (७.६१%) हुन्। === [[सिक्किम]] === सिक्किम राज्य भारतको एक मात्र राज्य हो जहाँ बहुसंख्यक जातीय नेपाली जनसंख्या छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dbuniversity.ac.in/location/sikkim.html|title=ADBU Location|website=dbuniversity.ac.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307205017/https://www.dbuniversity.ac.in/location/sikkim.html|archive-date=7 March 2022|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> २०११ को सिक्किम जनगणनाले सिक्किम भारतको सबैभन्दा कम जनसंख्या भएको राज्य हो भनेर पत्ता लगायो। २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार सिक्किमको जनसंख्या ६१०,५७७ थियो, रे पछिल्लो जनगणना पछि लगभग १००,००० ले बढेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikenvis.nic.in/Database/Demography_779.aspx|title=Demography|website=sikenvis.nic.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706140434/http://sikenvis.nic.in/Database/Demography_779.aspx|archive-date=6 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> नेपाली/गोर्खाली भाषा सिक्किमको भाषा हो, जबकि तिब्बती (भुटिया) रे लेप्चा निश्चित क्षेत्रमी बोलिन्छ।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/mini-sikkim-in-making-308081-2016-02-10|title=Know all about the beautiful Mini Sikkim: Another beautiful gem in the seven sisters region|date=10 February 2016|work=India Today|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430100346/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/mini-sikkim-in-making-308081-2016-02-10|archive-date=30 April 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/politics/watch-sikkim-simultaneous-elections-and-the-battle-over-the-17th-karmapa|title=Watch {{!}} Sikkim: Simultaneous Elections and the Battle Over the 17th Karmapa|date=8 April 2019|work=The Wire|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430100346/https://thewire.in/politics/watch-sikkim-simultaneous-elections-and-the-battle-over-the-17th-karmapa|archive-date=30 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार विभिन्न तिब्बती भाषा बोल्ने कुल ४५३,८१९ थिए (नेपाली – ३८२,२००, लिम्बु – ३८,७३३, शेर्पा – १३,६८१, तामाङ – ११,७३४ रे राई – ७,४७१)। जसमध्ये २०.१४% (९१,३९९) तिब्बती लिम्बु/तामाङ, ६.२३% (२८,२७५) दलित र ७३.६३% सामान्य वर्गका थिए। जनगणना अनुसार सिक्किममी कुल ५३,७०३ लिम्बू रे ३७,६९६ तामाङ छन्, जसमध्ये अधिकांशले नेपाली भाषालाई आफ्नो मातृभाषाको रूपमी बोल्छन्। साथै, भोटिया रे लेप्चा समुदायले पनि नेपाली भाषालाई आफ्नो मातृभाषाको रूपमी बोल्छन्। २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार, सिक्किममी कुल ६९,५९८ भोटिया (शेर्पा, तामाङ, गुरुङ रे तिब्बती आदि सहित) थिए तर ५८,३५५ मात्र सिक्किम रे शेर्पा जस्ता भाषाहरू बोलिरहेका थिए। ४२,९०९ लेप्चा मध्ये लेप्चा भाषाका लागि ३८,३१३ जना मात्र बोल्ने थिए। === [[उत्तराखण्ड]] === २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार, नेपाली भाषा बोल्नेहरूको कुल संख्या १०६,३९९ छ, जुन राज्यको कुल जनसंख्याको १.१% हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX|title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|website=censusindia.gov.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103111604/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX|archive-date=3 November 2020|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === [[पश्चिम बंगाल]] === २००१ को जनगणना अनुसार, पश्चिम बंगालमी कुल १,०३४,०३८ जातीय गोर्खाहरू छन्, जसमध्ये १,०२२,७२५ नेपाली भाषा बोल्ने रे ११,३१३ तामाङ रे शेर्पा जस्ता भाषा बोल्नेहरू छन्। [[दार्जिलिङ]] रे [[कालिम्पोङ]] जिल्लाहरूमी जनसंख्या ७४८,०२३ (कुल जनसंख्याको ४६.४८%) रे जलपाईगुडी - २३४,५०० (६.९९%) छ।पश्चिम बङ्गालका अधिकांश जातीय नेपालीहरू [[गोर्खाल्यान्ड क्षेत्रीय प्रशासन]] क्षेत्रमी बस्छन्।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/mamata-banerjee-darjeeling-violence-tracing-the-history-of-gorkhaland-movement-another-crisis-triggered-by-language-4698528/lite/|title=Tracing the history of Gorkhaland movement: Another crisis triggered by language|last1=Mitra|first1=Arnab|date=13 April 2021|work=The Indian Express|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430100346/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/mamata-banerjee-darjeeling-violence-tracing-the-history-of-gorkhaland-movement-another-crisis-triggered-by-language-4698528/lite/|archive-date=30 April 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> करिब ७.५६% नेपालीहरू कामी रे सार्की (२००१ मी ७८,२०२ जनसङ्ख्या) जस्ता जातिहरूका दलित थिए। जनगणना अनुसार अनुसूचित जनजाति (लिम्बु रे तामाङ) को रूपमी वर्गीकृत दुई जनजातिले नेपाली जनसंख्याको १६% ओगटेको छ। बाँकी ७६ प्रतिशत सामान्य वर्गका थिए ।{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार विभिन्न नेपाली भाषा बोल्ने कुल १,१६१,८०७ थिए। यसमध्ये ७.२४% दलित (८४,११०) रे १६.६२% (१९३,०५०) आदिवासी तामाङ/लिम्बु थिए। बाँकी ७६.१४ प्रतिशत सामान्य वर्गका थिए ।{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} === जबरजस्ती विस्थापन === [[उत्तरपूर्वी भारत]] राज्यहरूमी नेपाली भाषीहरूले हिंसा रे जातीय सफायाको सामना गरेका छन्। १९६७ मी, ८,००० भन्दा बढी नेपाली भाषी मानिसहरूलाई मिजोरमबाटी निष्कासित गरियो, जबकि मणिपुरमी २,००० भन्दा बढीले १९८० मी उस्तै नियति भोगे। आसाम (सन् १९७९ मी) रे मेघालय (१९८७ मी) आतङ्ककारी समूहहरूले दशौं हजार नेपाली भाषीहरूलाई देश निकाला गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58WkvXaaPbEC&pg=PA234|title=The Materiality of Politics: The technologies of rule|last1=Samāddāra|first1=Raṇabīra|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2007|isbn=9781843312512|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226050000/https://books.google.com/books?id=58WkvXaaPbEC&pg=PA234|archive-date=26 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> सबैभन्दा ठूलो विस्थापन मेघालयमी भयो, जब खासी विद्यार्थी युनियन (केएसयू) ले राज्यको पूर्वी भागमी बस्ने नेपाली भाषीहरूलाई निशाना बनाएको थियो। १५,००० भन्दा बढी नेपाली भाषीहरूलाई देश निकाला गरियो, जबकि लगभग १०,००० शिलोङको शरणार्थी शिविरमी अमानवीय जीवनमी बाँच्न बाध्य भए।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880215-nepalis-in-meghalaya-face-tribal-wrath-amid-official-apathy-796950-1988-02-15|title=Nepalis in Meghalaya face tribal wrath amid official apathy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904192149/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880215-nepalis-in-meghalaya-face-tribal-wrath-amid-official-apathy-796950-1988-02-15|archive-date=4 September 2018|access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> जोवाईको कोइला खानीमी गोर्खा मजदुरलाई निशाना बनाइयो रे उनीहरुको हत्याका कारण केही साताभित्रै दर्जनौं गोरखा बालबालिका भोकभोकै मरेका थिए ।<ref name="nath">{{cite web|url=http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/229203|title=Migrants in flight: Conflict-induced induced displacement of Nepalis in Northeast India|author=L. Nath|date=January 2005|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|format=Occasional Paper|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> सन् २०१० मी खासी रे गोर्खाबीच दंगा भयो जसमी धेरै गोर्खाको ज्यान गएको थियो । गोरखाका एक वृद्धलाई जिउँदै जलाइएको छ ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.com.np/2010/06/08/khasi-nepali-ethnic-conflict-in-meghalaya-india/|title=Khasi Nepali Ethnic Conflict in Meghalaya, India|date=8 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904192255/https://blog.com.np/2010/06/08/khasi-nepali-ethnic-conflict-in-meghalaya-india/|archive-date=4 September 2018|access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/meghalaya-rejects-reports-of-violence-against-nepalese|title=Meghalaya rejects reports of violence against Nepalese|date=15 September 2010|publisher=The Assam Tribune|access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> १९८० को दशकमी, नागाल्याण्डका अधिकांश गोर्खाहरूलाई उनीहरूको भूमि गुमाउन बाध्य पारियो, रे तिनीहरूमध्ये २०० को [[मेरापानी]] [[वोखा जिल्ला]] नजिकै हत्या गरियो।<ref name="nath" /> == राजनीति == गोर्खाल्याण्ड आन्दोलन नेपाली भाषी भारतीयहरूका लागि पश्चिम बंगालको गोर्खाल्याण्ड क्षेत्रमा छुट्टै भारतको राज्य बनाउने अभियान हो। प्रस्तावित राज्यमी दार्जीलिङ जिल्लाको पहाडी क्षेत्र, कालिम्पोङ जिल्ला रे डुअर्स क्षेत्रहरू समावेश छन् जसमी जलपाईगुडी, अलीपुरद्वार रे कूचबिहार जिल्लाहरू समावेश छन्। दार्जिलिङमी छुट्टै प्रशासनिक इकाईको माग सन् १९०९ देखि रहेको छ, जब दार्जिलिङको हिलमेन एसोसिएसनले मिन्टो-मोर्ले रिफर्म्सलाई छुट्टै प्रशासनिक संरचनाको माग गर्दै ज्ञापनपत्र बुझाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/opinions/political/1810-the-parliament-is-the-supreme-and-ultimate-authority-of-india.html|title=The Parliament is the supreme and ultimate authority of India|date=23 November 2010|work=Darjeeling Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101132713/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/opinions/political/1810-the-parliament-is-the-supreme-and-ultimate-authority-of-india.html|archive-date=1 November 2013|access-date=20 March 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101132713/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/opinions/political/1810-the-parliament-is-the-supreme-and-ultimate-authority-of-india.html|date=1 November 2013}}</ref> === दार्जिलिङ गोर्खा हिल काउन्सिल === दार्जिलिङ गोर्खा हिल काउन्सिल (DGHC) (१९८८-२०१२), एक समय दार्जिलिङ गोर्खा स्वायत्त हिल काउन्सिलको रूपमी छोटो अवधिको लागि पनि चिनिन्थ्यो, एक अर्ध-स्वायत्त निकाय थियो जसले भारतको पश्चिम बंगाल राज्यको दार्जिलिङ जिल्लाको पहाडहरूको प्रशासनको हेरचाह गर्‍यो। DGHC यसको अधिकार अन्तर्गत तीन उप-डिभिजनहरू थिए: दार्जिलिङ, कालिम्पोङ, रे कुर्सियोङ रे सिलिगुडी उपविभागका केही क्षेत्रहरू। [[सुवास घिसिङ]] को नेतृत्वमी, गोर्खाहरूले दार्जिलिङका पहाडहरू रे दार्जिलिङसँग जोडिएको डुअर्स रे सिलगढी तराईका क्षेत्रहरूलाई नक्कल गरी भारतभित्रै गोर्खाल्याण्ड नामक राज्य निर्माणको माग उठाए। सन् १९८६ देखि १९८८ सम्म दार्जिलिङ पहाडमी हिंसात्मक आन्दोलन भयो जसमी १२०० जनाको ज्यान गएको थियो । अर्ध-स्वायत्त दार्जिलिङ गोर्खा हिल काउन्सिल भारतको केन्द्रीय सरकार, पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार रे कोलकातामी गोर्खा राष्ट्रिय मुक्ति मोर्चाबीच २२ अगस्ट १९८८ मी भएको दार्जिलिङ गोर्खा हिल काउन्सिल सम्झौतामी हस्ताक्षरको परिणाम थियो। === गोर्खाल्याण्ड क्षेत्रीय प्रशासन === DGHC ले नयाँ राज्य गठन गर्ने आफ्नो लक्ष्य पूरा गरेन, जसले गर्दा सुभाष घिसिङको पतन भयो रे 2007 मी बिमल गुरुङको नेतृत्वमा अर्को पार्टी गोर्खा जनमुक्ति मोर्चा (GJM) को उदय भयो, जसले गोर्खाल्याण्ड राज्यको लागि दोस्रो आन्दोलन सुरु गर्यो। GJM नेतृत्वको गोर्खाल्याण्ड राज्यको लागि तीन वर्षको आन्दोलन पछि, GJM ले दार्जिलिङ पहाडहरू प्रशासन गर्न एक अर्ध-स्वायत्त निकाय गठन गर्न राज्य सरकारसँग सम्झौता गर्‍यो। १८ जुलाई २०११ मी केन्द्रीय गृहमन्त्री पी. चिदम्बरम, पश्चिम बंगालका मुख्यमन्त्री [[ममता बनर्जी]], तत्कालीन दार्जिलिङ लोकसभा सांसद जसवंत सिंह रे गोरखा जनमुक्ति मोर्चाका नेताहरूको उपस्थितिमा सिल्लुगडी नजिकैको पिनटेल गाउँमी गोर्खाल्याण्ड क्षेत्रीय प्रशासनको लागि सम्झौता पत्रमी हस्ताक्षर भएको थियो। । सम्झौतामी पश्चिम बंगालका गृहसचिव जीडी गौतम, केन्द्रीय गृह मन्त्रालयका सहसचिव के.के. पाठक रे गोरखा जनमुक्ति मोर्चाका महासचिव रोशन गिरी। == उल्लेखनीय व्यक्तिहरू == [[चित्र:Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|230x230पिक्सेल|[[नवनीत आदित्य वाइबा]], लोक गायक]] === अभिनेता ===<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[रेवती क्षेत्री]] – मोडल तथा अभिनेत्री * [[गणेश (अभिनेता)|गणेश]] - [[कन्नड]] फिल्म अभिनेता<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lulla |first1=Anil Budur |title=Gurkha Ganesh blazes new trail |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/gurkha-ganesh-blazes-new-trail/cid/700838 |access-date=28 January 2020 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=17 June 2007 |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128165239/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/gurkha-ganesh-blazes-new-trail/cid/700838 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[भूमिका गुरुङ]] – टेलिभिजन अभिनेत्री तथा मोडल * [[भारती सिंह]] - हास्य कलाकार * [[निरुता सिंह]] – नेपाली चलचित्रकी नायिका * [[माला सिन्हा]] – हिन्दी रे बंगाली सिनेमामा भारतीय अभिनेत्री * [[प्रतिभा सिन्हा]] – बलिउड भारतीय अभिनेत्री (अभिनेत्री [[माला सिन्हा]] रे नेपाली अभिनेता सीपी लोहनीकी छोरी) * [[गीताञ्जली थापा]] – [[बलिउड]] अभिनेत्री ([[सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्रीको लागि राष्ट्रिय चलचित्र पुरस्कार]] प्राप्तकर्ता २०१३) {{div col end}} === सिनेमेटोग्राफर === {{div col|colwidth=30em}} *[[विनोद प्रधान]] {{div col end}} === सैनिक ===<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * सुभेदार मेजर [[गन्जु लामा]] – [[भिक्टोरिया क्रस]] प्राप्तकर्ता * मेजर [[दुर्गा मल्ल]] - [[भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी]] * [[त्रिलोचन पोखरेल]] – भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी * कर्नल [[ललित राई]] - [[वीर चक्र]] १९९९ मी [[कारगिल युद्ध]] मी उनको कार्यका लागि प्राप्तकर्ता। * कप्तान [[राम सिंह ठकुरी]] – भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी जसले ''[[कदम कदम बढाए जा]]'' सहित धेरै देशभक्ति गीतहरू रचना गरे। * लेफ्टिनेन्ट-कर्नल [[धन सिंह थापा]] – [[परमवीर चक्र]] प्राप्तकर्ता * ब्रिगेडियर [[शेर जंग थापा]] (स्कर्दुको नायक) - [[महावीर चक्र]] [[१९४७ को भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्ध]] मी उनको कार्यका लागि प्राप्तकर्ता {{div col end}} === संगीतकार ===<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[डम्बर बहादुर बुढापीर्थी]] - ज्याज संगीतकार * [[विपुल क्षेत्री]] – गायक, संगीतकार * [[रञ्जित गज्मेर]] – बलिउड फिल्म संगीतकार * [[सुकमित गुरुङ]] – गायक * [[अरुणा लामा]] – नेपाली गायिका [[दार्जिलिङ]] * [[उदित नारायण]] – पार्श्व गायक * [[एड्रियन प्रधान]] – गायक, गीतकार, गिटारवादक। नेपाल का पूर्व [[१९७४ एडी]] सदस्य * [[सोनम शेर्पा]] - परिक्रमा ब्यान्डको प्रमुख गिटारवादक * [[सुष्मा श्रेष्ठ|पूर्णिमा श्रेष्ठ]] – बलिउड पार्श्व गायिका * [[कुन्ती मोक्तान]] – नेपाली पार्श्व गायिका [[दार्जिलिङ]] * [[फिरोज स्याङ्देन]] – गायक, गीतकार, गिटारवादक। [[नेपाल]] ब्यान्ड [[१९७४ एडी]] का पूर्व संस्थापक सदस्य * [[प्रशान्त तामाङ]] – गायक, अभिनेता, [[इन्डियन आइडल]] सिजन ३ का विजेता * [[शान्ति ठटाल]] – संगीतकार, गायक, निर्माता * [[हिरादेवी वाइवा]] – नेपाली लोक गीतका अग्रदूत, गायिका * [[नवनीत आदित्य वाइबा]] - लोक गायक * [[गोपाल योञ्जन]] – गायक, संगीतकार, नाटककार * [[कर्मा योञ्जन]] – संगीतकार, गायक, निर्माता {{div col end}} === खेलकुद ===<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> ==== एथलेटिक्स ==== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[बसन्त बहादुर राना]] - [[रेसवाकर]] {{div col end}} ==== तीरंदाजी ==== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[तरुणदीप राई]] – [[तीरंदाज]], [[एशियन गेम्स]] २०११ रजत पदक विजेता, [[अर्जुन पुरस्कार]] प्राप्तकर्ता २००५, [[पद्मश्री]] प्राप्तकर्ता २०२० {{div col end}} ==== बक्सिङ ==== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[वीरेन्द्र सिंह थापा]] – बक्सर * [[देवेन्द्र थापा]] – बक्सर * [[शिव थापा]] – बक्सर (ओलम्पिक खेलका लागि योग्यता हासिल गर्ने सबैभन्दा कान्छो भारतीय बक्सर) {{div col end}} ==== क्रिकेट ==== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[जय बिष्ट]] – क्रिकेटर * [[रुबेन लेप्चा]] – क्रिकेटर * [[गोकुल शर्मा]] – [[आसाम क्रिकेट टीम]] का कप्तान * [[अभिषेक ठकुरी]] – क्रिकेटर {{div col end}} ==== फुटबल ==== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[अजय क्षेत्री]] – फुटबलर * [[अमरबहादुर गुरुङ]] – फुटबलर * [[अनिरुद्ध थापा]] - फुटबलर * [[अन्जु तामाङ]] – महिला फुटबलर * [[आशिष क्षेत्री]] – फुटबलर * [[आशिष राई]] – फुटबलर * [[बिजेन्द्र राई]] – फुटबलर * [[विकास जैरु]] – फुटबलर * [[चन्दन सिंह रावत]] – फुटबलर * [[Israil Gurung]] – फुटबलर * [[कमल थापा (फुटबलर)|कमल थापा]] – फुटबलर * [[कोमल ठटाल]] – फुटबलर * [[ललित थापा]] – गोलकिपर * [[नागेन तामाङ]] – फुटबलर * [[नरेन्द्र थापा]] – फुटबलर * [[निम दोर्जी तामाङ]] – फुटबलर * [[निर्मल क्षेत्री]] – फुटबलर * [[पिंकी बमपाल मगर]] – महिला फुटबलर * [[पूरन बहादुर थापा]] – फुटबलर * [[रामबहादुर क्षेत्री]] – फुटबलर * [[रोबिन गुरुङ]] – फुटबलर * [[सञ्जु प्रधान]] – फुटबलर * [[श्याम थापा]] – फुटबलर * [[सुनिल क्षेत्री]] – [[भारत राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली]] रे [[बेंगलुरु एफसी]]का कप्तान। [[अर्जुन पुरस्कार]] प्राप्तकर्ता(२०११) रे [[पद्मश्री]] (२०१९) * [[उत्तम राई]] – फुटबलर * [[विनित राई]] – फुटबलर * [[क्रिस्पिन क्षेत्री ]] – फुटबल प्रबन्धक रे फुटबलर {{div col end}} ==== हकी ==== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[भरत क्षेत्री]] – हक्की खेलाडी (भारतीय हक्की टोलीका पूर्व कप्तान) * [[वीरबहादुर क्षेत्री]] – हक्की खेलाडी * [[चमन सिंह गुरुङ]] – हक्की खेलाडी {{div col end}} ==== सुटिङ ==== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[जितु राई]] – शूटर, [[अर्जुन पुरस्कार]] (२०१५), [[खेल रत्न]] (२०१६) र [[पद्मश्री]] (२०२०) को प्राप्तकर्ता। * [[पेम्बा तामाङ]] - शूटर {{div col end}} === लेखकहरू === {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[इन्द्रबहादुर राई]] – [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]] [[दार्जिलिङ]], [[भारत]]का लेखक सुनिल क्षेत्री साहित्यिक समीक्षक। * [[हरिप्रसाद 'गोर्खा' राई]] * [[केदार गुरुङ]] * [[कुमार प्रधान]] * [[लीलबहादुर क्षेत्री]] – [[पद्मश्री]] पुरस्कार प्राप्तकर्ता (२०२०) नेपाली साहित्यमा उनको योगदानको लागि। * [[प्रज्वल पराजुली]] – अंग्रेजी भाषाका लेखक तथा उपन्यासकार * [[गंगा प्रसाद प्रधान]] – नेपाली बाइबलका अनुवादक, अंग्रेजी-नेपाली शब्दकोशका सह-लेखक, बालबालिकाका पाठ्यपुस्तकका लेखक। * [[पारिजात (साहित्यकार)|पारिजात]] वास्तविक नाम [[पारिजात (साहित्यकार)|विष्णु कुमारी वाइबा]] – [[शिरीषको फूल|द ब्लू मिमोसा]] जन्मस्थान [[दार्जिलिङ]] की मूल लेखक * [[अगमसिंह गिरी]] – नेपाली भाषाका कवि रे गीतकार [[दार्जिलिङ]]। * [[बिर्खा बहादुर मुरिङ्गला]] -[[पद्मश्री]] पुरस्कार प्राप्तकर्ता। * [[तुलसीराम शर्मा कश्यप]] {{div col end}} === राजनीतिज्ञ === {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[छविलाल उपाध्याय]] – [[आसाम प्रदेश कांग्रेस कमेटी]] का प्रथम अध्यक्ष * [[शान्ता क्षेत्री]] – सांसद * [[भीमबहादुर गुरुङ]] - [[सिक्किम]] का तेस्रो [[मुख्यमन्त्री]]। * [[बिमल गुरुङ]] – [[गोरखा जनमुक्ति मोर्चा]] (GJM) का नेता * [[विशाल लामा]] – [[कालचिनी (विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)]] का विधायक * [[भास्कर शर्मा]] – [[मार्गेरिटा (विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)]], असम का विधायक * [[डम्बरसिंह गुरुङ]] – भारतीय गोरखा प्रतिनिधि [[भारतको संविधान सभा]] * [[दावा नरबुला]] – [[भारतीय राष्ट्रिय कांग्रेस]] (INC), पूर्व [[संसद सदस्य, लोकसभा]] का सदस्य * [[गणेश कुमार लिम्बू]] – बरचाल्ला (विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र), [[आसाम]] का विधायक * [[मदन तामाङ]] – [[अखिल भारतीय गोरखा लीग]] (ABGL) का पूर्व अध्यक्ष * [[माला राज्यलक्ष्मी शाह]] - [[संसद सदस्य, लोकसभा]] [[टिहरी गढवाल]] * [[मोनी कुमार सुब्बा]] – सदस्य [[भारतीय राष्ट्रिय कांग्रेस|INC]], [[आसाम]] * [[नरबहादुर भण्डारी]] – [[सिक्किम]] का पूर्व मुख्यमन्त्री * [[रामप्रसाद शर्मा]] – [[संसद सदस्य|सांसद]] [[तेजपुर]] * [[पवन कुमार चाम्लिङ]] – [[सिक्किम]] का ५औं मुख्यमन्त्री, [[सिक्किम प्रजातान्त्रिक मोर्चा|सिक्किम डेमोक्रेटिक फ्रन्ट]] का संस्थापक रे अध्यक्ष रे भारतमी सबैभन्दा लामो समय सेवा गर्ने मुख्यमन्त्री।<ref>{{cite news |title=Pawan Kumar Chamling crosses Jyoti Basu's record as longest-serving Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pawan-kumar-chamling-becomes-longest-serving-chief-minister-surpassing-jyoti-basus-record/article23720589.ece/amp/ |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=29 April 2018 |language=en-IN |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730153041/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pawan-kumar-chamling-becomes-longest-serving-chief-minister-surpassing-jyoti-basus-record/article23720589.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[प्रेमसिंह तामाङ]] – [[सिक्किम]] का वर्तमान मुख्यमन्त्री, [[सिक्किम क्रान्तिकारी मोर्चा]] का संस्थापक। * [[प्रशान्त प्रधान]] – [[भारत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (मार्क्सवादी)|CPI(M)]] नेता * [[प्रेमदास राई]] – पूर्व [[संसद]] * [[सुवास घिसिङ]] – [[गोरखाल्याण्ड|भारतमा गोर्खाल्याण्ड आन्दोलन]]का संस्थापक रे राजनीतिक दल [[गोरखा नेशनल लिबरेशन फ्रन्ट|GNLF]] का संस्थापक * [[राजु बिष्ट]] – [[दार्जिलिङ]] (लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र), २०१९ का सांसद * [[दिलकुमारी भण्डारी]] – पूर्व रे पहिलो महिला [[संसद सदस्य]] [[सिक्किम]] बाटी। [[सिक्किम]] [[नरबहादुर भण्डारी|नरबहादुर भण्डारी]]की पूर्व [[मुख्यमन्त्री]]की पत्नी । जन्मस्थल [[दार्जिलिङ]] * [[नीरज जिम्बा]] – [[दार्जिलिङ]] का विधायक रे [[गोर्खा राष्ट्रिय मुक्ति मोर्चा]] का शीर्ष नेता। * [[इन्द्रहाङ सुब्बा]] – [[सिक्किम]] बाटी संसद सदस्य, २०१९ मी निर्वाचित। * [[रुदेन सदा लेप्चा]] – [[कालिम्पोंग]] का विधायक {{div col end}} === अरु === {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[बालकृष्ण]] : नेपाली मूलका भारतीय अर्बपति * [[द्रौपदी घिमिरे]] –सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, [[पद्मश्री]] पुरस्कार प्राप्तकर्ता। * [[तुलसी घिमिरे]] – फिल्म निर्देशक/निर्माता * [[महेन्द्र पी. लामा]] – [[सिक्किम विश्वविद्यालय]] का संस्थापक उपकुलपति * [[नितेश आर प्रधान]] – पत्रकार रे गायक * [[प्रतिमा पुरी]] – [[दूरदर्शन]] को पहिलो समाचार पाठक * [[रंगु सौरिया]] – सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता {{div col end}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[गोरखा जिल्ला]] * [[पृथ्वीनारायण शाह]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} qzzasx8kcvnj1z80eo4jgnu0on3neid 0 24482 270624 268106 2026-11-08T00:58:56Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = माला सिन्हा | image = Mala-Sinha_(cropped).jpg | imagesize = 200px | caption = माला सिन्हा | birth_name = अल्दा सिन्हा | birth_date = ११ नोभेम्बर १९३६ (उमेर ८७) | birth_place = कलकत्ता, [[बङ्गाल प्रेसिडेन्सी]], [[ब्रिटिश राज|ब्रिटिश भारत]] (वर्तमान दिन [[कोलकाता]], [[पश्चिम बंगाल]], [[भारत]]) | years_active = १९४६-२००० | occupation = [[अभिनेत्री]] | nationality = भारतीय | spouse = {{marriage|चिदम्बरम प्रसाद लोहनी|1966}} | children = [[प्रतिभा सिन्हा]] | parents = }} '''अल्दा सिन्हा''' (जन्म ११ नोभेम्बर १९३६), उनको स्टेज नाम माला सिन्हाले परिचित, एक पूर्व भारतीय अभिनेत्री हुन् जसले हिन्दी, बंगाली रे नेपाली चलचित्रहरूमी काम गरिसकेकी छिन्। प्रारम्भिक रूपमी क्षेत्रीय सिनेमाबाटी आफ्नो करियर सुरु गरेकी, उनी १९५० को दशकको उत्तरार्ध, १९६० रे १९७० को शुरुवातमी हिन्दी सिनेमाको शीर्ष प्रमुख अभिनेत्री बनिन्। चार दशक लामो करियरमी, माला सिन्हा गुरु दत्तको प्यासा (१९५७) रे यश चोपडाको धुल का फूल (१९५९) जस्ता फिल्महरूबाटी प्रसिद्धिमी पुगिन्। पछि, उनले फिर सुभा होगी (१९५८), हरियाली और रास्ता, अनपध (दुबै १९६२), दिल तेरा दिवाना (१९६२), गुमराह, बहुरानी (दुबै १९६३), हिमालय कि भगवान मे (१९६५), आसरा (१९६६), आँखे, दो कलियां (दुबै १९६८), मरियम (१९७१) लगायत सय भन्दा बढी चलचित्र निर्माणमी अभिनय गरिन्। ।<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{cite journal |title=Trip down the memory lane with Mala Sinha |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/03/13/2373/index.html |journal=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 March 2001 |access-date=26 August 2011 |archive-date=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031174125/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/03/13/2373/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> उनी "साहसी दिवा" रे "महिला सिनेमाको मशाल वाहक" को रूपमी चिनिन्थे जुन उनीहरूको समय भन्दा अगाडि विचार गरिएका चलचित्रहरूको दायरामी बलियो महिला केन्द्रित रे अपरंपरागत भूमिकाहरू निबन्धको लागि। <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/guru-dutts-pyaasa-completes-58-years-mala-sinhas-character-in-this-classic-was-ahead-of-her-time-2633122.html |title=Guru Dutt's 'Pyaasa' completes 58 years: Mala Sinha's character in this classic was ahead of her time |date=19 February 2016 |access-date=27 December 2019 |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723085058/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/guru-dutts-pyaasa-completes-58-years-mala-sinhas-character-in-this-classic-was-ahead-of-her-time-2633122.html |url-status=live}}</ref> माला सिन्हालाई उत्तम कुमार, किशोर कुमार, देव आनन्द, धर्मेन्द्र, राज कुमार, राजेन्द्र कुमार, विश्वजीत, मनोज कुमार, राजेश खन्नाको विपरित भूमिकामी लगातार जोडी दिइयो। उनी १९५८ देखि १९६५ सम्म वैजयन्तीमालासँग सबैभन्दा धेरै पारिश्रमिक लिने अभिनेत्री थिइन्, १९६६ देखि १९६७ सम्म वैजयन्तीमालासँग दोस्रो, त्यसपछि १९६८ देखि १९७१ सम्म शर्मिला टैगोरसँग दोस्रो स्थानमी, १९७२-७३ मी साधना रे नंदासँग तेस्रो स्थानमी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magtheweekly.com/detail/3357-star-of-the-week-mala-sinha |title=Star of the week - MALA SINHA &#124; Bollywood Buzz - MAG THE WEEKLY |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129145535/http://www.magtheweekly.com/detail/3357-star-of-the-week-mala-sinha |url-status=live}}</ref> == प्रारम्भिक जीवन == माला सिन्हा नेपाली समतल क्षेत्रबाटी भारतको पश्चिम बंगालमी बसाइँ सरेर क्रिस्चियन नेपाली आमाबुवामा जन्मिएकी थिइन्। उनको बुबाको नाम अल्बर्ट सिन्हा थियो। मालाको प्रारम्भिक नाम अल्दा थियो रे कलकत्ता (अहिले कोलकाता) को स्कूलमी उनका साथीहरूले उनलाई [[डाल्डा]] (वनस्पतिको तेलको ब्रान्ड) भनेर बोलाएर जिस्काउने गर्थे, त्यसैले पहिलो काम पाएपछि उनले आफ्नो नाम बेबी नाजमा राखिन्। एक बाल कलाकार । पछि, एक अभिनेत्रीको रूपमी, उनले आफ्नो नाम माला सिन्हा राखिन्।<ref name="glamsham.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/13/nov/11-news-do-you-know-mala-sinha-is-christian-111303.asp# |title=Do you know Mala Sinha is Christian? |website=glamsham.com |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153257/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/13/nov/11-news-do-you-know-mala-sinha-is-christian-111303.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Features-Events/Features/10-less-known-facts-about-Mala-Sinha/articleshow/msid-3696038,curpg-3.cms |title=10 less known facts about Mala Sinha-Features-Features & Events-Indiatimes Movies - Page3 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504045420/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Features-Events/Features/10-less-known-facts-about-Mala-Sinha/articleshow/msid-3696038,curpg-3.cms |archive-date=4 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> बाल्यकालमी उनले नाच्न रे गाउन सिके । यद्यपि उनी [[अल इन्डिया रेडियो]] की एक स्वीकृत गायिका थिइन्, उनले फिल्महरूमी प्लेब्याक गायन गरेकी छैनन्। एक गायिकाको रूपमी, उनले १९४७ देखि १९७५ सम्म धेरै भाषाहरूमी स्टेज शो गरिसकेकी छिन्। == व्यक्तिगत जीवन == माला सिन्हा नेपाली मैदानबाटी भारतको पश्चिम बङ्गालमी बसाइसकेपछि नेपाली आमाबुवाको घरमी जन्मिएकी थिइन्। सिन्हाले सन् १९६६ मी कुमाउनी ब्राह्मण जातिका नेपाली अभिनेता चिदम्बर प्रसाद लोहनीसँग विवाह गरेका थिए । लोहनीको एस्टेट एजेन्सीको व्यवसाय थियो ।बिहेपछि उनी फिल्म सुटिङका ​​लागि मुम्बई आएर बस्ने गर्दथिन् भने श्रीमान् नेपालमै बसेर व्यवसाय चलाउन थालिन् । उनको विवाहबाटी एक छोरी छिन्: [[प्रतिभा सिन्हा]], जो पूर्व बलिउड अभिनेत्री हुन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=10&ID=8563&AlbumType=PG#talk |title=Happy Birthday Mala Sinha » - Picture 10 |publisher=Goodtimes.ndtv.com |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301174152/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=10&ID=8563&AlbumType=PG#talk |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/22dinesh.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Profiling Mala Sinha |work=Rediff.com |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213064953/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/22dinesh.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> १९९० को दशकको अन्त्यदेखि, दम्पती रे उनकी छोरी मुम्बईको बान्द्रामा एउटा बंगलामी बस्दै आएका छन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=15&ID=8563&AlbumType=PG#talk |title=Happy Birthday Mala Sinha » - Picture 15 |publisher=Goodtimes.ndtv.com |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180418/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=15&ID=8563&AlbumType=PG#talk |url-status=dead}}</ref>उनकी आमा अप्रिल २०१७ मी मृत्यु नहुँदासम्म उनको घरमै बसिन् । उनकी छोरीले माला सिन्हाको घरमी आवारा कुकुर रे बिरालोको हेरचाह गर्छिन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/mala-sinha-misses-the-camera-1.2154127 |title=Mala Sinha misses the camera |date=9 January 2018 |website=Gulf News |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064122/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/mala-sinha-misses-the-camera-1.2154127 |url-status=live}}</ref> == फिल्मोग्राफी == == पुरस्कार रे नामांकन == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! वर्ष ! पुरस्कार ! श्रेणी ! चलचित्र ! नतिजा |- |1965 |rowspan="2"|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] |rowspan="2"|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress (Hindi)|Best Actress (Hindi)]] |''[[Jahan Ara (film)|Jahan Ara]]'' |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://celebstopic.com/mala-sinha/ |title=Mala Sinha Age, Husband, Family, Biography & More |date=2 September 2018 |website=Celebrity biography, Height, Weight, Age, Wiki |language=en-US |access-date=25 May 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525150521/https://celebstopic.com/mala-sinha/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |1967 |''[[Himalay Ki God Mein]]'' |{{won}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- |1960 |rowspan="5"|[[Filmfare Awards]] |rowspan="4"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] |''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' |{{nom}} |- |1964 |''[[Bahurani (1963 film)|Bahurani]]'' |{{nom}} |- |1965 |''[[Jahan Ara (film)|Jahan Ara]]'' |{{nom}} |- |1966 |''[[Himalay Ki God Mein]]'' |{{nom}} |- |2018 |[[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] |{{N/A|Herself}} |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/filmfare-2018-mala-sinha-awarded-lifetime-achievement-honour-says-awards-dont-matter-1638141.html |title=Filmfare 2018: Mala Sinha Awarded Lifetime Achievement Honour; Says Awards Don't Matter |date=22 January 2018 |access-date=27 December 2019 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227092556/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/filmfare-2018-mala-sinha-awarded-lifetime-achievement-honour-says-awards-dont-matter-1638141.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |2007 |[[Screen Awards]] |[[Screen Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] |{{N/A|Herself}} |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hrithik-kareena-clinch-screen-awards/top/30517-8.html |title=Hrithik, Kareena clinch Screen Awards |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=16 June 2007 |access-date=24 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014024316/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hrithik-kareena-clinch-screen-awards/top/30517-8.html |archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> |} ;अन्य सम्मान *२००४ - सिक्किम सरकार द्वारा सिक्किम सम्मान पुरस्कार<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040715/asp/siliguri/story_3496329.asp |location=Calcutta, India |work=The Telegraph |title=Few facts about Bollywood's former heroine |date=15 July 2004 |access-date=25 June 2011 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102091216/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040715/asp/siliguri/story_3496329.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> * २००५ - [[राष्ट्रिय चलचित्र पुरस्कार (नेपाल)]] - समीक्षक पुरस्कार - ''[[माइतीघर]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2005-lowest-openers-in-u-k/ |title=&#124; Bollywood News &#124; Hindi Movies News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 January 2006 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302211816/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2005/07/11/5476/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dev-anand-honoured-with-nepals-film-excellence-award/311139|title=Outlook India Magazine Online- Read News India, Latest News Analysis, World, Sports, Entertainment &#124; Best Online Magazine India|access-date=2024-03-17|archive-date=2021-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204090931/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dev-anand-honoured-with-nepals-film-excellence-award/311139|url-status=dead }}</ref> * २०१३ - Kelvinator GR8! महिला पुरस्कार: लाइफटाइम अचिभमेन्ट अवार्ड<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=77 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040344/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=77 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com |publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> * 2017 - LG फिल्म अवार्ड - ''[[माइतीघर]]'' को लागि विशेष सम्मान<ref>{{cite web |url=https://xnepali.net/tag/lg-film-award/ |title=Nepal & Nepali |date=19 September 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * २०२१ - दीनानाथ मंगेशकर विशेष पुरस्कार: सिनेमामा योगदान<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/nana-patekar-mala-sinha-and-others-felicitated-with-master-deenanath-mangeshkar-awards-2413406.html/amp|title=Nana Patekar, Mala Sinha and others felicitated with Master Deenanath Mangeshkar Awards }}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == *{{IMDb name|0802366}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050404054638/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tales/mala_sinha.html A Biography] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130929154944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-13/news-interviews/42040369_1_mala-sinha-phir-subah-hogi-hariyali-aur-rasta Mala Sinha's love story-The Times Of India] *[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/22dinesh.htm The Star Power of Mala Sinha] *[http://cineplot.com/mala-sinha-random-thoughts-on-life-as-an-actress/ Mala Sinha&nbsp;– Random thoughts on life as an actress] *[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051126/cth1.htm#6|Trip down the memory lane with Mala Sinha] {{Authority control}} 3eeep08ln5l871qxg9m0p5recfcgu1s 0 24508 270633 260645 2026-11-08T01:05:42Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = कप्तान | name = राम सिंह ठकुरी | spouse = प्रेमु ठकुरी | image = | caption = | birth_date = १५ अगस्ट १९१४ | birth_place = खन्यारा, [[धर्मशाला]], [[पन्जाब प्रान्त (ब्रिटिश भारत)|पन्जाब प्रान्त]], [[ब्रिटिश राज|ब्रिटिश भारत]] <br />{{small|(अहिले [[हिमाचल प्रदेश]], [[भारत]])}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2002|04|15|1914|08|15}} | death_place = भैसाकुण्ड, [[उत्तर प्रदेश]], [[भारत]] | placeofburial = | placeofburial_label = | placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nickname = | birth_name = | allegiance = {{flag|British India}}<br/>{{flag|Azad Hind}}<br/>{{flag|India}} | branch = {{army|British India}}<br/>{{flagicon|Azad Hind}} [[Indian National Army]]<br/>{{army|India}} | serviceyears = १९४२–१९७४ | rank = [[File:India-Army-OR-6.svg|30px]] [[Company Havildar Major]] | servicenumber = | unit = [[File:1st Gorkha rifles Insignia (India).svg|30px]] [[1st Gorkha Rifles]] | commands = | battles = [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] War | battles_label = | awards = [[File:UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[King George VI Coronation Medal]] | relations = | laterwork = ब्यान्ड मास्टर | signature = }} '''राम सिंह ठकुरी''' (१५ अगस्ट १९१४ - १५ अप्रिल २००२) एक भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी, संगीतकार रे संगीतकार थिए।<ref name=Toi>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/INA-hero-Ram-Singh-dead/articleshow/7007390.cms|title=INA hero Ram Singh dead &#124; Lucknow News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 April 2002 |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>उनले भारतीय राष्ट्रिय सेनामी सेवा गर्दै गर्दा ''कदम कदम बडाए जा'' रे ''सुभ सुख चेन'' लगायत देशभक्तिपूर्ण गीतहरू रचना गरे। पछि, क्याप्टेन सिंहले उत्तर प्रदेश प्रान्तीय सशस्त्र कान्स्टेबुलरी (पीएसी) को लागि काम गरे रे कन्स्टेबुलरी ब्यान्ड स्थापना गरे। ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन == क्याप्टेन राम सिंह ठकुरीको जन्म अगस्ट १५, १९१४ मी धर्मशाला नजिकैको भगसु खनियारा गाउँमी भएको थियो। उनका बुबा हवलदार देलिप सिंहले राम सिंहलाई सेनामी भर्ना गर्न तयार पारे। माध्यमिक परीक्षा पास गरेपछि उनी सन् १९२७ मी भारतीय गोर्खा राइफल्समी धर्मशाला क्यान्टोनमेन्टमी ब्यान्डमा भर्ती भए। "मलाई मेरो हजुरबुवा नाथु चन्दबाटी संगीत सिक्न प्रेरणा मिलेको थियो । पछि, मैले प्रख्यात बेलायती संगीतकार ह्याडसन रे डेनिसबाटी आर्मीमी ब्रास ब्यान्ड, स्ट्रिङ ब्यान्ड रे डान्स ब्यान्डको तालिम लिएँ। उनले क्याप्टेन रोजबाटी भायोलिन पनि सिके । <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020504/windows/main2.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Feature}}</ref> ==सेवा== आर्मीमी, सिंहले आफ्नो सेवासँग संगीतप्रतिको माया जोडे। उनले शास्त्रीय रे पश्चिमी संगीतका साथै ब्यालेड, ब्रास ब्यान्ड, स्ट्रिङ ब्यान्ड रे डान्स ब्यान्डमी तालिम लिए। संगीतका अलावा उनलाई फुटबल, खेलकुद रे कुस्तीमी पनि रुचि थियो ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020504/windows/main2.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Feature}}</ref> ===ब्रिटिश भारतीय सेना=== सिंहले सन् १९३७ रे १९३९ को बीचमी खैबर-पख्तुनख्वामी सेवा गर्दा राजा जर्ज छैठौं पदक जितेका थिए। सन् १९४१ मी कम्पनी हवलदार मेजरमी बढुवा भएर दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धको दौडान उनलाई सिङ्गापुर रे मलाया पठाइयो। ===भारतीय राष्ट्रिय सेना=== डिसेम्बर सन् १९४१ मी, जापानी सेनाले मलाया-थाइल्याण्ड सीमामी आक्रमण गरे रे ब्रिटिश सेनालाई पछि हट्न बाध्य पार्यो। जापानीहरूले करिब २०० भारतीय सैनिकलाई गिरफ्तार गरेका थिए। फेब्रुअरी १५, १९४२ मी जापानले सिंगापुरलाई जितेको थियो, जसको फलस्वरूप आईएनएलाई भरपर्दो भयो। क्याप्टेन राम सिंह पनि जापानीहरुको चंगुलबाटी मुक्त हुन आईएनएमी सामेल भए । सुभाष चन्द्र बोसले एक समर्पित संगीत निर्देशकको रूपमी क्याप्टेन राम सिंहको प्रतिभालाई प्रयोग गर्न महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेलेका थिए। क्याप्टेन राम सिंहले सम्झाए, "सुभाषजीले मलाई कौमी तरानाको धुन यति शक्तिशाली रे प्रेरणादायी हुनुपर्दछ कि जब आईएनएका सिपाहीहरूले त्यसैलाई प्रस्तुत गर्दछन्, यसले सिपाहीहरूको मात्र होइन, लाखौं भारतीयहरूको आत्मालाई पनि उत्तेजित तुल्याउनुपर्दछ भनेर भन्नुभयो, जसरी हामीले जारी राख्यौं। सिंगापुरको देदाद्री क्याम्पमी कौमी तराना अभ्यास गर्दै। कौमी तरानाको बारेमा सुभाष चन्द्र बोसले बोलेका शब्दहरू म स्पष्ट रूपमी सम्झन्छु। उनले भनेका थिए, ‘राम सिंह, जुन दिन सिंगापुरको क्याथे बिल्डिङमी इन्डियन नेशनल आर्मी बनेर ‘सुभ सुख चैं कि बरखा बरसे’ गीत बज्नेछ । गीतमी यस्तो अमिट प्रभाव रे बल हुनुपर्छ कि क्याथे बिल्डिंग दुई भागमी टुक्रियोस् रे आकाश देखिनु पर्छ। भारतको तिरंगामी सिधै देवी-देवताले फूलको वर्षा गर्नेछन्।’ ३१ अक्टोबर १९४३ मी आइएनए सत्तामी आयो रे मेरो आर्केस्ट्राले कौमी तराना बजाएको थियो। क्याथे भवन गर्जन संग प्रतिध्वनित भयो। यो ब्रिटिश शासनबाटी भारतलाई स्वतन्त्र गराउने विनम्र कदम थियो।" सन् १९४४ मी, क्याप्टेन राम सिंहलाई सुभाष चन्द्र बोसले स्वर्ण पदकले सम्मानित गरेका थिए। "सिंगापुरबाटी रंगुन गएपछि स्वर्ण पदक रंगुन पठाइयो। नेताजी चाहन्थे कि कुनै ऐतिहासिक दिनमी भारत सरकारले मलाई स्वर्ण पदक प्रदान गरोस्। तर यो हुन सकेन । पछि २३ जनवरी, १९४४ मी सबै आईएनए अधिकारीहरूको उपस्थितिमा रङ्गुनमा जनरल लोकानन्दले मलाई यो स्वर्ण पदक प्रदान गरे। नेताजीले एउटा उद्धरण पठाउनुभएको थियो जुन समारोहमी पढेर सुनाइएको थियो: "आज हामी क्याप्टेन राम सिंहलाई उनको सांगीतिक सिर्जनाको लागि INA को सर्वोच्च कमाण्डको तर्फबाटी स्वर्ण पदक प्रदान गर्दैछौं।" INA को यो कौमी तराना पूर्वी एशियामी बसोबास गर्ने 30 लाख हिन्दुस्तानीहरूले गाएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020504/windows/main2.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Feature}}</ref> ==पुरस्कार== आफ्नो लामो क्यारियरमी, क्याप्टेन राम सिंहले धेरै पुरस्कारहरू कमाए जसमी समावेश छ:<ref>{{citation| url=http://www.merapahad.com/cap-ram-singh-thakur-musician-of-indian-national-anthem| title=कैप्टन राम सिंह: राष्ट्रगान के धुन निर्माता| publisher=Blog Network of Uttarakhand| access-date=4 December 2009| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812181853/http://www.merapahad.com/cap-ram-singh-thakur-musician-of-indian-national-anthem/| archivedate=12 August 2010| url-status=dead}}</ref> *जर्ज VI पदक, 1937 *नेताजी स्वर्ण पदक (आजाद हिन्द), 1943 *उत्तर प्रदेश 1 राज्यपाल स्वर्ण पदक, 1956 *राष्ट्रपति प्रहरी पदक, १९७२ *UP संगीत नाटक अकादमी (UP संगीत र नाटक अकादमी) पुरस्कार, 1979 *सिक्किम सरकार मित्रसेन पुरस्कार, 1993 *1996 मी पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार द्वारा पहिलो आजाद हिन्द फौज पुरस्कार == सन्दर्भहरू == {{Reflist}} {{-}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Ram Singh}} az30bchkqdm8fm0juv3enj2atn36ra2 0 24511 270584 259250 2026-11-08T00:12:38Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = लुइस ब्याङ्क्स | image = | caption = | background = एकल गायन | birth_name = डम्बर बहादुर बुडापीर्थी | alias = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|2|11|df=y}} | birth_place = [[दार्जिलिङ|दार्जीलिङ]], [[भारत]] | instrument = [[पियानो]], [[trumpet]], [[गितार]], [[कीबोर्ड]] | genre = [[ज्याज]], [[रङ्गमञ्च]], [[विश्व संगीत]] | occupation = कम्पोजर, [[संगीत निर्देशक]], गायक, वाद्यबादक | years_active = 1982-हाल | label = | associated_acts }} '''लुइस ब्याङ्क्स''' जन्म ११ फेब्रुअरी १९४१ (बाल्यकालको नाम '''डम्बर बहादुर बुढापीर्थी''') नेपाली संगीतकार हुन्। यिनी पियानोवादक तथा ज्याज संगीतकारका रूपमी विश्व प्रसिद्ध छन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060923/asp/calcutta/story_6776347.asp|title=The big daddy of jazz|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=13 October 2009}}</ref> ११ फेब्रुअरी १९४१ मी दार्जीलिङमी जन्मेका ब्याङ्सले आफ्ना बाबु जर्ज ब्याङ्क्स (पुष्कल बहादुर बुडापीर्थी)बाटी संगीतको प्रारम्भिक शिक्षा लिएका थिए। भारतीय सेनाका ब्याग-पाइपर बाबुको साथमी यिनी कोलकाता पुगेका थिए जहाँ यिनले संगीतको उच्च शिक्षा हासिल गरे। बाबु जर्जले विश्वप्रसिद्ध ज्याज पियानोवादक लुई आर्मस्ट्रङको नामबाटी यिनको नाम लुईस ब्याङ्क्स राखिदिएका थिए।<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/123142|title=यी हुन् हाम्रा डम्बरबहादुर (लुइ ब्याङ्क्स), जसलाई ‘गडफादर अफ इन्डियन जाँज’ भनिन्छ !=[[हिमालखबर अनलाइन]]|accessdate=११ जुलाई २०२३|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322120345/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/123142|archive-date=2024-03-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> यिनका बाजे बखतबीर बुडापीर्थी नेपाली सेनाका ब्याण्ड मास्टर थिए जसले नेपालको पुरानो राष्ट्रगान ''[[श्रीमान् गम्भीर|श्रीमान् गम्भीर नेपाली]]'' मी संगीत भरेका थिए।<ref name=ej>[http://www.ejazznews.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=5456&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 Ethnic Nepali is "India's Jazz King"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209210307/http://ejazznews.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=5456&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 |date=9 December 2010 }} ejazznews.com. Tuesday, 13 December 2005.</ref> ==व्यक्तिगत जीवन== उनले मूलतः भारतकी लोरेन<ref name=ej/> सँग विवाह गरेका हुन्। उनीहरुका चार सन्तान आन्द्रे, गिनो बैंक्स, नील रे मोनिक छन् । Gino Banks एक कुशल ड्रमर रे फ्युजन ब्यान्ड 'Nexus' को सदस्य हो। उनीहरु झुमुम्बसीमी बस्छन् == फिल्मोग्राफी == <!--what does this mean?.. Did he composed?--> {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ccc;" ! वर्ष !! चलचित्र |- | 1982 || An August Requiem |- | 1986 || [[New Delhi Times (film)|New Delhi Times]] |- | 1986 || [[Kala Dhanda Goray Log]] |- | 1990 || [[Vembanad (film)|Vembanad]] |- | 1991 || [[Hum (film)|Hum]] |- | 1991 || Lakshmanrekha |- | 1992 || [[Suryavanshi (film)|Suryavanshi]] |- | 1992 || [[Aasmaan Se Gira]] |- | 1993 || [[Divya Shakti]] |- | 1994 || [[Insaniyat (1994 film)|Insaniyat]] |- | 1995 || God and Gun |- | 1995 || [[Barsaat (1995 film)|Barsaat]] |- | 1998 || [[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]] |- | 2000 || Punaradhivasam (Co-Composed by Sivamani) |- | 2002 || [[Bokshu – The Myth]] |- | 2004 || God Only Knows! |} ==डिस्कोग्राफी== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ccc;" ! वर्ष !! एल्बम |- | 1997 || The Freedom Run |- | 2005 || Love is in the air – Music for romance 1 |- | 2005 || Love is in the air – Music for romance 2 |- | 2008 || Miles from India |- | 2008 || Floating Point – John McLaughlin |- | 2011 || Moonlight in Goa |- | 2011 || Labyrinth |- | 2011 || Solo Piano Ballads |- |2016 |GANGASHAKTI |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:जीवनी]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली संगीतकारअन]] 83u0s5g4h0hg1trdkou6ifzzcpxj1n8 0 24514 270560 265482 2026-11-07T23:27:57Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = एड्रियन प्रधान | image = Adrian Pradhan (cropped).jpg | caption = खड्गी महोत्सव २०७५ (२०१९) मा एड्रियन प्रधान | birth_place = कालिम्पोङ, [[पश्चिम बंगाल]], [[भारत]] | genre = {{hlist|[[रक संगीत|रक]]|नेपाली लोक रक}} | occupation = {{hlist|संगीतकार | गायक | ड्रमर}} | instrument = गिटार | current_member_of = [[1974 AD]] (1994–2015, 2019–present) | past_member_of = {{hlist|Eurika|Flames|Adrian Pradhan & friends (2016–2019)}} }} '''एड्रियन प्रधान''' (जन्म १८ अगस्ट) नेपाली संगीतका भारतीय गायक, संगीतकार रे गीतकार हुन्। उनको जन्म भारतको पश्चिम बंगालको कालिम्पोङमी भएको थियो। उनी नेपाली रक ब्याण्ड १९७४ ए.डीका प्रमुख सदस्य हुन्।<ref>{{citation|title = Adrian Pradhan MP3 Songs|url = http://www.sanjan.com.np/2010/11/adrian-pradhan-free-download-nepali-mp3.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://adrianpradhan.com/profile.html|title=Adrian Pradhan's official website|website=adrianpradhan.com|accessdate=6 December 2018|archive-date=21 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021170520/http://adrianpradhan.com/profile.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/|title=Read online latest news and articles from Nepal.|website=kathmandupost.ekantipur.com|accessdate=6 December 2018|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404155300/http://www.kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=You searched for Adrians voice helps spread light|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/search/Adrians%20voice%20helps%20spread%20light/|access-date=31 July 2020|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=तपाईले खोज्नुभएको पृष्ठ भेटिएन । पृष्ठ सरेको वा हटाईएको हुनसक्छ...गृहपृष्ठ जानुहोस् » |url=https://ekantipur.com/2013/11/03/entertainment/concert-for-a-cause/380289.html |website=ekantipur.com |access-date=2024-03-21 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105071247/http://www.ekantipur.com/2013/11/03/entertainment/concert-for-a-cause/380289.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> प्रधान मार्च 2015 सम्म ब्यान्डको प्रमुख गायक थिए, त्यसपछि उनको स्थानमी रोहित जोन क्षेत्री थिए। प्रधान २०१९ मी ब्यान्डसँग पुन: जोडिए रे १९७४ AD सँग सम्बन्धित छ। ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन == प्रधानको सांगीतिक यात्रा सेन्ट अगस्टिन स्कूल, कालिम्पोङ, जहाँ उनी विद्यालयका गायकहरूको सदस्य थिए, स्कूलका वर्षहरूमी सुरु भएको थियो। माउथ अर्गन रे किबोर्ड उनको पहिलो उपकरण थियो रे उनले सन् १९८९ मी गिटार उठाए रे सन् १९९५ मी ड्रममी स्विच गरे। उनको पहिलो ब्यान्ड युरिका थियो जहाँ संगीत क्यारियरको जग राखिएको थियो। पछि उनी भारत भ्रमण गर्ने ब्यान्ड फ्लेम्ससँग संलग्न भए रे सन म्यागजिन (भारतीय संस्करण) मी चित्रित भए। == १९७४ AD संग == प्रधान १९७४ ए.डी १९९४ मी पियानोवादकको रूपमी सामेल भए। ब्यान्डका साथी फिरोज स्याङ्देनसँगै उनी ब्याण्डको अग्रपंक्तिमी थिए रे भोकल, ड्रम रे हर्मोनिका बजाउँथे। == मूल जोडी == २०१६ मी प्रधान फेरि एक पटक १९७४ ए.डी ब्यान्ड सदस्य फिरोज स्याङ्देनसँग 'द ओरिजिनल डुओ' नाममी पुनर्मिलन भए।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kantipurdaily.com/hello-sukrabar/2018/02/02/20180202093435.html|title=हिँड्दा–हिँड्दै|access-date=25 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232032/https://www.kantipurdaily.com/hello-sukrabar/2018/02/02/20180202093435.html|archivedate=25 March 2018|url-status=live|language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://medianp.com/2018/01/169992.html|title=एड्रिन प्रधान र फिरोज स्याङ्देनकाे ललितपुर, पोखरा र बुटवलमा कन्सर्ट हुँदै|last=Ltd|first=Deep Creation Pvt.|work=Medianp|access-date=25 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232033/http://medianp.com/2018/01/169992.html|archivedate=25 March 2018|url-status=live|language=en-US}}</ref> उनीहरुले सन् २०१६ मी अमेरिकाका पाँच राज्यको भ्रमण र २०१७-१८ मी नेपाल, बेलायत रे अष्ट्रेलियासँगै गरेका थिए ।<ref>{{Citation|last=M&S VMAG|title=Former 1974 AD Phiroj Syangden and Adrian Pradhan get together for Nepal tour|date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhd3LMSE2KA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232032/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhd3LMSE2KA|url-status=live|accessdate=23 March 2018|archivedate=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nepaliechords.com/the-original-duo-phiroj-shyangden-adrian-pradhan-performing-live-kathmandu/|title=The Original Duo-Phiroj Shyangden & Adrian Pradhan Performing Live @Kathmandu – Nepali E-Chords|website=www.nepaliechords.com|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151851/http://www.nepaliechords.com/the-original-duo-phiroj-shyangden-adrian-pradhan-performing-live-kathmandu/|archivedate=16 March 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hallanepal.com/2018/01/13/former-1974-ad-members-tour-around-nepal/|title=Former 1974 AD Members to Tour Around Nepal - halla!|date=13 January 2018|work=halla!|access-date=15 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316152020/http://hallanepal.com/2018/01/13/former-1974-ad-members-tour-around-nepal/|archivedate=16 March 2018|url-status=live|language=en-US}}</ref> ==एल्बमहरू== *एड्रियन प्रधान डिस्कोग्राफी (एकल) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! एल्बमको नाम ! रिलिज वर्ष |- | ''Aaja'' | 2002 |- | ''Ballads'' | 2006 |- | ''Janani'' | 2008 |- | ''Saath'' | 2011 |- | ''Khoosi'' | 2013 |- |''Abhiwaadan'' |2015 |} *एड्रियन प्रधान डिस्कोग्राफी (१९७४ AD को साथ) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! एल्बमको नाम ! रिलिज वर्ष |- | ''Time Out'' | 1996 |- | ''Samjhi Baschhu'' | 1998 |- | ''Satabdi'' | 2001 |- | ''Jungi Nishan'' | 2002 |- | ''Limited Edition'' | 2002 |- | ''Pinjada Ko Suga'' | 2004 |- | ''On Air'' | 2007 |- | ''Aath Athara'' | 2010 |- | ''Nirantarta'' | 2019 |} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नवनीत आदित्य वाइबा]] * [[फिरोज स्याङ्देन]] ==सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist|2}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTLuiMwrYnCFncojNjwCjeQ Pradhan's YouTube channel] * [https://www.facebook.com/AdrianKoPage/ Pradhan's Facebook Page] * [https://www.adrianpradhan.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911115549/http://www.adrianpradhan.com/ |date=2018-09-11 }} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Adrian}} jf6z3c8nn1cvff0u5x1ki7ltucfwpoo 0 24515 270606 259259 2026-11-08T00:43:56Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|American-Nepali singer, guitarist, composer, songwriter}} {{Infobox musical artist | honorific_prefix = | name = फिरोज स्याङ्देन | honorific_suffix = | background = solo_singer | image = Phiroj Shyangden.jpg | image_size = | image_upright = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = फिरोज स्याङ्देन | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year unless the exact date is already WIDELY published, as per [[WP:DOB]] --> | birth_place = [[दार्जिलिङ]], [[पश्चिम बंगाल]], [[भारत]] | origin = काठमाडौं र दार्जिलिङ | genre = नेपाली रॉक, लोक | occupation = गायक, गीतकार, गिटारवादक, संगीतकार, संगीत शिक्षक | instrument = गिटार, भोकल | years_active = १९९०–वर्तमान | label = | current_member_of = [[1974 AD]] | associated_acts = | website = | module = | module2 = | module3 = }} '''फिरोज स्याङ्देन''' एक नेपाली गायक (अमेरिकी नागरिक), गिटारवादक, संगीतकार, नेपाली भाषाका गीतकार हुन्। उहाँ ब्यान्ड 1974 AD<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://himalkhabar.com/news/3117|title=न्यूरोडबाट न्यूयोर्कसम्म|website=himalkhabar.com|access-date=2018-03-25|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226214531/http://himalkhabar.com/news/3117|archivedate=2018-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hatteri.com/music/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D/|title=मेरो पहिलो गिटार – फिरोज स्याङ्देन, 1974 AD {{!}} WWW.HATTERI.COM|website=hatteri.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-25|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232032/http://hatteri.com/music/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D/|archivedate=2018-03-25}}</ref> रे The Original Duo को संस्थापक सदस्य हुनुहुन्छ। स्याङ्देन अमेरिकाको न्युयोर्कमी बस्छन्। == प्रारम्भिक जीवन == फिरोज स्याङ्देन खार्के स्याङ्देन (बुवा) रे स्वर्गीय नरबदा स्याङ्देन (आमा) को टुकवर चिया बगान, दार्जिलिङ, भारतमी जन्मेका थिए। उनी टुकवर, दार्जिलिङको बेटेन हाई स्कूल गए रे सन् १९८६ मी भारतको उत्तर बंगाल विश्वविद्यालयको दार्जिलिङ सरकारी कलेजमी आफ्नो कलेज डिग्री पूरा गरे। स्याङ्देन स्वयम् सिकाइएका गायक हुन् रे दार्जिलिङका प्रख्यात संगीत शिक्षक जीवन प्रधान (दार्जिलिङ मेलोडी एकेडेमी) बाट पश्चिमी शास्त्रीय संगीत (गिटार) पढेका छन्। स्याङ्देन सन् १९९० मी काठमाडौं आएर ललितपुरको ज्ञानोदय विद्यालयमी संगीत शिक्षकको रूपमी काम गरे ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.texasnepal.com/featured-personality-phiroj-shyangden/|title=Phiroj Shyangden – Personality of the Month for November 2009|date=2009-11-01|work=TexasNepal|access-date=2018-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312144111/https://www.texasnepal.com/featured-personality-phiroj-shyangden/|archivedate=2018-03-12|url-status=live|language=en-US}}</ref> == 1974 A.D को गठन रे संगीत क्यारियर == [[File:Phiroj Shyangden.jpg|alt=Phiroj Shyangden Live|thumb|'''फिरोज स्याङ्देन लाइभ'''|311x311px]] स्याङ्देनले निराकार याक्थुम्बा (बास गिटार) रे भानु अहमद (ड्रम) सँग मिलेर सन् १९७४ मी काठमाडौंको ललितपुरस्थित ज्ञानोदय विद्यालयमी शिक्षक हुँदा 1974 A.D ब्यान्ड गठन गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dwitnews.com/1974-ad|title=Get To Know 1974 AD|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217021307/http://dwitnews.com/1974-ad/|archivedate=2018-02-17}}</ref> यस अवधिमा स्याङ्देनले ब्यान्डका लागि अधिकांश लेखन रे रचनाहरू गरे। प्रारम्भमी ब्यान्डले पश्चिमी रक संगीत बजाउँदथियो र ब्रायन एडम्स, डीप पर्पल रे अन्य विभिन्न रक कार्यहरू कभर गर्यो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.last.fm/music/1974+AD/+wiki|title=Phiroj Shyangden - Musical Beginning|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726090740/http://www.last.fm/music/1974+AD/+wiki|archivedate=2016-07-26}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+यस अवधिमा 1974 A.D संग गीतहरू !शीर्षक ! Contribution |- |Gurasai fulyo |lyrics/music/ vocal     |- |Chithi |lyrics/music/ vocal     |- |Hidda hiddai    |lyrics |- |Timro maya le    |lyrics/ music/ vocal     |- |Chaubandi choli     |lyrics/ music/ vocal    |- |Mildaina katha haru    |lyrics/ music/ vocal   |- |Pathai deu na    |lyrics/ music/ vocal   |- |Kahile kahile    |lyrics/ music/vocal   |- |Bhuli deu    |lyrics/ music/ vocal   |- |Hijo matra timilai    |lyrics/ music/ vocal   |- |Mutu bhari bhari    |lyrics   |- |Pahilo juni ma    |lyrics   |- |Samjhi baschhu    |lyrics / music/ vocal (except the English part) |- |Baru malai sustari |lyrics/  music vocal |- |Parelima |vocal   |- |Bacha ani bachna deu   |lyrics/ music/ vocal   |- |Deurali bhanjyang    |lyrics/ vocal   |- |Mayalule |lyrics/music/ vocal   |- |Timilai pirathi le     |lyrics/ music/ vocal   |- |Chari |lyrics / music/ vocal |- |Chhudaina timro mayale     |lyrics   |- |Sajhako bela |lyrics/ music/ vocal   |- |Chyangba & the bloody revolution     |lyrics / music/ vocal (except the English part) |- |Ma timrai huh     |lyrics/ music   |- |Chhattima josh     |lyrics/ music/ vocal shared    |- |Swargadapi |lyrics/ music/ vocal shared    |- |Kina chyangba     |lyrics/ music/ vocal   |- |Maanchhe ko jiwan     |lyrics/ music/ vocal shared    |- |Nirantarta |lyrics/ music/ vocal shared    |- |Maya bisaune chautari   |lyrics/ music/ vocal   |- |Sapana ko sanshar ma     |lyrics / vocal   |- |Saani ko risaune  baani     |lyrics/ music/ vocal |- |Bela bela     |lyrics/ music/ vocal   |} Shyangden left 1974 AD in 2008 amicably to pursue a solo career<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-14 |title=Phiroj Shyangden interview |url=http://nepalisite.com/you-will-have-more-control-on-what-you-want-to-do-when-you-are-a-solo-artist-says-phiroj-shyangden/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217021307/http://nepalisite.com/you-will-have-more-control-on-what-you-want-to-do-when-you-are-a-solo-artist-says-phiroj-shyangden/ |archivedate=2018-02-17}}</ref> and moved to [[New York City|New York]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हिमाल खबरपत्रिका {{!}} न्यूरोडबाट न्यूयोर्कसम्म |url=http://nepalihimal.com/article/13494 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426144129/http://nepalihimal.com/article/13494 |archivedate=2017-04-26 |access-date=2018-03-25 |website=nepalihimal.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-31 |title=Move to New York |url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/Nepali-Times-Buzz/Phiroj-shyangden-new-road-to-new-york,3623 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605171541/http://nepalitimes.com/article/Nepali-Times-Buzz/Phiroj-shyangden-new-road-to-new-york,3623 |archivedate=2017-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Capital Region group to bring famous Nepali singer to town |work=Times Union |url=https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Capital-Region-group-to-bring-famous-Nepali-12617468.php |url-status=live |access-date=2018-03-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092509/https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Capital-Region-group-to-bring-famous-Nepali-12617468.php |archivedate=2018-03-23}}</ref> He released a self-titled studio solo album, followed by ''Zindagi Asal Cha''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-24 |title=Solo Album 'Phiroj Shyangden' |url=http://www.cybersansar.com/article.php?aid=2187 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217021307/http://www.cybersansar.com/article.php?aid=2187 |archivedate=2018-02-17}}</ref><ref name="soloalbum">''[http://www.shop.muncha.com/6769/I/Phiroj-Shyangden-First-Solo-Album.aspx Phiroj Shyangden's First Solo Album by Taal Music] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217021307/http://www.shop.muncha.com/6769/I/Phiroj-Shyangden-First-Solo-Album.aspx|date=2018-02-17}}''</ref> == पुरस्कार (१९७४ A.D संग) == {| class="wikitable" |+ !श्रेणी !प्रस्तुतकर्ता !वर्ष |- |Best performance by group or duo with vocal |[[Hits FM (Nepal)|Hits FM Music Award]] |2000 |- |Best performance by group or duo with vocal |Sanmiguel Music Award |2000 |- |Best performance by group or duo with vocal |Hits FM Music Award |2002 |- |Best performance by group or duo with vocal |Hits FM Music Award |2004 |- |Best song with National feelings |[[Tuborg Image Awards|Image Award]] |2004 |- |Best performance by group or duo with vocal |Hits FM Music Award |2005 |- |Best Rock song |Image Award |2005 |- |Most air played song |[[Kantipur FM]] |2001 / 2002 / 2003 / 2004 |} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == *[[नवनीत आदित्य वाइबा]] *[[नेपालको सङ्गीत#अन्य प्रभावहरू|नेपालको सङ्गीत]] == सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == *[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiAdIQHNdjY_fzVuMObOcHg Phiroj Shyangden official YouTube channel] *[https://www.facebook.com/Phiroj-Shyangden-281762140542/ Phiroj Shyangden Facebook page] <!-- (Commenting this out because we generally don't keep lists of external articles like this, but if someone wants to use them to improve the article, or incorporate them as citations, that would be great.) *[http://neostuffs.com/2016/06/5455/ Here's why Phiroj Shyangden's latest song had me in tears, literally!] * [http://mydreamsmag.com/article/nepali-music-festival/ Behind the Scenes: Nepali Music Festival] * [https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/1974-ad-presents-hazaar-sapana/ 1974 AD presents Hazaar Sapana] * [http://pavementpieces.com/famous-in-kathmandu-anonymous-in-new-york/ Phiroj in New York] * [http://www.cybersansar.com/article.php?aid=2187 Phiroj Shyangden's coming up solo] * [http://www.nepaliechords.com/classical-piece-by-phiroj-shyangden/ Classical piece By Phiroj Shyangden] --> {{authority control}} evto7gvpd7ndv5uae09yi6n6trtkqwi 0 24577 270601 259403 2026-11-08T00:41:38Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=पिंकी मगर|image=|caption=|fullname=पिंकी बमपाल मगर|birth_date=१८ अप्रिल १९८६ (उमेर ३७)<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinky Bompal Magar |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/pinky-bompal/379272/ |website=Global Sports Archive |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216223451/https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/pinky-bompal/379272/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|birth_place=[[झारसुगुडा]],<ref name="pbm" /> [[ओडिशा]]|height=|position=[[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)]]|currentclub=|years1=|clubs1=[[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]|years2=|clubs2=[[Railways women's football team|Railways]]|nationalyears1=2005–2013|nationalteam1=[[India women's national football team|India]]|nationalcaps1=?|nationalgoals1=12}} '''पिंकी बमपाल मगर''' एक भारतीय पूर्व फुटबलर हुन् जसले फरवार्डको रूपमी खेलेका थिए।<ref name="AFC">{{Cite web|url=https://stats.the-afc.com/player/9222|title=PINKY BOMPAL MAGAR|website=AFC|access-date=27 March 2022|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327205126/https://stats.the-afc.com/player/9222|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pbm">{{cite web |title=Pinky Bompal Magar |url=http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NTI1Ng== |website=Orisports |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327205129/http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NTI1Ng%3D%3D |url-status=live }}</ref> उनी सेप्टेम्बर २०२२ मी अखिल भारतीय फुटबल महासंघको प्राविधिक समितिको सदस्यको रूपमी निर्वाचित भइन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/former-goalkeeper-kalyan-chaubey-appointed-new-aiff-president|title=Former goalkeeper Kalyan Chaubey appointed new AIFF President|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100011/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/former-goalkeeper-kalyan-chaubey-appointed-new-aiff-president|first=FPJ|last=Sports Desk|website=www.freepressjournal.com|publisher=The Free Press Journal|date=2 September 2022|access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-aiff-executive-committee-members-coopted-eminent-former-players-list|title=List of AIFF executive committee members & co-opted eminent players|date=2 September 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100030/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-aiff-executive-committee-members-coopted-eminent-former-players-list|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AIFF Executive Committee appoints Shaji Prabhakaran as new Secretary General|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-appoints-shaji-prabhakaran-as-new-secretary-general|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|language=en|date=3 September 2022|access-date=4 September 2022|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904095136/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-appoints-shaji-prabhakaran-as-new-secretary-general|archive-date=4 September 2022}}</ref> == क्यारियर == मगरको जन्म ओडिशाको झारसुगुडामी आमाबाबु राम बहादुर बोमपाल मगर रे पूर्णिमा देवीको घरमी भएको थियो।<ref name="pbm2" /> उनले वरिष्ठ महिला राष्ट्रिय फुटबल च्याम्पियनसिपमी ओडिशा रे रेलवे फुटबल टोलीको प्रतिनिधित्व गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name="pbm2" /> मगरले सन् २००६ को एएफसी महिला एसियाली कप छनोटमी गुआम विरुद्ध भारतका लागि डेब्यु गरेकी थिइन् रे खेलमी आफ्नो पहिलो गोल गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/jun/13foot.htm|title=Sujata Kar scores five for India|date=13 June 2005|website=Rediff3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216055221/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/jun/13foot.htm|archive-date=16 February 2022|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref> उनले २००८ AFC महिला एसियन कप छनोट रे २०१२ ओलम्पिक क्वालिफायरमी भारतको प्रतिनिधित्व गरे।<ref name="AFC2" /> उनी २०१० रे २०१२ SAFF महिला च्याम्पियनसिपमी खेलेको राष्ट्रिय विजेता टोलीको एक हिस्सा थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3289|title=Indian Women prove too hot for Bangladesh|date=5 January 2013|website=AIFF|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201023814/https://archive.ph/20130105001941/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3289|archive-date=1 December 2021|access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> सन् २०१२ को साफ महिला च्याम्पियनसिप संस्करणमी उनले भुटान विरुद्ध ह्याट्रिक गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3292|title=India toy with listless Bhutan|publisher=AIFF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104211010/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3292|archive-date=4 January 2013|accessdate=30 November 2019}}</ref> == सम्मान == '''भारत''' * [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010]], [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship|2012]] * [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2010 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2010]] '''उड़ीसा / ओडिशा''' * [[Senior Women's National Football Championship]]: 2010–11,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=MjcyOQ==|title=Orissa win maiden title in Senior Women NFC|date=18 May 2011|website=Orisports|access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref> runner-up: 2007–08, 2009–10 * [[National Games of India|National Games]] Silver medal: [[2015 National Games of India|2015]]<ref name="pbm2" /> '''रेलवे''' * [[Senior Women's National Football Championship]]: [[2015–16 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2015–16]] == सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:जिउना मान्सु]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय खेलाडीअन]] 8f74xtbnirh6jbz6n2u9i22v6gxub9c 0 24578 270603 260159 2026-11-08T00:42:09Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=पूरन बहादुर थापा|image=|image_size=|caption=|fullname=|birth_date=१९२८|birth_place=माथिल्लो मावप्रेम, [[सिलोङ]],<ref name="sptkd" /> [[ब्रिटिश भारत]] (अहिले [[मेघालय]])|death_date=|death_place=|height=|position=मिडफिल्डर|youthyears1=|youthclubs1=|years1=|clubs1=८ औं गोर्खा राइफल्स|caps1=|goals1=|years2=|clubs2=गोर्खा ब्रिगेड|caps2=|goals2=|years3=|clubs3=[[Services football team|Services]]|caps3=|goals3=|nationalyears1=|nationalteam1=[[India national football team|India]]|nationalcaps1=?|nationalgoals1=४}}'''पूरन बहादुर थापा'''(जन्म १९२८) एक भारतीय फुटबलर हुन् जसले भारत राष्ट्रिय टोली रे सर्भिस फुटबल टोलीका लागि खेलेका थिए। उनले इडेन गार्डेनमी सन् १९५४ कोलम्बो कपमी पाकिस्तानविरुद्ध ३–१ को जितमी राष्ट्रिय टोलीका लागि ह्याट्रिक गरेका थिए। शियो मेवालाल पछि अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय फुटबलमी स्वतन्त्रता पछि भारतीय फुटबलरको यो दोस्रो ह्याट्रिक थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/india-national-football-team-hat-tricks-sunil-chhetri-i-m-vijayan/qplapnzwg58j1rg5kg6yv1b8f|title=10 players who have scored a hat-trick while playing for Indian national team {{!}} Goal.com India|date=2020-04-22|website=www.goal.com|language=en-IN|access-date=2023-07-20|quote=Sheoo Mewalal scored the first hat-trick post-independence in a 4-0 win against Burma in the Colombo Quadrangular tournament.}}</ref><ref name="sptkd2">{{cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/puran-bahadur-thapa-indias-first-hat-trick-man|title=Puran Bahadur Thapa: India's first hat-trick man|last1=Kapadia|first1=Novy|date=24 April 1983|publisher=Sportskeeda}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/mizoram/meet-indias-first-hat-trick-scorer-from-meghalaya/cid2525650.htm|title=Meet India’s first hat-trick scorer from Meghalaya|date=16 June 2018|publisher=The Northeast Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627043126/https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/mizoram/meet-indias-first-hat-trick-scorer-from-meghalaya/cid2525650.htm|archive-date=27 June 2023|access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/who-was-the-first-indian-score-international-hat-trick-football/|title=Who was the first Indian to score an international hat-trick in football|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Sayan|date=10 December 2020|publisher=The Bridge}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/international-hattrick-indian-footballers-sunil-chhetri/article31493307.ece|title=International hat-tricks scored by Indian footballers|date=3 May 2020|publisher=Sportstar|quote=Two years after Mewalal, Puran Bahadur Thapa bagged a hat-trick to steer India to a 3-1 triumph against Pakistan in the Calcutta Quadrangular tournament held at the Eden Gardens.}}</ref> == क्यारियर == थापा भारतीय सेनाका अधिकृत थिए<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/no-country-strikers-forgotten-goal-poachers-indian-football|title=No Country for Strikers: The Forgotten Goal Poachers of Indian Football|last=Basu|first=Jaydeep|date=26 February 2020|website=newsclick.in|access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> र सन्तोष ट्रफी र घरेलु प्रतियोगिताहरूमी गोर्खा ब्रिगेड र सर्भिसको प्रतिनिधित्व गरेका थिए।<ref name="sptkd2" /> == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गोल == : ''स्कोर र नतिजाले भारतको गोल तालिका पहिले सूचीबद्ध गर्दछ।'' {| class="wikitable" !संख्या !मिति !स्थान !विरोधी !नतिजा !प्रतिस्पर्धा |- |१. |२३ डिसेम्बर १९५४ |[[Calcutta FC Ground]], [[Calcutta]], [[India]] |{{fb|Burma|1948}} | align="center" |२–१ |[[1954 Colombo Cup]] |- |२. | rowspan="3" |२६ डिसेम्बर १९५४ | rowspan="3" |[[Calcutta FC Ground]], [[Calcutta]], [[India]] | rowspan="3" |{{fb|PAK}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |३–१ | rowspan="3" |[[1954 Colombo Cup]] |- |३. |- |४. |- |} == सम्मान == '''भारत''' * [[Colombo Cup]]: [[1954 Colombo Cup|1954]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/brindies-quad.html#54|title=Asian Quadrangular Tournament 1954 (Calcutta, India)|last=Morrison|first=Neil|date=1999|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927000411/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/brindies-quad.html|archive-date=27 September 2022|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> [[1955 Colombo Cup|1955]]<ref name="sptkd2" /> == सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:जिउना मान्सु]] 1l5eobhmnzlc2w8fgczjel37mo45ktr 0 24623 270643 259564 2026-11-08T01:19:03Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{अनुवाद}} {{Infobox football biography | name = सुनिल क्षेत्री | fullname = सुनिल क्षेत्री | image = | caption = क्षेत्री २०२२ मी बेंगलुरुमी प्रशिक्षण गर्दै | birth_date = ३ अगस्ट १९८४ (उमेर ३९)<ref name=SWProfile>{{cite web|title=Sunil Chhetri|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sunil-chhetri/64395/|work=Soccerway|access-date=21 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910121819/http://int.soccerway.com/players/sunil-chhetri/64395/|archive-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> | birth_place = [[सिकन्दराबाद]], [[आन्ध्र प्रदेश]], भारत (वर्तमान दिन [[तेलङ्गाना]])<ref name="SWProfile"/> | height = 1.70 m<ref name="SWProfile"/> | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] | currentclub = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] | clubnumber = 11 | youthclubs1 = City Club Delhi<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2002.html|title=Season ending Transfers 2002: India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217030450/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2002.html|archive-date=17 February 2020|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=1 July 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> | youthyears1 = 2001–2002 | clubs1 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] | years1 = 2002–2005 | caps1 = 18 | goals1 = 8 | years2 = 2005–2008 | clubs2 = [[JCT FC|JCT]] | caps2 = 48 | goals2 = 22 | years3 = 2008–2009 | clubs3 = [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] | caps3 = 17 | goals3 = 9 | years4 = 2009–2010 | clubs4 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] | caps4 = 13 | goals4 = 8 | years5 = 2010 | clubs5 = [[Sporting Kansas City|Kansas City Wizards]] | caps5 = 0 | goals5 = 0 | years6 = 2011 | clubs6 = [[United SC|Chirag United]] | caps6 = 7 | goals6 = 7 | years7 = 2011–2012 | clubs7 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] | caps7 = 14 | goals7 = 8 | years8 = 2012–2013 | clubs8 = [[Sporting CP B]] | caps8 = 3 | goals8 = 0 | years9 = 2013 | clubs9 = → [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] (loan) | caps9 = 8 | goals9 = 4 | years10 = 2013–2015 | clubs10 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] | caps10 = 43 | goals10 = 16 | years11 = 2015–2016 | clubs11 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] | caps11 = 17 | goals11 = 7 | years12 = 2016 | clubs12 = → [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (loan) | caps12 = 14 | goals12 = 5 | years13 = 2016– | clubs13 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] | caps13 = 153 | goals13 = 61 | nationalteam1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]] | nationalyears1 = 2004 | nationalcaps1 = 3 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 2004–2005 | nationalteam2 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]] | nationalcaps2 = 6{{efn-lg|Appearances as an [[List of overage players in Olympic football|overage player]] (four appearances and two goals in [[Football at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022 Asian Games]])}} | nationalgoals2 = 2 | nationalteam3 = [[India national football team|India]] | nationalyears3 = 2005– | nationalcaps3 = 150 | nationalgoals3 = [[List of international goals scored by Sunil Chhetri|94]] | club-update = 17:54, 26 March 2024 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 22:00, 23 January 2024 (UTC) | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[AFC Challenge Cup]]}} {{Medal|W| [[2008 AFC Challenge Cup|2008 India]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF Championship]]}} {{Medal|W| [[2011 SAFF Championship|2011 India]]|}} {{Medal|W| [[2015 SAFF Championship|2015 India]]|}} {{Medal|W| [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021 Maldives]]|}} {{Medal|W| [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023 India]]|}} {{Medal|RU| [[2008 SAFF Championship|2008 Maldives & Sri Lanka]]|}} {{Medal|RU| [[2013 SAFF Championship|2013 Nepal]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}} {{Medal|Silver|[[2004 South Asian Games|2004 Pakistan]]|[[Football at the 2004 South Asian Games|Team]]|}} }}'''सुनिल क्षेत्री''' (जन्म ३ अगस्ट १९८४) एक भारतीय पेशेवर फुटबलर हुन् जसले फरवार्डको रूपमी खेल्छन् रे इन्डियन सुपर लिग क्लब बेंगलुरु रे भारत राष्ट्रिय टोली दुवैको कप्तान गर्छन्। उहाँ आफ्नो लिङ्क-अप खेल, गोल स्कोर गर्ने क्षमता रे नेतृत्वको लागि परिचित हुनुहुन्छ।<ref>{{cite web|date=2 July 2020|title=Six of the best Indian football players of all time: a guide to the greats|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/golden-era-indian-football-team-players-top-players-pk-banerjee-chuni-goswami|access-date=28 January 2022|website=[[Olympic Games|Olympics]]|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082401/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/golden-era-indian-football-team-players-top-players-pk-banerjee-chuni-goswami|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=12 May 2021|title=SportMob – Best Indian football players of all time|url=https://sportmob.com/en/article/967888-Best-Indian-football-players-of-all-time|access-date=28 January 2022|website=SportMob|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809100523/https://sportmob.com/en/article/967888-Best-Indian-football-players-of-all-time|url-status=live}}</ref> उनी क्रिस्टियानो रोनाल्डो र लियोनेल मेस्सीलाई पछि पार्दै सक्रिय खेलाडीहरू (समग्रमा चौथो) मा तेस्रो-सर्वाधिक अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गोलकर्ता हुन्, <ref>{{cite news|title=Captain Fantastic Chhetri strike seals India's 1–0 win over Kyrgyzstan.|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/captain-fantastic-chhetri-strike-seals-india-s-1-0-win-over-kyrgyzstan-117061301402_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=13 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021234034/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/captain-fantastic-chhetri-strike-seals-india-s-1-0-win-over-kyrgyzstan-117061301402_1.html|archive-date=21 October 2017|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Captain fantastic Sunil Chhetri seals 2018 Intercontinental Cup for India|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/football/100618/sunil-chhetri-indian-football-team-2018-intercontinental-cup-stephen-c.html|publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited|date=10 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611022644/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/football/100618/sunil-chhetri-indian-football-team-2018-intercontinental-cup-stephen-c.html|archive-date=11 June 2018}}</ref> र भारत राष्ट्रिय टोलीका सबैभन्दा धेरै क्याप गरिएका खेलाडी र सबै समयका शीर्ष गोलकर्ता पनि हुन्। देशको लागि उनको योगदानको लागि उनलाई व्यापक रूपमा सबै समयका महान भारतीय र दक्षिण एशियाली फुटबलरहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ।<ref name="Sunil Chhetri: No better place than Doha for Indian football's Asian revival">{{cite news|date=3 November 2016|title=Sunil Chhetri: No better place than Doha for Indian football's Asian revival|publisher=Gulf Times|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/story/519789/Sunil-Chhetri-No-better-place-than-Doha-for-Indian|url-status=live|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118170239/http://www.gulf-times.com/story/519789/Sunil-Chhetri-No-better-place-than-Doha-for-Indian|archive-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="AFC Cup 2016: Sunil Chhetri – The captain who leads by example">{{cite web |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/afc-cup-2016-sunil-chhetri-captain-leads-example |title=AFC Cup 2016: Sunil Chhetri – The captain who leads by example |website=[[Sportskeeda]] |date=20 October 2016 |access-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118163955/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/afc-cup-2016-sunil-chhetri-captain-leads-example |archive-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="We're upbeat: Sunil">{{cite news|date=3 November 2016|title=We're upbeat: Sunil|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161103/jsp/sports/story_117161.jsp#.WC7CPRKKVp0|url-status=dead|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118163907/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161103/jsp/sports/story_117161.jsp#.WC7CPRKKVp0|archive-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> क्षेत्रीले 2002 मा मोहन बगानमा आफ्नो व्यावसायिक करियर सुरु गरे,<ref name="Chhetri becomes the first Indian to join MLS">{{cite news |url=http://sports.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/26/chhetri-becomes-the-first-indian-to-join-mls.htm |title=Chhetri becomes the first Indian to join MLS |work=Rediff.com |date=26 March 2016 |access-date=29 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145540/http://sports.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/26/chhetri-becomes-the-first-indian-to-join-mls.htm |archive-date=29 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="The Rs 1 crore boys">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120415/jsp/7days/story_15375848.jsp#.WD0mFEvraSH |title=The Rs 1 crore boys |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=15 April 2016 |access-date=29 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017062433/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120415/jsp/7days/story_15375848.jsp#.WD0mFEvraSH |archive-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> JCT मा गए जहाँ उनले 48 खेलहरूमा 21 गोल गरे।<ref name=NFT>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12944/Sunil_Chhetri.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Chhetri, Sunil|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925200859/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12944/Sunil_Chhetri.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref> सुनिल दिल्लीमा भएको सन्तोष ट्रफीको ५९ औं संस्करणमा दिल्लीको टोलीमा थिए। उनले त्यस प्रतियोगितामा गुजरातविरुद्ध ह्याट्रिक सहित ६ गोल गरेका थिए। दिल्ली क्वार्टरफाइनलमा केरलासँग पराजित भएको थियो र उसले त्यो खेलमा पनि गोल गर्यो।<ref>{{Cite news |title=Goal rush |pages=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041106/spr-trib.htm |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041106/spr-trib.htm |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116000906/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041106/spr-trib.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> उनले 2010 मा मेजर लिग सकर पक्ष कन्सास सिटी विजार्ड्सका लागि हस्ताक्षर गरे, विदेश जाने नोटको उपमहाद्वीपबाट तेस्रो खेलाडी बने।<ref name=MLSSigning>{{cite web|last=Wiebe|first=Andrew|title=Wizards sign Indian forward Chhetri|url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/wizards-sign-indian-forward-chhetri|work=Major League Soccer|access-date=21 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103213056/http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/wizards-sign-indian-forward-chhetri|archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> उनी भारतको आई-लीगमा फर्किए जहाँ उनले विदेश जानु अघि चिराग युनाइटेड र मोहन बागानका लागि खेले, प्राइमिरा लिगाको स्पोर्टिङ सीपीमा, जहाँ उनले क्लबको रिजर्भ पक्षबाट खेले।<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunil Chhetri joins Sporting Clube de Portugal 'B' side|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sunil-chhetri-joins-sporting-clube-de-portugal-b-side/269478-5-220.html|publisher=IBN Live|date=21 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023161140/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sunil-chhetri-joins-sporting-clube-de-portugal-b-side/269478-5-220.html|archive-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> == Personal life == सुनिल क्षत्रीको जन्म ३ अगस्ट १९८४ मा एक क्षत्रिय परिवारमा भएको थियो, के.बी. क्षेत्री, भारतीय सेनाको कोर्प्स अफ इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स एण्ड मेकानिकल इन्जिनियर्सका अधिकृत ऊ थिय।<ref>{{cite web|date=3 August 2021|title=Happy Birthday Sunil Chhetri: 5 Interesting Facts About The Indian Football Captain|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/happy-birthday-sunil-chhetri-5-interesting-facts-about-the-indian-football-captain-4039208.html|access-date=3 August 2021|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803102203/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/happy-birthday-sunil-chhetri-5-interesting-facts-about-the-indian-football-captain-4039208.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SWProfile"/><ref name="Sunil Chhetri: A thinking footballer">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Sunil-Chhetri-A-thinking-footballer/articleshow/6239829.cms |title=Sunil Chhetri: A thinking footballer |last=Dsouza |first=Stanislaus P |work=The Times of India |date=31 July 2010 |access-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803214915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Sunil-Chhetri-A-thinking-footballer/articleshow/6239829.cms |archive-date=3 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Sunil Chhetri's 32nd birthday: Lesser known facts about the Indian football team captain">{{Cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/sunil-chhetri-facts/1/455820.html |title=Sunil Chhetri's 32nd birthday: Lesser known facts about the Indian football team captain |work=IndiaToday.in |date=3 August 2016 |access-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118081818/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/sunil-chhetri-facts/1/455820.html |archive-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> उनका बुबाले भारतीय सेनाको फुटबल टोलीबाट फुटबल खेल्नुभयो भने उनकी आमा र जुम्ल्याहा बहिनीले नेपाली महिला राष्ट्रिय टोलीबाट खेल्नुभयो।<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Indian star's soccer journey leads to K.C.|url=http://espnfc.com/feature?id=784787&cc=5901|publisher=[[ESPN]]|first=Leander|last=Schaerlaeckens|date=10 May 2010|access-date=19 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308005442/http://www.espnfc.com/story/784787/sunil-chhetri|archive-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो बाल्यकालको अधिकांश समय दार्जिलिङमा बिताए । दार्जिलिङको बेथानी स्कुलका विद्यार्थी हुँदा क्षेत्रीले आफ्नो बाल्यकाल पशुपति फाटकमा बिताएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pashupati Fatak, the childhood home of Indian football icon Sunil Chettri |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/pashupati-fatak-the-childhood-home-of-indian-football-icon-sunil-chettri |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Sikkimexpress |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220132133/https://www.sikkimexpress.com/pashupati-fatak-the-childhood-home-of-indian-football-icon-sunil-chettri |url-status=live }}</ref> उनले सानैदेखि विभिन्न प्रतियोगितामा भाग लिएर फुटबल खेल्न थालेका थिए ।<ref name="Sunil Chhetri's mum is a former Nepali international">{{cite web|title=Sunil Chhetri's mum is a former Nepali international: Interview with Sunil Chhetri|url=http://www.goalnepal.com/news.php?id=2013|work=Goal Nepal|date=29 April 2010|access-date=19 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201155643/http://www.goalnepal.com/news.php?id=2013|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> क्षेत्रीले अंग्रेजी, हिन्दी, नेपाली, बंगाली र कन्नड गरी पाँच भाषाहरू धाराप्रवाह बोल्छन्। उनी केही तेलुगु, मराठी र कोंकणी पनि बुझ्न सक्छन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/shorts/80iW69t37Gs?si=I4WXpeBOyUt3Vuw0|title=What languages does #Sunil Chhetri Speak?|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=5 September 2023|archive-date=5 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905213824/https://www.youtube.com/shorts/80iW69t37Gs?si=I4WXpeBOyUt3Vuw0|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi felicitating the Indian football legends, at the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup match, in New Delhi on October 06, 2017 (2).jpg|thumb|नयाँ दिल्लीमा 2017 फिफा यू-17 विश्वकपको सुरुमा भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री नरेन्द्र मोदीले क्षेत्रीलाई सम्मान गर्दै।]] 4 डिसेम्बर 2017 मा, क्षेत्रीले आफ्नो लामो समयदेखि प्रेमिका सोनम भट्टाचार्यसँग विवाह गरे जो पूर्व भारतीय अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय र मोहन बागान खेलाडी सुब्रत भट्टाचार्यकी छोरी हुन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sunil-chhetri-sonam-bhattacharya-wedding-mohun-bagan-bengaluru-fc/1/1103275.html|title=Sunil Chhetri marries long-time girlfriend Sonam Bhattacharya|access-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204231740/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sunil-chhetri-sonam-bhattacharya-wedding-mohun-bagan-bengaluru-fc/1/1103275.html|archive-date=4 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ডিফেন্সে থাকলে কীভাবে আটকাতেন জামাই সুনীলকে? জামাইষষ্ঠীর আগে টোটকা সুব্রতর|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/how-he-will-stop-son-in-law-sunil-chhetri-subrata-bhattacharya-replied/|publisher=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|website=sangbadpratidin.in|date=10 June 2021|access-date=2 October 2022|first1=Abhisek|last1=Rakshit|first2=Soham|last2=Dey|language=bn|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120060553/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/how-he-will-stop-son-in-law-sunil-chhetri-subrata-bhattacharya-replied/|url-status=live}}</ref> सन् २०१८ मा उनको ३४ औं जन्मदिनमा सुनिल क्षेत्रीलाई एएफसीले ‘एसियन आइकन’ घोषित गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Icons: Sunil Chhetri|url=http://www.the-afc.com/features/asian-icons-sunil-chhetri|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719092902/http://www.the-afc.com/features/asian-icons-sunil-chhetri|archive-date=19 July 2019|access-date=12 August 2018|website=www.the-afc.com}}</ref> उनले विश्व खेलकुद कम्पनी पुमासँग २०२० बाट ३ वर्षको सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/starlife/sunil-chhetri-signs-three-year-deal-with-puma-indian-football-team-bengaluru-fc/article30265041.ece|title=Sunil Chhetri signs three-year deal with Puma|last=PTI|website=Sportstar|date=10 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230101202/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/starlife/sunil-chhetri-signs-three-year-deal-with-puma-indian-football-team-bengaluru-fc/article30265041.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> == क्यारियर तथ्याङ्क == ===क्लब=== {{updated|खेल २६ मार्च २०२४}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|Cup{{efn|Includes [[Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]], [[Durand Cup]], [[Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup|U.S. Open Cup]], [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|Continental{{efn|Includes [[AFC Cup]], [[AFC Champions League]]}} !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |City Club Delhi |[[2001–02 National Football League (India)|2001–02]] |[[Delhi Premier League]] |colspan="2" |—{{efn|Unknown}}||4||1||colspan="2" |—||colspan="2" |—||4||1 |- | rowspan="4" |[[Mohun Bagan]] |{{Nowrap|[[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]]}} |rowspan=3|[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] | rowspan="3" |18 |4 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |—{{efn|Mohun Bagan participated in the [[2002–03 AFC Champions League qualification]], but Chhetri's stats are unknown.}} | 10{{efn|Nine appearances and three goals [[Calcutta Football League]], one appearance and one goal in [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]}} | 4 | rowspan="3" |18 |8 |- |[[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]] |2 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" |— |18{{efn|Ten appearances and three goals in Calcutta Football League, four appearances and one goal in All Airlines Gold Cup, four appearances in [[IFA Shield]]}} |4 |6 |- |[[2004–05 National Football League (India)|2004–05]] |4 | 8 | 3 | colspan="2" |— | 15{{efn|Twelve appearances and six goals in Calcutta Football League, three appearances ans one goal in IFA Shield}} | 7 |14 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !10 !11 !3 ! colspan="2" |— !43 !15 !72 !28 |- | rowspan="4" |[[JCT FC|JCT]] |[[2005–06 National Football League (India)|2005–06]] |rowspan=2|National Football League | rowspan="3" |79 |13 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | rowspan="3" |79 |13 |- |[[2006–07 National Football League (India)|2006–07]] |12 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |- |[[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]] ||[[I-League]] |19 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |19 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !79 !44 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !79 !44 |- |[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] |[[2008–09 East Bengal FC season|2008–09]] |rowspan="2"|I-League |17||9||4||2||colspan="2" |—||5{{efn|name=CFL|Appearance(s) in Calcutta Football League}}||2||26||13 |- |[[Dempo SC|Dempo]] |[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]] |13||8||6||1||colspan="2" |—||5{{efn|name=GPL|Appearance(s) in [[Goa Professional League]]}}||4||24||13 |- |[[Sporting Kansas City|Kansas City Wizards]] |[[2010 Major League Soccer season|2010]] |[[Major League Soccer]] |0||0||1||0||colspan="2" |—||0||0||1||0 |- |[[United SC|Chirag United]] |[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]] |rowspan="2"|I-League |7||7||0||0||colspan="2" |—||0||0||7||7 |- |[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] |[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]] |14||8||2||1||colspan="2" |—||2{{efn|name=CFL}}||0||18||9 |- |[[Sporting CP B]] |[[2012–13 Segunda Liga|2012–13]] |[[LigaPro]] |3||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||0||0||3||0 |- |[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] (loan) |[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] |rowspan="3"|I-League |8||4||0||0||5||2||4{{efn|name=GPL}}||2||17||8 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] |[[2013–14 Bengaluru FC season|2013–14]] |23||14||3||1|| colspan="2" |—||colspan="2" |—||26||15 |- |[[2014–15 Bengaluru FC season|2014–15]] |20||2||9||9||6||3||colspan="2" |—||35||14 |- !colspan="2"|Total !43!!16!!12!!10!!6!!3!!0!!0!!61!!29 |- | rowspan="3"|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] |[[2015 Mumbai City FC season|2015]] | rowspan="2"|[[Indian Super League]] |11||7||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan="2" |—||11||7 |- |[[2016 Mumbai City FC season|2016]] |6||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||colspan="2" |—||6||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !17!!7!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!17 !7 |- |Bengaluru (loan) |[[2015–16 Bengaluru FC season|2015–16]] |rowspan="2"|I-League |14||5||2||1||4||3||colspan="2" |—||20||9 |- | rowspan="9"|Bengaluru |[[2016–17 Bengaluru FC season|2016–17]] |16||7||3||0||11||5||colspan="2" |—||30||12 |- |[[2017–18 Bengaluru FC season|2017–18]] | rowspan="7"|Indian Super League |21||14||4||6||8||4||colspan="2" |—||33||24 |- |[[2018–19 Bengaluru FC season|2018–19]] |19||9||1||1||2||0||colspan="2" |—||22||10 |- |[[2019–20 Bengaluru FC season|2019–20]] |17||9|| colspan="2" |—||2||2|| colspan="2" |—||19||11 |- |[[2020–21 Bengaluru FC season|2020–21]] |20||8||colspan=2|—||1||1|| colspan="2" |—||21||9 |- |[[2021–22 Bengaluru FC season|2021–22]] |20||4||0||0||3||0|| colspan="2" |—||23||4 |- |[[2022-23 Bengaluru FC season|2022–23]] |21||5||12||5||0||0||colspan="2" |—||33||10 |- |[[2023-24 Bengaluru FC season|2023–24]] |19||5||0||0||0||0||colspan="2" |—||17||4 |- !colspan="2"|Total !165!!65!!22!!13!!31!!15!!0!!0!!218 !93 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !384!!179!!62!!31!!42!!20!!59!!23!!547!!253 |} {{notelist}} === अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय === {{updated|खेल २६ मार्च २०२४ }} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by year<ref>{{NFT player|id=12944|name=Sunil Chhetri|access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> |- !Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |2005||5||1 |- |2006||1||0 |- |2007||7||6 |- |2008||12||8 |- |2009||6||1 |- |2010||6||3 |- |2011||18||13 |- |2012||8||4 |- |2013||11||5 |- |2014||2||3 |- |2015||12||6 |- |2016||4||2 |- |2017||6||5 |- |2018||6||8 |- |2019||11||7 |- |2020||0||0 |- |2021||10||8 |- |2022||6||4 |- |2023||14||9 |- |2024||5||1 |- !Total!!150!!94 |} == सम्मान == '''डेम्पो''' * [[I-League]]: [[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]] '''चर्चिल ब्रदर्स''' * I-League: [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] '''बेंगलुरु''' * [[Indian Super League]]: [[2018–19 Indian Super League season|2018–19]] * I-League: [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]], [[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]] * [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: [[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|2014–15]], [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|2016–17]] * [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]: [[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]] * [[Durand Cup]]: [[2022 Durand Cup|2022]] * [[AFC Cup]] runner-up: [[2016 AFC Cup|2016]] * Puttaiah Memorial Cup: 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/sports%2Fbengaluru-fc-drub-asc-clinch-2231733|title=Bengaluru FC drub ASC to clinch Puttaiah Memorial|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424051536/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/bengaluru-fc-drub-asc-clinch-2231733|date=21 December 2014|agency=DHNS|access-date=26 November 2023|website=deccanherald.com|publisher=The Deccan Herald}}</ref> '''भारत'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments#|title=Indian Football Down the Years: Looking back at the glorious moments|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|language=en|trans-title=|location=New Delhi|agency=|date=15 August 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921011335/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments}}</ref> * [[AFC Challenge Cup]]: [[2008 AFC Challenge Cup|2008]] * [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2011 SAFF Championship|2011]], [[2015 SAFF Championship|2015]], [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021]], [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023]]; runner-up: [[2008 SAFF Championship|2008]], [[2013 SAFF Championship|2013]] * [[Nehru Cup]]: [[2007 Nehru Cup|2007]], [[2009 Nehru Cup|2009]], [[2012 Nehru Cup|2012]] * [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018]], [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023]] * [[Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation Series]]: [[2023 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2023]] '''India U20''' * [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] silver medal: [[Football at the 2004 South Asian Games|2004]] '''व्यक्तिगत''' [[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Arjuna Award for the year-2011 to Shri Sunil Chhetri for Football, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on August 29, 2011.jpg|thumb|right|alt=|भारतका तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति प्रतिभा पाटिल, २०११ मा क्षेत्रीलाई अर्जुन पुरस्कार प्रदान गर्दै।]] * [[AIFF Player of the Year]] (7): 2007, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018–19,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=Sunil Chhetri and Ashalata Devi bag top honours at AIFF Awards|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football-aiff-awards-sunil-chhetri-ashalata-devi-dangmei-grace-sahad-abdul-samad-jammu-and-kashmir-football/article28332935.ece|date=9 July 2019|access-date=25 March 2022|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027045433/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football-aiff-awards-sunil-chhetri-ashalata-devi-dangmei-grace-sahad-abdul-samad-jammu-and-kashmir-football/article28332935.ece|language=en}}</ref> 2021–22<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunil Chhetri, Manisha Kalyan bag AIFF Footballer of the Year awards|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/sunil-chhetri-manisha-kalyan-bags-aiff-footballer-of-the-year-award-1.7771016#:~:text=09%20August%202022%2C%2002%3A23%20PM%20IST&text=Sunil%20Chhetri%20bagged%20the%20All,by%20any%20player%20in%20history.|access-date=9 August 2022|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|publisher=Mathrubhumi Sports|location=[[Kozhikode]], Kerala|date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809095258/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/sunil-chhetri-manisha-kalyan-bags-aiff-footballer-of-the-year-award-1.7771016|archive-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> * [[FPAI Indian Player of the Year]] (3): 2009, 2018, 2019 * [[SAFF Championship]] Player of the Tournament (4): [[2011 SAFF Championship|2011]], [[2015 SAFF Championship|2015]], [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021]], [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023]] * [[SAFF Championship]] Top Scorer (3): [[2011 SAFF Championship|2011]], [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021]], [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023]] * Hero of the [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018]] * Hero of the [[I-League]]: [[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]<ref>{{cite news|title=There was little competition for the 'Best Striker Award' as Aser Pierrick Dipanda Dicka of Shillong Lajong grabbed the award|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chhetri-voted-best-player-of-i-league-117050201030_1.html|access-date=2 May 2017|work=Business Standard|date=2 May 2017|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021517/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chhetri-voted-best-player-of-i-league-117050201030_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefangarage.com/articles/10600-sunil-chhetri-wins-the-hero-of-the-league-award|title=Chhetri, Khalid, Dipanda among others win individual I-League awards|website=thefangarage.com|publisher=The Fan Garage|date=2 May 2017|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630214135/https://thefangarage.com/articles/10600-sunil-chhetri-wins-the-hero-of-the-league-award}}</ref> * [[I-League Golden Boot]]: [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]] *[[Indian Super League Hero of the League|Hero of the Indian Super League]]: [[2017–18 Indian Super League season|2017–18]] * [[2018 Indian Super Cup]]: Golden Boot * [[Indian Sports Honours]]: Sportsman of the Year 2019 (team sports) * Football Ratna Award (first recipient) by [[Football Delhi]]: 18 February 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=FOOTBALL RATNA' AWARD FOR SUNIL CHHETRI |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9478 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=AIFF |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219191744/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9478 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[The Times of India]]'' TOISA Best Footballer: 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms|title=TOISA 2021: Neeraj Chopra headlines the list of winners|date=14 October 2021|access-date=26 October 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026215006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms|archive-date=26 October 2022|location=New Delhi|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> '''Other''' *Leading up to the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 World Cup]], [[FIFA]] honoured Chhetri on the occasion by releasing three documentary episodes about his life and career for becoming the third-highest male international goal scorer in the world among active players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-football-sunil-chhetri-captain-fantastic-series-fifa-honour|title=FIFA makes video series on Indian football icon Sunil Chhetri|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130060752/https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-football-sunil-chhetri-captain-fantastic-series-fifa-honour|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/fifa-pays-tribute-to-india-legend-sunil-chhetri-with-three-part-series-you-know-about-cristiano-ronaldo-and-lionel-messi-now-get-101664351223506.html#:~:text=FIFA%20shared%20a%20graphic%20of,tribute%20to%20the%20India%20captain.&text=Indian%20football%20team%20captain%20Sunil,active%20players%20in%20international%20matches.|title='You know about Ronaldo and Messi, now get...'|date=28 September 2022 |access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205152922/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/fifa-pays-tribute-to-india-legend-sunil-chhetri-with-three-part-series-you-know-about-cristiano-ronaldo-and-lionel-messi-now-get-101664351223506.html#:~:text=FIFA%20shared%20a%20graphic%20of,tribute%20to%20the%20India%20captain.&text=Indian%20football%20team%20captain%20Sunil,active%20players%20in%20international%20matches.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/football/fifa-honours-india-football-captain-sunil-chhetri-with-three-part-series-1.90908592|title=Fifa honours India football captain Sunil Chhetri with three-part series|date=28 September 2022 |access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205152924/https://gulfnews.com/sport/football/fifa-honours-india-football-captain-sunil-chhetri-with-three-part-series-1.90908592|url-status=live}}</ref> * AFC Asian Icon: 3 August 2018 * [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]]: Favourite Player (voted by fans) * [[AFC Cup]] All-time XI (The Strikers): Inductee (2021)<ref>[https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/afc-cup-all-time-best-xi-the-strikers AFC Cup All-time XI:The Strikers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327173645/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/afc-cup-all-time-best-xi-the-strikers |date=27 March 2021 }} ''the-afc.com''. Retrieved 28 March 2021</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sunil-chhetri-named-among-13-strikers-to-choose-all-time-best-three-in-afc-cup/articleshow/81723770.cms|title=Sunil Chhetri named among 13 strikers to choose all-time best three in AFC Cup|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Times of India|date=27 March 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704180728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sunil-chhetri-named-among-13-strikers-to-choose-all-time-best-three-in-afc-cup/articleshow/81723770.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> '''पुरस्कार र प्रशंसा''' [[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award, 2021 to Shri Sunil Chhetri for Football, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 13 November 2021.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award, 2021 to Shri Sunil Chhetri for Football, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 13 November 2021|[[Ramnath Kovind]], then-president of India, presenting the [[Khel Ratna Award]] to Chhetri in 2021.]] * [[List of Arjuna Award recipients (2010–2019)|2011]] − [[Arjuna Award]], by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding achievement in sports.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arjuna Award an inspiration: Chhetri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/arjuna-award-an-inspiration-chhetri/article2408978.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=27 June 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704180728/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/arjuna-award-an-inspiration-chhetri/article2408978.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|title=LIST OF ARJUNA AWARD WINNERS - Football {{!}} Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225221945/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|archive-date=25 December 2007|access-date=25 December 2007|website=yas.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf}}</ref> * [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–2019)|2019]] − [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260119/three-persons-from-telangana-andhra-pradesh-sunil-chhetri-get-padma.html|title=Three persons from Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Sunil Chhetri get Padma Shri awards|last=Kumar|first=Coreena Suares, Suresh Kavirayani and K. Kalyan Krishna|date=26 January 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126091705/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260119/three-persons-from-telangana-andhra-pradesh-sunil-chhetri-get-padma.html|archive-date=26 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2021 – [[Khel Ratna Award]], highest sporting honour of India.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=3 November 2021|title=Sunil Chhetri, football's first Khel Ratna awardee, says it has been a dream journey {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sunil-chhetri-footballs-first-khel-ratna-awardee-says-it-has-been-a-dream-journey/articleshow/87510483.cms|url-status=live|access-date=3 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103142845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sunil-chhetri-footballs-first-khel-ratna-awardee-says-it-has-been-a-dream-journey/articleshow/87510483.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 November 2021|title=National Sports Awards 2021: Neeraj Chopra, Lovlina Borgohain, Mithali Raj Among 9 Others to Get Khel Ratna|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/national-sports-awards-2021-neeraj-chopra-lovlina-borgohain-mithali-raj-among-9-others-to-get-khel-ratna-4396067.html|access-date=2 November 2021|website=News18|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103164948/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/national-sports-awards-2021-neeraj-chopra-lovlina-borgohain-mithali-raj-among-9-others-to-get-khel-ratna-4396067.html|url-status=live}}</ref> '''रेकर्ड''' <ref>Banerjee, Ritabrata. [https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/isunil-chhetri-records-international-club-football-india/x0kt12v53uo1utytmgg1p3rh Indian football: 10 records held by Sunil Chhetri in international and club football] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419062606/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/isunil-chhetri-records-international-club-football-india/x0kt12v53uo1utytmgg1p3rh |date=19 April 2022 }} ''Goal.com''.</ref> * First Indian player to have played in three different continents * [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps|Most appearances]] for [[India national football team|India]] (150) * [[List of top international men's football goal scorers by country|Most international goals by an Indian]] (94) * [[List of India national football team hat-tricks|Most hat-tricks]] for [[India national football team|India]] (4) * Most goals for [[India national football team|India]] in AFC Competitions (19) * All-time top goal scorer in [[SAFF Championship]] (23) * Most number of matches played by an Indian in [[AFC Cup]] (40) * Most number of goals scored by an Indian in [[AFC Cup]] (19) * [[List of Indian football first tier top scorers|Most goals by an Indian in first tier Indian football leagues]] (147) * First Indian player to score hat-trick in Indian Super League * [[List of Indian Super League hat-tricks|Most hat-tricks by an Indian]] in [[Indian Super League]] (2) * [[Indian Super League records and statistics|Top Indian goal scorer]] in Indian Super League (60) * [[I-League records and statistics|Top Indian goal scorer]] in [[I-League]] (94) * All-time top goal scorer in the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] (9) * Most number of matches played for [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (276) * Most number of goals scored for [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (122) * First footballer to receive [[Khel Ratna Award]] * [[AIFF Player of the Year]] for a record seven times == नोटहरू == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=lower-greek}} == सन्दर्भ == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == {{Commons category}} *{{FIFA player}} *{{NFT player}} *{{Soccerway}} *{{Footballdatabase}} *{{Twitter}} *{{ESPN FC}} *{{WorldFootball}} *{{MLS}} *{{Facebook|100044570640213}} *[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-19150-sunil-chhetri-profile Sunil Chhetri] at [[Indian Super League]] {{Navboxes |title=India squads |bg=#1C39BC |fg=#FFFFFF |bordercolor=#FF8000 |list1= {{India squad 2011 AFC Asian Cup}} {{India squad 2019 AFC Asian Cup}} {{India squad 2023 AFC Asian Cup}} }} {{Navboxes |title=Awards |bg=gold |fg=navy |list1= {{Captains of Indian national sports teams}} {{I-League Golden Boot}} {{Indian Super League Hero of the League}} {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}} {{Khel Ratna Awardees}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chhetri, Sunil}} 7bzm3ujnor5jcemml3osmde424pm2c1 0 24658 270551 259558 2026-11-07T23:16:26Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = अगमसिंह गिरी | image = Agam_Singh_Giri.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_date = २७ डिसेम्बर १९२७ | birth_place = [[दार्जिलिङ]], [[भारत]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1971|1|31|1927|7|27|df=y}} | death_place = [[दार्जिलिङ]], [[भारत]] | spouse = | children = | language = [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]], [[अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा|अङ्ग्रेजी]] | occupation = [[कवि]], [[Lyricist]] | awards = Ratnashree Gold Award | nationality = [[India]]n | native_name = | native_name_lang = }} {{Orphan|date=डिसेम्बर २०११}} '''आगम सिंह गिरी''' (२७ डिसेम्बर १९२७ - ३१ जनवरी १९७१) भारतको दार्जिलिङका भारतीय नेपाली कवि रे गीतकार थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiangorkhas.in/2013/12/agam-singh-giri-2008-1971.html|title=Agam Singh Giri - अगम सिंह गिरी , 1928 - 1971|website=Indiangorkhas.in|accessdate=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212061216/http://www.indiangorkhas.in/2013/12/agam-singh-giri-2008-1971.html|archive-date=12 December 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80|title=अगमसिँह गिरी - कविता कोश|website=Kavitakosh.org|accessdate=12 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesahitya.com/node/203|title=अगमसिंह गिरी - Online Sahitya Nepali Literature|website=Onlinesahitya.com|accessdate=12 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Giri honour minus award |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/giri-honour-minus-award/cid/853144/ |accessdate=12 May 2019 |website=Telegraphindia.com}}</ref> अगमसिंह गिरी एकजना [[साहित्यकार]] हुन्। उनले नेपाली साहित्यमी धेरै [[योगदान]] दिएका छन्। कवि अगमसिंह गिरीको जन्म सन् १९२७ को दिसमबर २७ तारिख दार्जीलिंगको चाँदमारिमी माता श्रीमती  विमलादेवी रे पिता छविलाल गिरीको कोखमी भाको थियो । वहाँको प्रसिद्ध साहितिक क्रितिहरू मध्ये जीवन-गित (कविता संग्रह) आत्मव्यथा (खण्ड काव्य) आँसु; युद्ध योद्धा. (खण्डकाव्य) जलेका प्रतिबिम्ब; रोएको प्रतिध्वनि (कविता संग्रह) उनका याद (खण्डकाव्य) आदि  । वहाँको कविताहरूमी मानवविरहको औधि सुढंमी चित्रण गरिनुनै विशेषता हो, रे उनै क्रममी वहाँले एक कविता ‘क्रन्दन’ शार्दूलविक्रीडित छन्दमी नेपालप्रति लेखेका छन् । अगमसिंह गिरी पीडा रे वेदनाका कवि हुन्। आफ्ना कविताहरूलाई समेत उनले पीडामय अभिव्यन्जना भनेका छन्। पहाडका उकाली-ओराली, चियाबारीलाई उनले अगाध माया गरेका छन्। नेपाली जातिको अतीतको गौरवमय इतिहास सम्झँदै वर्तमानमी त्यस जातिले भोगिरहेको दुःख-पिरप्रति गिरी मर्माहत बनेका छन् रे त्यसप्रति आक्रोश पनि प्रकट गरेका छन्। दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध साथै अनन्य युद्धमी लड्ने नेपाली बीरहरुले गरेको प्राणको विसर्जनलाई गिरीले व्याङ्ग गरेका छन् अनि आफ्नो जाती रे समाजका निम्ति नै त्यस किसिमको बलिदान गर्नुपर्ने आवश्यकताबोध गराएका छन्। गिरीले छन्दको प्रयोग गरेका भए तापनि उनको मुक्तछन्दका लयात्मक कविता लेखनको शैली नै धेर लोकप्रिय बनेको छ। गद्य कविताका क्षेत्रमी पनि उनी एकजना ससक्त व्यक्तित्व हुन्। कविता छोडेर उनले केही कथाहरू पनि लेखेको छन्। भारती,पूर्णिमा, कथाकुन्ज इत्यादि पत्रिकामी उनका कथाहरू प्रकाशित भएका थिए। भवानी भिक्षुको कथा त्यो फेरि फर्केला? - लाई नाटकमी रूपान्तर गरी दार्जिलङमी उनले त्यसको मञ्चन पनि गराएका थिए। नौलखे तारा उदाए....जस्ता गीतका रचायता गिरी एकजना सफल गीतकारका रूपमी पनि प्रसिद्ध छन् ==सन्दर्भहरु== {{Reflist}} {{ठुटो}} dssnn25h5ikd3nhgnqekipl4yycyuvv 0 24659 270610 260543 2026-11-08T00:47:50Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{संक्षिप्त विवरण|भारतीय लेखक (१९४३–२०२२)}} '''बिर्खा बहादुर मुरिङ्गला''' (१३ अप्रिल १९४३ – ८ जुन २०२२)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/northeastindia/padma-shri-bb-muringla-passes-away-35956 |title=Development Board Northeast India The Logical Indian Crew BB Muringla: Padma Shri Laureate & Modern Architect Of Limbu Language Passes Away At 80 |access-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628234945/https://thelogicalindian.com/northeastindia/padma-shri-bb-muringla-passes-away-35956 |archive-date=2022-06-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> सिक्किम राज्य, अहिले सिक्किम, भारतका लिम्बू साहित्यका प्रख्यात लेखकहरूमध्ये एक थिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sikkimnow.blogspot.in/2014/02/bb-muringla-conferred-vivekananda.html|title=BB Muringla conferred Vivekananda Kendra Institute of Culture Samman|publisher=Sikkim Now|accessdate=23 December 2015}}</ref> लिम्बू भाषा रे साहित्यमी उनको योगदानको लागि २०१७ मी भारत सरकारले उनलाई [[पद्मश्री]]बाटी सम्मानित गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157675|title=Padma Awards 2017 announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs|accessdate=26 January 2016}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Muringla, Birkha Bahadur}} li5oj7w2kkz258s8odxj0eyw2oabrsv 0 24713 270595 265184 2026-11-08T00:24:38Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = नीरज जिम्बा तामाङ | birth_name = | caption = | image = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | office = पश्चिम बंगाल विधान सभा सदस्य | constituency = | term_start = २०१९ | term_end = | predecessor = अमरसिंह राई | successor = पदाधिकारी | office1 = | constituency1 = [[दार्जिलिङ]] | term1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = | constituency2 = | term_start2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | party = [[गोर्खा राष्ट्रिय मुक्ति मोर्चा]] | religion = | otherparty = | spouse = | children = | website = | residence = आशा निवास, AJC बोस रोड, दार्जिलिङ। | alma_mater = | date = | | year = | | source = }} '''नीरज जिम्बा तामाङ'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Neeraj Tamang Zimba(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)) - MyNeta|url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=2160|access-date=|website=myneta.info}}</ref> (१४ नोभेम्बर १९८१) एक भारतीय गोरखा राजनीतिज्ञ हुन्। उहाँ केन्द्रीय समिति सदस्य रे हाल [[गोर्खा राष्ट्रिय मुक्ति मोर्चा]] (GNLF) को महासचिव तथा कानूनी सल्लाहकार हुनुहुन्छ। उनी २०१९ सम्म [[गोर्खा राष्ट्रिय मुक्ति मोर्चा]] GNLF प्रवक्ता थिए। उनी पेशाले क्रिमिनल वकिल पनि हुन् ।<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|author-link=|date=July 10, 2019|title=MLA Neeraj Zimba and His Historic Blunder|url=https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/mla-neeraj-zimba-historic-blunder/|access-date=|website=thedarjeelingchronicle.com|publisher=Sudarshan Limbu|archive-date=May 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527011345/https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/mla-neeraj-zimba-historic-blunder/|url-status=dead}}</ref> उनले २०१९ को चुनावमी बीजेपीको टिकटमी विजयी भएपछि २३-दार्जिलिङ विधानसभा क्षेत्रबाटी पश्चिम बंगाल विधान सभामी विधायकको रूपमी सेवा गरे।<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bjp-banner-for-gnlf-in-darjeeling-bypoll/cid/1689492|website=telegraphindia.com|title=BJP banner for GNLF in Darjeeling bypoll|accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="uniindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/bjp-candidate-niraj-zimba-wins-darjeeling-assembly-bypoll-binay-tamang-lost/States/news/1608267.html|website=uniindia.com|title=BJP candidate Niraj Zimba wins Darjeeling assembly bypoll, Binay Tamang lost|accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> == प्रारम्भिक जीवन रे शिक्षा == उनको जन्म टेकधोज तामाङ जिम्बामी भएको थियो रे उनी भारतको पश्चिम बङ्गालको दार्जिलिङमी जन्मिएका थिए। उनले सन् २०१२ मी अन्नामलाई विश्वविद्यालयबाटी राजनीति विज्ञानमी स्नातकोत्तर (एमए) प्राप्त गरे रे इन्स्टिच्युट अफ चार्टर्ड फाइनान्सियल एनालिस्ट्स अफ इन्डिया युनिभर्सिटीबाटी कानूनको स्नातकोत्तर (एलएलएम) पनि गरे। उनी पेशाले अधिवक्ता हुन् ।<ref name=":0" /> == राजनीतिक करियर == सुवास घिसिङ<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=July 10, 2019|title=MLA Neeraj Zimba and His Historic Blunder|url=https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/mla-neeraj-zimba-historic-blunder/|access-date=|website=thedarjeelingchronicle.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527011345/https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/mla-neeraj-zimba-historic-blunder/|archive-date=May 27, 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> को स्कुलका दिनदेखि नै एक कट्टर अनुयायी, उहाँ GNLF पार्टीको सबैभन्दा कान्छो केन्द्रीय समिति सदस्य रे पश्चिम बंगाल विधान सभामी आफ्नो 23-दार्जिलिङ निर्वाचन क्षेत्रको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने सबैभन्दा कान्छो भारतीय गोरखा विधान सभा सदस्य (MLA) बन्नुभयो। 2019 मी 36 वर्षको उमेरमी।<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=BJP wins Darjeeling assembly bypolls, Congress bags Kandi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/bjp-wins-darjeeling-assembly-bypolls-congress-bags-kandi-1533259-2019-05-24|access-date=|website=indiatoday.in}}</ref> उनी २०१६ मी पार्टीको प्रवक्ता बनेका थिए । गोर्खाल्याण्ड मुद्दा रे जनजाति स्थिति मुद्दामी उनको आरटीआई(RTI)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=RTI on committee for tribal status to 11 Gorkha communities|url=https://www.indiangorkhas.in/2016/09/rti-on-committee-for-tribal-status-11-gorkha-communities.html|access-date=|website=indiangorkhas.in}}</ref> प्रतिवेदनले जनताको ध्यानाकर्षण गरेको छ। === २०१९ विधानसभा चुनाव === २०१९ सम्म, उनी भारतीय जनता पार्टी भाजपा विधायकको रूपमी पश्चिम बंगाल विधान सभामी २३-दार्जिलिङ विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्रको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दै विधान सभाका सदस्य (MLA) हुन्। <ref name=":2" /> == सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zimba, Neeraj}} gwrdjin0pq0pcc9xif8ebgqx5vvibs4 0 24952 270623 261297 2026-11-08T00:56:53Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian Awards |awardname = मदन पुरस्कार |image = Madan-Puraskar-Guthi.png |type = साहित्य पुरस्कार |category = [[साहित्य]], [[विज्ञान]], [[दर्शन]], [[समाजशास्त्र]] आदि विषयमा उत्कृष्ट योगदान |instituted = वि.सं. २०१२, (सन् {{start date and age|1955}}) |firstawarded = वि.सं. २०१३ (सन् १९५६) |lastawarded = वि.सं. २०७८ (सन् २०२१) |total = |awardedby = [[मदन पुरस्कार गुठी]] |cashaward = रु. ४००,००० |description = साहित्यिक पुरस्कार<br/>[[नेपाल]]मा |previousnames = |obverse = |reverse = |ribbon = |firstawardees = [[सत्यमोहन जोशी]], [[चित्तरञ्जन नेपाली]], [[बलराम जोशी]] |precededby = |followedby = |website={{Url|http://madanpuraskar.org}} |recentawardees=मोहन मैनाली}} '''मदन पुरस्कार''' नेपाली कृतिलाई प्रदान गरिन्या एक प्रसिद्ध नेपाली पुरस्कार हो। [[मदन पुरस्कार पुस्तकालय]]ले यो पुरस्कार प्रत्येक वर्ष प्रदान अद्दया अरन्छ। == पुरस्कारको स्थापना == वि. सं. २०१२ साल [[असोज]] १० गते मदन पुरस्कार स्थापनाको घोषणा गरिया हो। तसै वर्ष मैंसिर २८ गतेमा [[मदन पुरस्कार गुठी]]को दानपत्रमी सहीछाप भया थ्योः। वर्षेनी उत्कृष्ट कृति लेखिबर [[साहित्य]], [[समाजशास्त्र]] रे [[विज्ञान]]का क्षेत्रमी योगदान अद्दा विद्वान- विदुषीअनलाई यो पुरस्कार प्रदान गरिन्छ। गुठीले वि. सं. २०२५ सालसम्म ४/४ हजार रूपैयाँका चारवटा पुरस्कार (साहित्य, समाजशास्त्र रे विज्ञान जस्ता चार विषयमी) प्रत्येक वर्ष दिन सक्द्या व्यवस्था रया लै वि. सं. २०२६ सालबठे २ कृतिअनलाई १०/१० हजार नगद पुरस्कार बनायो। वि. सं. २०३३ सालबठे एउटा सर्वोत्कृष्ट कृतिलाई रू. २५ हजारको नगद पुरस्कार दिने व्यवस्था भयो। वि. सं. २०४० सालमी रकम रू. ३० हजार पुग्यो। वि. सं. २०४२ सालमा रू. ४० हजार रे वि. सं. २०४३ सालबठे रू. ५० हजार अरिबरे वि. सं. २०५१ सालबठे उक्त राशि वृद्धि गरि रू. १ लाख पुग्यो। वि. सं. २०७५ बठे यो पुरस्कारको राशि चारलाख रूपैयाँ बनाइया छ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kantipurdaily.com/literature/2019/08/18/156613103579342546.html |title=बैरागी काइँलालाई जगदम्बा श्री, ‘रणहार’ लाई मदन पुरस्कार-कान्तिपुरडेली डटकम |access-date=2024-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819063213/https://www.kantipurdaily.com/literature/2019/08/18/156613103579342546.html |archive-date=2019-08-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> सुरूमी यो पुरस्कार गद्य, पद्य, विज्ञान, दर्शन रे सामाजिक शास्त्र आदि विषयमी उत्कृष्ट कृतिका लाई प्रदान गरिन्थ्यो। वि. सं. २०१३ सालमी पईल्ली फेर प्रदान गरिया यो पुरस्कार पाउन्या विजेताअन क्रमशः [[सत्यमोहन जोशी]], [[चित्तरञ्जन नेपाली|चित्तरन्जन नेपाली]] र [[बलराम जोशी]] थिए। वि. सं. २०२३ सालमी '[[मानव (महाकाव्य)]]' कृति लेखेर लेखक [[मोदनाथ प्रश्रित]]ले २४ वर्षकै उमेरमा हालसम्मको कम उमेरमा मदन पुरस्कार पाउन सफल भएका थिए भणे अहिलेसम्मको मदन पुरस्कार पाउने श्रष्टाअन मध्ये एकै परिवारका दुई सदस्यहरू [[धनुषचन्द्र गौतम]] रे [[ध्रुवचन्द्र गौतम]]ले मदन पुरस्कार पाया थ्याः। [[सत्यमोहन जोशी]]ले सबैभन्दा बढी पटक मदन पुरस्कार पाया थ्या भण्या महिलातर्फ [[पारिजात]] (विष्णु कुमारी वाइवा)ले '[[शिरीषको फूल|शिरिषको फूल]]'बाट रे [[झमक घिमिरे]]ले '[[जीवन काँडा कि फूल]]'बाट पाउनु भएका थिए। मूलधन ४० लाख रूपैयाँबाट प्राप्त हुने व्याजबाट मदन पुरस्कार गुठीले हरेक वर्ष मदन पुरस्कार र [[जगदम्बाश्री पुरस्कार]] प्रदान गर्दै आएको छ। == पुरस्कार बारे == *'''मदन पुरस्कार प्राप्त पहिलो उपन्यास''' [[मन (उपन्यास)|मन(उपन्यास)]] *'''मदन पुरस्कार प्राप्त पहिलो कथा सङ्ग्रह''' [[नयाँ सडकको गीत|नयाँसडकको गीत]] *'''मदन पुरस्कार प्राप्त पहिलो निबन्ध सङ्ग्रह''' [[एब्स्ट्रयाक्ट चिन्तन प्याज|एब्स्ट्रयाक्ट चिन्तन: प्याज]] *'''मदन पुरस्कार प्राप्त पहिलो महाकव्य''' [[मानव (महाकाव्य)]] *'''मदन पुरस्कार प्राप्त गर्ने पहिलो महिला''' [[पारिजात (साहित्यकार)|पारिजात]] *'''मदन पुरस्कार प्राप्त गर्ने कम उमेरका लेखक''' [[मोदनाथ प्रश्रित]] (२४ वर्ष) *'''मदन पुरस्कार प्राप्त गर्ने पहिलो विदेशी''' [[विलियम बर्क|फादर विलियम बर्क हेलिङ्गयाक्स]] ==मदन पुरस्कार प्राप्त कृतिअन== {| class="wikitable" ! style="font-weight:bold;" | वर्ष ! style="font-weight:bold;" | कृति ! style="font-weight:bold;" | कृतिकार |- |वि.सं २०८० |''[[मुकाम रणमैदान (इतिहास)|मुकाम रणमैदान]]'' |[[मोहन मैनाली]]<ref>कान्तिपुर:[https://ekantipur.com/literature/2024/08/30/madan-award-to-jagdamba-shri-yadav-for-mainalis-mukam-ranmaidan-45-04.html-2023-10-1-11-33-7 मैनालीको 'मुकाम रणमैदान'लाई मदन पुरस्कार] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625000000/https://udn.com/news/story/121424/4659358|date=2020-06-25 }}</ref> |- |वि.सं २०७९ |''[[ऐँठन (उपन्यास)|ऐँठन]]'' |[[विवेक ओझा]]<ref>नेपालखबर:[https://www.nepalkhabar.com/entertainment/179552-2023-10-1-11-33-7 विवेक ओझाको ‘ऐँठन’ लाई मदन पुरस्कार] (२०२३ अक्टोबर)</ref> |- |वि. सं २०७८ |''अग्नि'' |[[नवराज लम्साल]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/131894 |title=दुर्गाप्रसाद श्रेष्ठलाई जगदम्बा-श्री सम्मान र नवराज लम्साललाई मदन पुरस्कार |access-date=2024-09-01 |archive-date=2022-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827171612/https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/131894 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |वि. सं २०७७ |''लिम्बुवानको ऐतिहासिक दस्तावेज संग्रह'' |[[भगिराज इङ्नाम]] |- |वि.सं २०७६ |[[महारानी (उपन्यास)|''महारानी'']] |[[चन्द्रप्रकाश बानियाँ]] |- |वि.सं २०७५ |''रणहार'' |[[योगेश राज]] |- | वि.सं २०७४ | [[योगमाया (उपन्यास)|''योगमाया'']] | [[नीलम कार्की|नीलम कार्की "निहारिका"]] |- | वि.सं. २०७३ | [[धृतराष्ट्र (पुस्तक)|''धृतराष्ट्र'']] | [[घनश्याम कँडेल]] <ref>http://madanpuraskar.org/guthi/people_category/madan-puraskar-winner/</ref> |- | वि.सं. २०७२ | [[ऐना (पुस्तक)|''ऐना'']] | [[रामलाल जोशी]] <ref>http://kantipur.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2016-07-24/20160724121123.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519071257/http://kantipur.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2016-07-24/20160724121123.html|date=2017-05-19 }}</ref> |- | वि सं. २०७१ | [[खुसी (पुस्तक)|''खुसी'']] | [[विजयकुमार पाण्डे|विजय कुमार पाण्डे]] <ref>madanpuraskar.org/guthi/madanpuraskar-2072bs-event/</ref> |- | वि.सं. २०७० | [[खलंगामा हमला|खलङ्गामा हमला एउटी नर्सको डायरी]] | [[राधा पौडेल]] |- | वि.सं. २०६९ | [[दमिनी भीर|''दमिनी भीर'']] | [[राजन मुकारुङ]] |- | वि.सं. २०६८ | [[सेतो धरती|''सेतो धरती'']] | [[अमर न्यौपाने]] |- | वि.सं. २०६७ | [[जीवन काँडा कि फूल|''जीवन काँडा कि फूल'']] | [[झमक घिमिरे]] |- | वि.सं. २०६६ | [[नेपालका बालीनाली र तिनको दिगो खेती|''नेपालका बालीनाली र तिनको दिगो खेती'']] | [[नरबहादुर साउद]] |- | वि.सं. २०६५ | [[एक हातको ताली (निबन्ध सङ्ग्रह)|''एक हातको ताली'']] | [[युवराज नयाँघरे]] |- | वि.सं. २०६४ | [[अन्तर्मनको यात्रा|''अन्तर्मनको यात्रा'']] | [[जगदीश घिमिरे]] |- | वि.सं. २०६३ | [[छापामारको छोरो|''छापामारको छोरो'']] | [[महेशविक्रम शाह]] |- | वि.सं. २०६२ | ''[[राधा]]'' | [[कृष्ण धरावासी|कृष्ण धारावासी]] |- | वि.सं. २०६१ | [[पल्पसा क्याफे (उपन्यास)|''पल्पसा क्याफे'']] | [[नारायण वाग्ले]] |- | वि.सं. २०६० | [[नयाँ ईश्वरको घोषणा|''नयाँ ईश्वरको घोषणा'']] | [[गोपाल पराजुली (कवि)|गोपाल पराजुली]] |- | वि.सं. २०५९ | [[नेपालको कानूनी इतिहासको रुपरेखा|''नेपालको कानूनी इतिहासको रुपरेखा'']] | [[रेवतीरमण खनाल]] |- | वि.सं. २०५८ | [[अभिनव संस्कृति कोष|''अभिनव संस्कृति कोष'']] | [[हरिराम जोशी]] |- | वि.सं. २०५७ | [[नेपालको सिमाना|''नेपालको सिमाना'']] | [[बुद्धिनारायण श्रेष्ठ]] |- | वि.सं. २०५६ | [[अतिरिक्त अभिलेख|''अतिरिक्त अभिलेख'']] | [[दिनेश अधिकारी]] |- | वि.सं. २०५५ | [[दु खान्त नाटकको सृजना परम्परा|''दु खान्त नाटकको सृजना परम्परा'']] | [[डा. केशवप्रसाद उपाध्याय]] |- | वि.सं. २०५४ | ''[[विसर्जन]]'' | [[लोकेन्द्रबहादुर चन्द]] |- | वि.सं. २०५३ | [[नेपाली राष्ट्रिय झण्डा|''नेपाली राष्ट्रिय झण्डा'']] | डा. [[दयाराम श्रेष्ठ]] |- | वि.सं. २०५२ | ''[[योजनगन्धा]]'' | [[विनोदप्रसाद धिताल]] |- | वि.सं. २०५१ | [[सही शब्द|''सही शब्द'']] | फादर [[विलियम बर्क]] हेलिङ्गयाक्स |- | वि.सं. २०५० | [[माध्यमिक नेपाली गद्याख्यान|''माध्यमिक नेपाली गद्याख्यान'']] | [[शरद्चन्द्र शर्मा भट्टराई]] |- | वि.सं. २०४९ | [[पाल्पामा प्रजातान्त्रिक आन्दोलनका सयदिन (वि.स. २००७)|''पाल्पामा प्रजातान्त्रिक आन्दोलनका सयदिन (वि.स. २००७)'']] | [[भवेश्वर पङ्गेनी|डा. भवेश्वर पंगेनी]] |- | वि.सं. २०४८ | [[पागल बस्ती|''पागल बस्ती'']] | [[सरुभक्त]] |- | वि.सं. २०४७ | [[मृत्युञ्जय महाकाव्य|''मृत्युञ्जय महाकाव्य'']] | [[भानुभक्त पोखरेल]] |- | वि.सं. २०४६ | [[नेपालको प्रजातान्त्रिक आन्दोलनमा नेपाल प्रजापरिषद्‌को भूमिका|''नेपालको प्रजातान्त्रिक आन्दोलनमा नेपाल प्रजापरिषद्‌को भूमिका'']] | डा. [[राजेश गौतम]] |- | वि.सं. २०४५ | [[ज्योति ज्योति महाज्योति|''ज्योति ज्योति महाज्योति'']] | [[दौलतविक्रम विष्ट|दौलत विक्रम विष्ट]] |- | वि.सं. २०४४ | [[उत्सर्ग प्रेम|''उत्सर्ग प्रेम'']] | [[राजेश्वर देवकोटा]] |- | वि.सं. २०४३ | [[लिच्छवि संवत्‌को निर्णय|''लिच्छवि संवत्‌को निर्णय'']] | [[नयराज पन्त]] |- | वि.सं. २०४२ | [[वैकुण्ठ एक्सप्रेस|''वैकुण्ठ एक्सप्रेस'']] | [[मोहनराज शर्मा]] |- | वि.सं. २०४१ | ''[[प्रत्यागमन]]'' | [[कञ्चन पुडासैनी|कन्चन पुडासैनी]] |- | वि.सं. २०४० | [[अलिखित (उपन्यास)|''अलिखित'']] | डा. [[ध्रुवचन्द्र गौतम]] |- | वि.सं. २०३९ | ''[[माधवी]]'' | [[मदनमणि दीक्षित]] |- | वि.सं. २०३८ | [[नदी किनाराका माझी|''नदी किनाराका माझी'']] | [[मोहन कोइराला]] |- | वि.सं. २०३७ | [[नरसिंह अवतार (कृति)|''नरसिंह अवतार'']] | [[जगदीश शमशेर राणा]] |- | वि.सं. २०३६ | [[नेपालका परम्परागत प्रविधि|''नेपालका परम्परागत प्रविधि'']] | [[छविलाल गजुरेल|डा. छविलाल गजुरेल]], [[करुणाकर वैद्य]] |- | वि.सं. २०३५ | [[घामका पाइलाहरू|''घामका पाइलाहरू'']] | [[धनुषचन्द्र गौतम|ध. च. गोतामे]] |- | वि.सं. २०३४ | [[लेखनाथ पौड्यालको कवित्वको विश्लेषण तथा मूल्याङ्कन|''लेखनाथ पौड्यालको कवित्वको विश्लेषण तथा मूल्याङ्कन'']] | [[वासुदेव त्रिपाठी|डा. वासुदेव त्रिपाठी]] |- | वि.सं. २०३२ | [[आगत|''आगत'']] | [[भवानी भिक्षु]] |- | वि.सं. २०३० | [[लिच्छविकालका अभिलेख|''लिच्छविकालका अभिलेख'']] | [[धनवज्र वज्राचार्य]] |- | वि.सं. २०२९ | [[आगोका फूलहरू हुन् आगोका फूलहरू होइनन्|''आगोका फूलहरू हुन् आगोका फूलहरू होइनन्'']] | [[ईश्वरबल्लभ]] |- | वि.सं. २०२८ | [[कर्णाली लोक संस्कृति|''कर्णाली लोक संस्कृति'']] | [[प्रदीप रिमाल]], [[चुडामणि रेग्मी|डा. चूडामणि बन्धु]]. [[बिहारीकृष्ण श्रेष्ठ]]. [[स्थिरजंगबहादुर सिंह]]. [[सत्यमोहन जोशी]] |- | वि.सं. २०२७ | [[नेपाली निर्वाचनको रूपरेखा|''नेपाली निर्वाचनको रूपरेखा'']] | [[महानन्द सापकोटा]] |- | वि.सं. २०२६ | [[बेलाइततिर बरालिँदा|''बेलाइततिर बरालिँदा'']] | [[तारानाथ शर्मा]] |- | वि.सं. २०२५ | [[मङ्गली कुसुम|''मङ्गली कुसुम'']] | [[धर्मराज थापा]] |- | वि.सं. २०२५ | [[टिपन टापन|''टिपन टापन'']] | [[पारसमणि प्रधान]] |- | वि.सं. २०२४ | [[नेपालको छापाखाना र पत्रपत्रिकाको इतिहास|''नेपालको छापाखाना र पत्रपत्रिकाको इतिहास'']] | [[ग्रीष्मबहादुर देवकोटा]] |- | वि.सं. २०२४ | [[एब्स्ट्रयाक्ट चिन्तन प्याज|''एब्स्ट्रयाक्ट चिन्तन: प्याज'']] | [[शङ्कर लामिछाने]] |- | वि.सं. २०२३ | [[मानव (महाकाव्य)|''मानव'']] | [[मोदनाथ प्रश्रित]] |- | वि.सं. २०२३ | [[स्रष्टा र साहित्य|''स्रष्टा र साहित्य'']] | [[उत्तम कुँवर]] |- | वि.सं. २०२२ | [[शिरीषको फूल|''शिरीषको फूल'']] | [[पारिजात]] |- | वि.सं. २०२१ | [[वस्त्र निर्माणकला|''वस्त्र निर्माणकला'']] | [[लक्ष्मीबहादुर श्रेष्ठ]] |- | वि.सं. २०२१ | [[प्राचीन हिन्दू अर्थशास्त्र|''प्राचीन हिन्दू अर्थशास्त्र'']] | [[नवराज चालिसे]] |- | वि.सं. २०२१ | [[प्राकृत पोखरा|''प्राकृत पोखरा'']] | [[मुकुन्दशरण उपाध्याय]] |- | वि.सं. २०२१ | [[नेपाली भाषा र साहित्य|''नेपाली भाषा र साहित्य'']] | [[बालकृष्ण पोखरेल]] |- | वि.सं. २०२० | [[जोसमनी सन्त परम्परा र साहित्य|''जोसमनी सन्त परम्परा र साहित्य'']] | [[जनकलाल शर्मा]] |- | वि.सं. २०२० | [[नैषधीय चरित|''नैषधीय चरित'']] | [[कोमलनाथ अधिकारी]] |- | वि.सं. २०१९ | [[आमाको सपना|''आमाको सपना'']] | [[गोपालप्रसाद रिमाल]] |- | वि.सं. २०१८ | [[नयाँ सडकको गीत|''नयाँ सडकको गीत'']] | [[रमेश विकल]] |- | वि.सं. २०१७ | ''[[विस्फोट]]'' | [[भीमनिधि तिवारी]] |- | वि.सं. २०१७ | [[नेपाली राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा|''नेपाली राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा'']] | [[सत्यमोहन जोशी]] |- | वि.सं. २०१६ | [[महाकवि देवकोटा|''महाकवि देवकोटा'']] | [[नित्यराज पाण्डे]] |- | वि.सं. २०१५ | ''[[उद्यान]]'' | [[गङ्गाविक्रम सिजापति]] |- | वि.सं. २०१५ | [[कवि व्यथित र काव्यसाधना|''कवि व्यथित र काव्यसाधना'']] | [[कृष्णचन्द्रसिंह प्रधान]] |- | वि.सं. २०१४ | [[मृत्तिका उद्योग|''मृत्तिका उद्योग'']] | [[करुणाकर वैद्य]] |- | वि.सं. २०१४ | [[मन (उपन्यास)|''मन'']] | [[लीलाध्वज थापा]] |- | वि.सं. २०१३ | [[अधिकविभव स्थिरविद्युत् उत्पादक|''अधिकविभव स्थिरविद्युत् उत्पादक'']] | [[बलराम जोशी]] |- | वि.सं. २०१३ | [[जनरल भीमसेन थापा र तत्कालीन नेपाल|''जनरल भीमसेन थापा र तत्कालीन नेपाल'']] | [[चित्तरञ्जन नेपाली]] |- | वि.सं. २०१३ | [[हाम्रो लोक संस्कृति|''हाम्रो लोक संस्कृति'']] | [[सत्यमोहन जोशी]] |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} ==भाईर कडिअन== * [http://www.madanpuraskar.org/guthi/index.php मदन पुरस्कारको वेबसाइट] * [http://www.ekantipur.com/kantipur/news/news-detail.php?news_id=31382 मदन पुरस्कारको स्वर्ण वर्ष] * [http://madanpuraskar.org/guthi/people_category/madan-puraskar-winner/ मदन पुरस्कार प्राप्त कृतिहरू] [[श्रेणी:पुरस्कारअन]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली साहित्य पुरस्कारअन]] 6fidfekjjblyp9mqd7qn06c8xoy89b6 0 25053 270596 265920 2026-11-08T00:24:56Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | native_name = नेपाल अधिराज्य | conventional_long_name = | common_name = नेपाल | status = {{Plainlist| * संवैधानिक राजतन्त्र बेलायती संरक्षण (वि.सं १८७२–१९७८)<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal |title=History of Kingdom of Nepal |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-date=12 March 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120312210525/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409152/Nepal/23651/Health-and-education |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nepalarmytwo">{{cite web |url = http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two |title = History of Nepal: A Sovereign Kingdom |website = Official website of Nepal Army |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171228014557/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="nepalarmythree" /> }} | life_span = वि.सं १८२५–२०६४ | government_type = [[एकात्मक राज्य|एकात्मक]] [[पूर्ण राजतन्त्र]]<br />{{small|(१८२५–२०३६; २०५८; २०६१-२०६४)}} * सैन्य तानाशाहीको अधिनमा <br />{{small|(१८३२–१८३५; १८४१–१८६०; १८६२–१८९३; १८९४–१९०२)}} * [[राणा शासन|अधिनायकवादी सैन्य तानाशाही]]को अधिनमा<br />{{small|(१९०२–२००७)}} * निर्दलीय [[पञ्चायती व्यवस्था]]को अधिनमा<br />{{small|(२०१७-२०४६)}} [[एकात्मक राज्य|एकात्मक]] [[संसदीय व्यवस्था|संसदीय]] [[संवैधानिक राजतन्त्र]]<br />{{small|(२०४६–२०५८; २०५९-२०६१; २०६१–२०६४)}} * अस्थायी सरकारको अधिनमा<br />{{small|(२०६३–२०६४)}} | year_start = १८२५<ref>{{cite web|last=Subba|first=Sanghamitra|date=20 December 2019|title=A future written in the stars|url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/a-future-written-in-the-stars/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131123714/https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/a-future-written-in-the-stars/|archive-date=31 January 2021|access-date=31 January 2021|website=Nepali Times|language=en-US}}</ref> | year_end = २०६४ | event_start = [[पृथ्वीनारायण शाह]]को अधिनमा [[नेपालको एकीकरण|एकीकरण]] | date_start = असोज १३, | event_end = [[नेपाल|गणतन्त्र]] | date_end = २०६५ जेष्ठ १५ | event1 = [[थापा वंश]]<br />{{small|([[शाह वंश|शाह राजा]]को अधिनमा)}} | date_event1 = १८६२–१८९३ र<br />१८९९–१९०१ | event2 = [[पाँडे वंश]]<br />{{small|([[शाह वंश|शाह राजा]]को अधिनमा)}} | date_event2 = १८५५–१८६० र<br />१८९३–१८९६ | event3 = [[राणा वंश]]<br />{{small|([[शाह वंश|शाह राजा]]को अधिनमा)}} | date_event3 = १९०२–२००७ | event4 = [[पञ्चायती व्यवस्था]] | date_event4 = २०१७–२०४६ | p1 = गोरखा राज्य{{!}}'''१८२५:'''<br />गोरखा राज्य | p2 = मल्ल वंश {{!}}'''१८२५:'''<br />मल्ल वंश | p3 = चौबीसी राज्यहरू{{!}}<br />चौविसी राज्य''' | flag_p4 = Kirati flag.png | p4 = किराँत काल{{!}}'''१८३०:'''<br />किराँत राज्य | flag_p5 = Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg | p5 = सिक्किम अधिराज्य{{!}}'''१८३२:'''<br />सिक्किम राज्य | p6 = बाइसे राज्यहरू{{!}}'''१८३६-:'''<br />बाइसे राज्य | p7 = डोटी राज्य{{!}}'''१८४७:'''<br />डोटी राज्य | flag_p8 = Flag of the Kumaon Kingdom.svg | p8 = कुमाऊँ | flag_p9 = Flag of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal.svg | p9 = गढवाल अधिराज्य {{!}}'''१८६०:'''<br />गढवाल अधिराज्य | s1 = गढवाल अधिराज्य{{!}}'''१८७२:'''<br />गढवाल अधिराज्य | flag_s1 = Flag of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal.svg | flag_s2 = Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg | s2 =सिक्किम अधिराज्य | flag_s3 = | flag_s4 = Flag of Nepal.svg | s4 = नेपाल{{!}}'''२०६४:'''<br /> सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल | image_map = Gorkha Empire 1805.jpg | image_map_caption = १८६५ मी, नेपाल अधिराज्यको नक्सा | image_map2 = LocationNepal.svg | image_map2_caption = २०६४ सालमी, नेपाल अधिराज्यको क्षेत्र | image_flag2 = Pre-1962 Flag of Nepal.svg | flag_alt2 = Pre-1962 Flag of Nepal | image_flag = Flag of Nepal.svg | flag_alt = नेपालको झण्डा | flag_width = 85px | flag_border = no | flag_type = माथि: झण्डा (२०१८–२०६४)<br />तल: झण्डा (२०१८ पूर्व) | image_coat = Coat of arms of Nepal (1962–2008).svg | symbol_type = [[नेपालको निसानछाप|निशान छाप<br />(२०१८–२०६४)]] | coa_size = 100px | national_motto = [[जननी जन्मभूमिश्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी]] ([[संस्कृत भाषा|संस्कृत]])<br />''आमा र जन्मभूमि स्वर्ण भन्दा पनि प्यारो हुन्छ'' | national_anthem = २०१८–२०६४:<br />"[[श्रीमान् गम्भीर|श्रीमान् गम्भिर नेपाली]]"<br />{{center|[[चित्र:Former national anthem of Nepal, 1962–2006.oga]]}}<br />२०६४–२०६५:<br />"[[नेपालको राष्ट्रिय गान|सयौँ थुङ्गा फूलका हामी]]"<br /><br />{{center|[[चित्र:Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka (instrumental).ogg]]}} | capital = [[काठमाडौँ]] | common_languages = [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]] (आधिकारिक) | religion = [[हिन्दू धर्म]] (आधिकारिक) | currency = {{Plainlist| * [[नेपाली मोहर]]<br />{{small|(१८२५–१९८८)}} * [[नेपाली रुपैयाँ]]<br />{{small|(१९८८–२०६४)}} }} | title_leader = ''[[नेपालका राजाहरूको सूची|महाराजधिराज]]'' | leader1 = [[पृथ्वीनारायण शाह]] {{small|(first)}} | year_leader1 = १८२५–१८३१ | leader2 = [[ज्ञानेन्द्र शाह]] {{small|(अन्तिम)}} | year_leader2 = २०५९–२०६४ | deputy1 = [[दामोदर पाँडे]] {{small|(प्रथम)}} | year_deputy1 = १८५५–१८६० | deputy2 = [[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला]] {{small|(अन्तिम)}} | year_deputy2 = २०६१–२०६४ | title_deputy = [[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]] | legislature = {{Plainlist| * [[पञ्चायती व्यवस्था|राष्ट्रिय पञ्चाय]]<br />{{small|(२०१७–२०४६)}} * [[नेपालको सङ्घीय संसद|संसद]]<br />{{small|(२०१५–२०१७; २०४६–२०६१; २०६१–२०६४)}} * नेपालको अन्तरिम व्यवस्थापिका संसद<br />{{small|(२०६३–२०६४)}} }} | upper_house = [[राष्ट्रिय सभा (नेपाल)|महासभा]]<br />(२०१५-२०१७)<br />[[राष्ट्रिय सभा (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय सभा]]<br />(२०४६-२०५८) | lower_house = [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]]<br />(२००७-२०१७; २०४६-२०४८) | stat_year1 = | stat_area1 = | stat_pop1 = | today = {{झण्डा|नेपाल}}<br>{{झण्डा|भारत}} | footnotes = | demonym = नेपाली | area_km2 = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | flag2_border = no | event5 = [[संवैधानिक राजतन्त्र]] | date_event5 = २०४६–२०६४ | coordinates = {{Coord|27|42|N|85|19|E|type:county|display=inline,title}} }} '''नेपाल अधिराज्य''' वा '''गोरखा अधिराज्य''' वा असल हिन्दुस्तान, [[दक्षिण एसिया]]को एक हिन्दू राज्य थियो, जसको गठन वि.सं १८२४ मी [[नेपालको एकीकरण]]द्वारा भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book |title=बडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वीनारायण शाहको दिव्य उपदेश|author1=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]] |author2=योगी नरहरिनाथ|publisher=श्रीकृष्ण आचार्य |year=2014 |edition= |isbn=978-99933-912-1-0 |location=काठमाडौँ |pages = ४, ५ }}</ref> खस ठकुरी राजपुत मूलको भएको दाबी गर्ने गोरखाका राजा [[पृथ्वीनारायण शाह]]द्वारा स्थापित यो वि.सं २०६३ मी नेपाली राजतन्त्रको उन्मूलन नभएसम्म २४० वर्षसम्म अस्तित्वमा रहेको थियो। <ref name="Kirkpatrick 1811">{{cite book |last = Kirkpatrick |first = Colonel |url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ijxAAAAAYAAJ |title = An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul |location = London |publisher = William Miller |year = 1811 |access-date = 17 October 2012 |pages = 382–386 }}</ref>यस अवधिमी नेपाल औपचारिक रूपमी [[शाह वंश]]को शासनको अधीनमी रहेको थियो।<ref name="Schmidt2015">{{cite book |author=Karl J. Schmidt |title = An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 |date=20 May 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 |pages=138– |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170216103628/https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 |url-status=live }}</ref> वि.सं १८४८ मी राजकुमार [[बहादुर शाह]]को नेतृत्वमी नेपाली सेनाले [[तिब्बत]]माथि आक्रमण गर्दै दिगार्चामी लुटपाट गरेको थियो। त्यस पश्चात् दलाई लामा रे चिनियाँ उच्च अधिकारीले सैन्य सहयोगका लागि चिनियाँ प्रशासनलाई खबर गरेका थिए। फुकाङगानको नेतृत्वमी चिनियाँ रे तिब्बती सेनाले नेपालमाथि आक्रमण गरे पनि [[नुवाकोट जिल्ला|नुवाकोट]]मी असफल भएका थिए रे वार्तामी गएका थिए।<ref name="nepalarmythree">{{cite web |url = http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three |title = Nepal and Tibetan conflict |website = Official website of Nepal Army |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102904/http://nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three |url-status=dead }}</ref> चार काजीहरूमध्ये सबैभन्दा प्रभावशाली रहेका मुलकाजी [[दामोदर पाँडे]]लाई बहादुर शाहलाई हटाएर नियुक्त गरिएको थियो। मुलकाजी [[कीर्तिमानसिंह बस्न्यात|कीर्तिमान सिंह बस्न्यात]]ले राजा [[गीर्वाणयुद्ध विक्रम शाह]]को रक्षा गर्न रे पूर्वराजा [[रणबहादुर शाह]]लाई नेपालबाटी टाढा राख्न प्रयास गरेका थिए।{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} १८६० फागुन २४ का दिन पूर्वराजा फर्केर मुख्तियार ([[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]]) बनेका थिए रे [[दामोदर पाँडे]]लाई थानकोटटी मृत्युदण्ड दिइएको थियो।<ref>राष्ट्रभक्तिको झलक : पाँडे वंशको भूमिका (वि.सं. १५६९-१९०४) ; [[भीमबहादुर पाँडे]] </ref> वि.सं १८६२ मी [[रणबहादुर शाह]]को मृत्युपछि भएको [[भण्डारखाल पर्व]]ले आधिकारिक मुख्तियार [[भीमसेन थापा]]को उदयलाई अगाडि बढाएको थियो जो सन् १८६२ देखि १९९२३ सम्म नेपालको वास्तविक शासक बनेका थिए।{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=71–72}} तथापि, उन्नाइसौँ शताब्दीको सुरुतिर [[भारत]]मी [[इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी]]को शासनको विस्तारले [[नेपाल अङ्ग्रेज युद्ध]] (१८७१ कात्तिक १८- १८७२ फागुन २४) निम्त्याएको थियो जसको परिणामस्वरूप नेपालको पराजित भएको थियो।<ref name="अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्">{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]]|author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य ]]|page=१९५|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स|isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> [[सुगौली सन्धि]] अन्तर्गत राज्यले आफ्नो आन्तरिक स्वतन्त्रता कायम राखेको थियो, तर नेपालले आफ्ना भूभागहरू गुमाउन पुगेको थियो। [[मेची नदी|मेची]] रे [[महाकाली नदी]]लाई नेपाली भूभागको सीमाको रूपमी चिह्नित गरिएको थियो। [[सुगौली सन्धि]] अघिको राज्यको भूभागलाई कहिलेकाहीँ [[विशाल नेपाल]] पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ।<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=पुस्तक समीक्षा : विशाल नेपाल बनाउन ‘गोर्खाज’को योगदान|url=https://www.lokpath.com/story/291843|language=नेपाली|work=|website=लोकपथ|date=|accessdate=२३ भदौ २०७९|archive-date=2024-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009150415/https://www.lokpath.com/story/291843|url-status=dead}}</ref> राजनीतिक परिदृष्यमी मुख्तियार [[माथवरसिंह थापा]]को मृत्युले थापा आधिपत्यको अन्त्य गरी [[कोत पर्व]]को लागि पृष्ठभूमि खडा गरेको थियो। यसको परिणामस्वरूप खस (क्षेत्री) [[राणा वंश]]को उत्थान भएको थियो रे १८९९ देखि २००७ सम्म अर्को शताब्दीका लागि नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्रीको पदलाई राणाहरूको परिवारमी वंशाणुगत बनाएको थियो। पहिलो राणा शासक [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]द्वारा राणा वंशको सुरुवात भएको थियो जसले राजालाई पनि नियन्त्रणमा लिएको थियो। [[राणा शासन]]मी निरंकुशता, आर्थिक शोषण रे धार्मिक उत्पीडन रहेको मानिन्छ।<ref>{{cite news |last=Dietrich |first=Angela |title = Buddhist Monks and Rana Rulers: A History of Persecution |url = http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117536.htm |access-date=17 September 2013 |newspaper = Buddhist Himalaya: A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods |year=1996 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001124156/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117536.htm |archive-date=1 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Lal |first= C. K. |title= The Rana resonance |url= http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8741 |access-date= 17 September 2013 |newspaper= Nepali Times |date= 16 February 2001 |archive-date= 28 September 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013152/http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8741 |url-status= live }}</ref> २००६ मी, नयाँ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्र भारतले एक मैत्री सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर गरेको थियो जसमी दुवै राष्ट्र एक अर्काको सार्वभौमिकताको सम्मान गर्न सहमत भएका थिए। सोही वर्ष, भारतले [[त्रिभुवन वीरविक्रम शाह|राजा त्रिभुवन]]लाई समर्थन गर्न महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेलेको थियो जसलाई राणा प्रधानमन्त्री [[मोहन शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]लाई पदच्युत गर्न मद्दत गरेको थियो। [[सात सालको क्रान्ति]]ले [[राणा शासन]]को अन्त्य गरेको थियो जसलाई राजा त्रिभुवनको समर्थन रहेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|author=सविन शर्मा|title=२००७ सालको क्रान्ति नै आधुनिक नेपालको जग|url=https://www.janatapati.com/news-detail/7456|language=नेपाली|work=|website=जनता पाटी|date=|accessdate=२३ भदौ २०७९|archive-date=2022-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909163226/https://www.janatapati.com/news-detail/7456|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[राणा शासन]]को उन्मूलन पश्चात् सुधार लागू गर्न रे संविधान पारित गर्न असफल प्रयासहरू भएका थिए। राजा त्रिभुवनको निधन भएसँगै नेपालको राजा बनेका [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र]]ले २०१५ सालमी निर्वाचित संसद भङ्ग गर्दै २०१७ साल पुस १ गते निर्दलीय [[पञ्चायती व्यवस्था]] लागू गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=२०१७ साल पुस १ : कुहिरो लागेको त्यो दिन राजा महेन्द्रले कसरी गरेका थिए 'कु'?|url=https://nepallive.com/story/192661|language=नेपाली |work=नेपाल लाइभ|website=|date=|accessdate=२३ भदौ २०७९}}</ref> २०२८ सालमी राजा महेन्द्रको निधन भएसँगै वीरेन्द्र नेपालको राजा बनेका थिए। पञ्चायती व्यवस्था २०४६ सालको आन्दोलनको माध्यमबाटी उन्मूलन भएको थियो रे नेपाल संवैधानिक राजतन्त्र मुलुक बनेको थियो। त्यसपछि, २०५२ सालमी [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी)]]को नेतृत्वमी जनयुद्ध आरम्भ भएको थियो रे यो जनयुद्ध २०६२ सम्म १० वर्ष चलेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=जनयुद्ध : जीत र हारका बीस वर्ष|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2015/02/240798|language=नेपाली |work=|website=अनलाइन खबर|date=|accessdate=२३ भदौ २०७९}}</ref> सोही अवधिमी २०५८ सालमी जेठ १९ गते, [[वीरेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजा वीरेन्द्र]]को वंश नाश हुने गरि [[दरबार हत्याकाण्ड]] भएको थियो जसले नेपाली राजतन्त्रको अवस्थालाई थप अस्थिर बनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=दरबार हत्याकाण्डको १७ वर्ष पूरा, रहस्य गर्भमै|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2018/06/683284|language=नेपाली |work=|website=अनलाइन खबर|date=|accessdate=२३ भदौ २०७९}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=विष्णु प‍ोखरेल|title=दरबार हत्याकाण्ड: यी हुन् नेपालमा सत्ता परिवर्तन गराउने चर्चित घटना|url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-48488494.amp|language=नेपाली |work=|website=बीबीसी नेपाली|date=|accessdate=२३ भदौ २०७९}}</ref> दरबार हत्याकाण्डको फलस्वरूप [[ज्ञानेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजा ज्ञानेन्द्र]] सिंहासनमा फर्किएका थिए। २०६२ मी उनको प्रत्यक्ष शासनले माओवादी विद्रोह रे प्रजातन्त्र पक्षधर कार्यकर्ताहरूलाई एकताबद्ध गर्ने विरोध आन्दोलनलाई उक्साएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|author=मातृका पौडेल|title=ज्ञानेन्द्र शाहले गरेको त्यो गल्ती !|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/02/739093|language=नेपाली |work=|website=|date=|accessdate=२३ भदौ २०७९}}</ref> अन्ततः उनी [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]]को पुनस्र्थापना गर्न बाध्य भएका थिए रे नेपालमी राजतन्त्र उन्मूलन भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=माघ १९: ज्ञानेन्द्र शाहको त्यो ‘राजनीतिक कु’|url=https://deshsanchar.com/2019/02/02/154578/|language=नेपाली |work=|website=देश सञ्चार|date=|accessdate=२३ भदौ २०७९}}</ref> त्यस पश्चात्र अन्तरिम संविधान पारित भएको थियो। अर्को वर्ष अर्थात् २०६४ [[संविधान सभा निर्वाचन, २०६४|पहिलो संविधानसभा निर्वाचन]] सम्पन्न भएको थियो। २०६५ जेठ १५ मी, लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपालको घोषणा गरिएको थियो। राजतन्त्रको उन्मूलन हुनु अघिसम्म [[नेपाल]] विश्वकै एक मात्र देश थियो, जहाँ [[हिन्दु धर्म|हिन्दू धर्म]]लाई आफ्नो राजकीय धर्मका रूपमी राखिएको थियो। गणतन्त्र बनेदेखि नै यो देश औपचारिक रूपमी धर्मनिरपेक्ष राष्ट्र बनेको छ।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theindiapost.com/2009/10/28/why-monarchy-is-necessary-in-nepal/ |title = Why Monarchy is necessary in Nepal? |access-date = 3 November 2009 |archive-date = 12 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200412081118/https://www.theindiapost.com/uncategorized/why-monarchy-is-necessary-in-nepal/ |url-status = dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412081118/https://www.theindiapost.com/uncategorized/why-monarchy-is-necessary-in-nepal/ |date=12 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/news/?NewsID=1471 |date = 18 January 2008 |author = George Conger |work = Religious Intelligence |title = Nepal moves to become a secular republic |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031409/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/news/?NewsID=1471 |archive-date = 30 January 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031409/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/news/?NewsID=1471 |date=30 January 2009 }}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास|नेपाल अधिराज्य]] 66z07q0qrvvkfoknwj1kf095y9qputw 0 25909 270641 268036 2026-11-08T01:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = साङ्घाई | native_name = 上海市 <!-- | other_name = हुआङपु (वाङपु) -->| native_name_lang = zh | settlement_type = [[नगरपालिका]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Huangpu Park 20124-Shanghai (32208802494).jpg | caption1 = ओरिएन्टल पर्ल टावर (बायाँ) रे साङ्घाई टावर (दायाँ) सहित झापुलु पुलबठे लुजियाजुई | image2 = 2024-Apr Shanghai Yu Yuan Garden 豫园 - img 20.jpg | caption2 = [[यु बगैचा]] | image3 = 2024-Apr Shanghai East Nanjing Road morning 01.jpg | caption3 = [[नान्जिङ सडक]] | image4 = 上海展览中心·上海.jpg | caption4 = [[साङ्घाई प्रदर्शनी केन्द्र]] | image5 = Old City of Shanghai, China (December 2015) - 13.JPG | caption5 = [[साङ्घाईको पुरानो सहर]] | image6 = 上海外滩汇丰银行大楼2021.jpg | caption6 = एचएसबीसी भवन | image7 = Jing'an Temple Shanghai 6.jpg | caption7 = [[जिङआन मन्दिर]] }} | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7|frame-lat=31.22|frame-long=122.1}} | image_map1 = Shanghai in China (+all claims hatched).svg | map_caption1 = चीनमी साङ्घाई नगरपालिकाको स्थान | coordinates = {{coord|31|13|43|N|121|28|29|E|type:adm1st_region:CN-31|display=it}} | subdivision_type = देश | subdivision_name = {{flag|चीन}} | subdivision_type2 = [[चीनको क्षेत्र|क्षेत्र]] | subdivision_name2 = [[पूर्वी चीन]] | seat_type = नगरपालिका आसन | seat = ह्वाङ्पु जिल्ला | government_type = [[नगरपालिका]] | governing_body = [[साङ्घाई नगर जन काङ्ग्रेस]] | leader_title4 = [[राष्ट्रिय जन काङ्ग्रेस]] प्रतिनिधित्व | leader_name4 = ५७ जना प्रतिनिधिअन | total_type = नगरपालिका | area_footnotes = <ref name="mofcom">{{cite web |title = Doing Business in China – Survey |url = http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |publisher = [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China]] |access-date = 5 August 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140526181645/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |archive-date = 26 May 2014 |url-status = dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130805091244/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |date=5 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name="landarea">{{cite web |url = http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node23919/node24059/node24061/userobject22ai36484.html |title = 地域 (in Chinese) |publisher = Government of Shanghai |access-date = 4 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240508135319/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1 |archive-date = 8 May 2024 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641942&type=-1 |publisher = Government of Shanghai |title = 水文 (in Chinese) |access-date = 4 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240508141431/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641942&type=-1 |archive-date = 8 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = ६३४१ | area_water_km2 = ६५३ | area_metro_km2 = १४९२२.७ | area_urban_footnotes = &nbsp;(2018)<ref name="demog14">{{cite book |url = http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title = Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition |last = Cox |first = W. |publisher = Demographia |year = 2018 |location = St. Louis |page = 22 |access-date = 15 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date = 3 May 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> | elevation_m = ४ | elevation_max_m = ११८ | elevation_max_point = [[शेषन पहाड]] | population_total = २४८७४५०० | population_as_of = सन् २०२३ | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|date=21 March 2024|title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报|url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html|access-date=14 July 2024|publisher=[[Shanghai Statistics Bureau]]|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530163249/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_rank = [[चीनका सहरहरूको सूची|पहिलो]] | population_demonym = साङ्घाईनी | website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://www.shanghai.gov.cn|shanghai.gov.cn}}|{{URL|https://english.shanghai.gov.cn|en.shanghai.gov.cn}}}} | timezone = [[चीन मानक समय]] | utc_offset = +०८:०० | official_name = साङ्घाई नगरपालिका | image_seal = | seal_link = | flag_size = 150px }} '''साङ्घाई''' ({{lang-zh|上海市}}) [[चीन]]को [[चीनका सहरहरूको सूची|सबै है बढति जनसङ्ख्या भयाः सहरी]] क्षेत्र हो। यो सहर [[याङ्त्से नदी|याङ्त्से नदी]]को दक्षिणी मुहानमी चिनियाँ तटमी अवस्थित छ, जाँ हुआङपु नदी बगन्छे। सन् २०२३ मी लगभग २ करोड ४८ लाख ७० हजार बासिन्दा भयाः ये सहरको जनसङ्ख्या [[चोङकिङ]] पछा विश्वको दोसरो ठुलो हो, जबकि सहरी क्षेत्र चीनको सब है बढति जनसङ्ख्या भयाः क्षेत्र हो। जैमि २ करोड ९८ लाख ७० हजार बासिन्दा छन्। सन् २०२२ सम्म, अधिक साङ्घाईमहानगरीय क्षेत्रले लगभग १३ खर्ब आरएमबी ($१.९ खर्ब) को कुल महानगरीय उत्पादन (नाममात्र) उत्पादन अद्दा अनुमान गरिया थ्योः। साङ्घाईवित्त, व्यवसाय रे अर्थशास्त्र, अनुसन्धान, विज्ञान रे प्रविधि, निर्माण, यातायात, पर्यटन र संस्कृतिको लागि विश्वको प्रमुख केन्द्रहरू मध्ये एक हो। साङ्घाईबन्दरगाह विश्वको सबैहै व्यस्त बन्दरगाह हो। मूल रूपमी माछा मार्ने गाउँ रे [[बजार अर्थव्यवस्था|बजार]] सहरको रूपमी रयाः साङ्घाई १९औँ शताब्दीमी घरेलु रे विदेशी व्यापार रे येको अनुकूल बन्दरगाह स्थानको कारण विश्वव्यापी रूपमी प्रसिद्ध भयो। यो सहर [[पहिलो अफिम युद्ध]] पछा युरोपेलीअनसँग व्यापार अद्दु खोल्न बाध्य भया पाँच सन्धि बन्दरगाहअन मध्ये एक थ्योः। साङ्घाईअन्तर्राष्ट्रिय बस्ती र फ्रान्सेली छुट पछा स्थापित भयो। तइपछा यो सहर फस्टाउँदै गयो, सन् १९३० को दशकमी एसियाको प्राथमिक व्यावसायिक रे वित्तीय केन्द्र बन्यो। [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]का समयमी, यो सहर साङ्घाईको प्रमुख युद्धको स्थल थ्यो। युद्ध पछा, कम्युनिस्टहनले सहर रे मुख्य भूमिको अधिकांश भाग कब्जा गरेपछा कम्युनिस्ट क्रान्ति झट्टु पुनः सुरु भयो। सन् १९५० बठे १९७० को दशकसम्म, व्यापार प्रायः पूर्वी ब्लकका अन्य समाजवादी देसअनमी सीमित थ्योः, जइले अद्दा शीतयुद्धका समयमी सहरको विश्वव्यापी प्रभाव घट्यो। ये सहरले चार फरक ऋतुअनको अनुभव अनन्छ। ठण्णीमी समशीतोष्णदेखि चिसो रे ओसिलो हुन्छ—[[साइबेरिया]]बठे आउने उत्तरपश्चिमी हावाले रातको तापक्रम शून्यभन्दा तलतिर जान्छ। प्रत्येक वर्ष, औसत ४.७ दिन हिउँ पडन्छ रे १.६ दिन हिउँले ढाकिएको हन्छ। गर्मी ऋतु तातो रे आर्द्र हन्छ, रे कबैऽ कबैऽ मुसलधारे वर्षा वा मेघगर्जन हन्या अपेक्षा अद्दु सकिन्छ। औसतमा, १४.५ दिन वार्षिक तापक्रम ३५ से (९५ °फा) भन्दा बढी हन्छ। गर्मी रे शरद ऋतुको सुरुवातमी, सहर आँधीबेहरीका जोखिममी हन्छ।<ref name="wiphatelegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/19/wtyphoon119.xml|title=1.6m flee Shanghai typhoon|last=Spencer|first=Richard|date=19 September 2008|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=20 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183032/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F19%2Fwtyphoon119.xml|archive-date=13 October 2007|location=UK|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:पूर्वी चीन]] [[श्रेणी:चीनका नगरपालिकाअन]] 1n0689td4ia3pkhiqm5c5vrz6oz16ot 0 25995 270570 264399 2026-11-07T23:44:20Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gandhi spinning.jpg|thumb|right|गान्धी]] {{Infobox Film | name = गान्धी(चलचित्र) | image = Gandhi-poster.png | caption = चलचित्र को पोस्टर | director = [[रिचर्ड एटनबरो]] | producer = रिचर्ड एटनबरो | writer = जोन ब्रिले | starring = {{Plain list| * [[बेन किंग्सले]] * [[कैनडिस बेर्गेन]] * [[मार्टिन शिन]] }} | music = {{Plainlist| *[[रवि शंकर]] *[[जर्ज फेनटन]]}} | cinematography = {{Plainlist| * [[बिली विलियम्स (छायाकार)|बिली विलियम्स]] * [[रानी टायलर]]}} | editing = [[जोन ब्लूम (चलचित्र सम्पादक)|जाॅन ब्लूम]] | production companies = {{Plainlist| * गोल्डक्रेस्ट फिल्मस * इन्टरनेशनल फिल्म इन्वेसटर * नेशनल फिल्म डेवलपमेन्ट करपोरेसन अफ इन्डिया * इन्डो-ब्रिटिश फिल्मस इंडो-ब्रिटिश }} | distributor = [[कोलम्बिया पिक्चर्स|कोलम्बिया पिक्चर्स]] | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982|11|30|[[नयाँ दिल्ली]]|1982|12|3|यूनाइटेड किंगडम|1982|12|08|संयुक्त राष्ट्र अमेरिका}} | runtime = १९१ मिनट<!--Theatrical runtime: 191:14--><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/gandhi-1970-5 |title=Gandhi |publisher=[[ब्रिटिश बोर्ड ऑफ़ फ़िल्म क्लासिफिकेशन]] |accessdate=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107050332/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/gandhi-1970-5 |archive-date=7 जनवरी 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | language = अंग्रेजी | country = {{Plain list| * युनाइटेड किंगडम<ref name="BFI">{{cite web |title=Gandhi (1982) |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6958918e |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |accessdate=22 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816122813/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6958918e |archive-date=16 अगस्त 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * भारत<ref name="BFI"/> * संयुक्त राष्ट्र अमेरिका<ref name="BFI"/> }} | budget = $२२ मिलियन<ref name="Numbers">{{cite web |title=Gandhi (1982) - Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information |url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Gandhi#tab=summary |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |accessdate=27 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407104900/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Gandhi#tab=summary |archive-date=7 अप्रैल 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | gross = $ १२७.८ मिलियन<ref name="Numbers"/><ref name="box office mojo">{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gandhi.htm|publisher=[[बॉक्स ऑफ़िस मोजो]]|title=Gandhi, Box Office Information|accessdate=January 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513062536/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gandhi.htm|archive-date=13 मई 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> }} गान्धी(चलचित्र) सन् १९८२ मी बन्या महाकाव्य जीवनी फिल्म हो जो २० औं शताब्दीमी ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य विरुद्धको भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलनका प्रमुख नेता महात्मा गान्धीका जीवनमी आधारित थ्योः। भारत रे संयुक्त अधिराज्यको सह-निर्माणमी बन्या यो चलचित्र रिचर्ड एटनबरोद्वारा निर्देशित रे निर्माण गरिया थ्योः रे जोन ब्राइलीद्वारा लेखिया थ्योः। येमी बेन किङ्स्लेले शीर्षक भूमिकामी अभिनय अर्या छन्। यो जीवनी फिल्मले १८९३ मी गान्धीको जीवनको एक निर्णायक क्षणलाई समेट्न्छ, जब उनलाई गोराअनको लागि मात्र डिब्बामी भयाः कारण दक्षिण अफ्रिकी रेलबठे फ्याँकिया थ्योः रे १९४८ मी उनरो हत्या रै अन्त्येष्टिमी समाप्त हन्छ। एक अभ्यास अद्या हिन्दू भए लै, गान्धीको और धर्मअन, विशेष अरी ईसाई धर्म रे इस्लामलाई अँगालेको लै चित्रण गरियाः छ। फिल्ममी ३,००,००० भन्दा बढति अतिरिक्त कलाकारअन धेखा पड्या थ्याः, जो कोलै बनाइया चलचित्रमी सबहै बढति माणिन्छ। ==पात्रअन== * बेन किंग्सले - गान्धी * रोहिणी हट्टागदी - कस्तूरबा * रोहन सेठ - पण्डीत जवाहरलाल नेहरु, भारतका पैल्ला प्रधानमन्त्री * सईद जाफरी - सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल, भारत का पैल्ला गृहमन्त्री एवं उप-प्रधानमन्त्री * वीरेन्द्र राजदान - मौलाना आजाद, भारत का पैल्ला शिक्षा मन्त्री * अनंग देसाई - आचार्य कृपलानी * कैडिस बर्गेन - मार्गरेट बौर्के-व्हाइट * एडवर्ड फोक्स - ब्रिगेडियर जनरल रेजिनाल्ड डायर * जोन गिएल्गुद - वायसराय लर्ड इरविन * ट्रेवर हावर्ड - जस्टिस रोबर्ट स्टोनहाउस ब्रूमफिल्ड * जोन मिल्स - वायसराय लर्ड चेम्स्फोर्ड * अलीक पदमसी - मुहम्मद अली जिन्ना * अमरीश पुरी - दादा अब्दुल्ला हाजी अदब, साउथ अफ्रीका का एक कारोबारी एवं नटाल इन्डियन कांग्रेस का अध्यक्ष * दिलशेर सिंह - सरहदी गान्धी खान अब्दुल गफ्फार खान * ओम पुरी - नहरी * पंकज कपूर - गान्धी जी का सेवक, महादेव देसाई ==प्रदर्शन== ''गान्धी''को प्रिमियर ३० नोभेम्बर १९८२ मैं भारताः [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] मैं भयाः थ्यो। तै का दुइ दिन पछा, २ डिसम्बरमैं, लण्डनमैं रयाः [[ओडियन लेस्टर स्क्वायर]]<ref>{{cite web|title= 70mm at the Odeon, Leicester Square|author= Nigel Wolland|url= http://www.in70mm.com/news/2012/odeon/index.htm|work= In 70mm.com|access-date= 26 August 2012|archive-date= 16 October 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121016095636/http://in70mm.com/news/2012/odeon/index.htm|url-status= live}}</ref> मैं भोल्कादिन सर्वसाधारण खिलाइ खुल्ला है पैली [[चार्ल्स, वेल्सका राजकुमार|राजकुमार चार्ल्स]] रे [[डायना, वेल्सकि राजकुमारी|राजकुमारी डायना]] उपस्थित मैं यै को शाही प्रिमियर भयाः थ्यो <ref>{{cite news |title= Entertainments Guide |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |page=24 |date= 2 December 1982 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.princess-diana-remembered.com/1/post/2012/5/memories-of-diana-attending-premiere-of-gandhi-december-2nd-1982.html|title= Attending premiere of "Gandhi" December 2nd 1982|date= 2 December 1982|work= Princess Diana Remembered|access-date= 26 August 2012|archive-date= 28 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140428015933/http://www.princess-diana-remembered.com/1/post/2012/5/memories-of-diana-attending-premiere-of-gandhi-december-2nd-1982.html|url-status= usurped}}</ref> अमेरिका मैं यै फिलमको ८ डिसेम्बर १९८२ बठेइ शुरू होइबर सीमित प्रदर्शन भयाः थ्यो तै पछा जनवरी १९८३ मैं व्यापक रूपमैं प्रदर्शन मैं आयाः थ्यो।<ref name="Numbers"/> फेब्रुअरी १९८३ मैं यो भारताः दुई स्क्रिनाः सङ्ङै बेलायतमैं राष्ट्रव्यापी रूपमैं खुल्यो रे पुइ और देशअनमैं लै विस्तार भयो।<ref name=intl>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|page=5|date=15 June 1983|title='Tootsie,' 'Gandhi' Hit $120-Mil Abroad, Despite Hard Dollar Drag}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} ==भाईराकडिअन== {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title}} * [https://www.allmovie.com/movie/gandhi-am6713 ''Gandhi'' at AllMovie] * {{TCMDb title}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes}} * [http://www.bafta.org/heritage/gallery-gandhi-25-years-on,13,GAL.html Gallery of photos from the set of ''Gandhi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227084052/http://www.bafta.org/heritage/gallery-gandhi-25-years-on,13,GAL.html |date=27 February 2014 }} at BAFTA.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210509093357/http://www.gandhism.net/the-gandhi-nobody-knows/ ''The Gandhi Nobody Knows''] (movie feedback) Gandhism.net {{navboxes |title = Awards for ''Gandhi'' |list = {{Academy Award Best Picture}} {{BAFTA Best Film}} {{David di Donatello Best Foreign Film}} {{Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film}} {{National Board of Review Award for Best Film}} {{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film}} }} [[श्रेणी:१९८२ मी बन्या चलचित्र]] [[श्रेणी:महात्मा गान्धी]] [[श्रेणी:महात्मा गान्धी एडिटाथन २०२५]] [[श्रेणी:महात्मा गान्धी एडिटाथन २०२५ मी बनाया लेखअन]] t3g21pmtfslm1qjgp7mmf8iv49bk44y 0 26020 270640 265289 2026-11-08T01:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name=सरोजिनी नायडु | image = | image_size = 200px | caption = श्रीमती सरोजिनी नायडु |birth_date= सरोजिनी चट्टोपाध्याय १३ फेब्रुअरी १८७९ |death_date= {{death date and age|१९४९|३|२|१८७९|२|१३|mf=y}} |birth_place= [[हैदराबाद]], [[आन्ध्र प्रदेश]], [[भारत]] |death_place= [[इलाहाबाद]], [[उत्तर प्रदेश]], [[भारत]] |spouse= श्री मुत्तयला गोविंदराजुलु नायडु |children= जयसूर्य, पद्मजा, रणधीर रे लीलामणि }} '''सरोजिनी नायडू''' ([[१३ फरवरी]] [[१८७९]] - [[२ मार्च]] [[१९४९]]) को जन्म [[भारत]] को [[हैदराबाद]] नगरमी भयाः थ्योः । उन एक भारतीय स्वतन्त्र कार्यकर्ता रे कवि थ्याः ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/sarojini-naidu.html|title=नेताहरू: सरोजिनी नायडू|accessdate=2019-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422164056/https://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/sarojini-naidu.html|archive-date=2019-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> उनको बुवा अघोरनाथ चट्टोपाध्याय एक प्रसिद्ध विद्वान तथा आमा कवि थिन रे [[बङ्गाली लिपि|बङ्ग्ला]]मी लेखन थिन् । नानाई बठे तेज दिमाग भयाः हनाले उनले १२ वर्ष मी बाह्रौ कक्षाको परीक्षामी निका नम्राबरले पास अरिन् रे १३ वर्षको आयुमी लेडी अफ द लेक नामक कविताको रचना अरिन् । उनले सन् १८९५ मी उच्च शिक्षा लिनाइ लाइ [[बेलायत|इङ्ल्यान्ड]] गईन् रे पढाईका साथ-साथै कविताअन लै लेख्दु रइन् । गोल्डन थ्रैशोल्ड उनको पहिलो कविता सङ्ग्रह थ्योः । ==जीवनी== ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीअन== [[श्रेणी:भारतीय साहित्यकारअन]] [[श्रेणी:विश्वका प्रभावशाली महिलाअन]] [[श्रेणी:बङ्गाली मान्सु]] [[श्रेणी:बङ्गाली हिन्दुअन]] [[श्रेणी:महात्मा गान्धी एडिटाथन २०२५]] [[श्रेणी:महात्मा गान्धी एडिटाथन २०२५ मी बनाया लेखअन]] nak8e7o1korlz0lxl5xmc06jm9ubh4b 0 26025 270619 264424 2026-11-08T00:52:40Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270619 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Constitution of India.jpg|thumb|right|250px|भारतको संविधान]] '''भारतको संविधान''' भारतको सर्वोच्च कानून हो जैअनसार [[भारत]] शासित छ। ये दस्तावेजले भारतमी सरकारी संस्थाअनको मौलिक राजनीतिक संहिता, संरचना, प्रक्रिया, अधिकार रे कर्तव्यअनको सीमांकन अद्दा ढाँचा रे मौलिक अधिकार, निर्देशक सिद्धान्त रे नागरिकअनको कर्तव्यअन निर्धारण अरन्छ। भारतको संविधान [[संविधान सभा]] बठे २६ नोभेम्बर, १९४९ मी पारित भयो तथा २६ जनवरी, १९५० बठे सुचारु भयो। २६ जनवरीका दिन भारतमी [[गणतन्त्र दिवस (भारत)|गणतन्त्र दिवस]]का रूपमी मनाइन्छ। भारतको संविधान भारतको सर्वोच्च कानूनी दस्तावेज हो, रे विश्वको सब है लामो लिखित राष्ट्रिय संविधान हो।<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pylee |first=Moolamattom Varkey |title=India's Constitution |publisher=R. Chand & Company |year=1994 |isbn=978-8121904032 |edition=5th rev. and enl. |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=3 |oclc=35022507}}</ref><ref name="original">{{cite book |title=Original edition with original artwork - The Constitution of India |date=26 November 1949 |publisher=Government of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/1/ |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322045811/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/1/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web|title=Preface, The constitution of India|url=http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_preface.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331033925/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_preface.pdf|archive-date=31 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> येलाई भारतको संविधान सभा बठे २६ नोभेम्बर १९४९ मी अपनाइया थ्योः रे २६ जनवरी १९५० मी प्रभावकारी भयो। ये संविधानले भारत सरकार ऐन १९३५ लाई देशको मौलिक शासकीय दस्तावेजको रूपमी प्रतिस्थापन अर्यो रे डोमिनियन भारत, गणतन्त्रात्मक भारत बन्यो। संवैधानिक स्वदेशिकता सुनिश्चित अद्दु, येका निर्माताअनले ब्रिटिश संसदको अनुच्छेद ३९५ मी पूर्वका ऐनअन खारेज अर्या। भारतले संविधान अपनाइएको दिन २६ जनवरीमी गणतन्त्र दिवसको रूपमा मनाउनान् । ये संविधानले संवैधानिक सर्वोच्चता प्रदान अरन्छ। (संसदीय सर्वोच्चता होइन, क्याइकि यो संसदको सट्टा संविधान सभा बठे निर्माण गरिया थ्योः) रे येको प्रस्तावनामी घोषणाको साथ येको जनताले येलाई अपना छ। संसदले संविधानलाई बेवास्ता अद्दु सक्दैन । == संक्षिप्त परिचय == भारतको संविधान विश्वको सबहै ठूलो लिखित संविधान हो। येमी ३९५ अनुच्छेद तथा १२ अनुसूचीअन छन्। संविधानमी सरकारका संसदीय स्‍वरूपको व्‍यवस्‍था गरियाः छ जैइको संरचना केइ अपवादअनका अतिरिक्त सङ्घीय छ। केन्‍द्रीय कार्यपालिकाको सांविधानिक प्रमुख [[भारतीय राष्ट्रपति|राष्‍ट्रपति]] हन्। भारतका संविधानको धारा ७९ का अनसार, केन्‍द्रीय [[संसद]]को परिषदमी राष्‍ट्रपति तथा दुई सदन छन् जैलाई राज्‍यअनको परिषद [[राज्‍य सभा|राज्‍यसभा]] तथा मानिसहरूको सदन [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा]]का नामले जाणिन्छ। संविधानको धारा ७४ (१) मी यो व्‍यवस्‍था गरिया छ कि राष्‍ट्रपतिको सहायता गर्न तथा त्यसलाई सल्लाह दिनका लागि एक मन्त्रीपरिषद हुनेछ जसको प्रमुख [[प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधान मन्त्री]] हुन्, राष्‍ट्रपति यस मन्त्रीपरिषदको सलाहका अनुसार आफ्नो कार्यहरूको निष्‍पादन गर्नेछ। यस प्रकार वास्‍तविक कार्यकारी शक्ति मन्त्रीपरिषदमा निहित छ जसको प्रमुख प्रधानमन्त्री छ जो वर्तमानमा नरेन्द्र मोदी छन्। मन्त्रीपरिषद सामूहिक रूपबाट मानिसहरूका सदन (लोक सभा)का प्रति उत्तरदायी हो। प्रत्‍येक राज्‍यमा एक [[विधान सभा]] छ। जम्मू कश्मीर, उत्तर प्रदेश, बिहार, महाराष्ट्र, कर्नाटक र आध्र प्रदेशमा एक माथिल्लो सदन छ, जैलाई [[विधान परिषद]] भनिन्छ। [[राज्‍यपाल]] राज्‍यको प्रमुख हो। प्रत्‍येक राज्‍यको एक राज्‍यपाल हुन्याछ तथा राज्‍यको कार्यकारी शक्ति तैमी विहित हुन्याछ। मन्त्रीपरिषद, जैइको प्रमुख [[मुख्‍य मन्त्री]] हो, राज्‍यपाललाई तइको कार्यकारी कार्यअनका निष्‍पादनमी सल्लाग दिन्छ। राज्‍यको मन्त्रीपरिषद सामूहिक रूपबठे राज्‍यको विधान सभाका प्रति उत्तरदायी हन्छ। संविधानको सातौँ अनुसूचीमी संसद तथा राज्‍य विधायिकाअणका बीच विधायी शक्तिअनको वितरण गरियाः छ। अवशिष्‍ट शक्तिअन संसदमी विहित छन्। केन्‍द्रीय प्रशासित भू- भागअनलाई संघराज्‍य क्षेत्र भणिन्छ। == पृष्ठभुमी ‍‍== सन् १९२८ मी सर्वदलीय सम्मेलनले भारतको संविधान तयार अद्दु लखनऊमी एउटा समिति बोलायो, जइलाई नेहरू प्रतिवेदन भणिन्थ्यो। सन् १८५८ बठे १९४७ सम्म भारत ब्रिटिश शासनको अधीनमी थ्योः। सन् १९४७ बठे १९५० सम्म, भारत यी तीन वर्षका लागि संयुक्त अधिराज्यको डोमिनियन भयाः हनाले उइ कानून लागू अरियो। क्याकिकि, ये समय प्रत्येक राज्यलाई सरदार पटेल रे वी. पी. बठे भारतसितको एकीकरणका लेखअनमी हस्ताक्षर अद्दु आग्रह अरिन्ना थ्योः रे बेलायती सरकार देशको बाह्य सुरक्षाको लागि जिम्मेवार रयोः। भारतको संविधानले भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता ऐन १९४७ र भारत सरकार ऐन १९३५ लाई खारेज अर्यो जब यो २६ जनवरी १९५० मी प्रभावकारी भयो। भारत ब्रिटिश राजको प्रभुत्व हन छाड्यो रे संविधानबठे एक सार्वभौम, लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र बन्यो। धारा ५, ६, ७, ८, ९, ६०, ३२४, ३६६, ३६७, ३७९, ३८०, ३८८, ३९१, ३९२, ३९३, संविधानको ३९४ धारा २६ नोभेम्बर १९४९ मा लागू भयो रे बाँकी धारा २६ जनवरी १९५० मी लागू भयाः जो भारतमी हरेक वर्ष गणतन्त्र दिवसको रूपमी मनाइन्छ। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{reflist}} == बाह्य कडीअन == {{Commonscat|Constitution of India}} [[श्रेणी:बाबासाहेब आम्बेडकर]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय संविधान]] [[श्रेणी:संविधान]] [[श्रेणी:देशको आधारमा संविधानअन|भारत]] [[श्रेणी:ऐन कानुन]] [[श्रेणी:महात्मा गान्धी एडिटाथन २०२५]] [[श्रेणी:महात्मा गान्धी एडिटाथन २०२५ मी बनाया लेखअन]] 0odit86f3clcz6rbu75gpvyn8dv52hr 0 26141 270647 264692 2026-11-08T01:21:07Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = हार्बिन | image_flag = <!--Flag of the City of Harbin.svg--> | image_seal = <!--City seal of Harbin.png--> | official_name = | native_name = 哈尔滨市 | native_name_lang = zh-Hans | other_name = Ha'erbin, Haerhpin | nicknames = बर्फको सहर, पूर्वीय पेरिस, पूर्वीय मास्को, हाँसको घाँटीमा रहेको मोती | settlement_type = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] and [[sub-provincial city]] | motto = | image_skyline = {{multiple image |border = infobox |total_width = 290 |image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = 26935-Harbin (29661238117).jpg | caption1 = सोङहुवा नदी | image2 = Central Street, Harbin 21.jpg | caption2 = केन्द्रीय सडक | image3 = 201907 Saint Sophia Cathedral, Harbin under renovation.jpg | caption3 = सेण्ट सोफिया क्याथेड्रल | image4 = Taiyang Island 26403-Harbin (44837835754).jpg | caption4 = सन आइलेन्ड | image5 = John Pannell - Siberia - 2008 - DSC 3233 (2236782856).jpg | caption5 = हार्बिन आइस एन्ड स्नो वर्ल्ड | image6 = 巡道工出品 Photo by Xundaogong - panoramio (137).jpg | caption6 = नान्गाङ जिल्ला | image7 = Xiangjiang Park 2.jpg | caption7 = ड्रागन टावर }} | timezone = [[चिनियाँ मानक समय|चीन मानक समय]] | utc_offset = +०८:०० | coor_pinpoint = Heilongjiang Provincial Museum | coordinates = {{coord|45.7576|N|126.6409|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-23_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 150 | elevation_ft = 488 | postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]] | postal_code = 150000 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in China|451]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-HL-01]] | blank_name = [[License Plate (China)|License plate prefixes]] | blank_info = {{lang|zh-cn|黑A}}, {{lang|zh-cn|黑L}} | blank7_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank7_info = [[Humid continental climate#Hot/warm summer subtype|Dwa]] | blank1_name_sec2 = '''City flowers''' | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Lilac]] | website = {{URL|https://www.harbin.gov.cn|harbin.gov.cn}} | total_type = City }} '''हार्बिन''' चीनको हेइलोङजियाङ प्रान्तको राजधानी तथा तई प्रान्तको सबहै ठूलो सहर हो। यो उत्तर–पूर्वी चीनमी, लियाओनिङ प्रान्तका सेनयाङ पछा दोसरो सबहै ठूलो शहरी जनसंख्या भया तथा शहरी रे ग्रामीण दुवै क्षेत्र समेट्टन्जया सबहै ठूलो महानगरीय जनसंख्या भयाः सहर लै हो।<ref>{{cite web|title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Heilongjiang|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43580.htm|publisher=PRC Central Government Official Website|year=2001|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228172129/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43580.htm|archive-date=28 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> हार्बिनका नौ महानगरीय जिल्ला, दुई काउन्टी-स्तरीय सहर रे सात काउन्टीअन नगर अन्तर्गत पड्डान्। सन् २०२० का जनगणना अनसार हार्बिन चीनको आठौँ सबहै बढती जनसङ्ख्या भयाः सहर हो। शुआङ्चेङ रे आचेङ बाहेक सबै जिल्लाअन समेटिया हार्बिनको विकसित शहरी क्षेत्रको जनसंख्या ५,८४१,९२९ रयाः छ, भण्या सम्पूर्ण महानगरीय क्षेत्रको जनसंख्या १०,००९,८५४ पुगन्छ। जइले येलाई विश्वका १०० ठूला शहरी क्षेत्रमध्ये एक बनाउँछ। हार्बिन उत्तर-पूर्वी चीनको प्रमुख राजनीतिक, आर्थिक, वैज्ञानिक, सांस्कृतिक तथा सञ्चार केन्द्रका रूपमी तथा चीनको महत्वपूर्ण औद्योगिक आधारका रूपमी लै परिचित छ। ==इतिहास== ===प्रारम्भिक इतिहास=== हार्बिन क्षेत्रको मानव बस्तीको इतिहास ढिला ढुङ्गेयुगका समय (करिब ईसा पूर्व २२००) बठे शुरु भया धेकिन्छ। जिन राजवंश (१११५–१२३४) का संस्थापक तथा पइल्लो सम्राट वान्यान अगुदा (शासनकाल १११५–११२३) यिसै क्षेत्रका आशि नदी नजिक बसोबास अद्दा जुर्चेन वान्यान समुदायमी जन्म्या थ्याः।<ref>{{cite book|author1= Su Jinyuan|title=On Wanyan Aguda's Political and Economic Reform|date= February 1982|publisher=[[Collected Papers of History Studies]]}}</ref> सन् १११५ मि अगुदाले आजको हार्बिनको आचेङ जिल्लामी पड्डे क्षेत्रमी जिन राज्यको राजधानी शाङ्जिङ हुइनिङफु (उपरी राजधानी, हुइनिङ प्रिफेक्चर) स्थापना अर्या।<ref name="chinakindnesstour.com">{{cite web |url= http://www.chinakindnesstour.com/cityguide/Harbin/Attractions/cityguide_2532.shtml |title= The Remains of Huining in Shangjing of Jin Dynasty |publisher= China Kindness Tour |access-date= 2014-10-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202824/http://www.chinakindnesstour.com/cityguide/Harbin/Attractions/cityguide_2532.shtml |archive-date= 2015-09-23 }}</ref> अगुदाको मृत्युपछा उत्तराधिकारी सम्राट वान्यान सेङले समान योजना अनसार नयाँ शहर निर्माण अद्दु आदेश दियाः। शहरको योजनाबद्ध निर्माण प्रमुख चिनियाँ सहरअन विशेषगरी बियान्जिङ (आजको कैफेङ) को नमूनामी आधारित थ्योः। यद्यपि नयाँ जिन राजधानी उत्तरी साङ राजवंशको मौलिक नमूना है नानो थ्योः।<ref name="tao44">Tao, p. 44.</ref> हुइनिङ प्रिफेक्चर जिन साम्राज्यको प्रमुख राजधानीको रूपमी कार्यरत रह्यो, तर चौथो जिन सम्राट वान्यान लिआङले ११५३ मी राजधानी याञ्जिङ (आजको बेइजिङ) सारिदिया।<ref name="tao44" /> सन् ११५७ मी वान्यान लिआङले पूर्व राजधानीका सबै दरबारअन समेत नष्ट गराया। उनरा उत्तराधिकारी वान्यान योंग (सम्राट शिचोङ) ले ११७३ मी शहर पुनर्स्थापना गरी येलाई दोसरा राजधानीको रूपमी घोषणा अर्या। शाङ्जिङ हुइनिङ प्रिफेक्चरका भग्नावशेष हालको आचेङ सहरको केन्द्र बठे करिब २ किलोमिटर टाढा फेला पण्या रे उत्खनन गरिएयाः छन्। जिन राजधानीका यी भग्नावशेषहरू राष्ट्रिय ऐतिहासिक संरक्षित क्षेत्रका रूपमा सूचीबद्ध छन्, जाँ जिन राजवंश इतिहास संग्रहालय रयाः छ। संग्रहालयलाई सन् २००५ को अन्त्यतिर पुनर्निर्माण गरियाः थ्योः।<ref name="bowuguan">{{cite web |url=http://ta.harbin.gov.cn/hrblvyouju/display.php?id=588 |script-title=zh:金上京历史博物馆 |publisher=Harbin People's Government |language=zh-cn |access-date=2025-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502211209/http://ta.harbin.gov.cn/hrblvyouju/display.php?id=588 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> संग्रहालय परिसरमी अगुदा रे उनका मुख्य सेनापति वान्यान जोंगहान (न्यानहान) का घोडचढी प्रतिमाअण स्थापित छन्। ताँ उत्खनन बठे प्राप्त भौत अवशेषअन हार्बिन वरपरका संग्रहालयअनमी प्रदर्शनमी राखिया छन्।<ref>{{cite news|url= http://heilongjiang.northeast.cn/system/2005/09/19/050136470.shtml=|script-title= zh:阿骨打、粘罕雕像落成 Aguda's and Nianhan's statues completed|access-date= 15 October 2014|publisher= 东北网|language= zh-hans|title= Funny Games Enjoy Now|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220711120859/https://lbsp.click.com.cn/05.html|archive-date= 11 July 2022}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भअन== {{reflist}} ==भाईरा कडिअन== [[श्रेणी:चीन देश]] [[श्रेणी:चीनका सहरअन]] h4ms2jjosrygoi4tm6i8qp8p8l81ama 0 26263 270638 268115 2026-11-08T01:16:14Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270638 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mount Everest North Face.jpg|thumb|alt=A color photo of a mountain covered in snow|सगरमाथाको उत्तरी भाग]] '''[[सगरमाथा]]''', ८,८४८ मिटर (२,९०९ फिट) मा अवस्थित विश्वको सबै है अग्लो हिमाल हो रे पर्वतारोहीको लागि विशेष मनमोहक शिखर पनि हो। २९६ है बढति मान्सुअनले ये शिखर चढ्या प्रयास गरन्ज्या मृत्यु भयाः छ। सन् १९७७ माई, ये शिखर चढ्या क्रममाई कसैको लै मृत्यु भयाः पुष्टि भयाः थिएन रे तै वर्ष जम्मा दुई जनाले मात्ररी शिखरमाई पुग्या थ्याः।<ref name=record>{{cite web |url=http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summitsbyyear.htm |title=वर्षको तथ्याङ्क |publisher=एभरेस्ट हिष्ट्रि डटकम |accessdate=२०१५-०७-१० |archive-date=2015-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720183726/http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summitsbyyear.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]], गिरावटका कारण लागेको चोट, ठूलो बरफ थुप्रो भासिएर भएको दुर्घटना, जाडो, तुशारोपण, वा पर्वतमा भएका स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरू प्रमुख अधिकांश मृत्युका कारण हुन्। शवहरूको अवस्थिति पत्ता लगाउन गार्‍हो हुने हुँदा, ती मृत्युहरूमा विवरण उपलब्ध छैनन्। यस शिखरको माथिल्लो क्षेत्र मृत्यु क्षेत्रमा अवस्थित छ। "मृत्यु क्षेत्र" एक पर्वतारोहण शब्द हो जुन निश्चित बिन्दु - ८,००० मीटर (२६,००० फिट), वा वायुमण्डीय चापको ३५६ मिलिबार (५.१६ पीसी) भन्दा कम जहाँ अक्सिजन स्तर मानव जीवनलाई बचाइराख्नको लागि पर्याप्त हुदैन। उच्च हिमाली क्षेत्रमा धेरै मृत्युहरू प्रत्यक्ष रूपमा (शरिरले महत्त्वपूर्ण काम गर्न छोडेकाले) वा अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा (तनावहरूको बिच विभिन्न गलत निर्णय लिएर वा शारीरिक अशक्तताको कारण दुर्घटनामा परेर) प्राय: मृत्यु क्षेत्रको प्रभावका कारण भएको हुन्छ। मृत्यु क्षेत्रमा, मानव शरिरले नयाँ वातावरण अनुसार चल्न वा [[प्राणवायु|अक्सिजन]]को परिपुर्तिका लागि धेरै भन्दा छिटोछिटो गर्न थाल्छ। अक्सिजनको सिलिण्डर विनानै कोही व्यक्ति उक्त क्षेत्रमा गयो भने उसको शरिरले महत्त्वपूर्ण काम गर्न छोड्छ र चेतना गुमाउन पनि सक्छ जसले गर्दा उसको अकालमै मृत्यु पनि हुन सक्छ।<ref name= "Darack p. 153">{{harvnb|Darack|2002|p=153}}</ref><ref name= "Huey pp. 3115–9">{{harvnb|Huey|२००१|pp=३११५–९}}</ref><ref name= "Grocott pp. 140–9">{{harvnb|Grocott|२००९|पृष्ठ=१४०–९}}</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == [[File:STS058-101-12 2.JPG|thumb|alt=Satellite view with lines showing routes to Everest Summit|सगरमाथाको चुचुरो सम्म पुग्नको लागि बाटाहरू उत्तर (पहेँलो) र दक्षिण (सुन्तला)]] सगरमाथा आरोहणको लागि सबैभन्दा बढी लोकप्रिय बाटो भनेको दक्षिण र उत्तरको बाटो हो। दक्षिण जुन चाहिँ नेपालबाट हुँदै सगरमाथा सम्म पुग्छ भने उत्तरबाट चीनको तिब्बत सगरमाथा सम्म पुग्दछ। हिमालमा पहिलो पटक रेकर्ड गरिएको मृत्युमा ७ जना भरिया परेका थिए जसमा उनीहरू [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]]मा परि भयानक मृत्युको सिकार भएका थिए।<ref name= "Ortner p. 49">{{harvnb|Ortner|2001|p=४९}}</ref> तिनिहरू १९९२ बेलायती सगरमाथा अभियानमा समावेश थिए। सन् १९२१ को सामारिक पर्यवेक्षणको सुरू तिर सगरमाथा चढ्ने बाटोमा दुईजनाको मृत्यु भएको थियो जसमा एक अज्ञात भरिया र [[हृदयघात]] पिडित डाक्टर एएम केलास रहेका थिए।<ref name= "Ortner p. 49" /><ref name= "Ortner p. 31">{{harvnb|Ortner|2001|p=३१}}</ref> सगरमाथा आरोहण गर्नु भनेको सिकारु पर्वतारोहीहरूका लागि खतरनाक मानिन्छ तर यसमा केही चढेका अनुभव पर्वतारोहीहरू पनि मृत्यु भएको तथ्याङ्क रहेको छ। [[बाबु छिरी शेर्पा]]ले दश पटक सगरमाथा चढिसकेका छन्, र सन् १९९९ मा सगरमाथाको शिखरमा २० घण्टा बिताएर त्यतिबेलाको नयाँ किर्तीमानी पनि कायम गरेका थिए।<ref name="Handwerk p.">{{harvnb|Handwerk|2002}}</ref> उनले एक हप्तामै दुई पटक सगरमाथा आरोहण गरी किर्तीमानी कायम गरेका थिए जसमा उनले सगरमाथाको आधार शिविरबाट १६ घण्टा ५६ मिनेटमै शिखरमा पुग्न सफल भएका थिए। <ref name="Handwerk p." /> उनको सन् २००१ मा नजिकैको दोस्रो शिविरबाट खसेर मृत्यु भएको थियो। सन् १९९६ मा अनुभवी सहयोगी रब हलले पनि खसेकै कारण ज्यान गुमाएका थिए। उनी ५ पटक सगरमाथा सफल आरोहण गर्ने पहिलो गैर-शेर्पा थिए। [[File:Green_Boots.jpg|thumb|हरियो जुत्ताका साथ, सेवाङ्ग पारिजरको मृत शरिर <ref name=Paljor>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151008-the-tragic-story-of-mt-everests-most-famous-dead-body |title= सगरमाथामा प्रख्यात मृत शरिर |publisher=बिबिसी |accessdate=२०१९-०३-२६}}</ref> |upright=1.25]] ११ मे १९९६ मा सगरमाथामा घटेको प्रकोप प्रख्यात धटना मध्ये एक थियो जसमा उक्त हिमालको आरोहण गर्ने क्रममा ८ जनाले ज्यान गुमाउनु परेको थियो। उक्त वर्ष भरी सगरमाथा चढ्ने क्रममा १५ जनाले ज्यान गुमाएमा थिए जसले गर्दा उक्त वर्ष घातक सावित भएको थियो। उक्त प्रकोपले व्यापक चर्चा पाएको थियो र त्यसको बारेमा धेरै पटक लेखिएको थियो। उक्त घटनाको बारेमा जोन क्राकउरले इण्टु थिन एयर र एनाटोली बौक्रिभले द क्लाइम्ब नामक बेग्लाबेग्लै पुस्तक लेखेका थिए। उनीहरू दुई जनानै सो घटना घटेको बेलामा सगरमाथामै थिए र उक्त पुस्तक मार्फत ती दुई जना पर्वतारोहीहरूले सम्पूर्ण प्रकोपको जानकारी सार्वजनिक गरेका थिए। कौतूहलपुर्वक, सन् १९९६ तथ्याङ्किय रूपमा सगरमाथा आरोहीहरूका लागि सुरक्षित वर्ष मानिएको थियो। सन् १९९६ भन्दा अघि, ४ जना आरोहीहरू मध्ये एक जनाको सगरमाथा चढ्ने क्रममा मृत्यु भएको थियो। सन् १९९६ मा धेरै जनाले सगरमाथा चढ्न प्रयास गरेको एक तथ्याङ्कले देखाएको छ र सन् १९९६ को तथ्याङ्कले ७ जना मध्ये एक जनाको मृत्यु भएको देखाएको छ।<ref name= "Krakauer p. 274">{{harvnb|Krakauer|1997|p=274}}</ref> सन् २०१४ र २०१५ मा, सगरमाथामा घटेको घटनामा परि एक दर्जन भन्दा बढिले ज्यान गुमाएका थिए। परिणामस्वरूप, दक्षिण वा नेपालको बाटो हुँदै सगरमाथा चढ्नेको सङ्ख्या एकदमै कम थियो र सन् २०१५ मा एकजानले पनि सगरमाथा आरोहण गरेका थिएनन्। १८ अप्रिल २०१४ मा, सगरमाथाको आधार शिविरमा आएको [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]]मा परि १६ जना शेर्पाहरूको मृत्यु भएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite news | title = Everest avalanche kills at least 12 Sherpa guides | publisher = बीबीसी समाचार | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-27075638 | date = अप्रिल १८, २०१४ | access-date = अप्रिल १८, २०१४ }}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{Cite news | title = Deadliest Day: Sherpas Bear Everest's Risks | author1 = एलेन ब्यारी | author2 = ग्राम बोउलेट | newspaper = द न्यू योर्क टाइम्स | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/19/world/asia/fatal-avalanche-on-mount-everest.html | date = अप्रिल १८, २०१४ | access-date = अप्रिल १८, २०१४ }}</ref><ref name=eKantipur>{{Cite news | title = Everest avalanche: Search mission called off citing 'too much risk' | publisher = कान्तिपुर प्रकाशन | url = http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/04/20/fullnews/everest-avalanche-search-mission-called-off-citing-too-much-risk/388536.html | date = अप्रिल २०, २०१४ | access-date = अप्रिफ २०, २०१४ | archive-date = 2015-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174940/http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/04/20/fullnews/everest-avalanche-search-mission-called-off-citing-too-much-risk/388536.html }}</ref> ठ्याक्कै एक वर्ष पछि, १२ वैशाख २०७२ मा, सगरमाथाको आधार शिविरमा आएको [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]]मा परि १९ जनाको मृत्यु भएको थियो। लगत्तै आएको ७.८ रेक्टर स्केलको [[विसं २०७२ को महाभूकम्प|महाभूकम्प]]मा परि [[नेपाल]] ९,००० जनाको मृत्यु भएको थियो भने २३,००० जना घाइते भएका थिए।<ref name="Reuters 2015">{{Cite news | title = Quake triggers Everest avalanche, reports say 18 killed | agency = रोयटर्स | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/25/us-quake-nepal-everest-idUSKBN0NG0AJ20150425 | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ | newspaper = रोयटर्स | date = अप्रिल २५, २०१५ | archive-date = 2015-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150427235240/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/25/us-quake-nepal-everest-idUSKBN0NG0AJ20150425 }}</ref><ref name="Independent 2015">{{Cite news | title = Mount Everest casualties reach 17 with unknown number still missing after devastating Nepal earthquake | newspaper = द इण्डिपेण्डेण्ड | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/nepal-earthquake-leaves-eight-everest-climbers-dead-and-unknown-number-missing-10203733.html | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ }}</ref><ref name="HP EQ">{{Cite web | title = Avalanche Survivors Recount Terror On Mount Everest After Earthquake Struck | author = विनाज गुरुवाचार्य | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/26/mount-everest-avalanche-survivors_n_7145982.html | date = अप्रिल २६, २०१५ | access-date = अप्रिल २६, २०१५ }}</ref> यो सगरमाथाकै इतिहासमा एक दुखद क्षण थियो र खराब दिन पनि मानिएको छ। == पीडितहरू (मृत्यु भएका मानिसहरू) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !'''क्रम सङ्ख्या''' ! नाम ! मिति !! align="center"| {{abbr|उमेर|Age at time of death}} !! align="center"| अभियान ! राष्ट्रियता ! मृत्युको कारण ! स्थान !! align="center" class=unsortable|{{abbr|स्रोतहरू|References}} |- |१<!-- १ --> | दोर्जे | {{sort|१९२२-०६-०७| जुन ७, १९२२}} | | rowspan=7|[[सन् १९२२ को बेलायती सगरमाथा अभियान]] | {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} | [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलभन्दा तल}} |<ref name= "Ortner p. 49"/> |- |२<!-- २ --> | लाक्पा | {{sort|१९२२-०६-०७| जुन ७, १९२२}} | | {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} | [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलभन्दा तल}} |<ref name="Ortner p. 49" /> |- |३<!-- ३ --> | नोर्बु | {{sort|१९२२-०६-०७| जुन ७, १९२२}} | | {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} | [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलभन्दा तल}} |<ref name= "Ortner p. 49" /> |- |४<!-- ४ --> | पासाङ | {{sort|१९२२-०६-०७| जुन ७, १९२२}} | | {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} | [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलभन्दा तल}} |<ref name= "Ortner p. 49" /> |- |५<!-- ५ --> | पेमा | {{sort|१९२२-०६-०७| जुन ७, १९२२}} | | {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} | [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलभन्दा तल}} |<ref name= "Ortner p. 49" /> |- |६<!-- ६ --> | सङ्गे | {{sort|१९२२-०६-०७| जुन ७, १९२२}} | | {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} | [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलभन्दा तल}} |<ref name= "Ortner p. 49" /> |- |७<!-- ७ --> | टेम्बा | {{sort|१९२२-०६-०७| जुन ७, १९२२}} | | {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} | [[हिमपहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलभन्दा तल}} |<ref name= "Ortner p. 49" /> |- |८<!-- ८ --> | {{sortname|मान|बहादुर|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९२४-०५-१३| मे १३, १९२४}} | | rowspan=4|[[सन् १९२४ को बेलायती सगरमाथा अभियान]] | {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} | [[न्युमोनिया|निमोनिया]] | {{sort|Rongbuk B.C.|Above Rongbuk B.C.}} |<ref name= "Ortner p. 49" /><ref name= "Unsworth p. ५८६">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=५८६}}</ref> |- |९<!-- ९ --> | style="white-space: nowrap;"| {{sortname|[[Lance-Naik]]|Shamsherpun|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९२४-०५-१७| मे १७, १९२४}} | | {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} | Brain hemorrhage | {{sort|Rongbuk B.C.|Above Rongbuk B.C.}} |<ref name= "Ortner p. 49" /><ref name= "Unsworth p. ५८६" /> |- |१०<!-- १० --> | {{sortname|Andrew|Irvine|Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)}} | {{sort|१९२४-०६-०९| जुन ९, १९२४}} | २२ | {{nowrap|{{झण्डा|संयुक्त अधिराज्य}}}} | Disappeared; body never found; cause of death unknown | N.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Ortner p. 49" /> |- |११<!-- ११ --> | {{sortname|George|Mallory|George Mallory}} | {{sort|१९२४-०६-०९| जुन ९, १९२४}} | ३७ | {{झण्डा|संयुक्त अधिराज्य}} | Disappeared; body found in १९९९; evidence suggests Mallory died from being accidentally struck by his ice axe following a fall. | N.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Ortner p. 49" /> |- |१२<!-- १२ --> | {{sortname|Maurice|Wilson|मौरिस विल्सन}} | {{sort|१९३४-०५-३१| मे ३१, १९३४}} | ३६ | [[Maurice Wilson#Attempts on Everest|Solo Expedition]] | {{झण्डा|संयुक्त अधिराज्य}} | Body found १९३५; cause of death possibly exhaustion, exposure or starvation. | [[Rongbuk Glacier|East Rongbuk Glacier]] |<ref name= "Unsworth p. २४४">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=२४४}}</ref> |- |१३<!-- १३ --> | {{sortname|Dorje|Mingma|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९५२-१०-३१| अक्टोबर ३१, १९५२}} | |[[Swiss Expedition]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | Lhotse Face |<ref name= "Unsworth p. २९३">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=२९३}}</ref> |- |१४<!-- १४ --> | {{sortname|Wang|Ji|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९६०-०४-११| अप्रिल ११, १९६०}} | |rowspan=3 |[[१९६० Chinese Mount Everest expedition|Chinese Expedition Northern Slope]] | {{flagcountry|China}} | Mountain sickness | |<ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Clyde|२००८}}</ref><ref name="everestnews२००४ p.">{{harvnb|everestnews२००४|२००४}}</ref> |- |१५<!-- १५ --> | {{sortname|Shao|Shi-Ching|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९६०-०४-२९| २९ अप्रिल १९६०}} | | {{flagcountry|China}} | | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="auto" /><ref name="everestnews२००४ p." /> |- |१६<!-- १६ --> | {{sortname|Nawang|Tshering|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९६२-०४-२८| २८ अप्रिल १९६२}} | | {{flagcountry|NEP}} | | ल्होत्से मुख |<ref name= "Kohli p. xvi">{{harvnb|Kohli|२०००|p=xvi}}</ref> |- |१७<!-- १७ --> | {{sortname|Jake|Breitenbach|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९६३-०३-२३| २३ मार्च १९६३}} |२७ | Norman Dyhrenfurth's American Mount Everest Expedition | {{flagcountry|USA}} | Crushed under [[serac]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Hornbein p. १२">{{harvnb|Hornbein|१९९८|p=1२}}</ref><ref name= "Fisher p. २६">{{harvnb|Fisher|१९९०|p=2६}}</ref><ref name= "Potterfield-Hornbein p. १४९">{{harvnb|Potterfield|Hornbein|२००३|p=1४९}}</ref> |- |१८<!-- १८ --> | {{sortname|Ma|Gao-shu|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९६६-०५-०१| १ मे १९६६}} | | Chinese Everest Expedition | {{flagcountry|China}} | झर्नु | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="everestnews२००४ p." /><ref name="adventurestats.com p.">{{harvnb|adventurestats.com|२०११}}</ref> |- |१९<!-- १९ --> | {{sortname|Phu|Dorje|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९६९-१०-१८| १८ अक्टोबर १९६९}} | | Japanese Everest Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु into a [[crevasse]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=७०१}}</ref> |- |२०<!-- २० --> | {{sortname|Nima|Dorje|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७०-०४-०५| ५ अप्रिल १९७०}} | |rowspan=7 |[[१९७० Everest Disaster|Japanese Skiing Expedition]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ३९८">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=३९८}}</ref> |- |२१<!-- २१ --> | {{sortname|Kunga|Norbu|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७०-०४-०५| ५ अप्रिल १९७०}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ३९८" /> |- |२२<!-- २२ --> | {{sortname|Mima|Norbu|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७०-०४-०५| ५ अप्रिल १९७०}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ३९८" /> |- |२३<!-- २३ --> | {{sortname||Pasang|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७०-०४-०५| ५ अप्रिल १९७०}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ३९८" /> |- |२४<!-- २४ --> | {{sortname|Kami|Tshering|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७०-०४-०५| ५ अप्रिल १९७०}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ३९८" /> |- |२५<!-- २६ --> | {{sortname|Kyak|Tsering|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७०-०४-०९| ९ अप्रिल १९७०}} | ३६ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | "by fall of seracs" | ५५२५&nbsp;m |<ref name="Himalayan Club p.">{{harvnb|Himalayan Club|१९७०|p=1०४}}</ref> |- |२६<!-- २७ --> | {{sortname|Kiyoshi|Narita|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७०-०४-२१| २१ अप्रिल १९७०}} | | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | हृदयघात | ६१५०m |<ref name= "Chopra p. १२४">{{harvnb|Chopra|१९८८|p=१२४}}</ref> |- |२७<!-- २८ --> | {{sortname|Harsh|Vardhan|Harsh Vardhan Bahuguna}} | {{sort|१९७१-०४-१८| १८ अप्रिल १९७१}} | | International Expedition of १९७१ | {{flagcountry|India}} | Succumbed after falling and being suspended above a crevasse during a blizzard | ६९००m |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |२८<!-- २९ --> | {{sortname|Tony|Tighe|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७२-११-१६| १६ नोभेम्बर १९७२}} <!-- Questionable date of death, seems to be date of story --> | | Mt. Qomolangma expedition | {{flagcountry|Australia}} | Crushed under [[serac]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Yang p.">{{harvnb|Yang|२००९}}</ref><ref name= "McDonald p. ११८">{{harvnb|McDonald|२००५|p=११८}}</ref> |- |२९<!-- ३० --> | {{sortname|Jangbu||nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७३-१०-१२| १२ अक्टोबर १९७३}} | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | S.W. Face |<ref name="Summit p.">{{harvnb|Summit|१९७३}}</ref> |- |३०<!-- ३१ --> | {{sortname|Gérard|Devouassoux|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७४-०९-०९| सेप्टेम्बर ९, १९७४}} | |rowspan=6 | [[१९७४ Everest Disaster|फ्रान्सेली West Ridge Direct expedition]] | {{flagcountry|France}} | हिम पहिरो | ६४००m |<ref name="everesthistory.com p.">{{harvnb|everesthistory.com|२०११}}</ref> |- |३१<!-- ३२ --> | {{sortname|Pemba|Dorje|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७४-०९-०९| सेप्टेम्बर ९, १९७४}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ६४००m |<ref name="everesthistory.com p." /> |- |३२<!-- ३३ --> | {{sortname|Lhakpa||nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७४-०९-०९| सेप्टेम्बर ९, १९७४}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ६४००m |<ref name="everesthistory.com p." /> |- |३३<!-- ३४ --> | {{sortname|Nawang|Lutuk|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७४-०९-०९| सेप्टेम्बर ९, १९७४}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ६४००m |<ref name="everesthistory.com p." /> |- |३४<!-- ३५ --> | {{sortname|Nima|Wangchu|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७४-०९-०९| सेप्टेम्बर ९, १९७४}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ६४००m |<ref name="everesthistory.com p." /> |- |३५<!-- ३६ --> | {{sortname|Sanu|Wongal|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७४-०९-०९| सेप्टेम्बर ९, १९७४}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ६४००m |<ref name="everesthistory.com p." /> |- |३६<!-- ३७ --> | {{sortname|Wu|Zhuong Yue|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७५-०५-०४| मे ४, १९७५}} | | | {{flagcountry|China}} | Exhaustion, fall | ८५००m |<ref name= "Unsworth pp. ६१४-६१५">{{harvnb|Unsworth|१९८९|pp=6१४–६१५}}</ref> |- |३७<!-- ३८ --> | {{sortname|Mick |Burke|Mick Burke (mountaineer)}} | {{sort|१९७५-०९-२६| सेप्टेम्बर २६, १९७५}} | ३४ | [[१९७५ British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition|Bonington's १९७५ Everest expedition]] | {{flagcountry|UK}} | Disappearance (likely accidental death during climb) | शिखर नजिक |<ref name= "New York Times p. २६">{{harvnb|New York Times|१९७५|p=2६}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Mountain Heritage Trust | url = http://www.mountain-heritage.org/entity.php?ID=1३२ | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |३८<!-- ३९ --> | {{sortname|Terry|Thompson|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७६-०४-१०| अप्रिल १०, १९७६}} | | British-Nepal Army Everest Expedition | {{flagcountry|UK}} | हिमनदीको ठुलो चिरोभित्र झर्नु | दोस्रो आधार शिविर |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |३९<!-- ४० --> | {{sortname|Dawa|Nuru|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७८-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, १९७८}} | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिमनदीको ठुलो चिरोभित्र झर्नु | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |४०<!-- ४१ --> | {{sortname|Shi|Ming-ji|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७८-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, १९७८}} | | Chinese Iranian Expedition | {{flagcountry|China}} | हिमनदीको ठुलो चिरोभित्र झर्नु | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |४१<!-- ४२ --> | {{sortname|Ang|Phu|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७९-०५-१६| मे १६, १९७९}} | | Yugoslavian Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |४२<!-- ४३ --> | {{sortname|Ray |Genet|Ray Genet}} | {{sort|१९७९-१०-०२| अक्टोबर २, १९७९}} | ४८ |rowspan=2 | Gerhard Schmatz German Expedition | {{flagcountry|US}} | अनावृति, थकाई | ८४००m S.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Wilson p. १">{{harvnb|Wilson|१९७९|p=1}}</ref> |- |४३<!-- ४४ --> | {{sortname|Hannelore |Schmatz|Hannelore Schmatz}} | {{sort|१९७९-१०-०२| अक्टोबर २, १९७९}} | ३९ | {{Flag|West Germany}} | अनावृति, थकाई | ८४००m S.E. Ridge |<ref name="Wilson p. १" /> |- |४४<!-- ४५ --> | {{sortname|Wang|Hong-bao|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७९-१०-१२| अक्टोबर १२, १९७९}} | |rowspan=3 | Japanese Alpine Club reconnaissance expedition | {{flagcountry|China}} | हिम पहिरो | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलको मुनी}} |<ref name= "Unsworth p. Snippet">{{harvnb|Unsworth|१९९१|p=[https://www.google.com/#hl=en&safe=off&q=%22While+6+climbers+were+approaching+the+North+Col+on+12+अक्टोबर%22&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=703l2644l0l3205l3l3l0l0l0l1l1010l1975l6-1.1l2l0&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbo=u&tbm=bks&source=og&sa=N&tab=wp&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_cp.&fp=e746782db1111f91&biw=1280&bih=632 Snippet]}}</ref> |- |४५<!-- ४६ --> | {{sortname|Lou|Lan|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७९-१०-१२| अक्टोबर १२, १९७९}} | | {{flagcountry|China}} | हिम पहिरो | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलको मुनी}} |<ref name= "Unsworth p. Snippet" /> |- |४६<!-- ४७ --> | {{sortname|Nima|Thaxi|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९७९-१०-१२| अक्टोबर १२, १९७९}} | | {{flagcountry|China}} | हिम पहिरो | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलको मुनी}} |<ref name= "Unsworth p. Snippet" /> |- |४७<!-- ४८ --> | {{sortname|Akira|Ube|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८०-०५-०२| मे २, १९८०}} | ३१ | Japanese Alpine Society Expedition | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | हिम पहिरो | ७९००m North Face (Hornbein Couloir) |<ref name= "Associated Press p. २१">{{harvnb|Associated Press|१९८०|p=२१}}</ref> |- |४८<!-- ४९ --> | {{sortname|Nawang|Kersang|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८०-०९-०६| सेप्टेम्बर ६, १९८०}} | |rowspan=2 | Italian Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६०७">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=६०७}}</ref> |- |४९<!-- ५० --> | {{sortname|Mario|Piana|nolink=1}} | {{nowrap|{{sort|१९८०-०९-२२| सेप्टेम्बर २२, १९८०}}}} | | {{flagcountry|Italy}} | Crushed under [[serac]] | Lhotse Face |<ref name= "Reuter p. ३">{{harvnb|Reuter|१९८०|p=३}}</ref> |- |५०<!-- ५१ --> | {{sortname|Noboru|Takenaka|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८१-०१-१२| जनवरी १२, १९८१}} | २८ | Japanese Winter Expedition | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | झर्नु | ६९००m W. Cwm |<ref name= "Wire Service Reports p. २">{{harvnb|Wire Service Reports|१९८१|p=२}}</ref> |- |५१<!-- ५२ --> | {{sortname|Marty |Hoey|Marty Hoey}} | {{sort|१९८२-०५-१५| मे १५, १९८२}} | ३० | Whittaker American Expedition | {{flagcountry|USA}} | झर्नु | ८०००m |<ref name="TIME p.">{{harvnb|TIME|१९८२}}</ref> |- |५२<!-- ५३ --> | {{sortname|Peter |Boardman|Peter Boardman}} | {{sort|१९८२-०५-१७| मे १७, १९८२}} | ३१ |rowspan=2 | British Mount Everest Expedition | {{flagcountry|UK}} | Disappearance (likely accidental death during climb) | North-East Ridge (approx. ८२००m) |<ref name="Unsworth p. ७०१" /><ref name= "Associated Press १९८२ p. २">{{harvnb|Associated Press|१९८२ जुन|p=२}}</ref> |- |५३<!-- ५४ --> | {{sortname|Joe|Tasker|Joe Tasker}} | {{sort|१९८२-०५-१७| मे १७, १९८२}} | ३३ | {{flagcountry|UK}} | Disappearance (likely accidental death during climb) | North-East Ridge (approx. ८२००m) |<ref name= "Associated Press १९८२ p. २" /><ref name= "Associated Press १९८२ p. ५">{{harvnb|Associated Press|१९८२|p=५}}</ref> |- |५४<!-- ५५ --> | {{sortname|Ang|Chuldim|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८२-०८-३१| अगष्ट ३१, १९८२}} | २० |rowspan=4 | Bill मार्च Canadian Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Reuter१९८२ p. ३">{{harvnb|Reuter|१९८२|p=३}}</ref> |- |५५<!-- ५६ --> | {{sortname|Dawa|Dorje|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८२-०८-३१| अगष्ट ३१, १९८२}} | ४२ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Reuter१९८२ p. ३" /> |- |५६<!-- ५७ --> | {{sortname|Pasang|Sona|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८२-०८-३१| अगष्ट ३१, १९८२}} | ३८ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Reuter१९८२ p. ३" /> |- |५७<!-- ५८ --> | {{sortname|Blair|Griffiths|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८२-०९-०२| सेप्टेम्बर २, १९८२}} | ३३ | {{flagcountry|Canada}} | Crushed under [[serac]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Patterson p. ९४">{{harvnb|Patterson|२००६|p=९४}}</ref> |- |५८<!-- ५९ --> | {{sortname|Lhakpa|Tshering|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८२-०९-२७| सेप्टेम्बर २७, १९८२}} | |rowspan=2 | Spanish Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Internal hemorrhage | ६७७०m |<ref name= "Unsworth pp. ६१४-६१५" /> |- |५९<!-- ६० --> | {{sortname|Nima|Dorje|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८२-१०-१४| अक्टोबर १४, १९८२}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | ८३००m W ridge |<ref name= "Youth Hostels Association p. ii">{{harvnb|Youth Hostels Association|१९८३|p=ii}}</ref> |- |६०<!-- ६१ --> | {{sortname|Yasuo|Kato|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८२-१२-२८| डिसेम्बर २८, १९८२}} | ३३ |rowspan=2 | Japanese Expedition | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | rowspan=2|Disappearance (likely accidental death during climb) | शिखर नजिक |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /><ref name= "Associated Press १९८२ p. ५" /> |- |६१<!-- ६२ --> | {{sortname|Toshiaki|Kobayashi|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८२-१२-२८| डिसेम्बर २८, १९८२}} | | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | शिखर नजिक |<ref name="Associated Press १९८२ p. ५" /> |- |६२<!-- ६३ --> | {{sortname|Hironobu|Kamuro|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८३-१०-०८| अक्टोबर ८, १९८३}} | |rowspan=3 | Japanese Expedition | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | झर्नु | शिखर नजिक |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |६३<!-- ६४ --> | {{sortname|Pasang|Temba|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८३-१०-०८| अक्टोबर ८, १९८३}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | ८६००m SE Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /><ref name= "Unsworth pp. ६१४-६१५" /> |- |६४<!-- ६५ --> | {{sortname|Hiroshi|Yoshino|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८३-१०-०९| अक्टोबर ९, १९८३}} | | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | झर्नु | शिखर नजिक |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |६५<!-- ६६ --> | {{sortname|Ang|Rinji|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८४-०३-२६| मार्च २६, १९८४}} | | भारतीय पर्वतारोहण दल | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name= "Unsworth pp. ६१४-६१५" /> |- |६६<!-- ६७ --> | {{sortname|Tony|Swierzy|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८४-०४-०३| अप्रिल ३, १९८४}} | २७ | Micheal Lane British North Face Expedition | {{flagcountry|UK}} | हिम पहिरो | ६२३८m |<ref name= "Associated Press p. ४२">{{harvnb|Associated Press|१९८४|p=4२}}</ref> |- |६७<!-- ६८ --> | {{sortname|Hristo Ivanov |Prodanov|Hristo Prodanov}} | {{sort|१९८४-०४-२१| अप्रिल २१, १९८४}} | ४० | Bulgarian West Face Expedition | {{flagicon|Bulgaria|१९७१}} [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] | Disappearance (likely accidental death during descent) | ८५००m West Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |६८<!-- ६९ --> | {{sortname|Fred|From|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८४-१०-०९| अक्टोबर ९, १९८४}} | २८ |rowspan=3 | Australian-New Zealand Expedition | {{flagcountry|Australia}} | झर्नु | ८०००m |<ref name= "Sydney Morning Herald p. १">{{harvnb|Sydney Morning Herald|१९८४|p=1}}</ref><ref name="hillary-ghost">{{Cite book | title = In the Ghost Country: A Lifetime Spent on the Edge | last1 = Hillary | first1 = Peter | last2 = Elder | first2 = John | publisher = Simon and Schuster | pages = ३७–३९ | via = Google Books | url = https://books.google.com/?id=cdNl२T३४vD४C&pg=PA३८&lpg=PA३८&dq=Craig+Nottle#v=onepage&q=Craig%२०Nottle&f=false | date = २००३ | access-date = मे १, २०१५ | isbn = 9780743243698 }}</ref> |- |६९<!-- ७० --> | {{sortname|Craig|Nottle|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८४-१०-०९| अक्टोबर ९, १९८४}} | २३ | {{flagcountry|Australia}} | झर्नु | ८०००मी |<ref name= "Sydney Morning Herald p. १" /><ref name="hillary-ghost" /> |- |७०<!-- ७१ --> | {{sortname|Jozef |Psotka|Jozef Psotka}} | {{sort|१९८४-१०-१६| अक्टोबर १६, १९८४}} | ५० | {{flagcountry|Czechoslovakia}} | झर्नु | शिखर नजिक |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |७१<!-- ७२ --> | {{sortname|Ang |Dorje|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८४-१०-२४| अक्टोबर २४, १९८४}} | ३५ |rowspan=2 | Mission to recover body of [[Hannelore Schmatz]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | ८४००m S.E. Ridge | |- |७२<!-- ७३ --> | {{sortname|Yogendra Bahadur |Thapa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८४-१०-२४| अक्टोबर २४, १९८४}} | ३६ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | ८४००m S.E. Ridge | |- |७३<!-- ७४ --> | {{sortname|Juanjo|Navarro|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८५-०५-१२| मे १२, १९८५}} | | [[Basque people|Basque]] Expedition | {{flagcountry|Spain}} | झर्नु | ७३००m |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=६९९}}</ref> |- |७४<!-- ७५ --> | {{sortname|Shinichi|Ishii|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८५-०९-१७| सेप्टेम्बर १९, १९८५}} | | Japanese Expedition | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | हिम पहिरो | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलको मुनी}} |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /> |- |७५<!-- ७६ --> | {{sortname|Kiran Inder|Kumar|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८५-१०-०७| अक्टोबर ७, १९८५}} | ४० |rowspan=5 | भारतीय पर्वतारोहण दल | {{flagcountry|India}} | झर्नु | ७९८६m |<ref name= "Thomson Living Media p. ७४">{{harvnb|Thomson Living Media|१९८५|p=7४}}</ref> |- |७६<!-- ७७ --> | {{sortname|Jai|Bahugana|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८५-१०-११| अक्टोबर ११, १९८५}} | | {{flagcountry|India}} | Exposure | South Col |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६२२" /> |- |७७<!-- ७८ --> | {{sortname|Ranjeet Singh|Bakshi|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८५-१०-११| अक्टोबर ११, १९८५}} | | {{flagcountry|India}} | Exposure | South Col |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६२२">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=६२२}}</ref> |- |७८<!-- ७९ --> | {{sortname|Vijay Pal Singh|Negi|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८५-१०-११| अक्टोबर ११, १९८५}} | २८ | {{flagcountry|India}} | Exposure | South Col |<ref name= "Thomson Living Media p. ७४" /><ref name= "Unsworth p. ६२२" /> |- |७९<!-- ८० --> | {{sortname|M.U. Bhaskar|Rao|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८५-१०-११| अक्टोबर ११, १९८५}} | | {{flagcountry|India}} | Exposure | South Col |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६२२" /> |- |८०<!-- ८१ --> | {{sortname|Víctor Hugo|Trujillo|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८६-०८-१६| अगष्ट १६, १९८६}} | २२ | | {{flagcountry|Chile}} | हिम पहिरो | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलको मुनी}} |<ref name="Bell p.">{{harvnb|Bell|१९८६}}</ref> |- |८१<!-- ८२ --> | Simon Burkhardt | {{sort|१९८६-०९-२८| सेप्टेम्बर २८, १९८६}} | ५२ |rowspan=3 | Eiselin Sports Expedition | {{flagcountry|Switzerland}} | हिम पहिरो | ७३१५m |<ref name= "The Spokesman-Review p. ३७">{{harvnb|The Spokesman-Review|१९८६|p=३७}}</ref> |- |८२<!-- ८३ --> | {{sortname||Gyalu|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८६-१०-०४| अक्टोबर ४, १९८६}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Crushed under [[serac]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="The Spokesman-Review p. ३७" /> |- |८३<!-- ८४ --> | {{sortname|Dawa|Norbu|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८६-१०-१७| अक्टोबर १७, १९८६}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | {{sort|North Col|उत्तरी कोलको मुनी}} |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |८४<!-- ८५ --> | {{sortname|Tsuttin|Dorje|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८७-०१-३०| जनवरी ३०, १९८७}} | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | ७७००m |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६२७">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=६२७}}</ref> |- |८५<!-- ८६ --> | {{sortname|Roger|Marshall|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८७-०५-२१| मे २१, १९८७}} | ४५ | | {{flagcountry|Canada}} | Disappearance (likely accidental death during descent) | Hornbein Couloir, Near Summit |<ref name= "Davies p. २६४">{{harvnb|Davies|१९९६|p=२६४}}</ref> |- |८६<!-- ८७ --> | {{sortname|Masao|Yokoyama|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८७-०९-०२| सेप्टेम्बर २, १९८७}} | ४४ | Japanese Expedition | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | Drowned | [[Rongbuk Glacier|East Rongbuk Glacier]] |<ref name= "Gillman p. २३२">{{harvnb|Gillman|२०००|p=२३२}}</ref><ref name= "Unsworth p. ५९६">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=५९६}}</ref><ref name= "Evening Times p. १३">{{harvnb|Evening Times|१९८७|p=1३}}</ref> |- |८७<!-- ८८ --> | {{sortname|Mangal|Singh|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८७-१०-२०| अक्टोबर २०, १९८७}} | | British Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | आधार शिविर |<ref name= "Unsworth pp. ६१४-६१५" /> |- |८८<!-- ८९ --> | {{sortname|Hidetaka|Mizukoshi|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८८-०४-२१| अप्रिल २१, १९८८}} | | ३५th Anniversary climb with Chinese, Japanese and Nepalese nationals | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | हृदयघात (at Base camp) | आधार शिविर |<ref name= "Associated Press १९८८ p. ३">{{harvnb|Associated Press|१९८८|p=३}}</ref> |- |८९<!-- ९० --> | {{sortname|Michel|Parmentier|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८८-०९-२०| सेप्टेम्बर २०, १९८८}} | | International | {{flagcountry|France}} | Exposure | ७७००m |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /> |- |९०<!-- ९१ --> | {{sortname|Narayan|Shrestha|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८८-०९-२१| सेप्टेम्बर २१, १९८८}} | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ७२००m |<ref name="Reuters १९८८ p.">{{harvnb|Reuters|१९८८}}</ref> |- |९१<!-- ९२ --> | {{sortname|Lhakpa|Sonam|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८८-१०-१३| अक्टोबर १३, १९८८}} | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | ८२००m |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |९२<!-- ९३ --> | {{sortname|Pasang|Temba|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८८-१०-१३| अक्टोबर १३, १९८८}} | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | ८२००m |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |९३<!-- ९४ --> | {{sortname|Dušan|Becík|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८८-१०-१७| अक्टोबर १७, १९८८}} | ३४ |rowspan=4 | IAMES Bratislava Expedition | {{flagcountry|Czechoslovakia}} | rowspan=4|Disappearance (likely accidental death during descent after reaching South Summit with Jozef Just rejoining group after he summited Everest solo)<ref name="AJ १९८९ p.२६४-२६५">{{cite web|url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1989-90_files/AJ%201989%20262-266%20Nepal.pdf|title=Alpine Journal १९८९ - Nepal १९८८ - Lhotse and Everest - Success and Tragedy|accessdate=मे २९, २०१७}}</ref><ref name="Everest History">{{cite web|url=http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits८८.htm|title=EverestHistory.com: Everest Summits १९८८|accessdate=मे २९, २०१७}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | ८०००m S.W. Ridge |<ref name= "Child p. १७६">{{harvnb|Child|२०००|p=१७६}}</ref> |- |९४<!-- ९५ --> | {{sortname|Peter|Božík|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८८-१०-१७| अक्टोबर १७, १९८८}} | ३४ | {{flagcountry|Czechoslovakia}} | ८०००m S.W. Ridge |<ref name= "Child p. १७६" /> |- |९५<!-- ९६ --> | {{sortname|Jaroslav|Jaško|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८८-१०-१७| अक्टोबर १७, १९८८}} | २६ | {{flagcountry|Czechoslovakia}} | ८०००m S.W. Ridge |<ref name= "Child p. १७६" /> |- |९६<!-- ९७ --> | {{sortname|Jozef|Just|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८८-१०-१७| अक्टोबर १७, १९८८}} | ३३ | {{flagcountry|Czechoslovakia}} | ८०००m S.W. Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |९७<!-- ९८ --> | {{sortname|Ang|Lhakpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८८-१२-२३| डिसेम्बर २३, १९८८}} | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Cerebral thrombosis | South Col |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |९८<!-- ९९ --> | {{sortname|Dimitar |Ilievski-Murato}} | {{sort|१९८९-०५-१०| मे १०, १९८९}} | ३५ | | {{flagcountry| Yugoslavia}} | झर्नु | Descending South Col Route |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |९९<!-- १०० --> | {{sortname|Phu|Dorje|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८९-०५-१६| मे १६, १९८९}} | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | Descending South Col Route |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /> |- |१००<!-- १०१ --> | {{sortname|Mirosław|Dąsal|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८९-०५-२७| मे २७, १९८९}} | ३७ |rowspan=5 | Polish-led expedition that included four U.S. mountaineers | {{flagcountry|Poland}} | हिम पहिरो | ७२००m W ridge |<ref name="Times Wire Services p.">{{harvnb|Times Wire Services|१९८९}}</ref> |- |१०१<!-- १०२ --> | {{sortname|Mirosław|Gardzielewski|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८९-०५-२७| मे २७, १९८९}} | ३५ | {{flagcountry|Poland}} | हिम पहिरो | ७२००m W ridge |<ref name="Times Wire Services p." /> |- |१०२<!-- १०३ --> | {{sortname|Andrzej|Heinrich}} | {{sort|१९८९-०५-२७| मे २७, १९८९}} | ५१ | {{flagcountry|Poland}} | हिम पहिरो | ७२००m W ridge |<ref name="Times Wire Services p." /> |- |१०३<!-- १०४ --> | {{sortname|Wacław|Otręba|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८९-०५-२७| मे २७, १९८९}} | ५० | {{flagcountry|Poland}} | हिम पहिरो | ७२००m W ridge |<ref name="Times Wire Services p." /> |- |१०४<!-- १०५ --> | {{sortname|Eugeniusz|Chrobak|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८९-०५-२८| मे २८, १९८९}} | ३० | {{flagcountry|Poland}} | हिम पहिरो injuries | Lhola camp |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ७०१" /><ref name="Times Wire Services p." /> |- |१०५<!-- १०६ --> | {{sortname|Ang|Pinjo|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९८९-१२-१२| डिसेम्बर १२, १९८९}} | | South Korean expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Altitude sickness, heart attack | |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१०६<!-- १०७ --> | {{sortname|Rafael|Gómez-Menor|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९०-०९-१४| सेप्टेम्बर १४, १९९०}} <!-- Adventurestats.com says Sept १२ --> | | | {{flagcountry|Spain}} | हिम पहिरो | |<ref name= "American Alpine Club p. २८७">{{harvnb|American Alpine Club|१९९१|p=२८७}}</ref> |- |१०७<!-- १०८ --> | {{sortname|Ang|Sona|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९०-०९-१४| सेप्टेम्बर १४, १९९०}} <!-- Adventurestats.com says Sept १२ --> | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | |<ref name= "American Alpine Club p. २८७" /> |- |१०८<!-- १०९ --> | {{sortname|Badri|Nath|nolink=1}} <!-- Adventurestats.com gives the name Badrinath Ghising --> | {{sort|१९९०-०९-१४| सेप्टेम्बर १४, १९९०}} <!-- Adventurestats.com says Sept १२ --> | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | |<ref name= "American Alpine Club p. २८७" /> |- |१०९<!-- ११० --> | {{sortname|Ham|Sang-hun|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९०-१०-०७| अक्टोबर ७, १९९०}} | | Japanese Korean expedition | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | Disappearance (likely accidental death during climb) | |<ref name= "American Alpine Club p. २२८">{{harvnb|American Alpine Club|१९९१|p=२२८}}</ref> |- |११०<!-- १११ --> | {{sortname|Rüdiger|Lang|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९१-०५-०३| मे ३, १९९१}} | | Austrian solo expedition | {{flagcountry|Germany}} | Exposure | ७८५०m N.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth pp. ६१४-६१५" /><ref name= "American Alpine Club p. २६३">{{harvnb|American Alpine Club|१९९१|p=२६३}}</ref> |- |१११<!-- ११२ --> | {{sortname|Junichi|Futagami|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९१-०५-२७| मे २७, १९९१}} | | Japanese solo expedition | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | झर्नु | ८७००m NE |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |११२<!-- ११३ --> | {{sortname|Deepak|Kulkarni|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९२-०५-०२| मे २, १९९२}} | |rowspan=2 | भारतीय पर्वतारोहण दल | {{flagcountry|India}} | Exposure | |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |११३<!-- ११४ --> | {{sortname|Raymond|Jacob|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९२-०५-०२| मे २, १९९२}} | | {{flagcountry|India}} | Exposure | |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |११४<!-- ११५ --> | {{sortname|Subba|Singh|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९२-०५-११| मे ११, १९९२}} | ४३ | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हृदयघात | |<ref name= "American Alpine Club p. २१५">{{harvnb|American Alpine Club|१९९७|p=२१५}}</ref> |- |११५<!-- ११६ --> | {{sortname|Sher|Singh|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९२-०५-२३| मे २३, १९९२}} | | भारतीय पर्वतारोहण दल | {{flagcountry|India}} | झर्नु | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |११६<!-- ११७ --> | {{sortname|Manabu|Hoshi|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९२-०५-२३| मे २३, १९९२}} | | Japanese Expedition | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | Disappearance (likely accidental death during climb) | ८३५०m NE |<ref name= "American Alpine Club pp. १७-१८">{{harvnb|American Alpine Club|१९९७|pp=१७–१८}}</ref> |- |११७<!-- ११८ --> | {{sortname|Ang|Tshering|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९३-०१-१५| जनवरी १५, १९९३}} | | Spanish Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |११८<!-- ११९ --> | {{sortname|Pasang Lhamu |Sherpa}} | {{sort|१९९३-०४-२३| अप्रिल २३, १९९३}} | ३२ |rowspan=2 | Nepalese Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | rowspan=2|Disappearance (likely accidental death during climb) | ८७५०m S.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Adams pp. ३-४">{{harvnb|Adams|१९९६|pp=३–४}}</ref> |- |११९<!-- १२० --> | {{sortname|Sonam|Tshering|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९३-०४-२३| अप्रिल २३, १९९३}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | ८७५०m S.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Adams pp. ३-४" /> |- |१२०<!-- १२१ --> | {{sortname|Lobsang |Tshering Bhutia|Lobsang Tshering}} | {{sort|१९९३-०५-१०| मे १०, १९९३}} | ४१ | ४०th anniversary of [[Tenzing Norgay]]'s climb | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | ८७५०m S.E. Ridge |<ref name="Higbee p.">{{harvnb|Higbee|१९९३}}</ref> |- |१२१<!-- १२२ --> | Nam Won-woo | {{sort|१९९३-०५-१६| मे १६, १९९३}} | |rowspan=2 | South Korean expedition | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | झर्नु | ८४५०m S.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /><ref name= "American Alpine Club p. २०८">{{harvnb|American Alpine Club|१९९४|p=२०८}}</ref> |- |१२२<!-- १२३ --> | A Jin-seob | {{sort|१९९३-०५-१७| मे १७, १९९३}} | | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | झर्नु | ८४५०m S.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /><ref name="American Alpine Club p. २०८" /> |- |१२३<!-- १२४ --> | {{sortname|Karl |Henize|Karl Gordon Henize}} | {{sort|१९९३-१०-०५| अक्टोबर ५, १९९३}} | ६६ | American expedition | {{flagcountry|USA}} | [[High-altitude pulmonary edema|HAPE]] | ६४००m |<ref name="NASA p.">{{harvnb|NASA|२००७}}</ref> |- |१२४<!-- १२५ --> | {{sortname|Antonio|Miranda|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९३-१०-०७| अक्टोबर ७, १९९३}} | | | {{flagcountry|Spain}} | झर्नु | |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६५२">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=६५२}}</ref> |- |१२५<!-- १२६ --> | {{sortname|Prem|Thapa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९४-०४-०६| अप्रिल ६, १९९४}} | | German Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[Cerebral Edema|Cerebral oedema]] | |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१२६<!-- १२७ --> | {{sortname|Shih|Fang-Fang|nolink=1}} 'Norman' | {{sort|१९९४-०५-०९| मे ९, १९९४}} | २७ | Taiwanese | {{flagcountry|Taiwan}} | Exhaustion and/or exposure | |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१२७<!-- १२८ --> | {{sortname|Giuseppe|Vigani|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९४-०५-१८| मे १८, १९९४}} | ४३ | Italian Expedition | {{flagcountry|Italy}} | झर्नु | North Face |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१२८<!-- १२९ --> | {{sortname|Mike|Rheinberger|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९४-०५-२७| मे २७, १९९४}} | ५३ | Australian Expedition | {{flagcountry|Australia}} |१५०m fall. He showed signs of exhaustion, dehydration, cerebral oedema, retinal hemorrhages and possible blood clots in his upper legs. | ८५००m NE |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१२९<!-- १३० --> | {{sortname|Mingma|Norbu|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९४-०९-१२| सेप्टेम्बर १२, १९९४}} | | Norwegian Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१३०<!-- १३१ --> | {{sortname|Kami|Rita|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९५-०५-०६| मे ६, १९९५}} | | American Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१३१<!-- १३२ --> | {{sortname|Lhakpa|Nuru|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९५-०९-१०| सेप्टेम्बर १०, १९९५}} | | South Korean Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | | ६९००m |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१३२<!-- १३३ --> | {{sortname|Zangbu||nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९५-१०-१४| अक्टोबर १४, १९९५}} | | South Korean Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | शिखर नजिक |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१३३<!-- १३४ --> | {{sortname|Chen|Yu-Nan|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-०९| मे ९, १९९६}} | ३६ | "Makalu" Gau Ming-Ho Taiwanese expedition | {{flagcountry|Taiwan}} | Injuries from a fall | |<ref name="Bromet p.">{{harvnb|Bromet|२०११}}</ref> |- |१३५<!-- १३५ --> | {{sortname|Scott|Fischer|Scott Fischer}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-११| मे ११, १९९६}} | ४० | [[Mountain Madness]] | {{flagcountry|USA}} | Suspected [[HACE]] (high-altitude cerebral oddema), exhaustion, frostbite and exposure. | ८३००m S.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="PBS_१९९६ p.">{{harvnb|PBS|२०१२}}</ref> |- |१३६<!-- १३६ --> | {{sortname|Rob |Hall|Rob Hall}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-११| मे ११, १९९६}} | ३५ |rowspan=4 | [[Adventure Consultants]] | {{flagcountry|New Zealand}} | Exposure | [[South Summit (Mount Everest)|South Summit]] |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="PBS_१९९६ p." /> |- |१३७<!-- १३७ --> | {{sortname|Doug|Hansen|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-११| मे ११, १९९६}} | ४६ | {{flagcountry|USA}} | Exposure | South Summit |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="PBS_१९९६ p." /> |- |१३८<!-- १३८ --> | {{sortname|Andrew|Harris|Andy Harris (mountain guide)}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-११| मे ११, १९९६}} | ३१ | {{flagcountry|New Zealand}} | Disappearance (likely accidental death during climb) | ८७००m S.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="PBS_१९९६ p." /> |- |१३९<!-- १३९ --> | {{sortname|Yasuko |Namba|Yasuko Namba}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-११| मे ११, १९९६}} | ४७ | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | Exposure | South Col |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="PBS_१९९६ p." /> |- |१४०<!-- १४० --> | {{sortname|Dorje| Morup|Dorje Morup}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-११| मे ११, १९९६}} | ४७ | Indo-Tibetan Border Police | {{flagcountry|India}} | Exposure | ८६००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="PBS_१९९६ p." /> |- |१४१<!-- १४१ --> | {{sortname|Tsewang |Paljor|Tsewang Paljor}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-११| मे ११, १९९६}} | २८ | Indo-Tibetan Border Police | {{flagcountry|India}} | Exposure | ८६००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="PBS_१९९६ p." /> |- |१४२<!-- १४२ --> | {{sortname|Tsewang |Samanla|Tsewang Samanla}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-११| मे ११, १९९६}} | ३८ | Indo-Tibetan Border Police | {{flagcountry|India}} | Exposure | ८६००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="PBS_१९९६ p." /> |- |१४३<!-- १४३ --> | {{sortname|Reinhard|Wlasich|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-१९| मे १९, १९९६}} | | Austrian | {{flagcountry|Austria}} | Altitude sickness | ८३००m North Face, Great Couloir |<ref name= "Krakauer p. २७६">{{harvnb|Krakauer|१९९७|p=२७६}}</ref> |- |१४४<!-- १४४ --> | {{sortname|Bruce|Herrod|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९६-०५-२५| मे २५, १९९६}} | ३७ | South African/British | {{flagcountry|UK}} | Rope accident | S.E. Ridge, Hillary Step |<ref name= "Krakauer p. २७८">{{harvnb|Krakauer|१९९७|p=२७८}}</ref> |- |१४५<!-- १४५ --> | {{sortname|Ngawang|Topche|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९६-०६-६| जुन ६, १९९६}} | | American | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Lapsed into coma on २३ Apr १९९६; later died in hospital | Camp II |<ref name= "Krakauer pp. १०८–११४">{{harvnb|Krakauer|१९९७|pp=१०८–११४}}</ref> |- |१४६<!-- १४६ --> | {{sortname|Yves|Bouchon|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९६-०९-२५| सेप्टेम्बर २५, १९९६}} | | फ्रान्सेली/Belgian/Swiss | {{flagcountry|France}} | हिम पहिरो | ७४००m Lhotse Face |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="Mountainzone p.">{{harvnb|Mountainzone|१९९६}}</ref> |- |१४७<!-- १४७ --> | {{sortname|Lopsang |Jangbu|Lopsang Jangbu Sherpa}} | {{sort|१९९६-०९-२५| सेप्टेम्बर २५, १९९६}} | २३–२५ | Japanese | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ७४००m Lhotse Face |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="Mountainzone p." /> |- |१४८<!-- १४८ --> | {{sortname|Dawa||nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९६-०९-२५| सेप्टेम्बर २५, १९९६}} | | South Korea | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ७४००m Lhotse Face |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९९" /><ref name="Mountainzone p." /> |- |१४९<!-- १४९ --> | {{sortname|Malcolm|Duff|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९७-०४-२३| अप्रिल २३, १९९७}} | | British | {{flagcountry|UK}} | हृदयघात (आधार शिविरमा) | आधार शिविर |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१५०<!-- १५० --> | Nima Rinzi | {{sort|१९९७-०५-०६| मे ६, १९९७}} | | Malaysian | {{flagcountry|UK}} | झर्नु | Lhotse Face |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१५१<!-- १५१ --> | {{sortname|Aleksandr|Torochin|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९७-०५-०७| मे ७, १९९७}} | |rowspan=4 | Russian | {{flagcountry|Russia}} | झर्नु | ८४००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /><ref name="Clark p.">{{harvnb|Clark|१९९७}}</ref><ref name="everest_fatalities">{{Cite web | title = Fatalities – Everest | url = http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/download.html?func=fileinfo&id=171 | access-date = मार्च २६, २०१३ }}</ref><ref name="old.risk.ru">{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Risk Online: Results of the season 1997. Himalayan expeditions. Plans for 1997 season|युआरएल=https://old.risk.ru/eng/mount/himalaya/statist/1997/|पहुँचमिति=|अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://archive.today/20120210193949/http://old.risk.ru/eng/mount/himalaya/statist/1997/|अभिलेखमिति=१० फेब्रुअरी २०१२}}</ref><ref name="Risk online">{{Cite web | title = Climbers from Russia and SIC did not return from the Hymalayas | website = Risk online | url = http://old.risk.ru/eng/mount/himalaya/statist/dead/index.html | access-date = सेप्टेम्बर २७, २०१५ }}</ref> |- |१५२<!-- १५२ --> | {{sortname|Ivan|Plotnikov|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९७-०५-०७| मे ७, १९९७}} | | {{flagcountry|Russia}} | Exhaustion and/or exposure | ८७००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /><ref name="Clark p." /><ref name="everest_fatalities" /><ref name="old.risk.ru" /><ref name="Risk online" /> |- |१५३<!-- १५३ --> | {{sortname|Nikolai|Shevtchenko|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९७-०५-०७| मे ७, १९९७}} | | {{flagcountry|Russia}} | Exhaustion and/or exposure | ८७००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /><ref name="Clark p." /><ref name="everest_fatalities" /><ref name="old.risk.ru" /><ref name="Risk online" /> |- |१५४<!-- १५४ --> | {{sortname|Mingma||nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९७-०५-०७| मे ७, १९९७}} | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Clark p." /> |- |१५५<!-- १५५ --> | Peter Kowalzik | {{sort|१९९७-०५-०८| मे ८, १९९७}} | | Polish | {{flagcountry|Germany}} | Disappearance (likely accidental death during climb) | N.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६६८">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=६६८}}</ref> |- |१५६<!-- १५६ --> | {{sortname|Tenzing|Nuru|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९७-०९-८| सेप्टेम्बर ८, १९९७}} | | American | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Disappearance (likely accidental death during climb) | S.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Unsworth p. ६६७">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=६६७}}</ref> |- |१५७<!-- १५७ --> | {{sortname|Choi|Byong-soo|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९७-०९-०८| सेप्टेम्बर ८, १९९७}} | | South Korean | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | हिम पहिरो | North Col Flank |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१५८<!-- १५८ --> | {{sortname|Sergei |Arsentiev|Francys Arsentiev}} | {{sort|१९९८-०५-२३| मे २४, १९९८}} | |rowspan=2 | Russian/फ्रान्सेली | {{flagcountry|USA}} | १००m fall | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Tweedie p.">{{harvnb|Tweedie|२००७}}</ref><ref name="everest_fatalities" /> |- |१५९<!-- १५९ --> | {{sortname|Francys |Arsentiev|Francys Arsentiev}} | {{sort|१९९८-०५-२४| मे २४, १९९८}} | ४० | {{flagcountry|USA}} | Exposure and/or cerebral oedema | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Tweedie p." /><ref name="Wostear p.">{{harvnb|Wostear|२००७}}</ref><ref name="everest_fatalities" /> |- |१६०<!-- १६० --> | {{sortname|Mark|Jennings|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९८-०५-२५| मे २५, १९९८}} | | British | {{flagcountry|UK}} | Exhaustion | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१६१<!-- १६१ --> | {{sortname|Roger|Buick|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९८-०५-२६| मे २६, १९९८}} | | New Zealand | {{flagcountry|New Zealand}} | Exhaustion | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१६२<!-- १६२ --> | {{sortname|Vasyl|Kopytko|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९९-०५-८| मे ८, १९९९}} | | Ukrainian | {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | Unknown cause | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /><ref name= "Unsworth p. ६९६">{{harvnb|Unsworth|२०००|p=६९६}}</ref> |- |१६३<!-- १६३ --> | {{sortname|Michael|Matthews|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९९-०५-१३| मे १३, १९९९}} | २३ | International | {{flagcountry|UK}} | | S.E. Ridge |<ref name="Douglas p.">{{harvnb|Douglas|२००१}}</ref> |- |१६४<!-- १६४ --> | {{sortname|Tadeusz|Kudelski|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९९-०५-१८| मे १८, १९९९}} | ४४ | Polish International | {{flagcountry|Poland}} | झर्नु | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Associated Press १९९९ p.">{{harvnb|Associated Press|१९९९}}</ref> |- |१६५<!-- १६५ --> | {{sortname|Pascal|Debrouwer|nolink=1}} | {{sort|१९९९-०५-१८| मे १८, १९९९}} | २९ | Belgian International | {{flagcountry|Belgium}} | झर्नु | N.E. Ridge | <!-- Wrong reporting/encounter:<ref name="Associated Press १९९९ p." /> --><ref>{{Cite web | title = Everest-beklimmer Pascal Debrouwer stort naar beneden | trans-title = Everest climber Pascal Debrouwer plunges down | last = Sabbe | first = Hilde | language = डच | publisher = De Morgen | quote = Pascal Debrouwer, een २९-jarige beroepsmilitair uit het Waalse Hognes | url = http://www.demorgen.be/plus/everest-beklimmer-pascal-debrouwer-stort-naar-beneden-a-1412199073061/ | date = मे २२, १९९९ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title = Alain Hubert raconte la mort de l'alpiniste Pascal Debrouwer sur les pentes du toit du monde | trans-title = Alain Hubert recounts the death of climber Pascal Debrouwer on the slopes of the roof of the world | last = Borloo | first = Jean-Pierre | newspaper = Le Soir | language = फ्रान्सेली | url = http://archives.lesoir.be/alain-hubert-raconte-la-mort-de-l-alpiniste-pascal-debr_t-१९९९०६०७-Z०GVPD.html | date = जुलाई ७, १९९९ }}</ref> |- |१६६<!-- १६६ --> | {{sortname|Jeppe|Stoltz|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०००-०५-२०| मे २०, २०००}} | २७ | | {{flagcountry|Denmark}} | झर्नु | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१६७<!-- १६७ --> | {{sortname|Yan|Genghua|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०००-०५-२१| मे २१, २०००}} | | Chinese | {{flagcountry|China}} | Disappeared after reaching the north summit; body found on मे २७, २०००; likely accidental death during descent | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१६८<!-- १६८ --> | {{sortname|Babu|Chiri Sherpa|Babu Chiri Sherpa}} | {{sort|२००१-०४-२९| अप्रिल २९, २००१}} | ३५ | Nepalese | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | N.E. Ridge | |- |१६९<!-- १६९ --> | {{sortname|Peter|Ganner|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००१-०५-२३| मे २३, २००१}} | | Austrian | {{flagcountry|Austria}} | झर्नु | ८५००m S.E. Ridge |<ref name= "Alexander p. १६९">{{harvnb|Alexander|२०१०|p=1६९}}</ref> |- |१७०<!-- १७० --> | {{sortname|Mark|Auricht|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००१-०५-२४| मे २४, २००१}} | | Australian | {{flagcountry|Australia}} | Cerebral oedema | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="auto२">{{harvnb|Steffen|२०१०|p=५२३}}</ref> |- |१७१<!-- १७१ --> | {{sortname|Aleksei|Nikiforov|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००१-०५-२४| मे २४, २००१}} | | Russian | {{flagcountry|Russia}} | Pre-existing illness exacerbated by freezing conditions, altitude | ८५००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Risk online" /><ref name="Warner-Schmincke p.">{{harvnb|Warner|Schmincke|२००८}}</ref> |- |१७२<!-- १७२ --> | {{sortname|Sándor|Gárdos|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००१-१०-१७| अक्टोबर १७, २००१}} | | Hungarian | {{flagcountry|Hungary}} | झर्नु | ७८००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="auto२" /> |- |१७३<!-- १७३ --> | {{sortname|Peter|Legate|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००२-०४-३०| अप्रिल ३०, २००२}} | ३८ | British International | {{flagcountry|UK}} | हिमनदीको ठुलो चिरोभित्र झर्नु | तेस्रो आधार शिविर भन्दा तल |<ref name="Starmer-Smith-Payne p.">{{harvnb|Starmer-Smith|Payne|२००२}}</ref> |- |१७४<!-- १७४ --> | {{sortname|Zoran|Miletić|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००२-०५-१९| मे १९, २००२}} | | Russian International | {{flagcountry|FR Yugoslavia}} | Exact cause and date of death unknown | ७८००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१७५<!-- १७५ --> | {{sortname|Marco|Siffredi|Marco Siffredi}} | {{sort|२००२-०९-०८| सेप्टेम्बर ८, २००२}} | २३ | International | {{flagcountry|France}} | Snowboarding accident | [[Hornbein Couloir]] |<ref name="Smith p.">{{harvnb|Smith|२००२}}</ref> |- |१७६<!-- १७६ --> | [[Bhim Bahadur Gurung (Sherpa guide)|Bhim Bahadur Gurung]] | {{sort|२००३-०५-२७| मे २७, २००३}} | | Indo-Nepal | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिमनदीको ठुलो चिरोभित्र झर्नु | ५९००m Icefall |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१७७<!-- १७७ --> | {{sortname|Jan Krzysztof|Liszewski|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००३-०५-२५| मे २५, २००३}} | ५५ | Independent | {{flagcountry|Poland}} | झर्नु | ७९००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१७८<!-- १७८ --> | {{sortname|Arnaud|Saulnier|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००३-०५-०८| मे ८, २००३}} | | फ्रान्सेली | {{flagcountry|France}} | Sickness in tent | ५५००m S.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१७९<!-- १७९ --> | {{sortname|Karma|Gyalzen Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००३-०५-२४| मे २४, २००३}} | | International | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Altitude sickness | ६०००m S.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१८०<!-- १८० --> | {{sortname|Joon-ho|Baek|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००४-०५-१८| मे १८, २००४}} | ३८ | South Korean | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | Exposure | ८५००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /><ref name="India Blitz p.">{{harvnb|India Blitz|२००५}}</ref><ref name="Dongailbo"/> |- |१८१<!-- १८१ --> | {{sortname|Min|Jang|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००४-०५-१८| मे १८, २००४}} | २८ | South Korean | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | Exposure | ८५००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /><ref name="India Blitz p." /><ref name="Dongailbo"/> |- |१८२<!-- १८२ --> | {{sortname|Mu-taek|Park|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००४-०५-१८| मे १८, २००४}} | ३६ | South Korean | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | Exposure | ८५००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /><ref name="India Blitz p." /><ref name="Dongailbo">{{cite web|url=http://english.donga.com/List/3/all/26/241587/1|title=Mountaineers' Friendship Lasts Beyond Death|last=|first=|date=|work=donga.com|accessdate=मार्च २, २०१७}}</ref> |- |१८३<!-- १८३ --> | {{sortname|Nils|Antezana|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००४-०५-१८| मे १८, २००४}} | ६९ | International | {{flagcountry|USA}} | Exposure | ८६००m S.E. Ridge |<ref name="Leahy p.">{{harvnb|Leahy|२००४}}</ref> |- |१८४<!-- १८४ --> | {{sortname|Hristo Ganchev|Hristov|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००४-०५-२०| मे २०, २००४}} | २७ | Bulgarian | {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} | Exposure | ८६००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१८५<!-- १८५ --> | {{sortname|Shoko|Ota|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००४-०५-२०| मे २०, २००४}} | ६३ | Japanese | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | Exposure | ८६००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Associated Press २००४ p.">{{harvnb|Associated Press|२००४}}</ref> |- |१८६<!-- १८६ --> | {{sortname|Mariana Prodanova | Maslarova|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००४-०५-२३| मे २३, २००४}} | ४३ | Bulgarian | {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} | Exposure | ८७००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१८७<!-- १८७ --> | {{sortname|Sean|Egan|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००५-०४-२८| अप्रिल २८, २००५}} | ६३ | Tim Redpath Expedition | {{flagcountry|Canada}} | हृदयघात | ४६००m S.E. Ridge |<ref name="CBC News p.">{{harvnb|CBC News|२००५}}</ref> |- |१८८<!-- १८८ --> | {{sortname|Michael Corey|O'Brien|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-climber-dies-from-fall-on-mount-everest/|title=Seattle climber dies from fall on Mount Everest|last=Green|first=Sara Jean|date=२००५-०५-०३|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=२०१७-१०-२२|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref> | {{sort|२००५-०५-२| मे २, २००५}} | ३९ | Charity run with brother | {{flagcountry|USA}} | हिमनदीको ठुलो चिरोभित्र झर्नु | ५८००m Icefall South |<ref name="Olsen p.">{{harvnb|Olsen|२००५}}</ref> |- |१८९<!-- १८९ --> | {{sortname|Marko |Lihteneker|Marko Lihteneker}} | {{sort|२००५-०५-२१| मे २१, २००५}} | ४५ | |{{flagcountry|Slovenia}} | |Oxygen problems | ८६००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१९०<!-- १९० --> | {{sortname|Sirigereshiva |Shankarappa Chaitanya|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००५-०५-३०| मे ३०, २००५}} | | India | {{flagcountry|India}} | Exposure | ८७००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१९१<!-- १९१ --> | {{sortname|Dieter|Kramer|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००५-०६-०४| जुन ४, २००५}} | | German | {{flagcountry|Germany}} | Exposure | ८०००m N.E. |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१९२<!-- १९२ --> | {{sortname|Robert William|Milne|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००५-०६-०५| जुन ५, २००५}} | ४९ | | {{flagcountry|UK}} | Organ failure due to freezing conditions | ८२००m S.E. Ridge |<ref name="Sky News p.">{{harvnb|Sky News|२००५}}</ref> |- |१९३<!-- १९३ --> | {{sortname |Tuk Bahadur Thapa Magar| Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००६-०४-०७| अप्रिल ७, २००६}} | | American | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Altitude | ५५००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१९४<!-- १९४ --> | {{sortname|Ang Phinjo|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००६-०४-२१| अप्रिल २१, २००६}} | ५० | American | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ५९००m Icefall |<ref name="Hahn p.">{{harvnb|Hahn|२००६}}</ref> |- |१९५<!-- १९५ --> | {{sortname|Lhakpa|Tseri|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००६-४-२१| अप्रिल २१, २००६}} | | American | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ५९००m Icefall |<ref name="Hahn p." /> |- |१९६<!-- १९६ --> | {{sortname|Dawa|Temba|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००६-०४-२१| अप्रिल २१, २००६}} | | American | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | ५९००m Icefall |<ref name="Hahn p." /> |- |१९७<!-- १९७ --> | {{sortname|Jacques-Hugues|Letrange|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००६-०५-०६| मे ६, २००६}} | | American | {{flagcountry|France}} | Exhaustion | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१९८<!-- १९८ --> | {{sortname||Srikrishna|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००६-०५-१४| मे १४, २००६}} | | Indian | {{flagcountry|India}} | झर्नु | ८६००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |१९९<!-- १९९ --> | {{sortname|David |Sharp|David Sharp (mountaineer)}} | {{sort|२००६-०५-१५| मे १५, २००६}} | ३४ | [[Asian Trekking]] | {{flagcountry|UK}} | Exposure and/or exhaustion | ८६००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Breed-Gurubacharya-Associated Press p.">{{harvnb|Breed|Gurubacharya|Associated Press|२००६}}</ref> |- |२००<!-- २०० --> | {{sortname|Tomas| Olsson|Tomas Olsson}} | {{sort|२००६-०५-१६| मे १६, २००६}} | ३० | International | {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | झर्नु | ८७००m Norton Couloir |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |२०१<!-- २०१ --> | {{sortname|Vitor | Negrete|Vitor Negrete}} | {{sort|२००६-०५-१९| मे १९, २००६}} | ३८ | International | {{flagcountry|Brazil}} | Exposure and/or exhaustion | Camp III, ८२००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Staeudtner p.">{{harvnb|Staeudtner|२०१०}}</ref> |- |२०२<!-- २०२ --> | {{sortname|Igor|Plyushkin|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००६-०५-२२| मे २२, २००६}} | | International | {{flagcountry|Russia}} | Altitude sickness | ७८००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |२०३<!-- २०३ --> | {{sortname|Thomas|Weber|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००६-०५-२५| मे २५, २००६}} | | International | {{flagcountry|Germany}} | Altitude sickness | ८७००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Lauer p.">{{harvnb|Lauer|२००८}}</ref> |- |२०४ |Dawa Sherpa |{{sort|२००७-०४-२६|अप्रिल २६, २००७}} | | |{{flagcountry|Nepal}} | |७२००m South Col |<ref name=":१">{{Cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2007%20Season%20Lists/2007%20Spring%20A18.html|title=Himalayan Database - Deaths Spring २००७|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> |- |२०५ |Shinichi Ishii |{{sort|२००७-०५-१७| मे १७, २००७}} | | |{{flagcountry|Japan}} | |८६५०m |<ref name=":१" /> |- |२०६ |Libor Kozak |{{sort|२००७-०५-१७| मे १७, २००७}} | | |{{flagcountry|Czech}} | |८३००m |<ref name=":१" /> |- |२०७<!-- २०४ --> | {{sortname|Yoshitomi|Okura|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००७-०५-१६| मे १६, २००७}} | ६२ | Japanese | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |२०८<!-- २०५ --> | {{sortname|Maurizio|Pierangelo|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००७-०५-१७| मे १७, २००७}} | ४६ | Italian | {{flagcountry|Italy}} | | N.E. Ridge |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |२०९<!-- २०६ --> | {{sortname|Oh|Hee-joon|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००७-०५-१७| मे १७, २००७}} | ३७ | South Korean | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | | S.W. Face |<ref name="Philippine Daily Inquirer p. १५">{{harvnb|Philippine Daily Inquirer|२००७|p=1५}}</ref> |- |२१०<!-- २०७ --> | {{sortname|Lee|Hyun-jo|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००७-०५-१७| मे १७, २००७}} | ३४ | South Korean | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | | S.W. Face |<ref name= "Philippine Daily Inquirer p. १५" /> |- |२११<!-- २०८ --> | {{sortname|Uwe Gianni|Goltz|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००८-०५-२१| मे २१, २००८}} | ४४ | Sherpas documentary team | {{flagcountry|Switzerland}} | Exhaustion | ८०००m South Col |<ref name="SRG SSR p.">{{harvnb|SRG SSR|२०१०}}</ref> |- |२१२<!-- २०९ --> | {{sortname|Lhakpa|Nuru|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००९-०५-९| मे ७, २००९}} | | [[Eco Everest Expedition]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिम पहिरो | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Prettyman p.">{{harvnb|Prettyman|२००९}}</ref> |- |२१३<!-- २१० --> | {{sortname|Veslav|Chrzaszcz|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००९-०५-१८| मे १८, २००९}} | ४७ | Eco Everest Expedition | {{flagcountry|Czech}} | हृदयघात | |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |२१४<!-- २११ --> | {{sortname|Wenhong|Wu|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००९-०५-१९| मे १९, २००९}} |४१ | | {{flagcountry|China}} |Altitude sickness |८७५०m |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |२१५<!-- २१२ --> | {{sortname|Frank|Ziebarth|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२००९-०५-२१| मे २१, २००९}} | २९ | | {{flagcountry|Canada}} |Hypothermia and lack of oxygen | ८७००m North Summit |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |२१६<!-- २१३ --> | {{sortname|László|Várkonyi|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१०-०४-२६| अप्रिल २६, २०१०}} | ५४ | | {{flagcountry|Hungary}} | हिम पहिरो crevasse fall | North Col |<ref name="Klein p.">{{harvnb|Klein|२०१०}}</ref> |- |२१७<!-- २१४ --> | {{sortname|Tom|Jørgensen|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१०-०५-१९| मे १९, २०१०}} | ५६ | | {{flagcountry|Denmark}} | [[HACE]] | |<ref name="adventurestats.com p." /> |- |२१८<!-- २१५ --> | {{sortname|Peter|Kinloch|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१०-०५-२६| मे २६, २०१०}} | २८ | International | {{flagcountry|UK}} | Exhaustion | ८६००m |<ref name="Davies p.">{{harvnb|Davies|२०१०}}</ref> |- |२१९<!-- २१६ --> | {{sortname|Rick|Hitch|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०११-०५-१| मे १, २०११}} | ५५ | International | {{flagcountry|USA}} | हृदयघात | ७०१०m |<ref name="Associated Press २०११ p.">{{harvnb|Associated Press|२०११}}</ref> |- |२२०<!-- २१७ --> | {{sortname|Shailendra Kumar | Upadhyaya|Shailendra Kumar Upadhyaya}} | {{sort|२०११-०५-९| मे ९, २०११}} | ८२ | Nepal | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Altitude sickness | आधार शिविर |<ref name="Koirala p.">{{harvnb|Koirala|२०११}}</ref> |- |२२१<!-- २१८ --> | {{sortname|Takashi | Ozaki}} | {{sort|२०११-०५-१२| मे १२, २०११}} | ५८ | International | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | Altitude sickness | ८४००m बार्दली |<ref name="Richards p.">{{harvnb|Richards|२०११}}</ref> |- |२२२<!-- २१९ --> | {{sortname|John | Delaney|John Delaney (businessman)}} | {{sort|२०११-५-२१| मे २१, २०११}} | ४२ | International | {{flagcountry|Ireland}} | Altitude sickness | ८४००m बार्दली |<ref name="Creswell p.">{{harvnb|Creswell|२०११}}</ref> |- |२२३<!-- --> | {{sortname|Hiroaki|Kino|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०११-०९-१५| सेप्टेम्बर १५, २०११}} | ४८ | | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | [[Apoplexy|Cerebral apoplexy]] | Lower Icefall |<ref>{{Cite web | title = 登山家・栗城史多氏が活動再開 同行カメラマン死因は「くも膜下出血」 | work = ORICON STYLE | url = http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/२००१९९२/full/ | access-date = डिसेम्बर २०, २०१४ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = カメラマン、エベレストで死亡　登山家・栗城史多さんに同行 | work = MSN産経ニュース | url = http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/110916/dst11091623140031-n1.htm | access-date = डिसेम्बर २०, २०१४ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140917105250/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/110916 | archive-date = 2014-09-17 | df = mdy-all | url-status = dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917105250/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/110916/dst11091623140031-n1.htm |date=2014-09-17 }}</ref> |- |२२४<!-- २२० --> | {{sortname|Dawa|Tenzing|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१२-०४-०५| अप्रिल ५, २०१२}} | | [[Himex]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Stroke (CVA) | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Bierling p.">{{harvnb|Bierling|२०१२}}</ref><ref name="Arnette २०१२ p.">{{harvnb|Arnette|२०१२}}</ref> |- |२२५<!-- २२१ --> | {{sortname|Karsang|Namgyal Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१२-०४-१९| अप्रिल १९, २०१२}} | | Prestige Adventures | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Altitude sickness | आधार शिविर |<ref name="Arnette २०१२ p." /><ref name="Schaffer p.">{{harvnb|Schaffer|२०१२}}</ref> |- |२२६<!-- २२२ --> | {{sortname|Ramesh|Gulve|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१२-०४-२०| अप्रिल २०, २०१२}} | ३३ | Pune team | {{flagcountry|India}} | Stroke | आधार शिविर |<ref name="Arnette २०१२ p." /><ref name="Express news service p.">{{harvnb|Express news service|२०१२}}</ref> |- |२२७<!-- २२३ --> | {{sortname|Namgyal|Tshering Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१२-४-२१| अप्रिल २१, २०१२}} | २८ | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | हिमनदीको ठुलो चिरोभित्र झर्नु | Camp १ |<ref name="Arnette २०१२ p." /><ref name="Nepal News p.">{{harvnb|Nepal News|२०१२}}</ref> |- |२२८<!-- २२४ --> | {{sortname|Shriya|Shah-Klorfine}} | {{sort|२०१२-०५-१९| मे १९, २०१२}} | ३३ | Utmost Adventures | {{flagcountry|Canada}} | Exhaustion | Below Balcony ८३००m |<ref name="Arnette २०१२ p." /><ref name="Sky News २०१२ p." /> |- |२२९<!-- २२५ --> | {{sortname|Eberhard|Schaaf|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१२-०५-१९| मे १९, २०१२}} | ६१ | [[Asian Trekking]] | {{flagcountry|Germany}} | Cerebral oedema | Hillary Step |<ref name="Arnette २०१२ p." /><ref name="Sky News २०१२ p.">{{harvnb|Sky News|२०१२}}</ref> |- |२३०<!-- २२६ --> | {{sortname|Song|Won-bin|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१२-०५-१९| मे १९, २०१२}} | ४४ | Korean Everest & Lhotse Expedition | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | झर्नु | Balcony |<ref name="Arnette २०१२ p." /><ref name="Sky News २०१२ p." /> |- |२३१<!-- २२७ --> | {{sortname|Ha|Wenyi|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१२-५-२०| मे २०, २०१२}} | ५५ | Mountain Experience | {{flagcountry|China}} | Suspected altitude sickness | Balcony |<ref name="Arnette २०१२ p." /><ref name="Gurubacharya p.">{{harvnb|Gurubacharya|२०१२}}</ref> |- |२३२<!-- २२८ --> | {{sortname|Juan|José Polo Carbayo|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१२-०५-२०| मे २०, २०१२}} | ४३ | Himalayan Guides | {{flagcountry|Spain}} | Exhaustion | ८३००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Arnette २०१२ p." /><ref name="auto१">{{harvnb|EFE|२०१२}}</ref> |- |२३३<!-- २२९ --> | {{sortname|Ralf D.|Arnold|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१२-०५-२०| मे २०, २०१२}} | ४३ | Monterosa | {{flagcountry|Germany}} | Exhaustion and related complications after breaking leg at Second Step | ८३००m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Arnette २०१२ p." /><ref name="auto१" /> |- |२३४<!-- २३० --> | {{sortname|Piseth|Lim|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१२-१०-१९| अक्टोबर १९, २०१२}} | २७ | International | {{flagcountry|Cambodia}} | Encountered inclement weather | Around ४,०००&nbsp;meter high point |<ref>{{Cite web | title = Khmer Man Dies Trying to Conquer Mount Everest | url = http://www.khmer440.com/k/2012/10/khmer-man-dies-trying-to-conquer-mount-everest/ | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150501002216/http://www.khmer440.com/k/2012/10/khmer-man-dies-trying-to-conquer-mount-everest/ | archive-date = 2015-05-01 | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |२३५<!-- २३१ --> | {{sortname|Mingma|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१३-०४-०७| अप्रिल ७, २०१३}} | ४५ | Destination Himalaya | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु into a crevasse | Between Camps १ and २ in the Western Cwm |<ref name="THT ONLINE p.">{{harvnb|THT ONLINE|२०१३}}</ref> |- |२३६<!-- २३१ --> | {{sortname|DaRita|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१३-०५-०५| मे ५, २०१३}} | ३७ | International Mountain Guides | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Suspected cardiac arrest | Camp ३ on south side |<ref name="Hansman p.">{{harvnb|Hansman|२०१३}}</ref> |- |२३७<!-- २३२ --> | {{sortname|Sergey|Ponomarev|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१३-०५-०५| मे ५, २०१३}} | | ७ Summits Club Everest expedition | {{flagcountry|Russia}} | Suspected cardiac arrest | At १००m above ABC on north side (at about ६५००m) |<ref>{{Cite web | title = Sergey Ponomarev, member of the expedition of ७ Summits Club, died near the camp ABC | url = http://7summits-club.com/newssections/all_1/newssection_163_1/item_3956/ | access-date = डिसेम्बर २०, २०१४ }}</ref> |- |२३८<!-- २३४ --> | {{sortname|Lobsang|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१३-०५-०७| मे ७, २०१३}} | २२ | Chinese expedition team | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | Between Camp २ and Camp ३ on descent from Camp ४ (on south side) |<ref>[http://www.nst.com.my/latest/young-sherpa-plunges-to-his-death-on-everest-१.२७४४६३ Young Sherpa plunges to his death on Everest] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615141146/http://www.nst.com.my/latest/young-sherpa-plunges-to-his-death-on-everest-1.274463 |date=जुन १५, २०१३ }}</ref> |- |२३९<!-- २३३ --> | {{sortname|Alexey|Bolotov|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१३-०५-१५| मे १५, २०१३}} | ५० | Russian South-West Face expedition | {{flagcountry|Russia}} | झर्नु | ५६००m Icefall |<ref>{{Cite web | title = Russian climber Alex Bolotov dies on Mount Everest | url = http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/05/15/russian-climber-alex-bolotov-dies-on-mount-everest/ | access-date = डिसेम्बर २०, २०१४ | archive-date = 2014-05-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004232/http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/05/15/russian-climber-alex-bolotov-dies-on-mount-everest/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Alexey Bolotov died in Khumbu Icefall | url = http://www.explorersweb.com/everest_k२/news.php?id=21489 | access-date = मे १५, २०१३ }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |२४०<!-- २३४ --> | {{sortname|Namgyal|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१३-०५-१७| मे १७, २०१३}} | ३५ | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | | ८३००m N.E. Ridge |<ref>{{Cite web | title = ४th Sherpa Death on Everest in २०१३ | url = http://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2013/05/17/everest-2013-summit-wave-3/ | access-date = मे १७, २०१३ | date = मे १७, २०१३ | archive-date = 2013-07-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130727235706/http://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2013/05/17/everest-2013-summit-wave-3/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |२४१<!-- २३५ --> | {{sortname|Seo|Sung-ho|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१३-०५-२१| मे २१, २०१३}} | ३३ | Zero to ८८४८ expedition | {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | Suspected altitude sickness | On descent (south side) |<ref name="everest_kangchenjunga_deaths_२०१३.०५" /> |- |२४२<!-- २३६ --> | {{sortname|Sajal |Khaled (Mohammed Khaled Hossain)|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१३-०५-२१| मे २१, २०१३}} | ३५ | | {{BAN}} | Suspected altitude sickness | South Col Camp |<ref name="everest_kangchenjunga_deaths_२०१३.०५">{{Cite web | title = Situation Critical on Kangchenjunga, Bad News from Everest | url = http://www.explorersweb.com/everest_k२/news.php?url=situation-critical-on-kangchenjunga-bad-_136916136 | access-date = मे २१, २०१३ }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |२४३<!-- २३५ --> | {{sortname|Unknown|climber|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१३-०५-२२| मे २२, २०१३}} | | | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | Suspected altitude sickness | Camp ४ (south side) in tent |<ref name="ZDF-Docu min. २८">{{Cite web | title = Risiko Mount Everest | website = ZDF Mediathek | publisher = ZDF | url = http://www.zdf.de/ZDFmediathek/beitrag/video/2403778/Risiko-Mount-Everest#/beitrag/video/2403778/Risiko-Mount-Everest | access-date = फेब्रुअरी २९, २०१६ }}</ref> |- |२४४<!-- २३७ --> | {{sortname|Mingma Tenzing|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-२| अप्रिल २, २०१४}} | | Peak Freaks Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[High-altitude pulmonary edema|HAPE]] | Everest Base Camp |<ref name="Alan Arnette.p.">{{Cite web | title = Everest २०१४ Coverage Archives - | work = The Blog on alanarnette.com | url = http://www.alanarnette.com/blog/everest/2014-coverage/ | access-date = डिसेम्बर २०, २०१४ | archive-date = 2014-04-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140423042343/http://www.alanarnette.com/blog/everest/2014-coverage/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |२४५<!-- २३८ --> | {{sortname|Mingma Nuru|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | ४६ | NBC Everest Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p.">{{harvnb|Payne|Shrestha|२०१४}}</ref><ref name="dailymail">{{Cite news | title = Mount Everest avalanche death toll rises in mountain's worst-ever tragedy | newspaper = Daily Mail | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2608478/Death-toll-climbs-worst-tragedy-Mount-Everest-avalanche-wipes-13-Nepalese-Sherpas.html | access-date = डिसेम्बर २०, २०१४ }}</ref> |- |२४६<!-- २३८ --> | {{sortname|Dorji|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | NBC Everest Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२४७<!-- २३९ --> | {{sortname|Ang Tshiri|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | AAI Everest Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२४८<!-- २४० --> | {{sortname|Nima|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | AAI Everest Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२४९<!-- २४१ --> | {{sortname|Phurba Ongyal|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | [[Adventure Consultants]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२५०<!-- २४२ --> | {{sortname|Lapka Tenjing|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | [[Adventure Consultants]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२५१<!-- २४३ --> | {{sortname|Chhiring Ongchu|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | [[Adventure Consultants]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२५२<!-- २४३ --> | {{sortname|Dorjee|Khatri|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | Adventurist Everest Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२५३<!-- २४४ --> | {{sortname|Then Dorjee|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | Adventurist Everest Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२५४<!-- २४५ --> | {{sortname|Phur Temba|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | Adventurist Everest Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२५५<!-- २४६ --> | {{sortname|Pasang Karma|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | Jagged Globe Everest Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२५६<!-- २४७ --> | {{sortname|Asman|Tamang|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | Himalayan Ecstasy Lhotse Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२५७<!-- २४८ --> | {{sortname|Tenzing Chottar|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | AAI Everest Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] (missing) | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२५८<!-- २४९ --> | {{sortname|Ankaji|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | Everest Chinese Dream Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२५९<!-- २५० --> | {{sortname|PemTenji|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | Everest Chinese Dream Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] (missing) | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२६०<!-- २५१ --> | {{sortname|Aash Bahadur|Gurung|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१४-०४-१८| अप्रिल १८, २०१४}} | | Everest Chinese Dream Expedition २०१४ | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | [[२०१४ Mount Everest avalanche|Avalanche]] (missing) | [[खुम्बु हिम पहिरो|हिम पहिरो]] |<ref name="Payne-Shrestha p." /><ref name="dailymail" /> |- |२६१<!-- २५२ --> | {{sortname|Daniel Paul|Fredinburg|link=Dan Fredinburg}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-१८| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | ३३ | २०१५ Jagged Globe Everest Expedition | {{flagcountry|USA}} | rowspan=17|[[२०१५ Mount Everest avalanches|आधार शिविर avalanche]] following the [[अप्रिल २०१५ Nepal earthquake]] | आधार शिविर |<ref>{{Cite web | title = JG News :: Everest | url = http://www.jagged-globe.co.uk/news/item.php?id=2767 | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ }}</ref><ref name="cnn २०१५">{{Cite web | title = Mount Everest avalanches threaten hikers - CNN.com | author = Greg Botelho, CNN | publisher = CNN | url = http://edition.cnn.com/२०१५/०४/२५/asia/nepal-earthquake-everest/index.html | date = अप्रिल २५, २०१५ | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=WPost२०१५>{{Cite news | title = Before the Everest avalanche, four Americans were exactly where they wanted to be | author = Peter Holley | newspaper = The Washington Post | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/04/28/four-americans-killed-in-everest-avalanche-were-exactly-where-they-wanted-to-be/ | date = अप्रिल २८, २०१५ | access-date = अप्रिल २९, २०१५ }}</ref><ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९">{{Cite web | title = Name List of १५ identified dead body among १९ dead body found at Mt. Everest | publisher = Nepal Mountaineering Association | url = http://www.nepalmountaineering.org/newspage-225-Name%20List%20of%2015%20identified%20dead%20body%20among%2019%20dead%20body%20found%20at%20Mt.%20Everest | date = अप्रिल २८, २०१५ | access-date = मे ३, २०१५ | archive-date = 2015-05-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150505100836/http://www.nepalmountaineering.org/newspage-225-Name%20List%20of%2015%20identified%20dead%20body%20among%2019%20dead%20body%20found%20at%20Mt.%20Everest | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |२६२<!-- २५३ --> | {{sortname|Marisa Eve|Girawong|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | २८ | H.G. Nuptse Expedition २०१५ | {{flagcountry|USA}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="cnn २०१५" /><ref name=WPost२०१५ /><ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /> |- |२६३<!-- २५४ --> | {{sortname|Thomas Ely|Taplin|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | ६१ | TET Films & Photography | {{flagcountry|USA}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name=WPost२०१५ /><ref>{{Cite news | title = Nepal Earthquake: Three Americans Killed on Mount Everest | publisher = NBC News | url = http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/nepal-earthquake/nepal-earthquake-american-killed-mount-everest-died-doing-what-he-n348446 | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ }}</ref> |- |२६४<!-- २५५ --> | {{sortname|Pemba|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | १९ | [[Adventure Consultants]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="adventureconsultants २०१५">{{cite web|url=http://www.adventureconsultants.com/adventure/Everest_Dispatch2015/|title=Adventure Consultants Everest २०१५ Expedition Dispatches|work=adventureconsultants.com|accessdate=मार्च २, २०१७|archive-date=2015-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428231516/http://www.adventureconsultants.com/adventure/Everest%5FDispatch2015/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="advc-everest" /> |- |२६५<!-- २५६ --> | {{sortname|Dawa Tsering|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | ३३ | [[Adventure Consultants]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="advc-everest">{{Cite web | title = Adventure Consultants Everest २०१५ - Dispatches - By CONTACT५.० | author = Human Edge Tech, Explorersweb | url = http://www.humanedgetech.com/expedition/ac१११/ | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ }}</ref> |- |२६६<!-- २५७ --> | {{sortname|Maila (Milan)|Rai||Rai, Mila|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | ४१ | [[Adventure Consultants]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /><ref name="adventureconsultants २०१५" /> |- |२६७<!-- २५८ --> | {{sortname|Chhimi Dawa|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | २७ | [[Adventure Consultants]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /><ref name="advc-everest" /> |- |२६८<!-- २५९ --> | {{sortname|Pema Yishi (Hissi)|Sherpa||Sherpa, Pema Hissi|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | | [[Adventure Consultants]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /><ref name="adventureconsultants २०१५" /><ref name="advc-everest" /> |- |२६९<!-- २६० --> | {{sortname|Pasang Temba|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | | Tim Mosedale Everest Expedition (or H.G. Everest Expedition २०१५) | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /><ref name="ESPN-ChineseMedia">{{Cite web | title = Mount Everest climbers among dead in Nepal earthquake | work = ESPN.com | url = http://espn.go.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/12765063/mount-everest-climbers-dead-nepal-earthquake | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ | date = अप्रिल २५, २०१५ }}</ref> |- |२७०<!-- २६१ --> | {{sortname|Krishna Kumar|Rai|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | | Tim Mosedale Everest Expedition (or H.G. Everest Expedition २०१५) | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /><ref name="ESPN-ChineseMedia" /> |- |२७१<!-- २६२ --> | {{sortname|Zhenfang|Ge|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | ४३ | Dreamers Destination Track Lhotse Expedition २०१५ | {{flagcountry|China}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /><ref name="ESPN-ChineseMedia" /> |- |२७२<!-- २६३ --> | {{sortname|Renu|Fotedar|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | ४९ | First Chinese Women Everest Expedition | {{flagcountry|Australia}}<br />{{flagcountry|India}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /><ref name="ESPN-ChineseMedia" /> |- |२७३<!-- २६४ --> | {{sortname|Tenzing (Tengien)|Bhote||Bhote, Ten|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | | Tim Mosedale Everest Expedition (or H.G. Everest Expedition २०१५) | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /><ref name="MoHA">{{Cite web | title = EarthquakeNepal-MoHA on | work = Twitter | url = https://twitter.com/NEoCOfficial/status/50८m92924857886738192 | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ }}</ref> |- |२७४<!-- २६५ --> | {{sortname|Vinh B|Truong|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | ४८ | Trekker | {{flagcountry|USA}}<br />{{flagcountry|Vietnam}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name=WPost२०१५ /><ref name="ExWeb" /> |- |२७५<!-- २६६ --> | {{sortname|Lhakpa Chhiring|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | ३३ | First Chinese Women Everest Expedition | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /> |- |२७६<!-- २६७ --> | {{sortname|Shiva Kumar|Shrestha|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२५| अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | २५ | Step Up Campaign Everest | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /> |- |२७७<!-- २६८ --> | {{sortname|Unknown|climber|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-४-२५|अप्रिल २५, २०१५}} | ? | ? | ? | आधार शिविर | <ref name="MoHA"/><ref name="ExWeb"/> |- |२७८<!-- २६९ --> | {{sortname|Hiroshi|Yamagata|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०४-२७| अप्रिल २७, २०१५}} | ५६ | Dreamers Destination Lhotse Expedition | {{flagcountry|Japan}} | rowspan=2|Died in Kathmandu due to injuries sustained in the [[२०१५ Mount Everest avalanches|आधार शिविर avalanche]] following the [[अप्रिल २०१५ Nepal earthquake]] | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb">{{Cite web | title = Everest K२ News ExplorersWeb - Everest: List of Avalanche Victims | url = http://www.explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?url=everest-names-of-avalanche-victims_1430306452 | access-date = मे ६, २०१५ | archive-date = 2018-12-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022401/https://www.explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?url=everest-names-of-avalanche-victims_1430306452 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="NMA१५of१९" /> |- |२७९<!-- २७० --> | {{sortname|Jangbu|Sherpa|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१५-०५-१| मे १, २०१५}} | | [[Adventure Consultants]] | {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | आधार शिविर |<ref name="ExWeb" /><ref name="adventureconsultants २०१५" /><ref name="advc-everest" /> |- |२८०<!-- २७१ --> |Charles MacAdams |मे ११, २०१६ |६२ | |{{flagcountry|Canada}} |Cardiac event |आधार शिविर North Side | <ref name="calgaryherald२०१६">{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/calgarian-doctor-dies-at-everest-base-camp|title=Calgary doctor dies at Everest base camp|access-date=२०१६-०६-०४|date=जुन ३, २०१६}}</ref><ref name="legacycalgary२०१६">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/calgaryherald/obituary.aspx?pid=180050674|title=Charles MacADAMS Obituary|access-date=२०१६-०६-०४}}</ref><ref name="abentoutdoor२०१६">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abenteuer-outdoor.eu/expeditionen/2016-tibet-everest/blog/|title=Abenteuer Outdoor - Blog|access-date=२०१६-०६-०४}}</ref> |- |२८१<!-- २७२ --> |Phurba Sherpa |मे १९, २०१६ |२५ | |{{flagcountry|Nepal}} | झर्नु | शिखर नजिक |<ref name="cnn_मे_२०१६">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/22/asia/everest-climbing-deaths/index.html|title=4 climbers die in ४ days on Mount Everest|publisher=CNN|author=Phurba Sherpa and Madison Park|access-date=२०१६-०५-२३}}</ref> |- |२८२<!-- २७३ --> | {{sortname|Eric|Arnold|nolink=1}} | {{sort|२०१६-०५-२१| मे २१, २०१६}} | ३५ | [[Arnold Coster]] Expeditions | {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | Altitude sickness |South Col / Camp ४ |<ref name="cnn_मे_२०१६"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/foreign-climber-who-perished-on-nepal-mt-everest-is-dutch-eric-arnold/|title=Foreign climber who perished on Mt Everest is डच|date=२०१६-०५-२१|website=The Himalayan Times|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|access-date=२०१६-०५-२३}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/c1d38f41d4a544c189da०ea19e1bf703/dutch-climber-dies-way-back-everest-summit|title=Australian climbers die after reaching Everest summit|website=The Big Story|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|access-date=२०१६-०५-२३}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":०">{{Cite web|url=http://www.arnoldcosterexpeditions.com/blog/tragedy-struck-our-team|title=Arnold Coster Expeditions|website=www.arnoldcosterexpeditions.com|access-date=२०१६-०६-०२|archive-date=2019-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916062302/http://www.arnoldcosterexpeditions.com/blog/tragedy-struck-our-team|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |२८३<!-- २७४ --> | Maria Elizabeth Strydom | मे २२, २०१६ | ३४ | Arnold Coster Expeditions | {{flagcountry|Australia}} | Snow blindness, stroke | Near Camp IV |<ref name="cnn_मे_२०१६"/><ref name=":०" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/another-death-mt-everest-australias/|title=Another death on Mt Everest, Australian lecturer dies near Camp IV - The Himalayan Times|date=२०१६-०५-२१|website=The Himalayan Times|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|access-date=२०१६-०५-२३}}</ref> |- |२८४<!-- २७५ --> |[[Subhash Pal]] |मे २२, २०१६ |४४ |Trekking Camp Nepal |{{flagcountry|India}} | Altitude sickness | Around Camp ३ |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-climber-3rd-to-die-on-mount-everest-in-recent-days-1409004|title=Indian Mountaineer Subhash Pal Dies, २ Others Missing On Mount Everest|website=NDTV.com|access-date=२०१६-०५-२३}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/२०१६/०५/२२/asia/everest-climbing-deaths/index.html|title=4 climbers die in ४ days on Mount Everest|last=CNN|first=Phurba Sherpa and Madison Park|website=CNN|access-date=२०१६-०५-२३}}</ref> |- |२८५<!-- २७६ --> |Paresh Chandra Nath |मे २२, २०१६ |५८ |Trekking Camp Nepal |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|भारत}} |Exposure |बार्दली | <ref name="tel२०१६">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/२०१६/०५/२५/mount-everest-climbers-death-toll-rises-to-five/|title=Mount Everest climbers: Death toll rises to five|website=telegraph.co.uk|access-date=२०१६-०५-२५}}</ref> |- |२८६<!-- २७७ + ३ added in between (can't be bothered to change all numbers) = २८० --> |Goutam Ghosh |मे २२, २०१७ |५० |Trekking Camp Nepal |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|भारत}} |Exposure |बार्दली | <ref name="tel२०१६"/> |- |२८७ <!-- २८७ --> |[[मिन बहादुर शेरचन]] |मे ५, २०१७ |८५ |? |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} |ह्रिदय घाच |आधार शिविर | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/२०१७-०५-०६/octogenarian-mountaineer-sherchan-dies-on-everest.html|title=Octogenarian mountaineer Sherchan dies on Everest|access-date=२०१७-०५-०६}}</ref> |- |२८८<!-- २८८ --> |Roland Yearwood |मे २१, २०१७ |५१ |Everest Parivar Treks |{{झण्डन चिन्ह|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका}} |Altitude sickness |Balcony | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/२०१७/०५/२१/४००५९५|title=२०१५ Nepal quake survivor US medic dies on Everest|access-date=२०१७-०५-२१}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/aec/asean_plus/३०३१५९१८|title=Mt Everest claims ४th victim this year - The Nation|work=The Nation|access-date=२०१७-०५-२२|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |२८९<!-- २८९ --> |Vladimír Štrba |मे २१, २०१७ |४८ |Everest Hard Way Slovak Expedition २०१७ |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|स्लोभाकिया}} |Altitude sickness |Camp ४, in the tent | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/१५६७८०६३४६८३५८८८/photos/a.१६०८२०६०७२७९५९१५.१०७३७४१८२८.१५६७८०६३४६८३५८८८/१९३०६४१३८३८८५७१४/|title=Expedition Facebook post|access-date=२०१७-०५-२१}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://svet.sme.sk/c/२०५३८३२५/na-evereste-zahynul-horozelec-vladimir-strba.html#axzz४hnwTD८gY|title=Na Evereste zahynul horolezec Vladimír Štrba|last=a.s.|first=Petit Press|work=svet.sme.sk|access-date=२०१७-०५-२२|language=स्लोभाकियाली}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |२९०<!-- २९०--> |Francesco Enrico मार्चetti |मे २१, २०१७ |५४ |Expedition Himalaya |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|अष्ट्रेलिया}} |Altitude sickness |Camp ४ | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/australian-climber-dies-descending-mt-everest/|title=Australian climber dies descending Mt Everest|access-date=२०१७-०५-२१}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/australian-climber-francesco-enrico-मार्चetti-५४-dies-while-descending-mt-everest/news-story/५c७eb९७८०e१११c२४८f८२ea४३af०ffa३३|title=Aussie climber dies on Mt Everest|work=न्युज कम एयु|access-date=२०१७-०५-२२|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |२९१ |रभी कुमार |मे २१, २०१७ |२७ |Arun Treks and Expedition |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|भारत}} |Fall into a २००m crevasse |Balcony |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-climber-goes-missing-in-everest/story-kENsRDJezQud८tiPpBXhSJ.html|title=Indian climber goes missing in Everest|last=|first=|date=२०१७-०५-२१|work=हिन्दुस्तान टाइम्स डटकम|access-date=२०१७-०५-२१|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chances-of-survival-slim-for-missing-indian-mountaineer-ravi-kumar-official/story-tUU५l1X50WNtQX9iWcQGSP.html|title=Missing Indian climber Ravi Kumar’s body spotted on Mount Everest|last=|first=|date=२०१७-००५-२२|work=हिन्दुस्तान टाइम्स|access-date=२०१७-०५-२२|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |२९२ |लाम बाबु शेर्पा |मे १४, २०१८ |४५ |Seven Summit Treks |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} |Disappearance (reportedly suffered from snow blindness) |Above South Col |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2018/05/16/everest-2018-summit-wave-3-recap-sherpa-death-on-everest/|title=Everest २०१८: Summit Wave ३ Recap – Sherpa Death on Everest|last=|first=|date=२०१८-०५-१६|work=alanarnette.com|access-date=२०१८-०५-१८|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|archive-date=2019-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506014305/http://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2018/05/16/everest-2018-summit-wave-3-recap-sherpa-death-on-everest/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Himalayan Times २०१८०५२२-१">{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/sherpa-climber-dies-while-ascending-mt-everest-from-north-col/|title=Sherpa climber dies while ascending Mt Everest from North Col|work=द हिमालयन टाइम्स|date=२०१८-०५-२२|accessdate=२०१८-०५-२२|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref> |- |२९३ |पासाङ नोर्बु शेर्पा |मे १८, २०१८ |४१ |७ Summits Club Expedition |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} |Stroke |८५५०m N.E. Ridge |<ref name="Himalayan Times २०१८०५२२-१"/> |- |२९४ |Gjeorgi Petkov |मे २०, २०१८ |६३ |Tim Mosedale Everest Expedition Spring २०१८ |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|म्यासेडोनिया}} |Cardiac arrest |Above Camp III |<ref>https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/macedonian-climber-dies-on-mt-everest-sherpa-climber-evacuated/</ref> |- |२९५ |[[Nobukazu Kuriki]] |मे २१, २०१८ |३६ |Solo |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|जापान}} |Hypothermia, had previously reported "persistent cough and pain" during attempt |Camp २ |<ref>{{cite news |url = https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/japanese-climber-nobukazu-kuriki-found-dead-on-mt-everest/ |title=Japanese alpinist Kuriki dies while descending from Camp III to Camp II|work=द हिमालयन टाइम्स|date=२०१८-०५-२१|access-date=२०१८-०५-२१|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180521_32/|title=Climber Nobukazu Kuriki dies on Mt. Everest|last=|first=|date=२०१८-०५-२१|work=NHK World - Japan|access-date=२०१८-०५-२१|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|archive-date=2018-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522042102/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180521_32/}}</ref> |- |२९६ |दमाई सार्की शेर्पा |मे २१, २०१८ |३७ |Himalayan Ascent, Seven Summit Treks |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|नेपाल}} |Fall into a crevasse |Camp २ |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/ifmga-guide-damai-sarki-sherpa-dies-everest-death-toll-now-five/|title=IFMGA guide Damai Sarki Sherpa dies; Everest death toll reaches five|date=२०१८-०५-२२|work=The Himalayan Times|access-date=२०१८-०५-२२|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref> |- |२९७ |Chris Daly |अप्रिल २०, २०१९ |३५ |Solo |{{झण्डा चिन्ह|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका}} |Died after a fall while trekking down from base camp |आधार शिविर |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wtvr.com/2019/04/25/chris-daly-obit/|title=Chesterfield man killed on Mount Everest: ‘We miss him terribly’|date=२०१९-०४-२५|work=CBS ६, WTVR-TV|access-date=२०१९-०४-२५|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref> |} == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन == {{reflist|2}} 7es5h46kv6fvbl7jlcdr0uii65kcvrw 0 26308 270645 265706 2026-11-08T01:20:47Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = स्वस्तिमा खड्का | image = Swastima Khadka in 2019.jpg | alt = सन् २०१९ मा खड्का | caption = सन् २०१९ मा खड्का | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|7|4|df=y}} | birth_place = [[काठमाडौँ]], नेपाल | citizenship = [[नेपाली]] | occupation = अभिनेत्री, मोडल | home_town = काठमाडौँ, नेपाल | spouse = [[निश्चल बस्नेत]] (सन् २०१६) }} '''स्वस्तिमा खड्का''' (जनम् ४ जुलाई १९९५) एक नेपाली अभिनेत्री हन् जो मुख्य रूपमाइ [[नेपाली चलचित्र|नेपाली सिनेमा]]माइ काम गरन्छिन। उन ''[[लभ लभ लभ (२०१७ चलचित्र)|लभ लभ लभ]]'' (सन् २०१७), ''[[छक्का पन्जा २|छक्का पञ्जा २]]'' (सन् २०१७), ''[[नाइ नभन्नु ल ५]]'' (सन् २०१८), रे ''[[बुलबुल (२०१९ चलचित्र)|बुलबुल]]'' (सन् २०१९) माइ धेका पणेइ छिन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2022/29/234615/|title=Fabulous and talented Swastima’s Malayalam leap|work=Khabarkhub|access-date=२ जुन २०२३}}</ref> ==व्यक्तिगत रे प्रारम्भिक जीवन== ==फिल्मोग्राफी== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- ! वर्ष ! चलचित्र ! भूमिका ! टिप्पणीहरू ! class="unsortable" |सन्दर्भ |- | २०१५ ! scope="row"|''[[होस्टेल रिटर्न्स]]'' | एलिना | डेब्यू चलचित्र | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/17136/|title="5 things about Swastima Khadka"|work=My Republica|access-date=२ जुन २०२३|archive-date=2020-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424165121/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/17136/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4"|२०१७ ! scope="row"|''[[लभ लभ लभ (२०१७ चलचित्र)|लभ लभ लभ]]'' | समृद्धि | | style="text-align:center;"| |- ! scope="row"|''[[प्रेम गीत २]]'' | | rowspan="2" | अतिथि भूमिका | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moviemandu.com/watch-video-swastima-pradeep-to-romance-for-prem-geet-2/|title=Watch Video : Swastima & Pradeep To Romance For Prem Geet 2|date=3 January 2017|website=Moviemandu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415210653/http://www.moviemandu.com/watch-video-swastima-pradeep-to-romance-for-prem-geet-2/|archive-date=15 April 2020|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|''[[२ रुपैयाँ]]'' | नर्तकी | style="text-align:center;"| |- ! scope="row"|''[[छक्का पन्जा २|छक्का पञ्जा २]]'' | आकांक्षा | | style="text-align:center;"| |- | rowspan="3"|२०१८ ! scope="row"|''[[छक्का पन्जा ३|छक्का पञ्जा ३]]'' | | | style="text-align:center;"| |- ! scope="row"|''[[जय भोले]]'' | निशा | | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2018/02/16/jai-bholey-goes-into-production|title=Jai Bholey goes into production|date=16 February 2018|website=The Kathmandu Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415202255/https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2018/02/16/jai-bholey-goes-into-production|archive-date=15 April 2020|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|''[[नाइ नभन्नु ल ५]]'' | अञ्जना/रञ्जना | | style="text-align:center;"| |- | rowspan="3"|२०१९ ! scope="row"|''[[बुलबुल (२०१९ चलचित्र)|बुलबुल]]'' | रनकला | | style="text-align:center;"| |- ! scope="row"|''[[हजार जुनी सम्म]]'' | अवन्तिका | | style="text-align:center;"| |- ! scope="row"|''घामड शेरे'' | गौरी | | style="text-align:center;"| |- | २०२२ ! scope="row"|''चपली हाइट ३'' | | | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/74216/|title=Swastima Khadka featuring in 'Chapali Height 3'|date=11 September 2019|website=My City|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424171701/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/mycity/news/swastima-khadka-featuring-in-chapali-height-3|archive-date=24 April 2020|access-date=15 April 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424171701/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/mycity/news/swastima-khadka-featuring-in-chapali-height-3 |date=24 April 2020 }}</ref> |} == पुरस्कारअन == {| class="wikitable" |- ! वर्ष ! अवार्ड ! श्रेणी ! चलचित्र ! नतिजा ! कैफियत |- | २०१६ | राष्ट्रिय चलचित्र पुरस्कार | उत्कृष्ट सहायक अभिनेत्री | होस्टेल रिटर्न्स | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2016/08/464400|title=क्लासिक र प्रेमगीतको चर्को भिडन्त, 'पशुपति प्रसाद र कबड्डी कबड्डी' पनि कम छैनन्|work=अनलाईन खबर|access-date=२ जुन २०२३}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"| २०१९ | सार्क चलचित्र महोत्सव | उत्कृष्ट प्रदर्शन | rowspan="2"| बुलबुल | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moviemandu.com/nepal-bags-two-honor-at-saarc-film-festival-abinashs-tattini-and-bulbuls-swastima-clinches-the-title/|title=Nepal Bags Two Honor at SAARC Film Festival, Abinash's 'Tattini' And Bulbul's Swastima clinches The Title|work=Moviemandu.com|access-date=२ जुन २०२३|archive-date=2020-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416121738/http://www.moviemandu.com/nepal-bags-two-honor-at-saarc-film-festival-abinashs-tattini-and-bulbuls-swastima-clinches-the-title/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | राष्ट्रिय चलचित्र पुरस्कार | प्रमुख भूमिकामा सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्री | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/oscars-2020-nepal-selects-binod-paudels-bulbul-as-official-entry-for-next-years-academy-awards-7305371.html|title=Oscars 2020: Nepal selects Binod Paudel's Bulbul as official entry for next year's Academy Awards- Entertainment News, Firstpost|work=Firstpost|access-date=२ जुन २०२३}}</ref> |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीअन== * {{IMDb name|id=nm8758984}} 8tne93trzly5x0dh6f3xkpw7oqrh9v0 0 26372 270625 265347 2026-11-08T00:59:15Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson | name = मिल्खा सिंह | honorific_suffix = [[OLY]] | image = Milkha Singh.jpg | caption = २०१२ मा सिंह | ethnicity = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1929|11|20}} | birth_place = [[Govindpura, Pakistan|गोविन्दपुरा]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|पञ्जाब]], [[British Raj|ब्रिटिश भारत]] <br/> {{small|(अहिले [[Punjab, Pakistan|पञ्जाब]], [[Pakistan]])}} | death_date = {{death date and age|2021|06|18|1929|11|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]] | residence = | nationality = {{IND}}n | occupation = धावक | nickname = द फ्लाइङ सिख | employer = अवकाशप्राप्त; पहिले [[Indian Army]] अणि [[Government of Punjab, India]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Nirmal Saini]]|1963|2021|reason=died}} | sport = [[Track and field]] | event = [[Sprint (running)|स्प्रिन्ट]] | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | पुरुष [[Track and field athletics|एथलेटिक्स]] }}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]] {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }} {{MedalCompetition | [[British Empire and Commonwealth Games|राष्ट्रमण्डल खेल]] }} {{MedalGold | [[1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1958 Cardiff]] | 440 यार्ड }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games|एशियाली खेल]] }} {{MedalGold | [[1958 Asian Games|1958 Tokyo]] | 200 मिटर }} {{MedalGold | [[1958 Asian Games|1958 Tokyo]] | 400 मिटर }} {{MedalGold | [[1962 Asian Games|1962 Jakarta]] | 400 मिटर }} {{MedalGold | [[1962 Asian Games|1962 Jakarta]] | 4 × 400 मिटर रिले }} {{MedalCompetition | [[National Games of India]] }} {{MedalGold | 1958 [[Cuttack]] | 200 मिटर}} {{MedalGold | 1958 [[Cuttack]] | 400 मिटर}} {{MedalSilver | 1964 [[Calcutta]] | 400 मिटर }} | module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{Flag|India}} | branch = {{Army|India}} | serviceyears = 1951–1964 | rank = [[Captain|मानार्थ क्याप्टेन]] | unit = | awards = [[Padma Shri]] }} }} '''मिल्खा सिंह''' (२० नोभेम्बर १९२९ – १८ जून २०२१),{{efn|उनको जन्म मिति सम्बन्धी फरक अभिलेख पाइन्छन्। पाकिस्तानका अभिलेख अनुसार २० नोभेम्बर १९२९ हो, भने अरु अभिलेखमा १७ अक्टोबर १९३५ र २० नोभेम्बर १९३२ पनि उल्लेख छन्।}} '''द फ्लाइङ सिख''' नाम ले चिन्या जाण्या, भारत का एक प्रसिद्ध [[Sprint (running)|स्प्रिन्टर]] हते, जसले [[Indian Army]] मा सेवा गरदा खेल मा प्रवेश कर्यो। उ [[Asian Games]] अणि [[Commonwealth Games]] दुबै मा ४०० मिटर मा स्वर्ण पदक जितन्या खेलाडी हते। उनले १९५८ अणि १९६२ का एशियाली खेल मा पनि स्वर्ण पदक जित्या। उले भारत का लागि [[1956 Summer Olympics]] (मेलबर्न), [[1960 Summer Olympics]] (रोम) अणि [[1964 Summer Olympics]] (टोकियो) मा प्रतिनिधित्व कर्यो। १९५९ मा उनलाई खेल उपलब्धि का लागि [[Padma Shri]] सम्मान दिइयो। १९६० ओलम्पिक को ४०० मिटर दौड मा उनको चौथो स्थान सबै भन्दा बढी सम्झ्या जाण्छ। उ २०० मिटर सम्म अगाडि हते, तर पछि गति कम गर्या कारण अरु खेलाडी ले उलाई पार गर्या। त्यो दौड मा धेरै रेकर्ड टुट्या अणि [[photo-finish]] बाट परिणाम आयो, जसमा अमेरिकी [[Otis Davis]] ले जर्मनी का [[Carl Kaufmann]] लाई थोरै अन्तर ले हरायो। सिंह को ४५.७३ सेकेन्ड को समय भारत को राष्ट्रिय रेकर्ड झन्डै ४० बरस सम्म रह्यो। भारत को विभाजन ([[Partition of India]]) का समय अनाथ अणि विस्थापित जीवन बाट सुरु गर्या सिंह पछि देश का एक महान खेल प्रतीक बने। २००८ मा पत्रकार रोहित ब्रिजनाथ ले उनलाई "भारत ले उत्पादन गर्या सबै भन्दा महान खेलाडी" भन्या। सिंह को मृत्यु १८ जून २०२१ मा [[COVID-19]] का जटिलता का कारण ९१ बरस को उमेर मा भयो, जुन उनकी पत्नी [[Nirmal Saini]] को मृत्यु भएको पाँच दिन पछी भयो। == प्रारम्भिक जीवन == मिल्खा सिंह को जन्म २० नोभेम्बर १९२९ मा एक [[Sikh]] [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|राठौर राजपूत]] परिवार मा भयको हो।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive Interview: Milkha Singh – The making of a legend|url=https://www.sify.com/sports/exclusive-interview-milkha-singh---the-making-of-a-legend-imagegallery-others-nhmmDTdfeaasi.html|access-date=24 August 2020|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902013749/https://www.sify.com/sports/exclusive-interview-milkha-singh---the-making-of-a-legend-imagegallery-others-nhmmDTdfeaasi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> उनको जन्मस्थान [[Govindpura, Pakistan|गोविन्दपुरा]] गाउँ हतो,<ref name="Dsouza" /> जुन [[Muzaffargarh]] शहर देखी करिब १० किमी टाढा [[Punjab Province (British India)|पञ्जाब प्रान्त]], [[British India]] मा पर्दो (अहिले [[Kot Addu District|कोट अड्डु जिल्ला]], [[Pakistan]])। उ १५ दाजुभाइ-बहिनी मध्ये एक हते, जसमा ८ जना [[Partition of India]] भन्दा अगाडि नै बित्या। विभाजन का समय हिंसा मा उनका बुवा-आमा, एक भाइ अणि दुई बहिनी मार्या ग्या, जसका कारण उ अनाथ भया। उले यी घटना आफ्नै आँखाले देख्या हते।<ref name="brijnath" /><ref name="Dsouza" /><ref name="koshie">{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/if-milkha-singh-was-born-in-present-times-no-one-would-be-able-to-break-his-record-in-100-yrs/1135643/ |work=The Indian Express |date=30 June 2013 |first=Nihal |last=Koshie |title=If Milkha Singh was born in present times, no one would be able to break his record in 100 yrs |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131052152/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/if-milkha-singh-was-born-in-present-times-no-one-would-be-able-to-break-his-record-in-100-yrs/1135643 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bs">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-s-first-celebrity-athlete-113070500965_1.html |title=India's first celebrity athlete |work=Business Standard |first=Aabhas |last=Sharma |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=13 July 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710193849/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-s-first-celebrity-athlete-113070500965_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> पञ्जाब मा जारी हिंसा बाट बचन खातिर उ १९४७ मा भारत का दिल्ली सरे।<ref name="koshie" /> उ केही समय आपनी बिहे भई गएकी बहिनी का परिवार संग बस्या<ref name="Dsouza" /> अणि टिकट बिना रेल मा यात्रा कर्या कारण छोटो समय का लागि [[Tihar jail]] मा बन्द पनि कर्या गयो। उनकी बहिनी ईश्वर ले उनको छुटकारा का लागि गहना बेचिन।<ref name="bs" /><ref name="ezekiel">{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20050730006407000.htm&date=tss2831/&prd=tss& |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710115229/http://hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20050730006407000.htm&date=tss2831/&prd=tss& |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2013 |title=The Flying Sikh's Exploits |first=Gulu |last=Ezekiel |work=The Hindu |date=30 July 2005 |access-date=13 July 2013 }}</ref> उ केही समय [[refugee camp]] मा [[Purana Qila]] अणि पछि [[Shahdara district|शाहदरा]] मा बस्या।<ref name="Dsouza" /> जीवन देखि निराश भयपछि उ [[dacoit]] बन्ने सोच मा पुगेका हते, तर उनका दाजु मल्खान ले उलाई [[Indian Army]] मा भर्ती हुन प्रेरित कर्यो। उ चौथो प्रयास मा १९५१ मा सेना मा भर्ती भया। [[Secunderabad]] मा Electrical Mechanical Engineering Centre मा रहदा उलाई एथलेटिक्स सँग परिचय भयको हो। बाल्यकाल मा उ स्कूल जान आउन १० किमी दौडन्थे, अणि पछि सेना ले उनलाई विशेष एथलेटिक्स तालिम का लागि चयन गर्यो, जब उ नयाँ भर्ती हरू बीच भएको [[Cross country running|क्रस-कन्ट्री दौड]] मा छैटौं स्थान मा आयो।<ref name="koshie" /><ref name="bs" /> सिंह ले पछि भनेका हते, "म एक टाढा गाउँ बाट आयेको, मलाई दौड भने के हो थाहा नै थिएन, ओलम्पिक त झनै।"<ref name="brijnath" /><ref name="koshie" /> ==व्यक्तिगत जीवन == {{As of|2012}}, सिंह [[चण्डीगढ]] मा बस्दै आएका हते।<ref name="mid-day">{{cite web |title=Milkha Singh gives his 1960 Olympics shoes for charity |publisher=Mid-Day |date=23 January 2012 |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/athletics/184418-milkha-singh-gives-his-1960-olympics-shoes-for-charity |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715074619/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/athletics/184418-milkha-singh-gives-his-1960-olympics-shoes-for-charity |archive-date=15 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> उनको भेट निर्मल सैनी संग १९५५ मा सिलोन मा भयको हो, जो भारतीय महिला भलिबल टोली की पूर्व कप्तान हती। उनीहरूले १९६२ मा विवाह कर्या<ref name="Dsouza">{{cite news|work=The Financial Express |title=Will over matter |first=Dipti Nagpaul |last=D'Souza |date=23 June 2013 |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/will-over-matter/1132543/0 |access-date=15 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724040331/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/will-over-matter/1132543/0 |archive-date=24 July 2013 }}</ref> अणि उनका तीन छोरी अणि एक छोरा भए, जसमा गोल्फ खेलाडी जीव मिल्खा सिंह पनि सामेल छन। १९९९ मा, उनीहरूले हविलदार बिक्रम सिंह का सात बरस का छोरा लाई दत्तक लिइन, जसका बुवा [[Battle of Tiger Hill]] मा मार्या ग्या हते।<ref name="masih" /> ==रोग र मृत्यु== सिंह लाई २४ मे २०२१ मा [[COVID-19]] का कारण भयको [[pneumonia]] पछि मोहाली को Fortis अस्पताल को आईसीयू मा भर्ना कर्या गयो। केही समय सम्म उनको अवस्था स्थिर बताइयो, तर १८ जून २०२१ राती ११:३० बजे [[Chandigarh]] मा उनको मृत्यु भयो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/milkha-singh-dead-7365490/ |title=Milkha Singh no more; passes away aged 91 due to COVID-19 complications |author=Nitin Sharma |work=The Indian Express |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618192823/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/milkha-singh-dead-7365490/ |url-status=live }}</ref> उनकी पत्नी [[Nirmal Saini]] को केही दिन अगाडि, १३ जून २०२१ मा, उस्तै [[COVID-19]] का कारण मृत्यु भयको हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/nirmal-kaur-milkha-singh-wife-covid-19-death-7357415/ |title=Nirmal Milkha Singh dies of Covid: 'She has been the biggest trophy for me' |first=Nitin |last=Sharma |work=The Indian Express |date=14 June 2021 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614112007/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/nirmal-kaur-milkha-singh-wife-covid-19-death-7357415/ |url-status=live }}</ref> सिंह को अन्त्येष्टि राज्य सम्मान का साथ गर्या गयो, अणि उलाई चितामा राख्दा उनका हात मा उनकी पत्नी को फोटो पनि राख्या गयो।<ref>{{Cite web|first=Shalini|last=Gupta|date=2021-06-20|title=Milkha Singh cremated with full state honours in Chandigarh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/milkha-singh-cremated-with-full-state-honours-in-chandigarh-101624135471437.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Hindustan Times|location=Chandigarh}}</ref> == रेकर्ड र सम्मान== === पुरस्कारहरू === {| class="wikitable" !पदक !प्रतियोगिता !वर्ग !स्रोत |- |स्वर्ण |[[1958 Asian Games|१९५८ एशियाली खेल]] |२०० मिटर |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Milkha Singh: Rome history only a small page in Flying Sikh's folklore|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/milkha-singh-record-commonwealth-gold-asian-games-olympics-indian-athletics|access-date=18 June 2021|website=Olympics.com|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618193525/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/milkha-singh-record-commonwealth-gold-asian-games-olympics-indian-athletics|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |स्वर्ण |[[1958 Asian Games|१९५८ एशियाली खेल]] |४०० मिटर |<ref name=":0" /> |- |स्वर्ण |[[1958 Commonwealth Games|१९५८ राष्ट्रमण्डल खेल]] |४४० यार्ड |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Milkha Singh {{!}} Biography & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Milkha-Singh|access-date=18 June 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418101136/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Milkha-Singh|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |स्वर्ण |[[1962 Asian Games|१९६२ एशियाली खेल]] |४०० मिटर |<ref name=":0" /> |- |स्वर्ण |[[1962 Asian Games|१९६२ एशियाली खेल]] |४ × ४०० मिटर रिले |<ref name=":0" /> |- |स्वर्ण |१९५८ कटक राष्ट्रिय खेल |२०० मिटर |<ref name=":0" /> |- |स्वर्ण |१९५८ कटक राष्ट्रिय खेल |४०० मिटर |<ref name=":0" /> |- |रजत |१९६४ कलकत्ता राष्ट्रिय खेल |४०० मिटर |<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhunga|first=Jagdeep|date=22 August 2013|title=Miserable family of Makhan Singh de-motivate youth to go for sports|work=Spot News India|url=http://spotnewsindia.com/2013/08/22/miserable-family-makhan-singh-demotivate-youth-sports/|url-status=dead|access-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161503/http://www.spotnewsindia.com/2013/08/22/miserable-family-makhan-singh-demotivate-youth-sports/|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> |} === सम्मानहरू === {| class="wikitable" |+ !सम्मान !वर्ष !स्रोत |- |[[पद्मश्री]] |१९५९ |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Milkha Singh – Keynote Speaker {{!}} Speaker Bureau USA|url=https://us.londonspeakerbureau.com/speaker-profile/milkha-singh/|access-date=18 June 2021|website=London Speaker Bureau|language=en-US|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618193526/https://us.londonspeakerbureau.com/speaker-profile/milkha-singh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Helms World Trophy|हेल्म्स वर्ल्ड ट्रफी (एशिया)]] |१९५९ |<ref>{{cite web | last=Network | first=Olive Suno Radio | title=india bids goodbye to legendary flying Sikh – Milkha Singh | website=Radio Olive | date=20 June 2021 | url=https://olive.qa/india-in-mourning-as-flying-sikh-milkha-singh-dies/ | access-date=3 January 2024 | archive-date=3 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103024146/https://olive.qa/india-in-mourning-as-flying-sikh-milkha-singh-dies/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[East Bengal Club Season Awards|भारत गौरव पुरस्कार]] |२०१६ |<ref>{{cite web | title=East Bengal to honour Milkha Singh with Bharat Gaurav award | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 July 2016 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-to-honour-milkha-singh-with-bharat-gaurav-award/articleshow/53401005.cms | access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> |} ==सन्दर्भ== hc792geircws802sh25z74lziu9hl1f 0 26394 270632 265440 2026-11-08T01:04:23Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270632 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chokha, Battle of Haldighati, painted 1822.jpg|thumb|400px|[[हल्दीघाटीको युद्ध]] को एक दृश्य, जुन [[मुगल]]हरू र [[महाराणा प्रताप]] बीच लडिएको थियो।]] पश्चिमी [[भारत]]को राज्य [[राजस्थान]]मा मानव बसोबासको इतिहास करिब १,००,००० वर्षअघिसम्म पुग्छ। करिब ईसा पूर्व ५००० देखि २००० सम्म राजस्थानका धेरै क्षेत्रहरू [[सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यता|सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यता]]को स्थलका रूपमा रहेका थिए। [[कालिबङ्गन]] राजस्थानको प्रमुख सिन्धु स्थल हो, जहाँ [[वेदी (altar)|अग्नि वेदीहरू]] फेला परेका छन्, जुन [[लोथल]]मा पाइएकासँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छन्।<ref>Frontiers of the Indus Civilization</ref> [[File:Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar, commemorating the Battle of Haldighati, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|[[उदयपुर सिटी प्यालेस]]मा रहेको [[महाराणा प्रताप]]को मूर्ति, राजस्थानका अग्रणी शासक]][[File:Jantar Mantar at Jaipur.jpg|thumb|[[जंतर मंतर, जयपुर|जंतर मंतर]], [[सवाई जय सिंह]]द्वारा निर्माण गरिएका खगोलीय स्मारकहरू।]] करिब ईसा पूर्व २००० तिर [[सरस्वती नदी]] राज्यको [[अरावली पर्वतमाला]] हुँदै बग्थ्यो। [[वैदिक काल]]मा हालको राजस्थान क्षेत्रलाई ''[[ब्रह्मावर्त]]'' (देवताहरूले सिर्जना गरेको भूमि र सरस्वती तथा दृषद्वती नदीबीचको क्षेत्र) भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो। [[मत्स्य (जनजाति)|मत्स्य राज्य]] (करिब ईसा पूर्व १५००–३५०) वैदिक राज्यहरूमा सबैभन्दा महत्वपूर्णमध्ये एक थियो। यस राज्यका प्रमुख शासक राजा [[विराट]] थिए, जसले [[कुरुक्षेत्र युद्ध]]मा [[पाण्डव]]हरूको पक्षमा सहभागी भएका थिए। वैदिक कालपछि राजस्थानमा धेरै [[महाजनपद]]हरूले शासन गरेका थिए, जसमा मत्स्य, [[सुरसेन]], [[कुरु राज्य]], [[अर्जुनायन]], [[शिवि राज्य]] आदि पर्दछन्। [[File:Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar, commemorating the Battle of Haldighati, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|[[उदयपुर सिटी प्यालेस]]मा रहेको [[महाराणा प्रताप]]को मूर्ति, राजस्थानका अग्रणी शासक]][[File:Jantar Mantar at Jaipur.jpg|thumb|[[जंतर मंतर, जयपुर|जंतर मंतर]], [[सवाई जय सिंह]]द्वारा निर्माण गरिएका खगोलीय स्मारकहरू।]] करिब ईसा पूर्व २००० तिर [[सरस्वती नदी]] राज्यको [[अरावली पर्वतमाला]] हुँदै बग्थ्यो। [[वैदिक काल]]मा हालको राजस्थान क्षेत्रलाई ''[[ब्रह्मावर्त]]'' (देवताहरूले सिर्जना गरेको भूमि र सरस्वती तथा दृषद्वती नदीबीचको क्षेत्र) भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो। [[मत्स्य (जनजाति)|मत्स्य राज्य]] (करिब ईसा पूर्व १५००–३५०) वैदिक राज्यहरूमध्ये एक महत्वपूर्ण राज्य थियो। यस राज्यका प्रमुख शासक राजा [[विराट]] थिए, जसले [[कुरुक्षेत्र युद्ध]]मा [[पाण्डव]]हरूको पक्षमा सहभागी भएका थिए। वैदिक कालपछि राजस्थानमा धेरै [[महाजनपद]]हरूले शासन गरेका थिए, जसमा मत्स्य, [[सुरसेन]], [[कुरु राज्य]], [[अर्जुनायन]], [[शिवि राज्य]] आदि पर्दछन्। [[भारतको मध्यकालीन राज्यहरू|प्रारम्भिक मध्यकालीन अवधि]]मा धेरै [[राजपूत वंश तथा राज्यहरूको सूची|राजपूत राज्यहरू]]को उदय भयो, जसमध्ये [[शाकम्भरीका चाहमान|चौहान]] तथा [[गौर (वंश)|गौर वंश]] ([[अजमेर]]), [[सिसोदिया वंश]] ([[मेवाड राज्य|मेवाड]]), [[गुर्जर-प्रतिहार वंश|गुर्जर-प्रतिहार]] तथा [[राठौड वंश]] ([[मारवाड]]) उल्लेखनीय छन्। यससँगै [[गहलोत|गोहील]] र [[शेखावत]] ([[शेखावाटी]]) जस्ता विभिन्न राजपूत कुलहरू पनि रहेका थिए।<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Kunj Bihari Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUU5AQAAIAAJ |title=The Evolution of Administration of the Former Bharatpur State, 1722-1947 |date=1969 |publisher=Vidya Bhawan |language=en |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407010929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUU5AQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[गुर्जर-प्रतिहार साम्राज्य]]ले ८औँदेखि ११औँ शताब्दीसम्म [[भारतीय उपमहाद्वीपमा मुस्लिम आक्रमणहरू|मुस्लिम आक्रमणहरू]] विरुद्ध अवरोधको रूपमा काम गरेको थियो। प्रतिहार सेनाको शक्तिले [[अरब]]हरूलाई [[सिन्ध]] बाहिर विस्तार हुनबाट प्रभावकारी रूपमा रोकेको थियो, जुन करिब ३०० वर्षसम्म उनीहरूको एकमात्र विजय क्षेत्र रह्यो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tod |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjtLAAAAYAAJ&q=Jat |title=The Annals and Antiquities of Rajastʾhan: Or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India |date=1899 |publisher=Indian Publication Society |language=en |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407110206/https://books.google.com/books?id=WjtLAAAAYAAJ&q=Jat |url-status=live }}</ref> [[पृथ्वीराज चौहान]]ले [[गौर राजपूत|गौराती-गोडवाडका गौर वंश]]सँग मिलेर गठबन्धनको नेतृत्व गरेका थिए, जसले [[घुरी वंश|घुरी सेना]]लाई पराजित गर्‍यो। [[गोहील वंश|गोहील]] तथा चित्तौडका [[सिसोदिया वंश|सिसोदिया]]हरूले पनि [[मुगल]]हरू विरुद्ध कठिन परिस्थितिमा निरन्तर प्रतिरोध जारी राखे, जसले अन्ततः [[हम्मीर सिंह|महाराणा हम्मीर]], [[कुम्भा (मेवाड)|महाराणा कुम्भा]], [[राणा सांगा|महाराणा सांगा]], [[महाराणा प्रताप]] र [[राज सिंह प्रथम|महाराणा राज सिंह]]जस्ता नेतृत्वको उदय गरायो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1V1EAQAAMAAJ |title=Census of India, 1971: Series 1: India |date=1975 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407010930/https://books.google.com/books?id=1V1EAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> आफ्नो दीर्घ सैन्य जीवनमा महाराणा सांगा ले छिमेकी धेरै मुस्लिम राज्यहरू विरुद्ध लगातार विजय हासिल गरेका थिए, विशेषतः [[लोदी वंश]] (दिल्ली) विरुद्ध। उनले [[तराइनको दोस्रो युद्ध]] (११९२) पछि पहिलो पटक विभिन्न राजपूत कुलहरूलाई एकताबद्ध गरे र तैमुरी शासक [[बाबर]] विरुद्ध अभियान चलाए।<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/rajasthanthroughtheagesvol1bakshis.r._751_U/page/200/mode/1up?view=theater|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol 1 Bakshi S. R.}}</ref> १६औँ शताब्दीमा महाराणा प्रताप र महाराणा सांगा दुबै मुगल आक्रमणहरू विरुद्ध राजपूत वीरताको प्रतीक बने।{{sfn|Sarkar|1994|pp=41–42}} राजस्थानका अन्य प्रसिद्ध शासकहरूमा मारवाडका [[मालदेव राठौड]], [[बीकानेर]]का राय सिंह तथा [[जयपुर]]को [[आमेर राज्य|आमेर]]का [[कछवाहा]] शासकहरू—जसमा [[मान सिंह प्रथम]] र [[सवाई जय सिंह]] समावेश छन्—पर्छन्। प्रारम्भिक आधुनिक अवधिमा उदय भएका अन्य राज्यहरूमा [[जोहिया]] ( [[जाङ्गलदेश]] ), [[सिन्सिनवार (थर)|सिन्सिनवार]] ( [[भरतपुर राज्य]] ) तथा [[राणा (उपाधि)|राणा]] ( [[धौलपुर]] ) उल्लेखनीय छन्। [[सूरज मल]] राजस्थानको भरतपुरका सबैभन्दा महान् शासक मानिन्छन्।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&q=Jats+175+lakh+rupees|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|publisher=Macmillan|year=2010|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3|pages=420}}</ref> आधुनिक कालका प्रमुख शासकमध्ये [[गंगा सिंह|महाराजा गंगा सिंह]] (बीकानेर राज्य) उल्लेखनीय थिए। उनको सबैभन्दा ठूलो उपलब्धि सन् १९२७ मा [[गङ्गा नहर (राजस्थान)|गङ्गा नहर आयोजना]]को सम्पन्नता थियो।<ref name="Hillel2016">{{citation|author=Daniel Hillel|title=Advances in Irrigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQXgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|year=2016|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-1527-3|page=132}}</ref> राजस्थानका महत्वपूर्ण स्थापत्य कृतिहरूमध्ये [[जंतर मंतर, जयपुर|जंतर मंतर]], [[दिलवारा मन्दिरहरू]], [[लेक प्यालेस|लेक प्यालेस रिसोर्ट]], [[सिटी प्यालेस, जयपुर|जयपुर सिटी प्यालेस]], [[सिटी प्यालेस, उदयपुर|उदयपुर सिटी प्यालेस]], [[चित्तौडगढ किल्ला]], [[जैसलमेर हवेलीहरू]] तथा [[कुम्भलगढ]] (भारतको महान पर्खाल भनेर चिनिने) प्रमुख छन्। [[ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य|ब्रिटिश]]हरूले राजस्थानका शासकहरूसँग विभिन्न सन्धिहरू गरे र स्थानीय शासकहरूलाई आफ्ना सहयोगी बनाए, जसलाई आफ्ना [[देशी रियासत]]हरूमा शासन गर्न अनुमति दिइयो। यस अवधिमा [[भारतीय अनिकाल|अनिकाल]] तथा [[ब्रिटिश राज#आर्थिक प्रभाव|आर्थिक शोषण]] देखिएको थियो। [[राजपूताना एजेन्सी]] ब्रिटिश भारत साम्राज्यको एउटा प्रशासनिक इकाई थियो, जसले [[राजपूताना]]का विभिन्न देशी राज्यहरूको व्यवस्थापन गर्थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_162.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 16, p. 156. |access-date=2026-04-02 |archive-date=2021-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605125918/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_162.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[भारत स्वतन्त्रता ऐन १९४७|भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता]] पछि सन् १९४७ मा [[भारतको राजनीतिक एकीकरण|राजपूताना]]का विभिन्न देशी राज्यहरू सात चरणमा एकीकृत भई १ नोभेम्बर १९५६ मा वर्तमान राजस्थान राज्यको निर्माण भयो। == राजस्थानको इतिहासको कालविभाजन == [[File:IN-RJ.svg|thumb|150px|राजस्थानको स्थान]] ;पूर्व–ऐतिहासिक अवधि (पाषाण युग) * प्रारम्भिक पाषाण युग (करिब ईसा पूर्व १०,००,००० – १,००,०००) * मध्य पाषाण युग (करिब ईसा पूर्व १,००,००० – ४०,०००) * उत्तर पाषाण युग (करिब ईसा पूर्व ४०,००० – ८,०००) * नवपाषाण युग (करिब ईसा पूर्व ८,००० – ५,०००) ;प्रोटो–ऐतिहासिक अवधि (करिब ईसा पूर्व ५००० – १५००) * [[ताम्रपाषाण युग]] (करिब ईसा पूर्व ५००० – ३०००) * [[काँस्य युग]] (करिब ईसा पूर्व ३००० – १५००) ;लौह युग तथा प्राचीन अवधि (करिब ईसा पूर्व १५०० – ३००) * [[वैदिक काल]] (करिब ईसा पूर्व १५०० – ६००) * [[महाजनपद|महाजनपद तथा जनजातीय राज्यहरू]] (करिब ईसा पूर्व ६०० – ३००) ** यस अवधिमा राजस्थानमा [[शिवि राज्य|शिवि]], [[सल्व राज्य|सल्व]], [[मालव]] लगायतका राज्यहरूले शासन गरेका थिए। यी राज्यहरू पछि [[मौर्य साम्राज्य]] अन्तर्गत पनि रहेका थिए। ;शास्त्रीय अवधि (करिब ईसा पूर्व ३०० – ५५० ई.) * यस अवधिमा धेरै जनजातीय राज्यहरूले [[कुषाण साम्राज्य]] तथा [[गुप्त साम्राज्य]] अन्तर्गत स्वतन्त्र रूपमा शासन गरेका थिए। ;प्रारम्भिक मध्यकालीन अवधि (करिब ५५० – १००० ई.) * यस अवधिलाई "राजपूत काल" पनि भनिन्छ, किनभने यस समयमा धेरै राजपूत वंश तथा राज्यहरूको उदय भएको थियो। ;उत्तर मध्यकालीन अवधि (करिब १००० – १५६८ ई.) * यस अवधिमा राजपूत राज्यहरूले मुस्लिम विस्तार विरुद्ध संघर्ष तथा प्रतिरोध गरेका थिए। ;आधुनिक अवधि (करिब १५६८ – १९४७ ई.) * [[मुगल साम्राज्य|मुगल]] आक्रमणहरू तथा तिनको विरुद्ध प्रतिरोध (करिब १५६८ – १७२०) * मराठा प्रभाव (करिब १७२० – १८१७) * [[राजपूताना एजेन्सी|राजपूताना]]का देशी रियासतहरू [[ब्रिटिश राज|ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य]] अन्तर्गत (करिब १८१७ – १९४७) ;स्वतन्त्रतापछि अवधि (करिब १९४७ पछाडि) * [[राजस्थानको एकीकरण]] (करिब १९४८ – १९५६) == प्रोटो–ऐतिहासिक अवधि (करिब ईसा पूर्व ५०००–१५००) == === सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यता === {{Main|सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यता}}[[File:Kalibangan Harappan seals.jpg|thumb|कालिबङ्गनका हरप्पा मुहरहरू]] सिन्धु–सरस्वती सभ्यता, अथवा सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यता, [[काँस्य युग]]को एउटा सभ्यता थियो, जुन भारतको उत्तर–पश्चिमी क्षेत्रमा विकसित भएको थियो। यो सभ्यता करिब ईसा पूर्व ३३०० देखि १३०० सम्म कायम रह्यो, र यसको परिपक्व अवस्था करिब ईसा पूर्व २६०० देखि १९०० सम्म थियो। [[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Phase (2600-1900 BCE).png|thumb|right|सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यताको परिपक्व अवस्थाको नक्सा]] * [[बारोर]] ([[श्रीगंगानगर]]) र [[करणपुरा]] ([[हनुमानगढ]]) राजस्थानका प्रमुख सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यता स्थलहरू हुन्। === कालिबङ्गन सभ्यता === कालिबङ्गन [[तहसिल]] [[पिलिबङ्गन]]मा अवस्थित एक सहर हो, जुन [[हनुमानगढ जिल्ला]]मा पर्छ। यसलाई [[दृषद्वती]] र [[सरस्वती नदी]]को संगममा बनेको भू–त्रिकोण क्षेत्रमा स्थापित भएको मानिन्छ। यस स्थलमा [[सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यता]]को प्रागैतिहासिक तथा पूर्व–मौर्यकालीन स्वरूप पहिलो पटक [[लुइजी पियो टेस्सितोरी]]द्वारा पहिचान गरिएको थियो। कालिबङ्गनको उत्खनन प्रतिवेदन उत्खनन सम्पन्न भएको ३४ वर्षपछि, सन् २००३ मा [[भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण]]द्वारा पूर्ण रूपमा प्रकाशित गरिएको थियो। [[File:Westernmound.jpg|thumb|right|‘सिटाडेल’ भनेर चिनिने ढिस्को कालिबङ्गनका भग्नावशेषको एक भाग हो]] उक्त प्रतिवेदनले कालिबङ्गनलाई सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यताको एक प्रमुख प्रादेशिक राजधानी भएको निष्कर्ष निकालेको छ। कालिबङ्गन यसको विशिष्ट “अग्नि वेदीहरू” तथा विश्वकै सबैभन्दा प्राचीन प्रमाणित “जोतेको खेत” का लागि प्रसिद्ध छ। करिब ईसा पूर्व २९०० तिर कालिबङ्गन क्षेत्र योजनाबद्ध सहरको रूपमा विकसित भएको थियो। कालिबङ्गनको प्रागैतिहासिक स्थल [[लुइजी पियो टेस्सितोरी]] (१८८७–१९१९), एक इटालियन इन्डोलोजिस्ट, द्वारा पत्ता लगाइएको थियो। उनी प्राचीन भारतीय ग्रन्थहरूको अध्ययन गरिरहेका थिए र उक्त क्षेत्रमा रहेका भग्नावशेषहरूको स्वरूपबाट अचम्मित भएका थिए। त्यसपछि उनले [[जोन मार्शल]] (भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण)सँग सहयोग मागेका थिए। उत्खननले अप्रत्याशित रूपमा दुई तहका संस्कृतिहरू उजागर गर्‍यो, जसमा माथिल्लो तह (कालिबङ्गन I) हरप्पा संस्कृतिसँग सम्बन्धित छ, जसमा सहरको जालीनुमा संरचना देखिन्छ। तल्लो तह (कालिबङ्गन II) लाई पहिले प्रि–हरप्पा भनिन्थ्यो, तर अहिले “प्रारम्भिक हरप्पा” वा “हरप्पा पूर्ववर्ती” भनेर चिनिन्छ। यस क्षेत्रका अन्य नजिकका सिन्धु सभ्यता स्थलहरूमा [[बालु, कैथल|बालु]], [[कुनाल]], [[बनावली]] आदि पर्दछन्।<ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India | access-date = 2008-12-31 | last = Calkins | first = PB | author2 = Alam M | title = India | archive-date = 8 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150508084916/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lal | first = BB | title = Purātattva | publisher = [[Indian Archaeological Society]] | year = 2002 | chapter = The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts | pages = 1–5}}</ref> === गणेश्वर सभ्यता === गणेश्वर [[तामा]]का खानीहरूको नजिक, [[सीकर]]–[[झुंझुनू]] क्षेत्रको [[खेत्री]] तामा बेल्टमा अवस्थित छ, जुन [[राजस्थान]]मा पर्दछ। [[गणेश्वर–जोधपुरा संस्कृति]]का हालसम्म ८० भन्दा बढी अन्य स्थलहरू पहिचान गरिएका छन्।<ref>Hooja, Rima. "The Transition to Food Production." In A History of Rajasthan, 206-08. New Delhi: Rupa, 2006</ref> यस अवधिलाई करिब ईसा पूर्व ३०००–२००० मानिएको छ। इतिहासकार [[रत्न चन्द्र अग्रवाल]]का अनुसार गणेश्वरको उत्खनन सन् १९७७ मा गरिएको थियो। उत्खननबाट तामाका विभिन्न वस्तुहरू जस्तै तीरका टुप्पा, भाला, माछा मार्ने काँटा, चुरा तथा छेनीहरू फेला परेका थिए। यसका साथै [[सूक्ष्मपाषाण उपकरण|माइक्रोलिथ]] तथा अन्य ढुंगाका उपकरणहरूको आधारमा गणेश्वर संस्कृतिलाई प्रि–[[हरप्पा सभ्यता|हरप्पा काल]]सँग सम्बन्धित मानिन्छ। गणेश्वरमा तीन सांस्कृतिक चरणहरू देखिन्छन्: * चरण १ (ईसा पूर्व ३८००) — जसमा चर्ट (chert) उपकरण प्रयोग गर्ने शिकार तथा संकलनमा आधारित समुदायहरू थिए। * चरण २ (ईसा पूर्व २८००) — जसमा तामाको धातु कार्य तथा पकाइएका माटाका भाँडाकुँडाको प्रारम्भ देखिन्छ। * चरण ३ (ईसा पूर्व १८००) — जसमा विभिन्न प्रकारका माटाका भाँडाकुँडा तथा तामाका सामग्रीहरूको उत्पादन भएको पाइन्छ।<ref>Joshi, M.C, ed. "Indian Archaeology: 1987-88 A Review." Archaeological Survey of India, 1992, 101-02. Accessed 7 March 2018. asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian Archaeology 1987-88 A Review.pdf</ref> == प्राचीन तथा शास्त्रीय अवधि (करिब ईसा पूर्व १५०० – ५५० ई.) == === मत्स्य राज्य (करिब ईसा पूर्व १४०० – ३५०) === मत्स्य राज्य प्रारम्भिक वैदिक युगको एक [[जनपद]] थियो, जुन पछि उत्तर वैदिक कालमा विकसित भई पूर्ण राज्यको रूपमा स्थापित भयो। यो राज्य ''सोलस'' (सोह्र) [[महाजनपद]]हरू मध्ये एक थियो। यस क्षेत्रमा रहेको [[चित्रित धूसर मृद्भाण्ड संस्कृति]] (PGW) पछि करिब ईसा पूर्व ७००–५०० तिर [[उत्तरी कालो पालिस गरिएको मृद्भाण्ड]] (NBPW) संस्कृतिले स्थान लियो, जुन प्रमुख [[महाजनपद]] राज्यहरूको उदयसँग सम्बन्धित थियो (जस्तै [[कुरु राज्य|कुरु]], [[पाञ्चाल]], [[मत्स्य (जनजाति)|मत्स्य]], [[सुरसेन]] र [[वत्स]])।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhan|first=Suraj|date=2006-12-01|title=North Indian Protohistory and Vedic Aryans|journal=Ancient Asia|volume=1|pages=173|doi=10.5334/aa.06115|issn=2042-5937|doi-access=free}}</ref> यो राज्य केन्द्रीय भारतमा [[कुरु राज्य]] नजिक अवस्थित थियो। यसको स्थापना मत्स्य कुलका [[द्वैत]]ले गरेका थिए, जो महान सम्राट [[उपरिचर वसु]]का पुत्र थिए।<ref name=r2>{{cite web|url=http://rajassembly.nic.in/raj-integration.htm|title=Integration of Rajasthan|publisher=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly website|access-date=2009-06-04|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914202508/http://rajassembly.nic.in/raj-integration.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== भौगोलिक अवस्था ==== [[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|वैदिक कालका राज्यहरू। मत्स्य राज्य दायाँतर्फ अवस्थित देखिन्छ।]] केन्द्रीय मत्स्यको उत्तरतर्फ [[कुरु राज्य]] अवस्थित थियो। यक्रिल्लोमा जस्ता कुरु क्षेत्रहरू यसको पूर्वतर्फ रहेका थिए। यसको पश्चिमतर्फ [[सल्व राज्य]] र उत्तर–पश्चिमतर्फ [[महोत्थ]] अवस्थित थिए। दक्षिणतर्फ [[निषाद]], निषध तथा [[कुरु राज्य]]का क्षेत्रहरू जस्तै [[नवराष्ट्र]] अवस्थित थिए।<ref>{{Citation|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=Hinduism and its basic texts|date=2017-07-14|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315545936-11|work=Reading the Sacred Scriptures|pages=250, 157–170|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315545936-11|isbn=978-1-315-54593-6|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703061631/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315545936-11/hinduism-basic-texts-roshen-dalal|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== इतिहास तथा कुरुक्षेत्र युद्धमा भूमिका ==== महाभारत युद्धमा सम्पूर्ण मत्स्य राजपरिवारले पाण्डवहरूको पक्षबाट युद्ध लडेका थिए। [[विराट]] आफ्ना भाइहरू उत्तरा र शङ्खसँग आएका थिए। श्वेता पनि दक्षिणबाट आफ्ना छोरा निर्भितासहित युद्धमा सहभागी भएका थिए। [[File:The Pandava and Kaurava armies face each other.JPG|thumb|कुरुक्षेत्र युद्धको एक दृश्य]] पहिलो दिन उत्तरा शल्यसँग लड्दै मृत्यु भए। आफ्ना सौतेनी भाइको मृत्युले क्रोधित भएका श्वेताले कुरु सेनामा ठूलो विनाश मच्चाए, तर भीष्मले उनलाई वध गरे। सातौँ दिन द्रोणाचार्यले शङ्ख र निर्भितालाई मारे। पन्ध्रौँ दिन द्रोणाचार्यले विराटलाई पनि वध गरे। विराटका सबै भाइहरू पनि द्रोणाचार्यसँग लड्दा मारिए। अठारौँ दिन मध्यरातमा अश्वत्थामाले मत्स्य सेनाको बाँकी भागलाई पूर्ण रूपमा नष्ट गरिदिए।<ref name=Malik>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Dr Malti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |title=History of India |date=2016 |publisher=New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-7335-498-4 |pages=52–53 |language=en |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703061640/https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |url-status=live }}</ref> उत्तर वैदिक कालसम्म आइपुग्दा मत्स्यहरूले [[कुरु (राज्य)|कुरु]]हरूको दक्षिण र [[यमुना नदी]]को पश्चिममा अवस्थित राज्यमा शासन गर्थे, जसले यसलाई [[पाञ्चाल]] राज्यबाट अलग पार्थ्यो। यो क्षेत्र करिब [[जयपुर]] ([[राजस्थान]]) सँग मेल खान्छ, र यसमा सम्पूर्ण [[हिण्डौन ब्लक|हिण्डौन]], [[अलवर]] तथा [[भरतपुर, भारत|भरतपुर]]का केही भागहरू, साथै [[दक्षिण हरियाणा]] समावेश थिए। मत्स्यको राजधानी [[बैराट|विराटनगरी]] (हालको [[बैराट]]) थियो, जुन यसको संस्थापक राजा विराटको नामबाट राखिएको मानिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ratnawat, Shyam Singh. Sharma, Krishna Gopal.|title=History and culture of Rajasthan : from earliest times upto 1956 A.D.|date=1999|publisher=Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan|pages=7|oclc=606486051}}</ref> ==== मत्स्य संघ ==== आधुनिक कालमा अर्को [[युनाइटेड स्टेट्स अफ मत्स्य]] चार [[देशी रियासत]]हरू—[[भरतपुर राज्य|भरतपुर]], [[धौलपुर राज्य|धौलपुर]], [[अलवर राज्य|अलवर]] र [[करौली राज्य|करौली]]—लाई मिलाएर सन् १९४७ देखि १९४९ सम्म अस्थायी रूपमा गठन गरिएको थियो।<ref name=a>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html |title=States of India since 1947 |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701103006/http://worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[शोभा राम कुमावत]] ([[भारतीय राष्ट्रिय कांग्रेस]]) यस राज्यका पहिलो तथा अन्तिम मुख्यमन्त्री थिए, जसले १८ मार्च १९४८ देखि १५ मे १९४९ सम्म पद सम्हालेका थिए।<ref name=a/> धौलपुरका महाराजालाई यसको राजप्रमुख बनाइएको थियो। १५ मे १९४९ मा मत्स्य संघलाई [[ग्रेटर राजस्थान]]सँग विलय गरियो,<ref name=r1>{{cite web|url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/OverviewRajLegislature.aspx|title=History of Legislature in Rajasthan|publisher=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly website|access-date=2009-06-04|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818172206/https://rajassembly.nic.in/OverviewRajLegislature.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> जसबाट [[युनाइटेड स्टेट अफ राजस्थान]] गठन भयो, र पछि २६ जनवरी १९५० मा यसले वर्तमान राजस्थान राज्यको रूप लियो।<ref name=r2/> === प्राचीन राज्यहरू (करिब ईसा पूर्व ७०० – ५५० ई.) === [[File:EpicIndia.jpg|thumb|प्राचीन भारतका राज्यहरू]] ==== उत्तरी राजस्थान क्षेत्र ==== * [[सल्व राज्य|सल्व]] * [[यौधेय]] * कन्यक राज्य * द्वैत राज्य * अम्वस्थ राज्य ==== पूर्वी राजस्थान क्षेत्र ==== * [[निषध]] * [[अर्जुनायन]] ==== केन्द्रीय राजस्थान क्षेत्र ==== * [[निषाद]] ==== पश्चिमी राजस्थान क्षेत्र ==== * [[अभीर राज्य|अभीर]] * [[शूद्र राज्य|शूद्र]] * [[शिवि राज्य]] * [[सिन्धु राज्य]] ==== दक्षिणी राजस्थान क्षेत्र ==== * [[मालव]] * [[गुर्जर राज्य]] * [[कुन्ती राज्य]] यी वीर राज्यहरूले [[शक]], [[हूण]] लगायतका धेरै विदेशी आक्रमणकारीहरूलाई पराजित गरेका थिए। [[File:Bhabru inscription.jpg|thumb|सम्राट अशोकको [[लघु शिलालेख]] ३, जुन [[विराटनगढ]] ([[राजस्थान]]) स्थित [[बैराट मन्दिर]] अगाडि फेला परेको थियो।<ref name=ASI>{{cite book |title=Archaeological Survey Of India Four Reports Made During The Years 1862 - 63 - 64 - 65 Volume Ii |date=1871 |pages=242–248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3s4OAAAAQAAJ |last1=Cunningham |first1=Sir Alexander |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031092627/https://books.google.com/books?id=3s4OAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>]] === विदेशी साम्राज्यहरूको आक्रमण (करिब १०० – ३०० ई.) === यी विदेशी साम्राज्यहरू—[[पश्चिमी सत्रप|सत्रप]], [[कुषाण साम्राज्य|कुषाण]] र [[हूण]]—ले पश्चिमी र उत्तर–पूर्वी राजस्थानका केही क्षेत्रहरूमा आक्रमण गरी शासन गरे। तिनीहरूले [[शिवि राज्य|शिवि]], [[अर्जुनायन]], [[यौधेय]] र [[मालव]] जस्ता स्वदेशी राज्यहरूको कडा प्रतिरोधको सामना गर्नुपरेको थियो। पछि यी विदेशी साम्राज्यहरूलाई [[सातवाहन साम्राज्य|सातवाहन]] र [[गुप्त साम्राज्य|गुप्त]]हरूले पराजित गरे। == प्रारम्भिक मध्यकालीन अवधि (करिब ५५०–१००० ई.) == === गुर्जर-प्रतिहार साम्राज्य (करिब ५५०–१०३६ ई.) === [[गुर्जर-प्रतिहार|गुर्जर प्रतिहार साम्राज्य]]ले छैठौँदेखि एघारौँ शताब्दीसम्म [[अरब]] आक्रमणकारीहरूलाई अवरोधको रूपमा काम गर्‍यो। [[प्रतिहार साम्राज्य]]को प्रमुख उपलब्धि पश्चिमबाट हुने विदेशी आक्रमणहरूलाई सफलतापूर्वक प्रतिरोध गर्नुमा छ, जुन [[जुनैद]]का दिनहरूदेखि सुरु भएको थियो। [[उमैय्यद अभियानहरू भारतमा]] (७४०) को समयमा [[नागभट्ट I]]को नेतृत्वमा शासकहरूको गठबन्धनले ७११ ई. मा अरबहरूलाई पराजित गरी तिनीहरूलाई [[सिन्ध]]तिर फिर्ता हुन बाध्य पार्‍यो।<ref>R. C. Majumdar 1977, p. 298-299</ref> इतिहासकार [[R. C. Majumdar]]ले उल्लेख गर्छन् कि यसलाई अरब लेखकहरूले स्पष्ट रूपमा स्वीकार गरेका थिए। उनी थप्छन् कि भारतका इतिहासकारहरूले मुसलमान आक्रमणकारीहरूको ढिलो प्रगतिको कारणमा चकित भएका छन्, जुन उनीहरूको अन्य भागहरूमा तीव्र प्रगतिसँग तुलना गर्दा फरक छ। लगभग ३०० वर्षसम्मको अवधि भित्र अरबहरूलाई सिन्ध सीमाभन्दा अघि रोक्न प्रतिहार सेनाको शक्ति निर्णायक सावित भएको देखिन्छ।{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002a|pp=207–208}} ==== माण्डव्यपुरका प्रतिहार (करिब ५५०–८६० ई.) ==== माण्डव्यपुरका प्रतिहारहरू (Pratīhāras of Māṇḍavyapura), जसलाई ''मन्डोरका प्रतिहार'' पनि भनिन्छ, भारतीय वंशका शासक थिए। उनीहरूले छैठौँदेखि नवौँ शताब्दी ई.सम्म वर्तमान [[राजस्थान]]का केही क्षेत्रहरूमा शासन गरेका थिए। उनीहरूले पहिलो पटक आफ्नो राजधानी माण्डव्यपुर (आधुनिक [[मन्डोर]])मा स्थापना गरे, र पछि मेडन्तक (आधुनिक [[मेरता शहर|मेरता]])बाट शासन गरे। साम्राज्यिक [[गुर्जर-प्रतिहार वंश|प्रतिहार]]हरूले आफुलाई पौराणिक नायक लक्ष्मणको वंशज भएको दाबी पनि गर्थे। परिवारका प्रारम्भिक ऐतिहासिक सदस्यहरू हरिचन्द्र र उनका दोस्रो पत्नी भद्रा थिए। हरिचन्द्र ब्राह्मण थिए, भने भद्रा एक [[क्षत्रिय]] कुलकी महिला थिइन्। उनीहरूका चार छोरा थिए: भोगभट्ट, कक्का, रज्जिला र डड्डा। यी चार जनाले माण्डव्यपुरमा कब्जा गरी त्यहाँ प्राचीर निर्माण गरे।{{sfn|Mishra|1966|p=3}} माण्डव्यपुरको विजयअघि परिवार कहाँ बस्थ्यो भन्ने थाहा छैन।{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=20}} ==== भिन्माला (कन्नौज) का प्रतिहार (करिब ७३०–१०३६) ==== [[File:Map of the Gurjara-Pratiharas (circa 800-950 CE).png|thumb|प्रतिहार साम्राज्यको विस्तार]] नागभट प्रथम (७३०–७६०) सम्भवतः प्रारम्भमा [[चावड़ा वंश|भिन्मालाका चावड़ाहरू]]को अधीनस्थ थिए। उनले आफ्नो पहिचान चावड़ा साम्राज्यको पतनपछि पाए, जब अरबहरूले [[सिन्ध]]मा आफ्नो कब्जा जमाएर आक्रमण गरे। [[Nagabhata I|नागभट प्रतिहार I]] (७३०–७५६) ले पछि मन्डोरबाट पूर्व र दक्षिणतर्फ आफ्नो नियन्त्रण विस्तार गरे, [[मालवा]]लाई [[ग्वालियर]] र गुजरातको [[भरुच]] बन्दरगाहसम्म विजय गरे। उनले आफ्नो राजधानी [[उज्जैन|अवन्ती]] (मालवा) मा स्थापना गरे र अरबहरूको विस्तारलाई रोके। ७३८ ई. मा [[राजस्थान युद्ध]]मा नागभटले प्रतिहारहरूको गठबन्धनको नेतृत्व गर्दै मुस्लिम अरबहरूलाई हराए, जसले पूर्वी [[पश्चिमी एशिया]] र [[ईरान]]मा विजय प्रगति गर्दै थिए। अरब इतिहासकार सुलैमानले ८५१ ई. मा प्रतिहारहरूको सेना वर्णन गर्दा भन्छन्, "गुर्जरका शासकले धेरै सेना राखेका छन् र भारतका अरू कुनै शासकसँग यति उत्कृष्ट अश्वदलों छैन। उनी अरबहरूको विरोधी छन्, तर अरब शासकलाई सबैभन्दा महान् शासकको रूपमा स्वीकार गर्छन्। भारतका राजाहरूमध्ये उनी इस्लामी धर्मको सबैभन्दा ठूलो विरोधी हुन्। उनका धन र उँट तथा घोडा धेरै छन्।"{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002a|p=207}} [[मिहिर भोज]] वंशका सबैभन्दा महान् शासक थिए। उनका अधीनता मानिने विजय भएका क्षेत्रहरूमा [[त्रावानी]], [[वल्ला]], [[माड़ा]], [[आर्य]], [[गुजरात्र]], [[लाटा पर्वर्त]] र [[चंदेला]]हरू (बुन्देलखण्ड) समावेश थिए। भोजको [[दौलतपुरा]]–[[दौसा]] शिलालेख (८४३ ई.) ले दौसा क्षेत्रको उनको शासन पुष्टि गर्छ। अर्को शिलालेखमा उल्लेख छ, "भोजका क्षेत्रहरू [[सतलज]] नदीको पूर्वसम्म फैलिएका थिए।" [[महमु्द अफ़ घज़नी]]ले १०१८ ई. मा [[कन्नौज]] कब्जा गरे र प्रतिहार शासक राजपाल भागे। पछि उनलाई [[चंदेला शासक|विद्याधर]]ले कब्जा गरी मारिदिए।<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |first=R. K. |last=Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 |page=72 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |first=Sisirkumar |last=Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 |pages=72–73 }}</ref> चंदेला शासकले राजपालको छोरा त्रिलोचनपालालाई प्रॉक्सी राजा बनाए। कन्नौजका अन्तिम गुर्जर-प्रतिहार शासक जसपालको १०३६ ई. मा निधन भयो। ==== प्रतिहार कला ==== गुर्जर-प्रतिहार युगबाट वास्तुकला, मूर्तिकलाहरू र उकेरा प्यानलहरूका उल्लेखनीय उदाहरणहरू पाइन्छन्।<ref>{{cite book|title=Epic scenes in Indian plastic art|first=Jayantika |last=Kala|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1988|isbn=978-81-7017-228-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLcGKezqdDIC&pg=PA5|page=5}}</ref> उनीहरूको मन्दिरहरू खुला मण्डप शैलीमा निर्माण गरिएका थिए। सबैभन्दा प्रख्यात गुर्जर-प्रतिहार शैलीको वास्तुकला मध्ये एक [[Khajuraho]] हो, जुन तिनका अधीनस्थ [[चंदेला]]हरूले [[बुन्देलखण्ड]]मा निर्माण गरेका थिए। ;मāरु-गुर्जर वास्तुकला [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]] गुर्जर-प्रतिहार साम्राज्यको समयमा विकसित भयो। ;महावीर जैन मन्दिर, ओसियन [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]] ७८३ ई. मा निर्माण गरिएको थियो,{{Sfn|Kalia|1982|p=2}} जसले पश्चिम भारतको सबैभन्दा पुरानो बाँचेको जैन मन्दिरको रूपमा चिनिन्छ। ;बारोली मन्दिर समूह [[File:Baroli_temple.jpg|thumb|घटेश्वरा महादेव मन्दिर, [[Baroli Temples|बारोली मन्दिर समूह]]। यी मन्दिरहरू १०औँ–११औँ शताब्दीमा [[गुर्जर-प्रतिहार वंश]]ले बनाएका थिए।]] [[Baroli Temples|बारोली मन्दिर समूह]] आठ मन्दिरहरू समावेश गर्दछ, जुन प्रतिहारहरूले निर्मित गरेका थिए र एउटा पर्खालले घेरिएको परिसरमा स्थित छन्।<ref name="Bajpai2006">{{cite book|first=K. D. |last=Bajpai|title=History of Gopāchala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3KcwLKuRnYC&pg=PA31|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-1155-2|page=31}}</ref> ==== अन्य प्रतिहार शाखाहरू ==== ;बड्डोच शाखा (स. ६००–७००) जानिएका बड्डोच शासकहरू: * धड्डा १ (६००–६२७) * धड्डा २ (६२७–६५५) * जयभट्ट (६५५–७००) ;राजोगढ़ शाखा बड़ेगुजरहरू राजोगढ़का शासक थिए: * [[Parmeshver Manthandev]] (८८५–९१५) पर्मेश्वर मन्थानदेवपछि कुनै अभिलेख उपलब्ध छैन। === मेवाड़ राज्य (स. ५६६–१९४८ ई.) === ==== गुहिला वंश (स. ५६६–१३०३ ई.) ==== [[File:Map rajasthan mewar.png|thumb|[[मेवाड़]] क्षेत्रको नक्सा]] गुहिला वंशले वर्तमान [[राजस्थान]] राज्यको मेदापट्ट क्षेत्र (आधुनिक मेवाड़) शासन गरेको थियो। छैठौं शताब्दीमा, वर्तमान राजस्थानमा तीन फरक ''गुहिला वंश''हरूको शासनको प्रमाण पाइन्छ: * [[Nagda]]–[[Ahar]] का गुहिला, * किश्किंधा (आधुनिक [[Kalyanpur, Rajasthan|कल्याणपुर]]) का गुहिला, * धवगर्ता (वर्तमान [[Dhor]]) का गुहिला। सातौं शताब्दीको अभिलेख अनुसार यीमध्ये कुनै पनि वंशले प्रतिष्ठित उत्पत्ति दावी गरेको थिएन। गुहिला वंशका धवगर्ता वंशले स्पष्ट रूपमा [[मोरी]] (पछी मौर्य) राजाहरूलाई अधीनस्थको रूपमा उल्लेख गरेको छ। अन्य दुई वंशका प्रारम्भिक राजा पनि अधीनस्थताको सङ्केत गर्ने शीर्षक प्रयोग गर्थे। दशौं शताब्दी सम्ममा, नागदा-अहरका गुहिला वंश मात्र बाँचेका थिए। यस समयमा तिनीहरूको राजनीतिक स्थिति उच्च भएको र गुहिला राजाहरूले ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'' जस्ता उच्च शाही शीर्षक ग्रहण गरेका थिए। यस समयमा, वंशले प्रतिष्ठित उत्पत्ति दाबी गर्न थालेको थियो, र यसले यसको संस्थापक गुहदत्तलाई ''महादेव'' ([[ब्राह्मण]]) भनेको, जो आनन्दपुर (आधुनिक [[Vadnagar]]) बाट सरेको थियो भनी दाबी गरे। बादका बर्दिक कथा अनुसार, वंशको संस्थापक गुहादित्य [[Vallabhi]] का [[Maitraka]] शासक शिलादित्यका पुत्र भएको दाबी गरिएको छ, तर यसलाई ऐतिहासिक प्रमाणले समर्थन गर्दैन। ९७७ ई. को अतपुर शिलालेख र १०८३ ई. को कद्मल शिलालेख अनुसार गुहदत्तको उत्तराधिकारी भोजा थियो, जसले [[Eklingji]] मा एक ट्याङ्क निर्माण गराए। १२८५ ई. को अचलेश्वर शिलालेखले उनलाई [[विष्णु]]का भक्तको रूपमा वर्णन गरेको छ। भोजाको उत्तराधिकारी महेन्द्र र नागादित्य थिए। बर्दिक कथाले भन्छ कि नागादित्य [[भिल]]सँगको युद्धमा मरे। नागादित्यको उत्तराधिकारी शिलादित्यले परिवारको राजनीतिक स्थिति उल्लेखनीय रूपमा बढाए, जुन उनको ६४६ ई. को सामोली शिलालेख र उनका उत्तराधिकारीहरूको अभिलेखहरूबाट स्पष्ट हुन्छ। आर. वी. सोमानीले अनुमान गरेका छन् कि [[Jawar|जावर]] मा ताम्र र जिंक खानी उनको शासनकालमा उत्खनन गरिएका थिए, जसले राज्यको आर्थिक समृद्धि धेरै बढाएको थियो। महेन्द्रको उत्तराधिकारी कलाभोजा थिए, जसलाई धेरै इतिहासकारले [[Bappa Rawal]] सँग पहिचान गरेका छन्। १२औं शताब्दी मध्यमा, वंश दुई शाखामा विभाजित भयो। वरिष्ठ शाखा (जसका शासकलाई पछि 'Rawal' भनिन्थ्यो) [[Chittor Fort|चित्तौडगढ]]बाट शासन गर्थे र [[1303 Siege of Chittorgarh|दिल्ली सुल्तानको आक्रमण]]मा [[Ratnasimha]]को पराजयसँग समाप्त भयो। जूनियर शाखा सेसोदा बाट शासन गर्थे, ''[[Rana (title)|Rana]]'' शीर्षक प्रयोग गर्थे र पछि [[Sisodia Dynasty|सिसोदिया]] राजपूत वंशको उदय भयो। ==== गुहिला वंशको शाखा विभाजन ==== [[Ranasimha|रानासिंह]] (११५८ ई.) को शासनकालमा, गुहिला वंश दुई शाखामा विभाजित भयो।{{sfnm|Chakravarti|1987|1pp=119–121|Banerjee|1958|2pp=14–15}} विभाजन पछि ''Rawal'' शाखाले ११६५–१३०३ ई. सम्म शासन गर्यो। ==== सिसोदिया वंश (स. १३२६–१९४८ ई.) ==== सिसोदिया वंशले आफ्नो वंशावलीलाई १२औं शताब्दीका गुहिला राजा रानासिंहको पुत्र राहापा संग जोड्दछ। मुख्य गुहिला वंशको अन्त्य [[Khalji dynasty|खालजी वंश]]सँगको [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|चित्तौडगढको युद्ध]]मा पराजयपछि भयो। १३२६ ई. मा [[Rana Hammir]], जसले उक्त वंशको एक कनिष्ठ शाखा प्रतिनिधित्व गर्थे, क्षेत्र पुनः कब्जा गरे, वंश पुनर्स्थापना गरे र सिसोदिया वंशको संस्थापक बने। यस वंशका सबै पछि आउने महाराणा मेवाड़का राजा सिसोदिया वंशका सदस्य थिए। सिसोदियाहरूले पूर्व गुहिला राजधानी [[Chittor Fort|चित्तौड़]]मा आफ्नो नियन्त्रण पुनः स्थापित गरे।<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Naravane"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Manoshi|first=Bhattacharya|title=The Royal Rajputs|year=2008|isbn=9788129114013|pages=42–46|publisher=Rupa & Company }}</ref> सिसोदिया वंशका प्रमुख शासकहरूमा [[Rana Hammir]] (१३२६–१३६४), [[Kumbha of Mewar|राणा कुम्भ]] (१४३३–१४६८), [[Rana Sanga]] (१५०८–१५२८) र [[Maharana Pratap|राणा प्रताप]] (१५७२–१५९७) पर्छन्। [[Bhonsle]] वंश, जसका सदस्य [[Maratha empire|मराठा साम्राज्य]]का संस्थापक [[Shivaji]] थिए, पनि सिसोदिया परिवारको शाखाबाट उत्पत्ति दाबी गर्छन्।<ref name="S1998"/> त्यस्तै, [[Rana dynasty]] अफ [[Nepal]] ले पनि मेवाड़का रानासँग आफ्नो वंश जोडेको दाबी गरेको छ।<ref/> [[File:Maharana Kumbhakarna of Mewar.jpg|thumb|[[महाराणा कुम्भ]]]] [[File:Depiction of king Rana Sanga.jpg|thumb|[[राणा संग]]]] [[File:RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg|thumb|[[महाराणा प्रताप]]]] [[File:Maharana Raj Singh riding.jpg|thumb|[[राणा राज सिंह]]]] === जैसलमेरको भाटी वंश (स. ६००–१९४९ ई.) === भाटी वंशको उद्गम [[Bhatner]] बाट भएको हो र यसले उक्त क्षेत्रमा शासन स्थापना गर्यो। [[Jaisalmer]] का महाराजाहरू आफ्नो वंशावली [[Jaitsimha]] मार्फत जोडी रहेको दाबी गर्छन्, जो ९औं शताब्दीका [[Bhati]] कुलका शासक थिए। उनी [[Deoraj]], प्रसिद्ध [[Yaduvanshi Bhati]] राजपूत राजकुमार, का उत्तराधिकारी हुन्। यस वंशसँगै "Rawal" उपाधि सुरु भयो। "Rawal" को अर्थ "राजपरिवारको सदस्य" हो।<ref>{{cite book |last=Judge |title=Mapping social exclusion in India: Caste, Religion, and Borderlands |date=13 March 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107056091 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNJkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703062631/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNJkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== राज्यको स्थापना ==== [[File:Jaisalmer in Rajasthan (India).svg|thumb|[[Rajasthan]]मा [[Jaisalmer]]को स्थान]] कथा अनुसार, देओराजले छिमेकी मुख्यको छोरीसँग विवाह गर्ने योजना बनाएका थिए। तर देओराजका बुबा र ८०० जना परिवार तथा अनुयायीहरू विवाह समारोहमा आकस्मिक रूपमा आक्रमणमा परे र मारे गए। देओराज एक ब्राह्मण योगीको सहयोगले भाग्न सफल भए, जसले राजकुमारलाई आफूसँगैको ब्राह्मणको रूपमा लुकायो। जब देओराजको खोजीमा आएका छिमेकी मुख्यका अनुयायीहरू भेट भए, ब्राह्मणले उनीहरूलाई विश्वस्त पार्नुभयो कि देओराज पनि ब्राह्मण हुन्, किनकि उनले एउटै थालबाट खानुभयो—कुनै पनि ब्राह्मण अरू जातिका मानिससँग यस्तो काम गर्दैन। यसरी देओराज र बाँकी बाँचेका वंशजहरूले आफ्नो सामर्थ्य पुनःस्थापित गरे र पछि उनले [[Derawar]]को किल्ला बनाएका थिए।<ref name="Beny & Matheson. Page 51">Beny & Matheson, p. 51.</ref> देओराजले पछि [[Lodhruva|Laudrava]] (आजको [[Jaisalmer]]को करिब १५ किमी दक्षिण-पूर्व) अर्को राजपूत वंशबाट कब्जा गरेर आफ्नो राजधानी बनाएका थिए।<ref name="Beny & Matheson. Page 51"/> भाटीको मुख्य प्रतिस्पर्धी [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rथोर]] वंशहरू थिए, जो [[Jodhpur]] र [[Bikaner]]मा थिए। उनीहरूले [[fort]] र [[Depression (geology)|पानीको ठाउँ]]हरूको लागि लडाइँ गर्थे, किनकि प्रारम्भिक कालदेखि नै जैसलमेर क्षेत्र ऊँट कारवाँ व्यापार मार्गले छिचोलिएको थियो, जसले उत्तर भारत र मध्य एशियालाई [[Gujarat]]को अरब सागर तटीय बन्दरगाहसँग जोड्थ्यो र त्यसपछि [[Persia]], अरब र [[Egypt]]सम्म पुग्थ्यो। यसको स्थानले जैसलमेरलाई व्यापारमा कर लगाउन र रणनीतिक रूपमा उपयुक्त बनाएको थियो।<ref name="Ganda_1990"/> [[File:Asia 800ad.jpg|thumb|२५०px|सन् ८०० ई.मा [[Bhati|भाटी राज्य]], जसलाई मुल्थान भनेर चिनिन्छ]] भाटी शासकहरूले मूलतः अफगानिस्तानका भागहरूमा शासन गरेका थिए; उनीहरूको पूर्वज रावल गजलाई [[Gajni]] शहरको संस्थापक मानिन्छ। जेम्स टोडका अनुसार यो आधुनिक [[Ghazni]] हो भने, कन्निङ्गह्याम यसलाई आधुनिक [[Rawalpindi]] ठान्दछन्। उनका उत्तराधिकारी रावल सालिवाहनलाई [[Sialkot]] शहरको संस्थापक मानिन्छ र उनले यसलाई आफ्नो नयाँ राजधानी बनाएका थिए। सालिवाहनले ७८ ई.मा कहरोरमा [[Saka Scythians]]लाई पराजित गरे र ''Saka-ari'' (साकासँगको शत्रु) उपाधि ग्रहण गरे। सालिवाहनका नाति रावल भाटीले छिमेकी क्षेत्रहरूमा विजय प्राप्त गरे। भाटी वंशको नाम यहीँबाट आएको हो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_008.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 2 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111225401/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_008.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== देरावर किल्ला ==== [[Derawar fort]] पहिलो पटक ९औँ शताब्दीमा ''राय जज्जा भुट्टा'', [[Bhati]] वंशका [[Hindus|हिन्दू]] राजपूत शासकले निर्माण गरेका थिए,<ref name="Khaliq2017"/> यो [[Jaisalmer]] र [[Bahawalpur]]का राजा [[Rawal Deoraj Bhati]]लाई [[mwod:tribute|श्रद्धास्वरूप]] समर्पित गरिएको थियो।<ref name="dawn"/><ref name="DeraRawal"/> किल्लालाई सुरुमा ''Dera Rawal'' भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो, पछि ''Dera Rawar'' भनिन थाल्यो र समयसँगै यसको उच्चारण बदलिँदै आजको नाम ''Derawar''मा परिणत भयो।<ref name="DeraRawal"/> [[File:Derawar Fort, Bahawalpur I.jpg|thumb|९औँ शताब्दीमा भुट्टा शासक राय जज्जा भुट्टाद्वारा बनाइएको [[Derawar Fort]]]] ==== मध्यकालीन अवधि ==== वर्ष 1156 मा, [[Rawal Jaisal]] ले आफ्नै नामबाट नयाँ राजधानी स्थापना गरे, जुन माटोको किल्ला थियो र त्यसलाई [[Jaisalmer]] नाम दिए। [[File:Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer.jpg|thumb|[[Rawal Jaisal]], मुख्य भाटी राज्यका संस्थापक]] [[Jaisalmer]]को पहिलो ''[[Jauhar]]'' 1294 मा भएको थियो, जब [[Delhi Sultanate|दिल्ली]]का तुर्किक शासक [[Alauddin Khalji]]को शासनकालमा यो घटना घट्यो। यसको कारण भाटीहरूले ३००० घोडा र खच्चरमा सारिएको विशाल खजाना क्याराभानमा हमला गर्नु थियो।<ref>Beny & Matheson, p. 147.</ref> ==== जैसलमेरको रियासत ==== [[File:Jaisalmer and Neighbours.svg|thumb|जैसलमेर राज्य]] वर्ष 1818 मा, [[Jaisalmer State|जैसलमेरका रावलहरू]]ले ब्रिटिशसँग सम्झौता गरे र यसले राजपरम्पराको सुनिश्चितता प्रदान गर्यो। जैसलमेर ब्रिटिशसँग सम्झौता गर्ने अन्तिम राजपूत राज्यहरूमध्ये एक थियो। 1829 मा जैसलमेरले बीकानेरसँगको युद्ध टार्न ब्रिटिश सेवाहरूको सहारा लिनु पर्यो, र 10 वर्ष पछि 1839 मा पहिलो [[Anglo-Afghan War|अंग्लो-अफगान युद्ध]]का लागि ब्रिटिशलाई बोलाउनु पर्‍यो।<ref name="Martinelli and Michell, p. 239">Martinelli and Michell, p. 239.</ref> === चौहान वंश (स. 650–1315 ई.) === [[Chauhan dynasty]] वा [[Chahamana dynasty]] एक महान शक्ति थियो जसले 6औं देखि 12औं शताब्दीसम्म शासन गरेको थियो, करिब 400 वर्षभन्दा बढी समय शासन गर्दै। चौहान राजवंश [[राजपूत]] वंशमा पर्छ र यसले आधुनिक [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] र [[Delhi]] का भागहरूमा शासन गरेको थियो। उनीहरूले मातृभूमिको रक्षा गर्न आफ्ना सम्पत्ति र जीवनसमेत बलिदान गरेका थिए। चाहमनहरूलाई चार [[Agnivanshi]] राजपूत वंशहरूमध्ये राखिएको छ, जसका पूर्वजहरू भनिन्छ कि ''[[Agnikund]]'' ([[homa (ritual)|हवन]]) बाट उत्पन्न भएका थिए। यस कथालाई सबैभन्दा पहिले 16औं शताब्दीको ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' का संस्करणहरूले उल्लेख गरेका छन्। चौहान वंशसँग सम्बन्धित शासन गर्ने वंशहरूमा समावेश छन्: * [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] (चौहान, [[Ajmer]]) * [[Chahamanas of Naddula]] (चौहान, [[Nadol]]) * [[Chahamanas of Jalor]] (चौहान, [[Jalore Fort|Jalore]]); नाडुलाको शाखाबाट छुटेको * [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura]] (चौहान, [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]]); शाकम्भरी शाखाबाट छुटेको * Chahamanas of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] * Chahamanas of [[Dholpur]] * Chahamanas of [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Partabgarh]] चौहान वंशको वंशजले शासन गर्ने रियासतहरूमा समावेश छन्:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598 |title=Memoranda on the Indian States |publisher=Government Of India |year=1939 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n120 110]–139 }}</ref> * [[बुन्दी राज्य]] * [[चाङ्भाकर राज्य]] * [[कोरिया राज्य]] * [[कोटा राज्य]] * [[सिरोही राज्य]] * [[सोनपुर राज्य]] * [[अम्बलियारा राज्य]] ==== शाकम्भरीका चहमान (सन् ६५०–११९४ ई) ==== शाकम्भरीका चहमान (IAST: Cāhamāna), सामान्यतया साम्भरका चौहानहरू भनेर चिनिने, एक वंश थियो जसले आजको [[Rajasthan]] र यसका छिमेकी क्षेत्रहरूमा ६औं शताब्दी देखि १२औं शताब्दी सम्म शासन गरेको थियो। उनीहरूले शासन गरेको क्षेत्रलाई [[Sapadalaksha]] भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो। उनीहरू चहमान (चौहान) वंशको सबैभन्दा प्रमुख शासन गर्ने परिवार थिए, र मध्यकालीन कथाहरूमा [[अग्निवंशी]] [[राजपूत]]हरूको रूपमा वर्गीकृत गरिएका छन्। चहमानहरूले सुरुमा आफ्नो राजधानी [[Sambhar Lake Town|शाकम्भरी]] (आजको साम्भर ताल नगर) मा राखेका थिए। १०औं शताब्दी सम्म उनीहरू [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|प्रतिहार]] अधीनस्थ (वास्सल)को रूपमा शासन गर्थे। प्रतिहार शक्ति [[त्रिपक्षीय संघर्ष]] पछि कमजोर भएपछि, चहमान शासक [[Simharaja]] ले [[महाराजाधिराज]] उपाधि ग्रहण गरे। १२औं शताब्दीको शुरुवातमा, [[Ajayaraja II]] ले राज्यको राजधानी [[Ajayameru]] (आधुनिक [[Ajmer]]) मा सार्‍यो। यस कारण, चहमान शासकहरूलाई अजमेरका चौहानहरू पनि भनिन्छ। ===== क्षेत्र ===== चहमानहरूको क्षेत्र विस्तार हुँदै जाँदा, उनीहरूले शासन गरेको सम्पूर्ण भूभागलाई [[Sapadalaksha]] वा [[Jangladesh]] भनेर चिनिन थाल्यो।{{sfn|Sarda|1935|p=217}} यसमा पछि चहमानहरूले बनाएका राजधानीहरू अजयमेरु ([[Ajmer]]) र शाकम्भरी ([[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Sambhar]]) पनि समावेश थिए।{{sfn|Sarda|1935|p=224}} यो शब्द चहमानहरूले कब्जा गरेको फराकिलो क्षेत्रलाई जनाउन पनि प्रयोग हुन थाल्यो। प्रारम्भिक मध्यकालीन भारतीय शिलालेखहरू र समकालीन मुस्लिम इतिहासकारहरूको लेखन अनुसार, निम्न शहरहरू पनि Sapadalaksha मा समावेश थिए: [[Hansi]] (हालको [[Haryana]]), [[Mandore]] (हालको [[Marwar]] क्षेत्र), र [[Mandalgarh]] (हालको [[Mewar]] क्षेत्र)।{{sfn|Sarda|1935|p=225}} ===== इतिहास ===== [[File:Anna sarobar-2-ajmir.jpg|thumb|अन्जा सरोवर, अजयमेरु]] सर्वप्रथम ऐतिहासिक चहमान राजा ६औं शताब्दीका शासक [[Vasudeva (Chahamana dynasty)|वासुदेव]] हुन्। [[Ajmer]]मा रहेको [[Ana Sagar]] ताल चहमान शासक [[Arnoraja]] ले बनाएका थिए। पछिल्ला चहमान शासकहरूले विभिन्न [[Ghaznavid]] आक्रमणको सामना गर्नु परेको थियो। [[Ajayaraja II]] (शासन: सन् १११०–११३५) ले एक गजनवी आक्रमण नष्ट गरे र पारमारा राजा [[Naravarman]] लाई पनि पराजित गरे। उनले राजधानी शाकम्भरीबाट अजयमेरु (अजयमेरु) सरेको थिए, जुन शहर उनले स्थापना गरेका वा ठूलो मात्रामा विस्तार गरेका थिए।{{sfnm|Singh|1964|1pp=131–132|Sharma|1959|2p=40}} उनका उत्तराधिकारी अरनोराजाले टोमरा क्षेत्रमा आक्रमण गरे र गजनवी आक्रमणलाई पनि विफल बनाए। तर, उनले गुजरातका चालुक्य शासक [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] र [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|कुमारपाला]] विरुद्धमा केही असफलता भोगे र अन्ततः आफ्नै पुत्र [[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|जगदेव]] द्वारा मारिए।{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=140-141}} [[File:Bisaldeo temple submerged.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bisaldeo मन्दिर]] [[Vigraharaja IV]] द्वारा बनाइएको]] अरनोराजाका कान्छा पुत्र [[Vigraharaja IV]] ले चहमान क्षेत्रहरूलाई व्यापक रूपमा विस्तार गरे र [[Delhi]] टोमरा वंशबाट कब्जा गरे। वंशको सबैभन्दा प्रसिद्ध शासक सोमेश्वरका पुत्र [[Prithviraja III]] वा [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] हुन्। उनले धेरै छिमेकी राजा पराजित गरे, जसमध्ये ११८२–८३ मा [[Chandela]] शासक [[Paramardi]] पनि थिए, यद्यपि चन्देला क्षेत्र आफ्नो साम्राज्यमा समाहित गर्न सकिएन।{{sfn|Talbot|2015|pp=39}} सन् ११९१ मा उनले [[first Battle of Tarain]] मा [[Muhammad of Ghor]] लाई पराजित गरे। तर अर्को वर्ष दोस्रो [[Battle of Tarain]] मा पराजित भए र अन्ततः मारिए।{{sfn|Khan|2008|p=xvii}} [[File:Prithvi Raj Chauhan (Edited).jpg|thumb|right|[[Prithviraj Chauhan|प्रिथ्वीराज तृतीय]], वंशको सबैभन्दा प्रसिद्ध शासक]] मोहम्मद अफ घोरले प्रिथ्वीराजका पुत्र [[Govindaraja IV]] लाई अधीनस्थ शासकको रूपमा नियुक्त गरे। प्रिथ्वीराजका भाई [[Hariraja]] ले उनलाई पदच्युत गरेर आफ्नो पूर्वजको केही भाग पुनः कब्जा गरे। ११९४ मा हरिराज घोरिदहरूले पराजित भए। गोविंदराजलाई घोरिदहरूले [[Ranthambore Fort|रानथम्भोर]] को जागीर दिए। त्यहाँ उनले वंशको [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|नयाँ शाखा]] स्थापना गरे।{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=221}} ===== सांस्कृतिक उपलब्धिहरू ===== [[File:Harshnathtemple.jpg|thumb|[[Harshnath]] मन्दिर चहमान शासकहरूले बनाएका थिए]] चहमान शासकहरूले थुप्रै हिन्दू मन्दिरहरूको निर्माण गराएका थिए, जसमध्ये धेरै [[Prithviraja III]] को पराजय पछि [[Ghurid]] आक्रमणकारीहरूले नष्ट गरेका थिए।{{sfn|Sharma|1959|p=87}} धेरै चहमान शासकहरूले [[Harshnath|हर्षनाथ]] मन्दिरको निर्माणमा योगदान दिएका थिए, सम्भवत: यसलाई [[Govindaraja I]] ले प्रायोजन गरेका थिए।{{sfn|Sharma|1959|p=26}} ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' अनुसार: * [[Simharaja]] ले [[Pushkar]]मा ठूलो शिव मन्दिर निर्माण गरेका थिए।{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=104}} * [[Chamundaraja (Chahamana dynasty)|चमुण्डराजा]] ले नारापुरा (हालको [[Narwar]], [[Ajmer district]]) मा [[Vishnu]] मन्दिर निर्माण गरेका थिए।{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=124}} * [[Prithviraja I]] ले [[Somnath temple]] जाने मार्गमा तीर्थयात्रीहरूको लागि भोजन वितरण केन्द्र (''anna-satra'') बनाएका थिए।{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=128}} * [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|सोमेश्वर]] ले अजयमेरुमा पाँच मन्दिरसमेत गरी धेरै मन्दिरहरूको निर्माण गरेका थिए।{{sfn|Sharma|1959|pp=69–70}}{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=159}} [[Vigraharaja IV]] कला र साहित्यप्रति आफ्नो संरक्षणका लागि प्रसिद्ध थिए, र उनले स्वयं ''[[Harikeli Nataka]]'' नाटक पनि रचना गरेका थिए। उनको शासनकालमा निर्माण गरिएको संरचना पछि [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] मस्जिदमा रूपान्तरण गरिएको थियो।{{sfn|Talbot|2015|pp=37–38}} ==== नाडुलाको चहमान वंश (सन् ९५०–११९७) ==== नाडुलाका चहमान, जसलाई नडोलका चौहान पनि भनिन्छ, भारतको एक प्रसिद्ध राजवंश थियो। उनीहरूले १०औं देखि १२औं शताब्दीको बीचमा आफ्नो राजधानी [[Naddula]] (हालको [[Nadol]], [[Rajasthan]]) वरिपरि रहेको [[Marwar]] क्षेत्रको शासन गरेका थिए। नाडुलाका चहमानहरू [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] का शाखा थिए। यस वंशका संस्थापक लक्ष्मण (अथवा राव लखा) १०औं शताब्दीका शाकम्भरी शासक [[Vakpatiraja I]] का पुत्र थिए। उनका भाई [[Simharaja]] ले पिताको निधन पछि शाकम्भरीको सिंहासन सम्हाले।{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=233}} आगामी शासकहरूले छिमेकी राज्यहरू जस्तै [[Paramara dynasty|परमार]] ([[Malwa]])का राजा, [[Chaulukya]]हरू, र [[Ghaznavids]] विरुद्ध युद्ध लडेका थिए।{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=334}} अन्तिम शासक जयतसिंह सम्भवत: सन् ११९७ मा [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] द्वारा पराजित भएका थिए।{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=262–263}} ==== जलोरका चहमान वंश (सन् ११६०–१३११) ==== जलोरका चहमान, जसलाई जलोरका चौहान पनि भनिन्छ, भारतको एक राजवंश थियो जसले हालको [[Rajasthan]] मा रहेको [[Jalore]] क्षेत्रको शासन सन् ११६० देखि १३११ सम्म गरेको थियो। उनीहरू [[Chahamanas of Naddula]] का शाखा थिए र गुजरातका [[Chaulukya]]हरूको अधीनस्थ शासकको रूपमा शासन गरेका थिए। छोटो समयका लागि उनीहरू स्वतन्त्र भए पनि अन्ततः [[Delhi Sultanate]]सँगको [[Siege of Jalore]] युद्धमा पराजित भए। जलोरका चहमानहरू [[Chahamanas of Naddula|नाडुला शाखा]] का चहमान राजा [[Alhanadeva|अल्हाना]] का वंशज थिए। मूलतः [[Jalore Fort]] १२औं शताब्दीको सुरुदेखि [[Paramara dynasty|परमार]]को शाखाले नियन्त्रण गरेको थियो। अल्हानाको शासनकालमा नाडुलाका चहमानहरूले यसलाई कब्जा गरे। अल्हानाका पुत्र [[Kirtipala]] ले आफ्नो पिता र भाई ([[Kelhanadeva|केल्हाना]], राजकुमार) बाट १२ गाउँहरूको जागिर प्राप्त गरे। उनले आफ्नो क्षेत्रको प्रशासन [[Suvarnagiri]] वा [[Sonagiri]] बाट चलाए, जुन पहाडमा जलोर किल्ला अवस्थित छ। यस कारणले गर्दा उनी पर्ने शाखालाई [[Sonagara]] भनिन थाल्यो।{{sfn|Srivastava|1979|pp=1–2}} ==== रणस्थंभपुरका चहमान वंश (सन् ११९२–१३०१) ==== [[File:Rani haveli.jpg|thumb|रानी हवेली]] रणस्थंभपुरका चहमानहरू १३औँ शताब्दीको भारतीय राजवंश थिए। उनीहरूले वर्तमान [[Rajasthan]] मा आफ्नो राजधानी [[Ranthambore Fort|रणस्थंभपुर]] ([[Ranthambore Fort|रणथम्भोर]]) वरिपरि शासन गरे। प्रारम्भमा उनीहरू [[Delhi Sultanate]] का अधीनस्थ थिए, तर पछि स्वतन्त्र शासक बने। उनीहरू [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] वंशका सदस्य थिए र स्थानीय राजस्थानी बर्दिक साहित्यमा 'रणथम्भोरका चौहान' भनेर चिनिन्छन्। [[File:Naulakha gate,ranthambor fort.jpg|thumb|नौलखा गेट]] रणस्थंभपुरको चहमान वंशको स्थापना [[Govindaraja IV|गोविन्दराज]] ले गरे, जसले ११९२ मा [[Ghurid]] का अधीनस्थ भएर शासन गर्न स्वीकारे, जब उनका पितालाई, [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|शाकम्भरी चहमान]] राजा [[Prithviraja III]] लाई पराजित गरिएको थियो। गोविन्दराजका वंशजहरूले १३औँ शताब्दीमा दिल्ली सल्तनतसँग आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त र गुमाउँदै गए। वंशको अन्तिम राजा [[Hammiradeva|हम्मिरा]] ले विस्तारवादी नीति अपनाए र छिमेकी केही राज्यहरूमा आक्रमण गरे। यो वंश १३०१ मा [[Siege of Ranthambore (1301)|रणथम्भोरको घेराबन्दी]]मा दिल्ली सल्तनतका [[Alauddin Khalji]]सँगको युद्धमा पराजित भएर समाप्त भयो। === राणा सांगा अन्तर्गत राजपूताना === [[File:Rana Sanga of Mewar.jpg|thumb|[[Rana Sanga]] १६औँ शताब्दीको [[चित्तौड़]] राजा र उत्तर-पश्चिम भारतको राजपूत महासंघको प्रमुख। उनले दिल्ली, मालवा र गुजरातका सुल्तानलाई १८ ठूला युद्धमा पराजित गरी राजस्थान, मालवा र गुजरातमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व स्थापना गरे।{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=18}}]] सन् १५०८ मा [[Rana Sanga]] ले आफ्ना भाइहरूसँगको लामो संघर्षपछि सिंहासन आरोहण गरे। उनी महत्वाकांक्षी राजा थिए जसअन्तर्गत मेवाड़ शक्ति र समृद्धिको शिखरमा पुगे। राणा सांगा अन्तर्गत राजपूत शक्ति उत्तर भारतमा पुनः उदयको सम्भावना राख्थ्यो।<ref name="RR">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajasthan/History |title=History of Rajasthan by Deryck O.Lodrick |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022065233/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajasthan/History |url-status=live }}</ref> उनले आफ्नो शासन क्षेत्र उत्तरमा [[सतलज]]देखि दक्षिणमा [[नर्मदा नदी]]सम्म फैलाए। उनले मालवा कब्जा गरी यसमा आफ्नो नियन्त्रण स्थापना गरे र पश्चिममा [[सिन्धु नदी]]देखि पूर्वमा [[बयाना]]सम्म फैलाए। सैन्य अभियानमा उनले [[Battle of Khatoli|खटौलीको युद्ध]]मा [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] लाई पराजित गरे र राजस्थानको ठूलो भाग स्वतन्त्र गराए। यसबाहेक उनले [[उत्तर प्रदेश]]को केही भाग जस्तै चाँदवरमा आफ्नो नियन्त्रण स्थापना गरे र त्यहाँको हिस्सा आफ्ना सहयोगी [[Rao Manik Chand Chauhan]] लाई दिए, जसले पछि [[Battle of Khanwa|खानवा युद्ध]]मा उनको साथ दिए।{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=17}} त्यसपछि राणा सांगाले [[Battle of Dholpur|धोलपुरको युद्ध]]मा फेरि [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] विरुद्ध लडे जहाँ राजपूत महासंघ विजयी भयो। यस विजयपश्चात सांगाले मालवा कब्जा गरी [[Chanderi]] आफ्ना एक जागिरदार [[Medini Rai]] लाई प्रदान गरे। राइले मालवाको शासन चन्देरीलाई राजधानी बनाएर गरे।{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002b|pp=156-157}} सांगाले ५०,००० राजपूत सेनासहित [[Gujarat]]मा आक्रमण गरे। उनले गुजरात सुल्तानत plunder गरे र मुस्लिम सेनालाई राजधानी [[Ahmedabad]]सम्म पछ्याए। उनले उत्तर गुजरात सफलतापूर्वक जोडेर त्यहाँका एक जागिरदारलाई शासन गर्न नियुक्त गरे। यी विजयपश्चात सांगाले राजस्थान, मालवा र गुजरातको ठूलो भागमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व स्थापित गरे।{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=18}} गुजरात अभियानमा राजपूतहरूले करिब २०० मसल र केही मुस्लिम शहरहरू जलाए। यस अभियानमा धेरै मुस्लिम महिलाहरूलाई बन्दी बनाएर राजस्थानका बजारमा बेचिएको थियो।{{sfn|Chaube|1975|pp=132-139}} गोपीनाथ शर्मा अनुसार, यस अभियानले सांगाको प्रसिद्धि मात्र बढाएन, तर गुजरातमा राजपूतहरूको धार्मिक कट्टरताका कारण उनलाई मुस्लिमहरूको दृष्टिमा अप्रिय बनायो।{{sfn|Sharma|1954|pp=15}} यी विजयपछि उनले उत्तर भारतका धेरै राजपूत राज्यहरूलाई एकत्रित गरी [[Babur]] लाई भारतबाट हटाउने र दिल्लीमा हिन्दू शक्ति पुनःस्थापना गर्ने योजना बनाए।{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=19}} सांगाले १,००,००० राजपूत सैनिकसहित बाबर विरुद्धको अभियान अघि बढाए। यो युद्ध उत्तर भारतको प्रभुत्वका लागि राजपूत र [[Mughals]]बीच भएको थियो।{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=8}} तर, खानवा युद्धमा बाबरको उत्कृष्ट नेतृत्व र आधुनिक रणनीतिका कारण राजपूत महासंघ निर्णायक पराजय भोग्न बाध्य भयो। यो युद्ध [[First Battle of Panipat]] भन्दा ऐतिहासिक र घटनापूर्ण मानिन्छ, जसले भारतमा मुगल शासन दृढ बनायो र पुनः उदाउँदो राजपूत शक्तिलाई समाप्त गर्‍यो। युद्धमा पहिलो पटक [[cannons]], [[matchlocks]], swivel guns र [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] को प्रयोग व्यापक रूपमा भयो।{{sfn|Rao|1991|p=453-454}} यो युद्ध मध्यकालीन भारतमा अन्तिमपटक राजपूतहरू विदेशी आक्रमणकारीविरुद्ध एकजुट भएको समय हो। यद्यपि सही क्षतिवृत्तिहरू अज्ञात छन्, अनुमान गरिएको छ कि सबै राजपूत घरानाले आफ्नो धेरै विश्वासपात्र सहयोगी गुमाए।{{sfn|Sarkar|1994|pp=32-33}} राणा सांगा युद्धभूमिबाट बेहोस अवस्थामा आफ्ना जागिरदार [[Prithviraj Singh I]] (जयपुर) र [[Maldeo Rathore]] (मारवाड़) द्वारा उद्धार गरिए। चेतना फर्केपछि उनले शपथ गरे कि बाबरलाई पराजित नगरी र दिल्ली कब्जा नगरी चित्तौड़ फर्किने छैनन्। उनले पागडी नलगाउने र टाउकोमा कपडा ओढ्ने परम्परा अपनाए।{{sfn|Sharma|1954|pp=43}} बाबरविरुद्ध अर्को युद्ध तयारी गर्दा आफ्नै राजदारहरूले उनलाई विष दिए, जसले अर्को युद्धको विरोध गरेका थिए। उनी सन् १५२८ को जनवरीमा [[Kalpi]]मा निधन भए।{{sfn|Sharma|1954|pp=44}} पराजयपछि उनका जागिरदार [[Medini Rai]] [[Battle of Chanderi|चन्देरीको युद्ध]]मा बाबरसँग पराजित भए र उनका राजधानी चन्देरी बाबरले कब्जा गरे। मल्लिका र बालबालिका आत्मदाह गरेर आफ्नो सम्मान रक्षा गरे। बाबरले मालवा र चन्देरी कब्जा गरे, तर मालवा सुल्तानको वंशज अहमद शाहलाई मालवा नियन्त्रणमा दिए। यसरी बाबरले मालवामा मुस्लिम शासन पुनर्स्थापित गरे।{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002b|pp=166-168}} === मेवातका खानजादा === [[File:Raja_Hasan_Khan_Mewati.jpg|thumb|[[Hasan Khan Mewati|राजा हसन खान मेवाती]], १५०४–१५२७ सम्म मेवातका खानजादा राजपूत शासक]] [[Mewat State|मेवात राज्य]], सन् १३७२ देखि १५२७ सम्म दक्षिण एसियामा एक स्वतन्त्र राज्यको रूपमा रहेको थियो, जसको राजधानी [[Alwar]] थियो। यसलाई [[Khanzadas of Mewat|मेवातका खानजादा]]हरूले शासन गर्थे, जो राजपूताना मूलका मुस्लिम राजपूत वंशका थिए। उनीहरूको वंशावली [[Nahar Khan|राजा सोनपर पाल]] सम्म पुग्छ, जो यदुवंशी राजपूत थिए र दिल्ली सल्तनतकालमा इस्लाम स्वीकारे। खानजादाहरू सुन्नी इस्लाम मान्ने, सन् १३७२ मा [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] द्वारा मेवातमा वारिसीय शासकीय अधिकार स्थापित गरे। समयक्रममा उनीहरूले आफ्नो सम्पूर्ण सार्वभौमिकता स्थापित गरे र १५२७ मा शासनको अन्त्यसम्म कायम रहे।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Suraj |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.001.0001/acprof-9780199462797-chapter-2 |title=State Formation in Mewat Relationship of the Khanzadas with the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal State, and Other Regional Potentates |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=11 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-946279-7 |accessdate=24 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meo Rajput by Sardar Azeemullah Khan Meo |url=https://www.jadeed.store/meo-rajput.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.jadeed.store |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223211516/https://www.jadeed.store/meo-rajput.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Hasan Khan Mewati|राजा हसन खान मेवाती]] लगभग दुई शताब्दीसम्म मेवात क्षेत्र शासन गर्ने वंशबाट आएका थिए र आफ्नो सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गरेका थिए। [[Babur]] द्वारा 'मेवात देश'को नेता मानिएका हसन खान मेवातीले [[Battle of Khanwa|खानवा युद्ध]]मा ५,००० सहयोगीहरूलाई नेतृत्व गर्दै [[Rana Sanga]]को राजपूत महासंघसँग बाबरविरुद्ध लडे। उनले १५औँ शताब्दीमा [[Alwar Fort]] पुनर्निर्माण पनि गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Citation |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Mughal India |date=1982-04-01 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of India |pages=458–471 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521226929.027 |access-date=2023-11-07 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521226929.027 |isbn=978-1-139-05451-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tareekh-e-Miyo Chhatri by Hakeem Abdush Shakoor |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-miyo-chhatri-hakeem-abdush-shakoor-ebooks |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref> सैनिक अभियानमा राजा हसन खान मेवाती [[First Battle of Panipat|पहिलो पानीपत युद्ध]]मा [[Ibrahim Lodi]]को पक्षमा बाबरविरुद्ध सामेल थिए। पराजयको बाबजुद उनले धैर्यपूर्वक [[Rana Sanga]]सँगको गठबन्धनमा रहँदै बाबरको आक्रमणको सामना गरे। [[Battle of Khanwa|खानवा युद्ध]]मा राजा हसन खान मेवातीले [[Rana Sanga]]को समर्थन गरे। राणा सांगा खस्दा उनले सेनापतिको झण्डा सम्हाले र १२,००० अश्वारोहीसहित शक्तिशाली आक्रमण नेतृत्व गरे। प्रारम्भमा सफल देखिए पनि, युद्धको क्रममा हसन खान मेवाती एक तोपको गोलीले गम्भीर छातीको घाउबाट मृत्यु भए। उनी वीरता र दृढताको प्रतीक बने।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-18 |title=अलवर का वीर देशभक्त सपूत, जिससे बाबर भी घबराता था, बाबर के खिलाफ जमकर किया था युद्ध {{!}} Hasan Khan Mewati Alwar Story In Hindi |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/hasan-khan-mewati-alwar-story-in-hindi-3854583/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> खानजादा वंशमा उल्लेखनीय उपाधिहरूमा "वली-ए-मेवात" र पछि १५०५ मा हसन खान मेवातीद्वारा प्रचलित "शाह-ए-मेवात" समावेश छन्। == आधुनिक काल (सन् १५६८–१९४७) == === मुघल आक्रमण र राजपूत प्रतिरोध === [[File:Maharana Pratap By Surendra Singh Shaktawat.jpg|thumb|[[Maharana Pratap]] को चित्र, [[Raja Ravi Varma]] द्वारा]] १६औँ शताब्दीमा [[Mughal Empire|मुघल]] सम्राट [[Akbar]] ले राजपूताना विस्तार गरे। उनले [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|चित्तौडगढमा घेराबन्दी]] गरी १५६८ मा मेवाड़ राज्यलाई पराजित गरे। त्यस्तै, [[Siege of Ranthambore (1568)|रणथम्भोरमा घेराबन्दी]] गरी [[Rao Surjan Hada|सुरजान हाडा]]का सेना पराजित गरे। अकबरले राजपूत शासकहरूको विश्वास जित्न विवाहिक गठबन्धनको पनि व्यवस्था गरे। उनले स्वयं [[Mariam-uz-Zamani#The misnomer of Jodha Bai|जोधा बाई]]सँग विवाह गरे। त्यस्तै, धेरै राजपूत युवराजहरूलाई उच्च पदमा नियुक्त गरे, जस्तै [[Man Singh I|मान सिंह]], जो ''[[navaratnas]]'' मध्ये एक थिए। तथापि, केही राजपूत शासकहरू अकबरको अधीनस्थता स्वीकार्न तयार थिएनन् र स्वतन्त्र रहन चाहन्थे। यस्ता दुई शासकहरू थिए [[Udai Singh II|उदय सिंह]] (मेवाड़) र [[Chandrasen Rathore]] (मारवाड़)। उनीहरूले अकबरको सर्वोच्चता स्वीकारेन् र निरन्तर युद्धमा रहे। यो संघर्ष [[Rana Pratap]] द्वारा निरन्तरता दिइयो। उनको सेना [[Battle of Haldighati|हल्दीघाटी युद्ध]]मा अकबरको सेनासँग भिड्यो, जहाँ उनी पराजित र घाइते भए। त्यसपछि उनले १२ वर्षसम्म गुप्त जीवन विताए र समय-समयमा मुघलहरूमा आक्रमण गरे। मध्यकालीन राजपूत चित्रकला ([[Rajput painting]]) र वास्तुकलामा ([[Architecture of Rajasthan|राजपूत वास्तुकला]]) मुघल प्रभाव देखिन्छ। === जात राज्यहरूको उदय === ==== भरतपुर जाट राज्य (सन् १७२२–१९४८) ==== भरतपुर राज्य,जसलाई भरतपुर जात राज्यको रूपमा पनि चिनिन्छ, उत्तरी भारतमा हिन्दू राज्य थियो। यसलाई हिन्दू जातहरूको [[Sinsinwar]] वंशले शासन गर्थे। राजा [[Suraj Mal]] (१७५५–१७६३) को शासनकालमा राज्यको वार्षिक आम्दानी १,७५०,००,००० रुपैयाँ थियो।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dube |first1=V. S. |last2=Misra |first2=M. L. |date=January 1944 |title=Galena Deposit of Jotri, Bharatpur State |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750x.1944.11012048 |journal=Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=81–83 |doi=10.1080/0371750x.1944.11012048 |issn=0371-750X |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703062632/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0371750X.1944.11012048 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> भरतपुर राज्यको स्थापना [[Delhi]], [[Agra]] र [[Mathura]] वरिपरिको क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्ने [[Jats]]ले मुघलहरूविरुद्ध विद्रोह गर्दा भएको थियो। राजपूत र जातबीच जमिन्दारी अधिकारमा संघर्ष पनि थियो। १६९१ सम्म, राजा राम सिन्सिनी र उनका उत्तराधिकारी [[Churaman]] मुघलको अधीनस्थ बने। [[Rajaram of Sinsini|राजाराम]] ले [[Akbar]]का अवशेष जलाएर सिँसिनीमा सानो किल्ला स्थापना गरे।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=O. P. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smdXAAAAMAAJ |title=History of India, from 1707 to 1856 |date=1968 |publisher=Surjeet Book Depot |language=en |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407110208/https://books.google.com/books?id=smdXAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Maharaja Suraj Mal.jpg|thumb|[[Suraj Mal]] भरतपुरका शासक, आधुनिक लेखकहरूले उनलाई "जातहरूको प्लेटो" र "जात ओडिसियस"को रूपमा वर्णन गरेका छन्।<ref>R.C.Majumdar, H.C.Raychaudhury, ''Kalikaranjan Datta: An Advanced History of India'', fourth edition, 1978, {{ISBN|0-333-90298-X}}, Page-535</ref>]] राजा सुरज मलले १२ जुन १७६१ मा [[Agra]] कब्जा गरे। उनले प्रसिद्ध मुघल स्मारक [[Taj Mahal]] का दुई चाँदीका ढोकाहरू पगालेर प्रयोग गरे। भरतपुर शासकले १७७४ सम्म आग्रा कब्जा राखे। ==== ढोलपुर जाट राज्य (सन् १८०६–१९४९) ==== पूर्वी राजस्थानमा अवस्थित ढोलपुर राज्य को स्थापना १८०६ मा [[Rana Kirat Singh]] (गोहाड) द्वारा भएको थियो। १८१८ पछि, राज्य [[British India|ब्रिटिश भारत]]को [[Rajputana Agency]]को अधीनस्थ भयो। रानाहरूले १९४७ सम्म शासन गरे, जब भारत स्वतन्त्र भयो र राज्य [[Union of India (country)|भारत संघ]]मा विलय भयो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dholpur: History, Geography, Places to See |url=https://www.rajras.in/rajasthan/districts/dholpur/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=RajRAS {{!}} RAS Exam Preparation |language=en-US |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206003258/https://www.rajras.in/rajasthan/districts/dholpur/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 11, p. 323 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_329.gif |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207133325/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_329.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== मराठा प्रभाव (सन् १७२०–१८१७) ==== १७२० देखि, [[Maratha Empire]] उत्तरतर्फ विस्तार गर्न थाल्यो, [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]]को नेतृत्वमा।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indovacations.net/Rajasthan-Tour-Package/Maratha-RajputsRelations.htm | title=Maratha Rajputs Relations, History of Rajasthan | access-date=8 April 2023 | archive-date=8 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408035948/https://www.indovacations.net/Rajasthan-Tour-Package/Maratha-RajputsRelations.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> यसले मराठा साम्राज्यलाई [[Rajput]] राज्यहरूसँग सम्पर्कमा ल्यायो। केही राजपूत राज्यहरूले मराठाको अधीनस्थता स्वीकारे, केहीले प्रतिरोध गरे। [[House of Holkar|होलकर]] र [[Scindhias]] नेतृत्वमा धेरै अभियानहरू चले।<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC&pg=PA70 |title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan |first=M. S. |last=Naravane |year= 1999|publisher=APH |isbn=9788176481182 |access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> ==== ब्रिटिश प्रभाव (सन् १८१७–१९४७) ==== [[File:Map of Rajputana or Rajasthan 1920.jpg|thumb|250px|[[राजपुताना]] वा राजस्थान, १९२०]] ब्रिटिश इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी को आगमनले विभिन्न स्वतन्त्र र ऐतिहासिक राज्यहरूलाई [[Rajputana Agency]] अन्तर्गत ल्यायो। पछि यसलाई राजपूताना प्रान्त नाम दिइयो र १९४९ मा राजस्थानमा रूपान्तरण भयो। ब्रिटिशले सन्धि गरेर अधिकांश राजपूत राज्यहरूलाई स्थानीय स्वायत्तता र मराठा तथा पिंडारी आक्रमणबाट सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित गरे। [[अजमेर]] ब्रिटिश भारतको प्रान्त भयो भने स्वतन्त्र राजपूत राज्यहरू, मुस्लिम टोंक राज्य र जात राज्यहरू (भरतपुर, ढोलपुर)लाई राजपूताना एजेन्सीमा राखियो। [[File:Jaipur,_Principal_Street,_c._1875.jpg|thumb|[[जयपुर]], Length सडक, करिब १८७५]] १८१७–१८१८ मा ब्रिटिशले लगभग सबै राजपूत राज्यहरूसँग सन्धि गरे। यसरी राजस्थानमा ब्रिटिश शासनको आरम्भ भयो। '''ब्रिटिश प्रिन्सली राज्यहरू''': *जैसलमेर राज्य *बीकानेर राज्य *जोधपुर राज्य *जयपुर राज्य *उदयपुर राज्य *अलवर राज्य *किशनगढ़ राज्य *डूंगरपुर राज्य *सिरोही राज्य *बन्सवाड़ा राज्य *गौड़ात-गोदवाड राज्य *कोटा राज्य *बुंडी राज्य *भरतपुर राज्य *करौली राज्य *ढोलपुर राज्य यी राज्यहरू १९४८ देखि १९५६ सम्म सात चरणमा विलय भई आधुनिक [[राजस्थान]] गठन गरे। == स्वतन्त्रता पश्चात् (सन् १९४७–वर्तमान) == [[File:Nehru with Manik Lal Verma (April 1948).jpg|thumb|सन् १९४८ अप्रिल १२ मा [[उदयपुर]]मा आयोजित समारोहमा, राजस्थान संघको पुनर्गठन, जसमा [[उदयपुर राज्य|उदयपुरका महाराणा]] नयाँ [[राजप्रमुख]] बने, [[जवाहरलाल नेहरू]]ले संघका प्रधानमन्त्री [[माणिक लाल वर्मा]]लाई शपथ ग्रहण गराइरहेका छन्।]] [[राजस्थान]]को नाम [[राजपूताना]]का रूपमा १२औँ शताब्दीमा, [[घुरीड]] आक्रमणअघि लोकप्रिय भएको थियो। यसै समयमा [[राजपूत]] जात भारतीय सामाजिक संरचनामा अलग जातको रूपमा देखा पर्‍यो।{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|pp=32}} राज्य ३० मार्च १९४९ मा गठन भएको हो, जब ब्रिटीश क्राउनले अंगिकार गरेको राजपूताना भारतको प्रभुत्वमा समाहित भयो। भारतको स्वतन्त्रता पछि, राजस्थान राज्यको नाम संविधानअनुसार २६ जनवरी १९५० मा मान्यता प्राप्त भयो, पी. सत्यनारायण राव समितिको सिफारिस अनुसार। सबैभन्दा ठूलो शहर [[जयपुर]]लाई राजधानीको रूपमा घोषणा गरियो। [[जयपुर]] सन् १७२७ मा आमेरका कच्छावा शासक [[जयसिंह द्वितीय]]ले स्थापना गरेका थिए। ब्रिटिश शासनकालमा शहर जयपुर राज्यको राजधानी रह्यो। स्वतन्त्रता पश्चात् १९४७ मा जयपुर नयाँ राजस्थान राज्यको राजधानी बन्यो।{{sfn|Sarkar|1994|pp=22}} === राजस्थानको एकीकरण === आजको रूपमा राजस्थान गठन गर्न सात चरण लागेका थिए। ==== पहिलो चरण ==== सन् १९४८ मार्चमा "मत्स्य संघ" गठन भयो, जसमा [[अलवर]], [[भरतपुर]], [[ढालपुर]] र [[करौली]] समावेश थिए। ==== दोस्रो चरण ==== २५ मार्च १९४८ मा [[कोटा]]को [[उमेद भवन प्यालेस]]मा [[बांसवाड़ा]], [[बुंदी]], [[डूंगरपुर]], [[झालावर]], [[किशनगढ़]], [[कोटा]], [[प्रतापगढ़]], [[शाहपुरा]], र [[टोंक]]का शासकहरूले भारतीय संघमा प्रवेश गरे र राजस्थानको हिस्सा बने। यसलाई पहिलो "[[राजस्थान]] संघ" पनि भनिन्छ। [[कोटा]]का [[भिम सिंह द्वितीय]]लाई पहिलो [[राजप्रमुख]] बनाइयो। ==== तेस्रो चरण ==== सन् १९४८ अप्रिलमा उदयपुरले संघमा प्रवेश गर्यो र उदयपुरका महाराणा [[राजप्रमुख]] बने। यसरी दक्षिण र दक्षिणपूर्वका राज्यहरूको एकीकरण लगभग पूरा भयो। ==== चौथो चरण ==== [[जयपुर]], [[बीकानेर]], [[जोधपुर]] र [[जैसलमेर]]ले अझै स्वतन्त्रता राखेका थिए। सुरक्षा दृष्टिले, मरुभूमि राज्यहरूको भारतीय संघमा समावेश हुनु आवश्यक थियो। मार्च १९४९ मा यी राज्यहरूले "Instrument of Accession" मा हस्ताक्षर गरे। जयपुरका महाराजा [[मान सिंह द्वितीय]]लाई [[राजप्रमुख]] बनाइयो र जयपुर राजधानी घोषित भयो। उदयपुरका महाराणा [[भोपाल सिंह]] वरिष्ठ [[महाराजप्रमुख]] बनाइयो। ==== पाँचौं चरण ==== सन् १९४९ मा, [[भरतपुर]], [[अलवर]], [[करौली]] र [[ढालपुर]]को "मत्स्य संयुक्त राज्य" राजस्थानमा समाहित भयो। ==== छैठौं चरण ==== २६ जनवरी १९५० मा १८ राज्यहरू सँगै [[सिरोही]] राज्य पनि एकीकरण भए। अब अबू र दिलवारा [[बॉम्बे]] (हाल [[गुजरात]])मा रहिरहे। ==== सातौं चरण ==== नवंबर १९५६ मा [[राज्य पुनर्गठन ऐन, १९५६]] अनुसार, अजमेर, अबू रोड, पूर्व सिरोही राज्य, [[सुनल-तप्पा]] क्षेत्र र [[झालावाड़]]को सिरोंज उपजिला राजस्थानमा समाहित भयो। यसरी आजको राजस्थानको सीमा स्थिर भयो। राजस्थानको एकीकरण १ नोभेम्बर १९५६ मा सम्पन्न भयो। === राजस्थानको पहिलो सरकार === [[File:Hiralal Shastri 1976 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|हीरालाल शास्त्री, राजस्थानका प्रथम मुख्यमन्त्री]] गुरमुख निहाल सिंह लाई राजस्थानको पहिलो राज्यपाल नियुक्त गरियो। हीरालाल शास्त्री लाई पहिलो नामित [[मुख्यमन्त्री]] बनाइयो, जसले ७ अप्रिल १९४९ मा पदभार ग्रहण गरे। उनी पछि अरू दुई नामित मुख्यमन्त्री बने, त्यसपछि टीका राम पालिवाल सन् १९५१ मार्च ३ बाट पहिलो निर्वाचित मुख्यमन्त्री बने। === समकालीन राजस्थान === [[भारत–पाक युद्ध १९६५|दोश्रो भारत–पाक युद्ध]]मा, सेप्टेम्बर १९६५ मा पाकिस्तानले राजस्थानमा आक्रमण गर्यो। पछि [[ताशकंद घोषणा पत्र]] अनुसार क्षेत्र फिर्ता भयो। पूर्व राजाहरूलाई [[प्राइभि पर्स]] र विशेष सुविधाहरू संविधानअनुसार दिइयो। १९७१ मा [[इन्दिरा गान्धी]]ले प्राइभि पर्स समाप्त गरिन्। पूर्व महाराजाहरू अझै आफ्नो उपाधि "महाराजा" प्रयोग गर्छन्। धेरैले महलहरूलाई होटेलमा रूपान्तरण गरेका छन्, केही राजनीतिमा सक्रिय छन्। === प्रशासनको विकास === हाल राजस्थानमा नयाँ [[प्रतापगढ़ जिल्ला]] समेत गरी ५० जिल्ला, १०५ उपविभाग, ३७,८८९ गाउँ, ३५०+ तहसील र २२२ नगर छन्। १७ मार्च २०२३ मा राजस्थान सरकारले १९ नयाँ जिल्ला र ३ नयाँ प्रशासनिक क्षेत्र घोषणा गर्यो। जयपुर र जोधपुर जिल्ला पुनर्गठित भए: जयपुर अर्बन, जयपुर ग्रामीण, जोधपुर अर्बन, जोधपुर ग्रामीण। यसपछि जम्मा जिल्ला ५० र प्रशासनिक क्षेत्र १० भयो। सरकारी सेवाहरूको सहज पहुँचको लागि राजस्थान सरकारले [https://www.ssoid.site/ SSO ID] प्रणाली लागू गरेको छ। यसले नागरिकलाई शिक्षा, रोजगार र कल्याण योजनाहरूमा एउटै लगइनबाट पहुँच दिन्छ। ==थप पढाइ== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |title=भारतीय इतिहास अध्ययन: राजस्थानको युगहरु: राजपूतहरूको धरोहर |first1=R. K. |last1=Gupta |first2=S. R. |last2=Bakshi |volume=1 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9788176258418 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHNoU2zcDnIC}} {{refend}} ==सन्दर्भ== [[Category:राजस्थानको इतिहास| ]] 4w5zomgl01k6be4hya1gkloy2jrh2a7 0 26491 270609 265674 2026-11-08T00:46:44Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- आधारभूत जानकारी --> |name = |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[गाउँपालिका]] |motto = <!-- चित्र अर नक्सा --> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |pushpin_map = Nepal Sudurpashchim Province#Nepal |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption = नेपालक नक्सामां {{पृष्ठको नाम}}क अवस्थिति | coordinates = {{coord|29.26|80.87|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}} <!-- Location --> |subdivision_type = देश |subdivision_name = {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} |subdivision_type1 = [[नेपालका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] |subdivision_name1 = [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]] |subdivision_type3 = [[नेपालका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] |subdivision_name3 = [[डोटी जिल्ला|डोटी]] |<!-- Politics --> |government_footnotes =<ref name="निर्वाचन २०७९">{{cite news|title=स्थानीय तह निर्वाचन २०७९|url=https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-doti/badikedar?lng=nep|accessdate=०९ साउन २०८१|language=नेपाली|publisher=कान्तिपुर दैनिक|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306085027/https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-doti/badikedar?lng=nep|archive-date=2026-03-06}}</ref> |leader_party = |leader_title = [[अध्यक्ष]] |leader_name = भैरवबहादुर साउद <small>([[नेपाली काँग्रेस]])</small> |leader_title1 = [[उपाध्यक्ष]] |leader_name1 = डम्मरीकुमारी विष्ट <small>([[नेपाली काँग्रेस]])</small> |established_title = |established_date = २७ फागुन २०७३ <!-- क्षेत्रफल --> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 332.55 <!-- Population --> |population_as_of = [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="जनगणना २०७८">{{cite web |title=जनसङ्ख्याक आकार अर वितरण|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/np/population?province=7&district=74&municipality=8|accessdate=१५ असोज २०८१|work=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय]]|language=नेपाली}}</ref> |population_total = 14902 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_blank1_title = जातीयता |population_blank1 = <!-- साधारण जानकारी --> |timezone = [[नेपाल मानक समय]] |utc_offset = +५:४५ |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = +९७७-९४ |blank_name = केन्द्र |blank_info = साविक [[बर्छेन]] गाविसक [[कार्यालय]] |website = [https://badikedarmun.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |footnotes = }} '''बडीकेदार गाउँपालिका''' [[डोटी जिल्ला]]क ७ [[गाउँपालिका]]मां स्यां एक हो।<ref name="गाउँपालिका वा नगरपालिका">{{cite web|title=हेर्नुहोस्, तपाईँ कुन गाउँपालिका वा नगरपालिकामां पर्नुभयो?|url=http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|publisher=सेतोपाटी|accessdate=फाल्गुन २०७३|ref=http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312170008/http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|url-status=dead}}</ref> २०७३ फागुन २७ मां गाउँपालिका घोषणा कैरदा साविकक [[बर्छेन]], [[घाङल गाउँ]], [[मन्नाकापाडी]] अर [[लाना केदारेश्वर]] [[गाउँ विकास समिति (नेपाल)|गाविस]]हरू यै मां गाभिया रै। यै गाउँपालिकालाइ ५ वटा [[वडा]]मां विभाजन कैर्या गै रै। यै गाउँपालिकाक सिमाना पूर्वमां [[बोगटान फुड्सिल गाउँपालिका|बोगटान गाउँपालिका]], पश्चिममां [[जोरायल गाउँपालिका]] अर [[कैलाली जिल्ला|कैलाली]] जिल्ला, उत्तरमां [[दिपायल सिलगढी नगरपालिका]], [[बोगटान फुड्सिल गाउँपालिका]], [[जोरायल गाउँपालिका]] अर [[के.आई.सिंह गाउँपालिका]] तथा दक्षिणमां [[कैलाली जिल्ला]] सँग जोडिया रै।<ref>{{cite web|title=स्थानीय तहसभक नाम, संख्या, सीमाना, केन्द्र अर वडाक सीमाना सहितक विवरण|url=http://www.mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|website=सङ्घीय मामिला तथा स्थानीय विकास मन्त्रालय|publisher=[[नेपाल सरकार]]|accessdate=२०७३ फाल्गुण २७|language=नेपाली|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317214821/http://mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==जनसङ्ख्या== [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]]क जनगणना अनुसार {{पृष्ठको नाम}}क कुल जनसङ्ख्या १४,९०२ रै अर यतैं २,९०५ घरधुरी रै।<ref name="जनगणना २०७८"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+ बडिकेदार गाउँपालिकाक वडागत विवरण |- ! वडा नं. !! समावेश साविक गाविसहरू !! जनसङ्ख्या !! क्षेत्रफल (वर्ग कि.मी.) !! जनघनत्व (प्रति वर्ग कि.मी.) |- | १ || [[बर्छेन]] (१, ५-७, ९) || २,५६६ || ५४.९ || ४६.७४ |- | २ || [[बर्छेन]] (२-४, ८) || २,५२० || ५९.७८ || ४२.१५ |- | ३ || [[घाङल गाउँ]] || ३,३०५ || ८०.८४ || ४०.८८ |- | ४ || [[मन्नाकापाडी]] || ३,२३४ || ८५.३१ || ३७.९१ |- | ५ || [[लाना केदारेश्वर]] || ३,२७७ || ५१.७१ || ६३.३७ |- ! colspan="2" | जम्मा !! १४,९०२ !! ३३२.५४ !! ४४.८१ |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== *[http://ddcdoti.gov.np/ जिल्ला समन्वय समितिक कार्यालय, डोटी] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824050251/http://www.ddcdoti.gov.np/ |date=2017-08-24 }} f9ydeg4s57xosavlx6fpvsrheguhjth 0 26497 270612 265677 2026-11-08T00:50:24Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- आधारभूत जानकारी --> |name = |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[गाउँपालिका]] |motto = <!-- चित्र र नक्साहरू --> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |pushpin_map = Nepal Sudurpashchim Province#Nepal |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption = नेपालको नक्सामा {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को अवस्थिति | coordinates = {{coord|29.26|80.87|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}} <!-- अवस्थिति--> |subdivision_type = देश |subdivision_name = {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} |subdivision_type1 = [[नेपालका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] |subdivision_name1 = [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]] |subdivision_type3 = [[नेपालका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] |subdivision_name3 = [[डोटी जिल्ला|डोटी]] |<!-- राजनीति --> |government_footnotes =<ref name="निर्वाचन २०७९">{{cite news|title=स्थानीय तह निर्वाचन २०७९|url=https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-doti/bogatan-phudsil?lng=nep|accessdate=०९ साउन २०८१|language=नेपाली|publisher=कान्तिपुर दैनिक|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306084729/https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-doti/bogatan-phudsil?lng=nep|archive-date=2026-03-06}}</ref> |leader_party = |leader_title = [[अध्यक्ष]] |leader_name = कमलबहादुर गडसिला <small> ([[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]]) |leader_title1 = [[उपाध्यक्ष]] |leader_name1 = विष्नादेवी बम <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]) |established_title = |established_date = २७ फागुन २०७३ <!-- क्षेत्रफल --> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 300.22 <!-- Population --> |population_as_of = [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="जनगणना २०७८">{{cite web |title=जनसङ्ख्याको आकार र वितरण|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/np/population?province=7&district=74&municipality=7|accessdate=१५ असोज २०८१|work=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय]]|language=नेपाली}}</ref> | population_total = 15540 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_blank1_title = जातीयता |population_blank1 = <!-- साधारण जानकारी --> |timezone = [[नेपालको प्रमाणिक समय]] |utc_offset = +५:४५ |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = +९७७-९४ |blank_name = केन्द्र |blank_info = साविक [[चवरा चौतारा]] गाविसको कार्यालय |website = [http://www.bogatanmun.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |footnotes = }} '''बोगटान फुड्सिल गाउँपालिका''' [[डोटी जिल्ला]]का ७ [[गाउँपालिका]]हरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref name="गाउँपालिका वा नगरपालिका">{{cite web|title=हेर्नुहोस्, तपाईँ कुन गाउँपालिका वा नगरपालिकामा पर्नुभयो?|url=http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|publisher=सेतोपाटी|accessdate=फाल्गुन २०७३|ref=http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312170008/http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|url-status=dead}}</ref> २०७३ फागुन २७ मा, गाउँपालिका घोषणा गर्दा साविकका [[सिमचौर]], [[केदार अखडा]], [[कानाचौर]], [[सातफरी]], [[धिर्कामाण्डौ]], [[गगुडा]] र [[चवरा चौतारा]] [[गाउँ विकास समिति (नेपाल)|गाविस]]हरू यसमा गाभिएका थिए। यो गाउँपालिका ७ [[वडा]]मा विभाजन गरिएको छ। यस गाउँपालिकाको सिमाना पूर्वमा [[अछाम जिल्ला|अछाम]] जिल्ला, पश्चिममा [[बडीकेदार गाउँपालिका]], उत्तरमा [[के.आई.सिंह गाउँपालिका]] तथा दक्षिणमा [[सुर्खेत जिल्ला|सुर्खेत]] जिल्लासँग जोडिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web|title=स्थानीय तहहरूको नाम, संख्या, सीमाना, केन्द्र र वडाको सीमाना सहितको विवरण|url=http://www.mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|website=सङ्घीय मामिला तथा स्थानीय विकास मन्त्रालय|publisher=[[नेपाल सरकार]]|accessdate=२०७३ फाल्गुण २७|language=नेपाली|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317214821/http://mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==जनसङ्ख्या== [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]]को जनगणना अनुसार {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को कुल जनसङ्ख्या १५,५४० रहेको छ भने यहाँ ३,१६२ घरधुरी रहेका छन्।<ref name="जनगणना २०७८"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+ बोगटान फुड्सिल गाउँपालिकाको वडागत विवरण |- ! वडा नं. !! समावेश साविक गाविसहरू !! जनसङ्ख्या !! क्षेत्रफल (वर्ग कि.मी.) !! जनघनत्व (प्रति वर्ग कि.मी.) |- | १ || [[सिमचौर]] || २,८८२ || ५१.२२ || ५६.२७ |- | २ || [[केदार अखडा]] || १,५०५ || ३१.९५ || ४७.१० |- | ३ || [[कानाचौर]] || १,६९३ || ७०.६८ || २३.९५ |- | ४ || [[सातफरी]] || २,८९७ || २७.९४ || १०३.६९ |- | ५ || [[धिर्कामाण्डौ]] || १,८१६ || ३८.८७ || ४६.७२ |- | ६ || [[गगुडा]] || २,४३९ || २७.१२ || ८९.९३ |- | ७ || [[चवरा चौतारा]] || २,३०८ || ५२.४६ || ४४.०० |- ! colspan="2" | जम्मा !! १५,५४० !! ३००.२४ !! ५१.७६ |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== *[http://ddcdoti.gov.np/ जिल्ला समन्वय समितिको कार्यालय, डोटी] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824050251/http://www.ddcdoti.gov.np/ |date=2017-08-24 }} [[श्रेणी:डोटी जिल्लाका गाउँपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेशका गाउँपालिकाहरू]] ockeabtjjk2kgfmh0r2kz6c2lge4fwi 0 26498 270580 265670 2026-11-08T00:06:21Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- आधारभूत जानकारी --> |name = |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[गाउँपालिका]] |motto = <!-- चित्र र नक्साहरू --> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |pushpin_map = Nepal Sudurpashchim Province#Nepal |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption = नेपालको नक्सामा {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को अवस्थिति | coordinates = {{coord|29.26|80.87|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}} <!-- Location --> |subdivision_type = देश |subdivision_name = {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} |subdivision_type1 = [[नेपालका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] |subdivision_name1 = [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]] |subdivision_type3 = [[नेपालका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] |subdivision_name3 = [[डोटी जिल्ला|डोटी]] |<!-- राजनीति --> |government_footnotes =<ref name="निर्वाचन २०७९">{{cite news|title=स्थानीय तह निर्वाचन २०७९|url=https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-doti/jorayal?lng=nep|accessdate=०९ साउन २०८१|language=नेपाली|publisher=कान्तिपुर दैनिक|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306084849/https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-doti/jorayal?lng=nep|archive-date=2026-03-06}}</ref> |leader_party = |leader_title = [[अध्यक्ष]] |leader_name = दुर्गादत्त ओझा <small> ([[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]]) |leader_title1 = [[उपाध्यक्ष]] |leader_name1 = जमुनाकुमारी बोहरा (रोकाया) <small> ([[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]]) |established_title = |established_date = २७ फागुन २०७३ <!-- क्षेत्रफल --> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 419.09 <!-- Population --> |population_as_of = [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="जनगणना २०७८">{{cite web |title=जनसङ्ख्याको आकार र वितरण|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/np/population?province=7&district=74&municipality=9|accessdate=१५ असोज २०८१|work=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय]]|language=नेपाली}}</ref> | population_total = 19788 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_blank1_title = जातीयता |population_blank1 = <!-- साधारण जानकारी --> |timezone = [[नेपालको प्रमाणिक समय]] |utc_offset = +५:४५ |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = +९७७-९४ |blank_name = केन्द्र |blank_info = साविक [[सरस्वतीनगर]] गाविसको कार्यालय |website = [http://www.jorayalmun.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |footnotes = }} '''जोरायल गाउँपालिका''' [[डोटी जिल्ला]]का ७ [[गाउँपालिका]]हरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref name="गाउँपालिका वा नगरपालिका">{{cite web|title=हेर्नुहोस्, तपाईँ कुन गाउँपालिका वा नगरपालिकामा पर्नुभयो?|url=http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|publisher=सेतोपाटी|accessdate=फाल्गुन २०७३|ref=http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312170008/http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|url-status=dead}}</ref> २०७३ फागुन २७ मा, गाउँपालिका घोषणा गर्दा साविकका [[घण्टेश्वर]], [[छतिवन, डोटी|छतिवन]], [[सरस्वतीनगर]], [[लक्ष्मीनगर]], [[गडसेरा]] र [[निरौली]] [[गाउँ विकास समिति (नेपाल)|गाविस]]हरू यसमा गाभिएका थिए। डोटी जिल्लाको सदरमुकाम [[सिलगढी]]बाट लगभग ६० किलोमिटर टाढा दक्षिण पश्चिम दिशा तिर पर्ने रमणीय उपत्यकाको नाम नै जोरायल हो। यसै उपत्यकाको नामबाट यस गाउँपालिकाको नामाङ्कन गरिएको हो। चौतर्फी अग्ला होचा बृक्ष वनस्पति युक्त डाडाँ–काडाँहरूको बीचमा देखिने एउटा सुन्दर क्षेत्र जोरायल हो। ==जनसङ्ख्या== [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]]को जनगणना अनुसार {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को कुल जनसङ्ख्या १९,७८८ रहेको छ भने यहाँ ४,३२० घरधुरी रहेका छन्।<ref name="जनगणना २०७८"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+ जोरायल गाउँपालिकाको वडागत विवरण |- ! वडा नं. !! समावेश साविक गाविसहरू !! जनसङ्ख्या !! क्षेत्रफल (वर्ग कि.मी.) !! जनघनत्व (प्रति वर्ग कि.मी.) |- | १ || [[घण्टेश्वर]] || २,९२५ || ३९.७५ || ७३.५८ |- | २ || [[छतिवन, डोटी|छतिवन]] || ४,१४८ || ४७.६३ || ८७.०९ |- | ३ || [[सरस्वतीनगर]] || २,७५० || ८७.९८ || ३१.२६ |- | ४ || [[लक्ष्मीनगर]] || ४,९७९ || ८६.८९ || ५७.३० |- | ५ || [[गडसेरा]] || २,२५३ || ९४.५२ || २३.८४ |- | ६ || [[निरौली]] || २,७३३ || ६२.३१ || ४३.८६ |- ! colspan="2" | जम्मा !! १९,७८८ !! ४१९.०८ !! ४७.२२ |} ==नामाकरण तथा परिचय== यस क्षेत्रको नामाकरण जोरायल कसरी रहन गयो भन्ने कुरामा एक मत त छैन तर सबै भन्दा बलियो तर्क अनुसार यस क्षेत्रको सम्बन्ध महाभारतमा उल्लेख भएको जरासन्धसँग रहेको देखिन्छ<ref>[http://jorayalmun.gov.np/content/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF संक्षिप्त परिचय] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911194416/http://jorayalmun.gov.np/content/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF |date=2019-09-11 }}</ref> जसरी दीप + आलय = दीपालय अथवा (नेपालीमा बत्तीको निवास भएको क्षेत्र) शब्द (वर्णविपर्यय हुँदै = दीपालय = [[दिपायल सिलगढी नगरपालिका|दिपायल]] भएको हो । त्यसै गरेर जोरायल शब्द पनि :- जरासन्धस्य +आलय = जरालय वा जरा + आलय = जरालय भयो । यसको अर्थ जरासन्ध वा जरादेवीको, आलय भनेको संस्कृतमा निवास हुन्छ । पछि त्यही शब्द जरालय = वर्णविपर्यय हुदै = जरा + यल = जरायल =बाट अप्रभंस हुदै ‘ओ’ कारको थप आगमन भएर जोरायल रहन गएको हो । यसको क्षेत्र पूर्वमा डोटी जिल्लाकै गड्सेरा तथा निरौली गा.वि.स., पश्चिममा छतिवन गा.वि.स., उत्तरमा [[डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला|डडेलधुरा]] जिल्लाको महाभारत पर्वत भित्र पर्ने घण्टेश्वर पर्वत एवं [[असिग्राम]] गा.वि.स.को रुवाखोला र दक्षिणमा [[कैलाली जिल्ला|कैलाली]] जिल्लाको [[सहजपुर]] गा.वि.स पर्दछन् । समथर भूभागको बीच भएर बग्ने यहाँको नदीको नाम कर्मनासा (कर्नासा) हो । जसले यहाँको भू–भागलाइ सिंचन गरेको छ । कर्मनासा नदीको उद्गमस्थल भन्दा माथिबाट दुइवटा नदीहरू जलादेवि पर्वतको आसपास भएर बगेका छन् । जसको नाम गोमतीगाड र काफली गाड हो । यी दुबै नदीहरूको संगम वा (दोभान) भन्दा तलको नदीको नाम कर्मनासा रहन गएको छ । जो [[जरासन्ध]] बध गरेको इतिहास सँग संबद्ध छ । वरिपरी सम्म फाँट बीचमा कर्मनासा नदी एवं छेउछाउमा रहेका गाउँ बस्तीहरूले जोरायलको भौगोलिक दृष्यावलीलाइ मनमोहक बनाएको छ । यो जोरायल क्षेत्र निकट समयमै नगरपालिका घोषणा हुने सम्भावनामा रहेको छ । [[नेपालको एघारौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०६८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०६८]]का अनुसार यहाँको जनसङ्ख्या २०,८२४ रहेको छ । जसमध्ये ब्राह्मण १० प्रतिशत ,क्षेत्रि, ७५ प्रतिशत दलित १० प्रतिशत , र मगर तथा अन्य जातका ५ प्रतिशत मानिसहरू छन् । यसक्षेत्रमा एउटा बहुमुखी क्याम्पस पनि छ । जसको नाम [[घण्टेश्वर सेती काली बहुमुखी क्याम्पस|सेती महाकाली बहुमुखी क्याम्पस]] हो । विभिन्न देवी देवताहरूको बास भएको यो जोरायल क्षेत्र बास्मती धान फल्ने यौटा प्रसिद्ध ठाउँ पनि हो । यस क्षेत्रका प्रमुख देवी–देवता घण्टेश्वर, जलादेवी [[मालिका देवी|मालिका भगवती]], चण्डेश्वर र गुफाकेदार हुन् । ==जोरायलको भस्सो संस्कृति== [[File:चड्यौली देवस्थान परिसर.jpg|250px|thumb|चड्यौली स्थान परिसर]] हाम्रो देश [[नेपाल]] धेरै विविधता र संस्कृति भएको देश हो । अनेकतामा एकता हामी नेपालीहरूको प्रमुख विशेषता हो । यहाँका प्रायः सबै जिल्लाहरूका आ–आफ्ना भेषभूषा, रीतिस्थिति,भाषा र संस्कृतिहरू छन् । तिनै संस्कृतिहरू मध्येको एक अनौठो संस्कृति डोटी जिल्लाको जोरायल क्षेत्रमा हुने प्रमुख जात्रा मा [[भाइटीका|भाईटीका]]का दिन हुने [[भस्सि जात्रा|भोस्सो जात्रा]] पर्दछ । यो खास गरेर यहाँको शक्तिशाली देवता चडयौलीथानको प्रसन्नताको लागि गरिने जात्रा हो । महाभारत कथामा [[जरासन्ध]] लाइ राक्षस भनेर सम्बोधन गरिए पनि डोटी जोरायलको संस्कृतिमा यिनलाई देवता भनेर पुज्ने गरीन्छ । यो जात्रा गरिएन भने ती देवता रिसाई जोरायलमा विविध अनिष्ट गराउन सक्ने विश्वास यहाँको जनमानसमा प्रवल रूपमा रहेको छ । यो जात्रा प्राचीन युद्धको लागि मोर्चाबन्दी सहित युद्घमा जान तयार सेनाको जुलुस जस्तै हुन्छ । भाइटीकाका दिन त्यहाँका सबै मानिसहरू बिहान आआफ्ना दिदी–बहिनीहरूका हातबाट टिका लगाइसकेपछि खानाखाएर लक्ष्मीनगर गा.वि.स.मा पर्ने सिलंगीबाग बजारको मेलामा जान्छन् , जुन मेलालाई त्यहाँको स्थानीय भाषामा दुत्तेको मेला भन्छन् । त्यहीं प्रसिद्ध चडयौंलीथान भन्ने स्थानीय देवताको थान पनि छ । त्यहाँको स्थानीय भाषामा चडयौंलो भन्ने एउटा स्थानिय जातको रुख हुन्छ , त्योे थान मा त्यै चडयौंलाको रुख भएकाले थानमा भएका देवतालाई प्रत्यक्ष इंगित नगरी रुखको नामबाट देवस्थान को नामकरण भएको पाइन्छ । न्याय दाताका रूपमा चिनिने यी चडयौलीथान देवताको मन्दिर छैन, स्थापना मात्रै छ । भक्तजनहरू आफ्नो भाकल पुरा भए पछि त्यही रुखमुनीको स्थानमा [[बोका]]को बलिका साथै [[घण्टा]], [[त्रिशूल]] र ध्वजापताका चढाउँदछन् । बोका [[मङ्सिर|मंसिर]] [[कृष्ण पक्ष|कृष्ण]] पक्ष , [[जेठ|जेष्ठ]] कृष्ण पक्ष र [[साउन|श्रावण]] कृष्ण पक्षको रात्रिमा [[मङ्गलवार|मंगलवार]], [[बिहीवार]] वा [[शनिवार]] पारेर चढाइन्छ । ==फोटो सङ्ग्रह== <gallery> File:Silangibaj.jpg|डोटी जिल्लामा पर्ने कर्मनासा नदी र सिलङ्गीबाग बजार File:प्रत्येकवर्ष भाइटीकाका राति हुने जोरायलको भोस्सो संस्कृति.jpg|प्रत्येकवर्ष भाइटीकाका राति हुने जोरायलको भोस्सो संस्कृति File:भाइटीकाका राति हुने जोरायलको भोस्सो संस्कृति.jpg|भाइटीकाका राति हुने जोरायलको भोस्सो संस्कृति File:जोरायलको भोस्सो संस्कृति.jpg|thumb|जोरायलको भोस्सो संस्कृति File:जोरायल बासमतिको पकेट क्षेत्र सुमालगाउँ को सेरो.jpg|जोरायल बासमतिको पकेट क्षेत्र सुमालगाउँ को सेरो File:Rawatkatte jorayal.jpg|जोरायल रावतकट्टे File:Yagaggaga nadi.jpg|यज्ञगा नदि(गोमती गाःड) File:Shila chankatta.jpg|भीमछेदन शिला चनकट्टे File:Phaladri.jpg|कैलाली जिल्लाको गोदावरी गा.वि.स.मा पर्ने गोदावरी नदिको उद्गमक्षेत्र फलाद्री पर्वत File:Phaladri parwat.jpg| कैलाली जिल्लाको गोदावरी गा.वि.स.मा पर्ने पवित्र फलाद्री पर्वत File:Phaladri hill.jpg|पवित्र गोदावरी शीखर क्षेत्र File:श्री घण्टेश्वरदेवताको होमगर्दै पुजारी.jpg|श्री घण्टेश्वरदेवताको होमगर्दै पुजारी File:गन्याप देव स्थान.jpg|गन्याप देव स्थान File:Karnasa nadi.jpg|कर्मनाशा नदी File:Karnasa nadi.jpg|कर्मनाशा नदी File:Baramchada tal.jpg|बरमछडा ताल कोला गाऊँ File:Shila chankatta.jpg|भीमछेदन शिला चनकट्टे </gallery> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== *[http://ddcdoti.gov.np/ जिल्ला समन्वय समितिको कार्यालय, डोटी] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824050251/http://www.ddcdoti.gov.np/ |date=2017-08-24 }} [[श्रेणी:डोटी जिल्लाका गाउँपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेशका गाउँपालिकाहरू]] gkzeewel42tz4xos4wngugsusritg8u 0 26499 270566 265668 2026-11-07T23:41:52Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- आधारभूत जानकारी --> |name = |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[गाउँपालिका]] |motto = <!-- चित्र र नक्साहरू --> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |pushpin_map = Nepal Sudurpashchim Province#Nepal |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption = नेपालको नक्सामा {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को अवस्थिति | coordinates = {{coord|29.26|80.87|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}} <!-- अवस्थिति--> |subdivision_type = देश |subdivision_name = {{झण्डा|नेपाल}} |subdivision_type1 = [[नेपालका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] |subdivision_name1 = [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]] |subdivision_type3 = [[नेपालका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] |subdivision_name3 = [[डोटी जिल्ला|डोटी]] |<!-- राजनीति --> |government_footnotes =<ref name="निर्वाचन २०७९">{{cite news|title=स्थानीय तह निर्वाचन २०७९|url=https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-doti/k-i-singh?lng=nep|accessdate=०९ साउन २०८१|language=नेपाली|publisher=कान्तिपुर दैनिक|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306085004/https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-doti/k-i-singh?lng=nep|archive-date=2026-03-06}}</ref> |leader_party = |leader_title = [[अध्यक्ष]] |leader_name = लोकेन्द्रबहादुर शाही <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]) |leader_title1 = [[उपाध्यक्ष]] |leader_name1 = मिनादेवी विष्‍ट <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]) |established_title = |established_date = २७ फागुन २०७३ <!-- क्षेत्रफल --> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 127.01 <!-- Population --> |population_as_of = [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="जनगणना २०७८">{{cite web |title=जनसङ्ख्याको आकार र वितरण|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/np/population?province=7&district=74&municipality=6|accessdate=१५ असोज २०८१|work=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय]]|language=नेपाली}}</ref> | population_total = 20736 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_blank1_title = जातीयता |population_blank1 = <!-- साधारण जानकारी --> |timezone = [[नेपाल मानक समय]] |utc_offset = +५:४५ |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = +९७७-९४ |blank_name = केन्द्र |blank_info = साविक [[दुर्गामाण्डौ]] गाविसको कार्यालय |website = [http://www.kisinghmun.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |footnotes = }} '''के.आई.सिंह गाउँपालिका''' [[डोटी जिल्ला]]का ७ [[गाउँपालिका]]हरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref name="गाउँपालिका वा नगरपालिका">{{cite web|title=हेर्नुहोस्, तपाईँ कुन गाउँपालिका वा नगरपालिकामा पर्नुभयो?|url=http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|publisher=सेतोपाटी|accessdate=फाल्गुन २०७३|ref=http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312170008/http://setopati.com/raajneeti/64651/|url-status=dead}}</ref> २०७३ फागुन २७ मा, गाउँपालिका घोषणा गर्दा साविकका [[तीखातर]], [[वासुदेवी]], [[दुर्गामाण्डौ]], [[रानागाउँ]], [[भूमिराजमाण्डौ]] [[गाउँ विकास समिति (नेपाल)|गाविस]]हरू यसमा गाभिएका थिए। यस गाउँपालिकालाई ७ वटा [[वडा]]मा विभाजन गरिएको छ। यस गाउँपालिकाको सिमाना पूर्वमा [[बोगटान फुड्सिल गाउँपालिका]] र [[अछाम जिल्ला|अछाम]] जिल्ला, पश्चिममा [[बडीकेदार गाउँपालिका]] र [[शिखर नगरपालिका]], उत्तरमा [[दिपायल सिलगढी नगरपालिका]] र [[शिखर नगरपालिका]] तथा तथा दक्षिणमा बोगटान फुड्सिल गाउँपालिकासँग जोडिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web|title=स्थानीय तहसभको नाम, संख्या, सीमाना, केन्द्र र वडाको सीमाना सहितको विवरण|url=http://www.mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|website=सङ्घीय मामिला तथा स्थानीय विकास मन्त्रालय|publisher=[[नेपाल सरकार]]|accessdate=२०७३ फाल्गुण २७|language=नेपाली|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317214821/http://mofald.gov.np/ne/nepal-nagarpalika-gaupalika-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==जनसङ्ख्या== [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]]को जनगणना अनुसार {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को कुल जनसङ्ख्या २०,७३६ रहेको छ भने यहाँ ४,६८० घरधुरी रहेका छन्।<ref name="जनगणना २०७८"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+ केआई सिंह गाउँपालिकाको वडागत विवरण |- ! वडा नं. !! समावेश साविक गाविसहरू !! जनसङ्ख्या !! क्षेत्रफल (वर्ग कि.मी.) !! जनघनत्व (प्रति वर्ग कि.मी.) |- | १ || [[तीखातर]] (१-४) || २,३१८ || १८.६२ || १२४.४९ |- | २ || [[तीखातर]] (५-९) || ३,१२८ || १३.७७ || २२७.१६ |- | ३ || [[वासुदेवी]] || ३,५३० || १३.९१ || २५३.७७ |- | ४ || [[दुर्गामाण्डौ]] || ४,११५ || २८.२५ || १४५.६६ |- | ५ || [[रानागाउँ]] || २,९९६ || १४.०७ || २१२.९४ |- | ६ || [[भूमिराजमाण्डौ]] (१-२, ८-९) || २,३५१ || ३०.७३ || ७६.५० |- | ७ || [[भूमिराजमाण्डौ]] (३-७) || २,२९८ || ७.६५ || ३००.३९ |- ! colspan="2" | जम्मा !! २०,७३६ !! १२७ !! १६३.२८ |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== *[http://ddcdoti.gov.np/ जिल्ला समन्वय समितिको कार्यालय, डोटी] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824050251/http://www.ddcdoti.gov.np/ |date=2017-08-24 }} [[श्रेणी:डोटी जिल्लाका गाउँपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेशका गाउँपालिकाहरू]] 6n6dft705woo2keqnf3n6lc6md00y4y 0 26509 270648 265683 2026-11-08T01:21:16Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name= हिमालय शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा |image= |office= [[नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक|नेपाल राष्ट्र बैङ्क]]को पहिलो गभर्नर |term_start= २०१३ बैशाख १४ |term_end= २०१७ माघ २५ <ref>https://nrb.org.np/aboutus/intro.php=''NRB''</ref> |office2= अर्थ मन्त्रालयको पहिलो सचिव |term_start2= १३ मंसिर, २००८ |term_end2= २०१३ |predecessor= पद स्थापित |successor=[[लक्ष्मीनाथ गौतम]] |monarch=[[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह]] |signature= Himalaya Shamsher JBR signature.jpg |birth_date=बि.सं. १९८४ पुस २४ |death_date= बि.सं. २०७९ माघ २२<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrb.org.np/contents/uploads/2023/02/Condolence-POP-UP-new-768x554.png|title=हार्दिक श्रद्धाञ्जली|first=महा प्रसाद अधिकारी|date=२०७९ माघ २२|website=नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक|publisher=नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक|publication-place=काठमाडौं|accessdate=२०७९ माघ २३}}</ref> }} '''हिमालय शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा''' नेपालका बैङ्कर तथा [[नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक|नेपाल राष्ट्र बैङ्क]]का पहिलो गभर्नर हुन् । यिनी अप्रिल २६ , १९५६ देखि फेब्रुअरी ७, १९६१ सम्म [[नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक|नेपाल राष्ट्र बैङ्क]]को गभर्नर थिए। उनले पछि [[हिमालयन बैङ्क लिमिटेड]] नामको ब्याङ्क खोलेका छन् जुन नेपालको क बर्गको बैङ्कमा गनिन्छ। == प्रारम्भिक जीवन == हिमालय शमशेर राणा प्रधान मन्त्री [[देव शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|श्री ३ देव शम्शेर]]को नाती थिए। सोही कारण उनले जन्मँदै कर्नेल उपाधि पाएको थिए। उनी पनि देशको प्रधानमन्त्री बन्ने [[राणा वंशको उत्तराधिकारी रोलक्रम|रोलक्रम]]मै थिए। ==पहिलो अर्थसचिव == १३ मंसिर, २००८ मा शमशेर अर्थसचिव नियुक्त भए। १३ मंसिर २००८ को गजेटअनुसार उनी सहित १५ जना सचिव नियुक्ति गरिएको थियो ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2017/09/20/20170920072438.html|title=यसरी बस्यो निजामती सेवाको जग|last=मैनाली|first=उमेशप्रसाद|date=२०७४ आश्विन ४|work=कान्तिपुर|access-date=2026-05-13|archive-date=2023-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206120005/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2017/09/20/20170920072438.html}}</ref> अर्थसचिव हिमालय शमशेर जबराले अर्थमन्त्रीले आफू लगायत तीनजना एमए पास गरेका युवालाई केही दिन काम लगाई राम्रो कामको आधारमा आफूलाई सचिवमा छानेको बताउनुभएको थियो।<ref>यसरी बस्यो निजामती सेवाको जग आश्विन ४, २०७४ उमेशप्रसाद मैनाली</ref> उनले वि.सं. २००७ सालपछि ५ वर्ष देशको पहिलो अर्थसचिव भई कार्यरत रहँदा अर्थमन्त्रालय र त्यस मन्त्रालय मातहतका नयाँ निकायहरु संस्थापन गर्न सकृय भूमिका निर्वाह गरे । ==नेपाल राष्ट्र बैँकको पहिलो गभर्नर== उनले त्यसपश्चात् [[नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक|नेपाल राष्ट्र बैँक]]को पहिलो गभर्नरमा नियुक्त भई सो बैँक संस्थापन गर्ने अवसर पाए । यसबाहेक पनि केही नयाँ निकाय तथा संस्थानहरु संस्थापन गरे । तर, उनलाई नेपाल राष्ट्र बैँकका पूर्व गभर्नरकै रूपमा चिनियो । राष्ट्र बैँकले आर्थिक सल्लाहकारको कर्तव्य निर्वाह गर्दा नेपाल सरकारलाई सत् परामर्श दिनुपर्छ भन्ने मान्यता राख्दै यस संस्थाको छापमा ‘असतोमा सद् गमय’ भन्ने निर्देशक बचन राख्न उनले नै लगाएको हुन् । छापको डिजाइन [[बालकृष्ण सम]]की सुपुत्री कलाकार ज्वालाले गरेकी हुन् । उनको ४ वर्ष ८ महिनाको कार्यकालमा देशमा दूरगामी असर पार्ने केही कार्यक्रमहरू सम्पन्न गर्न सफल भयो । उहिलेदेखि भारतीय रुपैँयामा कारोबार गरिने नेपालको तराई क्षेत्रमा अप्रत्याशित सहजताका साथ नेपाली रुपैँयालाई चलनचल्तीमा स्थापित गर्न सफल भए । तराई प्रदेश नेपाल राज्यको अर्थतन्त्रको अभिन्न अङ्ग हो भन्ने तराईवासीहरूले अनुभव गर्न थाले । त्यसबेला नेपाल राष्ट्र बैङ्क स्थापना गर्नुको मुख्य उद्देश्य एउटा मुलुकमा एउटै मुद्रा चलनचल्तीमा हुनुपर्छ भन्ने थियो । २०१३ सालमा नेपालमा द्वध मुद्रा चलन थियो । काठमाडौँ उपत्यका र पहाडमा नेपाली रुपैयाँ चलनचल्तीमा हुने, झापादेखि कन्चपुरसम्मको तराई र भित्री मधेशमा भारतीय मुद्रा चलनमा थियो । सरकारले नै भारतीय रुपैयाँ चलनचल्तीमा ल्याएको हो । भारुमै मालपोत उठाउँथ्यो, भारुमै खर्च गरिन्थ्यो । नेपाल राष्ट्र बैङ्क स्थापना भएपछि [[बैङ्क अफ|बैङ्क अफ इग्ल्यिान्ड]]देखि सबै ठाउँमा खाता खोलियो । र, ब्रिटिसहरूले गोर्खालीहरूको पेन्सनका लागि जुट पाउन्ड साट्न राष्ट्र बैङ्कमा आउन थाले । विदेशी विनियममा पनि हामी आत्मनिर्भर भयौं । आफ्नो कमाइबाट नेपाल आफैले खर्च गर्न सक्ने भयो । राष्ट्र बैङ्क स्थापना भएको २०–२५ वर्षसम्म बैङ्कहरूको नियमन र अनुगमन गर्ने कामै भएन । नेपाली मुद्रा कसरी चलाउने भन्नेमै ५ वर्ष लाग्यो, त्यसपछि विदेशी विनियमको काम भयो । त्यसपछि नोट निस्काशनको प्रवन्ध गर्‍यौं । [[जुद्ध शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जुद्ध शमशेर]]को पालामा नेपाली नोट निस्कासन भयो, त्यसबेला कागजको मुद्रा निस्कासन गर्दा सुरक्षा राख्नुपर्ने प्रावधान थिएन । राष्ट्र बैङ्क स्थापना भएपछि नोट निस्कासनको सुप्रबन्ध गरियो। त्यसको अर्थ नोट निस्कासन गर्न सरकारले सीमा तोक्थ्यो । त्यसको ५० प्रतिशत सुन, चाँदी राख्नुपर्ने ऐन नियम बनाए । नोट निस्कासन गरिसकेपछि नोट च्यात्यो, महिल्यो भने त्यसलाई साट्ने प्रणाली थिएन । त्यसको व्यवस्था पनि गरे । === अपदस्थ === जब [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र महाराजधिराज]]ले संसद विघटन गरेर सत्ता लिए । बहुदलीय व्यवस्थामा विश्वास गर्नेहरु सबैलाई राजा महेन्द्रले अपदस्थ गरे । त्यो अपदस्थमा उनी पनि परे ।<ref>बहुदलमा विश्वास गरेकै कारण राजा महेन्द्रले आफैले राखेको गभर्नर मिल्काए, त्यो व्यक्ति मैँ थिएँ : हिमालय शमशेर https://purbakhola.com/archives/2566 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825153102/https://purbakhola.com/archives/2566 |date=2019-08-25 }}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== *[http://www.himalayanbank.com/ हिमालयन बैङ्क लिमिटेड] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201093805/http://www.himalayanbank.com/ |date=2016-12-01 }} i4wtgce7zsu2yxs2xgr1xyimn6b0b5i 0 26512 270591 265870 2026-11-08T00:23:22Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = नसीरुद्दीन शाह | image = Naseeruddin_Shah_Audio_release_of_'Maximum'_06_(cropped).jpg | caption = नसीरुद्दीन शाह | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|7|20}} | birth_place = [[उत्तर प्रदेश|उत्तरप्रदेश]], [[भारत]] | yearsactive = १९७२–वर्तमान | nationality = [[भारतीय]] | spouse = [[रत्ना पाठक]] (१९८२–वर्तमान) | children = [[हीबा शाह ]]<br/> [[इमाद शाह]]<br /> [[विवान शाह]] | occupation = अभिनेता, Environmentalist | birth_name = नसीरुद्दीन शाह | relatives = जमीरुद्दीन शाह (दाजु)<br>[[दिना पाठक]] (सासु ) | awards = [[पद्म भूषण]], [[पद्म श्री]], | signature = | signature_alt = }} '''नसीरुद्दीन शाह''' एक [[भारतीय]] [[बलिउड|हिन्दी चलचित्र]] क्षेत्रका बहु प्रसिद्ध बृद्ध अभिनेता हुन् । उनी हिन्दी चलचित्रमा नायक अथवा खलनायकको रूप देखिञ्छन् । == सुरुवाती जिनगी अरु शिक्षा == नसीरुद्दीन शाहको जन्म २० जुलाई १९५० मा [[उत्तर प्रदेश]]क [[Barabanki city|बाराबंकी]] सहरमा एगो [[नवाब]] परिवारमा भयेको थ्यो।<ref>{{cite book |author=Italo Spinelli |title=Indian Summer: Films, Filmmakers and Stars Between Ray and Bollywood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq4aAQAAIAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Edizioni Oliveras |pages=144 |isbn=9788885982680 |access-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707071544/http://books.google.com/books?id=Gq4aAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> उनकै परपरदाजु [[Afghan people|अफगानी]] [[युद्ध सरदार]] [[Jan-Fishan Khan]] रहिन, जेन पछी [[Nawab of Sardhana|सरधना का नवाब]] बन्या।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-20 |title=Bollywood celebrities who have royal roots; Number 3 will SHOCK you |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywood-celebrities-who-have-royal-roots-number-3-will-shock-you/photostory/121276393.cms?picid=121276405 |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> उनकै आफन्तमन भित्तर लेखक तथा कूटनीतिज्ञ [[Ikbal Ali Shah]], कवयित्री [[Amina Shah]], [[Omar Ali-Shah]] अरु [[Idries Shah]] सामेल छन, जेन दुइ जना [[Sufism|सूफी]] लेखक रहिन।<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 July 2020|title=Bollywood wishes Naseeruddin Shah on 70th birthday: You continue to inspire us|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-wishes-naseeruddin-shah-on-70th-birthday-6514498/|access-date=7 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Pakistan|पाकिस्तान]] मा रहन्या उनकै आफन्तमनमा अभिनेता-निर्देशक [[Syed Kamal]], शाह महबूब आलम — जेन [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|पाकिस्तान इन्टेलिजेन्स ब्युरो]]क [[Sindh|सिन्ध]] अरु [[Balochistan, Pakistan|बलोचिस्तान]] शाखाक पूर्व संयुक्त निर्देशक तथा प्रमुख रहिन — अरु क्रिकेट खेलाडी [[Owais Shah]] पनि सामेल छन।<ref>{{cite web |title=How well do you know Naseer?|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-quiz-naseeruddin-shah/20100720.htm|website=Rediff.com|publisher=Rediff.com India Ltd.|date=20 July 2010|access-date=27 November 2025|url-status=live|quote=Born in Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, Naseeruddin Shah is the descendant of the 19th century Afghan warlord, Jan Fishan Khan. He is also related to Afghan writer Idries Shah, famous Pakistani actor Syed Kamal Shah, the former joint director and head of Pakistan's Intelligence Bureau in Sindh and Balochistan, Shah Mahboob Alam, and cricketer Owais Shah.}}</ref> शाहले [[St. Anselm's Ajmer school|सेंट एन्सेल्म्स अजमेर स्कूल]] अरु [[St Joseph's College, Nainital]] मा पढ़ाइ करिन।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=LUCKNOW |date=2013-07-02 |title=Padma Shri & Padma Bhushan Naseeruddin Shah : Salute to the legend from Avadh |url=https://lucknow.me/padma-shri-padma-bhushan-naseeruddin-shah-salute-to-the-legend-from-avadh/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=LUCKNOW Society® |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810031011/https://lucknow.me/padma-shri-padma-bhushan-naseeruddin-shah-salute-to-the-legend-from-avadh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> उनैले १९७१ मा [[Aligarh Muslim University|अलीगढ़ मुस्लिम विश्वविद्यालय]] बाट कला विषयमा स्नातक उपाधि हासिल करिन अरु पछी दिल्लीक [[National School of Drama|नेशनल स्कूल अफ ड्रामा]] मा अध्ययन करिन।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=Naseeruddin Shah turns 68: Some facts on his life |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/naseeruddin-shah-326619-2015-07-20 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> उनकै ठूला दाजु लेफ्टिनेन्ट जनरल [[Zameerud-din Shah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nagalandpage.com/national/29822-former-goc-3-corps-in-vp-race|title=Former GOC 3 corps in VP race|date=9 May 2017|work=Nagaland Page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825161855/http://www.nagalandpage.com/national/29822-former-goc-3-corps-in-vp-race|archive-date=25 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> (सेवानिवृत्त) PVSM, SM, VSM, भारतीय सेनामा निकै सम्मानित सैन्य जीवन बिताइन। उनैले [[Indian Army|भारतीय सेना]]क [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|उप-सेना प्रमुख]] का रूपम सेवा करिन। पछी उनकै नियुक्ति [[Armed Forces Tribunal|सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण]]क सदस्य अरु [[Aligarh Muslim University|अलीगढ़ मुस्लिम विश्वविद्यालय]]क [[Vice-Chancellor|उपकुलपति]] का रूपम पनि भयी।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stateherald.com/2017/05/12/peoples-vice-presidential-candidate/|title=People's Vice Presidential Candidate|date=12 May 2017|work=State Herald|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517081425/http://www.stateherald.com/2017/05/12/peoples-vice-presidential-candidate/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live |last1=K |first1=Rakesh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://morungexpress.com/high-speculation-former-goc-3-corps-vp/|title=High speculation former GOC 3 Corps VP|date=10 May 2017|work=Morung Express|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701163628/http://morungexpress.com/high-speculation-former-goc-3-corps-vp/|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> == व्यक्तिगत जिनगी == [[File:Naseeruddin Shah, Ratna Pathak at 'Gangs Of Wasseypur' screening 10.jpg|thumb|200px|शाह आफ्नी श्रीमती [[Ratna Pathak]] संग सन् २०१२ मा ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' क स्क्रीनिङमा]] शाहक पहिल विवाह मनारा सिक्री संग भयेको थ्यो अरु उनकै बाट उनकै एगो छोरी, हीबा शाह, जन्मेकी थिइन। १९७० क दशकमा शाहक भेट [[Ratna Pathak Shah|रत्ना पाठक]] संग भयी, जेन प्रसिद्ध चरित्र अभिनेत्री [[Dina Pathak]] क छोरी थिइन। दुवै जना १९७० अरु १९८० क दशकमा कैयौं फिल्ममनमा संगसंगै अभिनय करिन, जसम ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' अरु [[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|''The Perfect Murder'']] सामेल छन।<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Naseeruddin-Shahs-son-falls-off-train/articleshow/548379.cms | title=Naseeruddin Shah's son falls off train | date=24 November 2006 | access-date=17 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212194650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-24/india/27821864_1_nair-hospital-local-train-imaad | archive-date=12 December 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> शाह अरु रत्ना पाठक धेरै बर्खासम्म विवाह बिना संगै बसिन, जति बेला शाह मनारा संग सम्बन्धविच्छेद करन खातीर चाहिन्या ''[[Mahr|मेहर]]'' रकम जुटाउन्दै रहिन। अन्ततः शाह अरु पाठकक विवाह सन् १९८२ मा भयी।<ref name=Stardust>{{cite news|title=Does Naseeruddin Shah's first marriage and divorce scare his second wife Ratna?|url=http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/blast-from-the-past/does-naseeruddin-shah-s-first-marriage-and-divorce-scare-his-second-wife-ratna/869|work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]|date=29 July 2013|access-date=14 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915030220/http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/blast-from-the-past/does-naseeruddin-shah-s-first-marriage-and-divorce-scare-his-second-wife-ratna/869|archive-date=15 September 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> उनकै दोसरो विवाह बाट दुइ छोरा छन — [[Imaad Shah|इमाद शाह]] अरु [[Vivaan Shah|विवान शाह]] — जेन दुवै अभिनेता हुन। यो परिवार [[Mumbai|मुम्बई]] मा हीबा, इमाद अरु विवान संग बस्दो छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lipstick-under-my-burkha-actor-ratna-pathak-shah-shares-a-moment-in-time-from-when-she-dated-naseeruddin-shah-4774143/|title=Lipstick Under My Burkha actor Ratna Pathak Shah shares a moment in time from when she dated Naseeruddin Shah|date=30 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235420/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lipstick-under-my-burkha-actor-ratna-pathak-shah-shares-a-moment-in-time-from-when-she-dated-naseeruddin-shah-4774143/|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ==प्रमुख चलचित्रहरु== *2006 [[कृष (२००६ चलचित्र)|कृष]] (डाक्टर आर्या) ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commonscat|Naseeruddin Shah}} {{IMDb name|0787462}} {{twitter|NaseerudinShah}} {{FilmfareAwardBestActor}} [[श्रेणी:भारतीय चलचित्र अभिनेताहरू]] [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-४ मा बनाइएका वा सुधारिएका लेखहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय मुसलमानहरू]] ppqtwc929lmmgnmu7v4a7srmtwzsj40 0 26517 270587 265647 2026-11-08T00:18:42Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = दिलजीत दोसांझ | image = Diljit Dosanjh.jpg | caption = दोसांझ, {{circa|2025}} | alt = | birth_name = दिलजीत सिंह<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx02x58v0e5o|title=Diljit Dosanjh: From Coachella to Fallon, decoding his stardom|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|01|06}} | birth_place = [[दोसांझ कलाँ]], [[पंजाब, भारत|पंजाब]], भारत | nationality = अमेरिकी<ref name="Citizenship_2022">{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Varinder |title=Diljit Dosanjh no to politics may have another reason: he’s now US citizen |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/diljit-dosanjh-no-to-politics-may-have-another-reason-hes-now-us-citizen-10688240/ |access-date=15 May 2026 |agency=The Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express Limited |date=May 14, 2026}}</ref> | years_active = 2002–हालसम्म | occupation = {{flatlist| * गायक * अभिनेता * चलचित्र निर्माता * संझ फाउन्डेसन }} | citizenship = [[अमेरिकी नागरिक|अमेरिकी]]<ref name="Citizenship_2022"/><ref name="Citizenship Report">{{cite news |title=‘Main hoon Punjab, but not Indian’: Diljit Dosanjh acquired US citizenship in 2022, not eligible for Indian politics without regaining citizenship, says report |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/main-hoon-punjab-but-not-indian-diljit-dosanjh-acquired-us-citizenship-in-2022-not-eligible-for-indian-politics-without-regaining-citizenship-says-report/ |access-date=15 May 2026 |work=Tribune Web Desk |agency=The Tribune (India) |date=May 14, 2026}}</ref> | education = | alma_mater = | spouse = संदीप कौर | children = १ | awards = [[दिलजीत दोसांझले पाएका पुरस्कार आ मनोनयनक सूची|पूरा सूची]] | website = {{URL|1=www.diljitdosanjh.com/|2=diljitdosanjh.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = {{flat list| * [[पप सङ्गीत|पप]] * [[समकालीन आर एन्ड बी|आर एन्ड बी]] * [[हिप हप सङ्गीत|हिप-हप]] * [[पप र्याप]] }} | label = {{flat list| * [[वार्नर म्युजिक]] * [[सोनी म्युजिक इन्डिया]] * [[टाइम्स म्युजिक|स्पिड रेकर्ड्स]] * धरम सेवा * मूभीबक्स रेकर्ड्स * फाइनटोन क्यासेट्स * [[टी-सीरिज]] * फेमस स्टुडियो * [[जी म्युजिक कम्पनी]] }} }} | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = }} '''दिलजीत दोसांझ''' (जन्म ६ जनवरी १९८४) भारतीय मूलक एक [[अमेरिकी नागरिक|अमेरिकी]] गायक, अभिनेता आ चलचित्र निर्माता हुन्, जे [[पञ्जाबी सिनेमा|पञ्जाबी]] आ [[बलिउड|हिन्दी]] सिनेमाम काम करथिन।<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Neha |date=3 November 2018 |title=Diljit Dosanjh and Neeru Bajwa shoot for a wedding sequence in Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/diljit-dosanjh-and-neeru-bajwa-shoot-for-a-wedding-sequence-in-rajasthan/articleshow/66487474.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229114625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/diljit-dosanjh-and-neeru-bajwa-shoot-for-a-wedding-sequence-in-rajasthan/articleshow/66487474.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite news |title=Do You Know It's Diljit Dosanjh's Birthday. Roaring@35 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/do-you-know-it-s-diljit-dosanjh-s-birthday-roaring-35-96950 |work=NDTV |date=6 January 2019 |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002181813/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/do-you-know-it-s-diljit-dosanjh-s-birthday-roaring-35-96950 |url-status=live }}</ref> दोसांझ सन् २०२० म [[Billboard (magazine)|''बिलबोर्ड'']]क [[Social 50]] चार्ट म प्रवेश करन्या पहिला पञ्जाबी कलाकारमध्ये एक रह्या।<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|title=Social 50 Chart|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/social-50/2020-08-08|access-date=10 August 2020|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805173921/https://www.billboard.com/charts/social-50/2020-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref> उहाँक गीत आ एल्बम [[Canadian Albums Chart]], [[Official Charts Company]]क यूके एशियन चार्ट आ [[NZ Hot Singles|न्युजिल्याण्ड हट सिंगल्स]] जस्ता विभिन्न सङ्गीत चार्टम समावेश भया। उहाँक चलचित्र, जसमे ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'', ''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]'', ''[[Honsla Rakh]]'' आ ''[[Jatt & Juliet 3]]'' शामिल छन, पञ्जाबी सिनेमाक इतिहासक [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi films|सबैभन्दा बढी कमाइ करन्या चलचित्र]]मध्ये परथिन।<ref>{{cite news |title=The turbaned prince |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/the-turbaned-prince-107054 |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=Tribune |date=19 July 2015 |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430103849/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/the-turbaned-prince-107054 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dosanjh Kalan]], [[Jalandhar district]] बाट सम्बन्ध राखन्या दोसांझले अपन करियर सन् २००२ म शुरू कर्या आ अपन एल्बम ''Smile'' (२००५) आ ''Chocolate'' (२००८) बाट पञ्जाबी सङ्गीत उद्योगम पहिचान बनाय। त्यसपछी उहाँक ब्लकबस्टर एल्बम ''[[The Next Level]]'' (२००९) [[यो यो हनी सिंह]] सङ्ग आयो। उहाँले सन् २०१० म पञ्जाबी चलचित्र ''[[Mel Karade Rabba]]'' म छोट भूमिका निभाय आ अभिनय क्षेत्रम सक्रिय भया। उहाँक मुख्य अभिनेताक रूपम पहिल चलचित्र ''[[The Lion of Punjab (film)|The Lion of Punjab]]'' सन् २०११ म रिलीज भय।<ref name="ndtv.com"/> दोसांझले बलिउडम सन् २०१६ क अपराध-थ्रिलर चलचित्र ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' बाट डेब्यु कर्या, जसक लागि उहाँले [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] जित्या आ [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] खातिर नामांकन पनि पाय। यसपछी उहाँ ''[[Good Newwz]]'' (२०१९) म देख्या, जस्का लागि उहाँ फेरि सर्वश्रेष्ठ सहायक अभिनेताक फिल्मफेयर नामांकन प्राप्त कर्या। सन् २०२० सम्म उहाँ [[PTC Award for Best Actor]] पाँच पटक जितन्या कलाकार बन्या। उहाँले रियालिटी शो ''[[Rising Star (Indian TV series)|Rising Star]]'' क तीन सिजनम निर्णायकक भूमिका पनि निभाय।<ref>{{cite news |title=Diljit Dosanjh talks about positive and productive deeds to bring down the level of negativity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/diljit-dosanjh-talks-about-positive-and-productive-deeds-to-bring-down-the-level-of-negativity/articleshow/76401107.cms |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 June 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710113056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/diljit-dosanjh-talks-about-positive-and-productive-deeds-to-bring-down-the-level-of-negativity/articleshow/76401107.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> सन् २०२४ म दोसांझले "Dil-Luminati Global Tour" क घोषणा कर्या। यस टुर दौरान उहाँले युरोपक पेरिस, इङ्ग्ल्यान्ड, आयरल्यान्ड, इटाली आ नेदरल्यान्ड्स म प्रस्तुति दिय्या, साथै भारतक दिल्ली, हैदराबाद, अहमदाबाद, लखनऊ, पुणे, कोलकाता, बैङ्गलोर, इन्दौर, चण्डीगढ़ आ गुवाहाटी म पनि कार्यक्रम कर्या।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrama |first=Dishya |date=10 September 2024 |title=Diljit Dosanjh's Dil-Luminati Tour Pre-Sale Tickets Get Sold Out In 2 Minutes |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/diljit-dosanjhs-dil-luminati-tour-pre-sale-tickets-get-sold-out-in-2-minutes-9046136.html |work=News18 |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> == प्रारम्भिक जीवन == दिलजीत दोसांझक जन्म ६ जनवरी १९८४<ref>{{cite web | title=Happy birthday Diljit Dosanjh: How this 'Pendu' did things differently and made way into our hearts | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=6 January 2018 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/diljit-dosanjh-birthday-actor-bollywood-films-punjabi-singer-star-pendu-5009893/ | access-date=12 February 2018 | archive-date=10 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210053338/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/diljit-dosanjh-birthday-actor-bollywood-films-punjabi-singer-star-pendu-5009893/ | url-status=live }}</ref> भारतक [[पंजाब, भारत|पंजाब]] राज्यक [[Jalandhar district]] क [[Phillaur]] तहसीलक [[Dosanjh Kalan]] गाउँम एक [[Jat Sikh|जाट सिख]] परिवारम भय।<ref name="News18 2016">{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Divya |date=9 February 2016 |title=Turban is our identity, our pride: Diljit Dosanjh on Sikh actor Waris Ahluwalia being barred from boarding Aeromexico flight |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/turban-is-our-identity-our-pride-diljit-dosanjh-on-waris-ahluwalia-being-barred-from-boarding-aeromexico-flight-1200925.html |work=News18 |access-date=5 March 2024 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105113544/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/turban-is-our-identity-our-pride-diljit-dosanjh-on-waris-ahluwalia-being-barred-from-boarding-aeromexico-flight-1200925.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |user=diljitdosanjh |author-link=Diljit Dosanjh |title=Vaise Tan I dnt Believe Jaat Paat But .. WT**** ... Mai Backward Ho Geyan 😳😳😳😳😳😳 |number=441139972847177728 |date=5 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> उहाँक बाबु बलबीर सिंह [[Punjab Roadways]] क पूर्व कर्मचारी रह्या आ आमा सुखविन्दर कौर गृहिणी हुन्। उहाँक दुई भाईबहिनी छन—एक ठुली दिदी आ एक सानु भाई। बाल्यकालम आर्थिक कठिनाइक कारण दोसांझ अपन काकाक घर [[Ludhiana]] ग्या आ उहाँले त्यहीँक गुरु हरकृष्ण पब्लिक स्कूलबाट पढाइ पूरा कर्या।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jagga |first1=Raakhi |date=2 January 2025 |title=The Ludhiana connection: From Diljit Dosanjh to Amar Singh Chamkila, a look at the singers who made it big from here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ludhiana-diljit-dosanjh-amar-singh-chamkila-lal-chand-yamla-jatt-9755945/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Diljit Dosanjh's mom breaks down as he introduces her and his sister to the world for the first time at UK concert. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/diljit-dosanjhs-mom-breaks-down-as-he-introduces-her-and-his-sister-to-the-world-for-the-first-time-at-uk-concert-watch-9594104/ |work=The Indian Express |date=29 September 2024 |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref> == सञ्चार माध्यमम == दोसांझ [[The Times of India]] क "Most Desirable Men" सूचीम सन् २०१६ म ९औँ स्थानम रह्या,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Sushmita|date=27 June 2017|title=Most Desirable Men 2016: Hrithik, Ranveer, Shahid in top 10; Mr World Rohit Khandelwal tops the list|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/most-desirable-men-2016-hrithik-ranveer-shahid-top-10-mr-world-rohit-khandelwal-tops-list-732391|access-date=7 August 2021|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> सन् २०१७ म १३औँ स्थानम,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Here are the other winners of The Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2017 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/here-are-the-other-winners-of-the-times-50-most-desirable-men-2017/articleshow/64017683.cms|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506062916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/here-are-the-other-winners-of-the-times-50-most-desirable-men-2017/articleshow/64017683.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> सन् २०१८ म २०औँ स्थानम,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet India's most desirable dudes - Times of India ►|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2018/articleshow/69361561.cms|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824154131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2018/articleshow/69361561.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> सन् २०१९ म १६औँ स्थानम<ref>{{Cite web|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men: Here are the stars who bagged the place in the coveted list|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/times-50-most-desirable-men-here-are-the-stars-who-bagged-the-place-in-the-coveted-list/641041|access-date=7 August 2021|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=22 August 2020|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806141355/https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/times-50-most-desirable-men-here-are-the-stars-who-bagged-the-place-in-the-coveted-list/641041|url-status=live}}</ref> आ सन् २०२० म १४औँ स्थानम रह्या।<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Times Most Desirable Man of 2020: Sushant Singh Rajput - Philosopher, dreamer, charmer - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-sushant-singh-rajput-philosopher-dreamer-charmer/articleshow/83239123.cms|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605002021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-sushant-singh-rajput-philosopher-dreamer-charmer/articleshow/83239123.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> उहाँ [[Chandigarh Times]] क "Most Desirable Men" सूचीम सन् २०१८ म दोस्रो स्थानम रह्या,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chandigarh Times most desirable man 2018 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/chandigarh-times-most-desirable-man-2018-jassie-gill/articleshow/67881236.cms|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807073342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/chandigarh-times-most-desirable-man-2018-jassie-gill/articleshow/67881236.cms |archive-date=7 August 2021 |last1=Nijher |first1=Jaspreet }}</ref> सन् २०१९ म पहिलो स्थानम<ref>{{Cite news|title=Diljit Dosanjh is Chandigarh Times Most Desirable Man 2019 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/diljit-dosanjh-is-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-man-2019/articleshow/74497260.cms|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Nijher|first1=Jaspreet|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807074035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/diljit-dosanjh-is-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-man-2019/articleshow/74497260.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> आ सन् २०२० म फेरि दोस्रो स्थानम रह्या।<ref>{{Cite news|title=The hot & handsome Chandigarh Times Most Desirable Men 2020 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/the-hot-handsome-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-men-2020/articleshow/83207024.cms|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806145231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/the-hot-handsome-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-men-2020/articleshow/83207024.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> अगस्ट २०२० म दोसांझ [[New York City]] क [[Times Square]] म फिचर हुन्या पहिला पञ्जाबी कलाकार बन्या।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Desi turbanator on Times Square! Diljit Dosanjh's 'G.O.A.T' turns into a global sensation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/photo-stories/diljit-dosanjh-every-time-the-actor-singer-made-headlines/desi-turbanator-on-times-square-diljit-dosanjhs-g-o-a-t-turns-into-a-global-sensation/photostory/77367690.cms|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910105825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/photo-stories/diljit-dosanjh-every-time-the-actor-singer-made-headlines/desi-turbanator-on-times-square-diljit-dosanjhs-g-o-a-t-turns-into-a-global-sensation/photostory/77367690.cms |archive-date=10 September 2020 }}</ref> === ब्रान्ड समर्थन === अगस्ट २०१५ म [[Coca-Cola]]<ref name="Reza NooraniReza Noorani 2015">{{cite web | last=Reza NooraniReza Noorani | first=TNN | title=Coca-Cola teams up with Punjabi Prince – Diljit Dosanjh | work=The Times of India | date=12 August 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/Coca-Cola-teams-up-with-Punjabi-Prince-Diljit-Dosanjh/articleshow/48453246.cms | access-date=23 August 2015 | archive-date=17 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817120334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/Coca-Cola-teams-up-with-Punjabi-Prince-Diljit-Dosanjh/articleshow/48453246.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> दोसांझला [[Punjab, India|पंजाब]] खातिर ब्रान्ड एन्डोर्सर बनायो।<ref name="Team 2015">{{cite web | last=Team | first=indiantelevision.com | title=Coca-Cola ropes in Diljit Dosanjh as brand ambassador in Punjab | publisher=Indian Television Dot Com | date=12 August 2015 | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/coca-cola-ropes-in-diljit-dosanjh-as-brand-ambassador-in-punjab-150812 | access-date=23 August 2015 | archive-date=2 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002200235/http://www.indiantelevision.com/coca-cola-ropes-in-diljit-dosanjh-as-brand-ambassador-in-punjab-150812 | url-status=live }}</ref> भारतक प्रमुख ई-कमर्स कम्पनी [[Flipkart]] ले पनि पंजाबम अपन ''[[Flipkart|Flipkart Connect]]'' अभियान खातिर दोसांझला चयन कर्या।<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uniindia.com/flipkart-ropes-in-diljit-dosanjh-to-educate-punjabis-about-online-shopping/business-economy/news/210791.html |title=Flipkart ropes in Diljit Dosanjh to educate Punjabis about online shopping |work=uniindia.com |date=23 September 2015 |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213200658/http://www.uniindia.com/flipkart-ropes-in-diljit-dosanjh-to-educate-punjabis-about-online-shopping/business-economy/news/210791.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Service 2015">{{cite web | work=Tribune India | title=Flipkart launches campaign | date=30 September 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/flipkart-launches-campaign/137621.html | access-date=30 September 2015 | archive-date=1 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001172253/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/flipkart-launches-campaign/137621.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> दोसांझला Star Sports Pro Kabaddi क चौथो सिजनक ब्रान्ड एम्बेसडर नियुक्त कर्या ग्या, जहाँ उहाँ सङ्ग Rana Daggubati आ Puneeth Rajkumar पनि रह्या।<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Sports Pro Kabaddi signs Rana Daggubati, Puneeth Rajkumar and Diljit Dosanjh as its brand ambassadors |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/star-sports-pro-kabaddi-signs-rana-daggubati-puneeth-rajkumar-and-diljit-dosanjh-as-its-brand-ambassadors |access-date=4 October 2016 |work=Sportskeeda |date=23 June 2016 |language=en-us |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921083442/http://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/star-sports-pro-kabaddi-signs-rana-daggubati-puneeth-rajkumar-and-diljit-dosanjh-as-its-brand-ambassadors |url-status=live }}</ref> उहाँले [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] द्वारा निर्मित Pro Kabaddi League क थीम गीत "Asli Panga" गाया आ प्रस्तुति पनि दिय्या।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ws_EIaQrPMc |title=Star Sports Pro Kabaddi Season 4 - Asli Panga Song - Diljit Dosanjh - Yo Yo Honey Singh |website=YouTube |date=27 June 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915094722/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ws_EIaQrPMc |url-status=live }}</ref> अक्टोबर २०२४ म दोसांझला लाइफस्टाइल आ लगेज ब्रान्ड [[Mokobara]] क ब्रान्ड एम्बेसडर बनायो ग्या।<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Shah |first=Anushka |date=28 October 2024 |title=Redefining iconic: The story of Diljit Dosanjh and Mokobara |url=https://www.vogue.in/promotion/redefining-iconic-the-story-of-diljit-dosanjh-and-mokobara |magazine=Vogue India |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == परोपकार == दोसांझले "सांझ फाउन्डेसन" नामक एक [[NGO]] स्थापना कर्या, जस्क मुख्य उद्देश्य आर्थिक रूपम कमजोर बालबालिका आ ज्येष्ठ नागरिकक सहायता करनु हो। यो संस्थाले अनाथालय आ वृद्धाश्रमम सहयोग प्रदान करथ्याँ।<ref name="5 lesser known facts about Kareena Kapoor Khan's Udta Punjab co-star, Diljit Dosanjh! 2015">{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Kiran |date=3 August 2015 |title=Diljit started an NGO, Sanjh Foundation, in 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/5-lesser-known-facts-about-kareena-kapoor-khans-udta-punjab-co-star-diljit-dosanjh/ |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=Bollywoodlife |archive-date=11 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811054346/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/5-lesser-known-facts-about-kareena-kapoor-khans-udta-punjab-co-star-diljit-dosanjh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> यस संस्थाले युवाशक्ति विकासम पनि काम करथ्याँ, जसम आत्मविश्वास वृद्धि, मानसिक सुख-समृद्धि, बदमासी विरोध (anti-bullying), मार्गदर्शन आ करियर विकास जस्ता विषय समावेश छन। "सांझ" नाम दोसांझक थरक पछिल्लो भागबाट लिइएको हो, जसक अर्थ लगभग "मेलमिलाप" वा "सद्भाव" हो। दोसांझले यो संस्थाक स्थापना अपन जन्मदिनक अवसरम सन् २०१३ म कर्या।<ref name=five>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aastha |title=Five little known facts about Diljit Dosanjh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/five-little-known-facts-about-diljit-dosanjh/story-cZ3UWI10IPDM1RYhLGKVwK.html |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 June 2015 |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430104707/https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/five-little-known-facts-about-diljit-dosanjh/story-cZ3UWI10IPDM1RYhLGKVwK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == व्यक्तिगत जीवन == दोसांझ सन् २०२२ म अमेरिकी नागरिक बन्या।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Varinder |date=14 May 2026 |title=Diljit Dosanjh no to politics may have another reason: he’s now American citizen |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/diljit-dosanjh-no-to-politics-may-have-another-reason-hes-now-us-citizen-10688240/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> उहाँक विवाह अमेरिकी नागरिक संदीप कौर सङ्ग भयको हो। यी दम्पतीक एक पुत्र छन।<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Sandeep Kaur, Diljit Dosanjh’s wife? Here’s what is known about singer’s private and quite family life |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/meet-sandeep-kaur-diljit-dosanjhs-wife-heres-what-is-known-about-singers-private-and-quite-family-life/ |work=The Tribune |date=14 May 2026 |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ== 6h9bltwi7rlpbmkhzjqvh36vsuzhjpm 0 26544 270631 265856 2026-11-08T01:03:23Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Holiday | holiday_name = रवीन्द्र जयन्ती | image = Evening on Tagore - Kolkata 2011-05-09 3128.JPG | caption = [[कलकत्ता]]मी आयोजित एक कार्यक्रम | nickname = पच्चीसे वैशाख<br />रवीन्द्र जन्मोत्सव | observedby = [[बङ्गाली जाति]] | date = २५ वैशाख (बङ्गाब्दो) | observances = [[रवीन्द्र सङ्गीत]], [[रवीन्द्र नृत्य|नृत्य]], [[रवीन्द्र नाटक|नाटक]], समारोह सहित विविध सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रमहरू | type = सांस्कृतिक | significance = [[रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुरो]] जन्मदिन | relatedto = [[पोहेला वैशाख]] (शान्तिनिकेतन), बाइसे श्रावण }} विश्वविख्यात कवि तथा गीतकार [[रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुरो]] जन्मदिना औसरमी वार्षिक रूपमा मनाइने '''रवीन्द्र जयन्ती''' एक सांस्कृतिक उत्सव हो। विश्वभर रएका ठाकुर रे उनरो कृतिखन माया अद्दे मान्सले रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुरो जन्मदिनकी सम्झनामी यो उत्सव मनाउन्या प्रचलन छ। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/bengal-celebrates-rabindra-jayanti-news-culture-mfitOgfeiaesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701142618/http://www.sify.com/news/bengal-celebrates-rabindra-jayanti-news-culture-mfitOgfeiaesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2016 |title=Bengal celebrates Rabindra Jayanti|website=Sify|date=8 May 2012 | access-date= 7 November 2025}}</ref> ठाकुरो जन्म बङ्गाली पातडो अन्सार १२६८ सालो (बङ्गाब्दो) तेइ दिन (अर्थात् सन् १८६१ मे ७) मी भयाथ्यो। त्यै भइबर रवीन्द्र जयन्ती अप्रिल महिनाकी सुर्रूमी अर्थात् बङ्गाली पातडो अनुसार वैशाख महिनाकी २५ औँ दिनमी मनाउनाहन्। <ref name="Anita2009">{{cite book|author=Arathoon Anita|title=Introducing History And Civics 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJff89IoRWcC&pg=PT52|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3018-8|page=52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti 2022: Date, importance and significance of the day |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/rabinadranath-tagore-jayanti-2022-date-importance-significance-7902945/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=The Indian Express |date=8 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508222505/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/rabinadranath-tagore-jayanti-2022-date-importance-significance-7902945/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Standard Mobile Offers When is Rabindranath Jayanti? -May 7 |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/amp/about/when-is-rabindranath-jayanti |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=wap.business-standard.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511050733/https://wap.business-standard.com/amp/about/when-is-rabindranath-jayanti |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=When is Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti 2021? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what's-hot/story/when-is-rabindranath-tagore-jayanti-2021-1799787-2021-05-07 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509035333/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/when-is-rabindranath-tagore-jayanti-2021-1799787-2021-05-07 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-07 |title=নোবেলজয়ীকে শ্রদ্ধার্ঘ্য 'দ্য নোবেল প্রাইজ'- এর! কবিগুরুর জন্মবার্ষিকীতে টুইট |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/nation-and-world/rabindranath-tagore-jayanti-2022-the-nobel-prize-celebrates-gurudev-s-birth-anniversary-on-7-th-may-31651912798455.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=बङ्गाली |archive-date=2022-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509040307/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/nation-and-world/rabindranath-tagore-jayanti-2022-the-nobel-prize-celebrates-gurudev-s-birth-anniversary-on-7-th-may-31651912798455.html |url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509040307/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/nation-and-world/rabindranath-tagore-jayanti-2022-the-nobel-prize-celebrates-gurudev-s-birth-anniversary-on-7-th-may-31651912798455.html |date=2022-05-09 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=আজ পঁচিশে বৈশাখ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Prothomalo |language=बङ्गाली |archive-date=2022-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509040545/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कविगुरको १६०औँ जन्मजयन्ती आज|title=কবিগুরুর ১৬০তম জন্মজয়ন্তী আজ |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/last-page/419325/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Jugantor |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509040836/https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/last-page/419325/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C |url-status=live }}</ref> रवीन्द्र जयन्तीकी औसरमी प्रत्येक वर्ष [[बङ्गाल]] क्षेत्र अन्तर्गत विद्यालय, कलेज तथा विश्वविद्यालयहरू विभिन्न कार्यक्रमो आयोजना अद्दाहन्। कार्यक्रममी गीति ([[रवीन्द्र सङ्गीत]]) तथा नृत्य प्रस्तुति, कवितागोष्ठी रे नाटक प्रदर्शनी आयोजना अद्दाहन्। ठाकुरद्वारा लिखित रे रचित कविता, गीत रे नाटक प्रस्तुति लै हुनोछ। यै विशेष दिनमी औरू असङ्ख्य सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रम आयोजना अरिन्छ। विदेशा अनेक समूहले लै विश्वभर ठाकुर रे उनरो कृतिखी श्रद्धा स्वरूप यै दिवस मनाउनान्। ठाकुरो जन्मजयन्ती मुख्यतया [[पश्चिम बङ्गाल]]को वीरभूमिस्थित शान्तिनिकेतनमी मनाउनान्। ठाकुर आफुइ विद्यार्थी रे सप्पै समाजो सांस्कृतिक, सामाजिक रे शैक्षिक उत्थाना निम्ति विश्वभारती विश्वविद्यालय स्थापना अर्याथ्ये। तै विद्यालयमी त्यै दिन विशेष कार्यक्रमकी आयोजना अरीन्छ। यै दिन रेडियो रे टेलिभिजनमी दिनैभरी विशेष कार्यक्रम प्रसारण अद्दाहन्। पत्रपत्रिकामी विशेष अङ्क प्रकाशित हुनाहन्। ढाकाइ रे चट्टोग्राममी रवीन्द्रमेला लै आयोजना अद्दाहन्। विद्यालय-कलेजका विद्यार्थी लै निबन्ध प्रतियोगिता, विभिन्न प्रदर्शनी आयोजना, पुस्तक मेला, सङ्गीतै रे चित्रकला प्रतियोगिता आदि हुनाहन्। बङ्गाल क्षेत्रमी मान्तर नभै त्यै दिन ठाकुरले दियाको साहित्यिक योगदान रे उनका कृतिखी श्रद्धा दिना निम्ति विदेशी समुदायहरूलै विभिन्न कार्यक्रमो आयोजना अद्दाहन्। रवीन्द्रनाथो जीवितकालमी लै रविन्द्रजयन्ती मनाइन्थ्यो। यै दिनखी मनाउने क्रममी बङ्गाली समुदाय आफ्नो भाषाइ रे साहित्य, शिक्षा रे संस्कृति, मनोविज्ञान विकासमी रवीन्द्रनाथो महान योगदानप्रति ऋनी भ्याको स्वीकार अद्दछ। सन् २०११ मी [[भारत सरकार]]ले रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुरो १५०औँ जन्मजयन्ती मनाउनाखी पाँच रुप्प्याको सिक्का लै जारी अर्याथ्यो। <ref>5 Rupees Coin of 2011 - 150 Birth Anniversary- Rabindranath Tagore, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jr5hokjmI2k {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406093205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jr5hokjmI2k |date=2017-04-06 }}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==भाइरा लिङ्कअन== [[श्रेणी:व्यक्ति अनुसार जन्मदिनअन]] [[श्रेणी:रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर]] [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेशका राष्ट्रिय दिवसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:डोटेली-बाङ्ला-संस्कृत अन्तरविकि सम्पादन मेला २०२६ मी बनायाः लेखअन]] hhd7sy4lrl4haea9urxb66fpflg0np2 0 26548 270608 265807 2026-11-08T00:44:38Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|छैन}} {{Infobox religious group||group=बङ्गलादेशी बौद्धहरू|flag=File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg|flag_size=50px|image=File:BuddhaDhatuJadi.jpg|image_caption=[[बुद्ध धातु जादि]]|pop=लगभग १०,०१,९७४; [[बङ्गालदेशको जनसाङ्ख्यिकी|बङ्गालदेशको कुल जनसङ्ख्या]] ०.६१%|regions={{hlist|[[चट्टोग्राम पहाडी क्षेत्र]]|[[कक्सबाजार]]|[[चट्टोग्राम]]|[[ढाका]]|[[बरिसाल]]}}|langs=[[बङ्गाली भाषा|बङ्गाली]], [[चाकमा भाषा|चाकमा]], [[पाली भाषा|पाली]], [[मारमा भाषा|मारमा]]|native_name=|native_name_lang=|related-c=}} ''[[बौद्ध धर्म]]''' बङ्गलादेशमाइ तेसरो ठुलो धार्मिक सम्बद्धता हो रे येले बङ्गलादेशको जनसङ्ख्याको लगभग ०.६१% ओगटि राखिछ।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million |title=Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727073234/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banbeis.gov.bd/bd_pro.htm |title=Bangladesh : AT A GLANCE |access-date=27 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706132048/http://www.banbeis.gov.bd/bd_pro.htm |archive-date=6 July 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823065703/http://www.banbeis.gov.bd/bd_pro.htm |date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> बुद्ध आफना जीवनमाइ एक फेर आफनो शिक्षा फैलाउन पूर्वी बङ्गालका ये क्षेत्रमाइ आयाः थ्याः रे उनले स्थानीय मान्सुनलाइ बौद्ध धर्ममाइ रूपान्तरण गद्दु सफल भयाः माणिन्छ। उनी विशेष गरी [[चट्टोग्राम विभाग]]मा र पछि [[पाल साम्राज्य]]ले बङ्गाल क्षेत्रभरि बौद्ध धर्मको प्रचार र संरक्षण गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indepthnews.net/index.php/the-world/asia-pacific/3041-bangladesh-buddhists-live-in-the-shadows-of-rohingya-fear |title=Bangladesh Buddhists Live in the Shadows of Rohingya Fear - IDN-InDepthNews &#124; Analysis That Matters |website=www.indepthnews.net |access-date=2020-12-09 |archive-date=2020-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117105548/https://www.indepthnews.net/index.php/the-world/asia-pacific/3041-bangladesh-buddhists-live-in-the-shadows-of-rohingya-fear |url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117105548/https://www.indepthnews.net/index.php/the-world/asia-pacific/3041-bangladesh-buddhists-live-in-the-shadows-of-rohingya-fear |date=2020-11-17 }}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{reflist}} ==भाइरा लिङ्कअन== [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेशमी बौद्ध धर्म]] [[श्रेणी:डोटेली-बाङ्ला-संस्कृत अन्तरविकि सम्पादन मेला २०२६ मी बनायाः लेखअन]] 28ncin6mjne06qiauhijtjrft04mn71 0 26634 270567 268372 2026-11-07T23:42:18Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = केलाऽ पकौँडा | image = Banana Fritters and tea.jpg | caption = [[भारत]]का [[केरला]]माइ चाहाऽ सित खानाइ राकियाः केलाऽ पकौँडा | alternate_name = | country = | region = [[दक्षिणपूर्व एसिया]], [[माडागास्कर]], [[क्यारिबियाली]] रे [[भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप]] | creator = | type = [[पकौडा]] | served = | main_ingredient = [[केरा]] वा प्लान्टेन, ब्याटर | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''केलाऽ पकौँडा''' भनेको [[केरा]] वा प्लान्टेनलाई ब्याटरमा डुबाएर तातो खाना पकाउने तेलमा गहिरो गरी तारेर बनाइने [[पकौडा]] हो। यो [[दक्षिणपूर्वी एसिया]], [[माडागास्कर]] र [[दक्षिण भारत]]मा प्रचलित परिकार हो। ==प्रकारअन== === ब्रुनाई === [[ब्रुनाई]]मा केलाऽ पकौँडा परम्परागत खाजा हो, जहाँ येलाई ''{{lang|ms|cucur pisang}}'' भनिन्छ।<ref name="Ng 5.8.2019">{{cite news |author=Grace Ng |title=6 must-try dishes in Brunei for the adventurous |date=5 August 2019 |work=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2019/08/05/6-must-try-dishes-in-brunei-for-the-adventurous/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120060258/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2019/08/05/6-must-try-dishes-in-brunei-for-the-adventurous/ |archive-date=20 November 2021 }}</ref><ref name="escape Brunei">{{cite magazine |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=<!-- not stated --> |title=BRUNEI Kekayaan Alam, sejarah dan budaya |magazine=escape! |page=11 |language=id |via=PDFSLIDE.NET |url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/ecape-indonesia-magazine-brunei-supplement.html |access-date=20 November 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120061312/https://pdfslide.net/documents/ecape-indonesia-magazine-brunei-supplement.html |archive-date=20 November 2021 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120061312/https://pdfslide.net/documents/ecape-indonesia-magazine-brunei-supplement.html |date=20 November 2021 }}</ref> यो इन्डोनेसिया र मलेसियामा पाइने ''पिसाङ गोरेङ''सँग मिल्दोजुल्दो हुन्छ। [[मह]] मिसाइएको ''{{lang|ms|cucur pisang}}'' को एक प्रकार ''{{lang|ms|cucur pisang madu}}'' हल्का दिउँसोको खाजा (''{{lang|ms|minum petang}}'') का रूपमा लोकप्रिय छ।<ref name="Brudirect 8.8.2020">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Cucur Pisang Madu C-Pyan : Sambutan Amat Menggalakkan |date=8 August 2020 |work=Brudirect.com |language=ms |url=https://brudirect.com/news.php?id=99346 |access-date=20 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120054852/https://brudirect.com/news.php?id=99346 |archive-date=20 November 2021 }}</ref> ===भारत=== ====दक्षिण भारत==== [[File:Pazhampori.jpg|thumb|right|[[भारत]]को [[केरला]]मा ''वाझक्कप्पम'']] ''वाझक्कप्पम'' वा ''पझम पोरी'', जैलाई ''एथक्का अप्पम'' लै भणिन्छ। पाक्याः केला वा प्लान्टेन रे [[मैदा]]बठे बनाइने एक प्रकारको पकौडा हो। यो दक्षिण भारतीय खानामा, विशेष गरी [[केरला]]मा, लोकप्रिय परिकार हो र यसलाई सामान्यतया बिहानको नास्ता वा खाजाको रूपमा खाइन्छ।<ref name="Fodors 2015"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nithya|title=Kerala on the menu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/Kerala-on-the-menu/article16700614.ece|accessdate=2 December 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 November 2016}}</ref> यसलाई [[कन्नड भाषा|कन्नड]]मा ''बालेकायी बज्जी'' ({{lang|kn|ಬಾಳೆಕಾಯಿ ಬಜ್ಜಿ}}), [[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]]मा ''वाझक्काय बज्जी'' र [[तेलगु भाषा|तेलुगु]]मा ''अरटिकाया बज्जी'' ({{lang|te|అరటికాయ బజ్జి}}) भनिन्छ। ''पझम पोरी'' मुख्य रूपमा [[केरा]] वा प्लान्टेनबाट बनाइन्छ। बोक्रा हटाएपछि प्लान्टेनलाई लामो रूपमा चिरिन्छ र मैदाको पिठो, नुन, [[बेसार|बेसारको धुलो]] र चिनीबाट बनाइएको घोलमा डुबाइन्छ। त्यसपछि यसलाई तेलमा सुनौलो खैरो रङ नआएसम्म गहिरो गरी तारिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tastycircle.com/recipe/pazham-pori/|title=Pazham Pori / Ethakka appam - Kerala Recipes|date=2013-11-02|website=Tasty Circle|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318232151/https://www.tastycircle.com/recipe/pazham-pori/|archive-date=2024-03-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> तर दक्षिण भारतका अन्य राज्यहरू [[कर्नाटक]] र [[तमिलनाडु]]मा भने यसलाई [[बेसन]]को पिठो प्रयोग गरेर तयार गरिन्छ। [[केरला]] राज्यमा केराको पकौडाले विशेष सांस्कृतिक र पाक महत्त्व राख्छ र यसलाई सामान्यतया ''पझम पोरी'' वा ''एथक्का अप्पम'' भनिन्छ। यसलाई प्रायः पाकेको ''नेन्द्रन'' केराबाट तयार गरिन्छ, जसले पकौडालाई विशिष्ट स्वाद र बनावट प्रदान गर्छ। अन्य धेरै प्रकारका पकौडाभन्दा फरक रूपमा, यसलाई परम्परागत रूपमा आफैं मात्र परोसिन्छ, प्रायः चियासँग साँझको खाजाका रूपमा खाइन्छ, र यसलाई सामान्यतया करी वा अन्य सहायक परिकारसँग खाइँदैन।<ref name="Ng 5.8.2019" /> ''पझम पोरी'' सामान्यतया साँझको खाजाका रूपमा चाहाऽसित परोसिन्छ। [[केरला]]का केही रेस्टुरेन्टहरूमा पझम पोरीलाई बीफसँग पनि परोसिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/Kerala-on-the-menu/article16700614.ece|title=Kerala on the menu|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|date=2016-11-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ==यो लै हेर== * [[केलाऽ चिप्स]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीअन== {{reflist}} ==भाइरा लिङ्कअन== [[श्रेणी:केलाऽ परिकारअन]] [[श्रेणी:केरल संस्कृति महिना २०२६ मी बनायाः लेखअन]] 4ez1frvui34m8ymegvz3bi4tmskupww 0 26684 270575 268197 2026-11-07T23:49:22Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = चोलेन्द्र शमशेर जंगबहादुर राणा | honorific_suffix = | image = | alt = | caption = | office = नेपालको २७औँ [[प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | term_start = २ जनवरी २०१९ | term_end = १३ डिसेम्बर २०२२ | appointer = [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]] | predecessor = ओमप्रकाश मिश्र | successor = हरिकृष्ण कार्की | pronunciation = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|12|13|df=y}} | birth_place = काठमाडौं महानगरपालिका वडा नं. ३२, कालिकास्थान | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | party = | country = [[नेपाल]] | other_party = <!-- थप राजनीतिक सम्बद्धताका लागि --> | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" वा "X ft Y in" साथै वैकल्पिक सन्दर्भ (रूपान्तरण स्वतः हुन्छ) --> | spouse = | partner = <!-- विवाहित नभएका घरेलु जीवनसाथीका लागि --> | relations = | children = | education = [[त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय]] ([[कानुन स्नातक|एलएलबी]]) }} '''चोलेन्द्र शमशेर जंगबहादुर राणा''' [[नेपाल]]का पूर्व प्रधानन्यायाधीश हुन्। उनी [[सर्वोच्च अदालत (नेपाल)|सर्वोच्च अदालत]]का २९औँ [[नेपालका प्रधानन्यायाधीश|प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] हुन्।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://supremecourt.gov.np/pages/cv_justices/cv_CholendraSamserJBR.html |title=Right Honorable Mr. CHOLENDRA SHUMSHER JBR |website=supremecourt.gov.np |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205145031/http://supremecourt.gov.np/pages/cv_justices/cv_CholendraSamserJBR.html |archive-date=5 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[नेपालको संविधान|नेपालको संवैधानिक परिषद्]]को सिफारिसमी [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी|राष्ट्रपति विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]]द्वारा २ जनवरी २०१९ मी नियुक्त तथा पद तथा गोपनीयताको शपथ ग्रहण गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |title=Cholendra Shumsher JB Rana confirmed as Chief Justice |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/cholendra-shumsher-jb-rana-confirmed-as-chief-justice/ |website=The Himalayan Times |accessdate=27 January 2019 |date=1 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PHC endorses Cholendra Shumsher as next Chief Justice |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/phc-endorses-cholendra-shumsher-as-next-chief-justice/ |website=My Republica |accessdate=27 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ==वृत्ति== उनले कानूनमी स्नातक (डीएल) सम्म अध्ययन गरेका छन्। उनले सन् २०१३ मी कोरियामी न्यायालयको विकाससम्बन्धी तालिमसमेत लिएका छन्।<ref name=Chole/> वकालत गर्दागर्दै चोलेन्द्र विक्रम सम्वत २०५३ बैशाख १ गते तत्कालीन पुनरावेदन अदालतको अस्थायी न्यायाधीश नियुक्त भएका थिए।<ref>[https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2018/12/726587 ‘बर्थ डे’कै दिन वीरसमशेरका पनातिलाई सर्वोच्चको साँचो]</ref> चोलेन्द्र २०७१ जेठमी सर्वोच्च अदालतको स्थायी न्यायाधीश बनेका थिए । त्यसबेला संसदीय सुनुवाई समितिमी तत्कालीन एमाले रे माओवादीले राणाको विपक्षमी मत दिएका थिए। == प्रधानन्यायाधीशको रूपमी कार्यकाल == प्रधानन्यायाधीशको रूपमी ज.ब.राले आक्रामक सुरुवात गरेका छन् । न्यायपालिका शुद्धीकरणका लागि आक्रामक अभियान थालेका प्रधानन्यायाधीश चोलेन्द्र शमसेर राणाले न्याय सम्पादानमी कैफियत देखिएका विभन्न न्यायाधीशहरूलाई निलम्बन गरे ।<ref>[https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/01/738465 जिल्ला न्यायाधीशमाथि निलम्बन र स्पष्टीकरण, एनसेलको सुनुवाइ बृहत पूर्ण इजलासमा]</ref><ref>[https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/01/735485 बिचौलियालाई अदालतको अवहेलनामा कारवाही हुन्छ : प्रधानन्यायाधीश]</ref><ref>[https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/01/735810 उच्च अदालतका मुख्य न्यायाधीश भुर्तेल पनि कारबाहीमा]</ref> उनले अजयराज सुमार्गीको सम्पत्ति पुन: रोक्का गर्ने आदेश दिएका थिए । [[एनसेल]] बिक्रीमी पूँजीगत लाभकर उठाउने बारे आजिएटा कम्पनी रे [[एनसेल]]बाटी पुँजीगत लाभकर उठाउन आदेश दिएका थिए ।<ref>एनसेलबाटै पूँजीगत लाभकर असुल गर्न सर्वोच्चको परमादेश</ref> पार्टी भित्रको गुटगत राजनीतिमी कमजोर बन्दै गएपछि प्रधानमन्त्री [[खड्गप्रसाद ओली|केपी ओली]]ले २०७७ मंसिर ३० मी संवैधानिक परिषद सम्बन्धी अध्यादेश जारी गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.presidentofnepal.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IMG_0001-724x1024.jpg |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261001233555/https://www.presidentofnepal.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IMG_0001-724x1024.jpg |archive-date=2026-10-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> अध्यादेश जारी भएपछि त्यही दिनको साँझ बसेको संवैधानिक परिषद्को बैठकमी सहभागी भएका प्रधानन्यायाधीश चोलेन्द्रशमशेर राणाले समेत नियुक्तिसम्बन्धी प्रधानमन्त्री ओलीको कदमलाई साथ नदिने संकेत गरे । उनले ऐनको प्रावधान अनुसार नै संवैधानिक परिषद्का अध्यक्षले बोलाएको स्थान रे समयमी बैठकमी उपस्थित भए पनि कार्यपालिका, व्यवस्थापिका रे न्यायपालिकामध्ये एउटा सिंगो ‘अंग’ व्यवस्थापिकाका प्रमुख नभएको बैठकले गर्ने निर्णयमी प्रश्न उठ्न सक्ने बताएका थिए ।<ref>[https://ekantipur.com/news/2020/12/17/160816835718126085.html यसरी बाध्य भए अध्यादेश फिर्ता लिन ओली]</ref> ===प्रतिनिधिसभा विघटन, २०७७ === २०७७ पुस ५ मी प्रधानमन्त्री केपी शर्मा ओलीले प्रतिनिधि सभा विघटन गरे। सो कदमविरुद्ध सर्वोच्च अदालतमी परेका रिटमा सुनुवाइ गर्दै चोलेन्द्रशमशेर राणा सम्मिलित संवैधानिक इजलासले फागुन ११ मी संसद विघटनलाई बदर गरेको थियो। ===प्रतिनिधिसभा विघटन, २०७८ === २०७८ जेठ ८ मी प्रधानमन्त्री केपी शर्मा ओलीले नै दोस्रोपटक प्रतिनिधि सभा विघटन गरे। सो कदम पनि चोलेन्द्रशमशेर राणा सम्मिलित संवैधानिक इजलासले नै असार २८ मी उल्टाएर प्रतिनिधि सभा पुनर्स्थापना गर्नुका साथै तत्कालीन विपक्षी दलका नेता एवं नेपाली कांग्रेसका सभापति शेरबहादुर देउवालाई प्रधानमन्त्रीमी नियुक्त गर्न राष्ट्रपतिका नाममी परमादेश जारी गरेको थियो। उक्त इजलासमी प्रधानन्यायाधीश राणाका अतिरिक्त अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु दीपककुमार कार्की, मीरा खड्का, ईश्वरप्रसाद खतिवडा रे आनन्दमोहन भट्टराई थिए।<ref>https://supremecourt.gov.np/web/assets/downloads/faisala_supreme_0071.pdf</ref> ==महत्वपूर्ण फैसलाहरू == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !फैसला !फैसला मिति !विपक्षी !सन्दर्भ |- |[[सुशीला कार्की|सुशिला कार्की]]विरुद्धको महाभियोगलाई रद्द | | | |- |[[दोस्रो ओली मन्त्रिपरिषद्|दोस्रो ओली मन्त्रिमण्डलद्वारा गरिएको]] [[नेपालको पहिलो सङ्घीय संसद|प्रतिनिधिसभा]] विघटन बदर |२०७७ फागुन ११ |प्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रीपरिषदको कार्यालय [[दोस्रो ओली मन्त्रिपरिषद्|(दोस्रो ओली मन्त्रिपरिषद)]] | |- |नागरिकता अध्यादेश कार्यान्वयन नगर्न आदेश |२०७८ जेष्ठ २७, |प्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रीपरिषदको कार्यालय ([[तेस्रो ओली मन्त्रिपरिषद्|तेस्रो ओली मन्त्रिपरिषद )]] |<ref>[https://ekantipur.com/news/2021/06/10/162332600443861300.html <nowiki>नागरिकता अध्यादेश कार्यान्वयन नगर्न सर्वोच्चको आदेश [पूर्णपाठ]</nowiki>]</ref> |- |[[तेस्रो ओली मन्त्रिपरिषद्|तेस्रो ओली मन्त्रिपरिषद]] मी सहभागी भएका पदमुक्त गर्न आदेश |२०७८ असार ८ |राष्ट्रपतिको कार्यालय ([[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]]) |<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/241209|title=२० जना मन्त्री पदमुक्त गर्न सर्वोच्चको अन्तरिम आदेश*|last=|first=सेतोपाटी संवाददाता|date=२०७८ असार ८|work=सेतोपाटी|access-date=२०७८ असार ८|archive-url=|archive-date=|language=ne|issn=|url-status=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |} # ==खानदान== नेपालको खानदानी राणा परिवारका सदस्य चोलेन्द्रशमशेर राणा प्रधानमन्त्री [[वीर शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|वीरसमशेर]]का चौथो पुस्ताका सन्तान हुन्। उनी वीरशमशेरका पनाति हुन्। चोलेन्द्रशमशेर राणा वीरशमशेरका छोरा इन्द्रशमशेरका नाति हुन्। चोलेन्द्रका पिता युवराजशमशेर [[राजसभा स्थायी समिति]]का सदस्य थिए। तर, चोलेन्द्र राजनीतिमी लागेनन्। ==शिक्षा== राणाले कानूनमी स्नातक (डिएल) सम्म अध्ययन गरेका छन्। उनले सन् २०१३ मी कोरियामी न्यायालयको विकास सम्बन्धी ट्रेनिङसमेत लिएका छन् राणाले कानूनमी स्नातक (डीएल) सम्म अध्ययन गरेका छन्। उनले सन् २०१३ मी कोरियामी न्यायालयको विकास सम्बन्धी ट्रेनिङसमेत लिएका छन्।<ref name=Chole/> ==पुरस्कार तथा सम्मान== * २०२१ मी [[नेपालका राष्ट्रपति|नेपालका राष्ट्रपतिबाटी]] [[महाउज्ज्वल राष्ट्रदीप]] विभूषण<ref>{{Cite web| title = राष्ट्रपतिबाट विभिन्न विभूषण, अलङ्कार र पदकको घोषणा {{!}} रेडियो नेपाल | accessdate = 2021-12-26| url = https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/09/19/206962.html}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडी== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210724235850/https://www.supremecourt.gov.np/web/index नेपालको सर्वोच्च अदालत] {{Authority control}} 9op1odg6fhvrmjmg6wml2ftmyjrjpcf 0 26706 270561 268308 2026-11-07T23:28:02Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{अनुवाद}} {{Infobox writer | name = एनी कार्सन | honorific_suffix = [[क्यानडाको सम्मान आदेश|सीएम]] | image = Anne Carson, poet, at the 2024 National Book Awards.jpg | caption = सन् २०२४ मी कार्सन | birth_name = एनी प्याट्रिसिया कार्सन | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|6|21}} | birth_place = [[टोरोन्टो]], ओन्टारियो, क्यानडा | death_date = | death_place = | citizenship = {{hlist |क्यानडा |आइसल्यान्ड}} | education = [[टोरोन्टो विश्वविद्यालय]] ([[कला स्नातक|कला स्नातक उपाधि]], [[कला स्नातकोत्तर|कला स्नातकोत्तर उपाधि]], [[विद्यावारिधि|विद्यावारिधि उपाधि]]) | occupation = {{hlist |कवयित्री |निबन्धकार |अनुवादक |शास्त्रीय साहित्यकी अध्येता |प्राध्यापक}} | spouse = रोबर्ट करी | period = सन् १९७९–वर्तमान | genre = {{hlist |कविता |निबन्ध |अनुवाद}} | notable_works = {{ubl |''[[इरोस द बिटरसुइट]]'' (सन् १९८६) |''[[अटोबायोग्राफी अफ रेड]]'' (सन् १९९८) |''[[मेन इन द अफ आवर्स]]'' (सन् २०००) |''[[द ब्युटी अफ द हजब्यान्ड]]'' (सन् २००१) |''[[रेड डक]]'' (सन् २०१३)}} | awards = {{ubl |[[लानान साहित्य पुरस्कार]] (सन् १९९६) |[[गुगेनहाइम छात्रवृत्ति]] (सन् १९९८) |[[म्याकआर्थर छात्रवृत्ति]] (सन् २०००) |[[ग्रिफिन कविता पुरस्कार]] (सन् २००१, २०१३) |[[अङ्ग्रेजी कविताका लागि गभर्नर जनरल पुरस्कार|गभर्नर जनरल पुरस्कार]] (सन् २००१) |[[टी. एस. इलियट पुरस्कार]] (सन् २००१) |[[क्यानडाको सम्मान आदेश]] की सदस्य (सन् २००५) |[[अस्टुरियस राजकुमारी पुरस्कार]] (सन् २०२०) |[[पेन/नाबोकोभ पुरस्कार]] (सन् २०२१) |[[साहित्यतर्फको नोबेल पुरस्कार]] ([[सन् २०२६ को साहित्यतर्फको नोबेल पुरस्कार|सन् २०२६]])}} }} '''एनी प्याट्रिसिया कार्सन''' (जन्म २१ जुन १९५०)<ref name="Morra-2014">{{Cite web |last=Morra |first=Linda |date=September 8, 2014 |title=Anne Carson |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anne-carson |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=[[क्यानाडाली विश्वकोश]] |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512193058/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anne-carson |url-status=live }}</ref> क्यानडाकी प्राज्ञ तथा लेखिका हुन्। टोरोन्टोमी जन्मिएकी उनले [[टोरोन्टो विश्वविद्यालय]]बाटी अध्ययन पूरा गरिन्। सन् १९७९ देखि उनले विभिन्न विश्वविद्यालयहरूमी [[शास्त्रीय अध्ययन]], [[तुलनात्मक साहित्य]] रे [[सिर्जनात्मक लेखन]] विषयकी प्राध्यापकका रूपमी काम गर्न थालिन्। उनले [[क्यालगरी विश्वविद्यालय]], [[म्याकगिल विश्वविद्यालय]], [[मिशिगन विश्वविद्यालय]], [[न्युयोर्क विश्वविद्यालय]] रे [[प्रिन्सटन विश्वविद्यालय]]मी अध्यापन गरेकी छन्। कार्सनले निबन्ध तथा कविताका सङ्ग्रहका साथै प्राचीन [[ग्रीक दुःखान्त नाटक]]हरूको अनुवादसमेत गरी २० भन्दा बढी पुस्तक लेखेकी छन्। उनलाई [[गुगेनहाइम छात्रवृत्ति]] रे [[म्याकआर्थर छात्रवृत्ति]] प्रदान गरिएको छ। उनले [[लानान साहित्य पुरस्कार]], दुई पटक [[ग्रिफिन कविता पुरस्कार]], [[टी. एस. इलियट पुरस्कार]], [[अस्टुरियस राजकुमारी पुरस्कार]], [[अङ्ग्रेजी कविताका लागि गभर्नर जनरल पुरस्कार]] रे [[पेन/नाबोकोभ पुरस्कार]] प्राप्त गरेकी छन्। क्यानडाको साहित्यिक क्षेत्रमी पुर्‍याएको योगदानका लागि उनलाई सन् २००५ मी [[क्यानडाको सम्मान आदेश]] को सदस्य नियुक्त गरिएको थियो। उनलाई सन् २०२६ को [[साहित्यतर्फको नोबेल पुरस्कार]] प्रदान गरिएको थियो।<ref name="NobelPrize.org">{{Cite web |title=सन् २०२६ को साहित्यतर्फको नोबेल पुरस्कार |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2026/press-release/ |access-date=October 8, 2026 |publisher=[[नोबेल प्रतिष्ठान]] |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Youngs-2026">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2026 |title='साहसी र नवीनतापूर्ण' क्यानडाली कवयित्री एनी कार्सनले साहित्यतर्फको नोबेल पुरस्कार जितिन् |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cq4g1j54nepyo |access-date=October 8, 2026 |website=[[बीबीसी समाचार]] |language= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261008113231/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cq4g1j54nepyo |archive-date=October 8, 2026 |url-status=live |last=Youngs |first=Ian}}</ref> == जीवनी == === प्रारम्भिक जीवन र शिक्षा === एनी कार्सनको जन्म सन् १९५० जुन २१ मी टोरोन्टोमी भएको थियो।<ref name="Morra-2014" /> उनका पिता बैंकर थिए रे उनी क्यानडाका विभिन्न साना सहरहरूमी हुर्किएकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web |title=एनी कार्सन |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Carson |access-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702210552/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Carson |url-status=live }}</ref> माध्यमिक विद्यालयमी अध्ययनरत रहँदा ल्याटिन भाषाका एक शिक्षकले उनलाई प्राचीन ग्रीसको संसार रे भाषासँग परिचित गराएका थिए तथा उनलाई निजी रूपमी अध्यापनसमेत गरेका थिए।<ref name="LitEncyc">{{cite web |last1=Rae |first1=Ian |title=एनी कार्सन |url=https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758 |website=The Literary Encyclopedia |access-date=September 16, 2020 |date=December 27, 2001 |archive-date=September 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916195706/https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758 |url-status=live }}</ref> उनले [[टोरोन्टो विश्वविद्यालय]]अन्तर्गतको [[सेन्ट माइकल्स कलेज]]मी भर्ना लिएकी थिइन्, तर पहिलो रे दोस्रो शैक्षिक वर्षको अन्त्यमी गरी दुई पटक अध्ययन छाडिन्। पाठ्यक्रमका सीमितताहरू, विशेष गरी [[जोन मिल्टन|मिल्टन]] सम्बन्धी अनिवार्य पाठ्यक्रमका कारण उनी असन्तुष्ट भएकी थिइन्। त्यसपछि उनले केही समयका लागि अध्ययनबाटी विश्राम लिँदै चित्रात्मक कलाको क्षेत्रमी समय बिताइन्।<ref name="LitEncyc" /> अन्ततः उनी टोरोन्टो विश्वविद्यालयमी फर्किइन् रे सन् १९७४ मी कला विषयमी स्नातक, सन् १९७५ मी शास्त्रीय अध्ययनमी स्नातकोत्तर तथा सन् १९८१ मी शास्त्रीय अध्ययनमी [[विद्यावारिधि]] उपाधि हासिल गरिन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=एनी कार्सनले साहित्यतर्फको नोबेल पुरस्कार प्राप्त गरिन् |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/anne-carson-wins-nobel-prize |date=October 8, 2026 |first=Adina |last=Bresge |access-date=October 8, 2026 |website=University of Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Val |author-link1=Val Ross |title=अन्तर्विद्यालयीन पूर्वविद्यार्थी: क्लासिक कार्सन |journal=University of Toronto Magazine |date=March 23, 2001 |url=https://magazine.utoronto.ca/people/alumni-donors/about-anne-carson-poetry/ |access-date=September 16, 2020 |archive-date=September 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916170640/https://magazine.utoronto.ca/people/alumni-donors/about-anne-carson-poetry/ |url-status=live }}</ref> उनले [[सेन्ट एन्ड्र्युज विश्वविद्यालय]]मी एक वर्षसम्म ग्रीक छन्दशास्त्र रे ग्रीक [[पाठालोचन]] विषयको अध्ययनसमेत गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name="Cove Park">{{cite journal |last1=Munoz |first1=Theresa |title=कोभ पार्कमा थेरेसा मुनोज र एनी कार्सन |journal=Scottish Review of Books |date=October 9, 2013 |url=https://www.scottishreviewofbooks.org/2013/10/theresa-munoz-and-anne-carson-at-cove-park/ |access-date=September 16, 2020 |archive-date=September 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917010613/https://www.scottishreviewofbooks.org/2013/10/theresa-munoz-and-anne-carson-at-cove-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === उल्लेखनीय सम्मान === कार्सन सन् २०२२ मी [[साहित्यका लागि शाही समाज]]को अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय लेखिकाका रूपमी निर्वाचित भएकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=आरएसएलका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय लेखकहरू|date=September 3, 2023|access-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|archive-date=January 20, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> सन् २०२३ को मे महिनामी उनलाई सन् २०२३–२०२४ का लागि [[शास्त्रीय अध्ययन सङ्घ]]को मानार्थ अध्यक्ष घोषणा गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=परिषद् |url=https://classicalassociation.org/governance/council/ |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=The Classical Association |language=en-US |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505122741/https://classicalassociation.org/governance/council/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> विश्वका भाषा तथा संस्कृतिमी विशिष्ट योगदान पुर्‍याएबापत प्रदान गरिने अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विग्दिस पुरस्कारबाटी पनि उनी सम्मानित भएकी थिइन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=एनी कार्सन सन् २०२३ की विग्दिस पुरस्कार विजेता |url=https://english.hi.is/news/anne_carson_is_the_2023_vigdis_prize_laureate |access-date=October 2, 2024 |website=english.hi.is |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223031201/https://english.hi.is/news/anne_carson_is_the_2023_vigdis_prize_laureate |archive-date=February 23, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> शास्त्रीय परम्परासँग रमाइलो संवाद गर्दै समकालीन साहित्यका लागि नयाँ स्वरूप सिर्जना गरेको साहसी तथा नवीन साहित्यिक कृतिका लागि उनलाई सन् २०२६ को [[साहित्यतर्फको नोबेल पुरस्कार]] प्रदान गरिएको थियो।<ref name="NobelPrize.org" /><ref name="Youngs-2026" /> == व्यक्तिगत जीवन == कार्सन आफ्नो निजी जीवनबारे कमै बोल्ने लेखिकाका रूपमी परिचित छन् रे आफ्ना लेखनलाई आत्मकथात्मक दृष्टिकोणबाटी व्याख्या गरिने कार्यलाई निरुत्साहित गर्छिन्।<ref name="Willard 2011">{{cite book |last1=Willard |first1=Thomas |editor1-last=Canfield Reisman |editor1-first=Rosemary M. |title=कविताको समालोचनात्मक सर्वेक्षण: बेलायती, आयरिस तथा राष्ट्रमण्डलीय कविहरू |date=2011 |publisher=Salem Press |location=Pasadena, California |isbn=978-1-58765-755-9 |pages=225–228 |url=https://www.academia.edu/490379 |access-date=August 26, 2020 |chapter=एनी कार्सन |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517000614/https://www.academia.edu/490379 |url-status=dead }}</ref> विभिन्न प्रकाशनहरूमी उनीबारे दिइएको जानकारी प्रायः यस वाक्यमी सीमित हुन्छ: “एनी कार्सनको जन्म क्यानडामी भएको थियो रे उनी जीविकोपार्जनका लागि प्राचीन ग्रीक भाषा पढाउँछिन्।”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=छोटा वार्ताहरू |date=2015 |publisher=Brick Books Classics |location=London, Ontario |isbn=978-1-77131-342-1}}</ref> उनी आत्मस्वीकारात्मक कवयित्री नभए पनि उनका कृतिहरूलाई व्यक्तिगत प्रकृतिका मानिन्छ।<ref name="Scranton 2014" /> कार्सनका अनुसार, आफ्ना कृतिहरूमी उनले आफ्नो जीवनलाई संसारका अन्य तथ्यहरूमध्ये एउटा तथ्यका रूपमी समान महत्त्व दिँदै प्रयोग गर्छिन्।<ref name="D'Agata 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |last2=D'Agata |last2=John |author-link2=John D'Agata |title=एनी कार्सनसँगको एक ___ |journal=The Iowa Review |date=Summer 1997 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.17077/0021-065X.4868 |doi-access=free }}</ref> कार्सनको पहिलो वैवाहिक सम्बन्ध आठ वर्षसम्म कायम रहेको थियो रे सन् १९८० मी अन्त्य भएको थियो। यस अवधिमी उनले जियाकोमेली थर प्रयोग गर्थिन्।<ref name="LitEncyc" /> उनको यो वैवाहिक सम्बन्ध रे त्यसपछिका घटनाहरूलाई ''प्लेनवाटर'' सङ्ग्रहमी समावेश गरिएको कविता “काइन्ड्स अफ वाटर” तथा ''[[द ब्युटी अफ द हजब्यान्ड: २९ ट्याङ्गोमा प्रस्तुत एक काल्पनिक निबन्ध|द ब्युटी अफ द हजब्यान्ड]]'' कृतिका स्रोतका रूपमी लिइएको छ।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merkin |first1=Daphne |author-link1=Daphne Merkin |title=अन्तिम ट्याङ्गो |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/30/books/last-tango.html |access-date=October 8, 2020 |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स |date=September 30, 2001 |quote=It is always difficult, of course, to gauge how much is autobiographical in a writer's material, and Carson is trickier than most in this regard, but 'Husband' strikes me as being the least cloaked about its origins in lived life. |archive-date=October 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011120415/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/30/books/last-tango.html |url-status=live }}</ref> कार्सनले आफ्नो सम्बन्धविच्छेद हुँदा उनका पहिलो पतिले उनका व्यक्तिगत टिपोट पुस्तिकाहरू आफूसँग लगेको कुरा पुष्टि गरेकी छन्। ''द ब्युटी अफ द हजब्यान्ड'' कृतिकी मुख्य पात्रसँग पनि यस्तै घटना घट्छ। यद्यपि, उनका पूर्वपतिले पछि ती पुस्तिकाहरू उनलाई फिर्ता दिएका थिए।<ref name="Wachtel 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |last2=Wachtel |first2=Eleanor |title=एनी कार्सनसँगको अन्तर्वार्ता |journal=ब्रिक: साहित्यिक पत्रिका |date=Summer 2012 |issue=89 |pages=29–47 |url=https://brickmag.com/an-interview-with-anne-carson/ |access-date=July 23, 2020 |archive-date=September 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908224945/https://brickmag.com/an-interview-with-anne-carson/ |url-status=live }}</ref> कार्सनका पिता रोबर्टलाई [[अल्जाइमर रोग]] लागेको थियो। ''ग्लास, आइरोनी, एन्ड गड'' सङ्ग्रहमी समावेश गरिएको “[[द ग्लास एसे]]”, ''प्लेनवाटर'' सङ्ग्रहमी समावेश गरिएको “भेरी न्यारो” तथा ''[[मेन इन द अफ आवर्स]]'' सङ्ग्रहमी समावेश गरिएको “फादर्स ओल्ड ब्लु कार्डिगन” शीर्षकका रचनाहरूमी उनको मानसिक तथा शारीरिक अवस्था क्रमशः खस्किँदै गएको विषय प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ।{{Citation needed paragraph|date=October 2026}} कार्सनकी आमा मार्गरेट (सन् १९१३–१९९७) को निधन ''मेन इन द अफ आवर्स'' लेख्ने क्रममी भएको थियो। कार्सनले उक्त सङ्ग्रहको अन्त्य “एपेनडिक्स टु अर्डिनरी टाइम” शीर्षकको गद्य रचनाबाटी गरेकी थिइन्। यसमी उनले [[भर्जिनिया वुल्फ]]का डायरी तथा पाण्डुलिपिहरूबाटी काटिएका वाक्यांशहरू प्रयोग गरी आफ्नी आमाका लागि स्मृतिलेख तयार पारेकी थिइन्।<ref name="LitEncyc" /> ''[[रेड डक|रेड डक>]]'' लाई उनकी आमाको निधनप्रति समर्पित दोस्रो शोककाव्यका रूपमी पनि व्याख्या गरिएको छ।<ref name="Scranton 2014" /> कार्सनले आफ्नी आमालाई आफ्नो जीवनको सबैभन्दा प्रिय व्यक्ति भनेकी छन्।<ref name="Wachtel 2012" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |title=विघटन: कविता, निबन्ध र ओपेरा |date=2006 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-7890-5 |page=5 |chapter=पङ्क्तिहरू}}</ref> कार्सनका भाइ माइकल सन् १९७८ मी लागुऔषधको कारोबार गरेको आरोपमी पक्राउ परेका थिए। जमानतमी रिहा भएपछि उनी क्यानडाबाटी भागे रे त्यसपछि कार्सनले उनलाई कहिल्यै भेटिनन्।<ref name="Wachtel 2012" /> भाइ आफ्नो जीवनबाटी हराएको घटनालाई कार्सनले ''प्लेनवाटर'' सङ्ग्रहमी समावेश गरिएको “वाटर मार्जिन्स: एन एसे अन स्विमिङ बाइ माइ ब्रदर” शीर्षकको रचनामी प्रस्तुत गरेकी छन्। यो रचना एक प्रकारको संस्मरणका रूपमी लेखिएको छ।<ref name="Willard 2011" /> सन् २००० मी माइकलले उनलाई फोन गरे रे उनीहरू माइकल बसोबास गर्ने सहर कोपनहेगनमी भेट्ने सहमत भए। तर, पुनर्मिलन हुनुअघि नै उनको निधन भयो।<ref name="Sehgal 2011">{{cite news |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |last2=Sehgal |first2=Parul |author-link2=Parul Sehgal |title=आफ्ना भाइको तारामय युवावस्थाको स्मरण |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/evoking-the-starry-lad-her-brother-was-1.577255 |access-date=October 10, 2020 |newspaper=द आइरिस टाइम्स |date=March 19, 2011 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724045901/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/evoking-the-starry-lad-her-brother-was-1.577255 |url-status=live }}</ref> कार्सनले सन् २००० मी आफ्ना भाइको सम्झनामी ''नक्स'' शीर्षकको स्मृतिलेख तयार पारेकी थिइन्, जुन सन् २०१० मी प्रकाशित भयो। यसलाई उनका कृतिहरूमध्ये सबैभन्दा स्पष्ट रूपमी व्यक्तिगत अनुभवमी आधारित रचना मानिएको छ।<ref name="Scranton 2014" /> कार्सनको विवाह कलाकार रोबर्ट करीसँग भएको छ। उनीहरूबीच [[मिशिगन विश्वविद्यालय]]मी अध्यापन गर्ने क्रममी [[एन आर्बर]]मी भेट भएको थियो।<ref name="NYTM 2013" /> कार्सनले करीलाई “मेरा सहकार्यकर्ता–पति” भनेर वर्णन गरेकी छन्।<ref name="Cove Park" /> उनीहरूले संयुक्त रूपमी ''नक्स'' रे ''एन्टिगोनिक'' का पुस्तक आवरण तथा सजावटको डिजाइन रे मञ्चीय प्रस्तुतिजस्ता परियोजनामी काम गरेका छन्। सिर्जनात्मक प्रक्रियाका क्रममी कार्सनले करीलाई “द र्‍यान्डमाइजर” अर्थात् अनियमितता सिर्जना गर्ने व्यक्ति भनेर पनि सम्बोधन गर्छिन्।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |last2=Currie |first2=Robert |last3=Berkobien |first3=Megan |author-mask=1 |title=एनी कार्सन र रोबर्ट करीसँगको अन्तर्वार्ता |url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/interview/an-interview-with-anne-carson-and-robert-currie/ |website=एसिम्टोट |access-date=October 7, 2020 |date=October 2013 |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014005528/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/interview/an-interview-with-anne-carson-and-robert-currie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> सन् २०२२ को अप्रिलमी कार्सन रे करीलाई आइसल्यान्डको नागरिकता प्रदान गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.althingi.is/altext/stjt/2022.019.html |website=althingi.is |title=नागरिकता प्रदान गर्ने सम्बन्धी कानुन |access-date=2022-11-20 |language=is}}</ref> सन् २०२४ को अगस्टमी प्रकाशित ''[[लन्डन रिभ्यु अफ बुक्स]]'' पत्रिकाको एउटा लेखमार्फत कार्सनले आफूलाई [[पार्किन्सन रोग]] लागेको निदान भएको जानकारी सार्वजनिक गरिन्।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carson |first=Anne |date=August 15, 2024 |title=पञ्जा लगाऊ! |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v46/n16/anne-carson/gloves-on |access-date=August 11, 2024 |work=लन्डन रिभ्यु अफ बुक्स |language=en |volume=46 |issue=16 |issn=0260-9592 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811122929/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v46/n16/anne-carson/gloves-on |archive-date=August 11, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> == सन्दर्भहरू == {{Reflist}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{sister project links|d=Q2633699|s=no|commons=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|mw=no|m=no|species=no|wikt=no|position=right}} * [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/anne-carson कविता प्रतिष्ठानमा एनी कार्सनको जीवनी] * [https://poets.org/poet/anne-carson अमेरिकी कवि प्रतिष्ठानमा एनी कार्सनको जीवनी] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240902191227/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anne-carson ''क्यानाडाली विश्वकोश'' मा एनी कार्सनको जीवनी] * [https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5420/the-art-of-poetry-no-88-anne-carson ''द पेरिस रिभ्यु'' मा अन्तर्वार्ता], [[विल एट्केन]]द्वारा (सन् २००४) * [https://brickmag.com/an-interview-with-anne-carson/ ''ब्रिक'' मा अन्तर्वार्ता], [[एलेनोर वाक्टेल]]द्वारा (सन् २०१२) * [https://www.publicbooks.org/cant-stop-screaming/ ''एन्टिगोनिक'' सम्बन्धी टिप्पणी], [[जुडिथ बटलर]]द्वारा (सन् २०१२) * [https://49thshelf.com/Blog/2021/07/06/The-Chat-with-GG-s-Literature-Award-Winner-Anne-Carson साहित्यतर्फको गभर्नर जनरल पुरस्कार विजेता एनी कार्सनसँगको कुराकानी] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''४९औँ सेल्फ'' (सन् २०२१) ku4imzl2wqyofdon5ocn13gvwqyrr4x 0 26715 270599 268351 2026-11-08T00:32:21Z InternetArchiveBot 4668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 270599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = नवरात्रि | type = हिन्दु | image = Durga Puja A.JPG | caption = दुर्गा पूजा पण्डाल | nickname = {{Hlist|नवरात्रि|नवरात्रम्|नौरथा|नौरात्रि|नवरात्र|नराते|नवरतन|नौरता|नौरात|[[दुर्गापूजा]]|शरद् उत्सव|[[दशैं]]|मोहनी|गर्भोत्सव|देवी पक्ष|बथुकम्मा|साँझी|गोम्बे हब्बा|गोलु}} | observedby = [[हिन्दु धर्मावलम्बी]] | date = बहुदिवसीय | begins = | ends = | frequency = वार्षिक | celebrations = नौ रात | significance = [[नवदुर्गा]]का नामले परिचित देवी [[दुर्गा]]का नौ स्वरूपको आराधना | observances = *सामाजिक तथा सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रम *प्रार्थना *व्रत *पूजा *पूजामण्डपहरूको भ्रमण *मूर्तिको विसर्जन *देवी दुर्गा र पार्वतीको आराधनाका लागि अग्निपूजा | relatedto = [[दुर्गाष्टमी]], [[नवमी]], [[विजयादशमी]], [[दशैं]], [[दुर्गापूजा]], [[गरबा (नृत्य)|गरबा]], [[विद्यारम्भम्]], [[साँझी]], [[गोलु (पर्व)]], [[बथुकम्मा]], [[रामलीला]], [[मोहनी]] | duration = नौ रात | date2026 = वसन्त नवरात्रि: १९ मार्च (बिहीबार) – २७ मार्च (शुक्रबार)<ref>{{cite web|title=Navratri Vasant 2026 date Schedule|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/chaitra-navratri-2021-when-why-and-how-is-it-celebrated/articleshow/81950403.cms|publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><br> शारदीय नवरात्रि: ११ अक्टोबर (आइतबार) – १९ अक्टोबर (सोमबार)<ref>{{cite web|title=Shardiya Navratri 2026 date Schedule|url=https://www.drikpanchang.com/navratri/ashwin-shardiya-navratri-dates.html|publisher=DrikPanchang}}</ref> }} '''नौरथा''', '''नवरात्र''' अथवा '''नवरात्रि'''मी प्रतिपदादेखि नवमीसम्म नौवटी देवीको पूजाआराधना गरिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purbelinews.com/pradesh/68999|title=नौरथा संगै पाथीभरामा दर्शनार्थी आउने क्रम सुरु, आज मात्रै दुई हजार बढी दर्शनार्थी|website=Purbeli News|language=en-US|accessdate=2022-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108120920/https://purbelinews.com/pradesh/68999|archive-date=2022-11-08}}</ref> यी देवीहरू हुन्ः [[शैलपुत्री]], [[व्रह्मचारणी]], [[चन्द्रघण्टा|चन्द्रघन्टा]], [[कुशमन्दा]], [[स्कन्दमाता]], [[कात्यायनी]], [[कालरात्री]], [[महागौरी]] रे [[सिद्धिदात्री]]। यी देवीहरूलाई नवदुर्गाको नामले पुकारिन्छ। नौ दिनसम्म नवदुर्गा भवानी नौवटा विभिन्न स्वरूपमी उपासकहरूलाई दर्शन दिनुहुन्छ भन्ने कथन छ। यसैले भक्तहरू आफ्नो मनको इच्छा पूरा हुने उत्कट अभिलाषाले यस '''नवरात्रि''' पर्वमी नवदुर्गा देवीलाई राँगा, बोका, भेडा, हाँस, कुभिण्डो अथवा पञ्चबलि चढाइ आ-आफ्ना भाकल पूरा गर्ने पनि गर्दछन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imagekhabar.com/news/21934/|title=नौरथा लागेसँगै दन्तकाली मन्दिरमा दर्शनार्थीको घुइँचो|website=Imagekhabar - Online News Portal of Nepal|language=en|accessdate=2022-11-08}}</ref> नौरथामी पुजिने नवदुर्गाको स्वरूपहरू यस प्रकार छन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jankarikendra.com/news/44355/|title=आज सोह्रश्राद्ध सकिँदै, भोलीबाट दशैंको नौरथा सुरु|website=Jankari Kendra|accessdate=2022-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108120919/https://www.jankarikendra.com/news/44355/|archive-date=2022-11-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==प्रतिपदा== [[चित्र:Jamara.jpg|alt=घटस्थापनाको दिन जमराको बीज छरिन्छ।|thumb|घटस्थापनाको दिन जमराको बीज छरिन्छ।]] प्रतिपदाका दिन पूजाआराधना गरिने शक्तिस्वरूपा भगवतीको पहिलो स्वरूपको नाम शैलपुत्री हो। पर्वतराज हिमालयका पुत्रीका रूपमी उत्पन्न भएकीले यी भगवतीलाई शैलपुत्री भनिएको हो। साँढेमी बसेकी यी देवीको दाहिने हातमा त्रिशूल रे बायाँ हातमी कमलको फूल सुशोभित छ। पूर्वजन्ममी यिनी प्रजापति दक्षकी छोरीको रूपमी जन्मेकी थिइन्। त्यसबेला यिनको नाम सती थियो। यिनको विवाह भगवान् शंकरजीसँग भएको थियो। एकचोटी प्रजापति दक्षले एक ठूलो यज्ञको आयोजना गरी सारा देवताहरूलाई यज्ञको भाग लिन निमन्त्रणा गरेका थिए तर भगवान् शंकरलाई चाहिँ बेलाएका थिएनन्। उनकी छोरी सतीले पनि उक्त कुरा थाहा पाइन् रे उनले आफ्नो पतिको अनुमति बेगर त्यस यज्ञमी भाग लिन पुगिन्। त्यहाँ उनले जताततैबाटी भगवान् शंकरको उपेक्षा गरिएको पाइन् यहाँसम्म कि आफ्नो पिताको मुखबाटी समेत पतिको निन्दा गरेको पाइन्। त्यसपछि उनको मनले आफ्नो पतिको निन्दा सुन्न नसकी त्यही यज्ञमी आफूलाई जलाएर भष्म गरिन्। अघिल्लो जन्ममी शैलराज हिमालयकी पुत्रीका रूपमी जन्म लिएकी शैलपुत्रीको विवाह पनि शंकरजीकै साथ भएको थियो। यस जन्ममी पनि उनी शिवजीको अर्धाङ्गनि बनिन्। ==द्वितिया== नौरथाको दोस्रो दिन पूजा गरिने देवीको नाम ब्रहृमचारिणी हो। यो माता दुर्गाको दोस्रो स्वरूप हो। ब्रहृम शब्दको अर्थ तपस्या हुन्छ। यसैले तपको आराधना गर्ने देवी भनेर यिनलाई ब्रहृमचारिणी भनिएको हो। यी देवीको स्वरूप पूर्ण ज्योतिमय एवं अत्यन्त भव्य देखिन्छ। यी देवीको दायाँ हातमी जपको माला रे बायाँ हातमी कमण्डलु हुन्छ। यी देवीको उपासना गर्नाले मानिसमा तप, त्याग, वैराग्य, सदाचार, संयम वृद्धि हुँदै जान्छ रे उसलाई सर्वत्र सिद्धि एवं विजय हात लाग्दछ। पूर्वजन्ममी जब यिनी हिमालयको घरमी छोरीको रूपमी जन्मेकी थिइन्, त्यसबेला नारदको उपदेशले यिनले भगवान् शंकरलाई पतिको रूपमी पाउनको लागि कठिन तपस्या गरेकी थिइन्। यस्तो कठिन तपस्याको कारण यिनलाई तपश्चारिणी अर्थात् ब्रहृमचारिणी नामले जानिन्छ। हजार वर्षसम्म यिनले पानी पनि नखाइकन तपस्या गरेकी थिइन्। उनको कठिन तपस्या देखेपछि पितामह ब्रहृमाले आकाशवाणीद्वारा 'भगवान् शिवजी तिमीलाई पतिको रूपमी प्राप्त हुनेछन्' भनेर उनको मनोकामना सबै पूर्ण हुने जानकारी दिएका थिए रे पछि त्यस्तै भयो पनि। ==तृतिया== माता दुर्गाको तेस्रो शक्तिको नाम चन्द्रघण्टा हो। नौरथा पूजापर्वमी तेस्रो दिन यिनको स्वरूपको पूजाआजा गरिन्छ। सुवर्णमय चन्द्रघण्टा देवीको स्वरूप परम शान्तिदायक एवं कल्याणकारी छ। यिनको दस हातमी खड्ग आदि शस्त्र तथा वाण आदि अस्त्र विभूषित छन्। उनको टाउकोमी घण्टाको आकारको अर्धचन्द्र छ, यही कारणले गर्दा यिनीलाई चन्द्रघण्टादेवी भनेर जानिन्छ। यिनको शरीरको रे स्वर्णको समान चम्किलो देखिन्छ। शास्त्रानुसार हातको घण्टाको आवाजले राक्षसहरू डराउने भएकाले यिनको नाम चन्द्रघण्टा राखिएको हो। यी दुर्गाको वाहन सिंह हो। यसैले यिनका उपासक पनि सिंहजस्तै पराक्रमी हुन्छन्। यिनको मुद्रा युद्धको लागि तत्पर भइरहेको जस्तो देन्छि यिनको ध्यान, आराधना रे उपासना गर्नाले भूत, प्रेत, बाधा आदिबाटी रक्षा गर्छ रे भक्तको सारा पाप एवं बाधा नष्ट भएर जान्छ। रिसाहा स्वभाव भएकी यी देवीको पूजा गर्नाले घण्टाको ध्वनिको आवाज भक्तको कानमी परिहाल्छ। यी देवीको उपासना गर्दा परलोकका लागि कल्याण रे सद्गति प्राप्त हुन्छ। ==चतुर्थी== चतुर्थीका दिन पूजा गरिने भगवतीको नाम कुष्माण्डा हो। सूर्यको जस्तो तेज भएकी रे वाहन सिंह भएकी यी भगवतीको अट्टहासमी ब्रहृमाण्डको सृष्टि रे प्रलय हुने भएकोले उनलाई कुष्माण्डा भनिएको हो। आफ्नो मन्द मुस्कानद्वारा ब्रहृमाण्डको उत्पन्न गरेकोले यिनलाई कुष्माण्डादेवी भनिएको हो। सृष्टिको अस्तित्व नभएको बेला चारैतिर जताततै अन्धकार व्याप्त थियो। यस्तो अवस्थामी यी देवी कुष्माण्डाले खिसिक्क हाँसेर ब्रहृमाण्डको सृष्टि गर्नुभयो। पृथ्वीको यही सृष्टिको आदिस्वरूप नै उनी हुन्। यी देवीको आठ हात भएका हुनाले यी देवीको अर्को नाम अष्टभुजा देवी पनि हो। यी देवीको सात हातमी क्रमशः कमण्डलु, धनुष, वाण, कमलपुष्प, अमृतपूर्ण कलश, चक्र तथा गदा छन् भने अर्को हातमी भक्तजनलाई सिद्धि रे निधि दिन सक्ने जपमाला रहेको छ। यी देवीलाई कुभिण्डोको बलि ज्यादै मनपर्ने हुनाले पनि यी देवीलाई कुष्माण्डा पनि भनिन्छ। यी देवीको तेजको तुलना यिनीसँग मात्रै गर्न सकिन्छ। अरू कुनै पनि देवता यी देवीको तेजको प्रभावलाई खप्न सक्दैनन्। यी देवीको भक्ति गर्नाले आयु, यश, बल एवं आरोग्य वृद्धि हुन्छ। ==पञ्चमी== नौरथाको पञ्चमीका दिन पूजा गरिने शक्तिस्वरूपा भगवती स्कन्दमाता हुन्। कमलको फूल आसन भएकी, सेतो वर्ण, चार हात भएकी, स्कन्दकुमारकी माता भएकीले उनलाई स्कन्दमाता भनिएको हो। यी देवीको काखमी सुपुत्र स्कन्दकुमार आनन्दले रहनुहुन्छ। कमल ओछ्याएर बस्ने आदत भएकोले यी देवीलाई पद्मासना देवी पनि भनिन्छ। स्कन्दमाताको सेवा गर्नाले स्वामी कार्तिकेयको पनि उपासना गरे सरह हुन्छ। यस्तो विशेषता केवल यिनीलाई मात्र प्राप्त छ। सूर्यमण्डलकी अधिष्ठात्री देवी भएको कारण यी देवीको पूजाआजा गर्ने भक्तजन अलौकिक तेज रे कान्तिले सुसम्पन्न हुने हुन्छन्। ==षष्ठी== नौरथाको षष्ठीका दिन पूजा गरिने देवीलाई कात्यायनी भनिन्छ। चार हात भएकी यी देवीको वाहन सिंह हो। यी देवीको कात्यायनी नाम रहन गएको कथा यस प्रकार देखिन्छ- कत नाम गरेका एक ऋषि थिए। उनका पुत्र ऋषि कात्य भए। कात्यको गोत्रमी विश्वप्रसिद्ध महषिर् कात्यायन पैदा भए। यिनले भगवती पराम्बाको उपासना गर्दै धेरै वर्षसम्म कठिन तपस्या गरेका थिए। भगवतीको जन्म मेरो घरमी छोरीको रूपमी होस् भन्ने उनको इच्छा थियो। माता भगवतीले उनको प्रार्थना स्वीकार गरिदिनुभयो। केही कालपछि जब महिषासुर दानवको अत्याचार पृथ्वीमी बढ्दै गयो, त्यसैबेला यस दैत्यको वधको लागि ब्रहृमा, विष्णु रे शिव तीन देवताको शक्तिको तेजले एक देवीको जन्म भयो। यी देवीको पूजा गर्ने पहिलो ऋषि नै कात्यायन थिए। यसैकारण यी देवी कात्यायनी कहलाईन्। ==सप्तमी == [[चित्र:Kali by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|thumb|सप्तमीको दिन कालरात्रिको आराधना गरिन्छ । ]] सप्तमी अर्थात् फूलपातीका दिन पूजा गरिने शक्तिस्वरूपा भगवतीलाई कालरात्रि भनिन्छ। कालो घना वर्णकी, गधा वाहन भएकी, तीन आँखा भएकी, चार हात भएकी, उक्त हातहरूमा क्रमशः तरबार, मसाल, वरमुद्रा रे अभयमुद्रा लिएकी देवी कालरात्रि हुन्। उनको टाउकाको झाँक्रो फिजाएको जस्तो देखिन्छ। घाँटीमी बिजुली सरह झल्कने माला छ। श्वास फेर्दा पनि कहिलेकाहीँ आगोको राँको निस्केको जस्तो देखिन्छ। माता कालरात्रिको स्वरूप डरलाग्दो जस्तो देखिन्छ तर यिनी भक्तलाई शुभ फल दिने गर्दछिन्। यसैले यी देवीको एक नाम 'शङ्करी' पनि रहेको छ। देवी कालरात्रि दुर्जनहरूको उछित्व गर्ने हुनुहुन्छ। यी देवीको स्मरण गर्नाले पनि दानव, दैत्य, राक्षस, भूतप्रेत भागेर जान्छन् भनिएको छ। ==अष्टमी== नौरथाको महाष्टमीका दिन पूजा गरिने शक्तिस्वरूपा भगवती महागौरी हुन्। सेतो वर्ण रे सेतो पहिरन गरेकी, वृष वाहन भएकी, चार हात भएकी देवीलाई महागौरी भनिन्छ। यी देवीको माथिल्लो दाहिने हातमा अभयमुद्रा, तल्लो दाहिने हातमी त्रिशूल छन् भने बायाँ हातको माथिल्लो हातमा डमरु रे अर्को बायाँ हातमी वरमुद्रा छन्। यी देवीको मुद्रा शान्त खालको देखिन्छ। यी माताको स्वरूप गोरो वर्णको छ। यीनको सबै कपडा रे गरगहना पनि सेतै छन्। बालककालमी पार्वती हुँदादेखि नै शिव पति पाउन यिनले कठोर तपस्या गरेकी थिइन्। यिनको प्रतिज्ञा थियो कि महादेवलाई पाए वरण गर्छु, नत्र कुमारी नै भएर बस्छु। यस कठोर तपस्याको कारण यिनको शरीर एकदम कालो हुन पुगेको थियो। यिनको तपस्याले खुसी भएका शिवजीले यिनको शरीरलाई गङ्गाजलमी गएर नुहाइदिएपछि उनी गोरी भइन् रे उनको नामै गौरी रहन गएको हो रे यी देवीको शक्ति अमोघ छ रे प्रत्यक्ष फल दिने हुन्छ। यी भगवतीको भक्ति आराधना गर्नाले भक्तजनहरूको सबै दोष नाश हुन्छ रे पछिसम्म पनि बाधा आउन छोड्छ। ==नवमी== [[चित्र:Taleju Temple (17231063613) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|alt=काठमाडौं दरबारमी स्थित तलेजु भवानीको मन्दिर महानवमीको दिन मात्र सर्वसाधरणका खोलिन्छ।|thumb|काठमाडौं दरबारमी स्थित [[तलेजु भवानी]]को मन्दिर महानवमीको दिन मात्र सर्वसाधरणका लागि खोलिन्छ। ]] नवरात्रको अन्तिम अर्थात् महानवमीका दिन पूजा गरिने शक्तिस्वरूपा भगवतीको नाम सिद्धिदात्री हो। यी देवी कमलको फूलमी बस्छिन्। यी देवीको दाहिनेतर्फका तल्लो हातमी चक्र, अर्को हातमी गदा तथा बायाँतर्फको तल्लो हातमी शंख तथा अर्को हातमी कमलको फूल सुशोभित छ। यस संसारमी यी देवीको लागि सिद्धि गर्न नसकिने कामकुरो केही पनि छैन। ब्रहृमाण्डमी पूरा विजय प्राप्त गर्न सक्ने शक्ति यी देवीमी रहेको छ। यिनी भक्तजनहरूलाई जुनसुकै सिद्धि पनि दिन सक्ने साथै इच्छाअनुसारको फल प्राप्त गराइदिने भएकी हुनाले उनको नाम सिद्धिदात्री रहन गएको हो। देवी पुराणअनुसार पार्वतीबाटी आएको सिद्धि नै भगवान् शिवजीबाटी आएको सिद्धि हो। यिनकै कृपाले गर्दा भगवान् शिव अर्धनारीश्वर हुनुभएको हो। यसैले यस संसारमी भगवान् शिव अर्धनारीश्वर नामले प्रसिद्ध छन्। ==ग्रह पूजा== नौरथाको नौ दिनमी [[नव ग्रह]] पूजा गर्ने परम्परा रहेको छ। प्रतिपदामी मङ्गल द्वितीयामी राहु, तृतीयामी बृहस्पति ,चतुर्थीमी शनि, पञ्चमी मी बुध, षष्ठीमी केतु, सप्तमीमी दिन शुक्र, अष्टमीमी सूर्य एवं नवमीमी चन्द्रमाको ग्रह शान्ति पूजा गरिन्छ। == ऋतु परिवर्तन == हिन्दू पञ्चांगको आश्विन महिनाको नौरथालाई शारदीय नौरथा पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ। विज्ञानको दृष्टि सँग शारदीय नवरात्रमी शरद ऋतुमी दिन साना हुन थाल्छन् रे रात ठूला। साथसाथै चैतको नौरथामी दिन ठूला हुन थाल्दछन् रे रात घट्छ, ऋतुहरूको परिवर्तन कालको असर मानव जीवनमी नपरोस, यसैको लागि साधनाको बहानामी हाम्रो ऋषि-मुनियोंले पनि यिनी नौ दिनहरूमी उपवासको विधान गरेका थिए।<br>संभवत: यसैको लागि पनि ऋतुको बदलावको यस कालमी मनुष्य खान-पानको संयम रे श्रेष्ठ आध्यात्मिक चिंतन गरेर स्वयंको भित्र सँग सबल बन्नसकोस भनेर गरिन्छ ताकि मौसमको बदलावको असर हामीमी नपरोस। शायद यसैको लागि यसलाई शक्तिको आराधनाको पर्व पनि भनियो। यही कारण हो कि भिन्न स्वरूपमी त्यहि अवधिमी जगत जननीको आराधना-उपासना पनि गरिन्छ।<br>नौरथा पर्वको समयमी प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य पनि बढ्छ। यस्तो लाग्छ कि ईश्वरको साक्षात् रूप यही हो। प्राकृतिक सुंदरताको साथ-साथै वातावरण सुखद पनि हुन्छ। आश्विन महिनामी मौसममा न अधिक चिसो रहन्छ न त अधिक गर्मी। प्रकृतिको यो रूपले सबैको मनलाई उत्साहित गर्छ। जसले गर्दा नौरथाको समय शक्ति साधकोंको लागि अनुकूल हुन जान्छ। त्यसपछि नियमपूर्वक साधना व अनुष्ठान गर्छन्, व्रत-उपवास, हवन रे नियम-संयम सँग उनकी शारीरिक, मानसिक एवं आत्मिक शक्ति जाग्छ, जसले ऊर्जावान बनाउछ।<br>यस कालमी लौकिक उत्सवको साथ नै प्राकृतिक रूप सँग ऋतु परिवर्तन हुन्छ। शरद ऋतुको शुरुवात हुन्छ, वर्षाको मौसम बिदा हुन थाल्छ। यस कारणले बनेको सुखद वातावरणले यो सन्देश दिन्छ कि जीवनको संघर्ष रे बीतेको समयको असफलताहरूलाई पछाडी छोडी मानसिक रूप सँग सशक्त एवं ऊर्जावान बनेर नयाँ आशा रे उम्मीदहरूको साथ अगाडि बढौं। == सन्दर्भ == <references></references> [[श्रेणी:चाडपर्वअन]] n66or0bx72jk6o5tki192nfkdetpea4